<s n="1337"><w NN2>Warnings <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRF>of <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>default <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w PRP>because of <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hard-currency <w NN2>reserves <w VHD>had <w VVN>prompted <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1338"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w NN1>memorandum<c PUN>, <w VVG>committing <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>allocating <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="1339"><w AT0>The <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>countries <w VVN>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w VVG>gaining <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>creditors <c PUL>(<w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w VVG>maintaining <w AJ0>short-term <w NN2>credits<c PUN>.
<s n="1340"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>bridging <w NN1>loan<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>104 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold <w PRP>as <w NN1>collateral<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>taken <w AVP>up <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>sources <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>raised<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>problems<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1341"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>gold <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>as <w CRD>240 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>by <w NN1>economist <w NP0-NN1>Grigory <w NP0>Yavlinsky <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="1342"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>150 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>banks <w PRP>as <w NN1>loan <w NN1>collateral<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1343"><w CJS-PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>opened<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelorus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w AJ0-VVG>repudiating <w NN2>agreements <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
<s n="1344"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NN2>republics <w VVD>assumed <w DPS>their <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN2>debts<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w NN2>contracts <w VVN-VVD>signed<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD-VVN>ceased <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38553<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1345"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenia <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w DPS>their <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLDCA03P>
<s n="1346"><w NN1-VVB>Aid <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1347"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;30,000,000 <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>aid <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1348"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>approved <w NN0>&dollar;1,250 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>loan <w VVZ>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>animal <w NN1-VVB>feed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1349"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aid <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>offered <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w CRD>12 <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVN>administered <w PRP>through <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="1350"><w AT0>An <w NN1>accord <w PRP>on <w NN1>food <w NN1>provision <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VVG>banning <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>food <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>delegating <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>purchasing <w NN1>food <w PRP>from <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>states <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IEC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1351"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>EBRD<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVG>totalling <w NN0>&dollar;19,000,000<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w NP0>Silayev <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26-27 <w VVD-AJ0>signed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NN2>credits <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38538<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w VVG>extending <w DT0>these <w NN2>credits<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w NP0>US <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w VVG>modernizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>sector <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Gorbachev <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLDCA03R>
<s n="1354"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1355"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w NN2>tourists <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>float<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w VVN>called<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>another <w AJ0>small <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AV0>partially <w AJ0>convertible <w NN1>currency<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1356"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tourist <w NN1>rate <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w CRD>31.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN0>&dollar;1.00=47 <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
<s n="1357"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>official <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unchanged <w PRP>at <w CRD>six <w NN2>roubles <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1358"><w PRP>During <w NP0>November <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>paying <w NN1>money <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency <w NN2-VVZ>accounts <w PRP>to <w NN2>foreigners<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1-VVB>account<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA03S><ptr target=HLDCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLDCA03S>
<s n="1359"><w AT0>The <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA03T>
<s n="1360"><w NP0>Azerbaijan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1361"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognise <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="1362"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gasan <w NP0>Gasanov <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3-4<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1363"><w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NP0>August <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38538<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1364"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Moscow <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>affected<c PUN>.
<s n="1365"><w NP0>Gasanov <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VBD>was <w VVG>hoping <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>links<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkic <w AJ0-NN1>speaking <w NN1>nation<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Latin <w NN1>alphabet <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLDCA03U>
<s n="1366"><w NP0>Armenia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>north <w NP0>America
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1367"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14-15<c PUN>.
<s n="1368"><w DPS>His <w NN1>request <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVB>recognize <w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w VBD>was <w VVN>refused<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>a <w NN1>consulate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1369"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Canada <w PNP>he <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>community <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLDCA03V>
<s n="1370"><w NN1>Escalation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>dispute
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1371"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>annulling <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Armenian-populated <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w AV0>Henceforth <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>governed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="1373"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VBD>were <w VVN>invited<c PUN>, <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>abrogate <w DT0>all <w NN2-VVZ>acts <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>change <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>status<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1374"><w CJS>Although <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w AV0>technically <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD>concerned <w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1375"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Gorbachev<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposition <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>10 <w NN0>km <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>zone <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1376"><w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>worsening <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>helicopter <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN1>republican <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officials <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>passengers <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>21 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>accused <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w VVG>shooting <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>helicopter<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Armenia <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>cause <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>weather<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VHD>had <w VVN>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1>gas <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1379"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>warned <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>escalation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VM0>could <w VVI>affect <w NN2>relations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLDCA03W>
<s n="1380"><w NN1-NP0>Kirghizia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1381"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVB>Kirghiz <w NP0>President <w NP0>Askar <w NP0>Akayev <w VVD>reported <w DPS>his <w NN1>satisfaction <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w VVN>spoken <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN2>businessmen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1382"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kirghizia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nasirdin <w NP0>Isanov<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1>accident <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLDCA03X>
<s n="1383"><w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1384"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan <w VVD>held <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN2>protests <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>role <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38418<c PUN>; <w CRD>38538<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1385"><w NP0>Rakhman <w NP0>Nabiyev<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>president <w PRP>with <w CRD>58 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>84.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>results<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1386"><w NP0>Nabiyev <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRP>under <w NP0>Brezhnev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hard-line <w NN1>conservative<c PUN>.
<s n="1387"><w DPS>His <w AJS>nearest <w NN1>rival <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>seven <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>film <w NN1>producer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Davlar <w NP0>Koudonazarov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gained <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w VBG>being <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Rebirth <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w DT0>own <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1388"><w NP0>Koudonazarov<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>manipulated <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>observer <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLDCA03Y>
<s n="1389"><w NP0>Ukraine
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w UNC>6,000-strong <w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN1-VVB>Guard <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVG>drawing <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>divisions<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w CJS>Since <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>inter-republican <w NN2>boundaries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>definition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>state <w NN2>borders <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN2>neighbours <w PRP>by <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>33,000 <w NN2>troops <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Border <w NN1-VVB>Guard <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA040></p>
<caption id=HLDCA040>
<s n="1393"><w NP0>Chechen <w NP0-NN1>Ingushetia <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1394"><w PRP>During <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VVD>demanded <w DPS>its <w NN1>independence <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>change <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="1395"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w AVP>back <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>.
<s n="1396"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1397"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>brought <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Grozny<c PUN>.
<s n="1398"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Doku <w NP0>Zavgayev <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provisional <w AJ0-NN1>13-member <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="1399"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chechen <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>body <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Dzhakhar <w NP0>Dudayev<c PUN>.
<s n="1400"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>branch<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w NP0>KGB <w NN0>headquarters <w CJC>and <w VVD>surrounded <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN2>studios<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w VVB-NN1>Ingush <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Provisional <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
<s n="1402"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VHD>had <w VVN>exacerbated <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>by <w VVG>giving <w AT0>an <w NN1>ultimatum <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1-VVB>Guard <w TO0>to <w VVI>disband <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1403"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NP0>RSFSR <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>CNC <w VBD>were <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>only <w NN2>elections <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provisional <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>recognized<c PUN>.
<s n="1404"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dudayev <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>victor<c PUN>, <w VVG>defeating <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1405"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chechen <w NP0>Ingushetia <w VBD>was <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>despatch <w PRP>on <w UNC>Nov.10 <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>650 <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w VVN>surrounded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w NP0>Chechens<c PUN>.
<s n="1406"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVG>ordering <w AV0>instead <w AT0>a <w NN2>weapons <w VVB-NN1>blockade <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w AJ0>well-armed<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1407"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dudayev <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>mobilization<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w AT0>a <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN1>hardware<c PUN>.
<s n="1408"><w DPS>His <w NN2>supporters <w VVD>hijacked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>flight <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w VVD>forced <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>fly <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ankara<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>publicize <w DPS>their <w NN1>cause<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w NP0>Dudayev <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN2>expressions <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tartaria <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Dagestan<c PUN>.
<s n="1410"><w AT0>The <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w VVN>assumed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dudayev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>incumbent <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disbanded<c PUN>.
<s n="1411"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chechen <w NP0>Ingushetia <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>providing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>misleading <w NN1>information<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1412"><w NN2>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>forcefully <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>, <w VVD>defended <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA041></p>
<caption id=HLDCA041>
<s n="1413"><w NP0>Georgia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1414"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Georgia <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w DT0>all <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>facilities <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>army <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1415"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>tension <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38358<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLDCA042><s n="1416"><w PRP>to <w NP0>USA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party
</p>
<caption id=HLDCA042>
<s n="1417"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Naming <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Citizenship <w NN1>law <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Kozyrev<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1418"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AV0>abroad <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="1419"><w PNP>He <w VVD>met <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>von <w NP0>Weizs&auml;cker<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1420"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD>noted <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w VVG>paying <w DPS>its <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w VVG>re-establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Volga <w NN1>republic<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>side <w VVD-VVN>offered <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>transformation <w PRP>to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>market <w AJ0>economy-oriented <w NN1>future<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1421"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AJ0>German <w NN2>businessmen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>described <w AJ0>future <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>low <w NN1>tax <w NN2>regimes <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>incentive <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w AVP>up <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1422"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>named <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1423"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>KGB<c PUN>.
<s n="1424"><w NP0>Vice <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>named <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>control <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="1425"><w AJ0>Gennady <w NN1-NP0>Burbulis <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w ORD>first <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w CRD>Two <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>named<c PUN>: <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w VVG>heading <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Shokhin<c PUN>, <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1427"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVG>giving <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>to <w NN2>Russians <w VVG>living <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1428"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>26,000,000 <w NN2>Russians <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRP>by <w VVG>extending <w NN2>rights <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>taken <w AJ0>local <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
<s n="1429"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>restored <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>to <w CRD>175 <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>figures <w VVN-VVD>stripped <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>on <w NN1>emigration<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>emigration <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1430"><w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25-27<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w CJC>and <w VVG>delivering <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1431"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>appointed <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozlovsky<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="1432"><w PNP>He <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>embassy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1433"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>CP <w CJC>and <w VVG>nationalizing <w DPS>their <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="1434"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decree <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w VVD>proved <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w VBD>was <w AV0>never <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>for <w VVG>exercising <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>merging <w PRP>with <w NN1>state <w NN2>structures <w CJC>or <w VVG>subordinating <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1435"><w PRP>By <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>banned <w AV0-AJ0>only <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>received<c PUN>.
<s n="1436"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>original <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w NP0>CPSU <w NN1>activity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>pending <w AJ0>juridical <w NN1>inquiry<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38372<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1437"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1438"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1439"><w NN1>Economy <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN2>strikes
</head>
<p>
<s n="1440"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NN2>controls <w VBD>were <w VVN>removed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w NN2>products <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w PRP>in <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>transport<c PUN>.
<s n="1441"><w AJ0>Retail <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w NN1>staple <w NN2>foods <w CJC>and <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unchanged<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1442"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakdown <w PRP>in <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Tropoj&euml; <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Shkod&euml;r <w NN2>districts<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w NN2>shortages <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>energy<c PUN>.
<s n="1443"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>persons <w PNQ>who <w VVB>remain <w AJ0>jobless <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1444"><w AT0>An <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramiz <w NP0>Alia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NN2>police <w VM0>would <w VVI>intervene <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN2>strikes<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1445"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>emigration <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NN2>Durr&euml;s <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1446"><w NN1>Post <w NN1>Office <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN2>workers <w VVD-VVN>staged <w NN1>warning <w NN2-VVZ>strikes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>Fier <w NN1>district<c PUN>, <w NN1>oil <w NN1>industry <w NN2>workers <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>strike <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>deemed <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1447"><w NN1>University <w NN2>students <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Shkod&euml;r <w NN1>University<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1448"><w PRP>About <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>Television <c PUL>(<w NP0>RTV<c PUR>) <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in support of <w NN2>demands <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Independent <w NP0>Radio-Television <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>RTV<w POS>'s <w NN2>directors<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>demand <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0>RTV <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1449"><w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>declared <w NP0>RTV <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1450"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN1>newsprint <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA043></p>
<caption id=HLDCA043>
<s n="1451"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1452"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG>nationalizing <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1453"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1454"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Bratska <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonians<c PUN>, <w VVD>legalized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>banned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>false <w NN2>documents <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NN1>registration<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA044></p>
<caption id=HLDCA044>
<s n="1455"><w NN1>Investment <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1456"><w PRP>On <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w NP0>31-Nov.1<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Muhamet <w NP0-NN1>Kapllani <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>investment <w NN1>promotion <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1457"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1458"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1459"><w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="1460"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AV0>wholly <w AJ0>non-communist <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>government <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38539<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>by <w CRD>128 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>90<c PUN>.
<s n="1462"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>set <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1463"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dimitur <w NP0>Popov<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1464"><w NP0>Dimitrov<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>nine <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>contained <w DT0>some <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="1465"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Ministries <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Science <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>merged<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w VVG>Housing <w NN1>Policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Construction <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Construction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Architecture<c PUN>.
<s n="1466"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1944<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>civilian<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1467"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0>Stefan <w NP0>Savov <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>.
<s n="1468"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w CRD>three <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>speakers <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>USD <w NN2>deputies <w VVN-VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>Freedoms <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRF<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Turkish<c PUR>) <w NN1>ethnicity <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0>unlawful<c PUN>.
<s n="1469"><w AT0>The <w NN1>USD <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Snezhana <w NP0-NN1>Botusharova <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kadir <w NP0>Dzhalil <w NN1-NP0>Kadir <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>speakers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA045></p>
<caption id=HLDCA045>
<s n="1470"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1471"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>USD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w PNP>it <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w NN1>shadow <w NN1>cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1472"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <w NN2>Clubs <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2-3 <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1473"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Petko <w NP0>Simeonov<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1474"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>reading <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>confiscate <w DPS>its <w NN1>property<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA046></p>
<caption id=HLDCA046>
<s n="1475"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>aid <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Willem <w NP0>van <w NP0>Eekelen<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w NP0>31-Nov. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Zhelev<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Popov <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>van <w NP0>Eekelen <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>build-up <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1478"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>granted <w AV0>most <w AJ0>favoured <w NN1>nation <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFN<c PUR>) <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>easing <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN2>imports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="1479"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>USAID<c PUR>) <w VVD>granted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000,000 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;50,000,000 <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
<s n="1480"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>USAID<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>from <w NN0>&dollar;2,200,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;88,000,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1481"><w NP0>Dimitrov <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>government <w VVD>met <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>EBRD<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1482"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38587<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelev <w VVD>led <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>President <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors <w VVD>told <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>association <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1483"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>NATO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zhelev <w VVD>suggested <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>political <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="1484"><w NP0>Zhelev <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>NATO <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>aid <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fragile <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1485"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1486"><w NP0>Yordan <w NP0>Mutafchiev<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA047></p>
<caption id=HLDCA047>
<s n="1487"><w NN1>Energy <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1488"><w AJ0>Periodic <w NN1>power <w NN2>cuts <w VBD>were <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w CJS>after <w NN1>electricity <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>were <w AV0>suddenly <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>.
<s n="1489"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>suggested <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unilateral <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>energy <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1490"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kozloduy <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>working <w PRP>at <w NN1-AJ0>half-capacity <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>failure <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>partially <w VVN>closed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>for <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reasons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38448-49<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1491"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1492"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1493"><w NN1>Discussion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1494"><w PRP>During <w NP0>November <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VVD>intensified<c PUN>; <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w NN2>changes <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>paralysis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1495"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Havel <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38449<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>into <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0-NN1>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>republics <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>reached <w NN1>deadlock<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1496"><w AT0>A <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bratislava<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>occasion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>73rd <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>federation<c PUN>.
<s n="1497"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Havel <w CJC>and <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>disrupted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>nationalists<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>left <w PRP>without <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech<c PUN>.
<s n="1498"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>Moravian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Silesian <w NN2>parties <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>charter <w VVG>demanding <w AJ0>equal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>status <w PRP>within <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1499"><w AT0>The <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w PRP>with <w CRD>516,000 <w NN2>signatures<c PUN>; <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA048></p>
<caption id=HLDCA048>
<s n="1500"><w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>common <w NN1>state
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1501"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>invited <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>to <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-part <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>parliaments <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1502"><w AT0>The <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>parliaments <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="1503"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>parliaments <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VVI>approve <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>constitutions <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Constitution <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>spring <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>constitutions <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>federal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Slovak <c PUN>&mdash; <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w AV0>simultaneously <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest<c PUN>.
<s n="1505"><w AV0>Independently <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>discuss <w VVG>calling <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1506"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11-12 <w AT0>the <w NN2>presidiums <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>parliaments <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>near <w NP0>Bratislava <w PRP>in <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
<s n="1507"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>difficulties <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>remained<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AJ0-VVG>differing <w NN2>perceptions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>state <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>principles <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1508"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>side <w VBD>was <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>side <w VVD>opposed <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VVI>supersede <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1509"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>approving <w DPS>its <w NN1>presidium<w POS>'s <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>government <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>document<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>concede <w AJC>further <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1510"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>defeated <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>parliaments<w POS>' <w NN2>presidiums <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>September <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38449<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA049></p>
<caption id=HLDCA049>
<s n="1511"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>on <w NN1>referendum <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1512"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD-AJ0>proposed <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>state <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PNP>it <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>detailing <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>for <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="1513"><c PUL>(<w AT0>A <w NN1>Referendum <w NN1>Law <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>18 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38351 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w VVN>delayed <w DPS>its <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1514"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN2>versions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1515"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>require<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0-AJ0>clear <w ITJ>yes <w CJC>or <w ITJ>no<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1516"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w DT0>any <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>pledging <w PNX>itself <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>authority <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>republican <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1517"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Havel <w VVB>broadcast <w DPS>his <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1518"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w AV0>independently<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w CJS>if <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>republic <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="1519"><w NP0>Havel <w AV0>also <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>should <w ORD>first <w VBI>be <w VVN>initialled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w AV0>quickly <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w DPS>its <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>authority <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1520"><w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>proposals <w AJ0>concerned <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJS>since<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>present <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>can <w AV0>easily <w VVI>find <w PNX>itself <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>incapable <w PRF>of <w VVG>passing <w DT0>any <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>laws <w AJ0>vital <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>functioning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1521"><w PNP>He <w VVD>proposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>institution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>rule <w PRP>until <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1522"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN1>body <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>altered <w TO0>to <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>formed <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>parliaments <w PRP>with <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>proposing <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="1523"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unspecified<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1524"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w CRD>50,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04A>
<s n="1525"><w VVB-NN1>Delay <w PRP>in <w NN1>privatization <w NN2-VVZ>plans
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1526"><w AT0>The <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>due to <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Privatization<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tomas <w NP0>Jezek<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>too <w DT0>little <w NN1>time <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w VVG>compiling <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>companies <w AJ0>suitable <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>disloyal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>ministry <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>delay<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1528"><w NN2>Vouchers <w PRP>for <w UNC>kcs1,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;34<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>enabling <w AT0>the <w NN1>citizen <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w NN2>shares<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w NN1>sale <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>enterprises <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>privatized <w VBD>was <w AJ0>available <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1529"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w AT0>the <w NN1>placing <w PRF>of <w NN2>orders <w PRP>for <w NN2>shares <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w NP0>March <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1530"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w AJ0>small-scale <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="1531"><w NP0>Klaus <w VHD>had <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>know <w DT0>any <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>distinguishing <w PRP>in <w NN1>practice <w AJ0>dirty <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w AJ0>clean <w NN1>money<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04B>
<s n="1532"><w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>code
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1533"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Code<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w NN1>court <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>into line with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bill <w PRF>of <w NN2>Rights <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37974<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1534"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>draft <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>code <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04C>
<s n="1535"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Husak
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1536"><w NP0>Gustav <w NP0>Husak<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRP>from <w CRD>1968 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>President <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>revolution <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>78<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1537"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1538"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1539"><w NN1>Currency <w NN1>devaluation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Banking <w NN1>law
</head>
<p>
<s n="1540"><w AT0>The <w NN1>forint <w VBD>was <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>competitiveness <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>products <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="1541"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>passing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>banking <w NN1-VVB>act<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary<w POS>'s <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>it <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>sector <w CJS>since<c PUN>&hellip; <w CRD>1987<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1542"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w VVD>limited <w DT0>any <w NN1>shareholder<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>share<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>established <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN2>requirements <w AJ0>consistent <w PRP>with <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Settlement <w NN2>norms<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04D>
<s n="1543"><w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>Smallholders <w NN1>controversy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1544"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w NN2>Smallholders <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FKgP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gyula <w NN1-VVB>Kiss<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>concealing <w DT0>former <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HSWP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ferenc <w NP0>Jozsef <w NP0>Nagy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>secretaries <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1545"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NP0>FKgP <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sandor <w NP0>Olah<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>for <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>expel <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>deputies <w VBD>were <w VVN>expelled<c PUN>.
<s n="1546"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>documentation <w NN1>office<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>uncover<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Magyardom<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1547"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>FKgP <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expelled <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>secretaries <w CJC>and <w VVD>suspended <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0-NN1>Torgyan<c PUN>, <w NP0>FKgP <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1548"><w NP0-NN1>Torgyan <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>division <w PRP>between<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w NN1>leadership<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>faction <w VVD>risked <w VVG>splitting <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="1549"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Torgyan <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Antall <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>going <w PRP>against <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>democracy <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>politicians <w PNQ>who <w AV0>no longer <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NP0>FKgP<w POS>'s <w NN1>backing<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04E>
<s n="1550"><w NP0-NN1>Bill <w VVG>allowing <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1551"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orsz&aacute;ggy&uuml;l&eacute;s <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>crimes <w PRF>of <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w NN1>treason <w VVN>committed <w PRP>between <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1944<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>occupation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>convening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>197 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w PRP>with <w CRD>74 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1553"><w NP0>President <w NP0>G&ouml;ncz<c PUN>, <w PNX>himself <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>ill-defined<c PUN>.
<s n="1554"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w VVG-NN1>granting <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>to <w NN0>people <w AJ0-VVN>deported <w CJC>or <w VVN-AJ0>imprisoned <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>regime <w PRP>between <w CRD>1939 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AV0>unlawfully <w VVN>executed<c PUN>.
<s n="1555"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>affect <w AV0>around <w CRD>250,000 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>cost <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>between <w CRD>6,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w CRD>6,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>forints <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;80-86,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04F>
<s n="1556"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1557"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Galvin<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Allied <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w NP0>30-Nov. <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NN2>Lajos <w NN1>F&uuml;r<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Antall<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>NATO <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Arpad <w NP0>G&ouml;ncz <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-day <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1559"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1560"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1561"><w NN1>Citizenship <w NN1>law
</head>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>voted <w CRD>64 <w PRP>to <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinstate <w AT0>the <w CRD>1938 <w NN1>Law <w PRP>on <w NN1>Citizenship<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>citizenship <w AV0>automatically <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>Estonians<c PUN>; <w NN2>immigrants <w VVG>applying <w PRP>for <w NN1>citizenship <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>lived <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1564"><w NN1>Marriage <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Estonian <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>eligibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
<s n="1565"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>Latvian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>citizenship <w NN2>laws <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38585<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1566"><w NN1>Re-enactment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38420<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasise <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>continuity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1567"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>passing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVD-VVN>ended <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN2>aspects <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>left <w AJ0>unclear <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation <w VVD>remained <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>decided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1568"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w NN1>visa <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN2>borders <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>step <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NN1>crime <w CJC>and <w VVB>stop <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>migration <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1569"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38420<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w DPS>its <w NN2>debates<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>run <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04G>
<s n="1570"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>negotiators <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1571"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJS>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states <w VBD>was <w VVN>held<c PUN>.
<s n="1572"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRP>for <w NN1>negotiation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w NN1>state <w NN2>borders<c PUN>, <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>, <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w PRP>from <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1574"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Sobchak<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Political <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN1>territory <w PRP>to <w NP0>Estonia <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w PRP>in <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1575"><w NP0>Estonia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poul <w NP0>Schl&uuml;ter<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Estonia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN1>insurance <w NN2>opportunities <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Edgar <w NP0-NN1>Savisaar<c PUN>.
<s n="1577"><w NP0>Schl&uuml;ter <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>future<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04H>
<s n="1578"><w NN1>Conscription
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1579"><w NN1>Conscription <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>army <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1580"><w NN1-VVB>Service<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>compulsory <w PRP>for <w NN2>men <w AV0>over <w CRD>19 <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1581"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1582"><w NP0>LATVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1583"><w NN1>Citizenship <w NN1>law
</head>
<p>
<s n="1584"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>citizenship <w NN1>issue <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VHG>having <w VVN>passed <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w DTQ>which <w NN2>proposals <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>stringent <w NN1>residency<c PUN>, <w AJ0>linguistic <w CJC>and <w NN1>oath <w PRF>of <w NN1>allegiance <w NN2>requirements <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>non-Latvians <c PUL>(<w CRD>48.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>according to <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>census <w NN2>figures<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1585"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>citizenship <w CJC>and <w NN1>naturalization<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>by <w CRD>93 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w NN1>citizenship <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted <w AV0>automatically <w PRP>to <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>before <w CRD>1940 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>occupation<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>descendants<c PUN>, <w CJS>even if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>currently <w AJ0>resident <w PRP>in <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>.
<s n="1586"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>citizenship <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed<c PUN>.
<s n="1587"><w PNI>Anyone <w AV0>else <w VVG>wishing <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>citizenship <w VHD>had <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Latvia <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w CRD>16 <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>conversationally <w AJ0>fluent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latvian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>conversant <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>renounce <w AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>(<w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other<c PUR>) <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>swear <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1588"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>apartheid <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>citizenship <w VHD>had <w NN2>implications <w PRP>for <w VVG>obtaining <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w NN1>property <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>.
<s n="1589"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>citizenship <w NN1>law <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLDCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04J>
<s n="1590"><w NN1>Nationalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>property
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1591"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VVG>nationalizing <w DT0>all <w AJ0>fixed <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN1>property <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>declaring <w NN1-VVB>void <w DT0>any <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>in <w NN1>army <w NN1>property <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>since <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1592"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AT0>no <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>force <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN1>measure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04K>
<s n="1593"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>reorganization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1594"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVZ>Ivars <w NP0-NN1>Godmanis <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>toward <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1595"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish <w CRD>16 <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>in place of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1596"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CRD>17 <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w DT0>each<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBI>be <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>sector<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1597"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AJC>higher <w NN1>profile<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>created<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1598"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1599"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1600"><w NN1>Citizenship <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Currency <w NN1>law
</head>
<p>
<s n="1601"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w DT0>any <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>resident <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VM0>could <w VVI>request <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37045<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>expired <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1602"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w CRD>87 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>eligible <w VHD>had <w VVN>acquired <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>370,000 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>taken <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>citizenship <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>became <w AJ0>stateless <w CJC>or <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>; <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>citizenship <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>permitted<c PUN>.
<s n="1603"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>calls <w TO0>to <w VVI>revoke <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
<s n="1604"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>Estonian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>citizenship <w NN2>laws <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38585<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1605"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>parliament <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>76 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w PNI>none<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0-VVG>issuing <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>litas<c PUN>.
<s n="1606"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gediminas <w NP0-NN1>Vagnorius <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>difficulties <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>in <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>litas <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04L>
<s n="1607"><w NN1-NP0>Price <w NN1>liberalization <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Confiscation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w NN1>property
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1608"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>retail <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>liberalized <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w NN2>prices <w VVD>went <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="1609"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Tass<c PUN>, <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w NN1>dairy <w NN2>products <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w AVP-PRP>by <w AV0>about <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NN1>bread <w PRP>by <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1610"><w TO0>To <w VVI>compensate <w PRP>for <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>state <w VVZ-NN2>grants <w PRP>to <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w NN2>pensioners <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>low-paid <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>prices <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>freed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1612"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>appropriate <w AT0>the <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CP<c PUR>) <w PRP>without <w NN1>compensation <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>CP <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>banned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania <w PRP>from <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38373<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04M>
<s n="1613"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1614"><w NP0>NATO <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lithuania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1616"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>most-favoured <w NN1>nation <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia<c PUN>.
<s n="1617"><w NP0>Lithuania <w AV0>thus <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>republic <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38350<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1618"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>President<c PUR>) <w NN2>Vytautas <w NN1-NP0>Landsbergis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1619"><w NP0-NN1>Landsbergis <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16-19<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Pope<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1620"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1621"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1622"><w NN1-VVB>Deadlock <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1623"><w AJ0>Complex <w AJ0>political <w NN2>negotiations <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>November <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38535-36<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1624"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>failure<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-right <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan <w NN1>Olszewski <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w VVN>resisted <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1625"><w NP0>Walesa <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AV0>forward <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PNP>he <w VVD>asked <w NP0>Broneslaw <w NP0>Geremek<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1626"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Geremek <w VVD>resigned<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>left <w PRF>of <w NN1>centre <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1627"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>centre-right <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRP>for <w NP0>Independent <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>, <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Alliance <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w NN1-AJ0>Olszewski <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1628"><w NP0>Walesa<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>instead <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>snubbed <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-right <w PRP>by <w VVG>appointing <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>driver <w NP0>Mieczyslaw <w NP0-NN1>Wachowski <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1629"><w NP0>Walesa <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>prefer <w AT0>the <w NN1>reappointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Krzysztof <w NN1-NP0>Bielecki <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1630"><w NN2>Bielicki <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>submitted <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>plea <w PRP>from <w NP0>Walesa <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain<c PUN>.
<s n="1631"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>postponed <w AT0>the <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bielecki<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1632"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>would-be <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>coalition <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN1>stability<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1633"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>session <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD-VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0>Wieslaw <w NP0>Chrzanowski<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04N>
<s n="1634"><w NN2-VVZ>Links <w PRP>between <w NP0>CPSU <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>communists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1635"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Democracy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDRP<c PUR>) <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interest-free <w NN1>loan <w PRP>worth <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;1,200,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1636"><w DT0>Former <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Mieczyslaw <w NP0>Rakowski <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="1637"><w NN2>Disclosures <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>press <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists <w TO0>to <w VVI>admit <w AJ0>other <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NN2>plans <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w NP0>East <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>post-communist <w NN2>parties <w PRP>with <w NN1>cash <w PRP>from <w AJ0>private <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1638"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Prosecutor<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Warsaw <w VVD>opened <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w NN2>breaches <w PRF>of <w NN1>currency <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04P>
<s n="1639"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Chancellery
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1640"><w NP0-NN1>Jaroslaw <w NP0-NN1>Kaczynski<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Chancellery <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Kaczynski<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="1641"><w VVB>Janusz <w NP0-NN1>Ziolkowski <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Chancellery<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0-NN1>Milewski <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Maciej <w NP0-NN1>Zalewski<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04R>
<s n="1642"><w NN2>Protests <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>pensions <w VVB-NN1>change
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1643"><w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>revalue <w NN2>pensions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>amended <w AV0>immediately <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>pensions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result<c PUN>.
<s n="1644"><w AT0>The <w NN2>pensioners<w POS>' <w NN1>organization <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN2>pensions <w NN1>law <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
<s n="1645"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ombudsman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ewa <w NP0>Letowska<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Tribunal <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>revaluation <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04S>
<s n="1646"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1647"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>de-restrict <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters <w VVG>bordering <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>cross-border <w NN1>road <w NN1>traffic<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1648"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1649"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1650"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1651"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VVG>guaranteeing <w NN1>pluralism<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="1652"><w AT0>The <w NN1>voting <w VVD>reached <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>414 <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w CJC>and <w CRD>95 <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="1653"><w AT0>The <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>within <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1654"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VVD-VVN>owed <w AV0>much <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>substantial <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="1655"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>text <w VVD-VVN>defined <w PRP>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>separation<c PUN>; <w DT0>some <w NN2>deputies <w VHD>had <w VVN>wanted <w AT0>the <w NN1>qualification <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>territorial<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>omitted<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w VHD>had <w VVN>spoken <w PRP>against <w DT0>this <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-Hungarian <w NN1>faction<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04T>
<s n="1656"><w NN1>Convertibility <w PRF>of <w NN1>leu
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theodor <w NP0>Stoloyan <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>currency <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AV0>internally <w AJ0>convertible<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w AJ0>two-tier <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1658"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>rate <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>fixed <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>180 <w NN2>lei <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>midway <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>rate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w NN1-VVB>market <w AJ0-VVG>floating <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
<s n="1659"><w NP0-NN1>Stoloyan <w VVD>promised <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>state <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>goods <w PRP>until <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1660"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>radio <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w NN1>panic <w VVG-NN1>buying<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04U>
<s n="1661"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>aid <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1662"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w CRD>G-24 <w NN1>summit <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38584<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NP0>EC <w NN1>delegation <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w NN2>requirements<c PUN>.
<s n="1664"><w NP0>Italy <w VVD>granted <w NN1>aid <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&dollar;50,000,000 <w CJC>and <w NN2>credits <w PRF>of <w AV0>nearly <w NN0>&dollar;100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAO<c PUR>) <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04V>
<s n="1665"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Moldava
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1666"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Moldavan <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Valery <w NP0>Muravsky<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1667"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AJ0>governmental <w NN2>exchanges <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>speed <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldava<w POS>'s <w NN1>integration <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1668"><w AT0>A <w NN1>commodity <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Moldava <w VM0>would <w VVI>supply <w NN1>farm <w VVB-NN1>produce <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1669"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Willem <w NP0>van <w NP0>Eekelen<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1670"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38600-01<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NP0>Romania <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w VVN>known <w DPS>its <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>renegotiation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN>ratified<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w VVG>preventing <w DT0>either <w NN1>side <w PRP>from <w VVG>joining <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04W>
<s n="1672"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1673"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Left<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>created<c PUN>, <w VVB>open <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN1>centre-left <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1674"><w AT0>A <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social-Liberal <w ORD>Party-20th <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>grouping <w VVG>retaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1675"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Young <w NN1>Wing<c PUR>) <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Charter <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>grouping <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AV0>closely <w VVN>linked <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>structures <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04X>
<s n="1676"><w NN1>Trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>umbrella <w NN1>body
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1677"><w CRD>Three <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>confederations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fratia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alfa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Advisory <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN2>Unions<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w CRD>4,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>4,500,000 <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1678"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Advisory <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Stoloyan<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unrepresentative <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1679"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w NN1-VVB>work <w NN2>contracts <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1680"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1681"><w NP0>BALTIC <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1682"><w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>USA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1683"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Edgar <w NP0>Savisaar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ivars <w NP0-NN1>Godmanis <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gediminas <w NP0-NN1>Vagnorius<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>signed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle<c PUN>, <w VVG>integrating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Overseas <w AJ0>Private <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPIC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1684"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Corporation <w VVN>promoted <w AJ0>private <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>aid <w DPS>their <w NN2>economies<c PUN>.
<s n="1685"><w NP0>Quayle <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PRP>as against <w NN0>&dollar;14,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1686"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>delegations <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NP0>Indianapolis <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Baltic <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>IBEC<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hudson <w NN1>Institute <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28-30<c PUN>.
<s n="1687"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>IBEC<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AV0>together <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>advisers <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>advise <w PNP>them <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>transformation <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1688"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>volunteers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Peace <w NN0>Corps <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLDCA04Y>
<s n="1689"><w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Assembly
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1690"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tallinn<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8-9 <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
<s n="1691"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w AJ0-NN1>interparliamentary <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="1692"><w AT0>The <w NN1>presidium <w CJC>and <w NN2>committees <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>by <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1693"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1694"><w AJ0>EASTERN <w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1695"><w CRD>G-24 <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1696"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>G-24<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>grouping <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>OECD<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1697"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w NP0>Albania <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Frans <w NP0>Andriessen <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w UNC>US&dollar;32,000 <w CRD>million <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w PRP>since <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1698"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w VBD>were <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w CRD>G-24<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>EC <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w AV0-AJ0>only <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w VVN>deemed <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w AV0>respectively <w NN0>&dollar;800 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>materialize<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w AV0>separately<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>decided <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>countries <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>precondition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w CRD>G-24 <w NN2>partners<c PUN>.
<s n="1700"><w NN2>Participants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>G-24 <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w NN1>electricity <w NN2>shortages <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kozloduy <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38350<c PUN>; <w CRD>38448<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1701"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1702"><w NP0>FINLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1703"><w NN1>Devaluation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>pact <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union
</head>
<p>
<s n="1704"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVG>acknowledging <w AT0>the <w NN1>seriousness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Esko <w NP0>Aho <w VVD>devalued <w AT0>the <w NN0>markka <w PRP>by <w CRD>12.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1705"><w AT0>The <w NN0>markka<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>pegged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN1>unit <c PUL>(<w NN0>ECU<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38297<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>float <w AV0>temporarily <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Finland <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AJ0>speculative <w NN1>pressure <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>short-term <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>capital <w NN1>outflow<c PUN>.
<s n="1706"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>pegged <w AV0>again <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>5.39166 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5.72516 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>ECU<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1707"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w NN2>unions <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>pay <w NN1-VVB>deal<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN2>wages <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>year <w CJS>if <w NN1>inflation <w VVD>exceeded <w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA050></p>
<caption id=HLDCA050>
<s n="1708"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1709"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>good <w NN1>neighbourliness <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>.
<s n="1710"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accord <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>negotiated <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w CRD>1948 <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>Friendship<c PUN>, <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Mutual <w NN1>Assistance <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38444-45<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1711"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>use <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w PNX>each other <w CJC>or <w VVB>threaten <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="1712"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w CRD>1948 <w NN1>treaty <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w AV0>further<c PUN>, <w VVG>committing <w DT0>each <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w PRP>against <w AT0>an <w NN1>aggressor<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1713"><w PRP>In accordance with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Final <w NN1>Act <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>inviolability <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>shared <w AT0>a <w CRD>1,260 <w NN0>km <w NN1>border<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>respected<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1714"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1715"><w NP0>NORWAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1716"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="1717"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eldrid <w NP0>Nordboe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Matz <w NP0-NN1>Sandman<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>for <w NN1>family <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>.
<s n="1718"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Shipping <w NN1>portfolio <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nordboe <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bj&ouml;rn <w VVD>Tore <w NP0>Godal<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Storting<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Sandman<w POS>'s <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w NN2>Children<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w NN1>Family <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Grete <w NP0-NN1>Berget<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gro <w NP0>Harlem <w NP0>Brundtland<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1719"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1720"><w NP0>SWEDEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1721"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>measures
</head>
<p>
<s n="1722"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Carl <w NP0>Bildt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38542<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w VVD>aimed <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>revitalizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>industry<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>era <w PRF>of <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>, <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1723"><w NN2>Proposals <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>spending <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w VVG>totalling <w CRD>9,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,660 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>; <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN1>income <w PRP>from <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1>share <w NN2-VVZ>profits <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in <w NN2>stages <w PRP>from <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w AV0>onwards <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors <w VVG>buying <w PRP>into <w CJC>or <w VVG>taking <w AVP>over <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN2>companies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1724"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1725"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1726"><w NN2>By-elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Appeal <w NN1>Court <w NN2>rulings
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1727"><w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>by-election <w NN2>losses
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1728"><w PRP>In <w CRD>three <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>by-elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>party <w VVD>lost <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VVN>suffered <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>by-election <w NN2-VVZ>defeats <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>Conservative-held <w NN2>seats<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>party <w VVD>held <w NP0>Hemsworth<c PUN>.
<s n="1729"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w ORD>last <w NN2>by-elections <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38355<c PUN>; <w CRD>38200<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1730"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>let <w PNP>it <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w AV0>now <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1731"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>won <w NP0>Kincardine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Deeside <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w CRD>11.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>swing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>Conservatives<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats <w DPS>their <w ORD>10th <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w VVG>overtaking <w AT0>the <w NN2>Conservatives <c PUL>(<w CRD>nine<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1732"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Scottish <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>came <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w ORD>fourth<c PUN>.
<s n="1733"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>for <w NP0>NHS <w NN1-VVB>trust <w NN1>status <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38500<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w AV0>even <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1734"><w NN1>Labour <w VVD>won <w NP0>Langbaurgh <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>3.6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>swing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>Conservatives<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>marred <w PRP>by <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>racial <w NN2>insinuations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ashok <w NP0>Kumar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1735"><w NN1>Labour <w VVD>held <w NP0>Hemsworth<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>Conservatives <w VBD>were <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>into <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>.
<s n="1736"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w AV0>nationally <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>place <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>selection <w NN1>short-list <w AT0>the <w AV0>locally <w AJ0-VVN>preferred <w NN1>nominee<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ken <w NP0>Capstick<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Scargill<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN2>Mineworkers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA051></p>
<caption id=HLDCA051>
<s n="1737"><w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Appeal <w NN2>rulings <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Tottenham <w CRD>Three<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1738"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Appeal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>the <w NN1>conviction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Winston <w NP0>Silcott<c PUN>, <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NN2>Police <w NP0>Constable <w NP0>Keith <w NP0>Blakelock <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>disturbance <w PRP>at <w AJC>Broadwater <w NN1>Farm <w NN1>estate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tottenham<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w NP0>London <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34256<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1739"><c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Silcott <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>life <w NN1>sentence <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unrelated <w NN1>murder <w VVN>committed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1740"><w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Braithwaite <w CJC>and <w NP0>Engin <w NP0-NN1>Raghip<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>PC <w NP0>Blakelock<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<w POS>'s <w AJ0>final <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="1741"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>convictions <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>quashed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1742"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>issues <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Appeal <w NN1>Court <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>authenticity <w PRF>of <w NN2>confessions <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w CJS>while <w PRP>under <w NN1>detention<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="1743"><w NP0>Detective <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Superintendent <w NP0>Graham <w NP0>Melvin <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w PRP>under <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Metropolitan <w NN2>Police<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>overturn <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Birmingham <w CRD>Six<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>convictions <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38111<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w VVB>overturn <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Maguire <w CRD>Seven<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>convictions <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38301<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLDCA052></p>
<caption id=HLDCA052>
<s n="1745"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Maxwell
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1746"><w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Maxwell<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>controlling <w NN1>shareholder <w PRP>in <w NN1>Mirror <w NN1>Group <w NN2>Newspapers <c PUL>(<w NP0>MGN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>Communication <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>after <w VVG>falling <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>yacht <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NP0>Canary <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w AJ0>Massive <w NN1>speculation <w AV0>immediately <w VVD>arose <w AVP-PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in the light of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w NP0>Maxwell <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Daily <w NN1>Mirror <w NN1>journalist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nick <w NP0>Davies<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VHN>had <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1-VVB>service <w NP0>Mossad<c PUN>; <w NP0>Davies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>lied <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN1>dealer<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>speculation <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1749"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1750"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1751"><w AJ0>Increasing <w NN1>violence <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>troops
</head>
<p>
<s n="1752"><w VVG>Reacting <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>upsurge <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVN>announced <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w NP0>Ulster <w NP0>Constabulary <c PUL>(<w NP0>RUC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>strengthened <w PRP>by <w CRD>441 <w NN2>officers<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>army <w NN1>battalion <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>soldiers <w AV0>there <w PRP>from <w CRD>10,500 <w PRP>to <w CRD>11,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1753"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>top-security <w NN1>Musgrove <w NN1>Park <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>killed <w CRD>two <w AJ0>British <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w VVD>injured <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>five-year-old <w NN1>girl<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w AT0>A <w NN1>hospital <w NN1>porter<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liam <w NP0>Dougan<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1755"><w AT0>A <w NN1>soldier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Regiment <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDR<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>missile <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bellaghy<c PUN>, <w NN1>County <w NP0>Londonderry<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1756"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12-13<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>left <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w AV0>seriously <w VVN-VVD>injured <w CRD>two <w NN2>others <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<c PUN>.
<s n="1757"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>driver <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w CJC>and <w AV0>badly <w VVN>injured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>loyalist <w NN2>paramilitaries <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w NN2>murders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1758"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>Roman <w NN2>Catholics <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Protestant <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15-16 <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>factory <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>worked <w PRP>in <w NP0>Craigavon<c PUN>, <w NN1>south <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belfast<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1759"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NP0>IRA <w NN2>bombers <w VBD>were <w VVN>blown <w AVP>up <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>planted <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>in <w NP0>St <w NP0>Albans<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hertfordshire<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1760"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>identified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w PRP>as <w NP0>Frankie <w NP0>Ryan<c PUN>, <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Patricia <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Donnelly<c PUN>, <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1761"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w AV0>prematurely<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>empty <w NN1>bank <w NN1>building <w PRP>near <w AT0>a <w NN1>concert <w NN1>hall <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>band <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Blues <w CJC>and <w NN2>Royals <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VVG>giving <w AT0>a <w NN1>charity <w NN1>performance <w PRP>in front of <w DT0>some <w CRD>350 <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA053></p>
<caption id=HLDCA053>
<s n="1762"><w VVG>Overturning <w PRF>of <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>order <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Irish <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1763"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dublin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>an <w NN1>order <w PRP>for <w NP0>Anthony <w NP0-NN1>Sloan <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>extradited <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w NN1-NP0>Sloan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>convicted <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>20-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>for <w VVG>possessing <w AT0>a <w NN1>machine <w NN1>gun<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><w PNP>He <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>from <w NP0>Crumlin <w NP0>Road <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>spent <w AV0>more than <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakout<c PUN>.
<s n="1766"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AV0>under <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>firearm <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>offence <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
<s n="1767"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>study <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>loophole <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>prevented <w NN1>extradition <w PRP>for <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>allowed <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>firearm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA054></p>
<caption id=HLDCA054>
<s n="1768"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1769"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1-VVB>Watch <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w VVG>detailing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1770"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w NN2>killings<c PUN>, <w NN1>punishment <w NN2>shootings <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>kneecappings<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>hostage-taking <w PRP>by <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>recommended <w AJC>stricter <w NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>army <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>lethal <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AJ0>destructive <w NN1>house <w NN2>searches<c PUN>, <w AJC>better <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extra-legal <w NN2>actions <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w AV0>promptly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1771"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1772"><w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1773"><w NP0>Haughey<w POS>'s <w NN1>survival <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>vote
</head>
<p>
<s n="1774"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AV0>specially <w VVN-VVD>convened <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0-NN1>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Haughey <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="1775"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>lasted <w AV0>more than <w CRD>14 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>, <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>vote <w PRP>by <w CRD>55 <w PRP>to <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>Haughey <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1776"><w AT0>A <w NN1>motion <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w DPS>his <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tabled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>by <w NN2>backbenchers <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sean <w NP0-NN1>Power<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w NP0>Haughey<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>scandals <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>close <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>association <w PRP>with <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>figures <w VVN-VVD>named <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>controversies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1777"><w NP0>Haughey<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>D&aacute;il <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w CRD>84 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>to <w CRD>81<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1778"><w AV0>Just <w CJS-PRP>before <w DT0>that <w NN1>vote <w NP0-NN1>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>tax <w NN2>reforms <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1779"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>overhaul <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>system <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w CJC>but <w VVB>curtail<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>exemptions<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>shelters<c PUN>, <w NN2>allowances <w CJC>and <w AJ0>concessionary <w NN1>tax <w NN2>rates<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1780"><w NP0>Haughey<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>position <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>close <w NN2>associates <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>scandals<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN1>monopoly <w NP0>Telecom <w NP0>&Eacute;ireann<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Smurfit <w VVD>resigned <w AVP-PRP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>property <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>at <w NP0>Haughey<w POS>'s <w NN1>instigation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w AJ0>privatized <w NN1>sugar <w NN1>group <w NN1-NP0>Greencore <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Sugar <w NN1>PLC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>executive <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Comerford <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>amid <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>share <w NN2>dealings <w PRP>by <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>executives<c PUN>.
<s n="1781"><w NN2>Inquiries <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Haughey <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>fraud <w NN1>agency <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1782"><w NP0>Haughey <w VVD>dismissed <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1783"><w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Reynolds<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>attacked <w NP0>Haughey<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>satisfied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w CJC>and <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>government <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>well-being <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ireland <w AV0>still <w VVD>existed<c PUN>.
<s n="1784"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Padraig <w NP0>Flynn<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>vote <w PRP>against <w NP0>Haughey<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1785"><w NP0>Reynolds <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>oust <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il <w NN1>leadership <w CJS>if <w NP0>Haughey <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>defeated<c PUN>.
<s n="1786"><w AT0>A <w NN1>day <w AV0>later <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dirty <w NN2>tricks <w NN1-VVB>campaign<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>house <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>surveillance <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AV0>carefully <w VVN-AJ0>organized <w NN1-VVB>smear <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>waged <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>concerning <w NN2>loans <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>petfood <w NN1>company <w DT0>several <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA055></p>
<caption id=HLDCA055>
<s n="1787"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1788"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>D&aacute;il <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1790"><w NP0>Vincent <w NP0>Brady<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>whip<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>named <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1791"><w NP0>Brendan <w NP0>Daly <w VVD>moved <w PRP>from <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Woods <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w PRP>to <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>O'Kennedy <w PRP>from <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bertie <w NP0-NN1>Ahern <w PRP>from <w NN1>Labour <w PRP>to <w NN1>Finance <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Reynolds<c PUN>.
<s n="1792"><w NP0>Noel <w NP0-NN1>Davern <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mary <w NP0>O'Rourke <w VVD>switched <w PRP>from <w NN1>Education <w PRP>to <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rory <w NP0>O'Hanlon <w PRP>from <w NN1>Health <w PRP>to <w NN1>Environment <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Flynn<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1793"><w NP0>Haughey<w POS>'s <w AJ0>original <w NN1>choice <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>McDaid<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w NN2>hours <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>nomination <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>accused <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w NN1>Sinn F&eacute;in<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>fellow-traveller<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>in that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>IRA <w NN1>escapee<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Pius <w NP0>Clarke<c PUN>.
<s n="1794"><w NP0>McDaid <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w CJC>and <w VVD>withdrew <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDs<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>including <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="1795"><w PNP>He <w AV0>later <w VVD>admitted <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w AT0>an <w NN1>affidavit <w PRP>for <w NP0>Clarke<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maze <w NN1>prison <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>serving <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Regiment<c PUN>.
<s n="1796"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>affidavit<c PUN>, <w NP0>McDaid <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen <w NP0>Clarke <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NN1>County <w NP0>Donegal <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>murder <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1797"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1798"><w NP0>BELGIUM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1799"><w AJ0-NN1>Extremist <w NN2>gains <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1800"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>lost <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extremist <w AJ0>anti-immigrant <w NN2>Vlaams <w VVB>Blok <w PRP>in <w NP0>Flanders <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lesser <w NN1>extent<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>environmentalist <w NP0-NN1>Ecolo <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wallonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1801"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AJ0>Wilfried <w NN2>Martens<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>different <w NN2>coalitions <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>.
<s n="1802"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>months <w CJS>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA056></p>
<caption id=HLDCA056>
<s n="1803"><w NN1>Collapse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1804"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AJ0>Flemish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Walloon <w NN2>differences <w VHD>had <w VVN>undermined <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>occasions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1805"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN1-AJ0>nationalist <w NP0-NN1>Volksunie <w VVD>pulled <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w NN1>export <w NN2>licences <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Walloon <w NN2>arms <w VVG>exporting <w NN2>companies <w PRP>with <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>for <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN2>Socialists <w CJC>and <w NP0>Volksunie <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w NN1>pacifist <w NN2>tendencies<c PUR>) <w VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>renewal<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Walloon <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AJ0>concerned <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="1807"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AJ0>ad hoc <w NN2>committees <w PRP>for <w NP0>Wallonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Flanders <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bilingual <w NP0>Brussels <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>arms <w VVZ-NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>renewal <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>replacements <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0-NN1>Volksunie <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1808"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN>split <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN2>contracts <w VVD-VVN>signed <w AV0>unilaterally <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Flemish<c PUR>) <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marcel <w NP0>Colla <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>benefited <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN2>companies<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w NN1>television <w NN1>licence <w NN2>fees <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w NP0>Wallonia <w VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>pay <w NN2>teachers<w POS>' <w NN2>wages <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38465<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA057></p>
<caption id=HLDCA057>
<s n="1809"><w NN1>Election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1810"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>7,144,884 <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>voters <w CRD>6,592,441 <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>92 <w NN0>per cent <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w AV0>theoretically <w AJ0>compulsory<c PUN>.
<s n="1811"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w AJ0>null <w CJC>or <w NN1-AJ0>void<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1812"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NP0>CVP <c PUL>(<w NP0>Christelijke <w NP0>Volkspartij<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Flanders <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSC <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parti <w AJ0>social <w NN1>chr&eacute;tien<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Wallonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1813"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>socialist <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parti <w NN1>socialiste<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Wallonia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>SP <c PUL>(<w NP0>Socialistische <w NP0>Partij<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Flanders<c PUN>.
<s n="1814"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NP0>PVV <c PUL>(<w NP0>Partij <w NN1>voor <w NN1-NP0>Vrijheid <w UNC>en <w NP0-NN1>Vooruitgang<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Flanders <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRL <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parti <w NN1>r&eacute;formateur <w NN1-AJ0>lib&eacute;ral<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Wallonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1815"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FDF <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1-AJ0>d&eacute;mocratique <w UNC>des <w VVZ>francophones <w NN1>bruxellois<c PUR>) <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1816"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>electing <w AT0>the <w CRD>212 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>voters <w AV0>also <w VVN>elected <w AT0>the <w CRD>106 <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>184-member <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1817"><w AT0>The <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CRD>106 <w NN2>seats <w VBD>was <w NP0>CVP <w CRD>20 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>22 <w AV0>previously<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>PS <w CRD>18 <c PUL>(<w CRD>20<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>SP <w CRD>14 <c PUL>(<w CRD>17<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>PVV <w CRD>13 <c PUL>(<w CRD>11<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>PRL <w CRD>9 <c PUL>(<w CRD>12<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>PSC <w CRD>9 <c PUL>(<w CRD>9<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vlaams <w NP0>Blok <w CRD>5 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Volksunie <w CRD>5 <c PUL>(<w CRD>8<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecolo <w CRD>6 <c PUL>(<w CRD>2<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Agalev <w CRD>5 <c PUL>(<w CRD>3<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVB>Rossem <w CRD>1 <c PUL>( <c PUN>-<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>FDF <w CRD>1 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA058></p>
<caption id=HLDCA058>
<s n="1818"><w NN2>Factors <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w NN1>vote
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1819"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>protest <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mainstream <w NN2>parties <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>reflecting <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>disillusionment <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>long-running <w AJ0>linguistic <w NN2>problems <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38465<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1820"><w DT0>Many <w AJ0>European <w NN1>newspaper <w VVZ>reports <w AV0>also <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>surge <w PRP>in <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN2>Vlaams <w VVB>Blok <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w AJ0>anti-immigrant <w NN1>feeling <w PRP>across <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38593<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1821"><w AJ0>Anti-immigrant <w NN1>feeling <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past <w VBN>been <w AJ0>strong <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AJ0>young <w NN1>north <w AJ0>African <w NN2>immigrants <w VHD>had <w VVN>rioted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>integrating <w NN2>immigrants <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1822"><w PRP>According to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>came <w AV0>especially <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,700 <w PRP>per <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AT0>the <w NN1>processing <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>applications <w VVD-VVN>stipulated <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>processed <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w AT0>an <w NN1>applicant <w VVN-VVD>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>refugee <w VM0>could <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>residence <w CJS>while <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>definitive <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
<s n="1823"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>900,000 <w NN2>foreigners <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgium <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>one-third <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Africa<c PUR>) <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>9,800,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1824"><w UNC>*Member <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN2>Martens <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1825"><w UNC>**List <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jean-Pierre <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Rossem<c PUN>, <w CRD>46<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>anarchist <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>multi-millionaire<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w NN1>fraud <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1826"><w UNC>***Seat <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Front <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>1.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1827"><w DT0>Half <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>contested <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>without <w VVG>securing <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1828"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1829"><w NP0>NETHERLANDS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1830"><w NN1-NP0>Euthanasia <w NN1>bill
</head>
<p>
<s n="1831"><w AT0>A <w NN1>bill <w AV0>effectively <w VVG-AJ0>legalizing <w NN1>euthanasia <w VBD>was <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="1832"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>sanction <w PRP>to <w NN2>regulations <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>doctor <w VVG>intending <w TO0>to <w VVI>perform <w NN1>euthanasia <w VBD>was <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>consult <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>doctor <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>inform <w AT0>the <w NN1>coroner <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>patient<w POS>'s <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="1833"><w AT0>The <w NN1>procedure <w VVD>covered <w DT0>all <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>euthanasia <w AV0>expressly <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>patient<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>assisted <w NN1>suicide<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>switching <w AVP>off <w AJ0>life-support <w NN2>systems <w PRP>for <w NN2>patients <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>coma <w CJC>or <w AV0>severely <w AJ0-VVN>handicapped <w AJ0>new-born <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1834"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVG>helping <w PNI>someone <w TO0>to <w VVI>die <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>offence <w AJ0>punishable <w PRP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w AV0>rarely <w VBN>been <w VVN>invoked <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>great <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>debate <w CJC>and <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>ethics <w CJC>and <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>modalities <w PRF>of <w NN1>euthanasia<c PUN>.
<s n="1835"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>accommodating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>reservations <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1836"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>commissioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>euthanasia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>sense <w VVN-VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w CRD>2,300 <w NN2>deaths <w AV0>annually <c PUL>(<w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>130,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>assisted <w NN2>suicides <w PRP>for <w CRD>400<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>switching <w AVP>off <w AJ0>life-support <w NN2>systems <w PRP>for <w CRD>1,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA059></p>
<caption id=HLDCA059>
<s n="1837"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>government <w NN2>offices
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1838"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Radical <w AJ0>Anti-Racist <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>RaRa<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>building <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>writes <w AVP>off<c PUN>, <w VVZ>excludes <w CJC>and <w VVZ>dehumanizes <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1840"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1841"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1842"><w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w NN1>party <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="1843"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Wolfgang <w NP0>Sch&auml;uble <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>i.e. <w AV0>effectively <w NN1>number <w CRD>two <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0>Alfred <w NP0>Dregger<c PUN>, <w CRD>71<c PUN>.
<s n="1844"><w DPS>His <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>portfolio <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rudolf <w NP0>Seiters<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Chancellery <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Friedrich <w NP0>B&ouml;hl<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1845"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CDU<w POS>'s <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sch&auml;uble<c PUN>, <w CRD>49<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>wheelchair <w PRP>since <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37763<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>leadership <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="1846"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Social <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSU<c PUR>) <w DT0>both <w VVD>re-elected <w DPS>their <w NN2>chairs <c PUL>(<w AV0>respectively <w NP0>Otto <w NP0>Graf <w NP0-NN1>Lambsdorff<c PUN>, <w CRD>64<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theo <w NP0>Waigel<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1847"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVD>chose <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>their <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Hans-Ulrich <w NP0>Klose<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w NN1-VVB>party <w NN1>treasurer <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hamburg <c PUL>(<w CRD>1974-81<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1848"><w AJ0-NN1>Hans-Jochen <w NP0>Vogel <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>down <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>group <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>already <w VVN>relinquished <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bj&ouml;rn <w NP0>Engholm <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38199<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05A>
<s n="1849"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1850"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesrat <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>elected <w NP0>Alfred <w NP0>Gomolka<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mecklenburg-West <w NP0>Pomerania<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>president <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coming <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>holder <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>office <w PRP>from <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1851"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Naumann <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w NN1>Inspector-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bundeswehr<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1852"><w NP0>Dieter <w NP0-NN1>Wellershoff<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05B>
<s n="1853"><w NN1>Law <w PRP>on <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NP0>Stasi <w NN2>files
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1854"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w NN1>public <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>files <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <c PUL>(<w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Stasi<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>kept <w PRP>on <w CRD>6,000,000 <w NP0>East <w NN2>Germans <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1855"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w NP0>Stasi <w NN1>defamation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJC>and <w VVI>use <w DPS>their <w NN2>records <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w DPS>their <w NN1>reputation<c PUN>.
<s n="1856"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w NN2>records <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>permitted <w CJS>if <w VVN>authorized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>administer <w AT0>the <w NN2>files<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><c PUL>(<w DT0>This <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Joachim <w NP0-NN1>Gauck<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>east <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Lutheran <w NN1>pastor <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-founder <w PRF>of <w NP0>Neues <w NN1>Forum<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1858"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>journalists<w POS>' <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w NP0>DJV<c PUR>) <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD>represented<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>effort <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>limiting <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Nazi <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05C>
<s n="1859"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0-VVG>withholding <w NN1>tax
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1860"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0-NN1>withholding <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1>investment <w NN1>income <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1861"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>tax <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35723<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1989 <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>provoked <w AT0>a <w NN1>flight <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w AV0>abroad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36597-98<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1862"><w DT0>This <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w VBD>was <w VVN>softened <w PRP>by <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>tax-free <w NN2>allowances <w PRP>for <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>savers <w CJC>and <w NN2>exemptions <w PRP>for <w NN2>foreigners<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05D>
<s n="1863"><w NN1>Coal <w NN1>industry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1864"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w NN1>Economics <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>J&uuml;rgen <w NP0>M&ouml;llemann <w VVD>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NN1>mine <w NN2>owners<c PUN>, <w NN1>electricity <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>coal <w NN1>output <w PRP>from <w CRD>70,000,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>55,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
<s n="1865"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>subsidies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w CRD>130,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>100,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05E>
<s n="1866"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1867"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21-23 <c PUL>(<w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>visit <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1868"><w PNP>He <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>stopping <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVN>committed <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>closest <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1869"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>firm <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Volgograd<c PUN>.
<s n="1870"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>important <w PRP>in <w VVG>persuading <w AT0>the <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>2,000,000 <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>migrate <w AV0>westwards<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1871"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11-13 <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AJ0>German <w NN1>soil<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AV0>rapidly <w AJ0-VVG>changing <w NN1>security <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1872"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1873"><w NP0>AUSTRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1874"><w NP0-NN1>FP&Ouml; <w NN2-VVZ>gains <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1875"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FP&Ouml;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-immigrant <w NN1>platform <w CJC>and <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w NP0-NN1>J&ouml;rg <w NP0>Haider<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w VVN-VVD>doubled <w DPS>its <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>in <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1876"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SP&Ouml;<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1>mayor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Zilk <w VVD>lost <w AT0>the <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w CJS>although<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complex <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w VVG>apportioning <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>retained <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1877"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>SP&Ouml; <w VVD>won <w CRD>47.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>52 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>54.9 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>62 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1987 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35792<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>FP&Ouml; <w VVD>won <w CRD>22.6 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>23 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>9.7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>&Ouml;VP<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>18.1 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>28.4 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Green <w NN2>Alternatives <w VVN-VVD>won <w AV0>over <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVD-VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w VHG>having <w VVN>won <w AV0>just <w AV0>under <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1878"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>FP&Ouml; <w NN2-VVZ>gains <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AV0>similarly <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>performances <w PRP>in <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38448<c PUN>; <w CRD>38543<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1879"><w NP0>Haider <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Carinthia <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w VVG>praising <w AT0>the <w NN2>Nazis<w POS>' <w NN1>employment <w NN2>policies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38298<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1880"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN2>slogans <w VVD>included<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Viennese<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>FP&Ouml; <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>100,000 <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>residents <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w AT0>the <w CRD>240,866 <w NN2>foreigners <w PRP>with <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>residence <w NN2-VVZ>permits <c PUL>(<w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>city <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,500,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05F>
<s n="1881"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>candidates
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1882"><w PRP>During <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJS>largest <w NN2>parties <w VVD>announced <w DPS>their <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kurt <w NP0>Waldheim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>term <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38298<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w VVB>Rudolf <w NP0-NN1>Streicher<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Economy <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w AV0>inadvertently <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37926<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SP&Ouml; <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1884"><w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Klestil<c PUN>, <w CRD>59<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>ambassador <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>&Ouml;VP <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1885"><w VVB>Heide <w NP0>Schmidt<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>to <w NP0>Haider <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>FP&Ouml; <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>wing <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>skilled <w NN1>politician <w VVN-VVD>respected <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FP&Ouml;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>FP&Ouml; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1886"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1887"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1888"><w AJ0>Proposed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Adoption <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="1889"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>foreshadowed <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w AJ0>Full <w NN2>details<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1891"><w AT0>The <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>seven-year <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>reinforcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="1892"><w AV0>In addition <w AT0>an <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AV0>already <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>convention <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12-13 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>alliances <w PRP>with <w NN1>minority <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NN1>mind<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1893"><w AT0>The <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>Article <w CRD>49.3 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>(<w VVG-AJ0>enabling <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVN-VVD>tabled <w CJC>and <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>push <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38544<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w AV0>early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w NN2>critics <w VVG>pointing <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1894"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w NN1>censure <w VVN>tabled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w CRD>289 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>264<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05G>
<s n="1895"><w NP0>FN <w NN1>immigration <w NN2>proposals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1896"><w NP0>Bruno <w NP0>M&eacute;gret<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w AJ0-VVG>working <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>control <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>.
<s n="1897"><w AT0>The <w NN2>controls<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>affect <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>or <w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VVD>shared <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>common <w NN1>destiny<c PUN>, <w NN1>culture<c PUN>, <w NN1>religion <w CJC>and <w NN1>civilization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1898"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>premise <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cosmopolitan<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>laws <w VVB>put <w AJ0>French <w NN0>people <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>disadvantage<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>placed <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>category <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN2>families <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>French <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>priority <w PRP>for <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>housing<c PUN>.
<s n="1899"><w NN1>Naturalization <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>gaining <w NN1>nationality<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>naturalizations <w PRP>since <w CRD>1974 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reviewed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>automatically <w AJ0>renewable <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>residency <w NN1-VVB>permit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>permit<c PUN>.
<s n="1900"><w AJ0>Illegal <w NN2>immigrants <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>expelled <w VVG>using <w AJ0>chartered <w NN1>transport <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>housed <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w NN2>ports <w CJC>and <w NN2>airports<c PUN>.
<s n="1901"><w TO0>To <w VVI>stop<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>false <w NN1>tourism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NN2>visitors <w PRP>from <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w NN1>deposit <w PRP>on <w VVG>entering <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>undergo <w AT0>an <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1-VVB>test<c PUN>.
<s n="1902"><w NN2>Quotas <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>children <w PRF>of <w NN2>migrants <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NN1>school <w NN2>classes<c PUN>, <w NN2>ghettos <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dismantled<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>mosques <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>schools <w VVN>restricted<c PUN>.
<s n="1903"><w NN1>Adherence <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Schengen <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRP>among <w NP0>EC <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37535<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05H>
<s n="1904"><w NN1>Discovery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>files
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1905"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>anti-Nazi <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Serge <w NP0>Klarsfeld<c PUN>, <w VVD>discovered <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War <w VVN>filedrawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1940 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>instructions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gestapo <w CJC>and <w VVG>containing <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>existence <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>War <w NN2>Veterans<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w NN1>pension <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUN>.
<s n="1906"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>existence<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>officially <w VVN>denied <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05J><ptr target=HLDCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05J>
<s n="1907"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA05K>
<s n="1908"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>unrest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1909"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>three-week <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>motor <w NN1>company <w NP0>Renault<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>engine <w CJC>and <w NN1>gearbox <w NN1>plant <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Cl&eacute;on <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w CJS>after <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>stormed <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w VVD>removed <w NN2>barricades <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>production <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommence<c PUN>.
<s n="1910"><w NN2>Talks <w VVD>ensued <w PRP>with <w NN1>management<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <c PUL>(<w NP0>CGT<c PUR>) <w VVD>instructed <w NN2>employees <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="1911"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>affected <w AT0>the <w NN1>firm<w POS>'s <w AJ0>other <w NN2>factories<c PUN>, <w VVB>cost <w NP0>Renault <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>F1,400 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;251 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN1>production <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w CRD>70,000 <w NN2>cars<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1912"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w NN2>police <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in support of <w AJC>better <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>career <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>march<c PUN>.
<s n="1913"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>doctors<c PUN>, <w NN2>nurses <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>health <w NN2>workers <w AV0>also <w VVD>marched <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NN1>government <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w NN1>service <w NN1>expenditure <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="1914"><w NN2>Nurses <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-week <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>offered <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>on <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w AJC>shorter <w NN2>hours<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05L>
<s n="1915"><w AJ0>Illegal <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>campaigns
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1916"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w CRD>63 <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w NN1>property <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>companies <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN1>billing <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AVP>up <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>contributions <w PRF>of <w PRP>about <w UNC>F500,000,000 <w PRP>to <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>parties<w POS>' <w NN1>election <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>.
<s n="1917"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w NP0>G&eacute;rard <w NP0-NN1>Monate<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>now-dissolved <w NN1>consultancy <w NP0>Urba-Gracco<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN2>others <w VVD>went <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w VVG>channelling <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>funds <w PRP>worth <w UNC>F3,000,000 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w CRD>1988 <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w VVG>using <w AJ0>similar <w NN0>means<c PUN>.
<s n="1918"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CRD>27 <w NN2>politicians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>named <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VBD>were <w VVN>protected <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>retrospective <w NN1>amnesty <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>covered <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>funding<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1919"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>cases <w VHD>had <w VVN>prompted <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-party <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1920"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>practices <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="1921"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w VVD>proposed <w AJC>further <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>in proportion to <w AT0>a <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w NN1>tax <w NN1>relief <w PRP>on <w NN1>membership <w NN2>fees <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1922"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alain <w NP0>Boublil<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>with <w NN1>insider <w NN1-VVG>trading <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>takeover <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>aluminium <w NN1>corporation <w NN1>Pechiney <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>National <w VM0>Can <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>subsidiary <w PRF>of <w NN1>Triangle <w NN2>Industries<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1923"><w NN1>Information <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Figaro <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>following <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN2>investigations <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>speculated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roger-Patrice <w NP0>Pelat<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36706<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>bought <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>Triangle <w NN2>shares <w PRP>via <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Experta <w NP0>Treuhand<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w NN2>days <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pechiney-ANC <w NN1-VVB>deal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05M>
<s n="1924"><w NN1-VVB>Transfer <w PRF>of <w NP0>ENA <w PRP>to <w NP0>Strasbourg
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1925"><w PRP>In <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w NN1>decentralization <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>past <w DT0>few <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Edith <w NP0>Cresson <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>&Eacute;cole <w UNC>Nationale <w NP0>d'Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>ENA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>elite <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service <w NN1>school<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>from <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>to <w NP0>Strasbourg <w PRP>by <w CRD>2000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1926"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>state <w NN2>institutions <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1927"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1928"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1929"><w AJ0>Neo-fascist <w NN1>demonstration
</head>
<p>
<s n="1930"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>neo-Fascists <w PRP>from <w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <w VVN-VVD>assembled <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid<w POS>'s <w NN1>Plaza <w NN1>Oriente <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>commemorate <w AT0>the <w ORD>16th <w NN1>anniversary <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Generalissimo <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Franco<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1931"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>gathering <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>occasion <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>far-right <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>.
<s n="1932"><w AJ0>Paramilitary <w NN1>dress <w VBD>was <w VVN>worn <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN2>banners <w VVD-VVN>waved<c PUN>.
<s n="1933"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>100 <w NN2>police <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w VVD-VVN>prevented <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>from <w VVG>laying <w NN2>wreaths <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>graves <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN2>pilots <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Condor <w NN1>region <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>for <w NP0>Franco <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1934"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1935"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1936"><w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League <w NN1>victory
</head>
<p>
<s n="1937"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brescia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lombardy<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>produced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1-VVB>win <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League<c PUN>.
<s n="1938"><w PRP>With <w CRD>24.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <w VVD>scored <w DPS>its <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>success <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>appearance<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lombardy <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1939"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NN1>CD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>council <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>94 <w DT0>fewer <w NN2>votes <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>translating <w AV0>as <w CRD>24.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>7.6 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Brescia <w NN1>poll <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>signalling <w AT0>a <w NN1>disillusionment <w PRP>among <w NN2>voters <w PRP>with <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>options<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1940"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League <w VHD>had <w VVN>polled <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Lombardy <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37468-69<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1941"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>poll<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Brescia <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>PUS-formerly <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUR>) <w VVD>fell <w PRP>from <w CRD>15.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>10.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1942"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League <w VVD>advocated <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>squandering <w PRF>of <w AV0>locally <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>wealth <w PRP>by <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1943"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>argued <w PRP>for <w NN1>immigration <w NN2-VVZ>controls <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>without <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>or <w NN2>qualifications<c PUN>.
<s n="1944"><w AT0>The <w NN1>League<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Umberto <w NP0>Bossi<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w AV0>now <w VVG>occupying <w CRD>14 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>50-seat <w NN1>city <w NN1>council <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNI-CRD>one <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>party <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w NN1>mayor <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w AV0>together <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>adminstration<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05N>
<s n="1945"><w NP0-NN1>Bill <w PRP>on <w NN1>minority <w NN2>languages
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1946"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>endorsing <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>dialects <w CJC>and <w AV0>locally <w AJ0-VVN>used <w NN2>languages <w PRP>for <w AJ0>optional <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>schools<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>offices<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>broadcasting<c PUN>.
<s n="1947"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w VVN>inspired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>priority <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>parties <w VVD>gave <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>preserving <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>identities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1948"><w CRD-PNI>One <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AV0>widely <w AJ0-VVN>used <w NN2>dialects <w VVN-VVD>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Sardinian<c PUN>; <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w NP0-NN1>Ladino<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Catalan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Occitan <w NN1>dialect <w VVG-AJ0>existing <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="1949"><w NN1-NP0>French<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>German<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Albanian<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Greek<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Slovene <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Croatian <w VBD>were <w AV0>similarly <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>in <w AJ0>specified <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>.
<s n="1950"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>authorities <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>applied <w PRP>in <w NN2>communities <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AV0>at least <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>inhabitants <w VVD>spoke <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>minority <w NN2>languages<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1951"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>MSI<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RP<c PUR>) <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1952"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1953"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1954"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>strike <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>EC <w NN1>criticism
</head>
<p>
<s n="1955"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>24-hour <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w AJ0>principal <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Panhellenic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pasok<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1956"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>Workers <c PUL>(<w NP0>GSEE<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service <w NN1>union <w NN1-NP0>Adedy<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pasok <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="1957"><w AT0>A <w NN1>procession <w PRF>of <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>marched <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parliament <w NN1>building<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>living<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>halt <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1958"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Ministry <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>announced <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>salary <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w PRF>of <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NN1>inflation <w VVD-VVN>anticipated <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w PRP>to <w CRD>10-12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1959"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>representative <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w CJS>as <w AV0>politically <w VVN-AJ0>motivated<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w AT0>The <w NN2>socialists <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>show <w PRF>of <w NN1>strength <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Pasok <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Andreas <w NP0>Papandreou <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>demonstration<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>GSEE <w NN0>headquarters<c PUN>.
<s n="1961"><w NP0>Papandreou <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>(<w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w PRP>until <w CRD>1994<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>ND<c PUR>) <w NN1>administration <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>operetta <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w PNI>everything<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Acropolis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w NN1>bankruptcy<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w NN1>poverty <w CJC>and <w NN1>unemployment<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>reality<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1962"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w DT0>another <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stringency<c PUN>, <w VVG>noting <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>stabilization <w NN1-VVB>plan <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VHD>had <w VVN>required <w CJS>when <w VVG>making <w DPS>its <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>loan <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37968<c PUN>; <w CRD>38478<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DPS>its <w NN2>targets <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
<s n="1963"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NP0>EC <w NN1>loan <w NN1>tranche<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w UNC>ECU600,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>uS&dollar;750 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w AJ0-AV0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1964"><w NN1-VVB>Tax <w NN2>revenues <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w VVN>planned<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PRP-AVP>under <w NN1-VVB>control <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1965"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1966"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1967"><w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="1968"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1969"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>True <w NN1>Path <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DYP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Populist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SHP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>DYP <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chairman <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<c PUN>, <w CRD>67<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1971"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w VVD>comprised <w NP0>Erdal <w NP0-NN1>Inonu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w CRD>17 <w NN2>Ministers <w VVG>heading <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="1972"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>DYP <w VVD>contributed <w CRD>20 <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1973"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>combined <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>266 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>450 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1974"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hikmet <w NP0>Cetin<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NP0>SHP <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Seyfi <w NP0-NN1>Oktay <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP<c PUN>.
<s n="1975"><w VVB>DYP <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>controlled <w DT0>all <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Nevzat <w NP0>Ayaz <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ismet <w NP0-NN1>Sezgin <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1976"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsiblity <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>DYP <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tansu <w NP0-NN1>Ciller<c PUN>.
<s n="1977"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mehmet <w NP0>Kahraman <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>brief <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w AVP>up <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05P>
<s n="1978"><w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal<w POS>'s <w NN1>continuation <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1979"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1-NP0>Demirel <w VHD>had <w VVN>reaffirmed <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w NN1-VVB>pledge <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal <w PRP>from <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>abuses <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="1980"><w PRP>By <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>secured <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal <w AT0>an <w NN1>undertaking <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>stray <w PRP>beyond <w DPS>his <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>role <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1981"><w PRP>In <w NN1>return <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>until <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1982"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w CRD>three <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>drafts <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for <w VVG>electing <w AT0>a <w NN1>president <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<c PUN>.
<s n="1983"><w DT0>All <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w VVG>removing <w NN1-AJ0>&Ouml;zal<c PUN>.
<s n="1984"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>DYP <w VVD>needed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>three-fifths <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority <w AV0>in order <w PRP>for <w DT0>such <w NN2>changes <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="1985"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>contemplating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>end<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>Welfare <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1986"><w DT0>Such <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unacceptable <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>DYP <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>RP <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-operate <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CJS>if <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>leader <w VBD>was <w ORD>first <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on to <w VVB>replace <w NN1-AJ0>&Ouml;zal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1987"><w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VHD>had <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>The <w NN1>Month <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey <w NN1>newsletter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Motherland <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANAP<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mesut <w NP0>Yilmaz<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>ANAP <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w NN1>DYP <w NN1>government <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>tacit <w NN1>support<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>500 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ANAP <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w CJS>as <w AJC>closer <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>ideology <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>DYP <w CJS>than <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05R>
<s n="1988"><w NN1>Coalition <w NN1>policy <w NN1>document <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1989"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w VVD>agreed <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>partners <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1990"><w PNP>It <w VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>open <w NN1>democracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-terrorism<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>legislation <w CJC>and <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NN0>media <w NN1>censorship <w CJC>and <w AJ0>academic <w NN1>freedom<c PUN>.
<s n="1991"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>rights <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>recognized <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>regions <w VM0>would <w VVI>enjoy <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1992"><w NN1>Investment <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>encouraged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>underdeveloped <w NN1>south-east <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>scrupulously <w VVN>investigated<c PUN>.
<s n="1993"><w AJ0>Strong <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>proviso <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>enfringe <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1994"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1-NP0>Demirel <w VHD>had <w VVN>spoken <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>hand <w PRP>in <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>.
<s n="1995"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>new <w NN1>position <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w DPS>his <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w CRD>22 <w NN2>deputies <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HEP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>recognition <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="1996"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>deputies <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AT0>an <w NN1>outcry <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>protested <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>reference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>oath <w PRF>of <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>indivisibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1997"><w VVN>Interviewed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NP0>Demirel <w VVD>criticized <w NN1>support <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSP<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader <w AJ0>Bulent <w NN1-NP0>Ecevit <w PRP>to <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish-controlled <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>zone <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>supressed<c PUN>.
<s n="1998"><w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>when <w VVG>putting <w DT0>this <w NN1>fire <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0>important <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>approach <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN0>people <w PRP>with <w NN1>sympathy <w CJC>and <w NN1>affection<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1999"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>similarly <w AJ0>conciliatory <w PRP>on <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Cyprus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w VVG>observing <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVB>use <w AJ0>Turkish-Greek <w NN2>relations <w CJS>as <w NN2>tools <w PRP>in <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJC>harder <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2000"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w NN1>document <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w VVN>formulated <w PRP>under <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982<c PUN>.
<s n="2001"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>outlined <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <w PRP>including <w NN1>tax <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>harsh <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05S>
<s n="2002"><w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>alliance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2003"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>RP <w VVD>dissolved <w DPS>its <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-fascist <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1-VVB>Work <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCP-Milliyetci <w NP0>Calisma <w NP0-NN1>Partisi <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Alpaslan <w NP0>Turkes<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2004"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w AV0>together <w VVD>secured <w CRD>62 <w NN2>seats <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w NP0>MCP <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>now <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05T>
<s n="2005"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2006"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>renewed <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2007"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>intensify <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>conscripts <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>mobile <w NN1>commando <w NN2>teams <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05U>
<s n="2008"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NN2>activists <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Prison <w NN1>closure
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2009"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>trial <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w AJ0>Martial <w NN1>Law <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,243 <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>militants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0-NN1>Left<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun<c PUN>.
<s n="2010"><w CRD>One <w NN1>person <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w CRD>41 <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w CRD>555 <w PRP>to <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>36 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2011"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-western <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Eskisehir <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>alleged <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>torture <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VVD>took <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="2012"><w DT0>All <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <c PUL>(<w VVG>totalling <w DT0>some <w CRD>200<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>shortly <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="2013"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>in <w CRD>seven <w NN2>prisons <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w NN1>hunger <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>in <w NN1>reponse <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>torture <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>maximum-security <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2014"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2015"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2016"><w NN2>Agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland
</head>
<p>
<s n="2017"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<w POS>'s <w NN1>delay<c PUN>, <w NN1>association <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <w VBD>were <w VVN>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2018"><w AT0>The <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38115<c PUN>; <w CRD>38443-43<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w PRP>within <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eventual <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2019"><w AT0>The <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>required <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>European <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2020"><w NN2>Safeguards <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>steel <w NN1>industry <w VBD>were <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>protocol<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AVP>up <w PRP>over <w NP0>Spain<w POS>'s <w NN1>concern <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>steel <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VVI>disrupt <w DPS>its <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="2021"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>protocols <w VVD-VVN>covered <w NN2>measures <w VVG>protecting <w NP0>EC <w NN1>textile <w NN2>manufacturers <w CJC>and <w NN2>farmers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2022"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38538-39<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2023"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2024"><w NN1>COUNCIL <w PRF>OF <w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2025"><w NN1>Accession <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland
</head>
<p>
<s n="2026"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Poland <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN1>country <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38503<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2027"><w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>accession <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38535-36<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRP>to <w CRD>26<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05V>
<s n="2028"><w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>Spycatcher
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2029"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VVD-VVN>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w PRP>in <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w CRD>three <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>publishing <w NN2>extracts <w PRP>from <w NN1>Spycatcher<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>memoirs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w UNC>MI5 <w NN1>officer <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Wright <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35537-39<c PUN>; <w CRD>36155-56<c PUN>; <w CRD>36502-03<c PUN>; <w CRD>37158<c PUN>; <w CRD>37784<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2030"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>decision <w VVD>found <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>in <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w NN1>Article <w CRD>10 <w VVG-NN1>guaranteeing <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>expression <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>banned <w AT0>the <w NN1>Observer<c PUN>, <w NN1>Guardian<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>printing <w NN2>extracts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>book <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="2031"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w AV0>also <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>by <w CRD>14 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>justified<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>publishing <w NN1>material <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>book <w PRP>before <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="2032"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;100,000 <w PRP>to <w DT0>each <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>.
<s n="2033"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>long-running <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>battle <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN1>cost <w NN2>newspapers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w NN0>&pound;3,500,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>total<c PUN>.
<s n="2034"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>to <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2035"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2036"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2037"><w NN1>Immigration <w NN2>issues
</head>
<p>
<s n="2038"><w VVB-NN1>Support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>anti-immigrant <w NN1>politics <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN1>west <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w VVD>grew <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN>fuelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>flood <w PRF>of <w NN2>immigrants<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>posed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>challenge<c PUN>.
<s n="2039"><w NN2>Governments <w CJC>and <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w VVD>sought <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w NN2>migrants<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AJ0>racist <w NN1>sentiment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2040"><w AT0>An <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>to <w NP0>EC <w NN2>governments <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VVI>take <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>immigration <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>harmonize <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>immigrants <w CJC>and <w AJ0>genuine <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>improved<c PUN>.
<s n="2041"><w NN1>Asylum <w NN2>applications <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>from <w CRD>169,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>to <w CRD>327,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2042"><w NN1>Immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>issues <w VHD>had <w AV0>thus <w AV0>far <w VBN>been <w NN1-AJ0>subject <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <c PUL>(<w AV0>notably <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w AJ0-NN1>Trevi <w NN1>group<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>some <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w DT0>this <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>orbit <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>competence <w PRP>in <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>summit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05W>
<s n="2043"><w AJ0>Anti-immigrant <w NN1>feeling <w PRP>in <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2044"><w AJ0>Recent <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>gains <w PRP>by <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>groups <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>anti-immigrant <w NN2>platforms<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38448<c PUN>; <w CRD>38543<c PUN>; <w CRD>38590<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgium <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38589<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bremen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38447<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sweden <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38444<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2045"><w AJ0-NN1>Racist <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DT0>those <w PRP>by <w NN2>neo-Nazis <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Gastarbeiter <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>guestworker<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN2>hostels <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38447<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>attracted <w DT0>most <w NN1>attention <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>past<c PUN>.
<s n="2046"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w VVG>modifying <w NP0>Germany<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>traditionally <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38544<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w TO0>to <w VVI>house <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps <w PRP>by <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2047"><w PRP>By <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w AV0>over <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>German <w NN2>cities <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>against <w NN1>racism <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>Kristallnacht<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w CRD>1938<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wholesale <w NN1>destruction <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Nazis <w PRF>of <w NN2>synagogues <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>property <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>3323-24<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>November <w AJ0>anti-racist <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Netherlands <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38590<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2049"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum <w NN2-VVZ>centres <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38497 <w PRP>for <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2050"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AJC>tougher <w NN1>immigration <w NN1>legislation <w NN2>laws <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37507-08<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>repatriate <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>as well as <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>influx <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38105-06<c PUN>; <w CRD>38400<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2051"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w TO0>to <w VVI>close<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>loopholes<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>immigration <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>streamline <w AT0>the <w NN1>processing <w PRF>of <w NN2>immigrants<w POS>' <w NN2>claims <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>a <w NN1>backlog <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>60,000 <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="2052"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>cases <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w NN1>south <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w PRP>from <w CRD>5,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>expected <w CRD>46,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2054"><w PRP>In <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FN<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen <w VVD>made <w AV0>openly <w AJ0>racist <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w NN1>immigration <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38591<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>echoed <w PRP>by <w NN2>politicians <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38445-46<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>manoeuvring <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2055"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AJC>tougher <w NN2>measures <w PRP>against <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38354<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>restricting <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>immigration <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38544<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2056"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NN1>visa <w NN2>requirements <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>for <w NN1>north <w NN2>Africans <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38201<c PUN>; <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>commemoration <w PRF>of <w ORD>16th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0>Franco<w POS>'s <w NN1>death <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38591<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05X>
<s n="2057"><w NP0>OECD <w CJC>and <w NN1>AI <w NN2-VVZ>reports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>OECD<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w NN2>fears <w VVN>voiced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>east-west <w NN1>migration <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37969<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVG>proving <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>well-founded<c PUN>.
<s n="2059"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>noted<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w CRD>44 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>applications <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria <w NN1>visa <w NN2>requirements <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>for <w NN2>Bulgarians<c PUN>, <w NN2>Poles <w CJC>and <w NN2>Romanians <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37969<c PUN>; <w CRD>38464<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2060"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NN1>AI<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unfair <w NN2>barriers<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>erected <w PRP>against <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2061"><w NN2>Governments <w VBD>were <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VVG>putting <w DT0>enough <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>in <w NN2>countries <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w VVD-VVN>originated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLDCA05Y>
<s n="2062"><w NP0>Berlin <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2063"><w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>or <w NN1>Justice <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>13 <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30-31 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>migration <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2064"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVB>crack <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NN2>groups <w VVG>smuggling <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>across <w NN2>borders<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVB>standardize <w NN1>border <w NN2-VVZ>controls<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVB>deploy <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AJC>remoter <w NN1>border <w NN2>areas<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVB>apply <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>fines <w PRP>for <w NN2>airlines <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w NN2>travellers<w POS>' <w NN2>papers <w AV0>adequately <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>departure<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2065"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2066"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2067"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>Conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="2068"><w NN2>Delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>met <w AVP-PRP>around <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>conference <w NN1>table <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Palace<c PUN>, <w NP0>Madrid<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>31 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palacio <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Parcente <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2069"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Felipe <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>by <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<w POS>'s <w VVG-AJ0>sponsoring <w NN2>governments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2070"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>4,000 <w NN0>media <w NN2>workers <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VBD>were <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>exhibition <w NN1>hall <w CRD>2 <w NN0>km <w AV0>away<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings <w VBD>were <w VVN>relayed <w PRP>on to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>giant <w NN1>screen<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w AT0>The <w NN1>security <w NN1>operation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>delegates <w VVN-VVD>involved <w AV0>about <w CRD>12,000 <w NN2>police<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA060></p>
<caption id=HLDCA060>
<s n="2072"><w NN2>Delegations <w PRP>at <w NP0>Madrid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2073"><w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="2074"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir<c PUN>, <w CRD>76 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>leader<c PUN>; <w NP0>Benjamin <w NP0>Netanyahu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>spokesperson<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>: <w VVB>Haider <w NN1-AJ0>Abdel-Shafi<c PUN>, <w CRD>72<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>doctor <w PRP>from <w NP0>Gaza<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w NP0>Faisal <w NP0>al-Husseini<c PUN>, <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>representation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38514<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>spokesperson <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Hanan <w NN1-NP0>Ashrawi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2077"><w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>: <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kamel <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Jaber<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2078"><w NP0>Syria<c PUN>: <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Farouq <w NP0>al-Shara<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2079"><w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>: <w NP0>Faris <w NP0>Buwayz<c PUN>, <w CRD>36<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2080"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NP0>Maghreb <w NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Saudi <w AJ0>Arabian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN2>governments <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AV0>officially <w VVN>represented<c PUN>.
<s n="2081"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Egyptian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amr <w NP0>Moussa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Van <w NP0>den <w NP0>Broeck<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2082"><w VVB>Nabil <w NP0>Al-Shaaf<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>advisor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w NN1>chairman <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>present <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>officially <w VVN>represented<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA061></p>
<caption id=HLDCA061>
<s n="2083"><w NN2>Delegates<w POS>' <w NN2>speeches <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Responses <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2084"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>delegation <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w DT0>each <w VVN-VVD>accorded <w CRD>45 <w NN2>minutes <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2085"><w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w NN1>peace <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>neighbours <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>self-government <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>Arabs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2086"><w DPS>His <w NN1>speech <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="2087"><w PNP>He <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>show <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>accept <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>existence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>poisonous <w NN2>preachings <w PRP>against <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>evident <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>renounce <w DPS>your <w NN1>jihad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>holy <w NN1>war<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>against <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2088"><w PNP>He <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>Arabs<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>renounce <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVB-NN1>stop <w VVG>exposing <w DPS>your <w NN2>children <w PRP>to <w NN1>danger <w PRP>by <w VVG>sending <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>throw <w NN2>bombs <w CJC>and <w NN2>stones <w PRP>at <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2089"><w PRP>In <w NN2>passages <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>noted<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>without <w NN1>interruption <w PRP>for <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>years<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="2090"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN0>people <w PRP>for <w PNQ>whom <w NP0>Jerusalem <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="2091"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN0>people <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>sacred <w NN2>places <w VBB>are <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2092"><w AJ0>Territorial <w NN2>demands <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<w POS>'s <w NN1>history <w VVZ>makes <w AJ0>clear<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>nature <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>territorial<c PUN>.
<s n="2093"><w PNP>It <w VVD>raged <w AV0>well <w CJS>before <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>acquired <w NP0>Judaea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Samaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gaza <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Golan <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>defensive <w NN1>war<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2094"><w CJS>Whereas<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>wars <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>solved <w PNI>anything <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN1>peace <w VM0>could<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>turn <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>paradise<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AJ0>cultural<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific<c PUN>, <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>creativity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2095"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>speech <w VBD>was <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Abdel-Shafi<c PUN>.
<s n="2096"><w PNP>It <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians<w POS>' <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>confederation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>cornerstone <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2097"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>halt <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w NN2>confiscations <w CJC>and <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Occupied <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>authority <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2098"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>international <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>phase<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>find <w NN1>acceptance <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>stage<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided <w AJ0>interim <w NN2>arrangements <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>into <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>status<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2099"><w NN1>Abdel-Shafi <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>by <w NN1>name <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w CJC>and <w VVD>stressed <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>status <w CJC>and <w AJ0>non-exclusive <w NN1>character<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>.
<s n="2100"><w DPS>His <w NN1>speech <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="2101"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>evolved <w AT0>a <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w NN1>pluralism <w CJC>and <w NN1>diversity <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>shall <w VVI>guard <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>differ<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="2102"><c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2103"><w VVG>Referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN1>tragedy <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>affected <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>existence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>addressing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prolonged <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>pain<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>speech <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>occupier <w VM0>can <w VVI>hide <w AT0>no <w NN2>secrets <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w NN1-VVB>witness <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>toll <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>occupation <w VHZ>has <w VVN>exacted <w PRP>from <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w PNP>yours<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2104"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Jaber <w VVD>emphasized<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>our <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>moderation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>warned <w PRP>against <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>extremists <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rejectionists <w PNQ>who <w VVB>speak <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>absolute <w NN2>terms <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>lurking <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>wings<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2105"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>preferred <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>objection <w PRP>to <w VVG>providing <w AT0>an <w NN1>umbrella <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>brethren<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2106"><w NP0>Jordan <w VVD>demanded<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w AJ0>occupied <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>lands<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2107"><w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Jaber <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN0>people <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w DPS>their <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>ancestral <w NN1>homeland<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>added<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>Let <w PNP>me <w VVI>speak <w AV0>plainly <w CJT>that <w NP0>Jordan <w VHZ>has <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w NP0>Palestine <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AV0>so<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2108"><w NP0>Jordan <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>leading <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w AJ0-VVN>occupied <w NN2>lands<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>delineation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>borders<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>finally <w NN1>peace<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2109"><w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>added<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>deserves <w NN1-VVB>support <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVZ>continues <w AT0>the<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN1>pluralism<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2110"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Al-Shara<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>perceived <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>militant <w PRP>in <w NN1>tone <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>Palestinian<c PUN>.
<s n="2111"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>delegation <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w DT0>any <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w TO0>to <w VVI>legalize <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>legitimate <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>unacceptable <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>eyes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="2112"><c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2113"><w NP0>Syria <w VVD>demanded<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>every <w NN1>inch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1-NP0>Golan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip <w CJC>and <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>securing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="2114"><w NP0>Al-Shara <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w AV0>now <w VVZ>realizes <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>double <w NN2>standards <w VBB>are <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>age<c PUN>; <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>jungle<c PUN>, <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>repected<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2115"><w NP0>Syria <w VVD>sought <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>just <w CJC>and <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>peace<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>our <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w VBZ>is <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real<c PUN>, <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2116"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Faris <w NP0>Buwayz<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Lebanon <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>above <w DT0>all <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>liberation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2117"><w AT0>The <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w VVD>showed<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>miracles <w VBB>are <w AJ0-AV0>easy <w CJS>when <w NN1>destiny <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w NN1>stake<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2118"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w NN1>session <w NN1>time <w VBD>was <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w DT0>each <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>for <w NN2>replies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN2>speeches<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2119"><w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>attacked <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>for <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w PNX>itself <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>model <w PRF>of <w NN1>liberty <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NN2>Jews<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVG>harbouring <w DT0>many <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="2120"><w NP0>Al-Shara <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w VVD>brandished <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wanted <w NN1>poster <w VVG>showing <w NP0>Shamir <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AJC>younger <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w PNX>himself <w VVZ>recognizes <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>terrorist <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Count <w NP0>Bernadotte <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>mediator<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>in <w CRD>1948<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA062></p>
<caption id=HLDCA062>
<s n="2121"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>statement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2122"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>adjourned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w DT0>All <w NN2>Souls <w AJ0>public <w NN1>holiday<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>resumed <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w PRP>for <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>team <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>two <w NN2>tracks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>Israeli-Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli-Jordanian <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="2124"><w DT0>These <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-phase <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN2>Palestinians <w VM0>would <w ORD>first <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-rule <w PRP>before <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2125"><w VVB>Separate <w AJ0>Israeli-Lebanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli-Syrian <w NN2>meetings <w AV0>finally <w VVD>began <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>diplomats <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w VVI>resolve <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>over <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="2126"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD-VVN>referred <w AV0>especially <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Bandar <w VVB-NN1>Bin <w NP0-NN1>Sultan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<w POS>'s <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>mediation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA063></p>
<caption id=HLDCA063>
<s n="2127"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Occupied <w NN2>Territories
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2128"><w AT0>The <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w VVD>produced <w NN1>tension <w CJC>and <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza<c PUN>.
<s n="2129"><w NN1>Opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>mobilized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>DFLP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>organizations <w NN2>Hamas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2130"><w AJ0>Widespread <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NP0>PFLP <w NN2>activists <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>services<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2131"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hamas <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Ghawsheh<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>escalation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2132"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Occupied <w NN2>Territories <w PRP>in <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="2133"><w NP0>Hamas <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w VVD-VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>enforcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>.
<s n="2134"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w AV0>predominantly <w NN2>boys <w CJC>and <w AJ0>young <w NN2>men <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w AJ0-VVG>brandishing <w AJ0-NN1>olive <w NN2>branches<c PUN>, <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <w VVG>chanting<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>Yes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2135"><w NN2>Clashes <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w PRP>between <w DT0>those <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>PLO-mainstream <w NN1-NP0>Fatah <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w NN2>Ashrawi<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiators <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w PRP>for <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1-VVB>team <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2137"><w PRP>Throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w AJ0>young <w NN0>people <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>olive <w NN2>branches <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w PRP>in support of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>participation<c PUN>.
<s n="2138"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w PRP>from <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w VBD>were <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Jericho <w PRP>by <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVG>expressing <w AJ0>euphoric <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN2>committees<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Occupied <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2140"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN2>reports <w VVN-VVD>varied <w PRP>as to <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>committees <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Fatah-inspired <w CJC>or <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PFLP <w CJC>and <w NP0>DFLP<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2141"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Ashrawi <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jerusalem <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>leadership <w VBD>was <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>working <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>blueprint <w PRP>for <w NN1>autonomy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>working <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>projects<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w NN2>issues <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>transitional <w NN2>arrangements<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA064></p>
<caption id=HLDCA064>
<s n="2142"><w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2143"><w PRP>In <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w NN2>nationalists <w PNQ>who <w VVD>backed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>conference <w VVD>won <w CRD>13 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVG>leaving <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>groups <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="2144"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>traders<c PUN>, <w NN2>industrialists <w CJC>and <w AJ0>self-employed <w NN2>artisans<c PUN>, <w PRP>out of <w CRD>1,700 <w AJ0>eligible<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>turned <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2145"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN0>media <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w VVG>following <w DT0>these <w NN2>elections <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hamas <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>diaspora <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>quiet <w NN1>dialogue<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hamas <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w AJ0>violent <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w NN2>members<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA065></p>
<caption id=HLDCA065>
<s n="2146"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Golan <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Knesset <w NN1-VVB>vote
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2147"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Housing <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Sharon <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>opened <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w VVN>named <w NP0>Kela<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights<c PUN>.
<s n="2148"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NP0>Knesset <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>by <w CRD>26 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights <w VBD>were <w AJ0>non-negotiable <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w VVG>reaffirming <w AT0>an <w NN1>annexation <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
<s n="2149"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>states<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN1>defiance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w CJC>and <w NN2>objectives<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>conference<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA066></p>
<caption id=HLDCA066>
<s n="2150"><w NN1>Deportation <w NN1>threat <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Ashrawi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2151"><w CJS-PRP>After <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Ashrawi <w VBB>be <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>for <w VVG>contravening <w NN2>laws <w AJ0>forbidding <w NN1>contact <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>expressions <w PRF>of <w NN1>concern <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Kamil <w NP0>Abu <w NP0-NN1>Jabir<c PUN>.
<s n="2152"><w NN2>Ashrawi <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jordan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN2>delegates <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>protection <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2153"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2154"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2155"><w NN1>Reopening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>office
</head>
<p>
<s n="2156"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Farouq <w NP0>al-Shar'a<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Farouk <w NP0>Qaddumi<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>equivalent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="2157"><w NN2>Qaddumi <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w CJT>that <w NP0>Al-Fatah<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>group <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>re-open <w DPS>its <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>capital <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>break <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2158"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1983 <w AT0>the <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w NP0>Al-Fatah <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>closed <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>Chairman <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Damascus<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Syria<w POS>'s <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mutiny <w PRP>against <w NP0>Arafat <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>ranks <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>faction <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>32458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2159"><w NP0>Al-Fatah <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w NN1>rapprochement <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Damascus-based <w AJ0-NN1>radical <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNSF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-Arafat <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="2160"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w NP0>PNSF <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>held <w CRD>two <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Kalim <w NP0>Khaddam<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA067></p>
<caption id=HLDCA067>
<s n="2161"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NP0>PFLP
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2162"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Habash<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>organization <w VBD>was <w VVG>suspending <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>representative <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2163"><w NP0-NN1>Habash <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PFLP<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>erroneous <w AJ0>political <w NN1>line<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBG>being <w VVN>pursued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w VVG>accepting <w NN2>conditions <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="2164"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PFLP <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>liquidating <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>asserting <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>land <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>recognition <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>testimony<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2165"><w NP0-NN1>Habash <w VVD>invited <w DT0>those <w NN2>parties <w AJ0>serious <w PRP>about <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>just <w CJC>and <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>conference <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w AJ0-VVN>concerned<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2166"><w NP0-NN1>Habash <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PFLP<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>alongside <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>national <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2167"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PFLP <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Committee <w NN2>meetings <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14-18 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA068></p>
<caption id=HLDCA068>
<s n="2168"><w NN1>Execution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>assassin <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Iyad
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2169"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>London-based <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>Al-Hayah <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hamzah <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Zayd<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>assassin <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>PLO <w NN2>members <w NP0>Salah <w NP0>Khalaf <c PUL>(<w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Iyad<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hayil <w NP0>Abd <w NN1>al-Hamid <c PUL>(<w NP0>Abu <w NP0>al-Hol<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>aide <w NP0>Muhammad <w NN1>al-Umari <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37975-76<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2170"><w VVG>Quoting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>responsible <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>source<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Zayd <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w AV0>ago <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>waters<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2171"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>tribunal <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sana'a<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yemen<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA069></p>
<caption id=HLDCA069>
<s n="2172"><w NP0>Arafat<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jordan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2173"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Committee <w NN2>members <w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Amr<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0-NN1>Hourani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yasser <w NP0>Abd <w NP0>ar-Rabbuh<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>after <w VVG>visiting <w NP0>Amman<c PUN>.
<s n="2174"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>Republic <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Arafat <w VVD>praised <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>pan-Arab <w NN1>position <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Syria <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="2175"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>delegation <w VBD>was <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Khaddam <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shar'a <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2176"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2177"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2178"><w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>convention
</head>
<p>
<s n="2179"><w AV0>Almost <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>delegates <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jerusalem <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18-21 <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>policy <w NN2>issues <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>figure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w AJ0-NN1>due <w PRP>by <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2180"><w AT0>The <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w NN2>resolutions <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention <w VVN-VVD>represented <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>respects <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJC>younger<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>doves<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2181"><w DT0>This <w NN1>group <w AV0>also <w VVD>argued <w PRP>for <w NN2>measures <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberalization <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>clearer <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Histadrut <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2182"><w AT0>A <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Palestinian<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>formula <w AV0>originally <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="2183"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>doves<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>amendment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>mentioned <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians<w POS>'<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-determination<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2184"><w PRP>On <w DT0>this <w CJS>as <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>resolutions <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NN2>amendments <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>were <w VVN>defeated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2185"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jerusalem <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jordan <w NN1>valley<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>platform<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w NN2>laws <w VVG>outlawing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>organizations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NP0>Organization-PLO<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w AT0>The <w NN1>convention<w POS>'s <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>advocate <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>PLO <w NN2>members<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHG>having <w AT0>no <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorist <w NN1>activity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>left <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2187"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strengthening<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>settlements<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>resolved <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Golan <w VBD>was <w AJ0>negotiable<c PUN>.
<s n="2188"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>hardliner<c PUN>, <w AJ0>surprised <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>affirmation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>up<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>some <w NN2>kilometres <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2189"><w AT0>A <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>advocated<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NN1>religion <w PRP>from <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>politicization <w PRF>of <w NN1>religion<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>institutions <w VBB>are <w VVG>abusing <w AT0>the <w NN2>values <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2190"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>attracted <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w NN1>party <w NN1>chairman <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Rabin<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past <w VBN>been <w AJ0>crucial <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Labour-controlled <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>administrations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2191"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>mid-February <w CRD>1992 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w NP0>Peres <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>challenged <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rabin<c PUN>.
<s n="2192"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Histadrut<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yisrael <w NP0>Qeysar<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06A>
<s n="2193"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Vananu <w NN1>petition <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Denial <w PRF>of <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>status <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Menashe
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2194"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mordechai <w NP0-NN1>Vananu <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>clarify <w NN2>events <w VVG>surrounding <w DPS>his <w NN1>detention<c PUN>.
<s n="2195"><w NP0-NN1>Vananu<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother <w NP0>Meir <w NP0>Vananu <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Davar <w NN1>newspaper <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>rejected <w DPS>my <w NN1>brother<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2196"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>official <w NN1>information <w VBD>was <w AJ0>available <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>.
<s n="2197"><w NN1-NP0>Vananu<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0>solitary <w NN1>confinement <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1988 <w VVN>given <w AT0>an <w AJ0>18-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>passing <w NN1>information <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>harm <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>newspaper <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2198"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Australia <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ari <w NP0>Ben-Menashe<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>self-described <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>agent <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>accounts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>government <w NN2>arms <w NN2>dealings <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cited <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>book <w PRP>by <w NP0>Seymour <w NP0>Hersh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38550<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06B>
<s n="2199"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NN2>infiltrators <w PRP>from <w NP0>Egypt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2200"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>Iranians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w CJS>while <w VVG>crossing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli-Egyptian <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Negev <w NN1-VVB>desert<c PUN>.
<s n="2201"><w CRD>One <w NN1>Iranian <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w DT0>more<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>carrying <w NN2>rifles <w CJC>and <w NN1>ammunition<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2202"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>arrested <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>Mujahedin <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2203"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Egyptian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>through <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06C>
<s n="2204"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Arens<w POS>' <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beijing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10-13<c PUN>.
<s n="2206"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>President <w PRP>since <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2207"><w PRP>In <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levi <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>lifted <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>against <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>military <w NN2>contracts <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AV0>formally <w VVN>embargoed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2209"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Moshe <w NP0>Arens <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="2210"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN1>censorship<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06D>
<s n="2211"><w AJ0>Direct <w NN1>flight <w VVG>bringing <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>immigrants <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>ambassador
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2212"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>flight <w VVG>bringing <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>Agency <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>airlines<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w VVB>Aeroflot <w CJC>and <w NP0>El <w NP0>Al<c PUN>.
<s n="2213"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Bovin <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38406<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2214"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2215"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2216"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2217"><w NP0>Field <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Sharif <w NP0>Zaid <w NP0>Ibn <w NP0-NN1>Shaker <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Defence <w AJ0-NN1>Dhuqan <w AJ0-NN1>al-Hindawi <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Education
</p>
<p>
<s n="2218"><w UNC>*Ali <w AJ0-NN1>al-Suhaymat <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Transport
</p>
<p>
<s n="2219"><w UNC>* <w UNC>**Kamil <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Jabir <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>al-Nusur <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w NP0-NN1>Awad <w VVB>Khulayfat <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education <w NP0>Yanal <w NP0-NN1>Hikmat <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN2>Antiquities
</p>
<p>
<s n="2220"><w UNC>*Basil <w NP0-NN1>Jardana <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="2221"><w UNC>*Ziyad <w NP0>Fariz <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NP0>Yusuf <w NP0>al-Mubayyidin <w NN1-NP0>Justice
</p>
<p>
<s n="2222"><w UNC>*Abd <w NP0>al-Karim <w NP0>Kabarti <w AJ0>Labour <w NP0>Jamal <w NP0>al-Sarayirah <w NN2>Communications
</p>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w UNC>*Saad <w NP0>Hayil <w NP0>al-Surur <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Housing
</p>
<p>
<s n="2224"><w UNC>*Samir <w NN1-VVB>Qawar <w NN1>Water <w CJC>and <w NN1>Irrigation
</p>
<p>
<s n="2225"><w UNC>*Jawdat <w AJ0-NN1>al-Subul <w NN1>Interior
</p>
<p>
<s n="2226"><w UNC>*Ali <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>al-Raguib <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Mineral <w NN2>Resources
</p>
<p>
<s n="2227"><w UNC>*Salih <w NN1-VVB>Irshidat <w NN1>Youth
</p>
<p>
<s n="2228"><w UNC>* <w UNC>**Shaykh <w NP0>Izz <w NP0>al-Din <w NP0>al-Khatib <w AJ0-NN1>al-Tamimi <w NN2>Waaqfs <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Endowments<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="2229"><w UNC>* <w UNC>**Abd <w AJ0-NN1>al-Razzaq <w NN1>Tubayshat <w NN2>Municipalities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment
</p>
<p>
<s n="2230"><w UNC>* <w UNC>**Mahmud <w NP0>al-Sharif <w NN1>Information <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0>al-Samrah <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>al-Saqqaf <w VVB-NN1>Supply <w NP0-NN1>Arif <w NP0>al-Batayinah <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Fayiz <w NP0>al-Khasawinah <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0>Amin <w NP0>Awwad <w NP0>Mashaqibah <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Development
</p>
<p>
<s n="2231"><w UNC>*Ibrahim <w NP0>Izz <w NP0>al-Din <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Atif <w NP0>al-Butush <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w AJ0-NN1>al-Adwan <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State
</p>
<p>
<s n="2232"><w UNC>*Jamal <w NP0>Hadithah <w NP0>al-Khurayshah <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>State <w NP0>Adnan <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Odeh <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Court <w NN1>Chief
</p>
<p>
<s n="2233"><w UNC>*Member <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2234"><w UNC>**First <w VVN>Appointed <w PRP>to <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06E>
<s n="2235"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2236"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Taher <w NN1>al-Masri <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>only <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38311<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2237"><w CRD>Three <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w VVG>tackling <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="2238"><w PRP>Despite <w VVG>replacing <w CRD>five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w PNP>he <w VVD>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>80-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2239"><w NP0>Masri<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w VVN>precipitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRF>of <w CRD>49 <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>22 <w NN2>seats<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>bloc <c PUL>(<w CRD>17 <w NN2>seats<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="2240"><w DT0>This <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>confidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>.
<s n="2241"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>angered <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>exclusion <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2242"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>during <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>seized <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN2>editions <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>weekly <w NN1>newspaper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Al-Ahali<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w VVG-NN1>prolonging <w NN1>parliament<w POS>'s <w NN1>recess <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w NN1-AJ0>weekly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Al-Ribat<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>questioning <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="2243"><w AT0>A <w NN1>rally <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hamas <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>17 <w NN2>Arabs <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Temple <w NN1>Mount <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jerusalem <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37873<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>banned<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2244"><w VVG>Following <w NP0-NN1>Masri<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>cousin <w NP0>Field <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Sharif <w NP0>Zaid <w NP0>Ibn <w NP0-NN1>Shaker<c PUN>, <w CRD>57<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36602<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2245"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJC>broader-based <w NN1>government <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>included <w AJ0>Dhuqan <w NN1>al-Hindawi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>factions <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>.
<s n="2246"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>principle<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2247"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Jabir<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>States-educated <w NN1>professor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>science<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>advising <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>conference <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38594<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2248"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2249"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2250"><w NN1>Hostage <w NN2-VVZ>releases
</head>
<p>
<s n="2251"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w NP0>Terry <c PUL>(<w NP0>Terence <w NP0>Hardy<c PUR>) <w NP0>Waite <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Sutherland<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Iranian <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>UN-mediated <w AJ0-NN1>three-way <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w NN2>Arabs <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NN2>Israelis <w VVG>missing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38550<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2252"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>expected <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>by <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2253"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Qatar <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unidentified <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w NN1>spokesman <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>group <w VVD>expected <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>reciprocate <w PRP>by <w VVG>releasing <w DT0>another <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>prisoners<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2254"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hezbollah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0>Musawi<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>fate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN2>Arabs <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>political <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hostage <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2255"><w NP0>Waite<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w NN1>citizen <w CJC>and <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canterbury<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>seized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>mission <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w AJ0>other <w NN2>hostages <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35024<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w NP0>Sutherland<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w NN1>dean <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>University <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <c PUL>(<w NP0>AUB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34133<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2257"><w NP0>Waite<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>release <w AJ0-VVD>revived <w NN2>questions <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w NN1>official <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Oliver <w NN1>North<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2258"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>BBC<c PUR>) <w NN1>television <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w NN1>Panorama<c PUN>, <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Waite <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>front <w NN1>man <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w PRP>for <w NN2>hostages <w VVB-NN1>deal <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>helped <w VVI>gather <w NN1>intelligence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>captors<c PUN>.
<s n="2259"><w PNP>It <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>fitted <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>transmitter <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>missions <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>pinpoint <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exact <w NN1>location <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>hostages <w CJC>and <w NN2>kidnappers<c PUN>.
<s n="2260"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>20 <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NP0>North <w PRP>between <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="2261"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>cited <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>his <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>helicopter <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>from <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cyprus <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NP0>US <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Benjamin <w NP0>Weir<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>freed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Jenco <w CJC>and <w NP0>David <w NP0>Jacobsen<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>turned <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>traded <w PRP>for <w NN2>arms<c PUN>.
<s n="2262"><w NP0>Seyed <w NP0>Shamseddin <w NP0-NN1>Khareghani<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>charg&eacute; d'affaires <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>kidnappers <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w VVD>thought<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Waite <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>spy<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>CIA<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>abducted<c PUN>.
<s n="2263"><w NP0>North <w VVD>denied <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06F>
<s n="2264"><w NN1>Security <w NN1>situation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2265"><w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>proxy<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>militia <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <w VVD>continued <w AJ0>military <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2266"><w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Umar <w NP0>Karami <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w NP0>Israel <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>cease <w DT0>all <w AJ0>military <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w AV0>at once <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w DT0>such <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN2>acts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2267"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Faris <w NP0>Buwayz<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38513<c PUN>; <w CRD>38594<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2268"><w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>shelling <w NN2>targets <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>near <w NP0>Aramta <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38550<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2269"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>jets<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>raids<c PUN>, <w VVD>destroyed <w CRD>two <w NN2>bridges <w VVG>linking <w NN1-NP0>Nabatiyeh <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Iqlim <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Toufah <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="2270"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w NN2>villagers <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kufr <w NP0-NN1>Rumman <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Nabatiyeh <w VBD>were <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w CJS>after <w NN1>evacuation <w NN2>orders <w VBD>were <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>issued <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="2271"><w CRD>Hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>villagers <w VVD>fled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="2272"><w NP0>Israel <w NN2>sources <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2273"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>bombardment <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN2>clashes <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w CJC>and <w NN2>guerillas<c PUN>.
<s n="2274"><w NN2>Targets <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Nabatiyeh<c PUN>, <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w NN1>valley <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kabrikha <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Braachit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNIFIL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2275"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w VVD-VVN>attacked<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>targets<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rashidiyah <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp<c PUN>, <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tyre <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ain <w AJ0>al-Hulwah <w NN1>camp <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2276"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>campus <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AUB <w VVD>destroyed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>administration <w NN1>building <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>damaged <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="2277"><w CRD>One <w NN1>person <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="2278"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>soldier <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>bombers <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>escaped<c PUN>.
<s n="2279"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2280"><w NP0>Sami <w NP0>al-Khatib<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>reconciliation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w PNI>No one <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w AT0>The <w CJS>As <w NP0-NN1>Safir <w NN1>newspaper <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0-VVD>reported <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Khatib<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>organised <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>SLA <w NN1>officer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2283"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>continued <w DPS>its <w NN1>bombardment <w PRF>of <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD-VVN>staged <w AJ0>mock <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="2284"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>a <w NN1>camp <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Rashidiyeh <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>bombed<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jabal <w AJ0-NN1>Safi <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mlita <w VBD>were <w VVN>attacked <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>bridge<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously <w VVN>bombed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w PRP>under <w NN1>repair<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2285"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>patrol <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>compound <w VVN>manned <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w PNI>no one <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="2286"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>accident<c PUN>.
<s n="2287"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w AJ0-VVD>injured <w CJS>when <w DPS>their <w NN1>patrol <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2288"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w DPS>their <w NN1>patrol <w VBD>was <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>rocket <w VVN-VVD>fired <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2289"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2290"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2291"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>UK-held <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>assets
</head>
<p>
<s n="2292"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w VVD-VVN>released <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w AJ0>African-born <w AJ0>British <w NN1>businessman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Richter<c PUN>, <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>1986 <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1987 <w PRF>of <w NN1>bribery <w CJC>and <w NN1>forgery <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="2293"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>freeing <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>assets <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&pound;70,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;126,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Office <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AJC>Richer<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>release <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>secured <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unpublicised <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w AT0>the <w NN1>unfreezing <w PRF>of <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;621,400,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>by <w NN2>banks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2294"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>for <w NN2>supplies <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AJ0>humanitarian <w VVZ>needs <w VVG>costing <w UNC>US&dollar;3,240 <w CRD>million <w NN1>worth <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>met<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>assets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38211<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38361<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06G>
<s n="2295"><w NN1>Food <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2296"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Irrigation <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Wahab <w NP0>Mahmoud <w NP0>al-Sabbagh<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Iraqis <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN1>starvation <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>drop <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w NN1>production<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2297"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD-AJ0>permitted <w NN1>grain <w NN2>imports <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>March <w VHD>had <w VVN>totalled <w AV0>only <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>grain <w NN2>requirements<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>only <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN0>people <w VM0>can <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN1>food <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2298"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>charity <w NP0>Oxfam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>underlined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="2299"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Observer <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w NN1>food <w NN2-VVZ>riots <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baghdad <w NN2>suburbs <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2300"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAO<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w VVD-VVN>extended <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w DPS>its <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>relief <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38165<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2301"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w AT0>the <w AJC>further <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dinar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Majid <w NP0>Abd <w NP0>Ja'far <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0-NN1>Rafidain <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>authorized <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NN1>currency <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>counterfeit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38407<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06H>
<s n="2302"><w NN1-VVB>Concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w NN0>sales <w NN1>resolution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2303"><w NN2>Efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>pump <w NN1>oil <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>imports<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>706 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38406<c PUN>; <w CRD>38451<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>failure <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>after <w CRD>six <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NP0>Inter-Agency <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN1>Programme <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Sadruddin <w NP0>Aga <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>window <w PRF>of <w NN1>opportunity<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVN>afforded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w CJC>and <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>needs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>governments <w VM0>could <w VVI>alleviate <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>problem <w PRP>by <w VVG>releasing <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2304"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Mehdi <w NP0>Saleh<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>reiterated <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>706 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>.
<s n="2305"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Iraqis<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>sell <w DPS>their <w NN1>freedom <w PRP>for <w NN1>food<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2306"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Herald <w NN1>Tribune <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w AV0>secretly <w VVN>exported <w AJ0>small <w NN2>quantities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>refined <w NN1>oil <w NN2>products <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w NN1>food<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06J>
<s n="2307"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations <w PRP>to <w CRD>mid-1992
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2308"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Sadruddin<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VVG>permitting <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN2>agencies <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2309"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w AJ0>international <w NN1>relief <w NN2>agencies <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w NP0>Iraq <w PRF>of <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w PRP>except <w AJ0>Kurdish-held <w NN2>territories <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2310"><w AT0>The <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>reconstruction <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-opening <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jumhuriya <w NN1-VVB>bridge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Baghdad <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>restoration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concrete <w NN1>factory<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06K>
<s n="2311"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>enrichment <w NN1>equipment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2312"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11-22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Demetrios <w NN2>Perricos<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manama<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors <w VHD>had <w VVN>destroyed <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>equipment <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>enrich <w NN1>uranium <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2313"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>consignment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>confiscated <w AJ0>enriched <w NN1>uranium <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>airlifted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2314"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN2>documents <w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38451<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>detonated <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>partial <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>bomb<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>al-Atheer<c PUN>, <w CRD>100 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06L>
<s n="2315"><w NN1-AJ0>Chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2316"><w NN2>Officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>completed <w DPS>its <w NN1>mission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>found <w NP0-NN1>Scud <w NN2>missiles <w VVN>fitted <w PRP>with <w AV0>crudely <w VVN-VVD>made <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>warheads<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2317"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VVN>admitted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w VVN>exported <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w AT0>the <w NN1>chemical<c PUN>, <w NN1>sodium <w NN1>sulphide<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacture <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2318"><w AT0>A <w ORD>third <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRF>of <w ORD>second <w NN1>team <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06M></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06M>
<s n="2319"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2320"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w AJ0-VVN>appointed <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Hasan <w NN1-AJ0>al-Majid <w CJS>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Hussein <w NP0>Kamil <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NP0>April <w NN1>appointment <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38165<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2321"><w NP0>Watan <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>al-Hasan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<w POS>'s <w NN1>half-brother<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2322"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>changes <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38081<c PUN>; <w CRD>38165<c PUN>; <w CRD>38308<c PUN>; <w CRD>38452<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w NN2>analysts <w CJS>as <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w NN2>hard-liners <w PRP>such as <w NP0-NN1>Majid <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w VVG>enhancing <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<w POS>'s <w NN1>family <w PRP>in <w NN2>matters <w VVG>affecting <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2323"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Saadoun <w NP0>Hammadi <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38452 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>named <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06N></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06N>
<s n="2324"><w VVB-NN1>Blockade <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kurdistan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2325"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>withdrawing <w DT0>all <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arbil<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>three-week <w AJ0-AV0>long <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2326"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN1>truce <w VVD>came <w PRP>amidst <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel <w VHD>had <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>tested <w AT0>the <w NN1>capacity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>fighters <w TO0>to <w VVI>administer <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>suffering<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2327"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-November<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>preparing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>strongholds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2328"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Kurds <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w NP0-NN1>Arbil <w VVG>fearing <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ-NN2>orders <w TO0>to <w VVI>evacuate <w NN2>villages <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>prelude <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-AJ0>offensive<c PUN>.
<s n="2329"><w VVZ-NN2>Reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>re-imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>food <w NN1>embargo <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Saleh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06P></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06P>
<s n="2330"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>diplomat <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sweden
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2331"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>diplomat <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG-NN1>spying <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>Kurds<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sweden <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2332"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2333"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2334"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>India <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>technology
</head>
<p>
<s n="2335"><w AT0>An <w NP0>Iran-India <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>commission <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-11<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Madhavsinh <w NP0-NN1>Solanki<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>solving <w AT0>the <w NN2>differences <w PRP>between <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>.
<s n="2336"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AJ0>cultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>scientific <w NN2>exchanges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2337"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>for <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissuade <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>India <w PRP>from <w VVG>transferring <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>technology <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w AJ0>non-military <w NN2>purposes<c PUN>.
<s n="2338"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>gave <w NN1>prominence <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rafsanjani<w POS>'s <w NN2>declarations <w CJC>and <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>India <w VVD>announced <w DT0>this <w NN1>week <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>sell <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>because of <w VVG>mounting <w AJ0>international <w NN1>pressure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2339"><w AT0>The <w NN1>newspaper <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>diplomats<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w AV0>likewise <w VVN>decided <w PRP>against <w VVG>selling <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38549<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>revival <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>nuclear<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>programme<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2340"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w CRD>28 <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w TO0>to <w VVI>bear<c PUN>, <w VVG>maintaining <w CJT>that <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>reactor <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>stage <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>contravene <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="2341"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>signatory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06R></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06R>
<s n="2342"><w NN2>Rallies <w PRP>for <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w NN1>occupation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2343"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN1>council <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>publicity <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w ORD>12th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>.
<s n="2344"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Various <w NN2>sectors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>students<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AJ0>official <w NN1>radio <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>marched <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>building <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>US <w NN2>dens <w PRF>of <w NN1>espionage<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>chanting <w AJ0>anti-US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-Israel <w NN2>slogans<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2345"><w AT0>The <w NN1>day <w VBD>was <w VVN>proclaimed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Day <w PRF>of <w NN1>Struggle <w PRP>against <w NN1>World <w NN1>Arrogance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Jamaran <w NN1>mosque<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>, <w NN1>theology <w NN2>students <w PRP>from <w NN1-NP0>Baneh<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AJ0>various <w NN2>strata <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Khomeini <c PUL>(<w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Khomeini<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2346"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2347"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2348"><w NN1>Question <w PRF>of <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="2349"><w NN1>Uncertainty <w VVD>continued <w AVP-PRP>over <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fundamentalist <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2350"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Blida<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w AVQ>where <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>released <w CRD>one <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Said<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-AJ0>confirmed <w NN1>detention <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>against <w CRD>seven <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Abassi <w NP0-NN1>Madani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Belhadj<c PUN>.
<s n="2351"><w DT0>All <w CRD>eight <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38312<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>release <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w PRP>to <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2352"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>300,000 <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>supporters <w VVD>marched <w PRP>without <w NN1>incident <w PRP>through <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>after <w NP0>Friday <w NN2>prayers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imprisoned <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="2353"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>siege <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2354"><w VVB>Abdelkader <w NP0-NN1>Hachani<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38456<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="2355"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-violent <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="2356"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>newspapers <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2357"><w NN2>Hachani <w VVD>asserted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVZ>remains <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>exert <w AT0>every <w AJ0>available <w NN0>means<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN0>people <w VVB>boycott <w DT0>these <w NN2>elections<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2358"><w PNP>He <w VVD>cited <w CRD>2,700 <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>supporters <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>jobs <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>FIS <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
<s n="2359"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w AJ0>convinced<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w CJC>and <w NN2>crises <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w NN1>Islam <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>living<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2360"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>at <w NP0>Blida <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>Madani <w CJC>and <w VVB>Belhadj <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w NN2>documents <w VVG>authorizing <w DPS>their <w NN2>lawyers <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w PNP>them <w PRP>as <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NN1>registration<c PUN>.
<s n="2361"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<w POS>'s <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>council <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>postponed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w DT0>another <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>spell <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>atmosphere<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06S></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06S>
<s n="2362"><w NN1>Registration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>candidates
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2363"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS <w CJC>and <w AV0>over <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VVD>registered <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>total <w CRD>5,794 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>430 <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="2364"><w DT0>This <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w CRD>55 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>increase <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w NN2>numbers <w VVN>registered <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2365"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,089 <w NN2>candidates <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>running <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>independents <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLN<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>fact <w VVN>noted <w PRP>with <w NN1>disapproval <w PRP>by <w NP0>FLN <w NN1>secretary-general <w NN1-AJ0>Abdelhamid <w NN1-NP0>Mehri <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2366"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS <w VHD>had <w VVN>put <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>constituency <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2367"><w ITJ>Nahdah<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>party <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Djaballah<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>putting <w AV0>forward <w CRD>206 <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="2368"><w NP0-NN1>Djaballah <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>state <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w AJ0>existing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>potential <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06T></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06T>
<s n="2369"><w NN1>Law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2370"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>exploration <w CJC>and <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN2>reserves <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>mining <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="2371"><w AJ0>International <w NN2>companies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>oil <w NN2>fields <w PRP>as well as <w VVG>opening <w AVP>up <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w VVZ>finds <w VM0>could <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>along with <w NN1>oil <w PRP>in <w AJ0>production-sharing <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2372"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2373"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2374"><w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN2>indictments <w PRF>of <w NN2>Libyans <w PRP>for <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing
</head>
<p>
<s n="2375"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>filed <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>nationals <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exploded <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>over <w NP0>Lockerbie<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="2376"><w VVB>Abdelbaset <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1>al-Megrahi<c PUN>, <w CRD>39<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Al-Amin <w NP0>Khalifa <w NP0>Fhimah<c PUN>, <w CRD>35<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w VVN-VVD>presumed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN2>employees <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>Airlines<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2377"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>on board <w AT0>the <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>747 <w NP0>Pan <w AJ0>American <w NN1>World <w NN2>Airways <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am<c PUR>) <w NN1>passenger <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>flight <w NN1>PA <w CRD>103 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w DT0>all <w CRD>259 <w NN0>people <w AV0>on board <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lockerbie <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36409-10<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w NN1>luggage <w DTQ>which <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>flight <w PRP>at <w NP0>Frankfurt<c PUN>.
<s n="2378"><w NN2>Investigators <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>suitcase <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w NP0>Frankfurt <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>Air <w NP0>Malta <w NN1>flight <w DTQ>which <w VVD>left <w NP0>Malta <w AV0>earlier <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="2379"><w PRP>Around <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Megrahi <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>security <w NN1>chief <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>Airlines <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fhimah <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>airline<w POS>'s <w NN1>station <w NN1>officer <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malta<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2380"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVZ>warrants <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Fraser<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland<w POS>'s <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Advocate<c PUN>.
<s n="2381"><w PNP>They <w VVD>faced <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>murder<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>contravention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Aviation <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Act <w PRF>of <w CRD>1982<c PUN>.
<s n="2382"><w AV0>Simultaneously <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NP0>US <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>William <w NP0>Barr <c PUL>(<w AV0>later <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38568<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>indictments <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>arrest <w NN2>warrants <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>issued <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Megrahi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fhimah<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scheme <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>an <w AJ0>American <w NN0>aircraft<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AT0>the <w NN2>passengers <w AV0>on board<c PUN>.
<s n="2383"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>formal <w NP0>US <w NN2>indictments <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2384"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>suggested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w NN1-VVB>press <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Syrian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Iranian <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>groups <w VM0>might <w AV0>also <w VHI>have <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w VVG>planning <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
<s n="2385"><w NN2>Investigators <w VHD>had <w CJS>until <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>suspected <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Syrian-based <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestine-General <w NN1>Command <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP-GC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2386"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>now <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>act <w PRF>of <w NN1>revenge <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1986 <w NN1-VVB>raid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tripoli <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34454-59<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>available <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>indicated <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06U></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06U>
<s n="2387"><w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>charges <w AV0>over <w CRD>1989 <w CRD>DC-10 <w NN1-VVB>bomb
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2388"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>issued <w NN2>warrants <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chad-Niger <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>DC-10 <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>airline <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36910<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2389"><w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Senoussi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>brother-in-law <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamar <w NP0>al <w NP0>Kadhafi <w CJC>and <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>named<c PUN>.
<s n="2390"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06V></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06V>
<s n="2391"><w NN1>Discussion <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>International <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2392"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN1>press <w VVD>gave <w NN1>prominence <w PRP>to <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VM0>might <w VVI>ask <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya <c PUL>(<w AJ0>additional <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions<c PUR>) <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>succeed <w PRP>in <w VHG>having <w AJ0-NN1>Megrahi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fhimah <w VVD>extradited<c PUN>.
<s n="2393"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>strike <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2394"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>told <w DPS>their <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Arab <w NP0>Maghreb <w NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>AMU<c PUR>) <w NN2>counterparts<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unable <w AV0>for the time being <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>restricted <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2395"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w VVD>constituted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>psychological <w CJC>and <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>war <w PRP>by <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2396"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>Al-Jumhuriyah <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>warned <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>strike <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>punish <w NP0>Kadhafi<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>rather <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>friends <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2397"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>action <w VM0>would <w VVI>set <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dangerous <w AJ0>international <w NN1>precedent<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06W></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06W>
<s n="2398"><w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2399"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>any <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>connection<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>incident<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN2>forms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2400"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>neutral <w AJ0>international <w NN1>investigation <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
<s n="2401"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>a <w NP0>UK <w NN1-VVB>request <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tripoli <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w AJ0>UK-Libyan <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2402"><w AT0>The <w NN1>request <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>refused<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2403"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Libya <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>inquiry <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>.
<s n="2404"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w VVB>Judge <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0-NN1>Taher <w NN1>al-Zawi <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>evidence <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2405"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN2>governments <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>compensations<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>by <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb<c PUN>.
<s n="2406"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w VVD>joined <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>government <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>prove <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>concrete <w VVZ-NN2>actions <w DPS>its <w NN1>renunciation <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2407"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2408"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2409"><w NN1>Campus <w NN2>disturbances <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NN2>students
</head>
<p>
<s n="2410"><w PRP>From <w NP0>mid-October <w CJC>and <w PRP>into <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>university <w NN1>campus <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oujda<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>less <w AV0>seriously <w PRP>in <w NP0>Fez<c PUN>, <w NP0>Meknes <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kenitra<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>students <w VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w NN1>secularist <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN2>students <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNEM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2411"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mohammed <w CRD>I <w NN1>University <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oujda<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>confrontations <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-fundamentalist <w NN2>students <w VBD>were <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>from <w NN1>university <w NN2>residences<c PUN>.
<s n="2412"><w AT0>The <w NN1>discovery <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>20 <w NN1>year-old <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>science <w NN1>class <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w TO0>to <w VVI>raid <w AJ0>clandestine <w NN2>prisons <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>fundamentalists <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>vicinity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campus<c PUN>.
<s n="2413"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>three <w NN2>students <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oujda <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN2>nationals <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
<s n="2414"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>sources <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>clashes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>between <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>Adl <w NN1>wal <w NN1-NP0>Ihsan <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>charity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN1>group <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leftist <w NP0-NN1>Kaiyidine <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2415"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>25 <w NN2>students <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oujda <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>for <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>.
<s n="2416"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Fez<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w CRD>15 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>hospitalized <w PRP>after <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w AJ0>pronounced <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w CRD>30 <w NN2>students <c PUL>(<w CRD>16 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>fundamentalists <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP>as <w NN2>Marxist-Leninists<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06X></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06X>
<s n="2417"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>detainees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2418"><w PRP>Between <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>26 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>after <w VVG>spending <w PRP-AVP>over <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w CJS>as <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remote <w AJ0>fortified <w NN1>prison <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Tazmamart <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlas <w NP0>Mountains<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>demolished <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2419"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Morrocan <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>AMDH<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NN1>AI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>survivors <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>original <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>61 <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
<s n="2420"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w CRD>1972 <w VVB-NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN1>family <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Oufkir <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38121<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2421"><w NN2>Others <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>palace <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Skhirat<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Rabat<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA06Y></p>
<caption id=HLDCA06Y>
<s n="2422"><w NN2>Realignments <w PRP>among <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>opposition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2423"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Istiqlal <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>independence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Popular <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>USFP<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w AV0>together <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>true <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2424"><w AT0>A <w NN1>conference <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1992 <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w AJ0>national <w NN1>body<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="2425"><w NN2>Delegates <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w NN1-VVB>age <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lowered <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>voter <w NN2>lists <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>boundaries <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>revised<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2426"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>year <w CRD>1991-92<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w UNC>MN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>veteran <w AJ0>Berber <w NN1>politician <w NP0-NN1>Mahjoubi <w NP0>Aherdane<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w CRD>1957 <w VHD>had <w VVN>founded <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w NN1>MP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2427"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2428"><w NP0>BAHRAIN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2429"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Bahrain <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>.
<s n="2430"><w AV0>Similarly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w VVD-VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>allowed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exercises <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>storage <w PRF>of <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>port <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2431"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2432"><w NP0>DAMASCUS <w NN1>DECLARATION
</head>
<p>
<s n="2433"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w VVZ>states <w PRP>plus <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Egypt<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2434"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>force <w PRP>for <w NN1>deployment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>resolved <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconvene <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2435"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2436"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2437"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;S84,690 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;7,548 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38069<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2438"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2439"><w NP0>TUNISIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2440"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Ali <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w VVG>pardoning <w CRD>1,070 <w NN0>people <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>civil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>courts<c PUN>; <w CRD>141 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w DPS>their <w NN2>sentences <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2441"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2442"><w NP0>Rome <w NN1>summit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Invitation <w PRP>to <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>formula
</head>
<p>
<s n="2443"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>to <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w PRP>for <w AJC>closer <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w VVG>starting <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2444"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w VVD>spelled <w AVP>out <w AJ0>new <w NN2>strategies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>coping <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>dangers <w PRF>of <w NN1>instability <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="2445"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>on <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>concept<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>reliance <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>forward <w NN1>defence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>new <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w AJ0>preventive <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2446"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>reaffirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>trend <w PRP>to <w NN2>arms <w NN2>reductions <w CJC>and <w AJC>smaller<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>mobile <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2447"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strategy <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<w POS>'s <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>re-affirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>European <w NN1>pillar<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2448"><w AT0>The <w NN2>statements <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>NATO <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>essential <w CJC>but <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>European <w NN1>identity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence <w NN2>matters<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2449"><w DT0>This <w AJ0-NN1>two-track <w NN1>approach <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>in <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w CJS>as <w VVG>reflecting <w AJ0-VVD>continued <w NN1-VVG>manoeuvring <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>troop <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Franco-German <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="2450"><w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>European <w NN1>identity<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>France <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>.
<s n="2451"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fuzzy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>filled <w PRP>with <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>language<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA070></p>
<caption id=HLDCA070>
<s n="2452"><w VVB-NN1>Call <w PRP>for <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN2>representatives
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2453"><w AT0>The <w CRD>16 <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>invited <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>at <w NP0>NATO <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w VVG>issuing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>launching <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>era <w PRF>of <w NN1>partnership<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2454"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>applauded <w DT0>those <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>called <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN2>visits <w CJC>and <w NN2>contacts<c PUN>.
<s n="2455"><w PNP>It <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1>meeting <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>at <w AJ0>various <w NN2>levels<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w AT0>a <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2456"><w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>praised <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rome <w NN2>initiatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2457"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>stressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>grouped <w NN1>east <w CJC>and <w NN1>west <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>enhanced <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>expanded<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA071></p>
<caption id=HLDCA071>
<s n="2458"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>concept<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2459"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>define <w AT0>a <w NN1>role <w PRP>for <w NP0>NATO <w CJS>now that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simultaneous<c PUN>, <w AJ0>full-scale <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN2>fronts <w VHZ>has <w AV0>effectively <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed<c PUN>&hellip;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2460"><w AV0>More <w AJ0>unpredictable <w NN2>risks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>strategy <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w AJ0>new <w NN2>instabilities<c PUN>.
<s n="2461"><w DT0>These <w VM0>could <w VVI>result <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>problems<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>including <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>rivalries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w VVN>faced <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2462"><w AV0>Even <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>co-operative <w NN1>relationship<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN1>capacity <w VBD>was <w AV0>still<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>factor<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0>NATO <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1-VVB>account <w PRP>in <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>military <w NN1>balance<c PUN>.
<s n="2463"><w CJS>While <w VVG>maintaining <w DPS>its <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>NATO <w VVD>saw <w AJC>greater <w NN2>opportunities <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever <w AV0>before <w PRP>for <w VVG>achieving <w DPS>its <w NN2>aims <w PRP>through <w AJ0>political <w NN0>means<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2464"><w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJC>smaller <w CJC>but <w AV0>more <w AJ0>mobile <w CJC>and <w AJ0>flexible<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>capability <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>built <w AVP>up <w CJS>when <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
<s n="2465"><w AJ0>Strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>particularly <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AT0>an <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>deterrent<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>artillery <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ground-launched <w AJ0>short-range <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>missiles <w VBD>were <w AV0>no longer <w VVN>needed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>eliminated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA072></p>
<caption id=HLDCA072>
<s n="2466"><w VVB-NN1>Appeal <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2467"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VVD>urged <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AJ0>international <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>armies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2468"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD-VVN>reflected <w NN2>worries <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>risks <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>central <w NN1>control <w VVN-VVD>disintegrated <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>governments <w VVD>took <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="2469"><w PNP>It <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>leadership<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>under<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>safe<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w CJC>and <w AJ0>reliable <w NN1>control<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
<s n="2470"><w VVG>Urging <w NN1>restraint <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>otherwise <w DT0>these <w VM0>could <w VVI>exacerbate <w AJ0>political <w NN2>tensions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2471"><w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>dissociated <w PNX>himself <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>passage <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w VVG>praising <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>moves <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>market <w NN2>economies <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="2472"><w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w NP0>NATO <w VM0>should <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>preach<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NN2>others <w PRP>on <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w DPS>their <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA073></p>
<caption id=HLDCA073>
<s n="2473"><w VVB-NN1>Call <w PRP>for <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2474"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>deplored <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2475"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>condemned <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dubrovnik <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>cities<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>seceding <w NN2>republics<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>envisaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>settlement<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w CJC>or <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLDCA074></p>
<caption id=HLDCA074>
<s n="2476"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NP0>W&ouml;rner<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary-General
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2477"><w NP0>NATO <w NN0>headquarters <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Manfred <w NP0>W&ouml;rner<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>s <w NN1-VVB>term <w CJS>as <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>Secretary-General <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended <w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2478"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2479"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2480"><w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Open <w NN2>Skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NP0>CFE <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna
</head>
<p>
<s n="2481"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>henceforth <w VVI>drop <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>familiarization<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>overflights <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>surveillance <w NN0>aircraft <w VVG>conducting <w NN2>inspections <w PRP>in accordance with <w AJ0>international <w NN1>disarmament <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="2482"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>reconvened <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Open <w NN2>Skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w AJ0>aerial <w NN1>supervision <w PRP>for <w NN1>defence <w NN2>purposes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2483"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Open <w NN2>Skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37112<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>test <w NN2>flights <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37201<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>expressions <w PRF>of <w NN2>reservations <w AVP-PRP>over <w AV0>militarily <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN2>areas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37267<c PUN>; <w CRD>38255<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reconvened <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2484"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Conventional <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w CRD>22 <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organisation <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37838<c PUN>; <w CRD>38255<c PUN>; <w CRD>38458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>troop <w NN1>deployment <w NN2>levels <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>weapons <w VVZ-NN2>stockpiles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2485"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD>approved<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>86 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;500,000,000 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>defence <w NN1>budget <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38553<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2486"><w DT0>These <w NN2>moves <w VVD>took <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>as to <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w AJ0>political <w NN1>instability <w VM0>might <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2487"><w AJ0>Special <w NN1>concern <w VVD>surrounded <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Republic <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w UNC>420,000-strong <w NN1>army <w AV0>independently <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>excess <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>troop <w NN2>levels <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2488"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>strength <w NN2>reductions <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>by <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>participating <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luxembourg<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2489"><w PNP>It <w VVD>covered <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>land <w CJC>and <w NN1>air <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w NN1>framework <w VVD-VVN>provided <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>views <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2490"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2491"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL <w AJ0>MONETARY <w NN1>SITUATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2492"><w AJ0>Financial <w NN1>instability <w PRP>after <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w VVG>slowing <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth
</head>
<p>
<s n="2493"><w AJ0>International <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w VVD>experienced <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>turbulence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>uncertainties <w VVD>grew <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>sustainability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w NN2>fears <w VBD>were <w VVN>expressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>economy <w VM0>might <w AV0>also <w VVI>face <w AJ0>intractable <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w NN1>unification<c PUN>.
<s n="2494"><w AV0>Consequently <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets <w VVD-VVN>lost <w NN1>ground <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>currency <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets <w VVD>became <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>unstable<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2495"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>peaked <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=DM1.85 <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NP0>February <w NN1>trough <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.44<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AVP>back <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w PRP>to <w AV0>below <w CRD>1.6<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hopes <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>consumer <w NN1-VVG>spending <w VVD-AJ0>faded<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AJ0>unfavourable <w NN2>indicators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>employment <w NN1>market <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w NN1>news <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disappointing <w NN1>trade <w NN1>balance <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="2496"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deutschmark <w VBD>was <w VVN>boosted <w PRP>by <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>realignment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>parities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>System <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>imminent <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="2497"><w NN1>Sterling <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w NN1>franc <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>weak<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>raising <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>in <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>outflow <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w VBD>was <w VVN>observed <w PRP>from <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>into <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Finland<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>12.3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>markka <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38587<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2498"><w NN2>Fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>world <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w NN1>crash <w VBD>were <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17-18<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>120-point <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dow <w NP0>Jones <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>Average <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>.
<s n="2499"><w AT0>The <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>in <w NN1>confidence <w VBD>was <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN1>credit <w NN1>card <w NN1>borrowing <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38566<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>damaged <w AT0>the <w NN1>revival <w PRF>of <w AJ0>retail <w NN2>markets<c PUN>; <w NN2>markets <w VVD-VVN>calmed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>Brady<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>s <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>index <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>3,075 <w NN1>level <w VVN-VVD>recorded <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2500"><w NN2>Worries <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>also <w VVD>spread <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>FT-SE <w CRD>100 <w NN1>index <w VVD>fell <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w PRP>from <w CRD>2,550 <w PRP>to <w CRD>2,400 <w PRP>on <w NN2>uncertainties <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>recovery<c PUN>.
<s n="2501"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nikkei <w NN1>Average <w AV0>also <w VVD>fell <w AVP>back <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w PRP>from <w CRD>25,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>23,500<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>implications <w PRF>of <w VVG>slowing <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w NN2>scandals <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38558<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>took <w DPS>their <w NN1>toll<c PUN>: <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>below <w DPS>its <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>peak <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>41 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2502"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2503"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2504"><w NN1>Failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>Uruguay <w AJ0>Round <w NN1>deadline <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>in <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<p>
<s n="2505"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>trade <w NN2>talks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>new <w NN2>rules <w VVG>liberalizing <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w NN2>negotiators <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>a <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w NN1>target <w NN1-VVB>date <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2506"><w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>moderated <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>for <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NP0>EC <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>for <w NN1>farm <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>to <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="2507"><w AJ0>Lower-level <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w DT0>any <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>breakthrough<c PUN>.
<s n="2508"><w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>export <w NN2>subsidies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>stumbling <w NN1>block <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w DT0>this <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>talks <w VVD>foundered <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37930<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2509"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w PRP>toward <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>flexible <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>cabinet <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w NN2>farmers <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w CJC>and <w AV0>partly <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>income <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="2510"><w AT0>The <w NN1>German<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>French <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>adamant <w PRP>against <w AJC>further <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>argument <w PRP>over <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2511"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>position <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN2>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Common <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>Policy <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>CAP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2512"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NP0>Australia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>exporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VVN>wanted <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>farm <w NN1-VVB>support <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>by <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>export <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>by <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2513"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2514"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hague <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w AV0>together <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>President <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Council <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Netherlands <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ruud <w NP0>Lubbers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>scaled <w AVP-PRP>down <w DPS>its <w NN2>demands <w PRP>to <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w AJ0>internal<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w VVZ>exports<c PUR>) <w AV0>over <w CRD>five <w CJC>or <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2515"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w CJS>after <w NP0>GATT <w NN1-VVG>negotiating <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>target <w VVN-VVD>set <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>by <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>Director-General <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Dunkel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38555<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2516"><w CRD>Seven <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>subjects <w PRP>including <w AJ0>anti-dumping <w NN2>rules<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>market <w NN1>access<c PUN>, <w NN2>textiles<c PUN>, <w AJ0>intellectual <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w VVG>settling <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>.
<s n="2517"><w PRP>In <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w NN1>progress <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w CJC>but <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2518"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meaning <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>export <w NN1>support <w VM0>would <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>bargaining <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w NN1>period <w PRP>against <w DTQ>which <w NN2>reductions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>measured<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVZ-NN2>dates <w PRP>for <w NN1>implementation<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN2>standards <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>measuring <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>values <w CJC>or <w NN2>quantities<c PUN>.
<s n="2519"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>decided <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>income <w NN2>payments <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN2>farmers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>exempt <w CJC>or <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>export <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2520"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w NN2>drafts<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dunkel <w VVD>put <w AV0>forward <w AT0>a <w NN1>working <w NN1>paper <w VVG>defining <w NN2>principles <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>new <w NN2>rules <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>based<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVG>avoiding <w NN2>numbers<c PUN>.
<s n="2521"><w PNP>He <w VVD>proposed <w AJ0>full<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>tariffication<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <c PUL>(<w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w VVB-NN1>import <w NN2>restraints<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w NN2>quotas<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>converted <w PRP>to <w NN2>tariffs <w CJS>so that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>systematically <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA075></p>
<caption id=HLDCA075>
<s n="2522"><w NN1>Environment <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2523"><w AT0>The <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VVI>activate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>between <w NN1>trade <w NN2>rules <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2524"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>long <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>never <w AV0>before <w VVN>convened<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w VVD-VVN>reported<c PUN>.
<s n="2525"><w AT0>The <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>council <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRF>of <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>regulations <w CJC>and <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>rules <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w NN1>trade <w NN2>restrictions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2526"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2527"><w NN1>OIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2528"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2529"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Petrolem <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>six-monthly <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26-27<c PUN>, <w VVG>electing <w NP0>Jibril <w NP0>Aminu <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nigeria <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>ending <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w PRP>near to <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2530"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>output <w NN2>quotas <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>committee <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>pre-conference <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="2531"><w NP0>OPEC<w POS>'s <w ORD>next <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2532"><w AJ0>Upward <w NN1>price <w NN2>movements <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w VVD>attributed <w AV0>largely <w PRP>to <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NP0>Brent <w AJ0-NN1>crude <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;22.50 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJS>highest <w NN1>level <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>fell <w AV0>below <w NN0>&dollar;20 <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>finished <w PRP>at <w NN0>&dollar;20.25 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2533"><w PRP>With <w NP0>Iraq <w XX0>not <w AV0>currently <w VVG-NN1>exporting <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38598<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait <w AV0>only <w AV0>gradually <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w NP0>OPEC<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>11 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VVN>felt <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>defer <w DT0>any <w NN1>reimposition <w PRF>of <w NN1>output <w NN2>restrictions<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>about <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
<s n="2534"><w DPS>Their <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>reaffirm <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>September <w NN1>decision<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38459<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>specified <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>output <w NN1>ceiling <w PRF>of <w CRD>23,650,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="2535"><w AJ0>Individual <w NN1>country <w NN2>quotas <w VHD>had <w ORD>last <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26-27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37632<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>disuse <w PRP>since <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="2536"><w PRP>In <w NN1>practice <w NN1-AJ0>total <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>output <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IEA<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w AV0>slightly <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>ceiling<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>24,100,000 <w NN0>bpd <c PUL>(<w CRD>23,800,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2537"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IEA<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>21 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w NP0>Finland <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AV0>shortly<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>convene <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1>forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w NN1>producer <w CJC>and <w NN1>consumer <w NN1>country <w NN2>representatives <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>energy <w NN1>efficiency<c PUN>, <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w NN2>prices <w CJC>or <w NN1>production <w NN2>levels<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2538"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2539"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2540"><w NN2>Yanomami <w VVB-NN1>reserve
</head>
<p>
<s n="2541"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1-VVB>move <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Yanomami <w NN1>Park <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w CRD>94,000 <w NN0>sq km <w NN1-VVB>reserve <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yanomami <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>lands <w PRP>in <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NP0-NN1>Brazil<c PUN>.
<s n="2542"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>9,000 <w NP0>Yanomami <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>12,000 <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2543"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reserve <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-running <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1>Survival <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w AJ0>UNCED<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN1>government<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>repeated <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w NN2>promises <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AJ0>Yanomami <w NN1>land <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="2544"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>tribe <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>badly <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w NN2>diseases <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>prospecting <w NN2>miners<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA076></p>
<caption id=HLDCA076>
<s n="2545"><w AJ0>European <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Charter
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2546"><w NN2>Delegates <w PRP>from <w CRD>36 <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Charter<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w NN2>supplies <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2547"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Charter <w VBD>was <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>Energy <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2548"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Charter <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>economies <w PRP>in <w NN1>transition<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AV0>notably <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w VVG>developing <w DPS>their <w NN1>energy <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>, <w AV0>principally <w PRP>by <w AJ0>encouraging <w AJ0>private <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="2549"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
<s n="2550"><w NN2>Environmentalists <w VVD>criticized <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w VVG>emphasizing <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>energy <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w CJS>while <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>adequate <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>safeguards<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA077></p>
<caption id=HLDCA077>
<s n="2551"><w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AJ0>Antarctic <w NN1>station
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2552"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w AJ0-AV0>daily <w NP0>La <w NP0>Epoca <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP>down <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Antarctic <w NN1>research <w NN1>programme <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>resources<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2553"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>bases <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA078></p>
<caption id=HLDCA078>
<s n="2554"><w AJ0>Californian <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>regulations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2555"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>California<w POS>'s <w NN1>Air <w NN2>Resources <w NN1-VVB>Board <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>for <w NN1>petrol <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>requiring <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w NN2>emissions <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN2>pollutants <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
<s n="2556"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN2>emissions <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN2>pollutants <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>about <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>1,435 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>per <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="2557"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>leaded <w NN1>petrol <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>banned <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA079></p>
<caption id=HLDCA079>
<s n="2558"><w NN1>Capping <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>oil <w NN1>fire
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2559"><w AT0>The <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w NN2-VVZ>fires <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>started <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>retreating <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>forces <w VVG>igniting <w AJ0-AV0>well <w NN2-VVZ>heads<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>capped <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="2560"><w AT0>The <w NN2>fires <w VHD>had <w VVN>burned <w PRP>for <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVG>consuming <w AV0>about <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>cost <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2561"><w AT0>The <w CRD>732 <w NN2>fires <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>extinguished <w PRP>by <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>fire-fighting <w NN2>teams <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1-AJ0>expert <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Adair<c PUN>.
<s n="2562"><w NN1-AJ0>Initial <w VVZ-NN2>estimates <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>extinguish <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>fires <w VVD-VVN>proved <w AJ0>pessimistic <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>teams <w AV0>rapidly <w VVN>gained <w NN1-VVB>experience <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>task<c PUN>.
<s n="2563"><w NN2>Teams <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07A></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07A>
<s n="2564"><w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>drift <w NN1-AJ0>net <w NN1>fishing <w NN1-VVB>ban
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2565"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-sponsor <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>drift <w NN2>nets <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2566"><w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AJ0>prolonged <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>import <w PRF>of <w AJ0>drift-netted <w NN0>fish <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38459<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2567"><w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>user <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>nets<c PUN>, <w AV0>up to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>km <w AJ0>long <w CJC>and <w VVD>intended <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>catching <w NN0>tuna<c PUN>, <w NN0>squid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pink <w NN0>salmon<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NN2>environmentalists <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>walls <w PRF>of <w NN1>death<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>unintentional <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w AJ0>marine <w NN2>mammals <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>sea <w NN2>creatures<c PUN>.
<s n="2568"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>drift <w NN1-AJ0>net <w NN1>fishery <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w CRD>41,000,000 <w NN1>sea <w NN2>creatures <w PRP>other than <w DT0>those <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>catch<c PUN>.
<s n="2569"><w DT0>These <w VVN-VVD>included <w CRD>700,000 <w NN2>sharks<c PUN>, <w CRD>270,000 <w NN2>seabirds<c PUN>, <w CRD>26,000 <w AJ0>marine <w NN2>mammals<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w NN2>whales <w CJC>and <w NN2>dolphins<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>406 <w NN1>sea <w NN2>turtles<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>endangered <w NN0>species<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2570"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2571"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2572"><w NP0>UNESCO <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="2573"><w AT0>The <w ORD>26th <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Educational<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Cultural <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNESCO<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="2574"><w PNP>It <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>council <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="2575"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w NP0>UNESCO <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVI>rejoin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2576"><w AT0>A <w NN1>budget <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;444,704,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>biennium <w CRD>1992-93 <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;11,000,000 <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>, <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>by <w NN2>cutbacks <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>62 <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2577"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>accession <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federated <w NN2>States <w PRF>of <w NP0>Micronesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tuvalu<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07B></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07B>
<s n="2578"><w NP0>FAO <w ORD>26th <w NN1>biennial <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2579"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAO<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>26th <w NN1>biennial <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9-27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2580"><w AT0>A <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>biennium<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;646,000,000 <c PUL>(<w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w CRD>4.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>without <w AJ0>major <w NN1>controversy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37054 <w PRP>for <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>budget <w VVZ-NN2>disputes<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>before <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w DPS>its <w NN2>arrears <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;34,000,000 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>contribution <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w NN0>&dollar;75,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2581"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accession <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>FAO <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2582"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="2583"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w NP0>FAO <w NN1>member <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>in <w CRD>1964<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w NN1>readmission<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>premature<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07C></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07C>
<s n="2584"><w NP0-NN1>UNIDO <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2585"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNIDO<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18-23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2586"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w CRD>two <w NN2>sets <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>restructuring <w NN2>proposals <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="2587"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Neue <w NP0>Z&uuml;rcher <w NP0>Zeitung <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>described <w NP0-NN1>UNIDO <w CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>suffering <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w AT0>a <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and <w NN1>identity <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="2588"><w AT0>A <w NN1>biennial <w NN1>budget <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;180,000,000 <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved<c PUN>; <w DT0>many <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN2>arrears <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2589"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2590"><w NP0>WHO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2591"><w NP0>HIV <w CJC>and <w NN1>AIDS
</head>
<p>
<s n="2592"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>forthright <w NN1>revelation <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Magic <w NP0>Johnson <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w VVN>infected <w PRP>with <w NP0>HIV<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0>WHO<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>global <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Merson<c PUN>.
<s n="2593"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>basketball <w NN1>star<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Merson <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>drives <w AV0>home <w AT0>a <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>truth <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>AIDS <w AJ0>pandemic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>sexually <w AJ0>active <w NN0>people <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>consider <w PNX>themselves <w AJ0>invulnerable<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whatever <w DPS>their <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>preference<c PUN>.
<s n="2594"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Freddie <w NP0>Mercury<c PUN>, <w CRD>45<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rock <w NN1>group <w NN1>Queen<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>declaration <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w VHI>have <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>celebrated <w NN2>musicians <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>artists <w TO0>to <w VVI>die <w PRP>from <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2595"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>quarterly <w VVB-NN1>update <w NN0>statistics <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w VHD>had <w VVN>estimated <w AJ0>worldwide <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>infection <w PRP>with <w NP0>HIV <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>immunodeficiency <w NN1>virus<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w CRD>11,000,000<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>1,500,000 <w VHD>had <w VVN>developed <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>.
<s n="2596"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>estimated <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w AV0>more than <w CRD>three <w NN2>times <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reported <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w CRD>418,403 <w PRP>from <w CRD>163 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2597"><w NP0>HIV <w NN2>cases <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w CRD>30-40,000,000 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>AIDS <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,000,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2598"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>WHO <w NN1>analysis <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VVD>showed <w AJ0>heterosexual <w NN1>intercourse <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>quarters <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>infection<c PUN>.
<s n="2599"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>transmission <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN1>world <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rising <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w NN1>infection <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="2600"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>HIV <w ORD>first <w NN1>spread <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>among <w NN1-AJ0>homosexual <w CJC>or <w AJ0>bisexual <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w VVG>injecting <w NN1>drug <w NN2>users<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>cases <w AJ0>attributable <w PRP>to <w AJ0>heterosexual <w NN1>intercourse<c PUN>.
<s n="2601"><w AJ0>Perinatal <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>mother-to-child<c PUR>) <w NN1>transmission <w PRF>of <w NP0>HIV<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w CRD>900,000 <w PRP>out of <w DT0>some <w CRD>seven <w CRD>million <w NN2>cases <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVG>rising <w AV0>rapidly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2602"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2603"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2604"><w AJ0>Arctic <w AJ0>military <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>crashes
</head>
<p>
<s n="2605"><w VVB-NN1>Arescue <w NN1>mission <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>back <w CRD>13 <w NN2>survivors <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>transport <w NN1>plane <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>crashed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>surveillance <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>Alert<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ellesmere <w NP0>Island <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northernmost <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NN1>Pole<c PUN>.
<s n="2606"><w CRD>Five <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2607"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>20 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN1>transport <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>crashed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>weather <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Amderna <w NN1>air <w NN1>field <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>polar <w NP0>Karskoe <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2608"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2609"><w AJ0>FRANCOPHONE <w NN2>COUNTRIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2610"><w ORD>Fourth <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="2611"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>francophone <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Palais <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Chaillot<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19-21 <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w CRD>50 <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>French-speaking <w NN2>communities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2612"><w NN2>Delegations <w VVG>attending <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>250,000 <w NN2>French-speakers<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>350,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>1,100,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2613"><w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>with <w CRD>12,000,000 <w AJ0>French <w NN2>speakers <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w AJ0-NN1>French-speaking <w NN1>country <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend<c PUN>, <w VVG>viewing <w AT0>the <w NN1>gathering <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>remnant <w PRP>from <w AJ0>colonial <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2614"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>Chaillot <w NN1>declaration<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>approved <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>advance <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>democratization<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2615"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0-NN1>Mulroney <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>tied <w TO0>to <w VVI>progress <w PRP>on <w NN1>democratization <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="2616"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w AV0>also <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>francophone <w NN1>television <w NN1>channel<c PUN>, <w NN1>TV <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w PRP>from <w CRD>1992 <w VBI>be <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>to <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>hour <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="2617"><c PUL>(<w NN1>TV <w CRD>5 <w VM0>could <w AV0>already <w VBI>be <w VVN>received <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caribbean<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2618"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>re-establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>order <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ha&iuml;ti <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Aristide<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2619"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mauritius<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2620"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2621"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE <w NN1>RESEARCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2622"><w NP0>ESA <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="2623"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Munich<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18-20 <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESA<c PUR>) <w VVD>decided <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AVP>on <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>research <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NP0>Hermes <w NN0>spacecraft <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Columbus <w NN1>space <w NN1>laboratory <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2624"><w AV0>Immediately <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN1>reluctance <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w AJC>further <w NN2>funds <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>projects <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN1>unification<c PUN>.
<s n="2625"><w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN2>projects <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>for <w NN1>collaboration <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07D></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07D>
<s n="2626"><w NN1>Shuttle <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mir <w NN2>flights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2627"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1-NP0>Atlantis <w VVD>undertook <w AT0>a <w NN1>mission <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;300,000,000 <w NN1>missile <w NN1>warning <w NN1>satellite<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>newspaper <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2628"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Soyuz <w CRD>TM-13 <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Baikanur <w NN1>cosmodrome <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w VVD>carried <w CRD>one <w NN1-AJ0>Austrian <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>cosmonauts <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2629"><w CRD>One <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>cosmonaut <w VBD>was <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>from <w NP0>Soyuz <w CRD>TM-13 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mir <w NN1>space <w NN1>station<c PUN>; <w DT0>another<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w CRD>144 <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w NN1>space <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38219<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>earth <w PRP>on <w NP0>Soyuz <w CRD>TM-13<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2630"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2631"><w AJ0-VVG>DEVELOPING <w NN2>COUNTRIES
</head>
<p>
<s n="2632"><w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>south-south <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Non-Aligned <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27-29<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w AVP-PRP>by<c PUN>, <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Senegal <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>host <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>G-15 <w NN1>summit<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w ORD>third <w NN1>world <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>protectionism <w PRP>among <w AJ0>industrialised <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVD>featured <w AV0>prominently <w PRP>in <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>envisaged <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w CRD>G-15 <w NN1-VVB>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>international <w NN1>order <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>announced <w AV0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2633"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2634"><w NN1>ENERGY
</head>
<p>
<s n="2635"><w NN2>Physicists <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Torus <c PUL>(<w NN1>JET<c PUR>) <w VVN>based <w PRP>near <w NP0>Oxford<c PUN>, <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w VVD>suceeded <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w VVG>producing <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>seconds <w NN1>energy <w PRP>by means of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>fusion<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2636"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2637"><w NP0>INTERPOL
</head>
<p>
<s n="2638"><w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mongolia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>joined <w NP0-NN1>Interpol <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>60th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4-8 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punta <w UNC>del <w UNC>Este<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>to <w CRD>158 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN2>police <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2639"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2640"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2641"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>652,225 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="2642"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>16,600,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2643"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
<s n="2644"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pashtu <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>Dari<c PUN>.
<s n="2645"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w AV0>nearly <w NN0>100% <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>majority <w NN1>Sunni <w NN2>Moslems<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Hinduism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Sikhism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Judaism<c PUN>.
<s n="2646"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>58,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2647"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN0>afghani <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=56.6172 <w NN2>afghanis <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2648"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>, <w NP0>ICO <c PUL>(<w NN1>membership <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Afghan <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Government <c PUL>(<w NP0>AIG<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36537<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>IPU<c PUN>, <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07E></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07E>
<s n="2649"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2650"><w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>monarchy <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1973<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="2651"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDPA<c PUR>) <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>close <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>; <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>functions <w VBD>were <w VVN>assumed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>elected <w AT0>a <w NN1>Presidium <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>(<w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2652"><w NN1>Opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>regime <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>insurrection<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w CRD>80,000 <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w VVD>entered <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>30229<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>arousing <w AJ0>world-wide <w NN1>condemnation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2653"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1986 <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDPA <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>guerrillas <w PNQ>who <w VVD>controlled <w AJ0>large <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2654"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVG>restoring <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Loya <w NP0>Jirga <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Grand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>gathering <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tribal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="2655"><w PNP>It <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bicameral <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w VBG>being <w AV0>partly <w VVN>elected <w CJC>and <w AV0>partly <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>.
<s n="2656"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VM0>would <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2657"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PDPA <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>lose <w DPS>its <w NN1>monopoly <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2658"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>completed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36448<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>20-member <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Homeland<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Najibullah<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36449<c PUN>; <w CRD>36656<c PUN>; <w CRD>37043<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN>created <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37453<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2659"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDPA<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w NN1>congress <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27-29<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-named <w AT0>the <w NN1>Homeland <w NN1>Party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37530<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07F></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07F>
<s n="2660"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2661"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w ITJ>Najibullah<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2662"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Fazl <w NP0>Haq <w NP0-NN1>Khaleqiar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2663"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Abdol <w NP0>Wakil <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2664"><w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Aslam <w NP0>Watanjar <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Raz <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Paktin <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Hakim <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gholam <w NP0>Faruq <w NP0>Yaqubi <c PUL>(<w NN1>State <w NN1>Security<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07G></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07G>
<s n="2665"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>to <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2666"><w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>: <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2667"><w NP0>Shahnawaz <w NP0-NN1>Tanay <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Watanjar<c PUN>; <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Patkin <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="2668"><w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>: <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Khaleqiar <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDPA<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37453<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2669"><w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>: <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sultan <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Keshtmand <w PRP>as <w ORD>First <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>; <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Abdol <w AJ0-VVD>Wahed <w NN1-AJ0>Sorabi <w CJS>as <w NN1>Vice-President <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38153<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2670"><w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>: <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0-NN1>Barialay <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38295<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07H></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07H>
<s n="2671"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2672"><w NP0>Hezb-e <w NP0>Watan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Homeland <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Najibullah <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLDCA07J></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07J>
<s n="2673"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2674"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w DT0>many <w AJ0>insurgent <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2675"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>different <w NN2>groups <w VVB>co-operate <w PRP>with <w PNX>one another <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>varying <w NN2>degrees<c PUN>, <w NN2>relations <w VBB>are <w AV0>often <w VVN>strained <w PRP>by <w NN1>rivalry <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>feuding<c PUN>.
<s n="2676"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1985 <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>major <w NN2>groups <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ittehad-i-Islami <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>Mujaheddin<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>kernel <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pakistan-based <w AJ0>Afghan <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Government <c PUL>(<w NP0>AIG<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36449<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2677"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>includes <w CRD>three <w AJ0>moderate <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w UNC>Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islam <c PUL>(<w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nabi <w NP0>Mohammad <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>,
<s n="2678"><w NP0>Jebha-i-Nejat-i-Melli <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Afghan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w NP0>Seghbatullah <w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>,
<s n="2679"><w NP0>Mahaz-i-Melli-i-Islami <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pir <w VVD>Sayed <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0-NN1>Gailani <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w AJ0>fundamentalist <w NN1>Sunni <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w AV0>respectively <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Yunus <w NP0>Khales<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jamiat-i <w NP0>Islami <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Society<c PUN>, <w NP0>Burhanuddin <w NP0>Rabbani <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="2680"><w NP0>Ittehad-i-Islami <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Unity<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul-Rabur <w NP0>Rasul <w NP0>Sayaf <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2681"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1987 <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Coalition <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>under <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Karim <w NP0>Khaleeli<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>Nasr <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Guardians <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w PRP>in <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Force <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dawa <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Unity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Harakat-e <w NP0>Islami <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Asef <w NP0-NN1>Mohseni <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezbollah<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Struggle <w PRP>for <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07K></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07K>
<s n="2682"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2683"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5-14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="2684"><w ITJ>Najibullah <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Loya <w NP0>Jirga <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <c PUL>(<w AJ0>renewable<c PUR>) <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>term <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN0>p. <w CRD>35425<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07L></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07L>
<s n="2685"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2686"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>upheaval <w VVN>precipitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37314-15<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w VVD>endorsed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDPA<w POS>'s <w NN1>monopoly <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>renaming <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37530<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVG>introducing <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2687"><w NN2>Efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>12-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w DPS>its <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37453<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PNP>it <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w NN2>differences <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>transition <w NN1-VVB>process <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37669<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2688"><w NN2>Hopes <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>settlement <w VVD>receded <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>intensification <w PRP>in <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN1>mujaheddin <w DTQ>which <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capture <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>by <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tarin <w NP0-NN1>Kot<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uruzgan <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37775<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2689"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>moves <w VVD-AJ0>continued<c PUN>, <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>forge <w AJ0>political <w NN1>unity <w PRP>among <w AJ0>warring <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>factions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37355-56<c PUN>; <w CRD>37775<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2690"><w AT0>The <w NN1>thaw <w PRP>in <w AJ0>US-Soviet <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>unwillingness <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>super-powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>prolong <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AV0>publicly <w VVN-VVD>acknowledged <w AVP>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Najibullah <w CJC>and <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2691"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>high-ranking <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>officials <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2692"><w NN1>Peace <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>setback <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Khost <w DTQ>which <w AV0>eventually <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38153<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2693"><w AT0>A <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>proposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>leaders <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38194<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2694"><w NN2>Efforts <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w TO0>to <w VVI>broker <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>plan <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress <w PRP>as of <w CRD>mid-1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07M></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07M>
<s n="2695"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2696"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVD>showed <w AT0>no <w AJ0>real <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w NN1>improvement<c PUN>.
<s n="2697"><w NN2>Figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Afghanistan <w VVD>recorded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>visible <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;220,600,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;217,100,000 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
<s n="2698"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>estimates <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>targets <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1986-91 <w AJ0>five-year <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unlikely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>attained<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2699"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>compounded <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2700"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w CRD>1,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>afghanis <w PRP>for <w NN1>development <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="2701"><w PNP>It <w VVD>forecast <w AT0>a <w CRD>4.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>revenues <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>12.1 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>; <w NN1>investment <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w CRD>43 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJC>greater <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>for <w AJ0>private <w NN1>capital <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="2702"><w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>production <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989/90 <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2703"><w NN1>Manufacturing <w NN1>industry <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>by <w CRD>12.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>increasing <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w CRD>56.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>58.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2704"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w VVN>forecast <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w CRD>18.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN2>exports <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>account <w PRP>for <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>imports <w CRD>13.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2705"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AJ0>confiscated <w NN1>property <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37453<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>redrafting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>laws <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>private <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37453<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2706"><w AT0>An <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>delegation <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Hakim<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canada <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADB<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w NN1>project <w NN1>financing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2707"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1991/92<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w CRD>29.3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>income <w NN2>plans <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>3.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>expenditure <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2708"><w AJ0>Anticipated <w NN1>state <w NN1>income <w PRP>from <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>sources <w VVD>showed <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>47.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2709"><w AT0>An <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>51.7 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>was <w VVN>forecast <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>development <w NN1>budget <w PRP>owing to <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>assistance <w NN2>contributions <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>project <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2710"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-July<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>income <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>10.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in comparison with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>estimate <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>development <w NN1>plan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07N></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07N>
<s n="2711"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>affairs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2712"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>reopen <w DPS>its <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37184<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy <w VVD>followed <w NN1-VVB>suit <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="2713"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w NP0>Colombia <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Venezuela <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2714"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>were <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>grant-in-aid <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w CRD>42,000,000 <w NN2>roubles <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;74,000,000<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w NN2>accounts <w PRP>with <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>.
<s n="2715"><c PUL>(<w PRP>According to <w NN1>government <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN1>bloc <w NN2>countries <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for <w CRD>68 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade <w NN1>turnover <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986/87<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN-VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2716"><w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w NP0>29-Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2717"><w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w VVD>visited <w NP0>India <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28-31<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="2718"><w AT0>A <w NN1>wheat <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN1>protocol <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2719"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>strained <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>active <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>normalize <w NN2>relations <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Najibullah <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2720"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>for <w VVG>extending <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Pakistan-based <w NN1>mujaheddin <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2721"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sudan <w PRP>for <w VVG>granting <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>AIG<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2722"><w AT0>The <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <w VVN-VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>declared <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w VHD>had <w VVN>exceeded <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>678<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2723"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2724"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<p>
<s n="2725"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>143,998 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="2726"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>107,992,140 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>census <w NN2-VVZ>returns <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38394<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2727"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Dhaka<c PUN>.
<s n="2728"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Bengali <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>95%<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>tribal <w NN2>dialects <c PUL>(<w NN0>5%<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2729"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>religion <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>87%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Hinduism <c PUL>(<w NN0>12%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Buddhism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="2730"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>103,500 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2731"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=taka36.4403 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2732"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>ICO<c PUN>, <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>, <w NP0>SAARC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07P></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07P>
<s n="2733"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2734"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bangladesh <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NN1>East <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>unilaterally <w VVN>proclaimed <w AJ0>independent <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1971<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Awami <w NN1>League<c PUN>; <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>secession <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Indo-Pakistan <w NN1>war <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
<s n="2735"><w NP0>Lt.-Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2736"><w VVB>Hussain <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Ershad <w PNQ>who <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>demonstrations <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2737"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BNP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2738"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVD>endorsed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w VVG-AJ0>restoring <w AJ0>full <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jatiya <w NP0>Sangsad <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>with <w CRD>330 <w NN2>seats <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>300 <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <w AJ0-VVD>reserved <w PRP>for <w AV0>indirectly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>women<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>system <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
<s n="2739"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jatiya <w NP0>Sangsad<c PUN>, <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>a <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>ceremonial <w NN1>role<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07R></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07R>
<s n="2740"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2741"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Abdur <w NP0>Rahman <w NP0>Biswas<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jatiya <w NP0>Sangsad<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AJ0>Acting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Shehabuddin <w NP0>Ahmed <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Advisers <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37907<c PUN>; <w CRD>38152<c PUN>; <w CRD>38533<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2742"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Begum <w NP0>Khaleda <w NP0>Zia <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>October <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN2>portfolios <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w NN1>Establishment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>Division<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2743"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>A. <w NP0>S. <w NN1>M. <w NP0-NN1>Mustafizur <w NP0>Rahman <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Saifur <w NP0>Rahman <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Zahiruddin <w NP0>Khan <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Shamsul <w NN1>Islam <w NP0-NN1>Khan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Industry<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Matin <w NP0>Choudhry <c PUL>(<w AV0>Home<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07S></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07S>
<s n="2744"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2745"><w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>: <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37316<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2746"><w NP0>July<c PUN>: <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Monzur <w NP0-NN1>Quader <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Relief <w CJC>and <w NN1>Rehabilitation <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Mamdudur <w NP0>Rahman <w NP0-NN1>Choudhry <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Shipping<c PUN>.
<s n="2747"><w NP0>August<c PUN>: <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>M. <w NN1-NP0>Abdus <w NN1-NP0>Sattar <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Industry <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Moudud <w NP0>Ahmed<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Planning<c PUN>; <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Faruq <w NP0>Choudhry <w VVD>replaced <w NP0-NN1>Sattar <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Fisheries <w CJC>and <w NN0>Livestock<c PUN>.
<s n="2748"><w NP0>December<c PUN>: <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Advisers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37907<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2749"><w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>: <w NN1>swearing-in <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07T></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07T>
<s n="2750"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2751"><w NP0>Bangladesh <w NP0>Jatiyatabadi <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w NP0>BNP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <w PRP>by <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-of-centre <w NN2>groups <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ziaur <w NP0>Rahman <c PUL>(<w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Begum <w NP0>Khaleda <w NP0>Zia <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>; <w NP0>Badruddoja <w NP0>Choudhry <w NN1>vice-ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07U></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07U>
<s n="2752"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2753"><w AJ0>Awami <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Hasina <w AJ0-VVD>Wajed <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="2754"><w NP0>Jatiya <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2755"><w VVB>Hussain <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Ershad <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="2756"><w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami <w NP0>Bangladesh <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Khan <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="2757"><w NP0>Bangladesh <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Saifuddin <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Malik <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07V></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07V>
<s n="2758"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2759"><w ORD>Last <w NP0>Jatiya <w NP0>Sangsad <w NN2>elections<c PUN>: <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38006-07<c PUN>; <w CRD>38102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w ORD>last <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>: <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38533-34<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07W></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07W>
<s n="2760"><w CRD>1990-91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2761"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>relative <w NN1>calm <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>(<w VVD-VVN>marred <w AV0-AJ0>only <w PRP>by <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN1>violence <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w CRD>460 <w AJ0>sub-district <w NN2>councils <c PUL>(<w NN1>upozila<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12-25<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ershad <w NN1>regime <w VBD>was <w VVN>confronted <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October <w PRP>with <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>student <w NN2>protests<c PUN>.
<s n="2762"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>suppress <w AJC>further <w AJ0>political <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>by <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w CJC>and <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>principal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>BNP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Begum <w NP0>Khaleda <w NP0>Zia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Awami <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Hasina <w AJ0-VVD>Wajed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37856<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2763"><w NP0-NN1>Ershad<w POS>'s <w NN1>offer <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AJ0>simultaneous <w AJ0>parliamentary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>demanded <w DPS>his <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>removal <w PRP>from <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="2764"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Ershad <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>relinquish <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w VVD>handed <w AVP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NP0-NN1>Shehabuddin <w NP0>Ahmed <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Acting <w NN1>President <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>alliances<c PUN>.
<s n="2765"><w NN1-NP0>Ershad <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>(<w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>brought <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2766"><w AT0>The <w NP0>February <w NN2>elections <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>victory <c PUL>(<w PRP>in terms of <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>won <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>BNP <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38006<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2767"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w NP0>Begum <w NP0>Zia <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>woman <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2768"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>devastating <w NN1>cyclone <w DTQ>which <w VVD>struck <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38152<c PUN>; <w CRD>38176-77<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>proved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>test <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0-NN1>domestic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w NN1>relief <w NN2>efforts <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2769"><w PRP>By <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AV0>initially <w AJ0>fragile <w NN1>hold <w VVD>seemed <w AJC>stronger <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>bold <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>initiatives <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>restoring <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>democracy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38394<c PUN>; <w CRD>38439<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2770"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ershad<w POS>'s <w NP0>Jatiya <w NN1>Party <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>blow <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w VVN-VVD>sentenced <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>'<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>rigorous <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38288<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07X></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07X>
<s n="2771"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2772"><w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>: <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>autonomy <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chittagong <w NP0>Hill <w NN2>Tracts <c PUL>(<w NP0>CHT<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA07Y></p>
<caption id=HLDCA07Y>
<s n="2773"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2774"><w NP0>September <w CRD>1990<c PUN>: <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37697<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2775"><w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>: <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w NN1>cyclone <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>.
<s n="2776"><w NP0>June<c PUN>: <w CRD>1991/92 <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>cyclone <w NN1>damage <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2777"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>mismanagement <w VVD>dogged <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ershad <w NN1>regime <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2778"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign-aid <w NN1>donor <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVD>castigated <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>poor<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>performance <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>without <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sustained <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w VVG>alleviating <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>poverty <w VBD>were <w AJ0>dim<c PUN>.
<s n="2779"><c PUL>(<w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>growth <w VHD>had <w VVN>slowed <w PRP>from <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w NN1>average <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981-86 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>modestly <w PRP>above <w NN1>population <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.2 <w NN0>per cent <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>to <w AV0>only <w CRD>2.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989-90<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2780"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37316<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Barber <w NP0>Conable<c PUN>, <w VVD>lent <w NN1>credence <w PRP>to <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w UNC>US&dollar;500,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>credits <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>withheld <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP>because of <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>short-term <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="2781"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>widening <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2-VVZ>reserves <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>peak <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;1,007 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;450,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2782"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1-AJ0>Bank-sponsored <w NN1>Aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>Consortium <w VVN-VVD>promised <w UNC>US&dollar;1,800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>soft <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>grants <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>far <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500 <w CRD>million <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>because of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2783"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>presented <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1990/91 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>projected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>outlay <w PRF>of <w UNC>taka140,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>with <w AJ0>estimated <w NN1>revenue <w NN2>receipts <w VVN>set <w PRP>at <w AV0-AJ0>just <w PRP>over <w UNC>taka75,627 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w NN1>revenue <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>at <w UNC>taka73,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2784"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>devalue <w AT0>the <w NN1>taka <w PRP>by <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>competitiveness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>helped <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w NN2>balance-of-payments <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>reserves <w VVG>standing <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;700,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2785"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>losses <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w VVG>following <w DT0>that <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w NN1>tea <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w VVD>rose <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2786"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>arrangement <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;353,000,000 <w PRP>under <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enhanced <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESAF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2787"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>new <w NN1>austerity <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVG>spending <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w AJ0>adverse <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37697<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVB>account <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN2>remittances <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Bangladeshis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN2>exports <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>squeeze <w PRP>on <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;250,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2788"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>aid <w NN1>Consortium <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AJ0>longer-term <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w VVG>running <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38177<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2789"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NP0>Zia <w NN1>government <w VVD>presented <w DPS>its <w CRD>1991/92 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w VVG>detailing <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>deregulate <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38289<c PUN>; <w CRD>38394<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2790"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>GDP <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w PRP>by <w CRD>2.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>slow <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w PRP>to <w NP0>end-June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN2>remittances <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2791"><w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>production <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989/90 <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>sector <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>8.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>2.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988/89<c PUN>.
<s n="2792"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w VVD>recorded <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989/90 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2793"><w VVG-AJ0>Concluding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>debt <w NN1>burden <w VM0>would <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>aid <w NN2>receipts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>end-June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVN>projected <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>debt <w NN1>service <w NN2>costs <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;331,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;290,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2794"><w NP0>Bangladesh<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>trading <w NN2>partners <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988/89 <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>; <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>India<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA080></p>
<caption id=HLDCA080>
<s n="2795"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2796"><w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>: <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gulf <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37641<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2797"><w NP0>September<c PUN>: <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gulf <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37694<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2798"><w NP0>November<c PUN>: <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>anti-Ershad <w NN2>demonstrations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37856<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2799"><w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>: <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w NN1>accord <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38177<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2800"><w NP0>June<c PUN>: <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Zia <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2801"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>early <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>witnessed <w AJC>closer <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ershad <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4-5 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>return <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22-24<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w NP0>France <w VVD>promised <w UNC>US&dollar;47,400,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
<s n="2802"><w AT0>A <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2803"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ershad<c PUN>.
<s n="2804"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="2805"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ershad <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-5 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belgium <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16-18<c PUN>.
<s n="2806"><w NP0>Japan <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w PRF>of <w CRD>31,200 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;235 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2807"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>India <w VBD>were <w VVN>marked <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>rail <w NN2>links <w PRP>for <w NN1>freight <w NN1>traffic<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Indo-Bangladeshi <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w NN1>security <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2808"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2809"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2810"><w NP0>BHUTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2811"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>46,500 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="2812"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,500,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNPFA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2813"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Thimphu<c PUN>.
<s n="2814"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w NP0>Dzongkha <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2815"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NP0>Mahayana <w NN1>Buddhism <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>religion<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Hinduism <c PUL>(<w NN0>25%<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0-NN1>Nepalese<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2816"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>5,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2817"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>ngultrum <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=25.6988 <w NN1>ngultrum <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>at <w NN1>par <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>rupee<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2818"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>, <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>, <w NP0>SAARC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA081></p>
<caption id=HLDCA081>
<s n="2819"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2820"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Kingdom <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bhutan <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hereditary <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>monarchy <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>shared <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <c PUL>(<w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Royal <w AJ0>Advisory <w NN1>Council<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0>Tsogdu<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>monastic <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kingdom<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Buddhist <w NN1>priesthood <c PUL>(<w UNC>Je <w NP0>Khempo<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2821"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Tsogdu <w VBZ>is <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w AT0>every <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarch<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA082></p>
<caption id=HLDCA082>
<s n="2822"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2823"><w NP0-NN1>Jigme <w NP0>Singye <w NP0-NN1>Wangchuck<c PUN>, <w NP0>Druk <w NP0>Gyalpo <c PUL>(<w NN1>Dragon <w NN1>King<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>throne <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2824"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lyonpo <w NP0>Dorji <w NP0>Tshering <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>HRH <w NP0>Namgyel <w NP0>Wangchuck <c PUL>(<w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lyonpo <w NP0>Dawa <w NP0>Tshering <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lyonpo <w NP0>Om <w NP0>Pradhan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN2>Industries<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lyonpo <w NP0>T. <w NP0>Tobgyal <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Services<c PUN>; <w NN2>Communications<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA083></p>
<caption id=HLDCA083>
<s n="2825"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2826"><w PNI>None <w PRP>to <w NP0>end-June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA084></p>
<caption id=HLDCA084>
<s n="2827"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2828"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>no <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="2829"><w AJ0>Illegal <w NN2>parties <w VVB>include<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhutan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>R. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Budathoki <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>D. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Rai <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>Balaram <w NP0>Poudyal <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gopal <w NP0>Sharma<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vikay <w NP0>Thapa <w NN2>ls<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA085></p>
<caption id=HLDCA085>
<s n="2830"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2831"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>151-member <w NN1-NP0>Tsogdu <w VVZ>includes <w CRD>106 <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>constituencies <w PRP>at <w AJ0>various <w NN2>dates <w PRP>depending on <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>term<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA086></p>
<caption id=HLDCA086>
<s n="2832"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2833"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhutanese <c PUL>(<w NP0>Drukpa<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN2>communities <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AV0>markedly <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2834"><w AT0>The <w NN1>catalyst <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NP0>Driglam <w NP0>Namzha <c PUL>(<w AJ0>national <w NN2>customs <w CJC>and <w NN1>etiquette<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>plan <c PUL>(<w CRD>1987-92<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2835"><w AT0>The <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>revitalize <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Buddhist<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Drukpa <w NN1>culture<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AV0>seriously <w VVG-AJ0>alienating <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Hindu<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN1>minority<c PUN>.
<s n="2836"><w AJ0>Various <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nepal <w PNX>itself <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="2837"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>influential <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>groups <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhutan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Bhutan <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w NP0>Drukpa <w NN1>domination <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37711<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2838"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w VBD>were <w AJ0-NN1>Nepalese <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>crossed <w PRP>into <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Bhutan <w PRP>from <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
<s n="2839"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>broken <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>unsubstantiated <w NP0>BPP <w NN2>sources <w DT0>some <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="2840"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>reports <w PRP>throughout <w CRD>1990 <w VVG>detailing <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Bhutanese <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0-NN1>Nepalese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NN2>elements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2841"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>The <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w NP0>King <w NP0>Wangchuck <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>.
<s n="2842"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>modify <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Driglam <w NP0>Namzha <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>mode <w PRF>of <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tsogdu <w VBD>was <w AJ0>imperfect <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nepalese-dominated <w NN2>districts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w AV0>only <w CRD>16 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>151<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA087></p>
<caption id=HLDCA087>
<s n="2843"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2844"><w NP0>Bhutan <w CJC>and <w NP0>India <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>commerce <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990-95 <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2845"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trading <w NN2>arrangements <w CJS>as <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="2846"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>transacted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>rupees <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Bhutanese <w NN1>ngultrum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2847"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Jigme <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2848"><w PNP>He <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramaswamy <w NP0>Venkataraman<c PUN>.
<s n="2849"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w CJC>and <w ORD>third <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Chukha <w AJ0>hydroelectric <w NN1>project <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37356 <w PRP>for <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>stage <w PRP>by <w NP0>Venkataraman <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1988<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2850"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>travel <w VVB-NN1>permit <w NN1>system <w PRP>between <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bhutan <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2851"><w AT0>The <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>boundary <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bhutan <w CJC>and <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Thimphu <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>good <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>yielded<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>positive <w NN2>results<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>fifth <w CJC>and <w ORD>sixth <w NN2>rounds <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37356<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2852"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2853"><w NP0>BRUNEI
</head>
<p>
<s n="2854"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>5,765 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="2855"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>250,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2856"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bandar <w NP0>Seri <w NP0-NN1>Begawan<c PUN>.
<s n="2857"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>Malay<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Chinese <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="2858"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUN>; <w AV0>mainly <w NN1>Sunni <w NN2>Moslems<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w VBB>are <w NN2>Buddhists<c PUN>, <w NN2>Confucians <w CJC>or <w NN2>Daoists<c PUN>.
<s n="2859"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>4,200 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2860"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>Brunei <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=B&dollar;1.6816 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2861"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>ICO<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA088></p>
<caption id=HLDCA088>
<s n="2862"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2863"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>gained <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>self-government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brunei <w VVD>became <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>independent <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984<c PUN>.
<s n="2864"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Sultan<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w CRD>1959 <w NN1>Constitution <w NN2>vests <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>executive <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w VVZ>presides <w PRP>over <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w VVN>advised <w CJC>and <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Religious <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2865"><w AT0>A <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w VHZ>has <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>by <w NN1>decree <w PRP>since <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>revolt <w PRP>in <w CRD>1962 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA089></p>
<caption id=HLDCA089>
<s n="2866"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2867"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Hassanal <w NP0>Bolkiah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sultan<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVZ>rules <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w NN1>decree<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2868"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Jefri <w NP0>Bolkiah <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Bolkiah <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pehin <w NP0>Dato <w NP0>Haji <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rahman <c PUL>(<w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Primary <w NN2>Resources<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pehin <w NP0>Dato <w NP0>Haji <w NP0>Isa <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Adviser <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08A></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08A>
<s n="2869"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2870"><w PNI>None <w PRP>to <w NP0>end-June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08B></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08B>
<s n="2871"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2872"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>no <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="2873"><w AJ0>Illegal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVB>include <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brunei <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parti <w NP0>Ra'ayat <w NP0>Brunei <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PRB<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brunei <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BNDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08C></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08C>
<s n="2874"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2875"><w AT0>No <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08D></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08D>
<s n="2876"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2877"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Sultan <w NP0>Bolkiah <w VVD>encouraged <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Melayu <w NN1>Islam <w NP0-NN1>Beraja <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIB <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Malay <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Monarchy<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>ideology<c PUN>.
<s n="2878"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>speech <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Birth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prophet<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sultan <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w NP0>MIB <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>God<w POS>'s <w NN1>will<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2879"><w NP0>MIB <w VVD>emphasized <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>observance <w PRF>of <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>distinctive <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brunei <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarchy<c PUN>.
<s n="2880"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sultan<w POS>'s <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>values <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>social <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w NN1>unemployment <w DTQ>which <w VVD>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>3.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>to <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2881"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>banned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1-VVB>party <w NN2>members <w VVN>detained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2882"><w CRD>Six <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>political <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRB<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37190<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BNDP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Latif <w NP0-NN1>Hamid <w CJC>and <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Latif <w NP0-NN1>Chuchu<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2883"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Latif <w NP0>Hamid <w VVD>died <w PRP>after <w VVG>suffering <w AT0>an <w NN1>asthma <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2884"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>al-Arqam<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>banned <w PRP>by <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>decree <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0-VVG>spreading <w NN2>teachings <w PRP>contrary to <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08E></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08E>
<s n="2885"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2886"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VVD>continued <w DPS>their <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NP0>Brunei<w POS>'s <w NN1>dependence <w PRP>on <w NN1>income <w PRP>from <w NN1>petroleum <w CJC>and <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>gas <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>broadening <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>plan <c PUL>(<w CRD>1986-90<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2887"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN0>statistics <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w DT0>some <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>diversification <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="2888"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>GDP <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AVP>up <w PRP>from <w CRD>2.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>partly <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>non-oil <w NN1>sector<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08F></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08F>
<s n="2889"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2890"><w AT0>The <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37780<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NP0>Brunei <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN1>member <w PRP>without <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="2891"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Xu <w NP0-NN1>Dunxin<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Brunei <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10-13<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>considering <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>exchanges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2892"><w NN2>Attempts <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NP0>Brunei <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NP0>Five-Power <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Arrangement <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AV0>already <w VVD>participated<c PUN>.
<s n="2893"><w AT0>The <w CRD>five <w VVD>held <w AJ0>large-scale <w AJ0-NN1>military <w NN2>exercises <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>China <w NP0>Sea <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2894"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>exercises<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w NP0>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Brunei <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sultan<c PUN>.
<s n="2895"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w NP0-NN1>Goh <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FPDA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Singapore <w VM0>would <w VVI>welcome <w CJC>and <w VVI>support <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>move<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2896"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brunei <w VVD>joined <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>in <w VVG>offering <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w PRF>of <w VVG>operating <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2897"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>UK <w VVB-NN1>deal <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brunei <w PRP>worth <w DT0>some <w NN0>&pound;400,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;692,000,000<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>threat<c PUN>.
<s n="2898"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>vessels <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bolkiah <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Thatcher<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malaysia <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="2899"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN2>contracts <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>lost <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>German <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>suppliers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2900"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Brunei <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w NP0>Asia <w PRP>in <w NP0>April-May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38191<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2901"><w NP0>Kaifu <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2902"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2903"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2904"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>181,035 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="2905"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>8,200,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w VVB>UNDP <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2906"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>.
<s n="2907"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w NP0>Khmer <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2908"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NP0>Theravada <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>.
<s n="2909"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>111,800 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2910"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>riel <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=799.087 <w NN1>riel <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2911"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08G></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08G>
<s n="2912"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2913"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>name <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>by <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>since <w CRD>1979 <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kampuchea <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>names <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2914"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVZ>meets <w AV0>twice <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUR>) <w VVZ>elects <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>organ <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="2915"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="2916"><w DT0>Much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>SOC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power <w VVZ-NN2>rests <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kampuchean <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08H></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08H>
<s n="2917"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2918"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Legitimate <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>: <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Sihanouk <c PUL>(<w PRP>since <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38573<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2919"><w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2920"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bou <w NP0>Thang <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Chea <w NP0>Soth <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w VVB>Say <w NP0-NN1>Chhum <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w VVB>Say <w NP0-NN1>Phouthang <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUN>; <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Commission<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kong <w NP0>Samol <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Tea <w NP0>Banh <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUN>; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Hor <w NP0>Nam <w NP0>Hong <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Sin <w NN1>Song <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>Chhay <w CJS>Than <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08J></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08J>
<s n="2921"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>to <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w CRD>1990-1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2922"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37655<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2923"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w NP0>Hor <w NP0>Nam <w NP0>Hong <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2924"><w NP0>Nhim <w NP0>Venda <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Taing <w NP0-NN1>Sarim <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37712<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08K></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08K>
<s n="2925"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2926"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NGC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government-in-exile<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>proclaimed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2927"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Coalition <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Kampuchea <c PUL>(<w NP0>CGDK<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2928"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NGC <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Kampuchea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Son <w NP0>Sen <w NN1>vice-pres.<c PUN>, <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>influence <w VVD>wielded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pol <w NP0>Pot<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ieng <w NP0-NN1>Sary<c PUN>, <w ITJ>Ta <w NP0-NN1>Mok <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nuon <w NP0>Chea<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmer <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPNLF<c PUN>, <w NP0>Son <w NP0>Sann <w NN1>pres.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN2>Sihanoukists <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>Independent<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Neutral<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Peaceful <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Co-operative <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Funcinpec<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Ranaridh <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2929"><w NP0>NGC <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>: <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Sihanouk <c PUL>(<w NN1>President<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN1>Son <w NP0-NN1>Sann <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08L></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08L>
<s n="2930"><w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2931"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>all-party <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2932"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>members<c PUN>: <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Sihanouk <c PUL>(<w NN1>President<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Tea <w NP0>Banh <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hor <w NP0>Nam <w NP0>Hong <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2933"><w NP0>Sin <w NP0>Sen <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dit <w NP0>Munty <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Im <w NP0>Chhunlim <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Ranaridh <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Sihanoukist<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>, <w NP0>Son <w NP0>Sen <c PUL>(<w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Son <w NP0-NN1>Sann <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPNLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ieng <w NP0>Muli <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPNLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2934"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>SOC <w VVD>replaced <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NP0>SNC <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38005<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2935"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Sihanouk <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Chausen <w NP0-NN1>Kosal <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Sihanoukist <w NN2>representatives <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38293<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2936"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w DT0>that <w NN1>month <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Sihanouk <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>chair <w CJC>or <w NN1>president<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08M></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08M>
<s n="2937"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2938"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SOC <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kampuchean <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPRP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Heng <w NP0>Samrin <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08N></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08N>
<s n="2939"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2940"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>117-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
<s n="2941"><w PRP>In <w CRD>mid-1987 <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN2>elections <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>to <w CRD>123<c PUN>.
<s n="2942"><w AT0>The <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>routinely <w VVN>extended<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>recently <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08P><ptr target=HLDCA08R></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08P>
<s n="2943"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA08R>
<s n="2944"><w NN1-VVB>Progress <w PRP>towards <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2945"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w AJ0-NN1>Indonesian-sponsored <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jakarta <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2946"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w DTQ>which <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large-scale <w NP0>UN <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>favourable <w NN1>response <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>during <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="2947"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>progress <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jakarta <w NN1>meeting <c PUL>(<w NP0>JIM <w CRD>3<c PUR>) <w VVD>ended <w AV0>early <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;<c PUN>.
<s n="2948"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>factions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w AV0>also <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="2949"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Cambodia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="2950"><w PRP>After <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w PNP>his <w AV0>then <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>tenure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>seat <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>by <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>NGC <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VBD>were <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="2951"><w NP0-NN1>Baker <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SOC <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2952"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NP0>Indo-China <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w AV0>partly <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>forestall <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potential <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="2953"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deterioration <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Sino-US <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>US-Soviet <w NN2>relations <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w VHD>had <w VVN>added <w AV0>further <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w NN1>revision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2954"><w AT0>The <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>formally <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w UNC>P-5 <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>opposing <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jakarta<c PUN>.
<s n="2955"><w AT0>The <w NN2>parties <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-member <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>embody <w AJ0>Cambodian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>occupy <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NP0>UN <w NN1>seat <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w CJS>before <w VVN-AJ0>UN-supervised <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2956"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC <w VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disused <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>on <w NP0>mid-September<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>ground <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>halt<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Chair<c PUN>.
<s n="2957"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SNC <w AV0>eventually <w VVN-VVD>convened <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chair <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="2958"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement <w VVN>released <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD-VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concurrence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>points <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>P-5 <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w VVD-VVN>deadlocked <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2959"><w AJ0>Significant <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>factions <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="2960"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Sihanouk <w VVD>contrived <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues <w PRP>including <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>cessation <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>.
<s n="2961"><w NP0>July <w VBD>was <w DT0>another <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hectic <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>activity<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJC>further <w NN1>progress <w VBG>being <w VVN>made <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w UNC>P-5 <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08S></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08S>
<s n="2962"><w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>war
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2963"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>years <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>confirmation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>claims <w VBD>was <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>rare<c PUN>.
<s n="2964"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>Western <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>increased <w DPS>their <w NN1>infiltration <w PRF>of <w NN2>fighters <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>border <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>into <w NP0>Cambodia <w AJ0>proper<c PUN>.
<s n="2965"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>appear <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>capture <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>instead<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w NN1>communication <w NN2>routes <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w DT0>those <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SOC <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2966"><w NN2>Refugees <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVD-VVN>made <w DT0>little <w NN1>effort <w PRP>at <w AJ0>political <w NN1>indoctrination <w PRP>after <w VVG>capturing <w AT0>a <w NN1>village<c PUN>.
<s n="2967"><w AV0>Instead<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>objective <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>deals <w PRP>with <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>village <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="2968"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>provided <w AT0>the <w NP0>NGC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>nevertheless <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NP0>KPNLF <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Sihanoukist <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w DT0>several <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>district <w NN2>capitals <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Siem <w VVB>Reap<c PUN>, <w NP0>Preah <w NP0-NN1>Vihear <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2969"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w NN1>regime <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>infiltration <w PRP>by <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>interior <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>much <w AJC>easier <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w AJ0>solid <w AJ0>defensive <w NN2>lines<c PUN>.
<s n="2970"><w CRD>One <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>strategy <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>refugees <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w VVG>estimating <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>150,000 <w NN2>Cambodians <w VBD>were <w VVN>displaced <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>either <w PRP>by <w VBG>being <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN-VVD>moved <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>interior <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>SOC <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>fleeing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2971"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1991<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w NN1>season<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>got <w AV0>under way <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1-VVG>skirmishing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>north-west<c PUN>.
<s n="2972"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>fighters <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN2>tanks <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="2973"><w AT0>A <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>fighting <w VVD-VVN>stopped<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08T></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08T>
<s n="2974"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>SOC <w NN2>affairs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2975"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>signs <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w VBD>was <w AV0>under way <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>indications <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>discord <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Pen <w NP0>Sovan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>chief <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Premier<c PUN>.
<s n="2976"><w AT0>The <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>faction <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chea <w NP0>Sim<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>liberal <w CJC>or <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>faction <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen<c PUN>.
<s n="2977"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN2>allies <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>Ung <w NP0>Phan<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>for <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rival <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="2978"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen<w POS>'s <w NN1>liberalization <w NN1-VVB>drive<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Kanharith<c PUN>, <w NN1>editor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>weekly <w NN1>magazine <w NP0>Kampuchea<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>with <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chea <w NP0-NN1>Sim<c PUN>.
<s n="2979"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>signs <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w VBD>was <w AV0>under way <w VVN-VVD>included <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>KPRP <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08U></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08U>
<s n="2980"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2981"><w NP0>Cambodia <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>cutback <w PRP>in <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2982"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1979 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>with <w AJ0>massive <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN1>import <w NN2-VVZ>credits<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>grants<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="2983"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Cambodia <w VBD>was <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w VVG-AJ0>paying <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>rates <w PRP>for <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w CJC>and <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="2984"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>move <w VVD-VVN>focused <w NN1>attention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dire <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="2985"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VHD>had <w VVN>meant <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>supply<c PUN>.
<s n="2986"><w AT0>A <w NN1>shortfall <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>300,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>rice <w VBD>was <w VVN>projected <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1-VVB>harvest<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRP>in <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NN1>drought <w CJC>and <w NN1>flooding<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>displacement <w PRF>of <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>by <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="2987"><w NN1>Inflation <w VVD>accelerated <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>(<w AV0>partly <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>military <w NN1>spending <w VVN>necessitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>riel <w PRP>by <w AV0>almost <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>value <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2988"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2989"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2990"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>9,571,300 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="2991"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,139,100,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2992"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
<s n="2993"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NN1>Mandarin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>dialects<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tibetans<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uighurs<c PUN>, <w NN2>Mongols <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VHB>have <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="2994"><w NN1>Religion <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>philosphy<c PUN>: <w NN1>Confucianism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Buddhism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Daoism<c PUN>; <w NN1>Islam <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w NN0>minorities<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2995"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>3,030,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2996"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN0>yuan <w CJC>or <w NN2>renminbi <w NN0>yuan <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=5.3241 <w NN0>yuan <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2997"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08V></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08V>
<s n="2998"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2999"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1949 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>forces <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mao <w NP0>Zedong<c PUN>.
<s n="3000"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1982 <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w CRD>3,000<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AV0>indirectly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="3001"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>convenes <w AV0>annually<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AVQ-CJS>when <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>session <w VBZ>is <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>155-member <w NN1>Standing <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>.
<s n="3002"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPC<c PUN>.
<s n="3003"><w AJ0>Effective <w AJ0>political <w NN1>control <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08W></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08W>
<s n="3004"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3005"><w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>figure <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN2>echelons <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRP>since <w CRD>1980<c PUN>.
<s n="3006"><w NP0>Deng <w VVD>retired <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w ORD>last <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>post <c PUL>(<w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>elder <w NN1>statesman<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w AV0>probably <w VVZ>remains <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>power-broker<c PUN>.
<s n="3007"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w VBD>was <w AV0>at least <w AV0>partly <w VVN>eclipsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRP>to <w NN1>prominence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>anti-reformist <w NN1>economist <w NP0>Chen <w NP0-NN1>Yun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3008"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Yang <w NP0-NN1>Shangkun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3009"><w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Zhen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3010"><w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>: <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3011"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Yilin <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Tian <w NN1-NP0>Jiyun <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Wu <w AJ0-NN1>Xueqian <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Vice <w NN1>Premier<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Zhu <w NP0>Rongji <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Zou <w NP0>Jiahua <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Qin <w NP0>Jiwei <c PUL>(<w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor<c PUN>; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Wang <w AJ0-NN1>Bingqian <c PUL>(<w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor<c PUN>; <w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tao <w NP0>Siju <c PUL>(<w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen <c PUL>(<w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Chen <w NP0>Jinhua <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w VVG>Restructuring <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jia <w NP0>Chunwang <c PUL>(<w NN1>State <w NN1>Security<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Cai <w NP0>Cheng <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Hu <w NN1>Ping <c PUL>(<w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Lanqing <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08X></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08X>
<s n="3012"><w VVB-NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3013"><w NP0>Liu <w NP0>Zhangyi <w VVD>replaced <w PNP>He <w VVB>Kang <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3014"><w NP0>Chen <w NP0>Jinhua <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w VVG>Restructuring <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37713<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3015"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w NP0>Tao <w NP0>Siju <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Wang <w NN1>Fang <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Lanqing <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Zheng <w NP0-NN1>Tuobin <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37917<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3016"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Hou <w NP0>Jie <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Qian <w NP0-NN1>Yongchang <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NP0>Huang <w NP0>Zhendong <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Lin <w NP0-NN1>Hanxiong <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Construction <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38097<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3017"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zou <w NP0>Jiahua <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-VVB>Minister<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38145<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3018"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w NP0>Hu <w NP0>Qili<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rui <w NP0>Xingwen <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yan <w NP0>Minfu <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>counter-revolutionary <w NN1>rebellion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>vice-ministerial <w NN2>posts <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38290<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA08Y></p>
<caption id=HLDCA08Y>
<s n="3019"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3020"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governors <w VBD>were <w VVN>moved <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3021"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Changchun <w VBD>was <w VVN>shifted <w PRP>from <w NN1>Liaoning <w PRP>to <w NN1>Henan<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Cheng <w NP0>Weigao <w PNQ>who <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hebei<c PUN>.
<s n="3022"><w AT0>The <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hebei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yue <w NP0>Qifeng<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w NP0>Li<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liaoning<c PUN>.
<s n="3023"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Zhu <w NP0>Senlin <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guangdong <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w PNP>Ye <w VVG>Xuanping <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38189<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3024"><w PNP>Ye <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Vice-Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Political <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Conference <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>ceremonial <w AJ0-NN1>opinion-gathering <w NN1>forum<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38145<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA090></p>
<caption id=HLDCA090>
<s n="3025"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3026"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3027"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>organ <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>six-member <w NN1>Standing <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Politburo <c PUL>(<w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qiao <w NP0>Shi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Yilan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>, <w NN1>Song <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Ruihuan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3028"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>full <w NN1>Politburo <w NN2>members<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Wu <w AJ0-NN1>Xueqian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Wan <w NP0>Li<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Tian <w NN1>Jiyun<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Tieying<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Ximing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qin <w NP0>Jiwei<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Rudai<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0>alternate <w NN1>member <c PUL>(<w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Guangen<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3029"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretariat <w VBZ>is <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>full <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w NP0>Qiao <w NP0>Shi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hu <w NP0>Qili<c PUN>, <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Guangen<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0>alternate <w NN1>member <c PUL>(<w NP0>Wen <w NP0>Jiabao<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3030"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission <w VBZ>is <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>; <w NP0>Yang <w NP0-NN1>Shangkun <w VBZ>is <w ORD>first <w NN1>Vice-Chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liu <w NP0>Huaqing <w NN1>Vice-Chair<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA091></p>
<caption id=HLDCA091>
<s n="3031"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>organizations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3032"><w NP0-NN1>China <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>Promoting <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lei <w NP0-NN1>Jieqiong <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3033"><w NP0>China <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fei <w NP0-NN1>Xiaotong <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3034"><w NP0>China <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Construction <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NN1>Sun <w NN1-NP0>Qimeng <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3035"><w NP0>China <w NP0>Zhi <w NP0>Gong <w NP0>Dang <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dong <w NP0-NN1>Yinchu <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3036"><w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Youth <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w NN1>Song <w NN1-NP0>Defu <w ORD>first <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3037"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>Peasants<w POS>' <w CJC>and <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lu <w NP0>Jiaxi <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3038"><w NP0>Jiu <w NP0>San <w NP0>Society <c PUL>(<w NP0>Zhou <w NP0>Peiyuan <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3039"><w VVB>Kuomintang <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>Zhu <w NP0>Xuefan <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3040"><w NP0>Taiwan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Self-Government <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w NP0>Cai <w NP0-NN1>Zimin <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA092></p>
<caption id=HLDCA092>
<s n="3041"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3042"><w AJ0>Indirect <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>were <w ORD>last <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w NP0>September <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="3043"><w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPC <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA093></p>
<caption id=HLDCA093>
<s n="3044"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3045"><w AT0>The <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>momentous <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w CRD>mid-1989<c PUN>, <w VVG>culminating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36720-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>evident <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3046"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN>placed <w AJ0>great <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AJ0>ideological <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>correct <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
<s n="3047"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>plenum<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>stressed <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>line<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w NN1>supervision <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>raising <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>awareness<c PUN>.
<s n="3048"><w AT0>The <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0>political <w NN1>indoctrination<c PUN>.
<s n="3049"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>powerful <w NP0>Yang <w NN2>brothers <c PUL>(<w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0-NN1>Shangkun <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w VVD>initiated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>military <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>affecting <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>military <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="3050"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>1,300 <w NN1>Army <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>group <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>CCP <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Zhao <w NP0-NN1>Ziyang <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yang <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3051"><w AJ0>Martial <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CRD>seven <w NN2>months <w PRP>after <w DPS>its <w NN1>imposition<c PUN>.
<s n="3052"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1>massacre <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w VVD>passed <w AVP>off <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <w AJ0>major <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>.
<s n="3053"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>approach <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w PNP>they <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>security <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>detained <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>trouble <w NN2>makers<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand <w PNP>they <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>portray <w AT0>an <w NN1>image <w PRF>of <w NN1>leniency <w PRP>by <w VVG>releasing <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>activists <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="3054"><w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>released <w VBD>was <w NN1>Fang <w NP0>Lizhi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w DPS>his <w NN1>shelter <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="3055"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w NN2>dissidents <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3056"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>based <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Asia <w NN1-VVB>Watch <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w NN2>dissidents <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="3057"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>month <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>basically <w VVN-VVD>completed<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>trials <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>counter-revolutionary <w NN1>rebellion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3058"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CCP <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>plenum <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUR>) <w AV0>eventually <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w PRP-CJS>after <w DT0>several <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>delay<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w PRP>because of <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>over <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="3059"><w AT0>The <w NN2>provinces <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VVI>favour <w AV0>more <w AJ0>rapid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="3060"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>broad <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>plan <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>contained <w DT0>little <w NN1>detail<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w NN1>speculation <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>debate <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>intense<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3061"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w PRP>towards <w VVG>rehabilitating <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high-level <w NN2>casualties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>turmoil<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="3062"><w NP0>Hu <w NP0>Qili<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rui <w NP0>Xingwen <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yan <w NP0-NN1>Mingfu <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>all <w DT0>former <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zhao <w NP0-NN1>Ziyang <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>vice-ministerial <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
<s n="3063"><w NN1-NP0>Zhao <w PNX>himself <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w NN1>membership<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA094></p>
<caption id=HLDCA094>
<s n="3064"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3065"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>alarmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Region <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Xinjiang <w NP0-NN1>Uygur<c PUN>.
<s n="3066"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>20 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>separatists <c PUL>(<w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN1>East <w NP0>Turkistan<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kizislu <w NP0>Kirghiz <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Prefecture <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Kashgar<c PUN>.
<s n="3067"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VBD>were <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Moslem <w CJC>and <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>might <w VVI>spread <w PRP>into <w NP0>Xinjiang <w NP0-NN1>Uygur<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3068"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0-NN1>anti-pornography <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3069"><w PRP>In <w CRD>mid-1991 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>anti-drug <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w DTQ>which <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN2>offenders<c PUN>.
<s n="3070"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>large <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w NN2>criminals <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>often <w VVI>end <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>executions<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w CRD>65 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>executed <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canton<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA095></p>
<caption id=HLDCA095>
<s n="3071"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3072"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Wang <w AJ0-NN1>Bingqian <w AJ0-VVD>presented <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>performance <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>budget <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPC <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37373<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>year <w PNP>he <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>performance <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38096<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3073"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w AJ0>Statistical <w NN1>Bureau <c PUL>(<w NP0>SSB<c PUR>) <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>achievements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>plan <c PUL>(<w CRD>1986-1990<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38097<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3074"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NPC <w VVD>approved <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>plan <c PUL>(<w CRD>1991-95<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="3075"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>formulated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w CRD>1991-2000 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38145<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3076"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>SSB <w VVD>released <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38340<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA096></p>
<caption id=HLDCA096>
<s n="3077"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3078"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>concentrated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w NN1>effort <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>restoring <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>image <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w AV0>adversely <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="3079"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>international <w NN1>rehabilitation <w VBD>was <w AV0>greatly <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="3080"><w CJS>As <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-led <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>annexation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w VBD>was <w AJ0>vital<c PUN>.
<s n="3081"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>factor <w VVG>aiding <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>rehabilitation <w VBD>was <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
<s n="3082"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>resumed <w DPS>its <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="3083"><w NP0>France <w VVD>resumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>granting <w PRF>of <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>waited <w PRP>until <w NP0>November <w PRP>to <w AJ0>reactive <w DPS>its <w NN1>development <w NN1>loan <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3084"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>political <w NN2>upheavals <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990s <w VVD>shocked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="3085"><w AT0>The <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w VVD>left <w NP0>China <w VVD>isolated <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>bastion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>orthodoxy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>spectre <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="3086"><w AV0>Nevertheless <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Moscow <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>impeded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bewildering <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>developments <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="3087"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>for <w CRD>26 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>give<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>impetus<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Sino-Soviet <w NN2>relations<c PUN>; <w CRD>seven <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
<s n="3088"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>.
<s n="3089"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>commodity <w NN1>loan <w PRP>worth <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;730 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="3090"><w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gorbachev <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36641-42<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>since <w NP0>Mao <w NP0>Zedong<w POS>'s <w CRD>1957 <w NN1>trip<c PUN>.
<s n="3091"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>demarcation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sino-Soviet <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="3092"><w NP0>Jiang<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Dmitry <w NP0>Yazov<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>fuelled <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN2>arms <w VVB>deal <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3093"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>strained <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3094"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w NP0>US <w NN1>liaison <w NN1>mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974-75<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN2>relations <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>often <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w AV0>more <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>.
<s n="3095"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>Fang <w NP0>Lizhi <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>gesture <w CJC>and <w VVD>helped <w NP0>Bush <w VVI>win <w DPS>his <w NN1>battle <w PRP>with <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>critics <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>the <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>most-favoured-nation <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFN<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVG>trading <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="3096"><w AJ0>Official <w NN1>contact <w PRP>at <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>level <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>Qian <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3097"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>placed <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>301 <w NN1>list<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>trade <w NN2>partners <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38340<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w NN1>trade <w NN1>retaliation<c PUN>.
<s n="3098"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w NN1>Congress <w AV0>again <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w NP0>MFN <w NN1>trading <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="3099"><w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unconditional <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w NP0>MFN <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS-PRP>after <w AJ0>intensive <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>pressure <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w NP0>China <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>lower <w NN1-VVB>import <w NN2>tariffs<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>end <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>textile <w NN2>shipments <w PRP>via <w ORD>third <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intellectual <w NN1>property <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="3100"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AJC>further <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w NP0>MFN <w NN1>status <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w NP0>China <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w AJ0>stringent <w NN2>conditions <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG-AJ0>improving <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w VVN>produced <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w NN1>labour <w NN2>camps<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>controlling <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA097></p>
<caption id=HLDCA097>
<s n="3101"><w NP0>Tibet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3102"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,228,000 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="3103"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>2,120,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1988 <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3104"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lhasa<c PUN>.
<s n="3105"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Tibetan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese<c PUN>.
<s n="3106"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w AT0>No <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>religion<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>almost <w NN0>100% <w AJ0-NN1>Tibetan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>yellow <w NN1>sect<c PUR>) <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>.
<s n="3107"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Chinese<c PUR>) <w NP0>PLA <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Police <c PUL>(<w NN0>ests. <w VVB>vary <w PRP>between <w CRD>100,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>500,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3108"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>yuan <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=5.3241 <w NN0>yuan <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA098></p>
<caption id=HLDCA098>
<s n="3109"><w AJ0>Historical <w NN1>background <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3110"><w AV0>Hitherto <w AT0>a <w AJ0>semi-independent <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AJ0>western <w NP0-NN1>China <w VVD>ruled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tibet<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Buddhist <w NN2>clergy <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tibet <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w CRD>1950 <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3111"><w AT0>A <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>revolts <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>rule <w PRP>over <w DT0>several <w NN2>years <w VVD>culminated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>uprising <w PRP>in <w CRD>1959<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3112"><w NP0>Tibet <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1965<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tibetans <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>regard <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama <w PRP>as <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>god-king<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>resent <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>presence<c PUN>.
<s n="3113"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tibet <c PUL>(<w NP0>Xizang<c PUR>) <w VHZ>has <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>legislature <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Government<c PUN>.
<s n="3114"><w PRP>Since <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w NN1>security <w VHZ>has <w AV0>largely <w VBN>been <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA099></p>
<caption id=HLDCA099>
<s n="3115"><w NN2>Leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3116"><w AJ0>Spiritual <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tibetan <w NN0>people<c PUN>: <w AT0>The <w ORD>14th <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama<c PUN>, <w DPS>His <w NN1>Holiness <w NP0-NN1>Tenzin <w NP0-NN1>Gyatso<c PUN>, <w VVD>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>uprising <w PRF>of <w CRD>1959<c PUN>.
<s n="3117"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1964 <w NP0>China <w VVD>declared <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>traitor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3118"><w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Government<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Gyaincain <w NN1-NP0>Norbu <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Doje <w NP0>Cering <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3119"><w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ngapoi <w NP0-NN1>Ngawang <w NP0-NN1>Jigme<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09A></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09A>
<s n="3120"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3121"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>rescinded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN1>order <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lhasa <c PUL>(<w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>outbreaks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>secessionist <w NN1>unrest<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heavy <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>presence <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37454<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3122"><w AJ0>Western <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>2,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w DT0>more <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3123"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama <w VVD>renounced <w DPS>his <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>insistence <w PRP>on <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>separation <w PRP>for <w NP0>Tibet <w CJC>and <w VVD>proposed <w AV0>instead <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Tibet <w VM0>should <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>loose <w NN1>confederation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="3124"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0>positive <w AJ0-NN1>official <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37343<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3125"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w DPS>his <w NN1>appeal <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VBD>was <w VVN>refused <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Charles <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Lord <w NN1>Chancellor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Mackay <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Clashfern <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38097<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Major <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38679<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3126"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>on <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>; <w NP0>China <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>protest <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3127"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Celebrations<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>40th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>liberation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tibet<c PUN>.
<s n="3128"><w AJ0>Large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lhasa <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w DT0>any <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3129"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>renewal <w CJC>or <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="3130"><w AJ0>Chinese <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN1>trade <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w CJC>and <w NP0>Seoul<c PUN>.
<s n="3131"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w NP0>Asia <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="3132"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3133"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<p>
<s n="3134"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,071 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="3135"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>5,900,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3136"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Victoria<c PUN>.
<s n="3137"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>English <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>Cantonese <w VBG>being <w AV0>most <w AV0>widely <w VVN>spoken<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3138"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>; <w AV0>also <w NN1>Confucianism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>, <w NN1>Hinduism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Daoism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="3139"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>8,200 <c PUL>(<w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gurkha <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>personnel <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3140"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=HK&dollar;7.7304 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3141"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09B></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09B>
<s n="3142"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3143"><w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>island <w VBD>was <w VVN>ceded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nanking <w PRP>in <w CRD>1842<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kowloon <w NN1>Peninsula <w VBD>was <w VVN>acquired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peking <w PRP>in <w CRD>1860<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN2>Territories <w VBD>were <w VVN>leased <w PRP>from <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1898 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>99 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="3144"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1984 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>conceded <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>, <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>lease <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>, <w NP0>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>regain <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="3145"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Declaration<c PUN>, <w VVD>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w VVD>contained <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w VVG>guaranteeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w AJ0>capitalist <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>life-style <w PRP>for <w CRD>50 <w NN2>years <w PRP>after <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3146"><w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VBZ>is <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>UK-appointed <w NN1>Governor <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>sovereign<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>presides <w PRP>over <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w AJ0>ex-officio <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w AJ0-VVD>nominated <w NN2>members<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Legco<c PUR>) <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ex-officio <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Council <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>ex-officio <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>appointed <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w CRD>12 <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>functional <w NN2>constituencies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09C></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09C>
<s n="3147"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3148"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David <w NP0>Clive <w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3149"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>secretaries<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David <w NP0>Ford <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Secretary<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Alistair <w NP0>Asprey <c PUL>(<w NN1>Security<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Hamish <w NP0>MacLeod <c PUL>(<w NP0>Financial <w NP0-NN1>Secretary<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Suen <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>David <w NP0>Nendick <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Monetary <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Barrie <w NP0>Wiggham <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Tsao <c PUL>(<w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Y. <w NP0>Yeung <c PUL>(<w NN1>Treasury<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>John <w NP0>Chan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09D></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09D>
<s n="3150"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3151"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AJ0>covert <w NN2>branches <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kuomintang <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="3152"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>no <w AJ0>genuine <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>narrowly-based <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groups <w VVB>exist<c PUN>.
<s n="3153"><w DT0>Some <w VBB>are <w AJ0>liberal <w PRP>in <w NN1>orientation <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Democrats <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Lee <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VVB>represent <w NN1>business <w NN2>interests <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Federation<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09E></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09E>
<s n="3154"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3155"><w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Urbco<c PUR>) <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38192<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38436<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09F></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09F>
<s n="3156"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3157"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>mid-1989 <w NN1>turmoil <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>restoring <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w PRP>ahead of <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="3158"><w DT0>Much <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990-91 <w VBD>was <w VVN>spent <w VVG>implementing <w DT0>this <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
<s n="3159"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VVD>obtained <w AT0>a <w NN1>Bill <w PRF>of <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>liberals <w CJS>as <w AJ0>ineffectual <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w AV0>virtually <w AJ0>meaningless<c PUN>.
<s n="3160"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unnecessary <w CJS>as <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>freedoms <w VBD>were <w AV0>fully <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hongkong <w AJ0>Special <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Region <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>mini-constitution<c PUR>) <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="3161"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Law <w VDD>did <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVB>provide <w PRP>for <w AJ0>genuine <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN1>government <w CJS>as <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>seats <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <w PRP>to <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total <w PRP>by <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3162"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>key <w NN1>feature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>confidence-boosting <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Parliament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Nationality <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>Act <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>guaranteed <w AJ0>British <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>to <w CRD>50,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>key<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
<s n="3163"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1>security <w PRP>to <w NN1>business <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>professionals <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissuade <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w VVG>emigrating <w PRP>before <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="3164"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>act<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>brain <w NN1>drain<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>; <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>60,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>emigrated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>above <w CRD>1989 <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
<s n="3165"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>for <w NN2>citizens <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>first <w NN1>tranche<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>allocations <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w NN2>passports <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>act<c PUN>.
<s n="3166"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>applications <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>65,623<c PUN>, <w AV0>far <w AJC>lower <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w CRD>300,000 <w AJ0>expected <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38098<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>whhich <w VVZ>includes <w AJ0>provisional <w NN2>figures<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3167"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>business <w NN1>confidence <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>airport <w CJC>and <w NN1>port <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="3168"><w PRP>After <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN2>governments <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38340<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3169"><w NN1>Disagreement <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w NN1>project <w VHD>had <w VVN>soured <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w VVG>expressing <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>project <w VM0>might <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>in <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>difficulties <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w VVD>reverted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="3170"><w AT0>The <w NN1>memorandum <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>side <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>agreeing <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w CJC>and <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>.
<s n="3171"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38435<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3172"><w AJ0>Official <w AJ0>high-level <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David <w NP0>Wilson <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
<s n="3173"><w NN1-NP0>Lu <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macao <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>official <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38097-98<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3174"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>visited <w AV0>both <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38147<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w NP0>Francis <w NP0>Maude<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="3175"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w AV0>above <w PRP>for <w NN1>airport <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="3176"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>little <w NN1-VVB>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="3177"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>involuntary <w NN1>repatriation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>back<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>migrants<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>while <w XX0>not <w VVG>volunteering <w TO0>to <w VVI>return<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w AV0>nevertheless <w XX0>not <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>to <w VVG>going <w AVP>back<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="3178"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>evident <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>government <w VVD>remained <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>wary <w PRF>of <w VVG>accepting <w NN2>non-volunteers<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w NN1>condemnation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>normalize <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w DPS>its <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>involuntary <w NN1>repatriation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09G></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09G>
<s n="3179"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3180"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>economy <w VVD-VVN>performed <w AV0-AJ0>poorly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>nearly <w AV0>as <w AV0>badly <w CJS>as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>upheavals <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="3181"><w AJ0>Domestic <w NN2>exports <w VVD-VVN>performed <w AV0>badly <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-export <w NN1-VVB>trade <w AV0>partly <w VVN>compensated<c PUN>.
<s n="3182"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD>expected <w AT0>an <w NN1>upturn <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVD-VVN>proved <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>susceptible <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>circumstances <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="3183"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w VHD>had <w DT0>little <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>impact<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NN1>world <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>demand<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fear <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>banks <w VM0>would <w VVI>cut <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NN1>investment <w AV0>all <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>growth <w NN2>predictions <w VBG>being <w VVN>revised <w AV0>downwards<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1>instance <w PRP>to <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="3184"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3185"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="3186"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>3,287,263 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="3187"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>853,100,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3188"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi<c PUN>.
<s n="3189"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Hindi <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUN>, <w VVN>spoken <w PRP>by <w NN0>30%<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>; <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>languages <w VBB>are <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="3190"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Hinduism <c PUL>(<w NN0>80%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w NN0>11%<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>, <w NN1>Sikhism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Buddhism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Jainism<c PUN>.
<s n="3191"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,262,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3192"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>rupee <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=Rs25.6988 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3193"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>; <w NP0>SAARC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09H></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09H>
<s n="3194"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3195"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w VVG>comprising <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>self-governing <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w NN1>union <w NN2>territories<c PUR>) <w ORD>first <w VVD>became <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>dominion <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w CRD>1950<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>inaugurated <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>became<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w AJ0>socialist <w AJ0>secular <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="3196"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w CJC>and <w AJC>lower <w NN2>Houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>Assemblies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
<s n="3197"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>advice<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBB>are <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="3198"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>244 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha <w VBB>are <w AV0>indirectly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>assemblies <c PUL>(<w CRD>one-third <w VBG>being <w VVN>replaced <w AT0>every <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUR>) <w CJS>while <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>545-members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w VBB>are <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>adult <w NN1-VVB>suffrage<c PUN>.
<s n="3199"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>field <w VBZ>is <w VVN>divided <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-VVG>possessing <w AJ0>exclusive <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>laws <w PRP>with respect to <w NN2>matters <w VVN-VVD>grouped <w AV0>under <w CRD>97 <w NN2>headings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>including <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w NN1>citizenship <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09J></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09J>
<s n="3200"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3201"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ramaswamy <w NP0>Venkataraman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3202"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Personnel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Grievances<c PUN>; <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology<c PUN>; <w NN1>Ocean <w NN1>Development<c PUN>; <w NN1>Electronics<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>Space<c PUN>; <w NN2>Chemicals <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fertilizers<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Civil <w NN2>Supplies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Distribution <w NN1>System<c PUN>; <w NN1>Industry <c PUL>(<w AJ0>additional <w NN1>charge<c PUR>)<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3203"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Arjun <w NP0>Singh <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Resources <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Manmohan <w NP0>Singh <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Madhavsinh <w NP0>Solanki <c PUL>(<w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sharad <w NP0>Pawar <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Bakram <w NP0>Jakhar <c PUL>(<w NN1>Agriculture<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>S. <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Chavan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>M. <w NP0>L. <w NP0>Fotedar <c PUL>(<w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Family <w NN1>Welfare<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ghulam <w NN0>Bani <w NP0-NN1>Azad <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>C. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Jaffer <w NP0>Sharief <c PUL>(<w NN2>Railways<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sheila <w NP0>Kaul <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sitarem <w NP0>Kesri <c PUL>(<w NN1>Welfare<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Vijaya <w NP0>Bhaskara <w NP0>Reddy <c PUL>(<w NN1>Law<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Company <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Madhav <w NP0>Rao <w NP0>Scindia <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Aviation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Shankaranand <c PUL>(<w NN1>Petroleum <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Natural <w NN1>Gas<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PRP>V. <w NP0>C. <w NP0>Shukla <c PUL>(<w NN1>Water <w NN2>Resources<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09K></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09K>
<s n="3204"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w NP0>January <w NP0>1990-July <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3205"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>V. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh <w VVD>made <w DT0>some <w AJ0>low-level <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37346<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>expansion <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37378<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3206"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w NP0>Devi <w NP0>Lal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37653<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3207"><w NP0>Maneka <w NP0>Gandhi <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN2>Forests <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37774<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3208"><w NP0>Singh <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37854-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3209"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w VVG>following <w DPS>their <w NN1>disqualification <w PRP>from <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>anti-defection <w NN2>laws <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38005-06<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3210"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38288<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3211"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <c PUL>(<w AJ0>independent <w NN1>charge<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Ramamurthy<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38337<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09L></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09L>
<s n="3212"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3213"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NN0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>, <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Balram <w NP0-NN1>Jakhar<c PUN>, <w NP0>H. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>L. <w NP0>Bhagat<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rajendra <w NP0>Kumari <w NP0-NN1>Bajpai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Janardhan <w NP0>Poojari<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Nabi <w NP0>Azad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vithal <w NP0>Narwal <w NP0>Gadgil <w AJ0>gen. <w NN2>secs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09M></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09M>
<s n="3214"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3215"><w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Murli <w NP0>Manohar <w NP0>Joshi <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3216"><w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w NP0>JD<c PUN>, <w NP0>S. <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Bommai <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3217"><w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Marxist<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPI(M)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jyoti <w NP0-NN1>Basu<c PUN>, <w NN1>M. <w NP0-NN1>Basavapunnaiah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harkishan <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Surjeet <w NN2>ls.<c PUN>, <w NP0>E. <w NN1>M. <w NP0-NN1>Sankaran <w NP0>Namboodiripad <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3218"><w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w NN0>CPI<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indrajit <w NP0>Gupta <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3219"><w NP0>Samajwadi <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SJP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Devi <w NP0>Lal <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3220"><w NP0-NN1>Shiv <w NP0>Sena<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AV0>Forward <w NP0-NN1>Bloc<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1-NP0>Union <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>League<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3221"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>main <w AV0>regionally <w VVN>based <w NN2>parties <w VVB>include<c PUN>: <w NP0>All-India <w NP0>Anna <w NP0>Dravida <w NP0>Munnetra <w NP0>Kazhagam <c PUL>(<w NP0>AIADMK<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jayalalitha <w NP0>Jayaram <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3222"><w VVB>Asom <w NP0>Gana <w NP0>Parishad <c PUL>(<w NP0>AGP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Prafulla <w NP0>Kumar <w NP0>Mahanta <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3223"><w NP0>Dravida <w NP0>Munnetra <w NP0>Kazhagam <c PUL>(<w NP0>DMK<c PUN>, <w NP0>Muthuvel <w NP0>Karunanidhi <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nanjil <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Manogaran <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3224"><w NP0>Haryana <w NP0>Vikas <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Conference <c PUL>(<w NP0>JKNC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Farooq <w NP0>Abdullah <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3225"><w NP0>Jharkhand <w NP0>Mukti <w NP0-NN1>Morcha<c PUN>; <w VVB>Manipur <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w NP0>Nagaland <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council<c PUN>; <w NP0>Shiromani <w NP0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w NP0>Simranjit <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Mann <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3226"><w VVB>Sikkim <w NP0>Sangram <w NP0>Parishad<c PUN>; <w NP0>Telegu <w NP0>Desam <c PUL>(<w NN1>TD<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nandmuri <w NP0>Tarak <w NP0>Rama <w NP0>Rao <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Upendra <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09N></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09N>
<s n="3227"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3228"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38175-76<c PUN>; <w CRD>38286-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09P></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09P>
<s n="3229"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3230"><w PRP>V. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>s <w NN1>minority <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w NN1>government <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>11 <w NN2>months <w PRP>after <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="3231"><w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w NN1>office <w VVG>promising <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>value-based <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>departed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unprecedented <w AJ0>social<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>turmoil<c PUN>.
<s n="3232"><w NP0>Singh <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>arch-rival<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w VVG>courting <w AJ0>anti-Singh <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal<c PUN>.
<s n="3233"><w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar <w VVD>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>outside<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>small <w NN1>band <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>outset <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>weak <w CJC>and <w AJ0>beholden <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>patron<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3234"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Singh <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>ultimately <w VVN>brought <w AVP>about <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-running<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>temple-mosque<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3235"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w AV0>markedly <w CJS>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>job <w NN2>reservations <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37653<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3236"><w AT0>The <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reserve <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>for <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN2>castes<c PUN>, <w VVD>provoked <w AJ0>caste-based <w NN1>violence <w PRP>across <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>measure <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>low-caste <w NN1>south<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>provided <w AT0>an <w NN1>issue <w PRP>around <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Singh<w POS>'s <w NN2>opponents <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w VM0>could <w VVI>coalesce<c PUN>.
<s n="3237"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>for <w NP0>Devi <w NP0>Lal<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w NP0>Singh <w VHD>had <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>rally <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37710-11<c PUN>; <w CRD>37774-75<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3238"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>radical <w NP0>Vishwa <w NP0>Hindi <w NP0>Parishad <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>march <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ayodhya <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>temple <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disused <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>mosque <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="3239"><w AT0>The <w NP0>BJP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>L. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Advani<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>embarked <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w VVD>provoked <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w NP0>Singh<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37774<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3240"><w AT0>The <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0>BJP <w VVB-NN1>support <w AJ0>intensified <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>quickly <w VVD>split <w PRP>into <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
<s n="3241"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w NP0>Singh<w POS>'s <w AJ0>beleaguered <w NN1>government <w VVD>lost <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha<c PUN>.
<s n="3242"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi <w VVD>refused<c PUN>, <w VVG>offering <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar<w POS>'s <w NN2>rebels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37854<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3243"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ayodhya <w NN1>issue <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>during <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0-AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w CRD>thousand <w NN0>people <w VBG>being <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>violence <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="3244"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VVN-VVD>calmed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>Moslems <w CJC>and <w NN2>Hindus <w VVN-VVD>entered <w PRP>into <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3245"><w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar<w POS>'s <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>at <w VVG>keeping <w DPS>his <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w AJ0>afloat <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3246"><w PNP>He <w VVD>resigned<c PUN>, <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>price <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>support <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38101<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3247"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w AVP>on <w PRP>as <w NN1>caretaker <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="3248"><w VVG-NN1>Voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VVD>started <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-May <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>separatists <w CJS>while <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38175<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3249"><w NN1>Voting <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>victor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38286-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3250"><w AT0>The <w NN1>victory <w VBD>was <w AJ0>far <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>resounding <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>owed <w AV0>much <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>sympathy <w NN1>vote<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>aroused <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gandhi<w POS>'s <w AJ0>untimely <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="3251"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies <w VVD-VVN>gained <w AV0>only <w DT0>enough <w NN2>seats <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD-VVN>performed <w AV0>particularly <w AV0>badly <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>northern<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Hindi <w NN1>belt<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>heartlands<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>impact<c PUN>, <w AV0>eventually <w VVG-AJ0>emerging <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w VVG>gaining <w AVP-PRP>over <w CRD>one-fifth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="3252"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>victory <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN2>leaders <w VVB>set <w AVP>about <w VVG>choosing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="3253"><w AT0>The <w NN1>contest <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>within <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w PRP>between <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w NP0>Gandhi <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>president <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>widow <w NP0>Sonia <w NP0>Gandhi <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maharashtra<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sharad <w NP0-NN1>Pawar<c PUN>.
<s n="3254"><w NP0>Rao <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w CJC>and <w VVD>persuaded <w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="3255"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38337<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09R></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09R>
<s n="3256"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3257"><w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <w VVD>faltered <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVD-VVN>worsened <w AV0>considerably <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3258"><w CJS>When <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>faced <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;70,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w NN1>burden <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-standing <w NN1>foreign-exchange <w NN1>crisis <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w PRP>despite <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NP0>IMF <w NN1-VVB>package <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38006<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3259"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Rao <w NN1>government <w VVD>moved <w AV0>swiftly <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>tackle <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="3260"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rupee <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>raising <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>radical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>far-reaching <w NN1>reform <w NN2>packages <w PRP>for <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="3261"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manmohan <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w VVD>introduced <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>budget <w DTQ>which <w VVD>raised <w AJ0>corporate <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>cut <w NN1>fertilizer <w NN2>subsidies <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms<c PUR>) <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending<c PUN>.
<s n="3262"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>due to <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>pressure <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rao<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w NN2>measures <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38337<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>budget <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Singh <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37315-16<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09S></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09S>
<s n="3263"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3264"><w AJ0>External <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>tension <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>over <w NP0>Kashmir <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>37965<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38631<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3265"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VVD>improved <w AV0>greatly <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>V. <w NP0>C. <w NP0>Shukla <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
<s n="3266"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>border <w NN1>trade <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cut <w AVP>off <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1962 <w AJ0>Sino-Indian <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38006<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>issue <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3267"><w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>India <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3268"><w NP0>Kaifu <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>advised <w NP0>Singh <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>liberalize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3269"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w NP0>India <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-permanent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA09T><ptr target=HLDCA09U></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09T>
<s n="3270"><w AJ0>NORTHERN <w NN2>STATES
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA09U>
<s n="3271"><w NP0>Haryana
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3272"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Chandigarh
</p>
<p>
<s n="3273"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3274"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Bhajan <w NP0>Lal
</p>
<p>
<s n="3275"><w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Dhanik <w NP0>Lal <w NP0-NN1>Mandal <ptr target=HLDCA09V></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09V>
<s n="3276"><w NP0>Himachal <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3277"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Simla
</p>
<p>
<s n="3278"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party
</p>
<p>
<s n="3279"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Shanta <w NP0>Kumar
</p>
<p>
<s n="3280"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Virendra <w NP0>Verma <ptr target=HLDCA09W></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09W>
<s n="3281"><w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3282"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Srinagar <c PUL>(<w NN1>summer<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jammu <c PUL>(<w NN1>winter<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3283"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w PRP>Under <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule
</p>
<p>
<s n="3284"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Vacant
</p>
<p>
<s n="3285"><w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Girish <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Saksena <ptr target=HLDCA09X></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09X>
<s n="3286"><w NP0>Punjab
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3287"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Chandigarh
</p>
<p>
<s n="3288"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w PRP>Under <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule
</p>
<p>
<s n="3289"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Vacant
</p>
<p>
<s n="3290"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>O. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Malhotra <ptr target=HLDCA09Y></p>
<caption id=HLDCA09Y>
<s n="3291"><w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3292"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lucknow
</p>
<p>
<s n="3293"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party
</p>
<p>
<s n="3294"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kalyan <w NP0>Singh
</p>
<p>
<s n="3295"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Satya <w NN1-AJ0>Narain <w NP0>Reddy <ptr target=HLDCA0A0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A0>
<s n="3296"><w NP0>Haryana
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3297"><w AT0>A <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haryana<w POS>'s <w NP0>Meham <w NN1>constituency <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w DTQ>which <w AV0>seriously <w VVD>undermined <w PRP>V. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh<w POS>'s <w NN1>Union <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37315<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3298"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>contested <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w PRP>by <w NN1>Om <w NP0>Prakash <w NP0>Chauthala<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>controversial <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="3299"><w NP0-NN1>Chauthala <w VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Haryana <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>inherited <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>father<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Devi <w NP0>Lal<c PUN>.
<s n="3300"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>countermanded<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VVD-VVN>reflected <w AV0>badly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal<c PUN>.
<s n="3301"><w NN1-NP0>Chauthala <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>resigned <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Banarasi <w UNC>Das <w NP0>Gupta<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w CJS>so that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lal <w NN1>clan <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37452<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3302"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w VVD>erupted <w AV0>again <w CJS>when <w NP0>Chauthala <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-appointed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37610<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3303"><w VVG>Believing <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>deal<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>struck <w PRP>between <w NP0>Singh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lal<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN2>ministers <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN-VVD>resigned<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w NP0>Singh <w PNX>himself <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="3304"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w NP0-NN1>Chauthala <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-July<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hukam <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Devi <w NP0>Lal <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37653<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3305"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Chauthala <w VBD>was <w AV0>once again <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38101<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3306"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>command <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>majority <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3307"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haryana <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w NP0>Bhajan <w NP0>Lal <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38287<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0A1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A1>
<s n="3308"><w NP0>Himachal <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3309"><w AT0>The <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>routed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP<w POS>'s <w NP0>Shanta <w NP0>Kumar <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Virabhadra <w NP0>Singh <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37245<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3310"><w NP0>Virendra <w NP0>Verma <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Rachaiah <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>state <w NN1>governor <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0A2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A2>
<s n="3311"><w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3312"><w PRP>Throughout <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>militant <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w VVD>sustained <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in support of <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Kashmir <w CJC>or <w NN1>unification <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>.
<s n="3313"><w NP0>India <w AV0>consistently <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w NN2>militants <w VVN>trained <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>funded <w PRP-AVP>by<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>.
<s n="3314"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>claims <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w AV0>inevitably<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>severely <w AJ0>adverse <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="3315"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN2>clashes<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AJ0>serious<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>frequent <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3316"><w AJ0>Genuine <w AJ0>international <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>all-out <w NN1>war <w VVG>breaking <w AVP>out <w VBD>was <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>occasions<c PUN>.
<s n="3317"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>at <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="3318"><w CJS>Although <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1-VVG>skirmishing <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>installations <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>finalized<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3319"><w AT0>The <w NN2>militants <w VHD>had <w VVN>intensified <w DPS>their <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispatch <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>curfews <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>press <w NN2>restrictions<c PUN>.
<s n="3320"><w AV0>Early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Farooq <w NP0>Abdullah<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>resigned <w CJC>and <w NN1>Governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37183-84<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3321"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jagmohan<c PUN>, <w VVD>proceeded <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w AV0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>banned<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Hizbul <w NP0-NN1>Mujahidin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37377<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3322"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maulvi <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farooq<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>deterioration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="3323"><w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w NN2>mourners <w PRP>at <w NP0>Farooq<w POS>'s <w NN1>funeral<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>almost <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="3324"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w NP0-NN1>Jagmohan <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>state <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Girish <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Saxena<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>V. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh<w POS>'s <w NN1>security <w NN1>adviser <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37451-52<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3325"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w NN2>rebels <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>used <w NN2>rockets <w PRP>during <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>attacks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37530<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3326"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w NN1>Governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VVN-VVD>ended <w CJC>and <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed<c PUN>.
<s n="3327"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w NP0>Saxena <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1-NP0>Valley <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>disturbed <w NN1>area<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>giving <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN2>powers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37610-11<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3328"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>into <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37653<c PUN>; <w CRD>38192<c PUN>; <w CRD>38337-38<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>May-June <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>order <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38101<c PUN>; <w CRD>38151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3329"><w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w DT0>more <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38101<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38392<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0A3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A3>
<s n="3330"><w NP0>Punjab
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3331"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>concrete <w NN1>government <w NN2>initiatives<c PUN>, <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Punjab <w VVD>spiralled <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3332"><w NP0>India <w AV0>Today <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>3,560 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>between <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="3333"><w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37377<c PUN>; <w CRD>37775<c PUN>; <w CRD>38101<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3334"><w NP0>Virendra <w NP0>Verma <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Nirmal <w NP0>Mukarji <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w NP0>Verma <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>O. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Malhotra <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37530-31<c PUN>; <w CRD>37915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3335"><w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar<w POS>'s <w AJ0>short-lived <w NN1>government <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>militant <w NN2>Sikhs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="3336"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar <w VVD>met <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Simranjit <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Mann<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <w NN2>factions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3337"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Akali <w NN2>leaders <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mann<c PUN>, <w NP0>Badal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Longowal <w NN2>groups <w VVN>merged <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Shiromani <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mann <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37964<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="3338"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>months <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w NP0>Mann <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w DPS>his <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislature <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected<c PUN>.
<s n="3339"><w AV0>Little <w VVD-VVN>emerged <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Sikh <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN2>groups <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>denouncing <w NP0>Mann <w CJC>and <w VVG>rejecting <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38006<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3340"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>separatists <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN2>youths <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>for <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>offences <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3341"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>month <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>state-level <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-June<c PUN>.
<s n="3342"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AV0>less than <w CRD>30 <w NN2>hours <w PRP>before <w NN1>polling <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>start<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Election <w NN1>Commissioner <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement<c PUN>.
<s n="3343"><w PNP>He <w VVD>cited <w AT0>an <w NN1>upsurge <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>campaigning <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>trains <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>78 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38151<c PUN>; <w CRD>38287<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0A4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A4>
<s n="3344"><w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3345"><w AT0>The <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>the <w NP0>JD <w NN1>government <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mulayen <w NP0>Singh <w NP0-NN1>Yadav <w PRP>in <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3346"><w NP0>Kalyan <w NP0>Singh <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38287<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0A5><ptr target=HLDCA0A6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A5>
<s n="3347"><w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>States
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0A6>
<s n="3348"><w NP0>Arunachal <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3349"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Itanagar
</p>
<p>
<s n="3350"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3351"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gagong <w NP0-NN1>Apang
</p>
<p>
<s n="3352"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Surendra <w NP0>Nath <w NP0>Dwiwedi <ptr target=HLDCA0A7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A7>
<s n="3353"><w NP0>Assam
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3354"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Dispur
</p>
<p>
<s n="3355"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3356"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Hiteshwar <w NP0>Saikia
</p>
<p>
<s n="3357"><w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Loknath <w NP0>Mishra <ptr target=HLDCA0A8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A8>
<s n="3358"><w VVB-NN1>Bihar
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3359"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Patna
</p>
<p>
<s n="3360"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal
</p>
<p>
<s n="3361"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lallu <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0-NN1>Yadav
</p>
<p>
<s n="3362"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Shafi <w NP0-NN1>Qureshi <ptr target=HLDCA0A9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0A9>
<s n="3363"><w VVB-NN1>Manipur
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3364"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Imphal
</p>
<p>
<s n="3365"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Legislature <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Manipur <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPP<c PUR>)<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3366"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Raj <w NP0>Kumar <w NP0>Ranbir <w NP0>Singh
</p>
<p>
<s n="3367"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Chintamani <w NP0-NN1>Panigrahi <ptr target=HLDCA0AA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AA>
<s n="3368"><w NN1-NP0>Meghalaya
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3369"><w UNC>Capital:Shillong
</p>
<p>
<s n="3370"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w UNC>party:Meghalaya <w AJ0-VVN>United <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>Party
</p>
<p>
<s n="3371"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>B. <w NP0>B. <w NP0-NN1>Lyngdoh
</p>
<p>
<s n="3372"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Madhukar <w NP0-NN1>Dighe <ptr target=HLDCA0AB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AB>
<s n="3373"><w VVB-NN1>Mizoram
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3374"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Aizawl
</p>
<p>
<s n="3375"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3376"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lalthanhawla
</p>
<p>
<s n="3377"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Swaraj <w NP0>Kaushal <ptr target=HLDCA0AC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AC>
<s n="3378"><w NN1-NP0>Nagaland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3379"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kohima
</p>
<p>
<s n="3380"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Legislature <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nagaland <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NP0>Council-Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3381"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Vamuzo
</p>
<p>
<s n="3382"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NN0>M. <w CRD>M. <w NP0>Thomas <ptr target=HLDCA0AD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AD>
<s n="3383"><w NN1-NP0>Orissa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3384"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bhubaneswar
</p>
<p>
<s n="3385"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal
</p>
<p>
<s n="3386"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Biju <w NP0-NN1>Patnaik
</p>
<p>
<s n="3387"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Yagya <w NP0>Dutt <w NP0>Sharma <ptr target=HLDCA0AE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AE>
<s n="3388"><w VVB-NN1>Sikkim
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3389"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gangtok
</p>
<p>
<s n="3390"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sikkim <w NP0>Samgram <w NP0>Parishad
</p>
<p>
<s n="3391"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Nar <w NP0-NN1>Bahadur <w NP0-NN1>Bhandari
</p>
<p>
<s n="3392"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Adml. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Radhakrishnan <w NP0-NN1>Hariram <w NP0-NN1>Tahiliani <ptr target=HLDCA0AF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AF>
<s n="3393"><w NN1-NP0>Tripura
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3394"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Agartala
</p>
<p>
<s n="3395"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3396"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sudhir <w NP0>Ranjan <w NP0-NN1>Majumber
</p>
<p>
<s n="3397"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Raghunath <w NP0>Reddy <ptr target=HLDCA0AG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AG>
<s n="3398"><w NN1>West <w NP0>Bengal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3399"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Calcutta
</p>
<p>
<s n="3400"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Marxist<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3401"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jyoti <w NP0-NN1>Basu
</p>
<p>
<s n="3402"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Nurul <w NP0>Hasan <ptr target=HLDCA0AH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AH>
<s n="3403"><w NP0>Arunachal <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3404"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVD>retained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arunachal <w NP0>Pradesh <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Agong <w NP0-NN1>Apang <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37245<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3405"><w NP0>Surendra <w NP0>Nath <w NP0>Dwiwedi <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Loknath <w NP0>Mishra <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arunachal <w NP0>Pradesh <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AJ>
<s n="3406"><w NP0>Assam
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3407"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>separatist <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Assam <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULFA<c PUR>) <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>assassinations<c PUN>, <w NN2>kidnappings <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>bomb <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deteriorating <w NN1>security <w NN1>situation <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>into <w AJ0-VVG>imposing <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37854-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3408"><w AV0>Shortly <w AV0>afterwards <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>launched<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Operation <w NN1-NP0>Bajrang<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>stifling <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="3409"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>local <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>continued <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>ULFA <w VBD>was <w VVN>proscribed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37964<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3410"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w NP0-NN1>ULFA <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w VVG>entering <w PRP>into <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38006<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3411"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38101-02<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3412"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar <w AJ0-VVD>suspended <w NN1>Operation <w NN1-VVB>Bajrang <w CJS>after <w NP0-NN1>ULFA <w VVD>provided <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>disrupt <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>state-level <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3413"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>invoked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Act <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>precautionary <w NN1>measure<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38192<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3414"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hitashwar <w NP0>Saikia <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38287<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3415"><w NP0>D. <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Thakur <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Loknath <w NP0>Mishra<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AK>
<s n="3416"><w VVB-NN1>Bihar
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3417"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Janata <w AJ0-NN1>Dal-led <w NN1>coalition <w VVD-VVN>replaced <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bihar <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w VVG>following <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3418"><w NP0>Lallu <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0-NN1>Yadav <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37245<c PUN>; <w CRD>37315<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3419"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Shafi <w NP0-NN1>Qureshi <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>state <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Satya <w NN1-AJ0>Narain <w NP0>Reddy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Bihar <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Yunus <w NP0>Saleem <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38006<c PUN>; <w CRD>38102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AL>
<s n="3420"><w VVB-NN1>Manipur
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3421"><w AT0>An <w NN1-AJ0>anti-Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Legislature <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Manipur <w PRP>after <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>; <w NP0>Raj <w NP0>Kumar <w NP0>Ranbir <w NP0>Singh <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Manipur <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>R. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Jaichandra <w NP0>Singh <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37245-46<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w VVD-VVN>split <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Manipur <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38006<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AM>
<s n="3422"><w VVB-NN1>Mizoram
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3423"><w NN1-NP0>Laldenga<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Mizo <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-88<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>62<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AN>
<s n="3424"><w NN1-NP0>Nagaland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3425"><w NN2>Defections <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w DPS>its <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Legislature <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULF<c PUR>) <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>K. <w NP0>L. <w NP0>Chisi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nagaland <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="3426"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>ULF <w NN1>government <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>-NPC <w NN1>coalition <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Legislature <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Vamuzo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPC<c PUN>, <w VVD>gained <w NN1>control <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37452<c PUN>; <w CRD>37531<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AP>
<s n="3427"><w NN1-NP0>Orissa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3428"><w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w AV0>comprehensively <w AJ0-VVN>defeated <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3429"><w NP0-NN1>Biju <w NP0-NN1>Patnaik <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Hemendanda <w NP0-NN1>Biswal <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37246<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AR>
<s n="3430"><w NN1>West <w NP0>Bengal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3431"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>CPI(M) <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jyoti <w NP0-NN1>Basu <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38287<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AS><ptr target=HLDCA0AT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AS>
<s n="3432"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>STATES
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0AT>
<s n="3433"><w NN1-NP0>Goa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3434"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Proto <w NP0>Barbosa <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Churchill <w NP0>Alamao <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDF<c PUR>) <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="3435"><w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDF<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>component<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maharashtrawadi <w NP0>Gomantak <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MGP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDF<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>breakaway <w NP0>MGP <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ravi <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Naik<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37915<c PUN>; <w CRD>37964<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3436"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>B. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Goa <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0AU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AU>
<s n="3437"><w NN1-NP0>Goa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3438"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Panaji
</p>
<p>
<s n="3439"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Maharashtrawadi <w NP0>Gomantak <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3440"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ravi <w NP0>S. <w NP0-NN1>Naik
</p>
<p>
<s n="3441"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>B. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh <ptr target=HLDCA0AV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AV>
<s n="3442"><w VVB-NN1>Gujarat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3443"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gandhinagar
</p>
<p>
<s n="3444"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal
</p>
<p>
<s n="3445"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Chimanbhai <w NP0>Patel
</p>
<p>
<s n="3446"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sarup <w NP0>Singh <ptr target=HLDCA0AW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AW>
<s n="3447"><w NP0>Madhya <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3448"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bhopal
</p>
<p>
<s n="3449"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party
</p>
<p>
<s n="3450"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sunderlal <w NP0>Patwa
</p>
<p>
<s n="3451"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kunwar <w NP0>Mahmood <w NP0>Ali <ptr target=HLDCA0AX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AX>
<s n="3452"><w NP0>Maharashtra
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3453"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bombay
</p>
<p>
<s n="3454"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3455"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sudhakarrao <w NP0-NN1>Naik
</p>
<p>
<s n="3456"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>C. <w NP0>Subramaniam <ptr target=HLDCA0AY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0AY>
<s n="3457"><w NN1-NP0>Rajasthan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3458"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jaipur
</p>
<p>
<s n="3459"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party
</p>
<p>
<s n="3460"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bhairon <w NP0>Singh <w NP0-NN1>Shekhawat
</p>
<p>
<s n="3461"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Debi <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0-NN1>Chattopadhyay <ptr target=HLDCA0B0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B0>
<s n="3462"><w VVB-NN1>Gujarat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3463"><w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gujarat <w PRP>from <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w NP0>Chimanbhai <w NP0>Patel <w VVD>replaced <w NP0-NN1>Madhavsinh <w NN1-NP0>Solanki <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37245<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3464"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ahmedabad <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>some <w CRD>60 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37378<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3465"><w VVB>Sarup <w NP0>Singh <w VVD>replaced <w AJ0>Mahipal <w NN1-NP0>Shastri <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gujarat <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0B1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B1>
<s n="3466"><w NP0>Madhya <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3467"><w AT0>The <w NP0>BJP <w AJ0-VVD>defeated <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sunderlal <w NP0>Patwa <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Shyama <w NP0>Charan <w NP0>Shukla <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37245<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0B2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B2>
<s n="3468"><w NP0>Maharashtra
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3469"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVD>retained <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maharashtra <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sharad <w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>term <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37245<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3470"><w PRP>On <w VVG>resigning <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>union <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38288<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sudhakarrai <w NP0-NN1>Naik<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0B3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B3>
<s n="3471"><w NN1-NP0>Rajasthan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3472"><w AT0>The <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>replaced <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Rajashtan <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3473"><w NP0>Bhairon <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Shekhawat <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Harideo <w NP0-NN1>Joshi <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37246<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3474"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Shekhawat <w NN1>ministry <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN>necessitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN0>V. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37854<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0B4><ptr target=HLDCA0B5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B4>
<s n="3475"><w AJ0>SOUTHERN <w NN2>STATES
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0B5>
<s n="3476"><w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3477"><w UNC>Capital:Hyderabad
</p>
<p>
<s n="3478"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3479"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Janardhan <w NP0>Reddy
</p>
<p>
<s n="3480"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Krishna <w NP0-NN1>Kant <ptr target=HLDCA0B6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B6>
<s n="3481"><w NP0>Karnataka
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3482"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bangalore
</p>
<p>
<s n="3483"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3484"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Bangarappa
</p>
<p>
<s n="3485"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Khurshid <w NP0>Alam <w NP0>Khan <ptr target=HLDCA0B7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B7>
<s n="3486"><w NP0>Kerala
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3487"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Trivandrum
</p>
<p>
<s n="3488"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3489"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>K. <w NP0-NN1>Karunakaran
</p>
<p>
<s n="3490"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w ITJ>Basavaiah <w ITJ>Rachaiah <ptr target=HLDCA0B8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B8>
<s n="3491"><w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3492"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Madras
</p>
<p>
<s n="3493"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>: <w NP0>All-India <w NP0>Anna <w NP0>Dravida <w NP0>Munnetra
</p>
<p>
<s n="3494"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jayalalitha
</p>
<p>
<s n="3495"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bhishma <w NN1-AJ0>Narain <w NP0>Singh <ptr target=HLDCA0B9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0B9>
<s n="3496"><w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3497"><w AT0>A <w NN1>cyclone <w VVD>hit <w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>over <w CRD>800 <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37452<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3498"><w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>agitation <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>shrine <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VVD>fuelled <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hyderabad<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AV0>up to <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died<c PUN>.
<s n="3499"><w NP0>Marri <w NP0>Cheni <w NP0>Reddy <w VVD>resigned <w AV0>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Janardhan <w NP0>Reddy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BA>
<s n="3500"><w NP0>Karnataka
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3501"><w AT0>A <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karnataka <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>spell <w PRF>of <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3502"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crisis <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Bangarappa <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Veerendra <w NP0>Patil <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37775<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3503"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Goa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khurshid <w NP0>Alam <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NP0>Karnataka <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bhanu <w NP0>Pratap <w NP0>Singh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37964<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BB>
<s n="3504"><w NP0>Kerala
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3505"><w ITJ>Basavaiah <w NP0>Rachaiah <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Sarup <w NP0>Singh <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kerala <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3506"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>-led <w AJ0-VVD>United <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w VVD>ousted <w AT0>the <w NN0>CPI <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>M<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>-led <w AJ0-VVD>Left <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>from <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3507"><w NP0>K. <w NP0>Karunakaran <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>E. <w NP0>K. <w NP0-NN1>Nayanar <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38287<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BC>
<s n="3508"><w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3509"><w VVB>Surjit <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Barnala <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37452<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3510"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>imposed <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w VVG>giving <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>reason <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>activity <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>militants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37964<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3511"><w NP0-NN1>Barnala <w VVD>refused <w AV0>formally <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommend <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
<s n="3512"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w NP0>Barnala<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>refused <w AT0>a <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Bihar<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bhishma <w NN1-AJ0>Narain <w NP0>Singh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38006<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3513"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w AJ0>allied <w NN1-NP0>A-IADMK <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jayalalitha <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38287<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BD><ptr target=HLDCA0BE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BD>
<s n="3514"><w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN2>Territories
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0BE>
<s n="3515"><w NN1-NP0>Andaman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nicobar <w NP0>Islands
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3516"><w NN0>Headquarters<c PUN>: <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Blair
</p>
<p>
<s n="3517"><w NN1-AJ0>Lt.-Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Surjit <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Barnala <ptr target=HLDCA0BF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BF>
<s n="3518"><w NP0>Chandigarh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3519"><w NN0>Headquarters<c PUN>: <w NP0>Chandigarh <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Punjab <w CJC>and <w NP0>Haryana <w VVZ-NN2>states
</p>
<p>
<s n="3520"><w NN1>Administrator<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>O. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Malhotra <ptr target=HLDCA0BG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BG>
<s n="3521"><w NN1-NP0>Dadra <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nagar <w NN1>Haveli
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3522"><w NN0>Headquarters<c PUN>: <w NP0>Silvassa
</p>
<p>
<s n="3523"><w NN1>Administrator<c PUN>: <w NP0>Khurshid <w NP0>Alam <w NP0>Khan <ptr target=HLDCA0BH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BH>
<s n="3524"><w NN1-NP0>Daman <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Diu
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3525"><w NN0>Headquarters<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Daman
</p>
<p>
<s n="3526"><w NN1>Administrator<c PUN>: <w NP0>Khurshid <w NP0>Alam <w NP0>Khan <ptr target=HLDCA0BJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BJ>
<s n="3527"><w NP0>Delhi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3528"><w NN0>Headquarters<c PUN>: <w NP0>Delhi
</p>
<p>
<s n="3529"><w NN1-AJ0>Lt.-Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Markandey <w NP0>Singh <ptr target=HLDCA0BK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BK>
<s n="3530"><w VVB-NN1>Lakshadweep
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3531"><w NN0>Headquarters<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Kavaratti
</p>
<p>
<s n="3532"><w NN1>Administrator<c PUN>: <w NP0>J. <w NP0-NN1>Sagar <ptr target=HLDCA0BL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BL>
<s n="3533"><w NP0>Pondicherry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3534"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pondicherry
</p>
<p>
<s n="3535"><w NN1-AJ0>Lt.-Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Har <w NP0>Sarup <w NP0>Singh <ptr target=HLDCA0BM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BM>
<s n="3536"><w NN1-NP0>Andaman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nicobar <w NP0>Islands
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3537"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Surjit <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Barnala<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Administrator <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Andaman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nicobar <w NP0>Islands <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Lt.-Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>R. <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Dyal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BN>
<s n="3538"><w NP0>Delhi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3539"><w NP0>Markandey <w NP0>Singh <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Arjan <w NP0>Singh <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Lt.-Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BP>
<s n="3540"><w VVB-NN1>Lakshadweep
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3541"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>for <w CRD>10 <w NN1>island <w NN2>councils <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Lakshadweep <w PRP>in <w CRD>1956<c PUN>.
<s n="3542"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>79 <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>contested <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>inhabited <w NN2>islands<c PUN>.
<s n="3543"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>25-member <w NP0>Pradesh <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>created <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>21 <w NN2>members <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w NN2>councils<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN1>representative <c PUL>(<w NN0>P. <w CRD>M. <w NP0>Sayeed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Administrator <c PUL>(<w NP0>J. <w NP0>Sagar<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Collector <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>female <w NN1>representative<c PUN>.
<s n="3544"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-legislative <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>discuss <w CJC>and <w VVI>make <w NN2>recommendations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Administrator <w PRP>on <w NN2>matters <w PRF>of <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BR>
<s n="3545"><w NP0>Pondicherry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3546"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>Chandravati <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NP0>Lieutenant <w NP0>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pondicherry<c PUN>.
<s n="3547"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w NN1>union <w NN1-AJ0>territory-level <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>DMK-led <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>ministership <w PRF>of <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Ramachandran <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37246<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3548"><w NP0>Chandravati <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS>as <w NP0>Lieutenant <w NP0>Governor <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>by <w NP0>Har <w NP0>Sarup <w NP0>Singh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3549"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>DMK-JD <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pondicherry <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CJC>and <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3550"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-member <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>ministry <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN0>V. <w NN1-NP0>Vaithilingam <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38287<c PUN>; <w CRD>38338<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="3551"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3552"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="3553"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,904,569 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="3554"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>184,300,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3555"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jakarta <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Java<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3556"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bahasa <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AV0>about <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>languages<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN0>Javanese<c PUN>.
<s n="3557"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w NN0>78%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w NN0>11%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Hinduism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>.
<s n="3558"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>283,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3559"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN0>rupiah <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=Rp1966.94 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3560"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>ICO<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>; <w NP0>OPEC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BS>
<s n="3561"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3562"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w VVG>comprising <w DT0>some <w CRD>13,700 <w NN2>islands <w VVN>known <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1949 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>East <w NP0>Indies<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unitary <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>power <w VVZ>resides <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>governs <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>assistance <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="3563"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w UNC>1,000-member <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0>Majelis <w NP0>Permusyawaratan <w NP0-NN1>Rakyat <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>MPR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3564"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPR<w POS>'s <w NN2>members <w CRD>500 <w VBB>are <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dewan <w NP0>Perwakilan <w NP0-NN1>Rakyat <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>DPR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>organ<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>500 <w VBB>are <w NN1>government <w NN2>appointees <c PUL>(<w AV0>often <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>delegates <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>assemblies <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w PRP>in proportion to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>elective <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>DPR<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BT>
<s n="3565"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3566"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Suharto <w VHZ>has <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>since <w CRD>1968<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3567"><w NN1>Vice-President <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Sudharmono<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3568"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Adml. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Sudomo <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Radius <w NP0>Prawiro <c PUL>(<w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Supervision<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Supardjo <w NP0-NN1>Rustam <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Welfare<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Rudini <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Alatas <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>L. <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Murdani <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>J. <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Sumarlin <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Arifin <w NP0>Siregar <c PUL>(<w NN1>Trade<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Wardoyo <c PUL>(<w NN1>Agriculture<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="3569"><w NP0>Sugiarto <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transmigration<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3570"><w AJ0-VVG>Leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Try <w NP0>Sutrisno <c PUL>(<w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>; <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Reinforcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Stability <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Bakorstranas<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="3571"><w NP0>Edi <w NP0>Sudrajat <c PUL>(<w NN1>Army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BU>
<s n="3572"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>to <w CRD>mid-1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3573"><w AT0>No <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BV>
<s n="3574"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3575"><w VVB>Sekretariat <w NP0>Bersama <w NP0>Golongan <w NP0>Karya <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sekber <w NP0-NN1>Golkar <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Secretariat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Functional <w NN2>Groups<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Suharto <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Wahono <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rachmat <w NP0>Witoelar <c PUL>(<w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BW>
<s n="3576"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3577"><w NP0>Partai <w NP0>Demokrasi <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDI<c PUN>, <w NP0>Soerjadi <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nico <w NP0-NN1>Daryanto <w NN0>s.g<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3578"><w NP0>Partai <w NP0>Persatuan <w NP0-NN1>Pembangunan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ismael <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Metareum <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mardinsyah <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3579"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN2>groups <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>: <w NP0>Frente <w NP0>Revolucionario <w UNC>de <w UNC>Este <w NP0>Timor <w NP0>Independente <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fretilin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Ramos <w NP0>Horta <w NN1>sec. <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Xanana <w NP0>Gusmao <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commdr<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3580"><w NP0>Organisasi <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>Merdeka <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPM<c PUN>, <w NP0>Elky <w NP0>Bemei <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="3581"><w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Aceh <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Disturbance <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w NP0>GPK<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3582"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>PKI<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>banned <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>frequently <w VVZ>executes <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1960s<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BX>
<s n="3583"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3584"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>DPR <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35326<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0BY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0BY>
<s n="3585"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3586"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>activity <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="3587"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>as to <w CJS>whether <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w VM0>would <w VVI>run <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as to <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVD>decided <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>run<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>succeed <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="3588"><w NP0-NN1>Suharto<w POS>'s <w NN2>pronouncements<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVN>clouded <w PRP>in <w AJ0>typical <w NN1>ambiguity<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="3589"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>key-note <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Day <w NN1-VVB>address <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w NP0-NN1>Suharto <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w NN2>moves <w PRP>towards <w AJC>greater <w NN1>openness <w CJC>and <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="3590"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w PNP>he <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>organization <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>Intellectuals<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>united <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>spectrum <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37919<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3591"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>a <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>Forum <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>intellectuals <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Abdurraham <w NP0>Wahid<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nahdatul <w NP0>Ulama<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>group <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38149<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3592"><w NP0-NN1>Suharto<w POS>'s <w NN1>advancement <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-democratic <w NN1>line <w VBD>was <w AV0>in part <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>ABRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3593"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>younger <w NN1-AJ0>ABRI <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w AJ0>eager <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>military<w POS>'s <w AJ0>dual <w AJ0>military/political <w NN1>function<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>project <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>image<c PUN>.
<s n="3594"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>appease <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w NN2>ABRI <w VVG>opposing <w DPS>his <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w NP0>Suharto <w VVD>released <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Hartono <w NP0>Resko <w NP0-NN1>Dharsono<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>celebrated <w NN1>dissident<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37715<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3595"><w NN1-NP0>Dharsono<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Petition <w PRF>of <w CRD>50<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33286-87<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3596"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <c PUL>(<w AV0>immediately <w PRP>prior to <w NP0-NN1>Suharto<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Day <w NN1>speech<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>Indonesians<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Petition <w PRF>of <w CRD>50<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1-VVB>demand <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Suharto <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>permit <w AJC>greater <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3597"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>openness <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>subversives <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>closures <w PRF>of <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>.
<s n="3598"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>atmosphere <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>fostered <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w NN2>repercussions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
<s n="3599"><w NN1>Criticism <w VBD>was <w VVN>levelled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>expanded <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>growing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>poorer <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
<s n="3600"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>moreover<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>element <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>criticisms<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w AJ0>private <w NN2>businesses <w VBD>were <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese<c PUN>.
<s n="3601"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>element <w CJS>in that <w AT0>the <w NN2>criticisms <w VVD>contained <w AT0>an <w AJ0>implicit <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>extraordinarily <w AJ0>large <w CJC>and <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>business <w NN1>empire <w VVD-VVN>built <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NP0>Suharto<w POS>'s <w NN1>family <w CJC>and <w AJ0>close <w NN2>associates<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C0>
<s n="3602"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3603"><w NN1>Unrest <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVG>maintaining <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w NP0>Fretilin <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
<s n="3604"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w NP0>Fretilin <w VVD>offered <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AJ0>unconditional <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w AV0>outright <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="3605"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w AJ0-VVD>issued <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w VVG>detailing <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>detention <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>torture <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38011<c PUN>; <w CRD>38397<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3606"><w AT0>The <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVD-AJ0>continued <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>OPM <w PRP>in <w NP0>Irian <w NP0>Jaya<c PUN>.
<s n="3607"><w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>cross-border <w NN2>raids <w PRP>into <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1990 <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>capturing <w AJ0>OPM <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN1>friction <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="3608"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN2>raids <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>warm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN1>border <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="3609"><w AT0>The <w NN1>friction <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>raids <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>prevent <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w VVG>deporting <w AT0>the <w VVN>captured <w AJ0>OPM <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Mecky <w NP0-NN1>Salosa <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Irian <w NN1>capital <w NN1-NP0>Jayapura <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3610"><w NN1>Unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Aceh <w NN1>province <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>tip <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sumatra <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>insurgents <c PUL>(<w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Aceh <w NN1>Movement<c PUR>) <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>police <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>security <w NN1>operation <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>.
<s n="3611"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>12,000 <w NN2>troops <w AJ0>active <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="3612"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>crackdown <w VVD>caused <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>Acehnese <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w PRP>to <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3613"><w AT0>A <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>executed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38011<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3614"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>PKI <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1960s <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C1>
<s n="3615"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3616"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w PRP>as <w AJ0>deregulatory <w NN2>reforms <w VVD>took <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
<s n="3617"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>introduced <w AJ0>new <w NN2>packages <w PRF>of <w NN1>tariff <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w NN1>trade <w NN2>barriers<c PUN>.
<s n="3618"><w NN1>Inflation <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>concern <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AV0>just <w AV0>under <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="3619"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>restricted <w NN1>growth <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>6.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>percentage <w NN1-VVB>point <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>figure<c PUN>.
<s n="3620"><w VVG-AJ0>Rising <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>assured <w AJ0>short-term <w NN2>gains <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>alarmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>primary <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>goal <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>non-oil <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3621"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1991/92 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>DPR <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37962<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3622"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Intergovernment <w NN1>Group <w PRP>for <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>IGGI<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w UNC>US&dollar;4,750 <w CRD>million <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38294<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C2>
<s n="3623"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3624"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN1>event <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>.
<s n="3625"><w NN2>Relations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1967 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>22278-79<c PUN>; <w CRD>22482<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3626"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>22482<c PUN>; <w CRD>37612<c PUN>; <w CRD>37861<c PUN>; <w CRD>38294<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3627"><w NP0>Indonesia <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="3628"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3629"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="3630"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>377,815 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="3631"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>123,611,541 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3632"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Tokyo<c PUN>.
<s n="3633"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese<c PUN>.
<s n="3634"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>.
<s n="3635"><w NN1>Shintoism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>; <w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w NN1>minority<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3636"><w NN1>Self <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>249,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3637"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=132.772 <w VVB>yen <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3638"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C3>
<s n="3639"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3640"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarchy<c PUN>.
<s n="3641"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>popularly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w AJ0>bicameral <w NN1>Diet <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>512-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w CRD>252 <w NN2>members <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>half <w VBG>being <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>re-election <w AT0>every <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C4>
<s n="3642"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3643"><w NN1>Emperor<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Tsegu <w AT0>no <w NP0>Miya <w NP0-NN1>Akihito<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3644"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3645"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Takashi <w NP0>Tawara <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tsutomu <w NP0>Hata <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>Finance <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>as <w VVN>given <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38558<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Kunio <w NP0>Hatoyama<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AV0>also <w AV0>erroneously <w VVN>listed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C5>
<s n="3646"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3647"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37238<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37715<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37917<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C6>
<s n="3648"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3649"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w NN0>l.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keizo <w NP0>Obuchi <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>) <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>formation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1955<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C7>
<s n="3650"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3651"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keigo <w NP0>Oouchi <w NN1>ch<c PUN>; <w NP0>Takahi <w NP0>Yonezawa <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>) <w VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1960 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>JCP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenji <w NP0-NN1>Miyamoto <w NN1>ch. <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Committee<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Komeito <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Clean <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Koshiro <w NP0>Ishida <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.
<s n="3652"><w NP0>Yuichi <w NP0>Ichikawa <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Buddhist-based <w NN1>party <w VVN-VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1960<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDPJ<c PUN>, <w NP0>Makouti <w NP0>Tanabe <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Takako <w NP0>Doi <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38292<c PUN>; <w CRD>38343<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3653"><w AV0>Formerly <w VVN>called <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ <w VVZ>constitutes <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C8>
<s n="3654"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3655"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LDP <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37237-38<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3656"><w NN1-NP0>Miyazawa <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38558<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>succeeding <w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w DT0>both <w NN2>posts <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>August <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36849-50<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0C9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0C9>
<s n="3657"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3658"><w CRD>1990 <w VVD>began <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comfortable <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="3659"><w AT0>The <w NN1>contest <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>test <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="3660"><w AT0>The <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN2>scandals <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unpopular <w NN1>consumption <w NN1>tax<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>35-year <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unbroken <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVG>approaching <w DPS>its <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="3661"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>results <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NP0>LPD<w POS>'s <w NN1>primacy <w CJC>and <w VVD>boosted <w AT0>the <w NN1>image <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Kaifu<c PUN>.
<s n="3662"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>local <w NN1>organization <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0-NN1>fund-raising <w NN1>ability<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3663"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>result <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>reflected <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ <c PUL>(<w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NP0>JSP<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>s <w NN1>inability <w TO0>to <w VVI>field <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="3664"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVD>ran <w AV0>only <w CRD>148 <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>136 <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w NN1>proportion <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>far <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>257 <w NN2>seats <w VVN>required <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>512-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="3665"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>SDPJ <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Takako <w NP0>Doi <w VHD>had <w VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>field <w DT0>more <w NN2>candidates <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w AV0>so <w VDG>doing <w PRP>by <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w VVG>sitting <w AJ0>socialist <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>.
<s n="3666"><w DPS>Her <w AJ0>original <w NN1-VVB>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w CRD>two <w NN2>candidates <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>130 <w AJ0>multi-member <w NN2>constituencies <w VBD>was <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>split <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3667"><w PRP>In <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w DT0>each <w AJ0-VVD>lost <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>JCP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>DSP <w DT0>each <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w AJ0>20-seat <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>threshold <w VVN>required <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="3668"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>failure <w AV0>also <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w VVG>creating <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3669"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w NN1>result <w VVD>enhanced <w AT0>the <w NN1>stature <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kaifu <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="3670"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w AV0>possibly <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="3671"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kaifu <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>lead <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w NN2>factions <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w AV0>never <w VBI>be <w AV0>entirely <w AJ0>secure<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>vulnerable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>will <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>factional <w NN2>power-brokers<c PUN>.
<s n="3672"><w DT0>This <w NN1>vulnerability <w VVN>increased <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>grappled <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>complex <w NN2>problems <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38528-29<c PUN>; <w CRD>38558<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CA>
<s n="3673"><w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3674"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>problems <w VVN>faced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kaifu <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="3675"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>cautiously <w VVN>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>plan <w VVN>suggested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Election <w NN1>System <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>body <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="3676"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>current <w CRD>130 <w NN2>constituencies <c PUL>(<w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>up to <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w CRD>300 <w AJ0>single-member <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>200 <w NN2>seats <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
<s n="3677"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rationale <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>money <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37237-38<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3678"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>could <w AV0>best <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>by <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>compete <w PRP>with <w PNX>each other <w PRP>in <w NN1>multimember <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>reducing <w DPS>their <w VVB>need <w VVB>spend <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>sums <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="3679"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w DT0>many <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w PNQ>who <w VVD>treated <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>with <w AJ0>great <w NN1>suspicion<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VVD>worked <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w CJC>and <w VVI>discredit <w PNP>them <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
<s n="3680"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AV0>also <w VVD>disapproved <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>change<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w AV0>conversely <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>hold <w PRP>on <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3681"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w NN1>problem <w TO0>to <w VVI>confront <w NP0>Kaifu <w VVD>stemmed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3682"><w PRP>Under <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kaifu <w VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>effort <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>drew <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>non-combatants <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Self <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w AJ0>allied <w NN2>forces <w VBG>being <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="3683"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>involved <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>forces <w PRP>since <w CRD>1945<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional <c PUL>(<w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w NN1>Article <w CRD>9 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>post-war <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>prohibited <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>defence<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN2>neighbours <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>undesirable <w NN1>manifestation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nascent <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>militarism<c PUN>.
<s n="3684"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>resolute <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37859<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3685"><w PRP>Under <w AJ0>increased <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kaifu <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN0>&dollar;9,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="3686"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tough <w NP0>SDPJ <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>damaging <w NN1>debate <w DTQ>which <w AV0>further <w VVD>undermined <w NP0>Kaifu<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
<s n="3687"><w AV0>Once again<c PUN>, <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>war-effort <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>defeated <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38010-11<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3688"><w VVN>Damaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <w CJC>and <w AV0>still <w PRP>without <w VHG>having <w VVN>achieved <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kaifu<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>looked <w AV0>considerably <w AV0>less <w AJ0>secure <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="3689"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>faltering <w NN1>authority <w VBD>was <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w PRP>upon <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w AJ0>factional <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="3690"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LDP <w AV0>also <w VVD>suffered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w NP0>Hishashi <w NP0-NN1>Shinto<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>industrialists<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>suspended <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37780<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Toshiyuki <w NP0>Inamura<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37917<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CB>
<s n="3691"><w NN1>Enthronement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Emperor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3692"><w CJS>Although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>rioters <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Osaka <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37780<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>fewer <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>radical <w AJ0-NN1>left <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>disrupt <w AT0>the <w NN1>enthronement <w NN1>ceremony <w PRF>of <w NP0>Emperor <w NP0>Akihito<c PUN>.
<s n="3693"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceremony<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w AJ0-NN1>Daijosai <w NN1>ritual <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>Shinto <w NN2>rites <w CJC>and <w NN2>implications <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imperial <w NN1>divinity<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>passed <w AVP>off <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>disturbances <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37859<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CC>
<s n="3694"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3695"><w NP0>Kaifu<w POS>'s <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>term <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w VVD-VVN>brightened <w AV0>considerably <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>LDP <w NN2>successes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38147-48<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AV0>both <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>held<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3696"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SDPJ <w VVD>lost <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJS>worst <w VVG-NN1>showing <w PRP>since <w CRD>1955<c PUN>.
<s n="3697"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Doi <w VVD>announced <w DPS>her <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>became <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Tanabe <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>her <w NN1>replacement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38292<c PUN>; <w CRD>38343<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3698"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w NN1>setback <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VBD>was <w DPS>its <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shunichi <w NP0>Suzuki<c PUN>, <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>DSP <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Komeito<c PUN>.
<s n="3699"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>struck <w PRP>by <w AV0>then <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Ichiro <w NP0>Ozawa <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w VVG>approving <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
<s n="3700"><w CJS>When <w NP0>Suzuki <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG>receiving <w AV0>almost <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ozawa <w VVD>resigned<c PUN>.
<s n="3701"><w DPS>His <w NN1>loss <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>blow <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kaifu <w CJS>as <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w VVD>fell <w AT0>the <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w VVG>forging <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>working <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DSP <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Komeito<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3702"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>scandal <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>emerge <w VVG>involving <w NN2>securities <w NN2>dealers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>compensation <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>favoured <w NN2>clients <w PRP>for <w NN2>losses <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>through <w VVG>taking <w DPS>their <w NN1>advice<c PUN>.
<s n="3703"><w PRP>In the light of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>emerging <w NN1>scandal <w NP0>Kaifu <w VVD>pinned <w DPS>his <w NN2>hopes <w PRF>of <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w CRD>two <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>troops <w AV0>abroad <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>perform <w AJ0-NN1>peace-keeping <w CJC>or <w AJ0>disaster-relief <w NN2>roles<c PUN>.
<s n="3704"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>regulation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Komeito <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>DSP<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unknown <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kaifu <w PRP>within <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>far from <w AJ0>certain <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VM0>would <w VVI>succeed <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>aims<c PUN>.
<s n="3705"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>uncertain <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w NN1>extent <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w NN2>factions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kaifu <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="3706"><w DT0>This <w NN1>uncertainty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shintaro <w NP0>Abe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
<s n="3707"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hiroshi <w NP0>Mitsuzuka <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38191<c PUN>; <w CRD>38292<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Diet <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38342<c PUN>; <w CRD>38397-98<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kaifu <w PRP>by <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38528-29<c PUN>; <w CRD>38558<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CD>
<s n="3708"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3709"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>slump <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>equity <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>economy <w VVD>grew <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>year <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3710"><w AJ0>Real <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>5.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="3711"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>engines <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w VBD>were <w AJ0>capital <w NN1>spending <c PUL>(<w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w AJ0>Structural <w NN2>Impediments <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SII<c PUR>) <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>36892<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VVD>committed <w PNX>itself <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend <w CRD>430,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;3,200,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>consumption <c PUL>(<w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>demand <w VVD>rose <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>almost <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3712"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w CRD>2.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w NN1>figure <w PRP>since <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CRD>1980<c PUN>.
<s n="3713"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w CRD>3.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3714"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AJ0>private <w NN1>consumption <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unpopular <w NN1>consumption <w NN1>tax<c PUN>.
<s n="3715"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1990 <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN2>cars<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>video <w NN2>cameras <w CJC>and <w NN1>leisure <w AJ0-VVD>related <w NN2>services <w VVD>boomed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>consumers <w VVD-VVN>found <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>with <w AJC>higher <w AJ0>disposable <w NN2>incomes <w PRP>because of <w NN1>wage <w NN2-VVZ>increases <w VVG>averaging <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w VVB>double <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3716"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>industries <w DTQ>which <w VVD>performed <w AV0>best <w VBD>were <w NN1-VVG>shipbuilding <w CJC>and <w NN1>construction<c PUN>.
<s n="3717"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>companies <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w NN1>shipbuilding <w NN2>orders <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN2>vessels <w VVG>totalling <w CRD>9,700,000 <w CRD>gross <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w AV0>double <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w CJS>although <w NN2>orders <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>were <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>3,000,000 <w CRD>gross <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w NN2>shipbuilders<w POS>' <w NN1>order <w NN2>books <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>full <w PRP>until <w AV0>well <w PRP>into <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="3718"><w DT0>This<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>doubling <w PRF>of <w NN1>ship <w NN2>prices <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989-90<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>top <w CRD>seven <w NN1>shipbuilding <w VVZ-NN2>concerns <w AJ0-VVD>recorded <w NN2>profits <w PRP>after <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN2>losses<c PUN>.
<s n="3719"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w NN1>industry <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NN1>backlog <w NN1-VVB>work <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN1>spending <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>predictions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>growth <w AV0>at least <w PRP>until <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3720"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w VVD>fell <w PRP>from <w AV0>almost <w UNC>US&dollar;77,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;64,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>current-account <w NN1>surplus <w VVD>fell <w PRP>from <w AV0>almost <w NN0>&dollar;57,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;35,800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="3721"><w CJS>Although <w NN2>exports <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>up <w CRD>3.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w NN0>&dollar;280,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w NN2>imports <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>12.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;216,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>because of <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AJ0>imported <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>production <w AV0>also <w VVN>increased<c PUN>.
<s n="3722"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>on <w AJ0>invisible <w NN2>items <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>46 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;22,600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>Japanese <w VVN>made <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>visits<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CE>
<s n="3723"><w NN1>Collapse <w PRF>of <w NN2>equities <w NN1-VVB>market
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3724"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector <w VVD>showed <w DPS>its <w AJ0>usual <w AJ0>robust <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>saw <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>volatility <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>equities <w VVG>plunging <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="3725"><w VVZ-NN2>Hopes <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w VM0>would <w VVI>stabilize <w AT0>the <w NN2>markets <w VVD-VVN>proved <w AJ0>unfounded<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>(<w NP0>BoJ<c PUR>) <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NN1>Discount <w NN1>Rate <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODR <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>BoJ <w VVD>lent <w NN1>money <w PRP>to <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>1 <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w PRP>to <w CRD>5.25 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="3726"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w NN1>depreciation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVB>dampen <w AJ0>inflationary <w NN1>pressure <w CJC>and <w VVB>restore <w NN1>investor <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>.
<s n="3727"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJC>further <w AJ0>sharp <w NN2>falls <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN2>shares <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>yen<c PUN>.
<s n="3728"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN2>prices <w VVD>fell <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>almost <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>points <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nikkei <w AJ0-NN1>Average <w NN1>index <w VVD>plummeted <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,987.30 <w NN2-VVZ>points <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w PRP>at <w CRD>28,002.07 <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>record <w NN1>high <w PRF>of <w CRD>38,915.87 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3729"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>, <w VVN>exceeded <w AV0-AJ0>only <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>3,836 <w NN1-VVB>point <w NN1-VVB>crash <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Black <w NP0>Monday<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3730"><w AT0>The <w NN1>slump <w VVN-VVD>slowed <w PRP>in <w NN1>pace <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>evident <w PRP>for <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ODR <w VBD>was <w VVN>raised <w PRP>to <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="3731"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NN1>index <w VVD>fell <w AV0>below <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>points<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN1>intervention <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="3732"><w AT0>The <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>equity <w NN1>collapse <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>big <w CRD>four <w NN2>securities <w NN2>brokers <w VVD>declared <w DPS>their <w AJS>worst <w NN2>profits <w PRP>since <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>oil <w NN1>shock<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w CRD>1973<c PUN>.
<s n="3733"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AJ0>pre-tax <w NN2>profits <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w VVD-VVN>ranged <w PRP>from <w CRD>55.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nomura <w NN2>Securities<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>trader<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>74.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nikko <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Yamaichi <w NN2>Securities<c PUN>.
<s n="3734"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>slump <w PRP>in <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w VVN-VVD>affected <w AT0>the <w NN1>ability <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w AV0>at large <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>limited<c PUN>.
<s n="3735"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>losers <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>banks <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high <w NN1>asset <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>share <w NN2>holdings <w AV0>greatly <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>.
<s n="3736"><w VVZ-NN2>Fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>share <w NN1>slump <w VM0>would <w VVI>drag <w AVP>down <w NN1>land <w NN2>prices <w VVD-VVN>proved <w AJ0>unfounded<c PUN>, <w AJ0>official <w NN2>figures <w VVG>showing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>average <w AJ0>national <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>land <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="3737"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1>evidence <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>land <w NN2>prices <w VHD>had <w VVN>levelled <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>even <w VVN>begun <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CF>
<s n="3738"><w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>budgets
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3739"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w CRD>66,236,791 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3740"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NP0>February <w NN1>election <w VHD>had <w VVN>delayed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<w POS>'s <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN2>measures <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="3741"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>predicted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VM0>would <w VVI>grow <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="3742"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<w POS>'s <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVD>totalled <w CRD>70,347,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>6.2 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3743"><w PNP>It <w VVD>planned <w AT0>a <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works <c PUL>(<w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>SII <w NN1-VVB>deal<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>encouraged <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>by <w AV0>around <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="3744"><w NN1>Debt <w NN1-VVG>servicing <w NN2>expenses <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w CRD>10.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w CRD>22.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>account <w NN2>outlays<c PUN>.
<s n="3745"><w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w VVD>attributed <w DT0>this <w NN1>increase <w PRP>to <w AJC>higher <w NN1>interest <w NN2>payments <w PRP>on <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>government <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3746"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>spending <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w NN1>percentage <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>since <w CRD>1960<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>percentage <w NN1-VVB>point <w AJC>lower <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>increase<c PUN>.
<s n="3747"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w AV0>specifically <w VVD-VVN>related <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>increase <w PRP>for <w NN1>defence <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>bloc <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>.
<s n="3748"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>expenditure <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991-95 <w NN1-AJ0>medium-term <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w AJ0>operational <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3749"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>budgeted <w TO0>to <w VVI>cost <w CRD>22,750,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>average <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="3750"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w AV0>more than <w CRD>2 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w DT0>this <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w AJC>higher <w NN2>personnel <w NN2-VVZ>costs <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NN2>contracts <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>during <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3751"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>spending <w VBD>was <w VVN>calculated <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>at <w CRD>0.951 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>projected <w NN1>GNP<c PUN>, <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w AV0>only <w PRP>between <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989 <w VHD>had <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w VVD>exceeded <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GNP<c PUN>.
<s n="3752"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>US <w NN2>forces <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>from <w CRD>168,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w CRD>177,500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CG>
<s n="3753"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3754"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>were <w VVN>bound <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVG>appearing <w TO0>to <w VVI>want <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>(<w DT0>both <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>operation <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>upkeep <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>forces <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<c PUR>) <w CJS>while <w AV0>also <w VVG-AJ0>seeming <w AJ0-NN1>unenthusiastic <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <w AV0>actually <w VVG-AJ0>deploying <w NN2>forces <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>.
<s n="3755"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVN>achieved <w DT0>some <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sphere <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AV0>traditionally <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>irritation<c PUN>.
<s n="3756"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Kaifu <w VVD>met <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AJ0>various <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>markets <w VBD>were <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>.
<s n="3757"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Structural <w NN2>Impediments <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SII<c PUR>) <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>locating <w CJC>and <w VVG>removing <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>causes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>considerable <w AJ0-NN1>US-Japanese <w NN1>trade <w NN1>imbalance <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37376-77<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3758"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w VVG>opening <w DPS>its <w NN1>rice <w NN1>market <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>imports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>bitter <w CJC>and <w AJ0>protracted <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w VVZ-NN2>disputes <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="3759"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>political <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>constituted <w DT0>some <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w CJC>and <w VVD>exerted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>influence <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN2>anomalies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0-NN1>close <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>meant<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports <w VBD>were <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>denied<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w AJ0>forthcoming<c PUN>.
<s n="3760"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Kaifu <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>Import <w NN1>Board<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>SII <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VHD>had <w VVN>amounted <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;41,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NP0>US <w NN1>deficit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38148<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3761"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w CRD>1986 <w NN1>microchip <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38292<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>finalized <w AT0>a <w NN1>pact <w VVG>granting <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>construction <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="3762"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w NP0>Kaifu <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>holiday <w AV0>home <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maine <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38341-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3763"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>attendant <w NN1>debate <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatching <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>troops <w AV0>overseas <w AV0>also <w VVN>affected <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>neighbours<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>expressed <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>resurgence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>power <w AJ0>commensurate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>strength<c PUN>.
<s n="3764"><w DT0>This <w NN1>issue <c PUL>(<w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-running <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>Senkaku <w NN2>islands<c PUR>) <w VVD>soured <w NN2>relations <w AV0>somewhat <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS>even though <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>countries <w VVG>arguing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>China <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="3765"><w NN2>Relations <w VVN>improved <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>minority <w PRP>within <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w NN1>guilt <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Korea <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38623<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3766"><w DT0>This <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>past <w NN1>treatment <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>normalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>industry <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38621<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3767"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w DT0>some <w NN2>signs <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>long-running <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVG>drawing <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="3768"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conflict <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>islands <c PUL>(<w VVN>known <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kuriles<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>lay <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hokkaido<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1945<c PUN>.
<s n="3769"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>resumed <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w CRD>1956<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outstanding <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>frozen <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>even <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w AV0>formally <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="3770"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w NP0>Kaifu <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>forthcoming <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>outstanding<c PUN>.
<s n="3771"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>eased <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NN1>family <w NN2>graves <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Etorofu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AV0>militarily <w AJ0>sensitive <w CJC>and <w AV0>least <w AJ0>accessible <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>islands<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>.
<s n="3772"><w VVZ-NN2>Hopes <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>dashed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Shevardnadze<w POS>'s <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="3773"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>activity <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="3774"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="3775"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVI>acknowledge <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>forces <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w AV0>still <w AV0>further <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38148<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="3776"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3777"><w NP0>NORTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<p>
<s n="3778"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>120,538 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="3779"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>21,800,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3780"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pyongyang<c PUN>.
<s n="3781"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Korean<c PUN>.
<s n="3782"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Confucianism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Daoism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Shamanism<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Chondogyu<c PUN>.
<s n="3783"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,111,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3784"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>North <w AJ0-NN1>Korean <w VVN>won <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=0.9689 <w VVN>won <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3785"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CH>
<s n="3786"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3787"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1948<c PUN>.
<s n="3788"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1972 <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0>nominal <w AJ0>political <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NN1>SPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>687 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w AT0>every <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="3789"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SPA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>elects <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w PNP>it <w CJS>when <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVZ>elects <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in addition to <w VBG>being <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVZ>holds <w AJ0-NN1>executive <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w VVZ>governs <w PRP>in conjunction with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Central <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1-VVB>State <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3790"><w AJ0>Effective <w AJ0>political <w NN1>control <w VBZ>is <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CJ>
<s n="3791"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3792"><w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3793"><w NN1-AJ0>Premier<c PUN>: <w DT0>Yon <w NN1-VVB>Hyong <w NN1-NP0>Muk<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3794"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Yong <w NP0>Nam <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kim <w NP0-NN1>Pok <w NN1>Sin <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>; <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Light <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Commission<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CK>
<s n="3795"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3796"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1-VVB>State <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37455-56<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CL>
<s n="3797"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3798"><w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KWP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung <w AJ0>gen. <w NN0>-sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CM>
<s n="3799"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3800"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CN>
<s n="3801"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3802"><w NN1>SPA <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37375<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3803"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37455-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CP>
<s n="3804"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3805"><w AT0>The <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>hitherto <w NN2>allies <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w VVN-AJ0>isolated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJS>than <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="3806"><w DT0>This <w NN1>isolation <w VBD>was <w VVN>accentuated <w CJS>as<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w VVD>showed <w AT0>every <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>wanting <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>capitalist <w NN1>South <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37714<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3807"><w AV0>Even <w NP0>China <w VVD>showed <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w VVG>wishing <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>its <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>established <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>trade <w NN2>ties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3808"><w PRP-CJS>Notwithstanding <w DT0>such <w AJ0>international <w NN2>trends<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Great <w NN1>Leader<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>any <w NN2>compromises <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>ideology <w CJC>and <w NN1>structure<c PUN>.
<s n="3809"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year <w NN1-VVB>address <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w VVG>choosing <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>reaffirm <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w NN2>values<c PUN>.
<s n="3810"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>speculation <c PUL>(<w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>stemming <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>sources<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kim <w VM0>would <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>occasion <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w ORD>78th <w NN1>birthday <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>long-anticipated <w NN1>handover <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w UNC>Il<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>48-year-old<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Dear <w NN1>Leader<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="3811"><w AT0>The <w NN1>occasion<c PUN>, <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>customary <w AJ0>extravagant <w NN2>celebrations<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>passed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w DT0>such <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>.
<s n="3812"><w NN1>Speculation <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>retirement <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>dampened <w CJS>when <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w NN1>elder <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>proved <w DPS>his <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>stamina <w PRP>by <w VVG>undertaking <w AT0>a <w NN1>19-day<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>spot <w NN1>guidance<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0-NN1>Hamgyong <w NN1>Province<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3813"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>SPA <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>efficiency<c PUN>: <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>99.78 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="3814"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>18th <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NP0>KWP <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>SPA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Choe <w NP0-NN1>Kwang <w CJC>and <w NP0>Han <w NN1>Song <w NP0>Yong <c PUL>(<w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>aged <w CJC>and <w AJ0>trusted <w NN2>comrades <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37455-56<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3815"><w AT0>The <w NN2>appointments <w VVD>continued <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AVQ>whereby <w NP0>Kim <w VHD>had <w VVN>promoted <w AJ0-VVN>aged<c PUN>, <w AJ0>faithful <w NN2>followers <w PRP>rather than <w VVG>elevating <w DT0>those <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w UNC>Il<w POS>'s <w NN1>generation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3816"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>restated <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>speech <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>socialism <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>setbacks<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>occurred <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3817"><w PNP>He <w AV0>explicitly <w VVD>rejected <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>solve <w AJ0>socialist <w NN2>problems <w PRP>by <w VVG>adopting <w AJ0>capitalist <w NN2>methods<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VDD>did <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>capitalist <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3818"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>twin <w NN2>trends <w PRF>of <w NN1>stagnation <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>decline <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>characterize <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="3819"><w CJS>As <w VBD>was <w AJ0>usual <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>released <w AT0>no <w AJ0>economic <w NN0>statistics <w VVD-VVN>considered <w AJ0>reliable <w PRP>by <w AJ0>international <w NN2>commentators<c PUN>.
<s n="3820"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>SPA <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD>revealed <w AT0>a <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenue <w PRF>of <w CRD>6.1 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CR>
<s n="3821"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3822"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>surviving <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>partition <w VVG>originating <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="3823"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>epoch-making <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>progress <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>reunification <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>slow <w CJC>and <w AJ0>uncertain<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3824"><w AT0>The <w NN1>year <w VVD>began<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AJ0>customary <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>protests <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>South <w AJ0-NN1>Korean-United <w NP0>States<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>Team <w NN1>Spirit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>military <w NN2>exercises<c PUN>.
<s n="3825"><w AT0>The <w NN1>South<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w NN2>exercises <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w VVG-AJ0>negotiating <w NN2>channels <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>North<c PUN>.
<s n="3826"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>casualty <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>sending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>team <w TO0>to <w VVI>compete <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Games <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="3827"><w AT0>The <w NN1>climate <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>improved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>exposure <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRF>of <w AV0>further <w NN1>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>tunnelling <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Demilitarized <w NN1>Zone <c PUL>(<w NP0>DMZ<c PUR>) <w VVG>separating <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3828"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVB-NN1>freeze <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>Premiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37609<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3829"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>little <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w VVG>favouring <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w VVD>wanted <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures <w PRP>such as <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>visits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="3830"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>jeopardized <w PRP>by <w NN2>events <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w NN2>plans <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>days <w PRP>from <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w NN2>dissidents <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-unification <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Panmunjom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>liberation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>rule <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37657<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3831"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN1>summit <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seoul <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37699<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3832"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w AV0>little <w VVB-NN1>progress <w DPS>its <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>importance <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>meeting <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AJ0>considerable<c PUN>.
<s n="3833"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>their <w AJ0>established <w NN2>positions <c PUL>(<w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>little <w AJ0>common <w NN1>ground<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>outlined <w CRD>three <w NN2>preconditions <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN1>progress<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>scrapping <w PRF>of <w NN1>Team <w NN1>Spirit<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>no <w AJ0>separate <w NP0>UN <w NN1>membership <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Korea <w NN2-VVZ>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>but <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38191<c PUN>; <w CRD>38437<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>made <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North<c PUN>.
<s n="3834"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37779-80<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37918-19<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w AV0>also <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>any <w AJ0>tangible <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3835"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD>deteriorated <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>approach <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>Team <w NN1>Spirit <w NN2-VVZ>exercises<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="3836"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w VVD>suspended <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25-28<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>month <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>sports <w NN2>teams <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38010<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38341<c PUN>; <w CRD>38437<c PUN>; <w CRD>38529<c PUN>; <w CRD>38576<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CS>
<s n="3837"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3838"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD-VVN>cooled <w AV0>considerably <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3839"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>betrayal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gorbachev <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unpardonable<c PUN>, <w AJ0>traitorous <w NN1>bargaining<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37533<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3840"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w VVD>fared <w AV0>better<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Pyongyang <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14-16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kim <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Games <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>team <w VVD>participated<c PUN>.
<s n="3841"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38191<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3842"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>little <w NN1>change <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w VVD-VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVG>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>War <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37456<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38295<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3843"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>visible <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN1>progress <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
<s n="3844"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37714<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>success<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NN2>negotiations <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>seamen <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983 <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3845"><w AJ0>Exploratory <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37860<c PUN>; <w CRD>37818<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w NN1>normalization <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pyongyang <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38098<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3846"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>obstacles <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>normalizing <w NN2>relations <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w NN1>unwillingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>North<w POS>'s <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w XX0>not <w AV0>merely <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>colonization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>(<w CRD>1910-45<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-Pacific <w NN1>War <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="3847"><w AT0>A <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>charter <w NN1>flight <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN0>p. <w CRD>38191<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="3848"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3849"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<p>
<s n="3850"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>99,222 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="3851"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>42,000,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3852"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Seoul<c PUN>.
<s n="3853"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Korean<c PUN>.
<s n="3854"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>.
<s n="3855"><w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>, <w NN1>Confucianism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Daoism<c PUN>.
<s n="3856"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>650,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3857"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>South <w AJ0-NN1>Korean <w VVN>won <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=839.61 <w VVN>won <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3858"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CT>
<s n="3859"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3860"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>became <w AJ0>independent <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1948<c PUN>.
<s n="3861"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Sixth <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>authority <w VVZ-NN2>rests <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w DTQ>whose <w CRD>299 <w NN2>members <w VVB>serve <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="3862"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>governs <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>assistance <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="3863"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>following <w AJ0>sustained <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>during <w CRD>1987<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CU>
<s n="3864"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3865"><w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>: <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3866"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Chung <w VVD>Won <w NP0-NN1>Shik<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3867"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Choi <w NP0>Gak <w NP0>Kyu <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Board<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>Sang <w NP0>Ock <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ahn <w NP0>Eung <w NP0>Mo <c PUL>(<w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Rhee <w NP0>Yong <w NN1>Man <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Ki <w NP0>Choon <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Koo <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CV>
<s n="3868"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3869"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37319-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37714<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37860<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37918<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38010<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38177-78<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CW>
<s n="3870"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3871"><w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w NN1>pres. <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CX>
<s n="3872"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3873"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>constructed <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NN1>Peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPD<c PUR>)<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Ki <w NP0>Taek <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w NP0>RDP <w NN2>members <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Civil <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CRP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Eui <w NP0>Taek <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0CY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0CY>
<s n="3874"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3875"><w PRP>Amid <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<c PUN>, <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>DJP<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35768-71<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3876"><w PRP>In <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DJP <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>formation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36019-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D0>
<s n="3877"><w CRD>1990-91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3878"><w AT0>The <w NN1>year <w VVD>began <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>remarkable <w NN1>realignment <w DTQ>which <w VVD>transformed <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>politics <w CJC>and <w AV0>once again <w VVD-VVN>demonstrated <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>acumen <w CJC>and <w NN1>ability <w PRP>to <w NN1>wrong-foot <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="3879"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>merge <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Reunification <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDRP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37187<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3880"><w AT0>The <w NN1-VVB>move <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w VVB>split <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD>eradicated <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>an <w AJ0-AV0>overall <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="3881"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>expanded <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>power-base <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NP0>DJP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>heartland <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0-NN1>Kyongsang <w NN1>province <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Taegu <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="3882"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RDP<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>figure <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>drawn <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w NN1>South <w NN1-NP0>Kyongsang <w NN1>province <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NP0>Pusan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>NDRP<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Pil<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south <w NN1-NP0>Chungchong <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="3883"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>significant <w AJ0>political <w NN1>grouping <w VVN-VVD>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NN1>Peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>drew <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cholla <w NN1>province <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kwangju<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>comparatively <w AJ0>underdeveloped <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3884"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37187-88<c PUN>; <w CRD>37247-48<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w ORD>first <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37456-57<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3885"><w AT0>The <w NN1>size <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>diversity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>infighting <w DTQ>which <w PRP>at <w NN2>times <w VVD>threatened <w DPS>its <w AJ0>very <w NN1>existence<c PUN>.
<s n="3886"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NN1>Park <w NP0-NN1>Chul <w NP0>Un<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>nephew <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w PRP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>accelerating <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>rapprochement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="3887"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Park <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>drive <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w VVD>appeared <w NN1-AJ0>intent <w PRP>on <w VVG>becoming <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="3888"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>confrontation <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w VVG>withdrawing <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NP0>RDP <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NP0>Roh <w PRP>to <w NN1>side <w PRP>with <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="3889"><w CJS>While <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NP0>DLP <w NN1>executive <w NN1>chairman <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>elevated <w PRP>above <w DPS>his <w NN1>co-chairman <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Pil <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Park <w PRP>Tae <w NP0>Jun<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Park <w NP0>Chul <w NP0>Un <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>reappointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Sports <w CJC>and <w NN1>Youth<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3890"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJC>further <w NN1>dispute <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>should <w VVI>retain <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w CJC>or <w VM0>should <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prime <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="3891"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w DT0>former <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>memorandum <w VVG>agreeing <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w VVG>moving <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>system <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3892"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unpopularity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>change<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w VVD>exposed <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w NP0>DJP <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>leaked <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>memorandum <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
<s n="3893"><w NP0>Kim <w VVD>denied <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>inconsistency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>characterized <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="3894"><w AT0>The <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w AV0>again <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>rally <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NP0>Kim <w PRP>in <w VVG>disowning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37860<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3895"><w PRP>Beneath <w AT0>the <w NN1>surface <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>infighting <w VVD>lay <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="3896"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>secret <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>many <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DT0>former <w NP0>DJP <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>vehemently <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w DPS>his <w NN1>succession<c PUN>.
<s n="3897"><w AT0>The <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>infighting<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>unimpressive <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w VVD>dwindled <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>fact <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>translated <w PRP>into <w DT0>several <w AJ0>humiliating <w NN1>by-election <w NN2>losses <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37375<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3898"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DLP <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resolute <w NN1>opposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPD<c PUN>.
<s n="3899"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w NP0>Roh <w PRF>of <w VVG>staging <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>coup <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>merger <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>characterized <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w PRP>as <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>authoritarianism<c PUN>.
<s n="3900"><w DT0>This <w NN1>claim <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>credence <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<w POS>'s <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>majority <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w CRD>26 <w NN2>bills <w PRP>in defiance of <w AJ0>normal <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>procedure<c PUN>.
<s n="3901"><w PRP>In addition to <w NN2>bills <w TO0>to <w VVI>restructure <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and <w VVB>reorganize <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN1>measure <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>brutal <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NP0-NN1>Kwangju <w NN1>uprising<c PUN>.
<s n="3902"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DLP<w POS>'s <w NN1>enactment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VVD>provoked <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>street <w NN2>protests<c PUN>.
<s n="3903"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPD <w PRP>between <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37609<c PUN>; <w CRD>37714<c PUN>; <w CRD>37779<c PUN>; <w CRD>37860<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3904"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>criticisms <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w VBD>was <w VVG>moving <w PRP>with <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN1>speed <w TO0>to <w VVI>eradicate <w AT0>the <w NN1>legacy <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rule <w VBD>were <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w DTQ>which <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Security <w NN1-VVB>Command <c PUL>(<w NN1>DSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>counter-intelligence <w NN1>unit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w NN1>surveillance <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2>figures <w PRP>including <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<c PUN>.
<s n="3905"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3906"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>scandals <w VBD>were <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Suso <w NN1-VVG>housing <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NN1>bribery<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>apology <w PRP>by <w NP0>Roh <w PRP>on behalf of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38009-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3907"><w AVQ>However <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w VVN>bolstered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>for <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3908"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DLP <w VVD>won <w CRD>49 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPD <w CJC>and <w CRD>32 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NN2>independents <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38098<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3909"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>stated <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>president <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="3910"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>applying <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ambitious <w NN1>brother-in-law <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Superintendent <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Academy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Bok <w NP0>Dong<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3911"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVD>accelerated <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite <w DT0>all <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-Roh <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="3912"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PPD <w VVD>merged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38147<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3913"><w NP0>Kim <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D1>
<s n="3914"><w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>unrest <c PUN>&mdash; <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3915"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>experienced <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>unrest <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Roh <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>President <w CJS>as <w DT0>many <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w VVD>participated <w PRP>in <w NN1>street <w NN2-VVZ>protests <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="3916"><w AT0>The <w NN1>catalyst <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>beating <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>student <w NN1>demonstrator <w PRP>by <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="3917"><w CJS>As <w PNP>they <w VVD>developed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>protests <w VVD>came <w TO0>to <w VVI>incorporate <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>merged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVG>commemorating <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kwangju <w NN1>uprising<c PUN>.
<s n="3918"><w AT0>The <w NN2>protests <w VBD>were <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AV0>at least <w CRD>eight <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>self-immolation<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w PNX>themselves <w AT0>the <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN2>protests<c PUN>.
<s n="3919"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w AT0>the <w NN2>protests <w NP0>Roh <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38177-78<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3920"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>protests <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>into <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN1>size <w VVD-VVN>diminished<c PUN>.
<s n="3921"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Chung <w VVD>Won <w NP0-NN1>Shik<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>assaulted <w PRP>by <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>began <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w AJC>tougher <w NN1>line <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>protesters <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38291-91<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3922"><w PRP>Unlike <w AT0>the <w NN2>protests <w PRF>of <w CRD>1987 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w AT0>the <w ORD>Fifth <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AV0>frequently <w AJ0>large <w CJC>and <w AJ0>violent<c PUN>, <w VVD>lacked <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>middle <w NN1>class<c PUN>.
<s n="3923"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>illustrated <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>larger <w AJ0>metropolitan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>.
<s n="3924"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DLP <w VVD>secured <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impressive <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>564 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>866 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>at <w NN1>stake <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38292<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3925"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>regionalism <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w VVG>making <w AT0>no <w NN1>headway <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>opposition-dominated <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D2>
<s n="3926"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3927"><w AT0>The <w NN1>speed <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>remarkable<c PUN>.
<s n="3928"><w AJ0>Annual <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w VVD>increased <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;60,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;237,900 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3929"><w AJ0>Per capita <w NN1>income <w VVD>grew <w PRP>from <w NN0>&dollar;1,592 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;5,200 <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="3930"><w DT0>This <w NN1>cycle <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>upon <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w DPS>its <w NN1>peak <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-88<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w VBD>was <w PRP>in excess of <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="3931"><w DT0>This <w NN1>figure <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w CRD>6.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w CJS>as <w NN2>exports <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AV0>less <w AJ0>favourable <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>labour <w NN2-VVZ>costs <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AJC>slower <w NN1>growth <w NN2>rates <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>trading <w NN2>partners<c PUN>.
<s n="3932"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>levels <w VBD>were <w AJ0>static <w CJC>or <w VVD>fell <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>many <w AJ0>key <w NN2>categories<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>electronics <w CJC>and <w NN2>textiles<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="3933"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wholesale <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>Ministers <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37319<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3934"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>team <w VVD>moved <w AT0>the <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w NN1>gap <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rich <w CJC>and <w AJ0>poor <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>export-led <w AJ0>high <w NN1>growth <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3935"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>recorded <w AT0>a <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>9.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>achieved <w AV0>largely <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>boom <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w NN1>industry <w VVN>manufactured <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>government-backed <w AJ0>residential <w NN1>building <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w CRD>2,500,000 <w AJ0>new <w NN1>housing <w NN2>units <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988-92<c PUN>.
<s n="3936"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>consumption <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>on <w AJ0>luxury <w NN2>items<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>shift <w VBD>was <w AV0>under way <w AVQ>whereby <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>dynamic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w VVG>changing <w PRP>from <w PNI>one <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>export-led <w PRP>to <w PNI-CRD>one <w VVN>based <w PRP>upon <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>demand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3937"><w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w NN2>disputes <w VVN-VVD>declined <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>strikes <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="3938"><w NN2>Wages <w VVD>rose <w AV0>about <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>inflationary <w NN1>pressure <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN2>settlements <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="3939"><w VVG-AJ0>Rising <w NN1>labour <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>depreciation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w VVN>won<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJS>highest <w NN1>level <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>prices <w VVG>rising <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wholesale <w NN2>prices <w PRP>by <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3940"><w NN1>Property <w NN2>prices <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w AV0>substantially <w AV0>faster <w CJS>than <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>resentment <w PRP>towards <w NN2>speculators<c PUN>.
<s n="3941"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN2>restrictions <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN2>landholdings<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>larger <w NN2>cities<c PUN>; <w NN1>property <w NN2>taxes <w CJC>and <w NN1>capital <w NN2-VVZ>gains <w NN1>tax <w VBD>were <w VVN>raised<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>windfall <w NN2-VVZ>gains <w PRP>from <w NN1>development <w NN2>projects <w VBD>were <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>levies<c PUN>.
<s n="3942"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w AJ0>weak <w NN1>enforcement<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w AJ0>real <w NN1>property <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3943"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>sector <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>lag <w PRP>behind <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="3944"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>farmers <w VVD-VVN>mobilized <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>support <w PRP>against <w NN1>government <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3945"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w UNC>US&dollar;4,730 <w CRD>million <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>deficit <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="3946"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="3947"><w AJ0-NN1>Overall <w NN2>exports <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>4.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;64,900 <w CRD>million <w CJS>while <w NN2>imports <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>13.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;69,710 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="3948"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>account<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>recorded <w AJ0>large <w NN2>surpluses <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>mid-1980s<c PUN>, <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;2,100 <w CRD>million <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;5,100 <w CRD>million <w AJ0-NN1>surplus <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3949"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>finalized <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>at <w CRD>27,182,500 <w CRD>million <w VVN>won <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;36,800 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3950"><w DT0>This <w VVD>included <w CRD>7,777,400 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>won <w PRP>for <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>12.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="3951"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>this <w NN1>increase<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w CRD>28.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>budget <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>30.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3952"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w NN1>GNP<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unchanged<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D3>
<s n="3953"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3954"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>striking <w NN2>successes <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>presidency <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DPS>his <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>formal <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>regimes <w AV0>previously <w VVN>allied <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="3955"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mongolia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37714<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3956"><w NP0>Roh <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Francisco <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37533<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PNP>he <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>visit <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>leader <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37918<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3957"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD>negotiated <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;3,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>assistance <w NN1>package <w VVG>involving <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;1,500 <w CRD>million <w NN1>loan <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>tied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>capital <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AV0>notionally <w VVN-VVD>untied <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
<s n="3958"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>leader <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w DT0>either <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>state <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38147<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3959"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>trade <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN>increased <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>almost <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;889 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="3960"><w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>electronic <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w NN2>textiles <w CJC>and <w NN1>steel <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w VVD>rose <w PRP>from <w NN0>&dollar;208 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;519 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="3961"><w NN2>Imports<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>pig <w NN1>iron<c PUN>, <w NN1>coal<c PUN>, <w NN1>aluminium <w CJC>and <w AJ0>frozen <w NN0>fish<c PUN>, <w VVD>fell <w AV0>slightly <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;370 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3962"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VVD>improved <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AV0>less <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>pace<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>team <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Games <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>trade <w NN2>offices <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>country <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>perform <w AJ0>limited <w AJ0>consular <w NN2>functions <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3963"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;3,850 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="3964"><w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>synthetic <w NN2>fabrics<c PUN>, <w NN1>leather<c PUN>, <w NN1>paper <w CJC>and <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w VVN>outstripped <w PRP>by <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bituminous <w NN1>coal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>products <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>cement<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NN1>rise <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;688 <w CRD>million <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3965"><w NP0>Roh <w AV0>also <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>issues <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>Koreans <w NN1-AJ0>resident <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>acknowledgment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>remorse <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>between <w CRD>1910 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1945 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37457<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3966"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>then <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37960<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3967"><w PRP>Owing to <w AT0>the <w VVN>won<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>steep <w NN1>depreciation <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN0>yen<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>worsened <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJS>highest <w AV0>ever <w AJ0>level<c PUN>, <w VVG>exceeding <w NN0>&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3968"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>ally<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>improved <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Roh <w NN1>government <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>reduction <c PUL>(<w PRP>from <w CRD>44,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>37,000 <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="3969"><w CJS-PRP>After <w NN2>talks <w VVG>lasting <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w TO0>to <w VVI>bear <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w VVG>relocating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NP0>US <w NN1>army <w NN1>base <w PRP>from <w NP0>Seoul <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>site <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="3970"><w VVG-NN1>Trading <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w AV0>considerably <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w CJS>because <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>opening <w DT0>some <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w PRP>from <w NN0>&dollar;8,600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;4,700 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="3971"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w NN1>liberalization <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agricultural <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>irritation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="3972"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3973"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<p>
<s n="3974"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>236,800 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="3975"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>4,100,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3976"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Vientiane<c PUN>.
<s n="3977"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lao <w CJC>or <w AJ0-NN1>Laotian <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0-NN1>French <w CJC>and <w AJ0>tribal <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="3978"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>; <w AV0>also <w NN1>Christianity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Animism<c PUN>.
<s n="3979"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>55,100 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3980"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>new <w NN1>kip <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=699.201 <w AJ0>new <w NN1>kip <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3981"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D4>
<s n="3982"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3983"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>LPDR<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>proclaimed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1975 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w NP0>Lao <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>25-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="3984"><w AT0>A <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>installed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power <w VHZ>has <w AV0>since <w VBN>been <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0>political <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LPRP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="3985"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>79-member <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NN1>SPA<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>drafting <w AT0>a <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="3986"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LPDR<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>SPA <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37533<c PUN>; <w CRD>38390<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D5>
<s n="3987"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3988"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3989"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khamtay <w NP0>Siphandon <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <c PUL>(<w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38390-91<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3990"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sisomphone <w NP0>Lovansay <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Phoune <w NP0>Sipaseuth <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Khamphoui <w NP0>Keoboualapha <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUN>; <w NN1>Economics<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="3991"><w NP0>Choummali <w NP0-NN1>Saignakong <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Asang <w NP0>Laoli <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Phao <w NP0>Bounnaphon <c PUL>(<w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D6>
<s n="3992"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3993"><w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Vongkhamsao<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Vice-Premier <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37963<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="3994"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>was <w VVN>reshuffled <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Vongkhamsao <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38390-91<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D7>
<s n="3995"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="3996"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LPRP<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Laos<c PUN>.
<s n="3997"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LPRP <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w NN1>politburo <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretariat <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVB-NN1>party <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38150<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="3998"><w NP0>LPRP <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nouhak <w NP0-NN1>Phoumsavan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khamtay <w NP0>Siphandon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Phoune <w NP0>Sipaseuth<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maychantane <w NP0-NN1>Sengmany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="3999"><w NP0>Saman <w NP0>Vignaket<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Oudom <w NN1>Khatti-gna<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="4000"><w NP0>Choummali <w NP0>Saignakong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Somlak <w NP0-NN1>Chanthamat<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khamphoui <w NP0>Keoboualapha<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thongsing <w NP0-NN1>Thammavong<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D8>
<s n="4001"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4002"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LPRP <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0D9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0D9>
<s n="4003"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4004"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LPDR<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>central-level<c PUN>, <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>SPA <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36523<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4005"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SPA <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38390-91<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DA>
<s n="4006"><w CRD>1990-91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4007"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990-91 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>promulgation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
<s n="4008"><w AV0>Ostensibly<c PUN>, <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>at <w VVG>drafting <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>under way <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>mid-1970s<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>real <w NN1>progress <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VVB>become <w AJ0>evident <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1990 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>draft <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>for <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
<s n="4009"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>document <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w AV0>inevitably<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>promulgated<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="4010"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khamtay <w NP0>Siphandon<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4011"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN1>event <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0>LPRP<w POS>'s <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>congress <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4012"><w VVB-NN1>Kaysone<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>party <w NN1>president<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="4013"><w PNP>He <w VVD>remained <w AV0>firmly <w PRP>in <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LPRP<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>powers <w VBD>were <w AV0>possibly <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>secretariat<c PUN>.
<s n="4014"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>old <w NN1>guard<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>revolutionaries <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>struggled <w PRP>alongside <w NP0-NN1>Kaysone <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1940s<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Souphanouvong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Phoumi <w NP0-NN1>Vongvichit<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably<c PUN>, <w AJ0>active <w NN1>politics<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DB>
<s n="4015"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4016"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>upsurge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4017"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w NN2>guerrillas <w VBD>were <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>active <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="4018"><w NN1>Guerrilla <w NN2>sources <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w AJ0>indiscriminate <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRP>under <w DPS>their <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="4019"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lao <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Radio <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w CRD>two <w NN2>campaigns <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>bad <w CJC>and <w AJ0>vandalistic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>elements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-western <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Bolikhamsai<c PUN>.
<s n="4020"><w DT0>Much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>insurgent <w NN1>activity <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
<s n="4021"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Station <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN1>Nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <w VVD>began <w VVG>broadcasting <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kaysone <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w AT0>the <w NN2>examples <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>peoples <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4022"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>two <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>coup <w NN1-VVB>plot<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>top-level <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Group<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DC>
<s n="4023"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4024"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w VVN-VVD>initiated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="4025"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aim <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>shift <w PRP>from <w AJ0>central <w NN1>planning <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>market-based <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>towards <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVD>removed <w NN2>subsidies <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>price <w NN2-VVZ>controls<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVD>introduced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN1>code<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVD>restructured <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVD>initiated <w AT0>a <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="4026"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>conference <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vientiane <w TO0>to <w VVI>evaluate <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>direction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="4027"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR8,790,000 <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>; <w VVG>commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>market-based <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>system <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Laos<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DD>
<s n="4028"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4029"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0>Choonhaven<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37857<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4030"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>Army <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>visited <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DT0>all <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w PRP>from <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>border <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="4031"><w NP0>Laos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand <w VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>repatriated <w CJC>or <w VVN>resettled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w AT0>a <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38391<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4032"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decision <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w TO0>to <w VVI>withhold <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>because of <w DPS>its <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <w VBD>was <w VVN>reversed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4033"><w PRP>Throughout <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Laos <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>search <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVD-VVN>reported <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="4034"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Phoune <w NP0>Sipaseuth <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>highest-level <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4035"><w NN2>Delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Laos <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vientiane <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>delineation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>border <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
<s n="4036"><w AJ0>Technical <w NN1>border <w NN2>teams <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vientiane <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Yunnan <w NN1>province <c PUL>(<w NP0>China<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>January-February <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Vientiane <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="4037"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15-17<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Laos<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane<c PUN>, <w NP0>Phoumi <w NP0-NN1>Vongvichit <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nouhak <w NP0-NN1>Phoumsavan<c PUN>.
<s n="4038"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>China <w VVD>granted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>interest-free <w NN1>loan <w PRF>of <w CRD>50,000,000 <w NN0>yuan <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;9,500,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>priority <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>improvement <w CJC>and <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>bases<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="4039"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Phoune <w NP0>Sipaseuth <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w NN2>celebrations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>30th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>ties <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="4040"><w NN1-NP0>Lao <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>officials <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Yunnan <w NN1>province <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="4041"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w PRP>on <w VVG>repatriating <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4042"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Laos <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>calculated <w PRP>at <w NN1>world <w NN1>market <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>payment <w PRP>in <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4043"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Laos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>payments <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991-95 <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>trade <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>settled <w PRP>in <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w CJS>rather than <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>roubles <w CJS>as <w AV0>hitherto<c PUN>.
<s n="4044"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>two-way <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VM0>would <w VVI>total <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;14,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4045"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Taro <w NP0>Nakayama<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4046"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Souban <w NP0-NN1>Salitthilat<c PUN>, <w NN1>Vice-Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Myanma <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>for <w NN1>border <w NN1>demarcation <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="4047"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w AT0>a <w NN1>Myanman <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Laos<c PUN>; <w NN2>memorandums <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>border <w NN1>survey <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>narcotics <w NN1-VVB>trade<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4048"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w NP0>France <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>.
<s n="4049"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>month <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>delegation <w VVD-VVN>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4050"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4051"><w NP0>MACAO
</head>
<p>
<s n="4052"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>17 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4053"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>500,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4054"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Macao <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="4055"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cantonese <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0-NN1>English <w AV0>widely <w VVN>spoken<c PUN>.
<s n="4056"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Roman <w NN1>Catholicism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>.
<s n="4057"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>3,000 <c PUL>(<w NP0>Comando <w NP0>de <w NP0>For&ccedil;as <w NP0>de <w NP0>Seguran&ccedil;a <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Comforseg<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4058"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>pataca <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=P7.996 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DE>
<s n="4059"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4060"><w NP0>Macao <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>.
<s n="4061"><w PNP>It <w VM0>will <w VVI>revert <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w CRD>1999<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w VHG>having <w AV0>already<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w NP0>Macao <w AJ0>Special <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Region <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4062"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>(<w VVN>embodied <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>organic <w NN1>statute <w PRF>of <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>revised <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w CJS>except <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>.
<s n="4063"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Governor <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Portugal<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>seven <w NN2>Under-Secretaries <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ>presides <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Superior <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="4064"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macao <w VVZ>comprises <w CRD>23 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>seven <w VBB>are <w NN1>government <w NN2>appointees<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w VBB>are <w AV0>indirectly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN1>business <w NN2>associations <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DF>
<s n="4065"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4066"><w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>: <w NP0>M&aacute;rio <w NP0>Soares <c PUL>(<w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Portugal<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4067"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vasco <w NP0>Rocha <w NP0>Vieira<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4068"><w NN2>Under-Secretaries<c PUN>: <w NP0>Vitor <w NP0>Pessoa <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Machado <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="4069"><w NP0>Lajes <w NP0>Ribeiro <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Security<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Macedo <w NP0>De <w NP0>Almeida <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Salavessa <w NP0>Da <w NP0>Costa <c PUL>(<w NN1>Information <w NN2>Services<c PUN>, <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Rangel <c PUL>(<w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Administration<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ana <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Perez <c PUL>(<w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DG>
<s n="4070"><w NN2>Changes <w PRF>of <w NN2>Under-Secretaries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4071"><w AT0>A <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRF>of <w NN2>Under-Secretaries <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4072"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NN1>Under-Secretary <w PRP>for <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Magalhaes <w ZZ0>e <w NP0>Silva<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>.
<s n="4073"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w DT0>all <w CRD>seven <w NN2>Under-Secretaries <w VBD>were <w VVN>replaced<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DH>
<s n="4074"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4075"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>no <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civic <w NN2>organizations <w VVB>exist<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Pro-Macao<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Flower <w PRF>of <w NN1>Friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macao<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DJ>
<s n="4076"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4077"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36765<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DK>
<s n="4078"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4079"><w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Melancia <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macao <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="4080"><w NN1-NP0>Melancia<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1987<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4081"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>company <w VVG-NN1>bidding <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Macao <w NN1>airport<c PUN>.
<s n="4082"><w NN1-NP0>Melancia<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>served <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>summons <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>bribery<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w DT0>all <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>innocent <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>politically <w AJ0-VVN>motivated <w NN1>smear <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="4083"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>staunch <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Soares<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>political <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Soares <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>soft <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="4084"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w DT0>such <w NN2>criticisms <w NP0>Melancia <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Portugal <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD>launched <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>attack <w PRP>against <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macao<c PUN>.
<s n="4085"><w PRP>Upon <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w NP0-NN1>Melancia <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Murteira <w NP0>Nabo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Under-Secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="4086"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>re-election <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Soares <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vasco <w NP0>Rocha <w NP0>Vieira <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>.
<s n="4087"><w NP0>Soares <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Macao <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRP>before <w DPS>his <w NN1>re-election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4088"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>revised <w AJ0>Organic <w NN1>Law <c PUL>(<w NN1>Constitution<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4089"><w AT0>The <w NN2>revisions <w VVD>granted <w NP0>Macao <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1999<c PUN>.
<s n="4090"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Draft <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Macao <w NP0>SAR<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>in <w CRD>1999<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>published<c PUN>.
<s n="4091"><w PRP>Like <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macao <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>capitalist <w NN1>system <w PRP>after <w CRD>1999 <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>, <w CJS>except <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DL>
<s n="4092"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <w CJC>and <w NN1>economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4093"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1989 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>diversifying <w NP0>Macao<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>dependence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>textile <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>.
<s n="4094"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>upgrade <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>industries <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="4095"><w AJ0>Major <w NN2>problems <w VVG>facing <w AT0>the <w NN1>diversification <w NN1>plan <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>infrastructure <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>labour <w NN1>shortage<c PUN>.
<s n="4096"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>efforts <w VBD>were <w AV0>well <w AV0>under way <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>problem<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>airport <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>park<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4097"><w NP0>Macao <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w AJ0>contracting <w NN1>party <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37979<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4098"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4099"><w NP0>MALAYSIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="4100"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>329,758 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4101"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>17,900,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4102"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kuala <w NP0>Lumpur<c PUN>.
<s n="4103"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bahasa <w NP0>Malaysia <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0-NN1>English <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>used<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Chinese<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Tamil <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Iban <w VVN>spoken <w PRP>by <w NN0>minorities<c PUN>.
<s n="4104"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w AV0>about <w NN0>53%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Buddhism <c PUL>(<w AV0>about <w NN0>19%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Hinduism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christianity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Animism<c PUN>.
<s n="4105"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>129,500 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4106"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>ringgit <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=2.7318 <w NN2>ringgits <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4107"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>ICO<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DM>
<s n="4108"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4109"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Peninsular <w NP0>Malaysia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarawak <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w VVN>situated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kalimantan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Borneo<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>monarchy<c PUN>.
<s n="4110"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>Yang <w AJ0-NN1>di-Pertuan <w NN1-NP0>Agong<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w AT0>every <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>number <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>hereditary <w AJ0-NN1>Malay <w NN2>rulers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Peninsular <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>.
<s n="4111"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Yang <w AJ0-NN1>di-Pertuan <w NN1-NP0>Agong <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="4112"><w NP0>Malaysia <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bicameral <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AJ0>residual <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>powers <w VVG>resting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>.
<s n="4113"><w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parlimen<c PUR>) <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>69-member <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dewan <w NP0>Negara<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>serving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>43 <w NN2>members <w VBG>being <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yang <w AJ0-NN1>di-Pertuan <w NN1>Agong<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>180-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dewan <w NP0-NN1>Rakyat<c PUR>) <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>adult <w NN1-VVB>suffrage <w PRP>by <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AJ0>single-member <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DN>
<s n="4114"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4115"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sultan <w NP0>Azlan <w NP0>Muhibbuddin <w NP0>Shah<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4116"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamed <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4117"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ghafar <w NP0>Baba <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AJ0>National <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Ibrahim <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Badawi <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Najib <w NP0>Tun <w NP0>Razak <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Rafidah <w NP0>Aziz <c PUL>(<w AJ0>International <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Ling <w NP0-NN1>Liong <w NP0-NN1>Sik <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transport<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sanusi <w NP0>Junid <c PUL>(<w NN1>Agriculture<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Samy <w NP0>Vellu <c PUL>(<w NN1>Energy<c PUN>; <w NN2>Telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN2>Posts<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DP>
<s n="4118"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4119"><w NN1-NP0>Mahathir <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37861<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4120"><w PNP>He <w VVD>reshuffled <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38011<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DR>
<s n="4121"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4122"><w NP0>Malaysia <w VBZ>is <w VVN>governed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multiracial <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w NN1>coalition <c PUL>(<w NP0>Barisan <w NP0>Nasional <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>BN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghafar <w NP0-NN1>Babar <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4123"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>party <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>BN <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Malays <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>UMNO <w NP0-NN1>Baru<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamed <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4124"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BN <w VBB>are<c PUN>: <w NP0>Angkatan <w NP0>Keadilan <w NP0-NN1>Rakyat <c PUL>(<w NP0>AKAR <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Koding <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4125"><w NP0>Gerakan <w NP0>Rakyat <w NP0>Malaysia <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>GERAKAN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lim <w NP0>Keng <w NP0>Yaik <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4126"><w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Malaysian <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCA<c PUN>, <w NN1>Ling <w NP0>Liong <w NP0>Sik <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4127"><w AJ0>Malaysian <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIC<c PUN>, <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Samy <w NP0>Vellu <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4128"><w NP0>Parti <w NP0>Bansa <w NP0>Dayak <w NP0>Sarawak <c PUL>(<w NP0>PBDS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leo <w NP0>Moggie <w NP0>Anak <w NP0>Irok <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4129"><w NP0>Parti <w NP0>Pesaka <w NP0>Bumiputra <w NP0>Bersatu <c PUL>(<w NP0>PBB<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Taib <w NP0>Mahmud <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4130"><w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malaysia <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mak <w AJ0>Hon <w UNC>Kam <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4131"><w NP0>Sarawak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w VVB>SNAP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amar <w NP0>James <w NP0>Wong <w NP0>Kim <w NN0>Min <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4132"><w NP0>Sarawak <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SUPP<c PUN>, <w VVB>Wong <w AV0>Soon <w NP0>Kai <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4133"><w AJ0-VVD>United <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>USNO<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sakaran <w NP0>Bin <w NP0>Dandai <w NN1>pres.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sabah-based <w NN1>AKAR <w CJC>and <w NP0>LDP <w VBD>were <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>BN <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38344<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DS>
<s n="4134"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4135"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Angkatan <w NP0-NN1>Perpaduan <w NP0>Ummah <c PUL>(<w NP0>APU<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties<c PUN>: <w NP0>Barisan <w NP0>Jama'ah <w NP0>Islamiah <w NN1>Se <w NP0>Malaysia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Berjasa<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Wan <w NN1>Hashim <w NN1-VVB>Bin <w NP0>Haji <w AJ0>Wan <w AJ0>Achmed <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4136"><w NP0>Parti <w NP0>Hisbul <w NP0>Muslimin <w NP0>Malaysia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hamim<c PUN>, <w NP0>Asri <w NP0>Muda <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4137"><w AJ0>Parti <w NN1>Islam <w NN1>Se <w NP0>Malaysia <c PUL>(<w UNC>PAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fadzil <w CJC>Nor <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4138"><w VVB-NN1>Semangat<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>46 <c PUL>(<w NP0>Razaleigh <w NP0>Hamzah <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4139"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVB>include <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DAP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lim <w NN1>Kit <w NN1-NP0>Siang <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>BN <w NN1>member <w NP0-NN1>Parti <w NP0>Bersatu <w NP0>Sabah <c PUL>(<w NP0>PBS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Pairin <w NP0>Kitingan <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DT>
<s n="4140"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4141"><w NP0>Azlan <w NP0-NN1>Shah <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4142"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4143"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w VVB>state <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>, <w CJS>except <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sabah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sarawak <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w CRD>1987 <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4144"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4145"><w AT0>A <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>by-elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4146"><ptr target=HLDCA0DU><w VVB-NN1>State <w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party <w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>or <w NP0>Menteri <w NP0>Besar <w NP0>Johore <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Muhyiddin <w NP0>Yassin <w NP0>Kedah <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Osman <w NP0>Aroff <w NP0>Kelantan <w NP0>APU <w NP0>Nik <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Aziz <w NP0-NN1>Nik <w NN1-VVB>Mat <w NP0>Malacca <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0-NN1>Rahmin <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Thamby <w NP0>Chik <w NP0>Negri <w NP0>Sembilan <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Isa <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Samad <w NP0>Pahang <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Khalil <w NP0>Yaacob <w NP0>Penang <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Koh <w NP0>Tsu <w NP0>Koon <w NP0>Perak <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Ramli <w NP0>Ngah <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Talib <w NP0>Perlis <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Hamid <w NP0>Pawanteh <w NP0>Sabah <w NP0>PBS <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Pairin <w NP0>Kitangan <w NP0>Sarawak <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Taib <w NP0>Mahmoud <w NP0>Selangor <w NP0>BN <w NP0>Mohammed <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Taib <w NP0>Trengganu <w NP0>BN <w AJ0>Wan <w NN1>Mokhtar <w NN1-VVB>bin <w NP0-NN1>Ahmad <ptr target=HLDCA0DV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DU>
<s n="4147"><w VVB-NN1>State <w NN2>details
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0DV>
<s n="4148"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4149"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>BN <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="4150"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>test <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir<w POS>'s <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>UMNO-dominated <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cohesive<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multiracial <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="4151"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>grouped <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informal <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gagasan <w NP0-NN1>Rakyat <c PUL>(<w NN0>People<w VBZ>'s <w VM0>Might<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>one-time <w NN1>Mahathir <w NN1>ally <w NP0-NN1>Razaleigh <w NP0>Hamzah<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UMNO <w NN1>offshoot <w NN1-NP0>Semangat<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>46<c PUN>.
<s n="4152"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>loose <w NN1>alliance <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>included <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>DAP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w UNC>PAS<c PUN>.
<s n="4153"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PBS<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>BN <w NN1>component <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w VVD>switched <w DPS>its <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN2>days <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="4154"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>37 <w PRP>to <w CRD>53<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB>Semangat<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>46 <w VVD>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="4155"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>held <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>peninsular <w NN1>state <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>BN <w VVD>formed <w NN2>governments <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRP>except <w NP0-NN1>Kelantan <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>APU <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>won <w DT0>all <w CRD>39 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="4156"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>success <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w NN1-NP0>Mahathir <w VBD>was <w AV0>unanimously <w AJ0-VVD>re-elected <w NN1-NP0>UMNO <w NN1>president <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>November-December<c PUN>.
<s n="4157"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assembly <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <w AVQ>when <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir <w AV0>narrowly <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Razaleigh<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>contest <w DTQ>which <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>within <w NP0-NN1>UMNO<c PUN>.
<s n="4158"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>reshuffle <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Daim <w NP0-NN1>Zainuddin<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="4159"><w NN1-NP0>Daim <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Ibrahim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w NP0>Mahathir<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>heir<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DW>
<s n="4160"><w NN2>Events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sabah
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4161"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1-AJ0>BN-affiliated <w NP0>PBS<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kitangan<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="4162"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>other <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>any <w NN2>seats <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>USNO<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NP0>BN <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>opponent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>PBS <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="4163"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w VVN>levelled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>intervened <w AV0>secretly <w PRP>on behalf of <w NP0-NN1>USNO <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w NP0-NN1>Kitangan<c PUN>.
<s n="4164"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>released <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1-VVB>plot <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
<s n="4165"><w NP0-NN1>Kitangan <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN1>plot <w VVD>existed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>four <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>close <w NN2>associates<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Act<c PUN>.
<s n="4166"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>worsened <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Kitangan <w VVD>pulled <w AT0>the <w NP0>PBS <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BN <w AV0>only <w CRD>five <w NN2>days <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="4167"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>motivated <w NN1>action <w NP0-NN1>Kitangan <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="4168"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w CJC>but <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN0>staff<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother <w NP0>Jeffrey <w NP0>Kitangan<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Act <w PRP>under <w NN1>suspicion <w PRF>of <w VVG>harbouring <w AJ0>anti-federalist <w NN2>designs<c PUN>.
<s n="4169"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w NP0>Jeffrey <w NP0>Kitangan <w VBD>was <w AV0>again <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>plot <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>.
<s n="4170"><w DT0>That <w NN1>month <w NP0-NN1>UMNO <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VVG>defeating <w AT0>the <w NP0>PBS <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0DX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DX>
<s n="4171"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <w CJC>and <w NN1>economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4172"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>report <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVD>registered <w AT0>a <w CRD>9.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>8.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4173"><w AJ0>Private <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN2>exports <w VVD>grew<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>unemployment <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall<c PUN>.
<s n="4174"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>aspect <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments<c PUN>; <w AV0>however <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>positive <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>large <w NN1>capital <w NN2>inflows<c PUN>.
<s n="4175"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>predicted <w AT0>a <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>7.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4176"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir <w VVD>announced <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>policy <w NN1>initiative <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Policy <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEP<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>operated <w PRP>from <w CRD>1971 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4177"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>so-called <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Policy <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>devised <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJ0>theoretical <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1-VVB>Outline <w NN1>Perspective <w NN1-VVB>Plan <c PUL>(<w UNC>OPP2<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991-2000<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w NP0>Malaysia <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AV0>fully <w AJ0-VVN>developed <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>by <w CRD>2020<c PUN>.
<s n="4178"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir <w VVD>revealed <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Sixth <w NP0>Malaysia <w NN1-VVB>Plan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SMP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w DT0>more <w AJ0>detailed <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>plans <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NP0>NDP<c PUN>, <w UNC>OPP2 <w CJC>and <w NP0>SMP <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38100<c PUN>; <w CRD>38293<c PUN>; <w CRD>38344<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4179"><ptr target=HLDCA0DY><w CRD>1990 <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>Total <w NN1>revenue <w CRD>27,219 <w CRD>30,246 <w NN1-VVB>Tax <w NN1>revenue <w CRD>19,835 <w CRD>21,776 <w AJ0>Indirect <w NN2>taxes <w CRD>10,042 <w CRD>10,337 <w AJ0>Non-tax <w NN1>revenue <w CRD>7,384 <w CRD>8,470 <w AJ0>Total <w NN1>expenditure <w CRD>25,993 <w CRD>29,040 <w NN1>Defence <w CRD>2,288 <w CRD>2,500 <w NN1>Education <w CRD>4,809 <w CRD>5,685 <w NN1>Health <w CRD>1,335 <w CRD>1,467 <w AJ0>Agricultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>development <w CRD>1,012 <w CRD>1,118 <w AJ0>General <w NN1>administration <w CRD>2,516 <w CRD>2,828 <w AJ0>Other <w NN2>purposes <w CRD>14,033 <w CRD>15,442
</p>
<caption id=HLDCA0DY>
<s n="4180"><w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>budgets <c PUL>(<w CRD>million <w NN2>ringgits<c PUR>)
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4181"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4182"><w NP0>MALDIVES
</head>
<p>
<s n="4183"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>298 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4184"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>214,139 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NN1>census<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4185"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>Male<c PUN>.
<s n="4186"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Dhivehi <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Maldivian<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4187"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w NN1>Sunni <w NN1>majority<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4188"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,500 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4189"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>rufiyaa <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=Rf10.1634 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4190"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>ICO<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>; <w NP0>SAARC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E0>
<s n="4191"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4192"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maldives<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AJ0>British <w NN1>protection <w PRP>with <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>self-government <w PRP>since <w CRD>1887<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVD>became <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>independent <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sultanate <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1965<c PUN>.
<s n="4193"><w PNP>It <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
<s n="4194"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>President <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>adult <w NN1-VVB>suffrage<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN>appointed <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>presided <w PRP>over <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="4195"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>48-member <w NN2>Citizens<w POS>' <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0>Majlis<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>40 <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>members <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>eight <w VBB>are <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E1>
<s n="4196"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4197"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Maumoun <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Gayoom <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4198"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Fathulla <w NP0>Jameel <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Mujuthaba <c PUL>(<w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN2>Industries<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Umar <w NP0>Zahir <c PUL>(<w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN2>Sports<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0>Ibrahim <c PUL>(<w NN2>Fisheries <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E2>
<s n="4199"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4200"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Gayoom <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4201"><w NN1-NP0>Mujuthaba<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Illyas <w NP0>Ibrahim <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>.
<s n="4202"><w NP0>Ismail <w NP0>Shafeeu <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>.
<s n="4203"><w NP0>Abbas <w NP0>Ibrahim <c PUL>(<w NP0>Illyas <w NP0>Ibrahim<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Gayoom<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother-in-law<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries <w PRP>from <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Shipping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>post <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>vacant<c PUN>.
<s n="4204"><w NP0-NN1>Gayoom<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdulla <w NP0>Hameed <w VVD>changed <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>from <w NP0>Atolls <w NN1>Administration <w PRP>to <w NN1>Education<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E3>
<s n="4205"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4206"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>no <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E4>
<s n="4207"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4208"><w NN1-NP0>Gayoom <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36350<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4209"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E5>
<s n="4210"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4211"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AVQ>when <w NN2>Illyas <w NP0>Ibrahim<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Service<c PUN>, <w VVD>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="4212"><w NP0>Ibrahim <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>man <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maldives<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother-in-law<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gayoom<c PUN>.
<s n="4213"><w NN2>Accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>levelled <w PRP>against <w NP0>Ibrahim <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gayoom <w VVD>yielded <w PRP>to <w NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Trading <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>STO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NP0>Ibrahim<w POS>'s <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>investigated <w PRP>for <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="4214"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS-PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w VVD>began<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ibrahim <w VVD>went <w ORD>first <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="4215"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w PNP>he <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maldives<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>answer <w NN2>questions <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>STO<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4216"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gayoom <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>pardoned <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Nasir<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>subsequently <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E6>
<s n="4217"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>indicators
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4218"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>expenditure <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989<c PUR>) <w UNC>US&dollar;71,000,000
</p>
<p>
<s n="4219"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>revenue <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989<c PUR>) <w UNC>US&dollar;45,000,000
</p>
<p>
<s n="4220"><w AJ0>Current-account <w NN1>balance <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVB>forecast<c PUR>) <w UNC>US&dollar;3,600,000
</p>
<p>
<s n="4221"><w NN1-VVB>Merchandise <w NN2>exports <c PUL>(<w CRD>1988<c PUR>) <w UNC>US&dollar;44,600,000
</p>
<p>
<s n="4222"><w NN1-VVB>Merchandise <w NN2>imports <c PUL>(<w CRD>1988<c PUR>) <w UNC>US&dollar;94,500,000
</p>
<p>
<s n="4223"><w NN1>Tourism <w NN2>receipts <c PUL>(<w CRD>1988<c PUR>) <w UNC>US&dollar;37,800,000
</p>
<p>
<s n="4224"><w NN1-VVB>Source<c PUN>: <w AV0-AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w NN1>Yearbook<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E7>
<s n="4225"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4226"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Maldives <w VVD>signed <w CRD>two <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="4227"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maldives <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interest-free <w NN1>loan <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000,000 <w NN0>yuan <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,100,000<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>grant <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000,000 <w NN0>yuan <w PRP>for <w VVG>implementing <w NN2>projects <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w CRD>1990-95<c PUN>.
<s n="4228"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Gayoom<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jameel<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>India <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-March <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4229"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4230"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="4231"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,565,000 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4232"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>2,200,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4233"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ulan <w NP0>Bator<c PUN>.
<s n="4234"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Khalkha <w NN1>Mongolian<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh<c PUN>.
<s n="4235"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w ITJ>no <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>religion<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Buddhist <w NN1>Lamaism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Shamanism<c PUN>; <w NN0>4% <w AJ0-NN1>Moslem<c PUN>.
<s n="4236"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>21,500 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4237"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w VVB-NN1>tugrik <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=41.952 <w VVZ>tugriks <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4238"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>, <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E8>
<s n="4239"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4240"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mongolia <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4241"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>bicameral <w NN1>legislature <w VVZ>comprises <w AT0>a <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>53-seat <w NN1-VVB>State <w NP0>Little <w NP0>Hural<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>deals <w PRP>with <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>matters <w CJC>and <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>430-member <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in <w AJ0>domestic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="4242"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w AV0>nationally <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVZ>elects <w AT0>the <w CRD>50 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Little <w NP0>Hural <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN2>parties <w VBB>are <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in proportion to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>.
<s n="4243"><w CRD>Three-quarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Little <w NP0>Hural <w NN2>deputies <w VM0>must <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural<c PUN>.
<s n="4244"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural<c PUN>.
<s n="4245"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VBZ>is <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>, <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38290<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0E9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0E9>
<s n="4246"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4247"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Punsalmaagiyn <w NP0-NN1>Ochirbat<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4248"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Dashiyn <w NP0-NN1>Byambasuren<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4249"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Radnaasumbereliyn <w NP0>Gonchigdorj <c PUL>(<w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>; <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w NP0>Little <w NP0>Hural<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Davaadorjiyn <w NP0>Ganbold <c PUL>(<w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tserenpilyn <w NP0>Gombosuren <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EA>
<s n="4250"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>to <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>to <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4251"><w CRD>Seven <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>committees <w VBD>were <w VVN>abolished <c PUL>(<w DT0>some <w VBG>being <w AV0>then <w VVN>reorganized<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37374<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4252"><w NP0>Choyjamtsyn <w NP0>Badamhaamb <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>ministry <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4253"><w NN1-NP0>Byambasuren <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w VVD>replaced <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sharavyn <w NP0>Gungaadorj <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37713<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4254"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>full <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37777<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EB>
<s n="4255"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4256"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPRP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Budragchaagyn <w NP0>Dash-Yondon <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Erdenijn <w NP0>Bat-Uul <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNPP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dagvasurengiyn <w VVB>Ganbold <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MSDP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Radnaasumbereliyn <w NP0>Batbayar <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EC>
<s n="4257"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4258"><w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Youth <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w AJ0>pro-MPRP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN1-AJ0>Labour <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPFL<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hoovdzayn <w NP0>Maam <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4259"><w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN2>Greens <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPG<c PUN>, <w NP0>Davaagiyn <w NP0>Basanjorj <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4260"><w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Religious <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRDP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tserengiyn <w NP0>Bayarsuren <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4261"><w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN2>Herdsmen <w CJC>and <w NN2>Farmers <c PUL>(<w NP0>PMHF<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unregistered<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0ED></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0ED>
<s n="4262"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4263"><w VVG>Following <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>abolished <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Little <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hurals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NP0>Hurals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>18 <w NN2>provinces <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>municipalities <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37609-10<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>37656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4264"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP <w VVD>held <w CRD>357 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDP <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>MNPP <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>MSDP <w CRD>four<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>39 <w NN2>members <w PRP>without <w NN1>party <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>.
<s n="4265"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Little <w NP0>Hural <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP <w VVD>held <w CRD>31 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDP <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>MNPP <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>MSDP <w CRD>three<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EE>
<s n="4266"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4267"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>structure <w VBD>was <w VVN>changed <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-establish <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Little <w NP0>Hural <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>in <w CRD>1950<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4268"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NP0-NN1>Ochirbat <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>President <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37713<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-member <w AJ0>all-party <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37777<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4269"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ochirbat <w VVD>appointed <w CRD>two <w AJ0>advisory <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>: <w AT0>a <w AJ0>23-member <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sharavyn <w NP0>Gungaadorj<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-member <w AJ0>Scholarly <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>economist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Budsuren <w NP0>Tumen <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37778<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4270"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP <w VVD>lost <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>influence<c PUN>.
<s n="4271"><w NN2>Privileges <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>state <w NN1>subsidy <w VVN-VVD>removed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="4272"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>umbrella <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>established <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AJ0>political <w NN1-VVB>change <w AV0>there <c PUL>(<w PRP>such as <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>Solidarity<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4273"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VBD>was <w VVN>banned <w PRP>for <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>state <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>removed <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38437<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4274"><w NN2>Attitudes <w AJ0-NN1>independent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>were <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>encouragement <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990-91 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>culture<c PUN>.
<s n="4275"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vertical <w NN1>script <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reintroduced <w PRP>in <w NN2>schools<c PUN>, <w PRP>alongside <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Cyrillic <w NN1>script <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946<c PUN>.
<s n="4276"><w NN2>Streets <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ulan <w NP0>Bator <w VBD>were <w VVN>renamed <w TO0>to <w VVI>commemorate <w NN1-AJ0>Mongolian <w PRP>rather than <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>history <w CJC>and <w NN2>heroes<c PUN>.
<s n="4277"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>removed <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w NN1>jurisdiction <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>promised <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>help <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>repair <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>monasteries<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AV0>only <w CRD>four <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>purges <w PRF>of <w NN2>monks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1930s <w CJC>and <w CRD>1940s<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4278"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4279"><w NN1>Troop <w NN2>numbers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>1986 <w NN2>levels<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>recruitment <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4280"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crime <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w CRD>11.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w CRD>10.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EF>
<s n="4281"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4282"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>output <w VVD>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>performance <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37960<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4283"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>revenue <w VBD>was <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w CRD>35.1 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NN1>expenditure <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>33.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="4284"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>trade <w VVD>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>62.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;328,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="4285"><w AT0>The <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mongolia<w POS>'s <w NN1>move <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>freeing <w PRF>of <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w NN1>doubling <w PRF>of <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="4286"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>cut <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38341<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4287"><w NN1>Legislation <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38190<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AJ0>large-scale <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>assistance <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>hardship <w CJS>as <w NP0>Mongolia <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="4288"><w NN1>Rationing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>foodstuffs <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37960<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NN1>rationing <w PRF>of <w NN1>meat <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38190<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4289"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w VVN-VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;120,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mongolia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="4290"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN-VVD>reached <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVG>shrinking <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hard-currency <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="4291"><w AJ0>Sino-Mongolian <w NN1>trade <w NN1>rose<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>January-March <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w CRD>43 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="4292"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>port <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>near <w NP0>Tianjin <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4293"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VVI>relieve <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nakhodka<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AV0>frequently <w AJ0-VVN>used <w NN1>route <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="4294"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN1>oil <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia <w TO0>to <w VVI>supplement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reduced <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>deliveries<c PUN>.
<s n="4295"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>exploit <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>oil <w NN2>reserves <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38009<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN1>oil <w NN1-VVG>prospecting <w NN2>concessions <w PRF>of <w CRD>40,000 <w NN0>sq km <w DT0>each <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="4296"><w NN2>Foreigners <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w NN2>enterprises <w CJC>and <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>tax <w NN2>exemptions <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w CRD>43 <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>enterprises <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4297"><w NN1>Unemployment <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>put <w PRP>at <w CRD>22,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>as <w CRD>100,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce<c PUR>) <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN2>sources<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EG>
<s n="4298"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4299"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990-91 <w NP0>Mongolia <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN1>world <w PRP>as well as <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w DPS>its <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4300"><w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <c PUL>(<w VVN>curtailed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>Ochirbat <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>state <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37960<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4301"><w DT0>This <w NN1>exchange <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>agreements <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>.
<s n="4302"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>extended<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>s <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38396<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38437<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4303"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>visited <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w VVB>discuss <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="4304"><w NP0-NN1>Ochirbat<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Seoul <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>soft <w NN1>loan <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="4305"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Mongolia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mongolia <w VHD>had <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w CRD>108 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLDCA0EH><s n="4306"><w NP0-NN1>Ochirbat <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37454<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>educational <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>fields <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN2>crossings <w PRP>between <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>crossing <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Erenhot <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Inner <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>.
<s n="4307"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>PLA <c PUL>(<w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army<c PUR>) <w PRP>since <w CRD>1961 <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="4308"><w NP0>Shagalyn <w NP0>Jadambaa <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4309"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN2>students <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ulan <w NP0>Bator <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>commemorate <w AT0>the <w NN1>crushing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>democracy <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36720-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJC>further <w NN1>student <w NN2-VVZ>protests <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>in <w NP0>Inner <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>.
</p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EH>
<s n="4310"><w NN2>Contacts <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VVD>increased <w PRP-AVP>in <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>.
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4311"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mongolia <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Non-aligned <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4312"><w NN1-NP0>Kyodo <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w NP0>Mongolia <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>shift <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>neutrality<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4313"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mongolia <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w DT0>all <w NN2>treaties <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <w PRP>since <w CRD>1921<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w DT0>many <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w AJ0>obsolete<c PUN>.
<s n="4314"><w AT0>The <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mongolia<w POS>'s <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w VVD-VVN>stood <w PRP>at <w CRD>9,700 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w AJ0>payable <w PRP>in <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
<s n="4315"><c PUL>(<w DT0>All <w AJ0>Mongolian-Soviet <w NN1>trade <w VVD>went <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="4316"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38009<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN1>repayment <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>for <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w NN1>interest <w NN2>payments <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991-95<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4317"><w DT0>Most <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>advisers <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>totalled <w CRD>40,000<c PUR>) <w VVD>left <w NP0>Ulan <w NP0>Bator <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4318"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37454<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PRP>by <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w CRD>82 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>27,000 <w AJ0>concerned <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>left <c PUL>(<w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>scheduled<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VM0>would <w VVI>leave <w PRP>by <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4319"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4320"><w NP0>MYANMA <c PUL>(<w NP0>BURMA<c PUR>)
</head>
<p>
<s n="4321"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>676,552 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4322"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>41,700,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4323"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Yangon <c PUL>(<w NP0>Rangoon<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4324"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Burmese <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>tribal <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="4325"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Buddhism <c PUL>(<w NN0>85%<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Animism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>, <w NN1>Hinduism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="4326"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>230,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4327"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>kyat <c PUL>(<w UNC>US1.00=6.0398 <w NN2>kyats <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4328"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EJ>
<s n="4329"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4330"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w CRD>1988 <w DT0>all <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>organs <w CJC>and <w NN2>institutions <w VBD>were <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="4331"><w AT0>A <w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>authorities <w VHB>have <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>prevented <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>convening<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EK>
<s n="4332"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4333"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saw <w NP0>Maung <w VHZ>has <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>September <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="4334"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVZ>holds <w AT0>the <w NN2>posts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="4335"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>political <w NN2>personalities <w VVB>include <w NP0>Ne <w NP0>Win<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ageing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strongman<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w DPS>his <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ne <w NP0>Win<w POS>'s <w NN1>proteg&eacute;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="4336"><w NP0-NN1>Khin <w NP0-NN1>Nyunt<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>Directorate <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Services <w NN1>Intelligence <w CJC>and <w ORD>First <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NP0>SLORC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4337"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saw <w NP0>Maung<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4338"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>U <w NP0>Ohn <w NP0>Gyaw <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen <w NP0>David <w NP0>Abel <c PUL>(<w NN1>Trade<c PUN>; <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="4339"><w NP0>Phone <w NP0>Myint <c PUL>(<w AV0>Home <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EL>
<s n="4340"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w NP0>January <w NP0>1990-July <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4341"><w AT0>No <w NN1>cabinet <w NN2>changes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EM>
<s n="4342"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4343"><w AT0>No <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EN>
<s n="4344"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4345"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1988 <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>function<c PUN>.
<s n="4346"><w PRP>By <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1989 <w AV0>over <w CRD>230 <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>registered <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>93 <w NN2>parties <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4347"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>U <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>Shwe <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w NP0>U <w NP0>Lwin <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec. <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below <w PRP>for <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>leaders<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w CRD>392 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>485 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="4348"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <c PUL>(<w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN1>parenthesis<c PUR>) <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w NP0>Shan <w NN2>Nationalities <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w CRD>23<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Rakhine <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w CRD>11<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w CRD>10 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Burma <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Programme <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0>U <w DT0>Tha <w NN1>Kyaw <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w NP0>U <w NP0>Tun <w NP0>Yi <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec.<c PUN>, <w AJ0>U <w CJS>Than <w NN1>Tin <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4349"><w NP0>Mon <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w CRD>5<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w CRD>4<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Chin <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w CRD>3<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>Kachin <w NN1>State <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w CRD>3<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w CRD>3<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0-VVD>United <w NN1-NP0>Paoh <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w CRD>3<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4350"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>de-registered <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sein <w VVB>Win <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Fascist <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bo <w NP0>Kyaw <w NP0-NN1>Nyunt <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cho <w NP0>Cho <w NP0>Kyaw <w NP0>Nyein <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Peace <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>U <w NN1>Nu <w NN0>l.<c PUN>, <w NP0>U <w NP0>Thein <w NP0>Sein <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Parties<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Politics <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w NN1>Youth<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Youth <w NN1>front<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EP>
<s n="4351"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4352"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="4353"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLORC <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD-VVN>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>convening<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0ER></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0ER>
<s n="4354"><w NN1>Guerrilla <w NN2>groups
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4355"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDF<c PUN>, <w VVD>Saw <w NP0>Maw <w NP0>Reh <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w CJC>Nor <w NP0>Mong <w NP0>Onn <w NN1>vice-pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tu <w NP0>Ja <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>11-member <w NN1>umbrella <w NN1>group <w VVG>co-ordinating <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>effort <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>self-determination<c PUN>.
<s n="4356"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1988 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NDF <w VVD>created <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burma <c PUL>(<w NP0>DAB<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>incorporated <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>dissident <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w NN2>monks <w CJC>and <w NN2>expatriates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4357"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NDF <w VBZ>is <w VVN>divided <w PRP>into <w CRD>three <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>commands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4358"><w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>command<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Arakan <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Khaing <w PNP>Ye <w VVG-AJ0>Khaing <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Arakan <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALA<c PUR>) <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Khaing <w PNP>Ye <w VVG>Khaing<c PUN>, <w UNC>c/s.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NP0>Karen <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KNU<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Ba <w AJ0>Thin <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUN>; <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Karen <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>KNLA<c PUR>) <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="4359"><w NP0>Bo <w NP0>Mya<c PUN>, <w NN1>pres. <w CJC>and <w UNC>c/s.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Mon <w NN1>State <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NMSP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nai <w NP0>Nol <w NP0>Lar <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>; <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Mon <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNLA<c PUR>) <w NP0>Nai <w NP0>Nol <w NP0>Lar <w UNC>c/s.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Lahu <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4360"><w AJ0>Central <w NN1>command<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Karenni <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KNPP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bya <w NP0-NN1>Reh <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>; <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Karenni <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>KRA<c PUR>) <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="4361"><w NN1>Bee <w NN1-NP0>Htoo <w ZZ0>c/s<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NP0>Pa-O <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>Kham <w NP0>Hti <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Pa-O <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNA<c PUR>) <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Htoon <w NP0>Yi <w UNC>c/s.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NP0>Wa <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>WNO<c PUN>, <w NN1>Ai <w NP0-NN1>Chau <w NP0-NN1>Hseu <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>; <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Wa <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>WNA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Ai <w NP0-NN1>Chau <w NP0-NN1>Hseu <w UNC>c/s.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Chin <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4362"><w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>command<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Kachin <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KIO<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brang <w NP0>Seng <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>; <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0-NN1>Kachin <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>KIA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="4363"><w NP0>Zau <w NP0>Mai<c PUN>, <w UNC>c/s.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Shan <w NN1>State <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SSPP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Sai <w NP0>Lak <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec.<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Shan <w NN1>State <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SSA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Gaw <w NP0>Lin <w UNC>Da <w UNC>c/s.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVD>Palaung <w NN1>State <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>PSLO<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khrus <w NP0>Sangai <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>; <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Palaung <w NN1>State <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj. <w NN1>Ai <w NN1-VVB>Mong <w ZZ0>c/s<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4364"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>group <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>NDF <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burma <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPB<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ba <w NP0>Thein <w NN1>Tin <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4365"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPB <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>diminished <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w AV0>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>mutiny <w PRP>by <w NP0>Wa <w NN2>tribesmen<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPB<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="4366"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>fled <w PRP>into <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mutiny <w VVN-VVD>entered <w PRP>into <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4367"><w AJ0>Various <w AJ0>private <w NN2>armies <w VVB>exist<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w VVN>funded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>drug <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>trafficking<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>notably <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Mong <w NP0>Tai <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shan <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Army<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>narcotics <w NN1>warlord<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Khun <w NP0>Sa <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chang <w NP0>Shee <w NP0>Fu<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0ES></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0ES>
<s n="4368"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4369"><w NP0>SLORC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>assumed <w NN1>power <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>height <w PRF>of <w CRD>1988<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>, <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>drafting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="4370"><w CJS-PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>predicted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w VM0>would <w VVI>interfere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>polling <w NN1-VVB>process <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>descendant <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w NP0>Burma <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Programme <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="4371"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>orderly <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w AV0>most <w AV0>openly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w DT0>some <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="4372"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD<w POS>'s <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>military <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sanction <w AT0>a <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4373"><w PRP>Throughout <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>opponents <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>frustrated <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>.
<s n="4374"><w VVB>Decree <w CRD>1/90<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>government <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="4375"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>initiated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>against <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>activities <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>pledge <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37857<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4376"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="4377"><w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w NN1>Vice-Chair<c PUN>, <w AV0>officially <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>transfer <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>involved <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unfit <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="4378"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0-NN1>Kyi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NN1>Tin <w ZZ0>U <c PUL>(<w AV0>respectively <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w CJC>and <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>since <w CRD>mid-1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4379"><w PRP>As of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>over <w CRD>80 <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died<c PUN>, <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4380"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLORC <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>resorted <w PRP>to <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>terror <w TO0>to <w VVI>subdue <w DPS>its <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>.
<s n="4381"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Buddhist <w NN2>monks <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mandalay<c PUN>.
<s n="4382"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>on <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>Insein <w NN1>prison <c PUL>(<w NP0>Yangon<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CRD>four <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="4383"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>protest <w VVD-AJ0>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="4384"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Coalition <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burma<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VVD>contained <w NN2>members <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w NN1>student <w NN2>dissidents <w CJC>and <w NN2>monks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37655<c PUN>; <w CRD>37711<c PUN>; <w CRD>37915-16<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0ET></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0ET>
<s n="4385"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4386"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>made <w DT0>some <w NN1>progress <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>long <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>against <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>insurgents <w VVG>operating <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>periphery<c PUN>.
<s n="4387"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NDF<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>command <w VVD>suffered <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>defeats<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>KNLA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MNLA <w AV0>both <w VBG>being <w VVN>dislodged <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>heartlands <w PRP>during <w AJ0>dry-season <w NN2>offensives<c PUN>.
<s n="4388"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w AT0>the <w NP0>KIA <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>effective<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>CPB-controlled <w NN2>areas <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>government <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4389"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>KNLA<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>MNLA <w CJC>and <w NP0>KIA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37963<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4390"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>fighter <w NN2>bombers <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>border <w CJS>after <w NN2>rebels <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN2>troops <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w ITJ>Phaw <w NP0>Hta <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4391"><w DT0>That <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>PNO <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NDF<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN1>command<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EU>
<s n="4392"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4393"><w AJ0>Official <w AJ0>provisional <w NN0>statistics <w VVD>registered <w AT0>a <w CRD>7.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989/90<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>11.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1988/89<c PUN>.
<s n="4394"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="4395"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1989/90 <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,367 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kyats<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w CRD>7,000,000 <w NN2>kyats<c PUN>.
<s n="4396"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>planned <w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w CRD>4,624 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kyats<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>estimated <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w TO0>to <w VVI>offset <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w AV0>over <w CRD>15,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kyats<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>some <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>.
<s n="4397"><w NN1>Inflation <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>problem <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>reaching <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>as <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN2>estimates<c PUN>.
<s n="4398"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>factors <w VVN-VVD>contributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>government <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disappointing <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4399"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLORC <w VDD>did <w VVI>manage <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w DT0>some <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN2>industries <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>timber <w CJC>and <w NN1>mineral <w NN1>extraction<c PUN>.
<s n="4400"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>impeded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unrealistic <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>rate <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=6.5 <w NN2>kyats <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>black <w NN1>market <w NN1>rate <w VVD>fluctuated <w PRP>between <w CRD>50 <w CJC>and <w CRD>75 <w NN2>kyats <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>.
<s n="4401"><w AT0>The <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>banks <w AV0>also <w VVD>hampered <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="4402"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>remedy <w DT0>this <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>introduced <w AJ0>new <w NN1>banking <w NN2>laws <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>banks <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN2>branches <w PRP>in <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EV>
<s n="4403"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4404"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLORC<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w AV0>harshly <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUN>.
<s n="4405"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD-VVN>received <w AV0>little <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w DT0>these <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN1>sanction <w VBD>were <w VVN>imposed<c PUN>.
<s n="4406"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-AV0>close<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w DT0>those <w PRP>with <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Thailand <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w UNC>BO&gt;Singapore<c PUN>.
<s n="4407"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Myanma <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w NN2>arms <w PRP>worth <w DT0>some <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="4408"><w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>Myanma<w POS>'s <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>large <w NN1>neighbour<c PUN>, <w VVD>maintained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4409"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4410"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<p>
<s n="4411"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>147,181 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4412"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>19,100,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4413"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kathmandu<c PUN>.
<s n="4414"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Nepali <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maithir <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Bhojpuri<c PUN>.
<s n="4415"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Hinduism <c PUL>(<w NN1>majority<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Buddhism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>.
<s n="4416"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>35,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4417"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>nepalese <w NN1>rupee <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=Nrs42.7512 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4418"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>; <w NP0>SAARC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EW>
<s n="4419"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4420"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nepal <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarchy<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bicameral <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>a <w AJ0>205-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pratinidhi <w NP0>Sabha<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>adult <w NN1>franchise<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>60-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Rashtriya <w NP0>Sabha<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBB>are <w NN2>nominees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<c PUN>, <w CRD>35 <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w NN2>women<c PUR>) <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college<c PUN>.
<s n="4421"><w AT0>The <w NN1>King <w VBZ>is <w VVN>described <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>symbol <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN1>nationality <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>unity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nepal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EX>
<s n="4422"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4423"><w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>: <w NP0>King <w NP0>Birendra <w NP0>Bir <w NP0>Bikram <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Deva <w VVD>succeeded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>throne <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4424"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Girja <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Palace <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4425"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Mahesh <w NP0>Acharya <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sher <w NP0>Bahadur <w NP0>Deupan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Gopal <w NN1>Man <w NP0-NN1>Shrestha <c PUL>(<w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tara <w NP0>Nath <w NP0>Bhatt <c PUL>(<w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0EY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0EY>
<s n="4426"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4427"><w AJ0>Numerous <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>height <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nepal <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37362<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4428"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w NP0>King <w NP0>Birendra <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marich <w NN1>Man <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Shrestha<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>place <w NP0>Lokendra <w NP0>Bahadur <w NP0>Chand<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Krishna <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0-NN1>Bhattarai<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
<s n="4429"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Girija <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w PNP>he <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38193<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4430"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July <w NP0>Mahesh <w NP0>Acharya <w CJC>and <w NN1>Ram <w NP0>Badan <w NP0-NN1>Yadav <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w AV0>respectively <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38339<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F0>
<s n="4431"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4432"><w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Krishna <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Bhattarai <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Girija <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ganesh <w NN1>Man <w NP0>Singh <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F1>
<s n="4433"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4434"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Birendra <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4435"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w VVZ>specifies <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>law <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>bans<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVZ>imposes <w NN2>restrictions <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="4436"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties <w VVB>include<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NP0>Nepal <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>Man <w NP0>Mohan <w NP0-NN1>Adhikari <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Marxist-Leninist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Marxist <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nepal <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>Tanka <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Acharya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dilli <w NP0>Raman <w NP0>Regmi <w NN2>ls.<c PUR>) <w VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nepal <w NP0>Praja <w NP0>Parishad <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nepali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nepali <w NP0>Sadbhavana <w NP0>Parishad <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gajendra <w NP0>Narayan <w NP0>Singh <w NN1>pres.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chand<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lokendra <w NP0>Bahadur <w AV0>Chand <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Thapa<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NP0>Surya <w NP0>Bahadur <w NP0>Thapa <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sahana <w NP0>Pradhan <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NN1>M. <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Thapa <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F2>
<s n="4437"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4438"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>respectively <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38193<c PUN>; <w CRD>38339<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F3>
<s n="4439"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4440"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Nepal <w VBD>was <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>monarchy <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="4441"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w AJ0>combined <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>, <w NP0>MRD<c PUR>) <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>stir<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>restoring <w AJ0>full <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w VVG>organizing <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>.
<s n="4442"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>activists<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>confrontations <w VBD>were <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w NN2>demonstrators <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="4443"><w AT0>The <w NN2>protests <w VVD-VVN>continued <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mounting <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>, <w NP0>King <w NP0>Birendra <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marich <w NN1>Man <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Shrestha<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1-VVB>place <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w NP0>Lokendra <w NP0>Bahadur <w NP0>Chand<c PUN>.
<s n="4444"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVD-VVN>worsened <w AV0>considerably <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w AVQ>when <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>protestors <w VVN-VVD>descended <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>palace <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kathmandu <w CJC>and <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="4445"><w AT0>The <w NN2>killings <w VVD>exacerbated <w AT0>the <w NN1>discontent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>act<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w AV0>quickly <w VVD-VVN>lifted <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>dissolved <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRD <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="4446"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PNP>he <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <w NN1>president <w NP0>Krishna <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0-NN1>Bhattarai<c PUN>.
<s n="4447"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w AV0>formally <w VVN>delegated <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bhattarai <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w VVB>announce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4448"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="4449"><w AT0>The <w NN1>King <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w PNP>he <w VVD>submitted <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>counter-proposals<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kathmandu<c PUN>.
<s n="4450"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w AV0>formally <w VVN>proclaimed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w CRD>1962 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>enshrined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>absolute <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarchy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multitiered <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>panchayat <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
<s n="4451"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>guaranteed <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarchy<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>expression<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w NN1>association<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4452"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>since <w CRD>1959 <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>under <w NP0>Girija <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala<c PUN>.
<s n="4453"><w NN2>Bhattarai<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>incumbent <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>his <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="4454"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F4>
<s n="4455"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4456"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Mahesh <w NP0>Acharya <w VVD>presented <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991/92 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4457"><w PRF>Of <w AJ0>total <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w UNC>NRs26,600 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;620,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w UNC>NRs16,890 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;395,000,000<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>for <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>earmarked <w PRP>for <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="4458"><w AV0>Approximately <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>development <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>financed <w PRP>from <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>assistance <w CJC>and <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
<s n="4459"><w NP0-NN1>Acharya <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VM0>would <w VVI>leave <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>NRs2,080 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;49,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>borrowing <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>treasury <w NN2>bills<c PUN>.
<s n="4460"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>budget <w NN1>speech <w NP0-NN1>Acharya <w AV0>also <w VVN>announced <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>privatize <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4461"><w NP0>Nepal <w VVD>devalued <w DPS>its <w NN1>rupee <w PRP>by <w CRD>20.96 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>a <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>rupee <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38337<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F5>
<s n="4462"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4463"><w NP0>Nepal<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>India <w VVD>improved <w AV0>greatly <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4464"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w NP0>India <w AV0>finally <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transit <w NN2>concessions <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>, <w AV0>partly <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nepal<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>weaponry<c PUN>.
<s n="4465"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w AJ0-VVG>restoring <w NN1>trade <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>re-opening <w NN1>transit <w NN2>points <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Bhattarai <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="4466"><w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Shekhar <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Nepal <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w PRP>since <w CRD>1977<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4467"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4468"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="4469"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>803,943 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4470"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>122,600,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4471"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>.
<s n="4472"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Urdu <c PUL>(<w AJ0>national<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1-AJ0>Punjabi<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Sindhi<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Pushto<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="4473"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>religion <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>97%<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Hinduism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="4474"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>550,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4475"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN1>rupee <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=Rs24.4266 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4476"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>ICO<c PUN>, <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>, <w NP0>SAARC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F6>
<s n="4477"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4478"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w VVN>proclaimed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1956<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w NN1>dominion <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>partition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Empire <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1947<c PUN>.
<s n="4479"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>governments <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w AV0>almost <w AV0>continuously <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>General <w NP0>Zia <w NP0>ul-Haq <w PNQ>who <w VVD>assumed <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1977<c PUN>.
<s n="4480"><w CJS-PRP>After <w NP0>Zia <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>crash <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Ishaq <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="4481"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4482"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhutto <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVD>ordered <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="4483"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Mustapha <w NP0-NN1>Jatoi <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>government <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Mian <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4484"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1973 <w VVZ>provides <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bicameral <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>legislature <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>217-member <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>elected <w AT0>every <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>87-member <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>elected <w AT0>every <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VVG>relinquishing <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats <w AT0>every <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="4485"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <c PUL>(<w AJ0>renewable<c PUR>) <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F7>
<s n="4486"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4487"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Ishaq <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4488"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Mian <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4489"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Sayed <w NP0>Ghaus <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Shah <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mir <w NP0>Hazar <w NP0>Khan <w NP0>Bijrani <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Production<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Choudhry <w NP0-NN1>Shujat <w NN1>Hussain <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sartaj <w NP0>Aziz <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0>Ahmad <c PUL>(<w NN2>Industries <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F8>
<s n="4490"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>to <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4491"><w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>: <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sind <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37246<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4492"><w NP0>August<c PUN>: <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bhutto <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37652-53<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4493"><w NP0>November<c PUN>: <w NN1>swearing-in <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sharif <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4494"><w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>: <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38007<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4495"><w NP0>March<c PUN>: <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4496"><w NP0>April<c PUN>: <w NN1>assumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>by <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Ministry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38153<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4497"><w NP0>May<c PUN>: <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>woman <w NN1>minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38194<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0F9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0F9>
<s n="4498"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4499"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Islami <w NP0-NN1>Jumhoori <w NP0>Ittehad <c PUL>(<w NP0>IDA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Mian <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-party <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-e-Islami <w NP0>Pakistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>JIP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amir <w NP0>Kazi <w NN1-AJ0>Hussain <w NP0-NN1>Ahmad<c PUN>, <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w UNC>Jamiat-e-Ulema-i-Pakistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>JUP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Noorani <w NN1>pres.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Mustapha <w NP0>Jatoi<c PUN>, <w NN0>l.<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w AJ0>Muslim <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w NP0>PML<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Khan <w NP0-NN1>Junejo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fida <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Khan<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NP0>Ahle <w NP0>Hadith<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Jamaat-ul <w NN1>Mashaikh<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezb-i-Jihad <c PUL>(<w NP0>Murtaza <w NP0>Pooya <w NN0>l.<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Azad <w NN1>Group<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nizam-i-Mustafa <w NN1>Group<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FA>
<s n="4500"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4501"><w NP0>Pakistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4502"><w NP0-NN1>Mohajir <w NP0>Qaumi <w NP0>Mahaz <c PUL>(<w NP0>MQM <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Mohajir <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Urdu-speaking <w NN2>migrants<c PUR>) <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Altaf <w NP0>Hussain <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4503"><w AJ0>Awami <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khan <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Wali <w NP0>Khan <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4504"><w NP0>Jamiat-e-Ulema-Islam <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>JUI <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Society <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>Scholars<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fazlur <w NP0>Rahman <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4505"><w NP0>Jamhoori <w NP0>Watan <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>JWP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Bugti <w ZZ0>l<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FB>
<s n="4506"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4507"><w ORD>Last <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>: <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37763<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w ORD>last <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>: <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4508"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FC>
<s n="4509"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4510"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w VVN>weakened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Muhajir <w NP0>Qaumi <w NP0>Mahaz <c PUL>(<w NP0>MQM<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37043<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>setback <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>incidents <w PRF>of <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="4511"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>dominated <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>handle <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w VVD-VVN>led <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>politicians <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>dismissal <w CJC>and <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w NN1>emergency <w NN2-VVZ>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w AT0>the <w AJ0>spiralling <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="4512"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN2>difficulties <w VBD>were <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN2>differences <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>openly <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w DPS>its <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="4513"><w VVZ-NN2>Reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w AV0>increasingly <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>take-over <w VBD>was <w AJ0>imminent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4514"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhutto <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37652-53<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VDD>did <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>lead <w PRP>to <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w NN1>controversy <w VVG>centring <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN1>exercise <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>haste <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>proceedings <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w PRP>against <w NP0>Bhutto <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w DT0>former <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4515"><w NN2>Elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1-AJ0>civilian <w NN1>government <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>landslide <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Islamic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>anti-Bhutto <w NN1>coalition <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>IDA<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Punjab <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37763-64<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4516"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJS>earliest <w NN2>measures <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sharia <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="4517"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>credentials <w DTQ>which <w DPS>its <w NN2>critics <w VVD-VVN>maintained <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>undermined <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western-dominated <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <w VVG-AJ0>opposing <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gulf <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37639<c PUN>; <w CRD>37641<c PUN>; <w CRD>37694<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4518"><w NN2-VVZ>Strains <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>emerged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w DTQ>which <w VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>policy <w CJS>as <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>subservient <w PRP>to <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Zionist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>interests<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4519"><w NN2>Attempts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sharif <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>inter-provincial <w NN1>rivalry <w CJC>and <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>between <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>led <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>award <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="4520"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w DT0>each <w NN1>province<w POS>'s <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w VVG-NN1>retaining <w CRD>one-fifth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>pool<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VBG>being <w VVN>split <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Punjab <c PUL>(<w CRD>57.88 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sind <c PUL>(<w CRD>23.28 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>North-West <w NN1>Frontier <w NN1>Province <c PUL>(<w CRD>13.50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Baluchistan <c PUL>(<w CRD>5.30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FD>
<s n="4521"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4522"><w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN1>infrastructure <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>3.1 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>fastest <w NN1>population <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Asia <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN2>obstacles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhutto <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>revitalize <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="4523"><w AJ0>Gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>targeted <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>ending <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>slowed <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>4.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>production<c PUN>.
<s n="4524"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>Rs55,800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>widened <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>to <w UNC>Rs64,400 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37530<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>largely <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w VVN>projected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990/91 <w PRP>at <w UNC>Rs63,300 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>total <w NN1>expenditure <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37530<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4525"><w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w AV0>badly <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w NN1>revenue <w NN2>losses <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4526"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>reserves <w VVD-VVN>dropped <w AV0>perilously <w AJ0>low<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVG>reviving <w AV0>marginally <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;200 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4527"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>survey <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NN1>GDP <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>owing to <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w CRD>5.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AVP>up <w PRP>from <w CRD>2.1 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="4528"><w AT0>The <w NN1>survey <w VVD>showed <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>exports <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVD>grew <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>while <w NN2>imports <w VVD>rose <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="4529"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>cost <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;700 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4530"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>reform <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sharif <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>consisted <w AV0>primarily <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>deregulating <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38538<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4531"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG>reducing <w AV0>radically <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>by <w VVG>implementing <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>social <w NN1>spending<c PUN>; <w NN1>defence <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>almost <w CRD>11.6 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4532"><w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>trading <w NN2>partners <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989/90 <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>; <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FE>
<s n="4533"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>affairs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4534"><w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>: <w NN1>deterioration <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>India <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37246<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4535"><w NP0>August<c PUN>: <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gulf <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37639<c PUN>; <w CRD>37641<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4536"><w NP0>September<c PUN>: <w NN1-VVB>despatch <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gulf <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37694<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4537"><w NP0>June<c PUN>: <w NP0>US-Pakistan <w NN2>talks<c PUN>; <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4538"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>generally <w VBN>been <w AJ0>amicable <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhutto <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>underwent <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w NN1>worth <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;570 <w CRD>million <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4539"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>an <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kashmir <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>India <w VVD>continued<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w VVN-VVD>completed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4540"><w AJ0>Close <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>maintained <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>.
<s n="4541"><w NP0>Sharif <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>26-March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4542"><w NP0>France <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant <w PRP>for <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>purposes <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18-21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4543"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>consignment <w PRF>of <w CRD>32 <w NP0-NN1>Mirage <w NN2>jets <w PRP>from <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w UNC>Nov.29<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>negotiations <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4544"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4545"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<p>
<s n="4546"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>300,00 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4547"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>62,400,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4548"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>.
<s n="4549"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pilipino <c PUL>(<w AJ0>native <w AJ0>national <w NN1>language<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Cebuano<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tagalog<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iloco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ifugao<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Spanish<c PUN>.
<s n="4550"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w NN1>Catholicism<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>.
<s n="4551"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>108,500 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4552"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>peso <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=P26.2065 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4553"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FF>
<s n="4554"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4555"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w VVD>became <w AJ0>independent <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1946<c PUN>.
<s n="4556"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1965 <w NP0>Ferdinand <w NP0>Marcos <w VVD>became <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>retained <w NN1>power <w AV0>thereafter <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>coercion<c PUN>.
<s n="4557"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>rally <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>placate <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w PRP>upon <w DTQ>which <w DPS>his <w NN1>regime <w VBD>was <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>dependent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marcos <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="4558"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>widow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>opponent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marcos <w NN1>regime <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>murder <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
<s n="4559"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Marcos <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>victory <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN-VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Aquino <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="4560"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>popular <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>Aquino <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>mutiny <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marcos <w VVD>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aquino <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>declared <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="4561"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="4562"><w PRP>Under <w DPS>its <w NN2>terms <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>authority <w VBD>was <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>bicameral <w AV0>popularly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Congress <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-member <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>250-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="4563"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <c PUL>(<w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>term<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FG>
<s n="4564"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4565"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4566"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Renato <w NP0>de <w NN1>Villa <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jesus <w NP0>Estanislao <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Raul <w NP0>Manglapus <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FH>
<s n="4567"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>to <w CRD>mid-1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4568"><w NP0>Catalino <w NP0>Macaraig <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37919<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0>Orbos<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38344<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FJ>
<s n="4569"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4570"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Aquino <w VBZ>is <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>loose <w NN1>coalition <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Laban <w NN0>ng <w NP0-NN1>Demokratikong <w NP0-NN1>Pilipino <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w NP0>Neptali <w NP0>Gonzales <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Cojuangco <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4571"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LDP <w VBZ>is <w PNX>itself <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>PDP-Laban <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Pilipino <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Laban <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lakas <w NN0>ng <w NN1>Bayan <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Power <w NN1>Movement<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>husband <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>assassination<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lakas <w NN0>ng <w NP0-NN1>Bansa <c PUL>(<w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Struggle<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4572"><w AV0>Traditionally<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aquino <w NN1>presidency <w VHZ>has <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>PDP-Laban <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Aquilino <w NP0>Pimentel <w NN1>ch.<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>chose <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB>split <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kalaw <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>GAD <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Jose <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jovito<c PUR>) <w NP0>Salonga <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FK>
<s n="4573"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4574"><w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Marxist-Leninist <c PUL>(<w NN0>CPP-ML<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>split <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Soviet <w NP0>PKP <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968<c PUN>, <w NP0>Benito <w NP0>Tiamzon <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saturnino <w NP0>Ocampo <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec.<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>CCP-ML<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVG>waging <w AT0>a <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war <w PRP>since <w CRD>1969<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Grand <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>GAD<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-Aquino <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>GAD <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mindanao <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nacionalista <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kalaw <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Ponce <w NP0>Enrile <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4575"><w NP0>Kilusan <w NP0-NN1>Bagong <w NP0-NN1>Lipunan <c PUL>(<w NP0>KBL <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Society <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vicente <w NP0>Mellora <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4576"><w NP0>Mindanao <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mindanao<c PUN>, <w NP0>Homobono <w NP0>Adaza <w NN0>l.<c PUN>; <w NP0>Nacionalista <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>originally <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1907<c PUN>, <w VVN>resurrected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salvador <w NP0>Laurel <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Juan <w NN1-VVB>Ponce <w NP0>Enrile <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4577"><w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDF<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w NN1>leftist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w NN1>practice <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>CCP-ML <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Zobel <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saturnino <w NP0-NN1>Ocampo <w NN1>spokesman<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Partido <w NP0>Komunista <w NN0>ng <w NN2>Pilipinas <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1930<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pro-Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Felicisimo <w NP0>Macapagal <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4578"><w NN1-NP0>Partido <w NN0>ng <w NN1-NP0>Bayan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>New <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Alliance<c PUR>) <w VVD>established <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Sisson<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>CCP-ML<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Agcaoli <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4579"><w NP0-NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>UNA<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salvador <w NP0>Laurel <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FL>
<s n="4580"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4581"><w AT0>The <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1987 <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aquino <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35319-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4582"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w NN2>candidates <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>chambers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35321-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FM><ptr target=HLDCA0FN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FM>
<s n="4583"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0FN>
<s n="4584"><w NN1>Politics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4585"><w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>frustration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tortuous <w NN1>complexity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Filipino <w NN1>party <w NN1>politics <w VBD>was <w VVN>evidenced <w PRP>by <w DPS>her <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kabisig <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VVN>derived <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tagalog <w NN1>word <w NN1-VVG>meaning<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>arm-in-arm<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>brotherhood<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37534<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4586"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-party <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>inject <w AJ0>new <w NN1>life <w PRP>into <w DPS>her <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>programmes <w PRP>by <w VVG>reaching <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>LDP <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>patterns <w PRF>of <w NN1>patronage<c PUN>.
<s n="4587"><w PRP>As <w DT0>such<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>recapture <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w NN1>politics <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>People <w NN1>Power<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Aquino <w VHD>had <w VVN>mobilized <w AV0>so <w AV0>effectively <w PRP>against <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4588"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kabisig <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>turned <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>treated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>movement <w PRP>with <w AJ0>great <w NN1>suspicion<c PUN>, <w VVG>believing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>vehicle <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aquino <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w AJ0>favoured <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="4589"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>an <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>backed <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>.
<s n="4590"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AV0>fully <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>split <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w DPS>their <w NN1>approval <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>accepted <w NN2>positions <w AV0>within<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="4591"><w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>her <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>her <w NN1>optimism <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>accommodation <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>reached <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Kabisig <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4592"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w CJS>as <w PNP>she <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>stand <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>witness <w PRP>in support of <w DPS>her <w NN1>libel <w NN1>case <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>newspaper <w NN1>columnist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luis <w NP0-NN1>Beltran<c PUN>.
<s n="4593"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w NP0>Beltran<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w NP0>Aquino <w VHD>had <w VVN>hidden <w PRP>under <w DPS>her <w NN1>bed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
<s n="4594"><w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>undergo <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ferocious <w CJC>and <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN1>cross-examination <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>needlessly <w VVN>exposed <w PNP>her <w AV0>already <w AJ0-VVN>tarnished <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>image <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN1-VVB>damage<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w NN2>others <w VVD>applauded <w PNP>it <w CJS>as <w AJC>further <w NN1>proof <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tenacious <w NN1>courage <w DTQ>which <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>displayed <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>opposing <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4595"><w AV0>Increasingly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>domestic <w AJ0>political <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="4596"><w PRP>With <w NP0>Aquino <w AJ0>adamant <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>jostling <w PRP>for <w NN1>position <w PRP>amongst <w DT0>those <w AJ0>ambitious <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w PNP>her <w VVD-VVN>intensified <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FP>
<s n="4597"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4598"><w PRP>Throughout <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>reverberations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37120-21<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4599"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w DT0>many <w NN2>others <w VVD-VVN>escaped<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Gregorio<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Gringo<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Honasan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Reform <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NN1>RAM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>clandestine <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>military <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>repeated <w NN1>coup <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>against <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>.
<s n="4600"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w NP0>Juan <w NN1-VVB>Ponce <w NP0>Enrile<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37250<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37534<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4601"><w AT0>An <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrest <w NP0>Rodolfo <w NP0>Aguinaldo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cagayan<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>rebellion <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AV0>easily <w VVN-VVD>crushed<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>to <w VVD>demonstrated <w AT0>the <w NN1>unreliability <w PRF>of <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4602"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>provided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>escape <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Lt.-Cdr<c PUN>.
<s n="4603"><w NP0>Bilbastro<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Billy<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Bibit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37376<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4604"><w VVB-NN1>Bibit <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>companions <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Young <w NN2>Officers <w NP0-NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w PNP>YOU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shadowy <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>organisation <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w NN1>RAM<c PUN>.
<s n="4605"><w NN1-NP0>Bibit <w VBD>was <w VVN>recaptured <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37961<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4606"><w AJ0>Small <w NN2>bombs <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <w AV0>almost <w AV0-AJ0>daily<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>planted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>military <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>.
<s n="4607"><w AV0>For the most part <w AT0>the <w NN2>explosions <w VVD-VVN>caused <w DT0>few <w NN2>casualties <w CJC>and <w AJ0>little <w NN1>material <w NN1>damage<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>in <w VVG>fostering <w AT0>an <w NN1>impression <w PRF>of <w NN1>insecurity<c PUN>.
<s n="4608"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bombings <w VBD>were <w VVN>acknowledged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Cobra<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>organization <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>tradition <w PRF>of <w NN1>RAM <w CJC>and <w PNP>YOU<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4609"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w DT0>another <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>participant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Noble<c PUN>, <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>from <w VVG>hiding <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w AT0>a <w NN1>revolt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Mindanao<c PUN>.
<s n="4610"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rebellion <w VBD>was <w AV0>easily <w VVN-VVD>crushed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>immediately <w AV0>afterwards <w NN1>Congress <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>act <w PRF>of <w NN1>rebellion <w AJ0>punishable <w PRP>with <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37781<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4611"><w DT0>Several <w AJ0>military <w NN2>dissidents <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37961<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4612"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Victor <w NP0>Batac<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>RAM<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Abraham <w NP0>Purugganan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w PNP>YOU<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38011-12<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4613"><w DT0>Another <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>RAM<c PUN>, <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Edgardo <w NP0>Divina<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>Navy <w NN1>captain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Juancho <w NP0-NN1>Sabban<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>participant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4614"><w PRP>By <w CRD>mid-1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w VVN>posed <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>military <w NN2>rightists<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>problem <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VVD>emanated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>insurgency <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w AJ0>New <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4615"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPA <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>19,000 <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>25,600 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w VVG>disrupting <w CJC>and <w VVG>demoralizing <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>by <w VVG>targeting <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="4616"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>moribund <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VVN>lost <w DPS>its <w NN1>cause<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="4617"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPA <w VBD>was <w AV0>successfully <w VVG>shifting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>operation <w PRP>to <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>centres<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>.
<s n="4618"><w PRP>Amongst <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Saturnino <w NP0>Dumlao<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>intelligent <w NN1>agent<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>ambushed <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>drove <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Manila <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Paranaque <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4619"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN2>enemies <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>military <w NN2>dissidents <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>NPA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37657-58<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4620"><w CJS>Although <w DPS>her <w NN1>initiative <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>reversal <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>stance<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>produced <w DT0>little <w NN1>progress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4621"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>NPA <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN2>activities <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AVP>back <w AJ0-VVD>lost <w NN1>ground<c PUN>.
<s n="4622"><w PRP>Between <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>563 <w NN1>government <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4623"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>lay <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-running <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NN1>struggle <w VBG>being <w VVN>waged <w PRP>by <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mindanao <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="4624"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>created <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Region <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Muslim <w NP0>Mindanao<c PUN>.
<s n="4625"><w AT0>The <w NN1>region <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-contiguous <w NN1>amalgamation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sulu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tawi <w AJ0-NN1>Tawi <w NN1>island <w NN1>group <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w NP0>Mindanao <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maguindanao <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lanao <w UNC>del <w UNC>Sur <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>provinces <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>autonomy <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37042<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4626"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zacaria <w NP0>Candao<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>confronted <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>family <w NN2>clans<c PUN>.
<s n="4627"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w VVD-VVN>assumed <w DT0>some <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>credibility <w AVQ-CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>executive <w NN2-VVZ>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Candao <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="4628"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>official <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>departments <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>employment<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1>environment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>, <w NN1>science <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>services <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VBN>been <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Autonomous <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4629"><w AT0>The <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Moro <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>autonomy <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1976 <w NP0>Tripoli <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>28440<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4630"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MNLF <w VVD>continued <w DPS>its <w NN1>guerilla <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w AJC>smaller <w NP0-NN1>Bansa <w NP0-NN1>Moro <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>BMNLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FR>
<s n="4631"><w NN2>Issues <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Marcos
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4632"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>court <w AV0>finally <w VVN-AJ0>sentenced <w NN1>airforce <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="4633"><w VVB>Luther <w NP0>Custodio <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1983 <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>Benigno <w NP0>Aquino <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rolando <w NP0-NN1>Galman <w PRP>at <w NP0>Manila <w NN1>Airport<c PUN>.
<s n="4634"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>20 <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>were <w VVN>acquitted<c PUN>.
<s n="4635"><w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>her <w NN1>disappointment <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w AJ0>exhaustive <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>directly <w VVN>implicated <w DT0>those<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN2>Marcoses<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4636"><w NP0>Aquino <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>disappointment <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>, <w NN1>widow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>dictator<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w VVD-VVN>acquitted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37613<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4637"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>achieved <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>trace <w CJC>and <w VVI>retrieve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>sums <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>looted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marcos <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w NN2>funds <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w AV0>only <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NP0>Philippines<w POS>' <w NN1>court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>against <w NP0>Marcos <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37961<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4638"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>banned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN1>point <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="4639"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>District <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ordered <w NP0>Marcos <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>on <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>fraud <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="4640"><w NP0>Imelda<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>vigorously <w VVD-VVN>protested <w DPS>her <w NN1>innocence <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w DPS>her <w NN1>homeland <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<w POS>'s <w AJ0>dying <w NN1>wish <w PRP>by <w VVG>interring <w DPS>his <w NN1>body <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>.
<s n="4641"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>observers <w VVD>saw <w DPS>her <w NN1-VVB>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AV0>as <w AV0>also <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marcos <w NN1>patronage <w NN1>network <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <c PUL>(<w AV0>directly <w CJC>or <w AV0>indirectly<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="4642"><w PRP>By <w CRD>mid-1991 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w VVG>increasing <w NN2>signs <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FS>
<s n="4643"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4644"><w AT0>The <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abortive <w NN2>revolts <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w PNP>it <w VVD>damaged <w AJ0>international <w NN1>investor <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>.
<s n="4645"><w PRP>By <w CRD>mid-1990 <w NN2>withdrawals <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investments <w VHD>had <w VVN>amounted <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;145,000,000<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w VVB>double <w AT0>the <w AJ0>comparable <w NN1>figure <w PRP>for <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4646"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>factors <w AV0>adversely <w VVG>affecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Luzon <w NN1>earthquake <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37613<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>frequent <w NN2>power-cuts <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>energy <w NN1>shortage<c PUN>.
<s n="4647"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w VVN>worsened <w CJS>when <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>invaded <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>some <w CRD>65 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>energy <w NN2>requirements <w VBD>were <w VVN>met <w PRP>by <w AJ0>imported <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>500,000 <w CJC>or <w AV0>more <w AJ0>Filipino <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w VVN-VVD>remitted <w PRP>between <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;2,000 <w CRD>million <w DT0>each <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="4648"><w NN2>Figures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>gap <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w PRP>by <w CRD>62 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;1,870 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4649"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>drew <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w AV0>officially <w CJS>as <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w VVB>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w CJC>and <w VVB>maintain <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
<s n="4650"><w AT0>The <w CRD>247,400 <w CRD>million <w NN1>peso <w NN1>budget <w VVD>involved <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>spending <w PRP>by <w CRD>17.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>adjusted <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>budget <w PRF>of <w CRD>209,800 <w CRD>million <w NN2>pesos<c PUN>.
<s n="4651"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VVI>shrink <w PRP>from <w CRD>17,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>pesos <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>inflation <w VM0>would <w VVI>fall <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>12.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>9.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="4652"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w VVN>forecast <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w CRD>4.8 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>5.2 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>5.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4653"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;26,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>unchanged <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="4654"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>several <w NN1>restructuring <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983 <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN1>servicing <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>consume <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w NN1>export <w NN2>revenues<c PUN>.
<s n="4655"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN2>balance-of-payments <w NN1>crisis <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w AV0>only <w PRP>by <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w NN2>loans <w PRP>from <w AJ0>multinational <w NN2>institutions <c PUL>(<w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4656"><w AT0>The <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w VVG>servicing <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w NN1>burden <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w AJ0-VVD>stimulated <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>.
<s n="4657"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w PRP>from <w CRD>33,900 <w CRD>million <w NN2>pesos <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w AV0>at least <w CRD>55,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4658"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>deficit <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w PRP>on <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVG>spending <w CJC>and <w NN1>liberalization <w NN2>measures <w PRP>for <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w NN2>demands <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="4659"><w NN1>Failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>over <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stabilization <w NN1>programme <w VVD>worsened <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w VVG>causing <w AT0>the <w NN1>withholding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>agreed <w NN2>loans <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&dollar;715 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>government <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>.
<s n="4660"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>aggravated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>disasters<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>earthquake <w DTQ>which <w VVD>devastated <w AT0>the <w NN1>infrastructure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1-NP0>Luzon <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>killed <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,650 <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37613<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4661"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>earthquake <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN1>debt <w NN1>repayment<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4662"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>prices <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>debt <w VVG>rescheduling <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peso <w PRP>by <w CRD>8.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>November <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>forecasts <w VVD-VVN>predicted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VVI>reach <w CRD>60,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>pesos <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4663"><w AV0>Gradually <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>increases <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>public <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>.
<s n="4664"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>prices <w VBD>were <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>32 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>order <w DTQ>which <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>duty <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w NN2>imports<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>oil<c PUN>.
<s n="4665"><w AT0>The <w NN1>levy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>effective <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AV0>at least <w CRD>20,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>pesos <w PRP>in <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>revenue<c PUN>.
<s n="4666"><w VVG>Following <w DT0>these <w NN2>moves<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w DT0>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>over <w DT0>all <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>stabilization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="4667"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>18-month <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>credit <w NN1>facility <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38012<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4668"><w AV0>Also<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AJ0>major <w NN1>donor <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations <w VVD>pledged <w NN0>&dollar;3,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4669"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>derived <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>companies <w VVN-VVD>acquired <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>20-year <w NN1>rule <w PRF>of <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>.
<s n="4670"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>completed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nonoc <w NN1>Mining <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>Corporation<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>nickel <w NN1>refinery <w NN1>complex <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>Nickel <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>Philnico<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN0>&dollar;325 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w AV0>over <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4671"><w AJ0>Official <w NN0>statistics <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN1>GDP <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w CRD>2.8 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>5.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>comparable <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4672"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country <w VVD>recorded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>current-account <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;2,430 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>11 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>63 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>equivalent <w NN1>period <w PRP>for <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4673"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;28,549 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>3.37 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w NN1>inflation <w VVD>averaged <w CRD>10.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="4674"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>slowdown<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full-blown <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w VVG>highlighting <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>weaknesses <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>obscured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>comfortable <w AJ0-NN1>consumer-led <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="4675"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VVD>appeared <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aquino <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>will <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN2>reserves <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>confidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>undertake <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>comprehensive <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>reform<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FT>
<s n="4676"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4677"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>were <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>giant <w NN2>facilities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clark <w NP0-NN1>Field <w NN1>air <w NN1>base <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Subic <w NN1-VVB>Bay <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>installation<c PUN>.
<s n="4678"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN2>leases <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
<s n="4679"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w DT0>former <w AJ0>colonial <w NN1>master <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AV0>more <w AJ0>complex <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bases <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w PRP>in terms of <w NN1>employment <w NN2>opportunities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>hard-currency <w NN2>earnings<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>presence <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRP>on <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w AJ0-NN1>left <w CJC>and <w NN1>right<c PUN>.
<s n="4680"><w AT0>The <w NN2>negotiations <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>into <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37658<c PUN>; <w CRD>37716<c PUN>; <w CRD>37861<c PUN>; <w CRD>37919<c PUN>; <w CRD>38195<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w AV0>abruptly <w VVN>altered <w CJS>when <w NP0>Mount <w NP0>Pinatubo <w VVD>began <w VVG>erupting <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>Clark <w CJC>and <w NP0>Subic <w NN2>bases <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38294<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4681"><w PRP>By <w CRD>mid-1991 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unclear <w CJS>whether <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reached <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bases <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>whether<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVN>reached<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJS>as <w VVN>stipulated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4682"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4683"><w NP0>SINGAPORE
</head>
<p>
<s n="4684"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>623 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4685"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>2,700,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4686"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Singapore <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="4687"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>Malay <c PUL>(<w AJ0>national<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Chinese <c PUL>(<w NN1>Mandarin<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Tamil <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="4688"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Daoism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christianity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Hinduism<c PUN>.
<s n="4689"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>55,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4690"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>Singapore <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=S&dollar;1.6816 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4691"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>, <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FU>
<s n="4692"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4693"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>self-government <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>in <w CRD>1959<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w CRD>1965 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>separated <w PRP>from <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>.
<s n="4694"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>Constitution <w VVZ>provides <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN1>Parliament <w AT0>every <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="4695"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AJ0>responsible <w AV0>collectively <w PRP>to <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="4696"><w NN1>Parliament <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>unicameral <w CJC>and <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <w CRD>81 <w NN2>members <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>single-member <w NN2>wards <w CJC>and <w NN1>group <w NN1>representation <w NN2>constituencies <c PUL>(<w NP0>GRCs<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4697"><w AT0>The <w NP0>GRC <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>Team <w NN2>MPs<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>returned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>minority <w NN1>representation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FV>
<s n="4698"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4699"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w VVB>Wee <w NP0>Kim <w NN1-VVB>Wee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4700"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4701"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Senior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ong <w NP0>Teng <w NP0>Cheong <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Brig. <w AJ0>-Gen. <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>reserve<c PUR>) <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Hsien <w NP0>Loong <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Yeo <w NP0>Ning <w NP0>Hong <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Wong <w NP0>Kan <w NP0>Seng <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Hu <w NP0-NN1>Tsu <w NN1>Tau <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Suppiah <w NP0>Dhanabalan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Shanmugam <w NP0>Jayakumar <c PUL>(<w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN1-NP0>Law<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FW>
<s n="4702"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4703"><w NP0-NN1>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>reshuffled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37860<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4704"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w AV0>again <w VVN>reshuffled <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38295<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4705"><w NP0-NN1>Goh <w VVD>relinquished <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w VVG>appointing <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>place <w NP0>Yeo <w NP0>Ning <w NP0>Hong<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w ORD>Second <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <c PUL>(<w NN1>Policy<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4706"><w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="4707"><w NP0>George <w NP0>Yeo <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>for <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN2>Arts <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>as <w ORD>Second <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="4708"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lee <w NN1>Boon <w NP0>Yang <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w CJC>and <w ORD>Second <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mah <w NP0>Bow <w NN1-AJ0>Tan <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Acting <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>; <w NP0>Seet <w NN1>Ai <w NP0>Mee <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Acting <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Community <w NN1>Development<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sidek <w NP0-NN1>Saniff <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Education<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4709"><w NP0-NN1>Goh <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38441<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FX>
<s n="4710"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4711"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>) <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRP>since <w CRD>1959<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0FY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0FY>
<s n="4712"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4713"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Singapore <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chaim <w VVB-NN1>See <w NP0-NN1>Tong <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="4714"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>J. <w NP0>B. <w NP0-NN1>Jeyaretnum <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat<c PUN>.
<s n="4715"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Singapore <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pertubohan <w NP0>Kebangsaan <w NP0>Melayu <w NP0>Singapura<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4716"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVN>registered <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <w VVB>include<c PUN>: <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party <w NP0-NN1>Singapura<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Angkatan <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>; <w NP0>Barisan <w NP0-NN1>Socialis<c PUN>; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>; <w NP0>Partai <w NP0>Rakyat <c PUL>(<w NP0>Singapore <w NN1>State <w NN1>Division<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Parti <w NP0>Kesatuan <w NP0>Ra'ayat <c PUL>(<w AJ0-VVN>United <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w NP0>Persatuan <w NP0>Melayu <w NP0>Singapura<c PUN>; <w NP0>Singapore <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w NP0>Singapore <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>; <w NP0>Singapore <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>Barisan <w NP0>Bersatu <w NP0>Singapura<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>Front<c PUN>; <w AJ0-VVD>United <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front<c PUN>; <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>Front<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0G0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G0>
<s n="4717"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4718"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38397<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w VVB>Wee <w NP0>Kim <w NN1>Wee <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37574<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0G1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G1>
<s n="4719"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4720"><w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew <w AV0>finally <w VVN>resigned <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>31 <w NN2>years <w AV0>continuously <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37860-61<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4721"><w AT0>The <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>duly <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NP0>Lee<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>.
<s n="4722"><w NP0>Lee <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Senior <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <c PUL>(<w NP0>Goh<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>chosen <w NN1>successor<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Hsien <w NP0-NN1>Loong<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="4723"><w NN1>Parliament <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>convert <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ceremonial <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NN1>president <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w PRP>post <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>holder <w VM0>would <w VVI>enjoy <w AJ0>reserve <w NN1>veto <w NN2-VVZ>powers <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>provision <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>service <w NN2>appointments <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37962<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4724"><w NN2>Critics <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w NN1-VVB>form <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w VBD>was <w VVN>earmarked <w PRP>for <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4725"><w NN1>Parliament <w VVD-VVN>adopted <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w AJ0>required <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>publication <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1-VVB>permit <w CJS>if <w AV0>more than <w CRD>300 <w NN2>copies <w VBD>were <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>carried <w NN2>articles <w PRP>on <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Asia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="4726"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Asian <w NP0>Wall <w NP0>Street <w NN1>Journal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>circulation <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>restricted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35463<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>halted <w DT0>all <w NN1>circulation <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="4727"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>Parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>harmony<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>practice <w VVB>restrict <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>freedoms <w CJC>and <w VVB>suppress <w NN1-VVB>dissent<c PUN>.
<s n="4728"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Maintenance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Religious <w NN1>Harmony <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w NN2>fines <w CJC>and <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>heightening <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>different <w NN2>faiths<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>inciting <w NN2>others <w TO0>to <w VVI>defy <w CJC>or <w VVI>challenge <w AJ0>secular <w NN1>government <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilize <w NN2>followers <w PRP>for <w NN1>subversion<c PUN>.
<s n="4729"><w NP0>Vincent <w NP0>Cheng<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Catholic <w AJ0>social <w NN1>worker <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>leading <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Marxist <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Teo <w NP0-NN1>Soh <w NN1>Lung<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cheng<w POS>'s <w NN2>co-conspirators<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>conditionally <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37533<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4730"><w NP0>Cheng <w CJC>and <w NP0>Teo <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w PRF>of <w CRD>22 <w NN0>people <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35462<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4731"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>long-running <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>dispute <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>J. <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Jeyaretnam<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>MP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>WP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>his <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Singapore <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Appeal <w PRP>for <w NN1>reinstatement <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="4732"><w NP0>Jeyaretnam <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disqualified <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>MP <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35462-63<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w NP0>WP <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="4733"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1989 <w PNP>he <w VVD>began <w NN1>libel <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>Singapore <w NN1>government <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>deep <w VVB-NN1>disquiet<c PUQ>&quot; <w AVP-PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37574<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4734"><w NP0>Jeyaretnam <w AV0>finally <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>his <w NN1>case <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VBB>be <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="4735"><c PUL>(<w AJ0>Civil <w NN2>cases <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w CJS>if <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w NN2>hearings <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLDCA0G2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G2>
<s n="4736"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4737"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hu <w NP0-NN1>Tsu <w NN1>Tau <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>to <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37575 <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>budget<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4738"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>neutral<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>predictions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>slowdown <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4739"><w NP0>Hu <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer<w POS>'s <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0-NN1>Provident <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPF<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN1>pension <w NN1>scheme<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>1 <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>17.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVG>starting <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4740"><w PRP>By <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w VVG-NN1>lobbying <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>modest <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w CRD>0.5 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>employee<w POS>'s <w NP0>CPF <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>22.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4741"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVB-NN1>forecast <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>government <w NN1>expenditure <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w CRD>15.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991/92 <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w UNC>S&dollar;15,800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="4742"><w AJ0>Total <w NN1>revenue <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w UNC>S&dollar;1,900 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w UNC>S&dollar;17,200 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>surplus <c PUL>(<w AV0>that is<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>surplus <w PRP>minus <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>lending <w CJC>and <w PRP>plus <w AJ0>net <w NN1>capital <w NN2>receipts<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w UNC>S&dollar;3,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>5.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4743"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w UNC>S&dollar;5,300 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1990/91<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0G3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G3>
<s n="4744"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4745"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN1>GDP <w PRF>of <w CRD>8.3 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>was <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w CRD>9.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="4746"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>year <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN2>services <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>10.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4747"><w NN1>Manufacturing <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>9.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w CRD>9.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4748"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commerce <w NN1>sector <w VBD>was <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w CRD>7.8 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>8.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>communications <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>recorded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>slight <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>8.8 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>9.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4749"><w NN1>Construction <w VVN>expanded <w PRP>by <w CRD>7.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>after <w CRD>five <w AJ0>successive <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sluggish <w NN1>performance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4750"><w AT0>A <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>problem <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>addition <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>60,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="4751"><w AT0>The <w NN1>labour <w NN1>shortage <w VVD-VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w NN2>wages <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>6.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w NN1>productivity <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>3.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="4752"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result<c PUN>, <w NN1>unit <w NN1>labour <w NN2>costs <w VVD>grew <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in comparison with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Asian <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w PRP>such as <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4753"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w NN2>exports <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w CRD>9.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>S&dollar;95,200 <w CRD>million <w VVD-VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>dependence <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="4754"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w NN1>rose <w UNC>S&dollar;4,900 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w UNC>S&dollar;14,600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4755"><w AJ0>Non-oil <w NN2>exports <w VVD-VVN>constituted <w AV0>just <w AV0>under <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>export <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w VVG>rising <w PRP>by <w CRD>8.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="4756"><w NN2>Exports <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>S&dollar;17,100 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>volumes <w VVG>passing <w PRP>through <w NP0>Singapore <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>onset <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="4757"><w NN1>Consumer <w NN1>electronics <w NN2>exports <w VVD>grew <w AV0>more <w AV0>slowly <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN1>computer <w NN2>disks <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>31 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>S&dollar;7,200 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4758"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Board <c PUL>(<w NP0>EDB<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Singapore <w VHD>had <w VVN>attracted <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w UNC>US&dollar;1,410 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVG>surpassing <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>source<c PUN>.
<s n="4759"><w NN1>Investment <w NN2>commitments <w VHD>had <w AV0>mainly <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>electronics <w NN2>industries<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w AV0>almost <w CRD>49 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN2>chemicals<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>almost <w CRD>29 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0G4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G4>
<s n="4760"><w AJ0>Foreign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4761"><w NP0>Singapore <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37780<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4762"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>formal <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>strain <w NP0>Singapore<w POS>'s <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="4763"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>renewal <w DT0>that <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>later <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37780<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4764"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Hsien <w NP0-NN1>Loong <w VVD>headed <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4765"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NP0>Singapore<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN2>facilities <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37860<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4766"><w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Malaysia <w TO0>to <w VVI>brief <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4767"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w NP0>Asia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38191-92<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4768"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Malaysia <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Indonesia <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>good <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4769"><w DT0>Much <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NP0>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong<w POS>'s <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w NN1>triangle<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>involving <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Johore <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Batam. <ptr target=HLDCA0G5><c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>Total <w NN1>GDP <c PUL>(<w NP0>US <w UNC>&dollar;million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>28,800<c PUN>, <w CRD>34,600 <w AJ0>Real <w NN1>GDP <w NN1>growth <c PUL>(<w NN0>%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>9.2<c PUN>, <w CRD>8.3 <w NN1>GNP <w AV0>per capita <c PUL>(<w NN0>US&dollar;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>10,752<c PUN>, <w CRD>12,765 <w NN2>Components <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP <c PUL>(<w NN0>%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Private <w NN1>consumption<c PUN>, <w CRD>46.6<c PUN>, <w CRD>44.4 <w AJ0>Total <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w CRD>34.4<c PUN>, <w CRD>38.6 <w NN1>Government <w NN1>consumption<c PUN>, <w CRD>10.8<c PUN>, <w CRD>10.6 <w AJ0>Net <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w CRD>8.9<c PUN>, <w CRD>5.9 <w NN1>Consumer <w NN2>prices <c PUL>(<w NN0>% <w VVB-NN1>change <w NN0>p.a.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>2.4<c PUN>, <w CRD>3.4 <w AJ0>Retail <w NN0>sales <w NN1>volume <c PUL>(<w NN0>% <w VVB-NN1>change <w NN0>p.a.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>11.3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1.7 <w AJ0>Individual <w NN1>production <c PUL>(<w NN0>% <w VVB-NN1>change <w NN0>p.a.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>10.1<c PUN>, <w CRD>9.5 <w NN1>Unemployment <c PUL>(<w NN0>% <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour <w NN1>force<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>2.2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1.7 <w NN2>Reserves <w PRP>minus <w NN1>gold <c PUL>(<w NN0>US&dollar; <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>20,300<c PUN>, <w CRD>28,400 <w NN1>Money <w NN1>growth <c PUL>(<w UNC>M1 <w NN0>% <w NN0>p.a.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>14.9<c PUN>, <w CRD>10.8 <w AJ0>Minimum <w NN1>Lending <w NN1>Rate <c PUL>(<w NN0>% <w NN0>p.a.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>6.2<c PUN>, <w CRD>7.7 <w AJ0>Public <w AJ0>external <w NN1>debt <c PUL>(<w NN0>US&dollar; <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>71.1<c PUN>, <w CRD>38.3 <w NN1>Debt <w NN1>service <w NN1>ratio <c PUL>(<w NN0>%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.7<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.2 <w AJ0>Current <w NN1>Account <w NN1>Balance <c PUL>(<w NN0>US&dollar; <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>2,500<c PUN>, <w CRD>2,300 <w NN2>Exports <c PUL>(<w NN0>US&dollar; <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>44,700<c PUN>, <w CRD>52,600 <w NN2>Imports <c PUL>(<w NN0>US&dollar; <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>49,700<c PUN>, <w CRD>60,500 <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>balance <c PUL>(<w NN0>US&dollar; <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>-5,000<c PUN>, <w CRD>-7,900 <w AJ0>Main <w NN1>trading <w NN2>partners<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>Exports <c PUL>(<w NN0>% <w PRP>by <w NN1>value<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CRD>23.3<c PUN>, <w CRD>22.0 <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w CRD>13.7<c PUN>, <w CRD>13.5 <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w CRD>8.5<c PUN>, <w CRD>9.0 <w NN2>Imports <c PUL>(<w NN0>% <w PRP>by <w NN1>value<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w CRD>21.4<c PUN>, <w CRD>20.2 <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CRD>17.1<c PUN>, <w CRD>16.0 <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w CRD>13.2<c PUN>, <w CRD>13.6 <w NN1>Source<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times<c PUN>.
</p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G5>
<s n="4770"><w AJ0>Detailed <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989-90
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4771"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4772"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<p>
<s n="4773"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>64,453 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4774"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>17,200,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4775"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Colombo <c PUL>(<w NN1>seat <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Jayawardene <w NP0>Kotte<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4776"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sinhala<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>English <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Tamil <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w AJ0-NN1>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4777"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Buddhism <c PUL>(<w NN0>70%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Hinduism <c PUL>(<w NN0>15%<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>speakers<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="4778"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>65,100 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4779"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w NN1>rupee <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=Rs41.8083 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4780"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>; <w NP0>SAARC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0G6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G6>
<s n="4781"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4782"><w VVN>Known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Ceylon <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1972<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>since <w CRD>1948<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1978 <w NN1>Constitution <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VBZ>is <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>cabinet<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>also <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>168-member <w NN1>parliament <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4783"><w PRP>In response to <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>, <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1983 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>advocation <w PRF>of <w NN1>separatism <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
<s n="4784"><w AJ0>Militant <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>MPs <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w VVD-AJ0>boycotted <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>from <w CRD>mid-1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37611<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38439 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w NN1>boycott <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0G7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G7>
<s n="4785"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4786"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ranasinghe <w NP0>Premadasa <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>; <w NP0>Buddha <w NP0>Sasana<c PUN>; <w NN1>Policy <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Implementation<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4787"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Dingiri <w NP0>Banda <w NP0>Wijetunge <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>; <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4788"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>as of <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>: <w NP0>Harold <w NP0>Herath <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Renuka <w NP0>Herath <c PUL>(<w NN1>Health<c PUN>; <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Festus <w NP0>Perera <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Provincial <w NN2>Councils <w CJC>and <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Thondaman <c PUL>(<w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ranil <w NP0>Wickremasingh <c PUL>(<w NN2>Industries<c PUN>, <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>A. <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Mansoor <c PUL>(<w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0G8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G8>
<s n="4789"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>to <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4790"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37316<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4791"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ranjan <w NP0>Wijeratne <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38103<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4792"><w NP0-NN1>Lalith <w NP0-NN1>Athulathmudali <w CJC>and <w NP0>G. <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Premachandra <w VVD>resigned <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38393<c PUN>; <w CRD>38440<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VVB-NN1>UNP <w NN2>dissidents <w VVD>created <w AT0>the <w NN2>vacancies <w AV0>still <w AJ0>unfilled <w PRP>as of <w NP0>end-September<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0G9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0G9>
<s n="4793"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4794"><w AJ0>United <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ranasinghe <w NP0>Premadasa <w NN0>l.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sirisena <w NP0>Cooray <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Tamil-based <w NP0>Ceylon <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>CWC<c PUN>, <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Thondaman <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GA>
<s n="4795"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4796"><w NP0-NN1>Bahejana <w NP0>Nidahas <w NP0>Pakshaya <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chandrika <w VVB>Kumaranatunge <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>formed <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>allied <w PRP>with <w NP0>SLFP<c PUN>, <w NP0>LSSP<c PUN>, <w NP0>NSSP <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>; <w VVB>Eelavar <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>EDF<c PUN>, <w PRP>V. <w NP0-NN1>Balakumar <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Eelam <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NN2>Students <w CJC>or <w NP0>EROS<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mahajana <w NP0>Eksath <w NP0>Peramuna <c PUL>(<w NP0>MEP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dinesh <w NP0>Gunawardene <w AJ0>gen. <w NN0>-sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4797"><w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLFP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sirimavo <w NP0>Bandaranaike <w NN0>l.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anura <w NP0>Bandaranaike <w AJ0>national <w NN1>organizer<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w NP0>Mahajana <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLMP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ossie <w NP0>Abeygoonasekara <w NN0>l.<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Conference <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLMC<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Tamil <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>TULF<c PUN>, <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Padmanabha <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vardharaja <w NP0>Perumal <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>TULF <w NN1>front <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0>Eelam <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPRLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0-VVD>United <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vasudeva <w NP0>Nanayakkara <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>grouping <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>historically <w AJ0>Trotskyite <w NP0>Lauka <w NP0>Sama <w NP0>Samaja <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LSSP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nava <w NP0>Sama <w NP0>Samaja <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GB>
<s n="4798"><w NN1>Guerrilla <w NN2>groups
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4799"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>fierce <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Tamil <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Peace <w VVG>Keeping <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ascendancy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>LTTE<c PUN>, <w NP0>Velupillai <w NP0-NN1>Prabhakaran <w NN0>l.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anton <w NP0>Balasingham <w AJ0>political <w NN1>spokesman<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4800"><w VVB>Rival <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN2>groups <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>co-operated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>relegated <w PRP>to <w NN1>politics <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile<c PUN>.
<s n="4801"><w AJ0>Various <w NN2>groups <w AV0>broadly <w AJ0>sympathetic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>LTTE<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EDF <w NN1>alliance <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>parties <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>won <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVD>boycotted <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w VVD>broke <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4802"><w AT0>The <c PUL>(<w AV0>nominally <w AJ0>left-wing<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Sinhala <w NN1>guerrilla <w NP0>Janatha <w NP0>Vimukti <w NP0>Peramuna <c PUL>(<w NP0>JVP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN-VVD>wiped <w AVP>out <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>threat <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ruthless <w NN1>army <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37042<c PUN>; <w CRD>37353<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GC>
<s n="4803"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4804"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>under <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w ORD>last <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>UNP <w VVD>won <w CRD>125 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>225 <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>SLFP <w VVD>won <w CRD>67 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36467<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38103<c PUN>; <w CRD>38193<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4805"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36381<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GD>
<s n="4806"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4807"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>UNP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>comfortable <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Premadasa <w NN1>regime <w VVD>faced <w AT0>no <w AJ0>imminent <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>test <w PRP>after <w NP0>February <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38193 <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4808"><w NN1>Criticism <w VVD>grew<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w CJC>and <w PRP>among <w DT0>some <w AJ0>ambitious <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>sidelined <w NP0-NN1>UNP <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Premadasa<w POS>'s <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>autocratic <w NN1>style <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>reliance <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AV0>personally <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>.
<s n="4809"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>abrupt <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w DT0>all <w NN2>casinos<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>erstwhile <w NP0>Premadasa <w NN2-VVZ>associates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>rapidly <w AJ0-VVG>expanding <w NN1>gambling <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>contributory <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w VVG>precipitating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>impeach <w PNP>him <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38440<c PUN>; <w CRD>38534<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4810"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Tamil <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NN1>struggle <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>overshadow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>scene<c PUN>.
<s n="4811"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>took <w AJ0>total <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Peace <w VVG>Keeping <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>IPKF<c PUR>) <w VVD>pulled <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4812"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>LTTE<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>groups <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governments <w PRP>under <w NP0>IPKF <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>destroyed <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w CRD>thousands <w VVD>fled <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
<s n="4813"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>swung <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990 <w PRF>of <w NN1>coexistence <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>LTTE <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>victory <w PRP>over <w PNP>them <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w VVB>regard <w PNP>they <w VVD>achieved <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>successes <w PRP>from <w CRD>mid-1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38392<c PUN>; <w CRD>38439<c PUN>; <w CRD>38534<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN2>indications <w PRF>of <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
<s n="4814"><w AT0>The <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VBD>was <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>extended<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>string <w PRF>of <w NN2>massacres <w VVD>gave <w NN1>rise <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>claims <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>counter-claims <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>disregard <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>regulation <w AV0>55F <w VVD>removed <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VM0>could <w VVI>dispose <w PRF>of <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <w NN1>inquest <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>feature <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1979 <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w PRP>in <w VVG>crushing <w AT0>the <w NP0>JVP <w NN1>insurgency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4815"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>LTTE <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w NN2>volunteers <w PRP>for <w NN1>suicide <w NN2>missions <w VVN-VVD>added <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>protecting <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>political <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="4816"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>security <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Ranjan <w NP0>Wijeratne <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38103<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>LTTE<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w VVN>linked <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w VVG>killing <w PRP>in <w NP0>India <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38175<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4817"><w DT0>This <w DT0>latter <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w AV0>widely <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN1>Tiger <w NN1>suicide <w NN1>squad<c PUN>, <w AV0>again <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>desire <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>IPKF <w NN1>withdrawal <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>at <w NN1>arm<w POS>'s <w NN1>length <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>security <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>India <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>journey <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>LTTE<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Jaffna <w NN1>stronghold <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Palk <w NN1>Strait<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Mannar <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>string <w PRF>of <w NN2>islands <w PRP>at <w NP0>Adam<w POS>'s <w NN1>Bridge<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GE>
<s n="4818"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4819"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w VVG>shrinking <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms <w PRP>prior to <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w AV0>far <w VVN>outstripped <w PRP>by <w NN1>inflation<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>recorded <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>rates <w VVG>persisting <w PRP>into <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>exaggerated <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>damaging <w NN2>repercussions <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="4820"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>21.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4821"><w AT0>The <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w VVG>benefiting <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NN2>exports <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;1,959 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;1,982 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>figure <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>invisible <w NN2>earnings <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w DT0>some <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>in <w NN1>tourism<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4822"><w AJ0>Major <w NN2>earners <w VBD>were <w AV0>again <w NN2>garments <w CJC>and <w NN2>textiles<c PUN>, <w NN1>tea <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN1>crop <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w NN2>exports <w PRF>of <w CRD>215 <w CRD>million <w NN0>kg<c PUN>, <w VVG>outstripping <w NP0>India <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>world <w NN1>exporter<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>refined <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>products <w CJC>and <w NN2>gemstones<c PUN>.
<s n="4823"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>banking <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN1>sector <w VBD>was <w VVG>booming <w PRP>as of <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4824"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>controls <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>relaxed <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0>enhanced <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>336 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>special <w NN1>drawing <w NN2>rights <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;455 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w CRD>1991-94 <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4825"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4826"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="4827"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>36,000 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4828"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>20,200,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4829"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Taipei<c PUN>.
<s n="4830"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Chinese <c PUL>(<w NN1>Mandarin<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4831"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>; <w AV0>also <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>, <w NN1>Daoism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christianity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Confucianism<c PUN>.
<s n="4832"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>370,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4833"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=NT&dollar;26.5116 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4834"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0>UN <w NN1>membership <w VVN-VVD>ceased <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GF>
<s n="4835"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4836"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Formosa<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w VVN>derived <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ruled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>mainland <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1949 <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVZ>maintains <w DPS>its <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0-VVD>lost <w NN1>territory <w CJC>and <w VVZ>continues <w TO0>to <w VVI>designate <w PNX>itself <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>China <c PUL>(<w NP0>ROC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4837"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NN0>Kuo-Min <w NN1>Ta-Hui<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4838"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1947 <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>receives <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Li-Fa <w NN0>Yuan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4839"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Executive <w NN0>Yuan <w CJC>or <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>organ <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan<c PUN>.
<s n="4840"><w AV0>In addition <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w VVB-NN1>Control<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Judicial <w CJC>and <w NN1>Examination <w NN2>Yuans<c PUN>.
<s n="4841"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <w NN1-VVB>hold <w NN2>seats <w PRP>for <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947-48 <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w NN2>constituencies <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="4842"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DT0>all<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>parliamentarians<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38146<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GG>
<s n="4843"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4844"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4845"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Hau <w NP0>Pei-Tsun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4846"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Shih <w NN1>Chi-yang <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>Wu <w NN1>Po-hsiung <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Vincent <w NP0>Siew <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Wang <w NN1>Chien-shien <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Frederick <w NP0>Chien <w NP0>Fu <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Chen <w AT0>Li-an <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>Lu <w NN1>You-wen <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Shirley <w NP0>Kuo <c PUL>(<w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>Without <w NN1>Portfolio<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GH>
<s n="4847"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4848"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Hau <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w VVD>reshuffled <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>(<w NN1>Executive <w NN0>Yuan<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37454-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4849"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN2>Communications <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Clement <w NP0>Chang <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>insider <w NN1>stock <w NN1-VVG>trading <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38147<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4850"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w NN1>reshuffle <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38290-91<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GJ>
<s n="4851"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4852"><w NP0>Kuomintang <c PUL>(<w NP0>KMT<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0-NN1>Soong <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GK>
<s n="4853"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4854"><w NP0>China <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDSP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wang <w AJ0-NN1>Shih-hsien <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w VVB>Wong <w AJ0-NN1>Hou-sen <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4855"><w NP0>China <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSDP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chu <w NN1>Kao-cheng <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4856"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CRP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wang <w AJ0>Yin-chun <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4857"><w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>DPP<c PUN>, <w VVB>Huang <w AJ0-NN1>Hsin-chieh <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w VVB>Chang <w AJ0-NN1>Chun-hung <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4858"><w NP0>Kuntang <c PUL>(<w NP0>KT<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wang <w AJ0-NN1>Yi-hsiung <w NN1>ch.<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Yau-nan <w NP0>Wang <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4859"><w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lou <w NP0>Meiwen <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4860"><w NP0>Young <w NP0-NN1>China <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>YCP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0-NN1>Huang <w NN1>ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GL>
<s n="4861"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4862"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1986 <w CRD>84 <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0>KMT <w CRD>68<c PUN>, <w NN1>DPP <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>CDSP <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AJ0>independent <w CRD>4<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4863"><w PRP>As of <w CRD>mid-1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w CRD>691 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="4864"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>for <w CRD>101 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <c PUL>(<w NP0>KMT <w CRD>72<c PUN>, <w NN1>DPP <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>independents <w CRD>eight <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37122-23<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4865"><w PRP>As of <w CRD>mid-1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <w VHD>had <w CRD>267 <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w NP0>KMT <w CRD>227<c PUN>, <w NN1>DPP <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>YCP <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w NP0>CDSP <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w NN2>independents <w CRD>nine<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GM>
<s n="4866"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4867"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui <w VVD-VVN>made <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>progress <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w PRP>from <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>elements <w PRP>within <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NP0>KMT <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VVD>questioned <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="4868"><w NP0>Lee<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>solid <w NN1>achievement <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>terminate <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Temporary <w NN2>Provisions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>block <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="4869"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Provisions<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1948<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>enhanced <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mainland-elected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>deliberative <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w AJ0>hypothetical <w NN1>recovery <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="4870"><w NP0>Lee <w AV0>also <w VVD>received <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>reapportioned <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>branches <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w CJS>so that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>Taiwanese <c PUL>(<w PRP>as opposed to <w NN1>mainland <w NN1-AJ0>Chinese<c PUR>) <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>.
<s n="4871"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37917<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4872"><w CRD>1990 <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w AV0>bleakly <w PRP>for <w NP0>Lee<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>ran <w PRP>into <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>difficulties <w VVG>gaining <w AT0>the <w NP0>KMT <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w AJ0-NN1>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chiang <w NN1>Ching-kuo <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37515<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4873"><w NP0>Lee <w VBD>was <w VVN>challenged <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>faction <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threatened <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w VVG>selecting <w AV0>instead <w NP0>Lin <w NN1>Yang-kan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Judicial <w NN0>Yuan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chiang <w NN1>Wei-kuo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chiang <w NN1>Kai-shek<w POS>'s <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>surviving <w NN1>son<c PUN>.
<s n="4874"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w NP0>Lin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chiang <w VVD>pulled <w AVP>out <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>moment<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lee <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>conservatives <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w CJC>or <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
<s n="4875"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>survived <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>term <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37318<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4876"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>disrupted <w PRP>by <w NN1>DPP <w NN2>protests<c PUN>.
<s n="4877"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Hau<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="4878"><w NN1-NP0>Hau <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>conservative<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>street <w NN2>protests <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taipei <w CJS>when <w NN1>news <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w VVD>emerged<c PUN>.
<s n="4879"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w NN1>end <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Hau <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w AV0>genuinely <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>emphasis <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>placed <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG-NN1>finding <w NN2>solutions <w PRP>to <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>social <w NN2>problems <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37454-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GN>
<s n="4880"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4881"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
<s n="4882"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>offences <w VHD>had <w DPS>their <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights <w VVN>restored<c PUN>.
<s n="4883"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>sentences <w VBG>being <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>various <w NN2>dissidents <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GP>
<s n="4884"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4885"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w VVD>fell <w PRP>from <w CRD>7.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w CRD>5.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4886"><w NN2>Officials <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w AJC>lower <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4887"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Executive <w NN0>Yuan <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ambitious <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>development <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38009<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GR><ptr target=HLDCA0GS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GR>
<s n="4888"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0GS>
<s n="4889"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>mainland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4890"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VVG>declaring <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Period <w PRF>of <w NN1>Mobilization <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Rebellion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w AV0>more than <w CRD>four <w NN2>decades <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="4891"><w CJS>While <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>abandoned <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>one-China <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>action <w VVN-VVD>paved <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38146-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4892"><w PRP>Throughout <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Lee <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>approach <w PRP>towards <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w CJS>while <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w NN1>mainland <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>advocacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>one <w NN1>country <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>two <w NN2>systems<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w NN1>reunification<c PUN>, <w VVG>proposing <w AV0>instead <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN1>notion <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>one <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>regions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="4893"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>speech <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>three <w NN1>no<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <c PUL>(<w AT0>no <w NN1>contact<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>compromise<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>negotiation<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w VVD>renounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>implemented <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38190<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4894"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>mechanisms <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w NN1-VVB>contact <w PRP>between <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w VBD>were <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4895"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unification <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NUC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lee<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Mainland <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>MAC<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="4896"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NN2>Straits <w NN1-VVB>Exchange <w NN1>Foundation <c PUL>(<w NP0>SEF<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AJ0>administrative <w CJC>and <w AV0>notionally <w AJ0>non-political <w NN2>issues <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37859<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4897"><w CJS>Although <w AV0>ostensibly <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SEF <w VBD>was <w AJ0>answerable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MAC<c PUN>.
<s n="4898"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>NUC <w VVD>formulated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unification <w NN1>programme <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>KMT <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38098<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4899"><w NN2>Elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>contained <w AT0>no <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="4900"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April-May <w AT0>an <w NN1>SEF <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN1>delegation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38190<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4901"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>DPP <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>Sovereignty <w NN1-AJ0>Independent <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>Committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>advocate <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>asserted <w VBD>was <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>excluded <w NN1>mainland <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>.
<s n="4902"><w NP0>Lee <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>DPP<w POS>'s <w NN2>actions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VVD>prohibited <w AT0>the <w NN1>advocacy <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GT>
<s n="4903"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4904"><w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>flexible <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DT0>some <w NN2>dividends <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="4905"><w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>upgrade <w DPS>their <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taipei<c PUN>.
<s n="4906"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nicaragua <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w NP0>Mexico <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>maintained <w NN2-VVZ>ties <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="4907"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VVD>dealt <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>blow <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="4908"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>setbacks <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>by <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Singapore <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <c PUL>(<w CJC>or <w AJ0>open<c PUR>) <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w DT0>either <w NN1>government <w VHG>having <w AJ0>formal <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="4909"><w PRP>As of <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>by <w CRD>28 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="4910"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN>improved <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0>Gubenko<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>visit <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>politician <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="4911"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN1>trade <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="4912"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="4913"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<p>
<s n="4914"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>513,115 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="4915"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>55,700,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4916"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>.
<s n="4917"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Thai <c PUL>(<w AJ0>national<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>small <w NN2>minorities <w VVB>speak <w NN1>Chinese<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Malay <w CJC>and <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="4918"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Buddhism <c PUL>(<w NP0>Theravada<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Islamic <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w NN0>minorities<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4919"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>283,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4920"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w VVB-NN1>baht <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=B25.4592 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4921"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GU>
<s n="4922"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4923"><w PRP>Prior to <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>toppled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bloodless <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thailand <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>kingdom<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bicameral <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4924"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>lifted <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>terminated <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>were <w VVN>dissolved<c PUN>.
<s n="4925"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>created <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace-Keeping <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>NPA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>previously <w VVN>given <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>NPKA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38391<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="4926"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>292-member <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>constitution <w CJC>and <w VVB>prepare <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="4927"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPA <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38003-04<c PUN>; <w CRD>38099<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GV>
<s n="4928"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4929"><w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>: <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w NP0>Adulyadej <c PUL>(<w NP0>Rama <w CRD>IX<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4930"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace-Keeping <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Sunthorn <w NP0>Kongsompong <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander <w CJC>and <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="4931"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon <c PUL>(<w NN1>vice-ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4932"><w NN1>Navy <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="4933"><w NP0>Adml.
<s n="4934"><w NP0>Praphat <w NP0>Kritsanachan <c PUL>(<w NN1>vice-ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4935"><w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="4936"><w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Kaset <w NP0>Rojanani <c PUL>(<w NN1>vice-ch<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4937"><w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="4938"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w NP0>Noonpakdi <c PUL>(<w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4939"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Anand <w NP0-NN1>Panyarachun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4940"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sanoh <w NP0>Unakul <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN2>Police <w NP0>Gen. <w ITJ>Pow <w NP0>Sarasin <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Meechai <w NP0>Ruchuphan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w NP0>Noonpakdi <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="4941"><w NP0>Praphat <w NP0>Kritsanachan <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Arsa <w NP0>Sarasin <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Suthee <w NP0>Singsaneh <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GW>
<s n="4942"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4943"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Meechai <w NP0-NN1>Ruchupan <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37188<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4944"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w NP0>Yongchaiyut <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>long-awaited <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>politics <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="4945"><w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0>Choonhaven<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>s <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37317<c PUN>; <w CRD>37532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4946"><w NN2>Chatichai <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pramual <w NP0-NN1>Sabhavasu <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Siddhi <w NP0>Savetsila <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37655<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4947"><w AT0>A <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>necessitated <w DT0>another <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37857<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4948"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-December <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>toppled <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37916<c PUN>; <w CRD>38003<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4949"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>junta <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38099<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GX>
<s n="4950"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4951"><w EX0>There <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0GY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0GY>
<s n="4952"><w AJ0>Main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4953"><w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0-NN1>Choonhavan <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4954"><w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chuan <w NP0-NN1>Leekpai <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4955"><w NP0>Ekkaparb <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Bunchu <w AJ0-NN1>Rothchanasathian <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4956"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Aspiration <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w NP0>Yongchaiyut <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4957"><w VVB>Palang <w NP0>Dharma <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chamlong <w NP0>Simaung <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="4958"><w VVB>Prachakorn <w NP0-NN1>Thai <c PUL>(<w NP0>Samak <w NP0>Sundaravej <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4959"><w NP0>Puangchon <w NP0>Chao <w NP0>Thai <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Arthit <w NP0>Kamlang-Ek <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4960"><w NP0>Rassadorn <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mana <w NP0-NN1>Rattanakoset <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4961"><w NP0>Samakki <w NP0>Tham <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Narong <w NP0-NN1>Wongwan <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="4962"><w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Montree <w NP0>Pongpanit <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4963"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>organization <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thailand <c PUL>(<w NP0>Thong <w NP0>Jaemsri <w NN0>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0H0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H0>
<s n="4964"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4965"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1988 <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-March<c PUN>.
<s n="4966"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>term<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>task <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>with a view to <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0H1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H1>
<s n="4967"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4968"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0>Choonhaven <w VBD>was <w VVN>overthrown <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bloodless <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="4969"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace-Keeping <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w AJ0>political <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>justification <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="4970"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w PRP>in response to <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>factions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVN-VVD>perceived <w PRP>as <w NN2-VVZ>attempts <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chatichai <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w DPS>their <w NN1>influence<c PUN>.
<s n="4971"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>coup <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="4972"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38003-04<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4973"><w NP0>Chatichai<w POS>'s <w AJ0>final <w NN1>year <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>turbulent <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>disputes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>labour <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="4974"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Chatichai <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w TO0>to <w VVI>stabilize <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w VVG>bringing <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w NP0>Yongchaiyut<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai<w POS>'s <w AJS>strongest <w AJ0>political <w NN1>rival<c PUN>, <w PRP>into <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="4975"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kaprayoon <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Chaovalit <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="4976"><w AV0>Less than <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w NP0>Chaovalit <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>colleague<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chalerm <w NP0>Yubamrung <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="4977"><w NP0>Chaovalit <w VVD>waited <w PRP>until <w NP0>October <w PRP>before <w VVG>registering <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>New <w NN2>Aspirations <w NN1>Party <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="4978"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>incompetence<c PUN>.
<s n="4979"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w PNP>he <w VVD>enlarged <w DPS>his <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVG>incorporating <w NP0>Puangchon <w NP0>Chao <w NP0>Thai<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>Army<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strongman<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Arthit <w NP0>Kamlang-Ek<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>deflect <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0-VVG>damaging <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="4980"><w NP0>Chatichai <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>demote <w NN1-NP0>Chalerm <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene<c PUN>.
<s n="4981"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai <w VVD>resigned<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>quickly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVG>incorporating <w DT0>former <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVB>Ekkaparb <w CJC>and <w NP0>Prachakorn <w NP0-NN1>Thai <w CJC>and <w VVG>discarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Muan <w NN0>Chon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4982"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w VVB-NN1>coup <w AT0>the <w NN1>junta <w VVD>declared <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVD>abrogated <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>dissolved <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="4983"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="4984"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN1>junta <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military-dominated <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="4985"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN2>actions <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VVG>dissolving <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>state <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>unions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="4986"><w PRP>Under <w NP0>Chatichai <w DT0>such <w NN2>unions <w VHD>had <w VVN>wielded <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="4987"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
<s n="4988"><ptr target=HLDCA0H2><ptr target=HLDCA0H3><w CRD>1989/90 <w CRD>1990/91 <w AJ0>Total <w NN2>receipts <w CRD>335,000 <w CRD>387,500
</p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H2>
<s n="4989"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0H3>
<s n="4990"><w NN2>Budgets <w PRP>for <w CRD>1989/90 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990/91 <c PUL>(<w CRD>million <w NN1>baht<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>ending <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</caption>
<p>
<s n="4991"><w NN1>Taxation <w CRD>282,755 <w CRD>347,511
</p>
<p>
<s n="4992"><w VVG-NN1>Borrowing <w CRD>25,000 <w UNC>n/a <w NN2>Others <w CRD>27,244.6 <w CRD>39,988 <w AJ0>Total <w NN1>expenditure <w CRD>335,000 <w CRD>387,500
</p>
<p>
<s n="4993"><w NN1>Education <w CRD>59,962 <w CRD>73,979
</p>
<p>
<s n="4994"><w NN1>Defence <w CRD>54,758 <w CRD>63,077
</p>
<p>
<s n="4995"><w NN1>Debt <w NN1>service <w CRD>69,574 <w CRD>58,592
</p>
<p>
<s n="4996"><w AJ0-NN1>Public <w UNC>health/utilities <w CRD>42,506 <w CRD>52,109
</p>
<p>
<s n="4997"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>services <w CRD>68,966 <w CRD>85,686
</p>
<p>
<s n="4998"><w NN2>Others <w CRD>39,231 <w CRD>54,054
</p>
<p>
<s n="4999"><w AT0>The <w NN1>economy <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>9.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>growth <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w CRD>12.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w CRD>13.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="5000"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>export-led <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>boom <w VVD>generated <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJC>worse <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>.
<s n="5001"><w NN2>Efforts <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN1>problem<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>road <w CJC>and <w NN1>rail <w NN1>scheme <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>mass <w VVB>transmit <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>installation <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>3,000,000 <w AJ0>new <w NN1>telephone <w NN2>lines<c PUN>.
<s n="5002"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>port <w PRP>at <w NP0>Laem <w NP0-NN1>Chabang<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>seaboard<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NN1>completion <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5003"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>junta <w VVD>made <w DT0>few <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="5004"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>quickly <w VVD>neutralized <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>state <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VVG>paving <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
<s n="5005"><w AT0>The <w NN1>junta <w AV0>also <w VVD>implemented <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>populist <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN1>wage <w NN2>supplements <w PRP>for <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>workers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0H4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H4>
<s n="5006"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5007"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Indo-China<c PUN>.
<s n="5008"><w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN1>partner <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>intricately <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pattaya<c PUN>.
<s n="5009"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Chatichai <w NN1>government <w VVD>maintained <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN2>governments <w PRP>alongside <w AT0>a <w AJC>sterner <w NN1>approach <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Thai-based <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>resistance<c PUN>.
<s n="5010"><w AT0>The <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>product <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai<w POS>'s <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>advisers <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PNX>itself<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Siddhi <w NP0>Savetsila <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chatichai<w POS>'s <w NP0>Indo-China <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="5011"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w VVN-VVD>reverted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>role<c PUN>.
<s n="5012"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN1>support <w VBD>was <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>resistance <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai<w POS>'s <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>turning <w NP0>Indo-China<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>battlefield <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>marketplace<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w AT0>a <w NN1>priority<c PUN>.
<s n="5013"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Sunthorn <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Hanoi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5014"><w NN2>Chatichai <w VHD>had <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>made <w AT0>every <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>close <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w NN1>patron <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>resistance<c PUN>.
<s n="5015"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
<s n="5016"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NN1-NP0>Shangkun <w PRF>of <w NP0>China <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5017"><w NP0>Thailand <w VVD>maintained <w AJ0>close <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Myanma <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>international <w NN1>disapproval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>junta <w PRP>in <w NP0>Myanma <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
<s n="5018"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Thai <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>armies <w VBD>were <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>close <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>extended <w PRP>to <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>business <w NN2>dealings <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>insurgency <w PRP-AVP>along <w DPS>their <w AJ0>common <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5019"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>strong<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>emerged <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>increasing <w NP0>US <w NN1>frustration <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AJ0>full <w AJ0-NN1>intellectual <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w NN1>copyright <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
<s n="5020"><w NN2>Chatichai <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5021"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5022"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<p>
<s n="5023"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>329,566 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5024"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>66,700,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5025"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Hanoi<c PUN>.
<s n="5026"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUN>.
<s n="5027"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Buddhism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Daoism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Confucianism<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hoa <w NP0>Hoa<c PUN>, <w NN1>Caodaism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5028"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,052,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5029"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w UNC>dong <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=10538 <w NN1>dong <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5030"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0>NAM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0H5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H5>
<s n="5031"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5032"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <w VBD>was <w VVN>proclaimed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <w PRP>after <w NN1>North <w AJ0>Vietnam-backed <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>insurgents <w VHD>had <w VVN>reunified <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1975 <w PRP>by <w VVG>overthrowing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>States-supported <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP-CJS>after <w DT0>some <w CRD>16 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="5033"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>496-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NN1-NP0>Quoc <w ITJ>Hoi<c PUR>) <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>elects <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>presidency<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Chair<c PUN>.
<s n="5034"><w AJ0>Real <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power <w VVZ-NN2>rests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPV<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>permeates <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w AJ0>political <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0H6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H6>
<s n="5035"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5036"><w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Senior <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Cong<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5037"><w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Premier<c PUR>)<c PUN>: <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5038"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pham <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kai <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Senior <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Dong <w NP0>Sy <w NP0>Nguyen <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tran <w NN1>Duc <w NN1-NP0>Luong <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Khanh <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Doan <w NP0>Khue <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Manh <w NP0>Cam <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="5039"><w NP0>Bui <w NP0>Thien <w NP0>Ngo <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w VDB>Do <w NP0>Quoc <w NP0>Sam <c PUL>(<w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Planning<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0H7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H7>
<s n="5040"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5041"><w AT0>A <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37375<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5042"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w VVD>replaced <w VDB>Do <w AJ0>Muoi <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>was <w AV0>again <w VVN>reshuffled <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38390<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0H8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H8>
<s n="5043"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5044"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPV<c PUN>, <w VDB>Do <w AJ0>Muoi <w NN1>sec. <w AJ0>-gen.<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>authorized <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38271-72<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5045"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau<c PUN>: <w VDB>Do <w AJ0>Muoi<c PUN>; <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Duc <w NP0-NN1>Anh<c PUN>; <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>; <w NP0>Dao <w NP0>Duy <w NP0>Tung<c PUN>; <w NP0>Doan <w NP0-NN1>Khue<c PUN>; <w NP0>Vu <w NP0-NN1>Oanh<c PUN>; <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Phuoc <w NP0-NN1>Tho<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pham <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kai<c PUN>; <w NP0>Bui <w NP0>Thien <w NP0>Ngo<c PUN>; <w NP0>Nong <w NN1>Duc <w NN1-NP0>Manh<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pham <w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Duyet<c PUN>; <w NP0>Nguyen <w NN1>Duc <w NN1-NP0>Binh<c PUN>; <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Tran <w NP0>Chi<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0H9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0H9>
<s n="5046"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5047"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1987<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HA>
<s n="5048"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5049"><w NN1-VVB>Progress <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform <w PRP>under <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Linh <c PUL>(<w AV0>then <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPV<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>s <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>renovation <c PUL>(<w NN2>doi <w UNC>moi<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>halted <w PRP>by <w NN1>apprehension <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJC>higher <w NN2>echelons <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPV <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>momentous <w NN2>events <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>during <w CRD>1989-91<c PUN>.
<s n="5050"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>reform <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>issue <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>plenum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37374<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5051"><w VVG>Expressing <w NN1>concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>rejected <w AV0>outright <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1-AJ0>reformist <w NP0>Tran <w NP0>Xuan <w NP0>Bach <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>.
<s n="5052"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>plenum <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>approach <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissent <w CJS>while <w VVG>increasing <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>regain <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w NN1>trust <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AJ0>disenchanted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="5053"><w AJ0>Large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>fined <w CJC>or <w VVN-AJ0>imprisoned <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>anti-corruption <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="5054"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN1>apparatus <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>at <w NN2>southerners<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>arresting <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AJ0>political <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="5055"><w AJ0>Stringent <w NN1>press <w NN2>restrictions <w VVD-VVN>imposed <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1989 <w VBD>were <w VVN>upheld <w PRP>throughout <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>journal<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Tap <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Cong <w NP0>San<c PUN>, <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>articles <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>intellectuals <w VBD>were <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>line <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5056"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>strict <w AJ0-NN1>anti-reformist <w NN1>line <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>plenum <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>absent <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>resolutions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w NN1>plenum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5057"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>analysts <w VVN-VVD>pointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Duc <w NP0>Tho<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>faction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="5058"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w NN1>plenum <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1-VVB>draft <w AJ0>political <w NN1>platform <w VBD>was <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w DT0>some <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>saw <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>marking <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>central <w NN1>planning<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>others <w VVD>saw <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AV0>essentially <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>tract<c PUN>.
<s n="5059"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>delays <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>over <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="5060"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w VVD>avoided <w AJ0>real <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>policy <w NN2>details <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NN2>doi <w UNC>moi<c PUN>.
<s n="5061"><w AJ0>Widespread <w NN1>leadership <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w VDB>Do <w AJ0>Muoi <w CJS>as <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Linh<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HB>
<s n="5062"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5063"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>trial <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CRD>38 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>(<w NP0>NUFLVN<c PUR>) <w NN1>resistance <w NN1>movement <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w TO0>to <w AJ0>long <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5064"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN2>activists<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Chan <w NN1>Tin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Ngoc <w NN1>Lan<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-government <w AJ0-NN1>preaching<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="5065"><w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Ngoc <w NN1>Lan <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Chan <w NN1>Tin <w VBD>was <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>church<c PUN>.
<s n="5066"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w AT0>a <w NP0>Vatican <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HC>
<s n="5067"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5068"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Linh <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w TO0>to <w VVI>transform <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>centralized <w NN1>economy <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>market-orientated <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="5069"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>hampered <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>external <w NN2>factors<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>ineligibility <c PUL>(<w PRP>since <w CRD>1985<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN1>credit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AJ0>major <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>aid <c PUL>(<w PRP>to <w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;110 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5070"><w VVG-NN1>Beginning <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Vietnam <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w CJS>rather than <w PRP>in <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AJ0>international <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN2>goods <w VVN>imported <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="5071"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>compensate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1-VVB>aid <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>made <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>neighbours<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5072"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>by far <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>aid <w NN1>donor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>inception <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
<s n="5073"><w PRP>As of <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Vietnam <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>owe <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;18,350 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w UNC>US&dollar;10,340 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>repaid <w PRP>before <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="5074"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>exports <w PRF>of <w NN2>materials <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w NN2>textiles <w NN1-VVG>manufacturing<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>adversely <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>subsidy <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>.
<s n="5075"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>fertilizer <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>grain <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w NN2>successes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5076"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Vietnam <w VHD>had <w VVN>exported <w CRD>1,400,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>rice<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w AJS>third-largest <w NN1>rice <w NN1>exporter <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="5077"><w NN2>Estimates <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AV0>well <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,400,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>exported <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5078"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>assistance <w AV0>further <w VVD-VVN>increased <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w AJ0>large <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w AJ0>ailing <w NN1>state <w NN2-VVZ>concerns<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>because of <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>offset <w AJ0>threatened <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
<s n="5079"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w AV0>over <w CRD>2,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>dong<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>some <w CRD>7.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5080"><w NN1>Unemployment <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w AV0>partly <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="5081"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>inflation <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>imposed <w AJ0>strict <w NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5082"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties<c PUN>, <w AJ0>international <w NN1>business <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>increased <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in <w NN1>anticipation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>attendant <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>funding<c PUN>.
<s n="5083"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN1>forum<c PUN>.
<s n="5084"><w CRD>One <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN1>sign <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w AJ0>offshore <w NN1>oil <w NN1>exploration<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Vietnamese-Soviet <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>venture <w VHD>had <w VVN>discovered <w AT0>an <w NN1>oil <w NN1>field <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dai <w VVD>Hung<c PUR>) <w VVD>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w DT0>some <w CRD>250 <w CRD>million <w NN2>barrels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5085"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>banking <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>pyramid <w NN1>scheme <w VVN>operated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Thanh <w NP0-NN1>Huong <w NN1>perfume <w NN1>company <w VHD>had <w VVN>collapsed<c PUN>, <w VVG>emphasizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system<w POS>'s <w NN2>deficiencies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>provoking <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="5086"><w AT0>The <w NN2>managers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w TO0>to <w AJ0>long <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HD>
<s n="5087"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5088"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>relations <w VVD-VVN>altered <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w VVG>struggling <w PRP>with <w AJ0>momentous <w AJ0>internal <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>aid <w NN1>programme <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>cutback <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>naval <w CJC>and <w NN1>air <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0>Cam <w NP0-NN1>Ranh <w NN1>Bay<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>its <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
<s n="5089"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w VDB>Do <w AJ0>Muoi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Linh <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w VVG>centring <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="5090"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>drastic <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD-VVN>motivated <w NP0>Vietnam <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5091"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VVD>improved <w AV0>markedly <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5092"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Vice-Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Xu <w NP0-NN1>Dunxin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Hanoi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w AJ0-NN1>level <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>since <w CRD>1979<c PUN>.
<s n="5093"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w DT0>that <w NN1>month <w NP0>Vice-Premier <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Giap <w AV0>openly <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
<s n="5094"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w AJ0>important <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w NN1>normalization <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPV<w POS>'s <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-serving <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nguyen <w NN1>Co <w NN1-NP0>Thach<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opponent <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Chinese <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <c PUL>(<w VBG>being <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5095"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AV0>also <w VVD>improved <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5096"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w NP0>USA <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="5097"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w NP0>Baker <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nguyen <w NN1>Co <w NN1-VVB>Thach <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>move <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="5098"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>extended <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>significant <w AJ0>congressional <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN1>pressure <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37712<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5099"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>blocked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>formulate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="5100"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVB>Thach <w AV0>also <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Vessey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVG>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Indo-China<c PUN>.
<s n="5101"><w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>US-Vietnamese <w NN1>search <w NN2>missions <w PRP>for <w NN2>MIAs <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w PRP>into <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vessey <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hanoi<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>office<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>MIA <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="5102"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-stage <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>conflict <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MIA <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38141<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5103"><w NP0>Japan <w VVD>remained <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>non-communist <w NN1>trading <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5104"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nguyen <w NN1>Co <w NN1-NP0>Thach <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Tokyo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w AJ0-NN1>level <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>official <w PRP>since <w NN1>re-unification <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
<s n="5105"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Taro <w NP0>Nakayama<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5106"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indonesia <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5107"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Malaysia <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>a <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5108"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5109"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5110"><w NP0-NN1>APEC
</head>
<p>
<s n="5111"><w AJ0>Full <w NN1>title<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="5112"><w NN1>Date <w PRF>of <w NN1>foundation<c PUN>: <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="5113"><w NN1-AJ0>Objective<c PUN>: <w TO0>To <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="5114"><w NN1>Member <w NN2>states<c PUN>: <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5115"><w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>rim <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canberra<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989 <w TO0>to <w VVI>inaugurate <w NN1-NP0>APEC<c PUN>.
<s n="5116"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>stressed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>APEC <w VHD>had <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>hidden <w NN1>agenda<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>open<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>trade<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>economy <w PRP>from <w VVG>fragmenting <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>defensive <w NN1>trading <w NN2>blocs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5117"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30-31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hesitant <w NN1>affair <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w VVD>emerged<c PUN>.
<s n="5118"><w NN2>Promises <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>reviews<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deadlocked<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="5119"><w NN2>Members <w AV0>also <w VVB>set <w PNX>themselves <w AT0>the <w NN1>task <w PRF>of <w VVG>finding <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acceptable <w NN1>formula <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>three <w NP0>Chinas<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w VVD>stated <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w CJS>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>three <w NP0>Chinas<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37613<c PUN>; <w CRD>37656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5120"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5121"><w NP0-NN1>ASEAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="5122"><w AJ0>Full <w NN1>title<c PUN>: <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations<c PUN>.
<s n="5123"><w NN1>Date <w PRF>of <w NN1>Foundation<c PUN>: <w NP0>August <w CRD>1967<c PUN>.
<s n="5124"><w NN2>Objectives<c PUN>: <w NN1>Acceleration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>progress <w CJC>and <w NN1>stabilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="5125"><w NN1>Member <w NN2>states<c PUN>: <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
<s n="5126"><w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>: <w NP0>Rusli <w NP0>Noor<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HE>
<s n="5127"><w CRD>1990/1991 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5128"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>seating <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>came <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immense <w NN1>shock <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN2>members <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37598<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5129"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w NN1-VVB>change<c PUN>, <w AV0>inevitably <w VVD-VVN>dominated <w AT0>the <w ORD>23rd <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24-25 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37613<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5130"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NP0>US <w NN1>position <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>closing <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN2>ranks<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1-VVG>quarrelling <w PRP>over <w NP0>Cambodia <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>surfaced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>22nd <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brunei <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5131"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intra-ASEAN <w NN1>tension <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5132"><w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lesser <w NN1>extent <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NP0>November <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w NP0>US <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NP0>Singapore<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
<s n="5133"><w NN1>Unease <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>bases <w VVB-NN1>issue <w VDD>did <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVB>frustrate <w AJ0>Singaporean <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>an <w AJ0>innovative <w AJ0>economic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>growth <w NN1>triangle<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>involving <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w NP0>Johore <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malaysia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Riau <w NN1>province <w PRP>in <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>.
<s n="5134"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w NN1-AJ0>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clark <w NN1>air <w NN1>base <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Subic <w NN1-VVB>Bay <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w VVD>remained <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>deadlocked<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w NN1>government <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>insist <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>bases <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>expired <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="5135"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38534<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="5136"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>ASEAN <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w ORD>22nd <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="5137"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>amended <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ASEAN <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>joint-venture <c PUL>(<w NP0>AIJV<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>non-ASEAN <w NN2>investors <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AV0>up to <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>equity<c PUN>.
<s n="5138"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>preferential <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w AJ0>selected <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>products<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>within <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5139"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sultan <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Hassanal <w NP0-NN1>Bolkiah <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brunei <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Malaysian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamed <w VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NN1-NP0>Bali <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>seminar<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>over <w CRD>1,000 <w AJ0>Asian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>American <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>theme<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>ASEAN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38101<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5140"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>topic <w PRF>of <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>seminar <w VBD>was <w NP0>Mahathir<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NP0>East <w AJ0>Asian <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Grouping <c PUL>(<w NP0>EAEG<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5141"><w NP0-NN1>Mahathir<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>enhanced <w AJ0-NN1>intra-ASEAN <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>24th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ASEAN <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malaysia <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38345-46<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5142"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VVD>dominated <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJC>and <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w VBD>was <w VVN>relegated <w PRP>to <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>place<c PUN>.
<s n="5143"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="5144"><w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>as <w NP0>ASEAN<w POS>'s <w ORD>seventh <w AJ0>full<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dialogue <w NN1>partner<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-ministerial <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5145"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5146"><w NP0>SAARC
</head>
<p>
<s n="5147"><w AJ0>Full <w NN1>title<c PUN>: <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="5148"><w NN1>Foundation<c PUN>: <w NP0>December <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
<s n="5149"><w NN1>Status<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>association<c PUN>.
<s n="5150"><w NN2>Members<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bhutan<c PUN>, <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maldives<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nepal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>.
<s n="5151"><w NN1-VVB>Chair<c PUN>: <w NP0>Maumoon <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Gayoom <c PUL>(<w NP0>Maldives<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5152"><w NP0>Sec. <w AJ0>-Gen.<c PUN>: <w NP0>K. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Bhargava <c PUL>(<w NP0>India<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5153"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SAARC <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maldives <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37856-57<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5154"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SAARC <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maldives <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3-4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NP0>SAARC <w NN1>summit <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="5155"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>co-ordinated <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>the <w NN1>menace <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>destabilize <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="5156"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w DT0>each <w NN1>member <w NN1>state <w VM0>should <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>most-favoured-nation <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>in <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>manufacturing <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5157"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5158"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="5159"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>7,682,300 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5160"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>16,900,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5161"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Canberra <w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="5162"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w NN0>76% <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Anglican <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w NN1>Catholic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Protestant<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Orthodox<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>profess <w AT0>a <w NN1>religion<c PUN>.
<s n="5163"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>68,100 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5164"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=A&dollar;1.2481 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5165"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HF>
<s n="5166"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5167"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>sovereign<c PUN>, <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Governor <w NN1>General<c PUN>.
<s n="5168"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w CRD>1901<c PUN>, <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>authority <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bicameral <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Parliament <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w DTQ>whose <w CRD>76 <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w CRD>12 <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w DT0>each <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Territory <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Capital <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canberra<c PUR>) <w VBB>are <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>term <w CJC>and <w VVB>retire <w PRP>by <w NN1>rotation<c PUN>, <w CRD>one-half <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w NN1>state <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w ORD>third <w NN1>year<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>148-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w DT0>each <w NN1>state <w VHZ>has <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HG>
<s n="5169"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5170"><w NN1>Governor <w NN1>General<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Hayden<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5171"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Hawke <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1983 <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5172"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gareth <w NP0>Evans <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Howe <c PUL>(<w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN1>Community <w NN2>Services<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>John <w NP0>Dawkins <c PUL>(<w NN1>Treasurer<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>John <w NN1>Button <c PUL>(<w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Technology <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLDCA0HH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HH>
<s n="5173"><w VVB-NN1>State <w NN2>Premiers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5174"><w NP0>New <w NP0>South <w NP0>Wales <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Nick <w NP0>Greiner <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lib<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Queensland <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Wayne <w NP0>Goss <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tasmania <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Field <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Victoria <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Joan <w NP0>Kirner <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>South <w NP0>Australia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>John <w NP0>Bannon <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Carmen <w NP0>Lawrence <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5175"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Territory <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Hatton <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HJ>
<s n="5176"><w CRD>1990-91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5177"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37378<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>occasioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Treasurer <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38294<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HK>
<s n="5178"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5179"><w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NP0>John <w NP0>Bannon <w AJ0>nat. <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HL>
<s n="5180"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5181"><w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>Democrats <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Janet <w NP0>Powell <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5182"><w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <c PUL>(<w NP0>John <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Elliott <w VVD>fed<c PUN>.
<s n="5183"><w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5184"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Stuart <w NP0>McDonald <w VVD>fed<c PUN>.
<s n="5185"><w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HM>
<s n="5186"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5187"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VBD>was <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>returned <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>successive <w NN1>term <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37320-21<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>final <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>results <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37876<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HN><ptr target=HLDCA0HP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HN>
<s n="5188"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0HP>
<s n="5189"><w NN1>Politics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5190"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ALP <c PUL>(<w AV0>then <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Hawke<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>consecutive <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory<c PUN>.
<s n="5191"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>every <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w PRP>except <w NP0>New <w NP0>South <w NP0>Wales<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="5192"><w AV0>Superficially<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VVD>looked <w AJ0>unassailable<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>commentators <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NP0>Hawke<w POS>'s <w NN1>premiership<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5193"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>contention <w VVD-VVN>looked <w AV0>increasingly <w VVN-AJ0>mistaken <w CJS>as<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w NP0>Hawke <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VBD>were <w VVG>recording <w AJ0>high <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>in <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls<c PUN>.
<s n="5194"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>popularity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Liberal-National <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>leader <w NP0>John <w NP0>Hewson<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Andrew <w NP0>Peacock <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37378<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5195"><w AJ0>Careful <w NN1>analysis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ALP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>victory <c PUN>&mdash; <w DPS>its <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVD>fell <w PRP>from <w CRD>18 <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>swing <w PRF>of <w AV0>almost <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>through <w AJ0>skilful <w NN1>targeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>marginal <w NN2>constituencies <w CJC>and <w NN1>preference <w NN2>voters<c PUN>.
<s n="5196"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VVN-VVD>finished <w PRP>with <w CRD>0.2 <w NN0>per cent <w DT0>less <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>two-party <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>vote <w CJS>than <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>at least <w CRD>10 <w NN2>instances <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VVN-VVD>won <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>preference <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Greens<c PUN>.
<s n="5197"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Blunt <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transference <w PRP>to <w NN1>Labor <w PRF>of <w ORD>second <w NN1>preference <w AJ0>Green <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="5198"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>poor <w NN1-VVG>showing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>it <w VVD>lost <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>came <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems <w VVG>affecting <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rural <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
<s n="5199"><w PRP>As <w DT0>such<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>legacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Fitzgerald <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Queensland <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>Nationals <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRP>for <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years <w CJS>until <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="5200"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inquiry <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Johannes <w NP0>Bjelke <w NP0>Petersen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sop <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>gradually <w VVN>developed <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>thorough <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>institutionalized <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="5201"><w PRP>By <w CRD>mid-1991 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>judges<c PUN>, <w NN2>businessmen <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Joh<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>offences<c PUN>.
<s n="5202"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN2>police <w NN1>commissioner<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Terence <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>14 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38398<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5203"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Joh <w PNX>himself <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5204"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>achieved <w DPS>their <w AJS>best <w AV0>ever <w VVG>showing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>polling <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="5205"><w PRP>In <w AV0>so <w VDG>doing<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>lost <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Janine <w NP0>Haines<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gave <w AVP>up <w DPS>her <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN2>members<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5206"><w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>by <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Janet <w NP0>Powell<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5207"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>retained <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w AJ0>notable <w NN1>absence <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Walsh <w PNQ>who <w VVD>retired <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VVD>felt <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hawke <w NN1>administration <w VVD>lacked <w AJ0>sufficient <w AJ0>political <w NN1>will <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>pressing <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>problems <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37378<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5208"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Treasurer <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>added <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Hawke <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5209"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>a <w AV0>specially <w VVN>convened <w NP0-NN1>ALP <w NN1>party <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canberra <w VVD>reversed <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>to <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>by <w VVG>backing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>competition <w PRP>for <w NP0>Telecom<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>Airlines <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>airline<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>49 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quantas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>carrier<c PUN>.
<s n="5210"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w CRD>78 <w NN2>years <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>as <w NN1>Labor<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>into <w AJ0>public <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>.
<s n="5211"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN1-VVB>market <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w PRP>to <w AJ0>unlimited <w NN1>competition <w PRP>by <w CRD>mid-1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5212"><w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>achieved <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>triumph <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AVQ>when <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>reform <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>eight <w NN1-VVB>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>territory <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="5213"><w AT0>The <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brisbane<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>differences <w PRP>in <w NN2>regulations <w CJC>and <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="5214"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>key <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>achievement <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus <w VVD>lay <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hawke<w POS>'s <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>autonomy <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>states <w PRP>by <w VVG>expanding <w DPS>their <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>taxes <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG>loosening <w NN2-VVZ>controls <w PRP>on <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VVD>spent <w NN1>money <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5215"><w PRP>In <w NN1-VVB>return <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>duplication <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>co-ordinating <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>harmonizing <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w AJ0>professional <w NN2>qualifications<c PUN>.
<s n="5216"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>impact <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>rail <w NN1>freight <w NN1>corporation <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>registration <w CJC>and <w NN1>taxation <w NN1>scheme <w PRP>for <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>vehicles<c PUN>.
<s n="5217"><w AV0>Both <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVD-VVN>warned<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms <w VM0>would <w VVI>face <w AJ0>stiff <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AJ0>vested <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w AJ0>public <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5218"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>cost <w UNC>A&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>per <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AVQ>whereby <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in return for <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>wage <w NN1>restraint<c PUN>.
<s n="5219"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>accords <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="5220"><w ZZ0>A <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w NN2>incomes <w VVB-NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w DT0>several <w NN2>revisions<c PUR>) <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hawke <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>credited <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN2>advocates <w PRP>with <w VHG>having <w VVN>created <w CRD>300,000 <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>, <w VVD>reduced <w AJ0>real <w NN1>unit <w NN1>labour <w NN2-VVZ>costs <w CJC>and <w VVD>underpinned <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>longest <w NN2>periods <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>harmony <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="5221"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>persistent <w NN1>inflation <c PUL>(<w AV0>more than <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>per annum <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUR>) <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>predicted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5222"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w VVD>deepened <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hawke <w NN1>government <w VVD>began <w CRD>1991 <w DT0>some <w CRD>18 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w VVG>raising <w NN2>questions <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Hawke<w POS>'s <w NN1>future <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w CJS>as <w NP0>Keating <w VHD>had <w VVN>let <w PNP>it <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Press <w NN1>Club <w NN1>dinner <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>believed <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJS>than <w NP0>Hawke<c PUN>.
<s n="5223"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>rivalry <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>by <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hawkes<w POS>' <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="5224"><w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>by <w CRD>66 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>44<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w NN1>judgment <w CJC>and <w NN1>honesty <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w VVD>left <w PNP>him <w AV0>politically <w VVN>damaged <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38294<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>Hawke<w POS>'s <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>by <w NP0>Keating <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38675<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5225"><w NP0>Keating <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Treasurer <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Kerin<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HR>
<s n="5226"><w NP0>ALP<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5227"><w PRP>By <w CRD>mid-1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ALP <w VVD>remained <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>unpopular <w PRP>at <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>level <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRP>except <w NP0>Queensland<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5228"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Victoria <w AT0>the <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="5229"><w VVB-NN1>State <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Joan <w NP0>Kirner <w VHD>had <w VVN>inherited <w NN1>office <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>John <w NP0>Cain <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>banking <w NN1>arm <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tricontinental<c PUN>, <w VVD>revealed <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>mismanagement<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w AT0>the <w AJ0>consequent <w NN1>unpopularity <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="5230"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Tasmania <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>friction <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Party <w NN2>legislators <w PRP>on <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>support <w PNP>it <w VVD>depended<c PUN>.
<s n="5231"><w PRP>In <w NN1>South <w NP0>Australia <w DT0>another <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Commission <w VHD>had <w VVN>raised <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>judgement <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>ALP <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0-NN1>Bannon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>party <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w UNC>A&dollar;970 <w CRD>million <w NN1>rescue <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>bank <w AV0>only <w NN2>months <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>assured <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>every <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5232"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN1-VVB>trouble <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w NN2>bureaucrats <w CJC>and <w NN2>businessmen<c PUN>.
<s n="5233"><w VVB-NN1>State <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Carmen <w NP0>Lawrence<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resisted <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w PRP>since <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37250<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>finally <w VVN-VVD>conceded <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Fitzgerald <w NN1>inquiry <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AJ0>public <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="5234"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>from <w CRD>1980 <w AV0>onwards<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>W. <w NP0>A. <w AJ0>Inc.<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>period <w PRP>from <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0-NN1>ALP <w NN1>state <w NN2>governments <w VVD-VVN>led <w AV0>successively <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Burke <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Dowding <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w PRP>through <w AJ0>close <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN2>entrepreneurs<c PUN>.
<s n="5235"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>disasters <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>policy <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>rescue <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1-NP0>Rothwell <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>venture <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bond <w NN1>corporation <w VVG>involving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>petrochemical <w NN1>plant <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>never <w VVN>built<c PUN>.
<s n="5236"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cost <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mismanagement <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>A&dollar;400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lawrence <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w UNC>A&dollar;900 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="5237"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w VVD>progressed <w DPS>its <w NN2>revelations <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>unpopularity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN1>state <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="5238"><w PRP>In <w CRD>mid-1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ALP <w VVD>lost <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geraldton <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>70 <w NN2>years<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w AV0>only <w CRD>16.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w VVG>recording <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>swing <w PRF>of <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="5239"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Burke <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5240"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>early <w NN2>stages <w PRP>by <w CRD>mid-1991<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>impact <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
<s n="5241"><w NN1>Evidence <w VVN>given <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Laurie <w NP0>Connell<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rothwells<c PUN>, <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>ALP <w NN1-AJ0>fund-raising <w NN1>lunch <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1987 <w NP0>Hawke <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w NN1>tax <w NN1>exemption <w PRP>for <w AJ0>gold-mining <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="5242"><w NP0>Hawke <w AV0>immediately <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>allegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w AT0>no <w DT0>such <w NN1>promise <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>made <w PRP>until <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>lunch<c PUN>.
<s n="5243"><w AV0>Almost <w CJS>immediately <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w NN1>interviewer <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>lunch <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w DT0>such <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w AJ0>gold-mining <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w AV0>later <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>admit <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>memory <w PRF>of <w NN2>events <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>mistaken<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HS>
<s n="5244"><w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5245"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Churches <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN1>population <c PUL>(<w DT0>some <w CRD>1.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>population<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5246"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>abdicating <w DPS>its <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>society <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>justifying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN1>culture<c PUN>, <w NN1>language <w CJC>and <w NN1>spirituality<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="5247"><w PNP>It <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w NN1>racism <w PRP>by <w NN2>Australians <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>aboriginal <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>nation <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w AJ0>horrific<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>genocidal <w CJC>and <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>addressed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5248"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>month <w AJ0>Medical <w NN1>Journal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>suicide <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w NN2>Aborigines <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w AJ0>10-fold <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w CRD>six <w NN2>times <w AV0>higher <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>Australians<c PUN>.
<s n="5249"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1988 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>105.3 <w NN2>suicides <w PRP>per <w CRD>100,000 <w NP0>Aborigines <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>10.1 <w PRP>per <w CRD>100,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5250"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN2>campaigners <w VVD>persuaded <w NP0>Edinburgh <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>300 <w NP0>Aborigines <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>anthropological <w NN1>collection <w AV0>in order <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>reburied <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN2>traditions<c PUN>.
<s n="5251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>marked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>collections <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w VVZ-NN2>remains <w PRP>by <w NN2>institutions <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HT><ptr target=HLDCA0HU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HT>
<s n="5252"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0HU>
<s n="5253"><w AJ0>Corporate <w NN2>failures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5254"><w NN1>Business <w NN1>confidence <w VBD>was <w VVN>undermined <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>spectacular <w AJ0>corporate <w NN2>failures<c PUN>.
<s n="5255"><w AJ0>Heavy <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>borrowing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <c PUL>(<w VVN>encouraged <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN1>deregulation<c PUR>) <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sustained <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>contracting <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w VVD>proved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fatal <w NN1>combination <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="5256"><w DT0>Several <w AJ0>high-profile <w NN2>companies <w VVD-VVN>collapsed<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Qunitext<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>leisure <w NN1>resort <w NN1>company <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Christopher <w NP0-NN1>Skase<c PUN>; <w NP0>Rothwells<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Perth-based <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>bank<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Hooker <w NN1>Corporation<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w AJ0>retail <w NN1>group <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>George <w NP0-NN1>Herscu<c PUN>.
<s n="5257"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest <w NN1>failure <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bond <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37877<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5258"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>recorded <w AJ0>combined <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w UNC>A&dollar;6,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5259"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>turmoil <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="5260"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>station <w NN1>Network <w CRD>Ten <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>receivership <w PRP>with <w NN2>debts <w PRF>of <w UNC>A&dollar;445,000,000<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>network<c PUN>, <w CRD>Nine<c PUN>, <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Bond<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>bought <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kerry <w NP0>Packer<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Consolidated <w NN1>Press <w NN2>Holdings<c PUN>.
<s n="5261"><w AT0>The <w NP0>John <w NP0>Fairfax <w NN1>Group<c PUN>, <w VVN>burdened <w PRP>by <w NN2>debts <w PRF>of <w UNC>A&dollar;1,700 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>receivership <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="5262"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w NN0>media <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NN1>News <w NN1>Corp.<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rupert <w NP0>Murdoch<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>admitted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>short-term <w NN2>debts <w PRF>of <w UNC>A&dollar;508,650,000 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5263"><w VVB-NN1>Cost <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w NN2>measures <w VVN>employed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NP0>Melbourne <w NN2>newspapers <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Sun <w NN1>News-Pictorial<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>morning <w NN1>tabloid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Herald<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>evening <w NN1-VVB>broadsheet<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sydney <c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w AJ0>Daily <w NN1>Telegraph<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>morning <w NN1>tabloid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Daily <w NN1>Mirror<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>evening <w NN1>tabloid<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5264"><w AT0>The <w NN1>year <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w NN1>News <w NN1>Corp. <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;8,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>debt <w NN1-VVG>restructuring <w NN1>package <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>150 <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5265"><w AJ0>Personal <w NN1>misfortune <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>struck <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>renowned <w AJ0>corporate <w NN2>entrepreneurs<c PUN>.
<s n="5266"><w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Holmes <w AT0>&agrave; <w NN1>Court <w VVD>died <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w NP0-NN1>Packer <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack <w CJS>whilst <w VVG>playing <w NN1>polo<c PUN>.
<s n="5267"><w NP0-NN1>Bond <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w AV0>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rothwells <w AJ0>Ltd.<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>bank <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>business <w NN1-VVB>associate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Laurie <w NP0>Connell <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37920<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5268"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NN1-NP0>Herscu <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG>paying <w AT0>a <w UNC>A&dollar;100,000 <w VVB-NN1>bribe <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>Queensland <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
<s n="5269"><w NN1-NP0>Skase <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w AJ0-NN1>bankrupt <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5270"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w AJC>tougher <w NN2>regulations <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>flamboyance <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>characterized <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
<s n="5271"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>fines <w PRP>for <w NN1>insider <w NN1>trading<c PUN>.
<s n="5272"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AJ0>collapsing <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w AJ0>official <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w PRP>to <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="5273"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Bank <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w AJ0>corporate <w NN2>customers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>16.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>15.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="5274"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>restraint<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>cut <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>effected <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>rate <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5275"><w NN1>Treasurer <w NP0>Keating <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w AJ0>high <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w CJS>as <w DPS>his <w AJ0>main <w NN1>weapon <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>account <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>for <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>for <w VVG>contributing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HV>
<s n="5276"><w NN1>Confirmation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5277"><w NN2>Figures <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
<s n="5278"><w AJ0>Real <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w VVD>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>1.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRP>to <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w CRD>0.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN1>quarter<c PUN>.
<s n="5279"><w VVN>Taken <w AV0>together<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>quarters <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w AJS>weakest <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-month <w NN1>period <w PRP>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1972<c PUN>.
<s n="5280"><w NP0>Keating <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w CJT>that <w NP0>Australia <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VHI>have<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>its <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0-NN1>current-account <w NN1>deficit <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>exceeded <w UNC>A&dollar;21,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989/90<c PUN>.
<s n="5281"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasurer <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w VBD>was <w AV0>probably <w AVP>over<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AV0>as <w AJ0>deep <w CJS>as <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w CRD>1982/83 <w AVQ>when <w NN1>GDP <w VHD>had <w VVN>declined <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN2>quarters <w CJC>and <w AV0>both <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w NN1>unemployment <w VHD>had <w VVN>exceeded <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5282"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>unemployment <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w CRD>738,000<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>high <w PRP>at <w CRD>8.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="5283"><w NN1>Inflation <w VBD>was <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>current-account <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w UNC>A&dollar;17,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="5284"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Keating <w AV0>once again <w VVN-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>optimism <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w VBD>was <w VVG>bottoming <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>future<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HW>
<s n="5285"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>liberalization <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5286"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>market-liberalization <w NN2>measures <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w AV0>more <w AJ0>competitive <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>account <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
<s n="5287"><w AT0>The <w NN1>centrepiece <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w VVN>involved <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>import <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>from <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
<s n="5288"><w NN2>Tariffs <w PRP>on <w NN1>passenger <w NN2>vehicles <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w NN2>textiles<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>clothing <w CJC>and <w NN1>footwear <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>55 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="5289"><w VVB-NN1>Import <w NN2>quotas <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="5290"><w VVG>Announcing <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w VBG>being <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>hitch <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>ride <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>world <w VVG>clamouring<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AJ0>high <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w AJ0>rural <w CJC>and <w NN1>mineral <w NN2>products <w VBB>are <w PRP>behind <w PNP>us<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5291"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>market <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="5292"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>unusual <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>employer <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w CRD>five <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>more than <w CRD>300 <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="5293"><w NN2>Companies <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>bound <w TO0>to <w VVI>match <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AJ0>federal <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>sometimes <w VVB-NN1>state<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>awards <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="5294"><w DT0>This <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w NN1>slowness <w PRP>in <w VVG>adopting <w AJ0>new <w NN1>technology <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>automation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>motor <w NN1>industry <w VBD>was <w AV0>far <w AV0>less <w AJ0>advanced <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Europe <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AV0>persistently <w AJ0>low <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour <w NN1>productivity<c PUN>.
<s n="5295"><w AT0>An <w NP0>OECD <w NN1>survey <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>output <w PRP>per <w NN1>worker <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>utilities <w VBD>was <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w CRD>24 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="5296"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>nationalized <w NN2>industries <w VVG>accounting <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>non-housing <w NN1>investment <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AV0>less than <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>efficiency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>sector <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>impact <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HX>
<s n="5297"><w AJC>Further <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Treasurer
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5298"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>easing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VBD>were <w VVN>cut <w PRP>by <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w PRP>to <w CRD>11.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="5299"><w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>private <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Westpac <w NN1>Banking <w NN1>Corp.<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>lowered <w DPS>its <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>rate <w PRP>by <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="5300"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>cut <w PRF>of <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRP>to <w NP0>March <w DTQ>which <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annualized <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>from <w CRD>6.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>4.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w PRP>for <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5301"><w AV0>Less <w AJ0>welcome <w NN1>news <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w NN1>unemployment <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>844,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>9.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>figure <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5302"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June <w NP0>Keating <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVD-VVN>challenged <w NP0>Hawke <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w AJ0-VVD>left <w NP0>Hawke <w AV0>politically <w VVN>damaged<c PUN>.
<s n="5303"><w NP0>Hawke <w VDD>did <w VVI>receive <w AT0>a <w NN1>boost <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>to <w CRD>9.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="5304"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current-account <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>10 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w AV0>also <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989/90<c PUN>.
<s n="5305"><w AT0>The <w NN1>figure <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w VBD>was <w UNC>A&dollar;13,990 <w CRD>million <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w UNC>A&dollar;19,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5306"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>interviews <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Treasurer<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Kerin<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor<w POS>'s <w AV0-AJ0>tight <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reaffirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991/92<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0HY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0HY>
<s n="5307"><w NN2>Disasters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5308"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>bush <w NN2>fires <w VVD>menaced <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sydney <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Allambie <w NN2>Heights <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>destroying <w DT0>several <w NN2>homes<c PUN>.
<s n="5309"><w NN2>Officials <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w NP0>Queensland <w AT0>a <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>area <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NN1>cyclone<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Joy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>inflicted <w NN1>damage <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>A&dollar;40 <w CRD>million <w PRP>with <w NN2>winds <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>145 <w NN2>miles <w PRP>per <w NN1>hour<c PUN>.
<s n="5310"><w DT0>More <w CJS>than <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w AV0>again <w VVN>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>area <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ>when <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>rains <w VVD-VVN>produced <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>flooding <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="5311"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>causing <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>damage<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>floods <w VBD>were <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J0>
<s n="5312"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5313"><w NP0>Australia <w VVD>sent <w CRD>two <w NN2>frigates <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>support <w NN1>ship <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w DPS>its <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5314"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>reviewed <w DPS>its <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>recognizing <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VVG>acknowledging <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>a <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="5315"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>trade <w VVZ-NN2>links <w PRP>between <w NP0>Australia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>Market <w NN1>Service <w PRP>in <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>air <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taipei<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5316"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0-NN1>multi-function <w NN1>polis <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese-inspired<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>built <w PRP>in <w NP0>Adelaide<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w AJ0>controversial<c PUN>.
<s n="5317"><w AT0>The <w NN1>project <w VBD>was <w AV0>heavily <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Liberals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>surveys <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>considerable <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>misgivings <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>worked <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-election <w NN1>period <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>project <w PRP>from <w NN2>countries <w PRP>other than <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5318"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5319"><w NP0>NEW <w NP0>ZEALAND
</head>
<p>
<s n="5320"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>267,844 <w NN0>km<c PUN>.
<s n="5321"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>3,400,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5322"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Wellington<c PUN>.
<s n="5323"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>English <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Maori<c PUN>.
<s n="5324"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w NN0>75%<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5325"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>11,600 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5326"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=NZ&dollar;1.7612 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5327"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>APEC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J1>
<s n="5328"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5329"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>sovereign<c PUN>, <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>.
<s n="5330"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <w CRD>97 <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5331"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBB>are <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor-General <w VVG>acting <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>advice<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J2>
<s n="5332"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5333"><w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>: <w NP0>Dame <w NP0>Cath <w NP0>Tizard<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5334"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Bolger <c PUL>(<w PRP>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>; <w AV0>also <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>in Charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Service<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5335"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Don <w NP0>McKinnon <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Birch <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>Immigration<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ruth <w NP0>Richardson <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J3>
<s n="5336"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5337"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37189<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w NP0>Mike <w NP0>Moore <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Geoffrey <w NP0>Palmer <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37716-17<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37781<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J4>
<s n="5338"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5339"><w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>conservative<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>G. <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jim<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Bolger <w NN0>l.<c PUN>; <w NP0>John <w NP0>G. <w NP0>Collinge <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>; <w NP0>Cindy <w NP0>Flook <c PUL>(<w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J5>
<s n="5340"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5341"><w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>NZDP<c PUN>; <w VVN-VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1953 <w PRP>as <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Credit <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>League<c PUN>; <w NP0>Garry <w NP0>Knapp <w NN0>l.<c PUN>; <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Leitch <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5342"><w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aotearoa <c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN2>Greens<c PUN>; <w VVD>founded <w CRD>1972 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w VVZ-NN2>Values <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Thomas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wendy <w NP0>Lynch <w NN2>conveners<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AJ0>democratic <w AJ0-NN1>socialist<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Moore <w NN0>parl. <w NN0>l.<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ruth <w NP0>Dyson <w NN1>pres.<c PUN>; <w NP0>Anthony <w NP0>Timms <w AJ0>gen. <w NN1>sec<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5343"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLP<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Anderton <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5344"><w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>Self-Government <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Mana <w NP0>Motuhake <w ZZ0>o <w NP0>Aotearoa<c PUN>; <w VVZ>seeks <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>400,000 <w AJ0>indigenous <w NP0-NN1>Maoris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Matia <w NP0>Rata <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J6>
<s n="5345"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5346"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Bolger<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>48 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>67 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37781<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J7>
<s n="5347"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5348"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AV0>then <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mike <w NP0>Moore<c PUN>, <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crushing <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="5349"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>predicted <w PRP>by <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w DTQ>which <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>confidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>.
<s n="5350"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Lange <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roger <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w NN1>Labour<w POS>'s <w NN1>laissez faire <w NN1>approach <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w AV0>colloquially <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Rogernomics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="5351"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conflict <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NP0>Douglas<w POS>'s <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lange<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1989 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Douglas <w VBD>was <w VVN>voted <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>caucus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5352"><w NP0>Lange<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Geoffrey <w NP0>Palmer<c PUN>, <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>style <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1-AJ0>Labour<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>voters<c PUN>.
<s n="5353"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w AJ0-NN1>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>date <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>gamble <w PRP>by <w VVG>persuading <w NP0>Palmer <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37716-17<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVG>replacing <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>dynamic <w NP0>Mike <w NP0>Moore<c PUN>.
<s n="5354"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leader <w VVN-VVD>succeeded <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>gap <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AV0>hastily <w VVN-VVD>concocted<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>growth <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>lay <w AT0>the <w NN1>ghost <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Rogernomics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="5355"><w PNP>It <w VVD>proved <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>too <w DT0>little<c PUN>, <w AV0>too <w AV0-AJ0>late<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Labour <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>with <w DT0>fewer <w NN2>MPs <w CJS>than <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w CRD>50 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5356"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>Labour<w POS>'s <w NN1>defeat <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>crushing <c PUL>(<w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>dropped <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>almost <w CRD>13 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>victory <w VBD>was <w AV0>less <w AJ0>decisive <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w ORD>first <w VVD>appeared<c PUN>.
<s n="5357"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>by <w AV0>almost <w CRD>4 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Greens <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="5358"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>first-past-the-post <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w VVD>ensured <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>parties <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLP<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>seat <w PNP>he <w AV0>already <w VVD>held<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w VVN>achieved <w AT0>a <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w NN0>MPs <w AV0>considerably <w AJC>greater <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5359"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>cutbacks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>deregulation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>exacerbated <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>concealed <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="5360"><w AT0>The <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bolger<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>somewhat <w AJ0>unwieldy <w NN1>caucus <w PRF>of <w NN2>backbenchers <w PRP>with <w AV0>widely <w AJ0-VVG>differing <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="5361"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <w VBD>was <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Richardson<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN2>MPs <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>Keynesian <w NN1>approach <w VVG>involving <w AJC>greater <w NN1>government <w VVG-NN1>spending <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>combat <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
<s n="5362"><w DT0>This <w DT0>latter <w NN1>group <w VBD>was <w VVN>personified <w PRP>by <w NP0>Winston <w NP0>Peters<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>young<c PUN>, <w VVB>articulate<c PUN>, <w AJ0>part-Maori <w NN1>MP<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>characterized <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>drivel<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="5363"><w VVN>Brought <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Bolger<c PUN>, <w VVZ>Peters <w VVN-AJ0>toned <w AVP-PRP>down <w DPS>his <w NN1>criticism <w CJC>but <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>secret <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>spending <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>.
<s n="5364"><w NN1>Opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>consistently <w AV0>more <w AJ0>popular <w CJS>than <w NN1-NP0>Bolger <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>expected <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J8>
<s n="5365"><w NN1>Defence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5366"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>White <w NN1>Paper <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>defence <w NN2>considerations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w AV0>less <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w PRP>on <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w VVG>taking <w AT0>an <w AJ0>active <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AJ0>global <w NN1>security <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="5367"><w PNP>It <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN1>defence <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>self-reliance <w CJC>and <w NN1>partnership<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>internationalism<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>correspond <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>trading <w NN2>patterns<c PUN>.
<s n="5368"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>White <w NN1>Paper<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w VVG>maintaining <w DPS>its <w NN1>defence <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>objectives <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-establish <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>defence <w NN1>relationship<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>partners <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w CJC>and <w VVI>develop <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0J9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0J9>
<s n="5369"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5370"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VVD>inherited <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>position <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>measured <w PRP>by <w AJ0>macro-economic <w NN2>indicators<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>far from <w AJ0>encouraging<c PUN>.
<s n="5371"><w AT0>The <w NN1>economy <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w PRP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>0.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>actually <w VVD>shrank <w PRP>by <w CRD>0.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="5372"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>current <w NN1>account <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>17 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>constituted <w AV0>around <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5373"><w AJ0>External <w NN1>debt <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w CRD>73 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="5374"><w NN1>Unemployment <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>as <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>international <w NN2>criteria <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>criteria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5375"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems <w VBD>was <w DPS>its <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w AV0>quickly <w AV0>enough <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-war <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>commodities<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>constituted <w AV0>almost <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="5376"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG>funding <w DPS>its <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AJ0>successive <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w VVN>borrowed <w AV0>overseas <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AV0>also <w VVG>presiding <w PRP>over <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AV0>heavily <w VVN-VVD>regulated <w NN2>economies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>capitalist <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="5377"><w AV0>Adversely <w VVN>affected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970s <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<w POS>'s <w NN1>entry <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0>fluctuating <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w VVD>declined <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJS>highest <w NN1>standard <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>living <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>measured <w PRP>by <w AJ0>per capita <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1951 <w PRP>to <w ORD>15th <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971 <w CJC>and <w ORD>23rd <w PRP>by <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="5378"><w VVN>Faced <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w AJ0>inexorable <w NN1>decline<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w PRP>from <w CRD>1984 <w AV0>onwards <w VHD>had <w VVN>embarked <w PRP>upon <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>deregulation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG>scrapping <w NN1-VVB>import <w NN1-VVG>licensing<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>reducing <w CJC>or <w VVG>abolishing <w NN2>tariffs <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>export <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>floating <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVG>deregulating <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN1>sector<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>system<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vii<c PUR>) <w VVG>privatizing <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>companies <w PRP>including <w NN1>Air <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w NP0>NZ <w NP0>Telecom<c PUN>, <w NP0>NZ <w NP0>Steel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>government-owned <w NN1>energy <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Petrocorp<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5379"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>, <w VVN>designed <w AV0>largely <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ruth <w NP0>Richardson<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w NN1-AJ0>Labour<w VBZ>'s <w AV0-AJ0>tight <w AJ0>budgetary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>controls<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AV0>also <w VVG>undertaking <w AJC>further <w NN1>privatization <w CJC>and <w NN1>deregulation<c PUN>.
<s n="5380"><w NP0>Richardson <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DPS>her <w NN1>aim <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w CRD>41.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GNP <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970 <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
<s n="5381"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w AJ0>safe <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN2>hands<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w NN1>promise <w AV0>quickly <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>guarantee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>programmes <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1930s<c PUN>.
<s n="5382"><w AV0>Soon <w PRP>after <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>government <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1991/92 <c PUL>(<w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w UNC>NZ&dollar;3,700 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVG>rising <w PRP>to <w UNC>NZ&dollar;5,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1992/93<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5383"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w NP0>Richardson <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>mini-budget <w DTQ>which <w VVD>contained <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>housing<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>home <w NN1>loan <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w UNC>NZ&dollar;601 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>NZ&dollar;2,370 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>ending <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5384"><w AT0>The <w NN2>cuts <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w NN1>family <w NN2>benefits <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w NN1>sickness <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>moves <w PRP>towards <w NN1-AJ0>means-testing <w CJC>and <w NN2>charges <w PRP>for <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>educational <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="5385"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>casualties <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w NN1-VVB>benefit <c PUL>(<w AV0>currently <w UNC>NZ&dollar;6 <w PRP>per <w NN1>week <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>child<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>icon <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>state <w PRP>since <w CRD>1946<c PUN>.
<s n="5386"><w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>benefits <w VBD>were <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>for <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>single <w NN2>parents <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sick <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w NN0>means <w VVG-NN1>testing<c PUN>.
<s n="5387"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>made <w AJ0>redundant <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>wait <w PRP>for <w CRD>26 <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1-VVB>benefit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5388"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mini-budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>deregulation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="5389"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>scrapping <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>conciliation <w CJC>and <w NN1>arbitration <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984<c PUN>.
<s n="5390"><w AJ0>Compulsory <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>since <w CRD>1936 <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>interlude<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>employers <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>obligation <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w CJC>or <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w NN2>unions <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>bound <w PRP>by <w NN1>pay <w NN2>awards <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="5391"><w NN2>Employees <w CJC>and <w NN2>employers <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>bargaining <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w CJC>or <w AJ0>collective <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>prohibit <w NN2>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>lockouts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>enforceable <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>promised <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
<s n="5393"><w AT0>The <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>concerns <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>privatized <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w CRD>63 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>stake<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Electric <w NN1>Corp <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>produced <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>distributed <w AT0>the <w NN1>electricity <w VVZ-NN2>supplies<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>Corp <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>controlled <w NN1>government <w NN1>land <w NN2>holdings<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5394"><w AT0>No <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN0>sales <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5395"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w NP0>Richardson <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w UNC>NZ&dollar;750 <w CRD>million <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w VVG-NN1>borrowing <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>NZ&dollar;1,400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>ending <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="5396"><w AJC>Lower <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>expected <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>tax <w NN2>revenues <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>accountable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>projection<c PUN>.
<s n="5397"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>OECD <w NN1>report <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>month <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>modest <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>improvement<c PUN>.
<s n="5398"><w NN1>Inflation <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>high <w PRF>of <w CRD>15.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>to <w CRD>4.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w CRD>end-1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w NN1>output <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
<s n="5399"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>predicted <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG>rising <w PRP>to <w CRD>2.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVN>driven <w PRP>by <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="5400"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>predicted <w CJT>that <w NN1>inflation <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w NN1>consumption <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>depressed<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current-account <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5401"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>cuts <w VBD>were <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>protests <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVG>involving <w AV0>up to <w CRD>100,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>since <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>rugby <w NN1-VVB>tour<c PUN>.
<s n="5402"><w NN2>Effigies <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bolger <w CJC>and <w NP0>Richardson <w VBD>were <w VVN>burned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Auckland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38153<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5403"><w NP0-NN1>Bolger <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>success <w PRP>for <w NP0>Richardson<w POS>'s <w NN1>strategy <w CJS>when <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w VVN>shown <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>25-year <w NN1>low <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>7.6 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="5404"><w VVG-AJ0>Rising <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0>high <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>declining <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>.
<s n="5405"><w NN1>Opinion <w NN2>polls <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w DT0>that <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>42 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JA>
<s n="5406"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5407"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>severely <w VVN>strained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>nuclear-powered <w CJC>or <w AJ0>nuclear-armed <w NN2>ships <w VVG>entering <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN2>ports <w CJC>or <w NN2-VVZ>waters<c PUN>.
<s n="5408"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<w POS>'s <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>ANZUS<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>trilateral <w NN1>defence <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1951<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>freezing <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exercises<c PUN>.
<s n="5409"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w VVD-VVN>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w DTQ>which <w AV0>then <w VVD-VVN>ceased <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>domestic <w AJ0>political <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="5410"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w AV0>again <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w CJC>and <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="5411"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w VVB>Bolger <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>secret <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="5412"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w VVD>dispatched <w CRD>two <w NN1>army <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>teams <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NP0>Hercules <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-led <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="5413"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVB>Bolger <w AV0>personally <w VVD>telephoned <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w TO0>to <w VVI>congratulate <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>victory<c PUN>.
<s n="5414"><w PRP-CJS>Notwithstanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w AV0>staunchly <w AJ0>pro-ANZUS <w NN0>people <c PUL>(<w PRP>such as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Don <w NP0>McKinnon<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>more <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>improving <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>to <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>relationship <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>embodied <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ANZUS <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5415"><w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<w POS>'s <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0>other <w NN1>ANZUS <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>greatly <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>prohibition <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="5416"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Palmer<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Canberra <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>restraints <w PRP>on <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN2>goods <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="5417"><w AT0>The <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>barriers <w VVD>came <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NN1>schedule <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>Closer <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
<s n="5418"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w AV0>also <w VVN>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w VVG>achieving <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>harmonization <w PRF>of <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>securities <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5419"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>repaired <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w PRP>during <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>.
<s n="5420"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>Forestry <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Sutton <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>visit <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w VHD>had <w VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square<c PUN>.
<s n="5421"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN2>relations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>consulate-general <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5422"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Rocard <w VVD>visited <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="5423"><w DPS>His <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>apologised <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rainbow <w NN1>Warrior <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>marked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38153<c PUN>; <w CJC>but <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38345 <w PRP>for <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>honouring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>agent <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rainbow <w NN1>Warrior <w NN1>affair<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JB><ptr target=HLDCA0JC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JB>
<s n="5424"><w NP0>NEW <w NP0>ZEALAND <w AJ0>ASSOCIATED <w NN2>TERRITORIES
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0JC>
<s n="5425"><w NP0>NIUE
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5426"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>259 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5427"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>2,100 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5428"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Alofi<c PUN>.
<s n="5429"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>English <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Niuean<c PUN>.
<s n="5430"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity <w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=NZ&dollar;1.7612 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JD>
<s n="5431"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5432"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1974 <w NP0>Niue <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>self-governing <w NN1>territory <w PRP>in <w AJ0>free <w NN1>association <w PRP>with <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in addition to <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="5433"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Niue <w NN1>Assembly <w VVZ>comprises <w CRD>20 <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w CRD>14 <w NN1>village <w NN2>representatives <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>roll<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVZ>chooses <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w PRP>from <w PRP>amongst <w DPS>its <w NN1>number <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>appoints <w CRD>three <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JE>
<s n="5434"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5435"><w NN1-AJ0>Premier<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Rex<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>re-elected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>erroneously <w VVN>given <w PRP-CJS>as <w NP0>May <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37887<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Services <w CJC>and <w NN2>Police<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5436"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Tama <w NP0>Lata <w NP0>Fonu <w NP0>Posimani <c PUL>(<w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Community <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN2>Telecommunications<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Vivian <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w NN1>Education<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Fisa <w NP0>Pihigia <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>Broadcasting<c PUN>, <w NN1>Business <w NN2>Relations<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JF>
<s n="5437"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>:
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5438"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JG>
<s n="5439"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5440"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>Niue <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w VVN>based <w PRP>upon <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Niue <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPAP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Vivian<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rex <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JH>
<s n="5441"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>overview
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5442"><w NN2>Opponents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Rex<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>since <w CRD>1974<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>gains <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPAP <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>sympathizers <w VVG>winning <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>20 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="5443"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>foiled<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Rex<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN1>experience <w CJC>and <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w NN1>patronage<c PUN>, <w VVD>induced <w CRD>four <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>legislators <w TO0>to <w VVI>defect <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN2>benches<c PUN>.
<s n="5444"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w NP0>Rex <w VVD>dismissed <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w CRD>three <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>for <w VVG>joining <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ-NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>premier<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w AV0>once again <w VVN>preserved <w DPS>his <w NN1>majority <w PRP>by <w VVG>appointing <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Vivian <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>member <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="5445"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>those <w VVN>dismissed <w VVD-VVN>moved <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w CRD>15 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>five<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JJ>
<s n="5446"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5447"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Niue <w VBD>was <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>cyclone <w DTQ>which <w VVD>caused <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>damage<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Alofi<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JK>
<s n="5448"><w VVB>COOK <w NN2>ISLANDS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5449"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>237 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5450"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>17,185 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1985 <w NN1>census<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5451"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Avarua<c PUN>.
<s n="5452"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>English <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cook <w NP0>Islands<w POS>' <w NN1>Maori<c PUN>.
<s n="5453"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>.
<s n="5454"><w NN1>Christianity <w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=NZ&dollar;1.7612 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5455"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JL>
<s n="5456"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5457"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1965 <w AT0>the <w CRD>15 <w NP0>Cook <w NP0>Islands <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>self-governing <w NN1>territory <w PRP>in <w AJ0>free <w NN1>association <w PRP>with <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in addition to <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="5458"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Parliament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cook <w NP0>Islands <w VVZ>comprises <w CRD>24 <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w CRD>nine <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Raratonga<c PUN>, <w CRD>14 <w AJ0-VVG>representing <w NN2>constituencies <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w NN2>islands<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w DT0>many <w NP0>Cook <w NN2>Islanders <w NN1-AJ0>resident <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUR>) <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5459"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>chooses <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w PRP>from <w PRP>amongst <w DPS>its <w NN1>number<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>then <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JM>
<s n="5460"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5461"><w NN1-NP0>Queen<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative<c PUN>: <w NP0>Apenera <w NP0>Short<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5462"><w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>Representative<c PUN>: <w NP0>Tim <w NP0>Caughley<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5463"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Geoffrey <w NP0>Henry <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w NN2>Customs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Inland <w NN1>Revenue<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Budget <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5464"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Inatio <w NP0>Akaruru <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Vaine <w NP0>Tairea <c PUL>(<w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Marine <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>, <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JN>
<s n="5465"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5466"><w NP0>Cook <w NP0>Islands <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>CIP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Geoffrey <w NP0>Henry <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JP>
<s n="5467"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5468"><w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pupuke <w NP0>Robati <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5469"><w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Tumu <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>DTP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vincent <w VVB>Ingram <w NN0>l.<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>split <w PRP>from <w NP0>DP <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JR>
<s n="5470"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5471"><w AT0>The <w NN1>CIP <w VVD>won <w CRD>12 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w CRD>nine <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>DTP <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w PNI>one<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JS>
<s n="5472"><w NN1>Overview
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5473"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>CIP <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w CRD>14 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>one <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VHG>having <w VVN>defected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>CIP<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <w VHG>having <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>CIP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>giving <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>DTP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="5474"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Henry <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>favoured <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VVD>denied <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>aim <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5475"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Henry <w VVD>met <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w AJ0>private <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="5476"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokeswoman <w CJS>as <w AV0>primarily <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>get-acquainted <w NN1>session<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5477"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>dengue <w NN1>fever <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cook <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>almost <w CRD>800 <w NN2>cases <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JT>
<s n="5478"><w NP0>TOKELAU
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5479"><w NN1>Status<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Non-self-governing <w NN1>territory <w PRP>under <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="5480"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>1,690 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1986<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w CRD>2,316 <w NN2>Tokelauans <w NN1>resident <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5481"><w DT0>All <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Administrator<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<w POS>'s <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="5482"><w PRP>In <w NN1>practice <w DT0>most <w NN2>powers <w VBB>are <w VVN>delegated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>heads <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tokelau <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="5483"><w DT0>Each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w CRD>three <w NN2>atolls <w VVZ>elects <w AT0>a <w NN1>commissioner <c PUL>(<w NP0>Faipule<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>jointly <w VVB>chair <w AT0>the <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Fono<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JU>
<s n="5484"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5485"><w NN1>Administrator<c PUN>: <w NP0>N. <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Walter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5486"><w NP0>Faipules<c PUN>: <w NP0>Peniuto <w NP0>Semisi <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fakaofo<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Salesio <w NP0>Lui <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nokunonu<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kuresa <w NP0>Nasau <c PUL>(<w NP0>Atafu<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JV>
<s n="5487"><w NP0>ROSS <w NN1>DEPENDENCY
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5488"><w NN1>Status<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Non-self-governing <w NN1>territory <w PRP>under <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5489"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Ross <w NN1>Dependency <w VVZ>comprises <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Antarctica <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>associated <w NN2>islands<c PUN>.
<s n="5490"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>includes <w AT0>a <w NN1>land <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w CRD>400,000 <w NN0>sq km <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>ice-shelf <w PRF>of <w CRD>330,000 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5491"><w PRP>Apart from <w AJ0>scientific <w NN2>personnel <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>uninhabited<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5492"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5493"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS <w VVB-NN1>TRUST <w NN1>TERRITORY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5494"><w NP0-NN1>BELAU
</head>
<p>
<s n="5495"><w NN1>Status<c PUN>: <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="5496"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>508 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5497"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>15,105 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5498"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Koror<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Koror <w NP0>Island<c PUN>.
<s n="5499"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>English<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Palauan<c PUN>.
<s n="5500"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity <w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JW>
<s n="5501"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5502"><w NN1-NP0>Belau <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947 <w CJC>and <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
<s n="5503"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>components <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federated <w NN2>States <w PRF>of <w NP0>Micronesia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Mariana <w NP0>Islands<c PUR>) <w VVD>adopted <w AJ0>revised <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>relationships <w PRP>between <w CRD>1978 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>29288<c PUN>; <w UNC>38XXX<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5504"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>compact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>association <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Belau <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w VVD>altered <w DPS>its <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>required <w AT0>a <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>rescind <w AT0>the <w NN2>clauses <w DTQ>which <w VVD>banned <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry<c PUN>, <w NN1>storage <w CJC>or <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w CJC>or <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="5505"><w AJ0-VVN>Repeated <w NN2>referendums <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w CRD>1983 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w DT0>this <w NN1>end<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>each <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>approval <w NN1>level <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37251<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5506"><w NN1-NP0>Belau <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="5507"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislature <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Olbiil <w NP0-NN1>Era <w NP0-NN1>Kelulau<c PUR>) <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>bicameral<c PUN>: <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Delegates <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>one <w NN1>representative <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w CRD>16 <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-member <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="5508"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Chiefs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>each <w NN1>state <w VHZ>has <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>political <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JX>
<s n="5509"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5510"><w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Department<w POS>'s <w AJ0>resident <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belau<c PUN>: <w NP0>J. <w NP0>Victor <w NP0>Hobson <w NP0>Jr<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5511"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ngiratkel <w NP0>Etpison<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5512"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kuniwo <w NP0>Nakamura <c PUL>(<w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>; <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0JY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0JY>
<s n="5513"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5514"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>loose <w NN2>coalitions <w VHB>have <w VVN>evolved <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>debate <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>compact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>association<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1>Coalition <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Open <w AJ0>Honest <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>Just <w NN1>Government <w VVZ>opposes <w AT0>the <w NN1>compact<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w ITJ>Ta <w NP0-NN1>Belau <w NN1>Party <w VVZ>supports <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K0>
<s n="5515"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5516"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1988<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K1>
<s n="5517"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5518"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>compact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>association <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w PRP>in <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>59.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w AV0>thus <w AV0>far <w VVN>recorded <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37251<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5519"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Belau<w POS>'s <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0-NN1>Lujan<c PUN>.
<s n="5520"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w AJ0>secretarial <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Department <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>expanded <w NN1>role <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1-AJ0>resident <w NP0>US <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Belau <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37885<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5521"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w XX0>not <w VVG>complying <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>islanders<w POS>' <w NN2>requests<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>considerably <w AV0>more <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>directive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5522"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w NP0>Victor <w NP0>Hobson <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Department<w POS>'s <w AJ0>resident <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Belau<c PUN>.
<s n="5523"><w NP0-NN1>Hobson <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRP>since <w CRD>1963<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Belau <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1977 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Saipan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Marianas<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5524"><w NP0-NN1>Belau<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w AV0>adversely <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w NN2>debts <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Aimeluk <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w VVN>constructed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w AJ0>consequent <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w AJ0>compact <w NN1>impasse<c PUN>, <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>setback <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w VBD>was <w AV0>severely <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w NP0>Typhoon<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Mike<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5525"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5526"><w NP0>FIJI
</head>
<p>
<s n="5527"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>18,376 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5528"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>800,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5529"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Suva<c PUN>.
<s n="5530"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Fijian<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Hindi<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="5531"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>.
<s n="5532"><w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w NN0>50%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Hinduism <c PUL>(<w NN0>40%<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam <c PUL>(<w NN0>10%<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5533"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>5,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5534"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>Fiji <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=F&dollar;1.4567 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5535"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K2>
<s n="5536"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5537"><w NP0>Fiji <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>country <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1970<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w CJS>provided that <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>sovereign<c PUN>, <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN2>wishes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bicameral <w AJ0>Fijian <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="5538"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w AJ0>native <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>population<c PUR>) <w VVD>governed <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="5539"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multiracial <w NP0>Fiji <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Party <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>closely <w VVN>allied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>extraction <w PNQ>who <w AV0>slightly <w VVD-VVN>outnumbered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5540"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <c PUL>(<w AV0>subsequently <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.<c PUR>)
<s n="5541"><w NP0>Sitiveni <w NP0-NN1>Rabuka <w CJC>and <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Melanesian<c PUR>) <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="5542"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>restored<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabuka <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>influential <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Advisors <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>administration <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Ratu <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Penaia <w NP0-NN1>Ganilau<c PUN>.
<s n="5543"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AV0>racially <w AJ0>bipartisan <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>prelude <w PRP>to <w VVG>returning <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w VVD>prompted <w NP0>Rabuka <w TO0>to <w VVI>stage <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>coup <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="5544"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>revoked <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fiji<c PUN>.
<s n="5545"><w NP0>Queen <w NP0>Elizabeth <w CRD>II <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ratu <w NP0-NN1>Ganilau <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>ceased <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>Fiji<w POS>'s <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vancouver<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>declared <w NP0>Fiji<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>lapsed <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35606-07<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5546"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w AV0>nominally <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Ratu <w NP0-NN1>Ganilau <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="5547"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>guaranteed <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VBD>was <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K3>
<s n="5548"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5549"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NN1-NP0>Ratu <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Penaia <w NP0-NN1>Ganilau<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5550"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NN1-NP0>Ratu <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Kamisese <w NP0>Mara <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Service<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5551"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Josefata <w NP0>Kamikamica <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K4>
<s n="5552"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5553"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>change <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Rabuka <w VVD>rejoined <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Utilities <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Apisai <w NP0-NN1>Tora <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>for <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN>created <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K5>
<s n="5554"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5555"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K6>
<s n="5556"><w AJ0>Main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5557"><w NP0>Fiji <w AJ0>Labour <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Federation <w NN2>Parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Fiji <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AJ0>est. <w CRD>1985<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AJ0>est. <w CRD>1960<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Hanish <w NP0>Chandra <w NP0>Sharma <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5558"><w AJ0>Fijian <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AJ0>est. <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Chiefs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w DT0>All <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w AJ0>est. <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Apisai <w NP0>Tora <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5559"><w AJ0>Fijian <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AJ0>est. <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w NP0>Isireli <w NP0-NN1>Vuibau <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5560"><w NP0>Fiji <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AJ0>est. <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0-NN1>Nationalist <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sakeasi <w NP0>Butadroka <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K7>
<s n="5561"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5562"><w AT0>The <w ORD>last <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K8>
<s n="5563"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5564"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Fiji <w VBD>was <w VVN>restored <w PRP>to <w AJ0>nominal <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>rule <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37189<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5565"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w AV0>finally <w VVN-VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w VVD>guaranteed <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>bicameral <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>population <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37613-14<c PUN>; <w CRD>37881-82<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5566"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bose <w NP0>Levu <w NP0>Vakaturaga <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Great <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Chiefs<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>structure <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="5567"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>weighted <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>representation <w AV0>disproportionately <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>communities <c PUL>(<w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>chiefs<c PUR>) <w PRP>as against <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="5568"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w NN1>revision <w PRP>after <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>every <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>consent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5569"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD-VVN>contained <w NN2>guarantees <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>freedoms<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>shall <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fiji <w AJ0>Military <w NN2>Forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w NN2>times <w AT0>the <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>well-being <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fiji <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>peoples<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="5570"><w AT0>The <w NN1>clause <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w PRP>as <w VVG>giving <w AJ0>implicit <w NN1>authority <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>to <w NN1>stage <w AV0>further <w NN2>coups <w VM0>should <w PNP>they <w VBI>be <w VVN>deemed <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
<s n="5571"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w AV0>also <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN0>MPs <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>laws <w CJC>and <w NN2>regulations <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w DT0>all <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5572"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>promised <w NN2>elections <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AV0>later <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>suggested<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>likely <w NN1>election <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>revised <w PRP>to <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="5573"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Fiji <w AJ0>Labour <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Federation <w NN2>Parties<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Adi <w NP0>Kuini <w NP0>Bavadra <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>widow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ousted <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<w POS>'s <w NN1>death <w PRP>from <w NN1>cancer <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>racist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-democratic <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5574"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NN2>coups <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>population <w AV0>slightly <w VVN-VVD>outnumbered <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>native <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
<s n="5575"><c PUL>(<w AJ0>Native <w NN2>Fijians <w VBD>were <w AV0>basically <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>many <w AV0>also <w VHD>had <w DT0>some <w AJ0>Polynesian <w NN1>inheritance <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>islands<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rotuma<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>island <w CRD>390 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Suva <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>special <w NN1>provision <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w AV0>almost <w AV0>exclusively <w AJ0>Polynesian<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5576"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>heavy <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>emigration <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w NN2>Indians <w PRP>with <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN2>skills <w CJC>and <w NN1>capital <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w PNX>themselves <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="5577"><w AT0>The <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN2>shortages <w PRP>in <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ares <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w VVD>necessitated <w AT0>the <w NN1>importation <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>expatriate <w NN2>skills<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w PRP>at <w AJ0>high <w NN1>cost<c PUN>.
<s n="5578"><w AT0>The <w NN1>drain <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVB>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>Melanesians <w AV0>once again <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="5579"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w CRD>733,450<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>358,667 <w VBD>were <w NN2>Melanesians<c PUN>, <w CRD>335,153 <w VBD>were <w NN2>Indians<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>39,630 <w VBD>were <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5580"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Chiefs <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Fiji <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NN1-VVB>coup <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Rabuka <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>lead<c PUN>.
<s n="5581"><w NP0-NN1>Rabuka <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>confusing <w NN2>statements <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>indicate <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>harbour <w AJ0>political <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="5582"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVD>mobilized <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN2-VVZ>reserves <w CJS>as though <w VVG>preparing <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="5583"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PNP>he <w VVD>apologized <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN2>actions <w CJC>and <w VVD>pledged <w DPS>his <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5584"><w AV0>Eventually<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w AV0>actively <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5585"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>as <w NN1>army <w NN1>commander <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="5586"><w NP0>Ratu <w NP0>Epeli <w NP0-NN1>Ganilau<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5587"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NP0>Bavadra <w VVD>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w PRP>after <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>her <w NN1>engagement <w PRP>to <w NP0>Clive <w NP0-NN1>Speed<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>businessman<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0K9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0K9>
<s n="5588"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5589"><w AT0>The <w NN1>economy <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>12.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w CRD>0.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="5590"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w VBD>was <w VVN>fuelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>industries <w PRF>of <w NN1>sugar <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>.
<s n="5591"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sugar <w NN1>harvest <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>harvesting <w NN1>contract <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>government-controlled <w NN1>milling <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fiji <w NN1-NP0>Sugar <w NN1>Corp.<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>22,000 <c PUL>(<w AV0>pre-dominantly <w AJ0>Indian<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>sugarcane <w NN2>growers<c PUN>.
<s n="5592"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>harvest <w NN1>yield <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>slightly <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AJ0>buoyant <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>growers <w VBD>were <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>reap <w NN1>record <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
<s n="5593"><w NN1>Tourism <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>prospered <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>275,000 <w NN2>arrivals<c PUN>.
<s n="5594"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>several <w NN2>hotels <w VVD>undertook <w VVG-AJ0>regrading <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0>major <w NN1>work <w VBD>was <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>resorts <w CJS>as <w NN2>investors <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2>indications <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN1>stability<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5595"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>agriculture <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>sector <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>accounting <w PRP>for <w AV0>almost <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>non-sugar <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>declined <w PRP>by <w CRD>6.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>grew <w AV0>thereafter <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>7.8 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>in <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5596"><w AT0>The <w NN1>growth <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w AJ0>free <w NN1>factory <c PUL>(<w NP0>TFF<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>scheme<c PUN>.
<s n="5597"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>113 <w NP0>TFFs <w VBD>were <w AJ0>operational<c PUN>, <w CRD>74 <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>produced <w NN2>garments<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VVD-VVN>produced <w NN2>items <w PRP>such as <w NN1>furniture<c PUN>, <w NN1>leather <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN1>footwear<c PUN>.
<s n="5598"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>8,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>employed <w VVG>making <w NN2>garments<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VVD-AJ0>earned <w UNC>F&dollar;183 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>figure <w VVD-VVN>exceeded <w AV0-AJ0>only <w PRP>by <w NN1>sugar <w NN2-VVZ>exports <c PUL>(<w UNC>F&dollar;248 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism <c PUL>(<w UNC>F&dollar;340 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5599"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w CRD>8.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>6.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>reserves <w VBD>was <w AJ0-AV0>steady <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>F&dollar;330 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w AJ0-NN1>months-worth <w PRF>of <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5600"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kamikamica <w VVD>presented <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>predicted <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w CRD>3.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>narrowing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>to <w UNC>F&dollar;69,700,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w UNC>F&dollar;74,700,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5601"><w PRP>In <w CRD>mid-1991 <w NN1>labour <w NN2>relations <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sugarcane <w NN1-VVB>harvest <w AV0>once again <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>because of <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>over <w NN2>payments <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>crop<c PUN>.
<s n="5602"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AJ0>protracted <w CJC>and <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>strike <w PRP>by <w CRD>700 <w NN2>miners <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Emperor <w NN1>gold <w NN1>mine<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>gold <w NN1>producer<c PUN>.
<s n="5603"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>decrees <w DTQ>which <w VVD>curtailed <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w VVD>inflicted <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>penalties <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>disrupting <w AJ0>key <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="5604"><w AT0>The <w NN1>response <w VVD>exacerbated <w AT0>the <w NN2>strikes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>both <w NN2>disputes <w VBD>were <w VVG>growing <w PRP>in <w NN1>scope <w CJC>and <w NN1>intensity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KA>
<s n="5605"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5606"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>difficult <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>further <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>discriminatory <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="5607"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Fijian <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>embassy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5608"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w AV0>traditionally <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w NP0>Fiji<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>improved <w AV0>somewhat <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-VVN>strained<c PUN>.
<s n="5609"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>flawed<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>future <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="5610"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w NP0>Suva <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gareth <w NP0>Evans <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mara <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Evans <w VVD>derided <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="5611"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Don <w NP0>McKinnon <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Warren <w NP0>Cooper <c PUL>(<w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUR>) <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN2>ministers <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Suva <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>coups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5612"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ganilau <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22-29<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5613"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Mara <w VVD>made <w NN2>trips <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5614"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5615"><w AJ0>FEDERATED <w NN2>STATES <w PRF>OF <w NP0>MICRONESIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="5616"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>700 <w NN0>sq<c PUN>.
<s n="5617"><w NN0>km<c PUN>.
<s n="5618"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>91,440 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1985<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5619"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pohnpei <w NP0>Island<c PUN>.
<s n="5620"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>English <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="5621"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>.
<s n="5622"><w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5623"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5624"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KB>
<s n="5625"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5626"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federated <w NN2>States <w PRF>of <w NP0>Micronesia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FSM<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5627"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1982 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FSM <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>compact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>association<c PUN>, <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>in return for <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w NP0>US <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="5628"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trust <w NN1>status <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>FSM<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5629"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FSM <w VHZ>has <w CRD>four <w AJ0-NN1>constituent <w NN2-VVZ>states <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Chuuk <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w VVB>Truk<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kosrae<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pohnpei <w CJC>and <w VVB>Yap <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5630"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>14-member <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN2>senators <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AJ0>two-year <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w AJ0>at-large <w NN2>senators <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w NN1>state<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5631"><w AV0>Both <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Vice <w NN1>President <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>from <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w AJ0>at-large <w NN2>senators<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KC>
<s n="5632"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5633"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bailey <w NP0-NN1>Olter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5634"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jacob <w NP0>Nena <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Vice <w NN1>President<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Andon <w NP0>L. <w NP0>Amaraich <c PUL>(<w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Aloysius <w NP0>Tuuth <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KD>
<s n="5635"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5636"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KE>
<s n="5637"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5638"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KF>
<s n="5639"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5640"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>; <w NP0>Olter <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38197<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KG>
<s n="5641"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5642"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FSM <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state <c PUL>(<w CJS>although<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Compact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w DPS>its <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations<c PUR>) <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>Trusteeship <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37920<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5643"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>FSM <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5644"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5645"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5646"><w AJ0>FRENCH <w AJ0>OVERSEAS <w NN2>TERRITORIES
</head>
<p>
<s n="5647"><w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Overseas <w NN2>Territories <c PUL>(<w VVZ>territoires <w AJ0-NN1>d'outre-mer<c PUR>) <w VBB>are <w AJ0>French <w NP0-NN1>Polynesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Caledonia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Wallis <w CJC>and <w NP0>Futuna <w NP0>Islands <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Antartic <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>.
<s n="5648"><w PNP>They <w VBB>are <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>integral <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w DT0>each <c PUL>(<w PRP>apart from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Antartic <w NN2>Territories<c PUR>) <w VVZ>elects <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w VVZ>sends <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KH>
<s n="5649"><w AJ0>FRENCH <w NN1-NP0>POLYNESIA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5650"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>4,200 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5651"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>196,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5652"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Papeete<c PUN>.
<s n="5653"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>French<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Polynesian <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="5654"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5655"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>franc <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Comptoirs <w NN1>fran&ccedil;ais <w UNC>du <w NP0>Pacifique <c PUL>(<w NN1>franc <w NP0>CFP <w CJC>or <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>franc<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=101.54 <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFP <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KJ>
<s n="5656"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5657"><w NP0>French <w NP0-NN1>Polynesia <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w CRD>41 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5658"><w PRP>From <w PRP>within <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>members <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVZ>elects <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>President <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KK>
<s n="5659"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5660"><w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>government<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gaston <w NP0-NN1>Flosse<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KL>
<s n="5661"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5662"><w NN1>Coalition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tahoeraa <w NP0>Huiraatira/Rassemblement <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w UNC>R&eacute;publique <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPR<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gaston <w NP0-NN1>Flosse <w NN0>l.<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ai'a <w NP0>Api <c PUL>(<w AJ0>New <w NN1>Land<c PUN>, <w NP0>Emile <w NP0>Vernaudon <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KM>
<s n="5663"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5664"><w AJ0>Front <w NP0>de <w NN1>Lib&eacute;ration <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Polyn&eacute;sie/Tavini <w NP0>Huiraatira <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0-NN1>Temaru<c PUN>, <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5665"><w NP0>Ia <w NP0>Mana <w UNC>Te <w NP0>Nunaa <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jacqui <w NP0-NN1>Drollet <w NN1>sec. <w NN1>-gen<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5666"><w NN1>Pupu <w AV0>Here <w NP0>Ai'a <w UNC>Te <w NP0>Nunaa <w NP0>Ia <w NP0>Ora <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Juventin <w NN1>pres<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5667"><w UNC>Te <w NP0>Tiarama <c PUL>(<w NP0>Alexandre <w NP0>L&eacute;ontieff <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KN>
<s n="5668"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5669"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KP>
<s n="5670"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>overview
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5671"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Polynesia <w VBD>was <w VVN>amended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w CRD>five <w AJ0>consultative <w AJ0>local <w NN2>councils <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AJ0>elected <w AJ0>territorial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5672"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w NP0>Tahoeraa <w NP0>Huiraatira <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Flosse <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ousted <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>controlling <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1982 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>captured <w CRD>18 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>41 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="5673"><w AT0>An <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>L&eacute;ontieff<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Juventin<c PUN>, <w VVD>secured <w AV0>only <w CRD>14 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="5674"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>independence <w NN1>party <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Drollet<c PUN>, <w VVD>lost <w DPS>its <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLP<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>independence <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w PRP>to <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="5675"><w NP0>Ai'a <w NP0>Api <w VVD>held <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5676"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-NP0>Flosse <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ai'a <w NP0>Api<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vernaudon<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0-NN1>L&eacute;ontieff<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>French <w NP0>Polynesia<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>.
<s n="5677"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NP0>Flosse-Vernaudon <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w VHD>had <w VVN>lasted <w AV0>only <w CRD>110 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="5678"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>legislators <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5679"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Vernaudon <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Flosse <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>L&eacute;ontieff <w NN2>coalitions <w CJC>and <w VVD>received <w CRD>37 <w NN2>votes <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w VVB>cast <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Temaru<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>other <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="5680"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Flosse <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5681"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rigorous <w AJ0-NN1>cost-cutting <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w AJ0>catastrophic<c PUN>.
<s n="5682"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>official <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w NP0>Flosse <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>debt <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>60,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFP<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>represented <w DT0>some <w CRD>16 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN2>revenues<c PUN>.
<s n="5683"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w AJ0>indirect <w NN2>taxes <c PUL>(<w NP0>French <w NP0>Polynesia <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax<c PUR>) <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Papeete<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="5684"><w NN1>Peace <w VBD>was <w VVN>restored <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>.
<s n="5685"><w VVN>Shaken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Flosse <w VVD>retired <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NN1>reflection <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>turning <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Buillard<c PUN>.
<s n="5686"><w PNP>He <w VVD>resumed <w DPS>his <w NN1>executive <w NN2>duties <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38346<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KR>
<s n="5687"><w AJ0>French <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>tests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5688"><w AT0>The <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mururoa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fangataufa <w VVZ-NN2>atolls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conducting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>tests <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>.
<s n="5689"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w VVD>conducted <w AT0>a <w NN1>test <w PRP>in <w NP0>Fangataufa <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>detonation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>device <w PRP>with <w AJ0>explosive <w NN1>power <w AV0>less than <w CRD>100 <w NN2>kilotonnes<c PUN>.
<s n="5690"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1-VVB>test <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>disclosing <w DT0>all <w DT0>such <w NN2>tests<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w XX0>not <w CRD>1989 <w CJS>as <w AV0>wrongly <w VVN>stated <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5691"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NN2>steps <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>testing <w NN1>program<c PUN>.
<s n="5692"><w NN2>Others <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>annual <w NN2>tests <w PRP>from <w CRD>eight <w PRP>to <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>researchers <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0-NN1>Mururoa <w TO0>to <w VVI>test <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w AJ0>severe <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>damage<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KS>
<s n="5693"><w NP0>NEW <w NP0>CALEDONIA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5694"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>19,103 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5695"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>164,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5696"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Noumea<c PUN>.
<s n="5697"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>French <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Melanesian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Polynesian <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="5698"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5699"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>Comptoirs <w NN1>francais <w UNC>du <w NP0>Pacifique <c PUL>(<w NN1>franc <w NP0>CFP <w CJC>or <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>franc<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=101.54 <w NN2>francs <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KT>
<s n="5700"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5701"><w NP0>New <w NP0>Caledonia <w VBZ>is <w VVN>divided <w PRP>into <w CRD>three <w NN2>provinces <c PUL>(<w NN1>North<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w NP0>Loyalty <w NP0>Islands<c PUR>) <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>assembly <c PUL>(<w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w CRD>32<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w NN2>members <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>) <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5702"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>assemblies <w AV0>together <w VVB>constitute <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="5703"><w AT0>The <w NN2>assemblies <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w VBB>are <w DT0>each <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>president<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KU>
<s n="5704"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5705"><w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>: <w NP0>Simon <w NP0-NN1>Loueckhote<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KV>
<s n="5706"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5707"><w NP0-NN1>Rassemblement <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NP0>Caledonie <w UNC>dans <w UNC>la <w UNC>R&eacute;publique <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPCR<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Lafleur <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KW>
<s n="5708"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5709"><w AJ0>Front <w AJ0>National <c PUL>(<w NP0>FN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guy <w NP0>George<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5710"><w AJ0>Front <w NP0-NN1>Uni <w NP0>de <w NN1>Liberation <w NP0-NN1>Kanak <c PUL>(<w NP0>FULK<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yann <w NP0>Celene <w NP0>Uregei <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w VVN-VVD>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLNKS <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kanak <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLNKS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Neaoutyine<c PUN>, <w NN1>pres.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-party <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w NP0>New <w NP0>Caledonia<c PUN>; <ptr target=HLDCA0KX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KX>
<s n="5711"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5712"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPCR <w VVD>won <w CRD>27 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>54 <w NN2>seats <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>19 <w VVD-VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLNKS<c PUN>.
<s n="5713"><w NN1-NP0>Loueckhote <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37887<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0KY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0KY>
<s n="5714"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>overview
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5715"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1-NP0>Matignon <w NN2>Accords <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Caledonian <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>independence <w NN1>referendum <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w CRD>1998 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in association with <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="5716"><w NN2>Supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w NN1>status <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w VVB>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>climate <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>adversely <w VVG>affecting <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="5717"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>Lafleur<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPCR <w CJC>and <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w VVD>threw <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRP>by <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>consensual <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>prior to <w CRD>1998<c PUN>.
<s n="5718"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Neaoutyine <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>pro-independence <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>open <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1>discussion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>FLNKS <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVD>reasserted <w DPS>its <w NN1>position <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>determining <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Caledonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>march <w PRP>towards <w NN1>independence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L0>
<s n="5719"><w NP0>WALLIS <w CJC>AND <w NP0>FUTUNA <w NN2>ISLANDS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5720"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>274 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5721"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>12,408 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1983 <w NN1>census<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5722"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Mata-Utu<c PUN>.
<s n="5723"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>French<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Wallisian<c PUN>.
<s n="5724"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>.
<s n="5725"><w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5726"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>Comptoirs <w NN1>francais <w UNC>du <w NP0>Pacifique <c PUL>(<w NN1>franc <w NP0>CFP <w CJC>or <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>franc<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=101.54 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L1></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L1>
<s n="5727"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5728"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Assembly <w VHZ>has <w CRD>20 <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>adult <w NN1-VVB>suffrage <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5729"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>appoints <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>six-member <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Territory <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>three <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>Kings <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>kingdoms <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5730"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VVZ>assists <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Administrator <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5731"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Assembly <w VVZ>elects <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L2>
<s n="5732"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5733"><w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>: <w NP0>Clovis <w NP0-NN1>Logologofolau<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L3>
<s n="5734"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5735"><w NN1>Coalition <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rassemblement <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w UNC>R&eacute;publique <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPR<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clovis <w NP0-NN1>Logologofolau <w NN0>l.<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NP0-NN1>Populaire <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPL<c PUN>, <w NP0>Falakiko <w NP0>Gata <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>&hellip; <ptr target=HLDCA0L4></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L4>
<s n="5736"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5737"><w NP0>Union <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NP0>Democratie <w UNC>Francaise <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lua <w NN2>kae <w NN2>tahi <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>affiliated <w PRP>to <w NP0>UDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L5></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L5>
<s n="5738"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5739"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1987 <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPR <w VVD>won <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>UPL <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L6></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L6>
<s n="5740"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>overview
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5741"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>from <w NN1-NP0>Logologofolau <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>chiefs<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sufficient <w VVB-NN1>say <w PRP>in <w NN1>decision-making <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French-appointed <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Administrator<c PUN>.
<s n="5742"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>appease <w DT0>this <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>discontent <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>promising <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>future<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5743"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5744"><w NP0>KIRIBATI
</head>
<p>
<s n="5745"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>861 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5746"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>69,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5747"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Bairiki<c PUN>.
<s n="5748"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w NP0>I-Kiribati<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="5749"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>.
<s n="5750"><w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5751"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=A&dollar;1.2481 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5752"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L7></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L7>
<s n="5753"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5754"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kiribati<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w CRD>33 <w NP0>Pacific <w VVZ>atolls <w PRP>within <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000,000 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>republic <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1979<c PUN>.
<s n="5755"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0>Maneaba<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>39 <w NN2>members <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0-VVN>appointed <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Banaban <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
<s n="5756"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Beretitenti <c PUL>(<w NN1>President<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVZ>governs <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>assistance <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L8></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L8>
<s n="5757"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5758"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Teatao <w NP0>Teannaki <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Trade<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5759"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Taomati <w NP0>T. <w NP0>Iuta <c PUL>(<w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>; <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ieremia <w NP0>T. <w NP0>Tabai <c PUL>(<w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Natural <w NN1-VVB>Resource <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0L9></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0L9>
<s n="5760"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5761"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38345<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LA></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LA>
<s n="5762"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5763"><w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Teatao <w NP0>Teannaki <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LB></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LB>
<s n="5764"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5765"><w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Teburoro <w NP0>Tito <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5766"><w NP0>Kiribati <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Tewareka <w NP0>Teutoa <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LC></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LC>
<s n="5767"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5768"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>run-off <w NN2-VVZ>contests <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38196<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Teatao <w NP0-NN1>Teannaki <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38345<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LD></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LD>
<s n="5769"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5770"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kiribati <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="5771"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pact <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate <w CRD>20 <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>vessels <w PRP>within <w NP0>Kiribati<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>zone <w PRP>in return for <w AJ0>annual <w NN2>payments <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;250,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5772"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kiribati <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>ambassadorial <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5773"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5774"><w VVB>MARSHALL <w NN2>ISLANDS
</head>
<p>
<s n="5775"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>180 <w NN0>sq<c PUN>.
<s n="5776"><w NN0>km<c PUN>.
<s n="5777"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>43,355 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5778"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Dalap-Uliga-Darrit <w NN1>Municipality <w PRP>on <w NP0>Majuro <w NP0>Atoll<c PUN>.
<s n="5779"><w NN1>Language<c PUN>: <w NP0>Marshallese <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="5780"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5781"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LE></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LE>
<s n="5782"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5783"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <w VBD>were <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5784"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>Trusteeship <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshalls <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37920<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5785"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-member <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Chiefs <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Iroij<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>with <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>authority <w PRP>on <w NN2>matters <w VVG>relating <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w CJC>and <w NN1>custom<c PUN>.
<s n="5786"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>power <w VVZ>resides <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>33-member <w NN1>legislature <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nitijela<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>chooses <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="5787"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VBZ>is <w AV0>both <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LF></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LF>
<s n="5788"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5789"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Amata <w NP0>Kabua <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Resources <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5790"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Kijiner <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Christopher <w NN1>Loeak <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LG></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LG>
<s n="5791"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5792"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LH></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LH>
<s n="5793"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5794"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Ralik <w NP0>Ratak <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>DeBrum<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>proteg&eacute; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabua <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kabua <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LJ></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LJ>
<s n="5795"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5796"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5797"><w NN1-NP0>Kabua <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LK></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LK>
<s n="5798"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5799"><w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w AT0>an <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="5800"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Kabua <w VVD>undertook <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-day <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>signed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5801"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5802"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5803"><w NP0>NAURU
</head>
<p>
<s n="5804"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>21 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5805"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>9,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5806"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w AT0>No <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="5807"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Nauruan<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="5808"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nauruan <w AJ0-NN1>Protestant <w NN1>Church<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5809"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=A&dollar;1.2481 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LL></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LL>
<s n="5810"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5811"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>achieved <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1967<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>associate <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>.
<s n="5812"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>18-member <w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>selects <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="5813"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVZ>governs <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>assistance <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LM></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LM>
<s n="5814"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5815"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Dowiyogo <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Island <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Service<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Aviation<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5816"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Kennan <w NP0-NN1>Adeang <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kinza <w NP0>Clodumar <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LN></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LN>
<s n="5817"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5818"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LP></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LP>
<s n="5819"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5820"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LR></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LR>
<s n="5821"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5822"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kennan <w NP0-NN1>Adeang <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LS></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LS>
<s n="5823"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5824"><w NP0>Nauru<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Hammer <w NN1-NP0>DeRoburt<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>dominated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>.
<s n="5825"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Dowiyogo <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>by <w CRD>10 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37126<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LT></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LT>
<s n="5826"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5827"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w NN1>submission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>at <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w VVG>arguing <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>claim <w VVN-VVD>lodged <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AJ0>restoring <w NN1>soil <w CJC>and <w NN1>vegetation <w NN1-VVB>cover <w PRP>to <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<c PUN>.
<s n="5828"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru <w PRP>until <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reply <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>submission<c PUN>.
<s n="5829"><w AT0>The <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>claim <w VVD>covered <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRP>between <w CRD>1919 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1967 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Nauru <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w VVB>time <w DPS>its <w NN2>phosphates <w VBD>were <w VVN>extracted <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>sold <w PRP>at <w AV0>below <w NN1>market <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="5830"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN1>release <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>definitely <w VVN>settled <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-supervised <w NN1>independence <w NN2>arrangements<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>gave <w NP0>Nauru<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>control <w CJC>and <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>phosphate <w NN1-VVG>mining <w NN1>industry<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="5831"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>revenue <w VVN-VVD>generated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w NP0>Nauru <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w AJ0>per capita <w NN1>income <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>allowed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nauruan <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>rehabilitate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mined <w NN2>areas <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w AV0>so <w VVD>wished<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="5832"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Nauruan <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unhappy <w PRP>at <w VBG>being <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w UNC>A&dollar;21,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>phosphate <w NN2>facilities <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>inherited <w PRP>after <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Phosphate <w NN2>Commissioners <c PUL>(<w NP0>BPC <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUR>) <w AV0>never <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>settled<c PUN>.
<s n="5833"><w AT0>The <w NN1>news <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN2>assets <w PRF>of <w NP0>BPC <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>wound <w AVP>up <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>compensation <w NN1-VVB>claim<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5834"><w AT0>The <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w AJ0>important <w CJS>because <w CRD>80 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>phosphate <w NN1>mining <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru <w AJ0>uninhabitable<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>phosphate <w NN2>deposits <c PUL>(<w VVN>formed <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>many <w NN2>centuries <w PRP>from <w AJ0>accumulated <w NN1>bird <w NN2>droppings<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>almost <w VVN-AJ0>exhausted<c PUN>.
<s n="5835"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>ground <w NN1-VVB>cover <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>convection <w NN1>current <w VVN>produced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sun-heated <w AJ0>exposed <w NN1>rock <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>little <w NN1>ground <w NN1>water <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>rainfall<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<w POS>'s <w NN1>drinking <w NN1>water <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>transported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>ships <w VVG>arriving <w TO0>to <w VVI>collect <w NN1>phosphate<c PUN>.
<s n="5836"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>investments<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>government-owned <w NN1>Air <w NP0>Nauru <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nauru <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1-VVG>shipping <w NN1>line <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>made <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>dollars<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5837"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5838"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<p>
<s n="5839"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>462,840 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5840"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>3,900,00 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>UNFPA <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5841"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Moresby<c PUN>.
<s n="5842"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Pidgin<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>, <w NP0>Motu <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w AJ0-NN1>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w DT0>some <w CRD>700-800 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="5843"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Pantheism<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5844"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>: <w CRD>3,500 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5845"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>kina <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=K0.9418 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5846"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LU></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LU>
<s n="5847"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5848"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>September <w CRD>1975<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>sovereign<c PUN>, <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>.
<s n="5849"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>109 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>adult <w NN1-VVB>suffrage<c PUN>.
<s n="5850"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w NN1>Parliament <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor-General <w VVG>acting <w PRP>upon <w DPS>its <w NN1>advice<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LV></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LV>
<s n="5851"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5852"><w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>: <w NP0>Wiwa <w NP0-NN1>Korowi <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Vincent <w NP0>Serei <w NP0>Eri <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38534<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5853"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Rabbie <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5854"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Akoka <w NP0>Doi <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Fisheries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Marine <w NN2>Resources<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Arnold <w NP0>Marsipal <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>John <w NP0>Momis <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Provincial <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Somare <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LW></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LW>
<s n="5855"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5856"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>reshuffles <w VBD>were <w VVN>conducted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38535<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LX></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LX>
<s n="5857"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5858"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VBB>are <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AJ0>loose <w NN2>coalitions <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="5859"><w PRP>Like <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN2>coalitions <w VBB>are <w AV0>usually <w AJ0>unstable<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>upon <w NN2>personalities <w CJC>and <w NN1>patronage <w PRP>rather than <w NN1>ideology<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5860"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w VVZ>includes <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pangu <w NP0-NN1>Pati <c PUL>(<w NP0>Rabbie <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fr <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Momis <w NN1>ch.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Mel <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Advancement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Karl <w VVB-NN1>Stack <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PAP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Akoka <w NP0>Doi <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Melanesian <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>MUF<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN2>independents<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0LY></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0LY>
<s n="5861"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5862"><w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Paias <w NN1-NP0>Wingti <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5863"><w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Julius <w NP0>Chan <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0M0></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0M0>
<s n="5864"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5865"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1987 <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Paias <w NN1-NP0>Wingti<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0M1><ptr target=HLDCA0M2></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0M1>
<s n="5866"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<caption id=HLDCA0M2>
<s n="5867"><w NP0>Bougainville <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5868"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bougainville <w NP0>Island <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>dominate <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>politics <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990-91 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37879-80 <w PRP>for <w NN1>summary <w PRP>to <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5869"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Bougainville <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NN1>BRA<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>forced <w NN1>government <w NN2>units <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>consequent <w NN1>blockade <w CJC>and <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<w POS>'s <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>stalemate<c PUN>.
<s n="5870"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Endeavour <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUN>, <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVD>involved <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>defer <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>a <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>blockade <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37658<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5871"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>broke <w AVP>down <w AV0>almost <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN2-VVZ>ships <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w NN1>government <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw<c PUN>.
<s n="5872"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VVD>recaptured <w NP0>Buka <w NP0>Island <c PUL>(<w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>islanders <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="5873"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA <w AV0>at least <w CRD>23 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5874"><w VVG>Following <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Honiara <w NN1>Accord <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37962<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5875"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w XX0>not <w PRP>to <w NN1>station <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bougainville <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA <w VVD>disbanded <w PNX>itself <w CJC>and <w VVD>surrendered <w DPS>its <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>peace-keeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="5876"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>relax <w AT0>the <w NN1>blockade<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>causing <w AJ0>immense <w NN1>hardship <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<w POS>'s <w CRD>120,000 <w NN1>population <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN2>estimates<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>3,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="5877"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AJ0>essential <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>supplies <w VVD>began <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>status <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="5878"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AJ0-VVD>landed <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA<c PUN>.
<s n="5879"><w CJS>Although <w AJC>further <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5880"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conflict <w VVD>caused <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>strain <w PRP>on <w NP0>PNG<w POS>'s <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="5881"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>protest <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>government <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Honiara <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w DPS>its <w NN1>cause<c PUN>.
<s n="5882"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Australia <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>admission <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNG <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CJT>that <w NN2>helicopters <w VVN>provided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>surveillance <w NN2>purposes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>dump <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>executed <w NN1>BRA <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>sea<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLDCA0M3></p>
<caption id=HLDCA0M3>
<s n="5883"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5884"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w VVD>adjourned <w NN1>parliament <w AV0>early <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>planned <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <c PUL>(<w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bougainville <w NN1>situation <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>until <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="5885"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>dictatorial<c PUN>.
<s n="5886"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>adjournment <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>contained <w AT0>an <w NN1>obligation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>at least <w CRD>three <w NN2>times <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w NN1-NP0>Namaliu <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VM0>would <w VVI>reconvene <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5887"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>important <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in <w NP0>PNG <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990-91 <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>crime<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ted <w NP0>Diro<c PUN>.
<s n="5888"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>problem <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>launching <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>much-publicized<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>crackdown<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="5889"><w DT0>This <w VVD>included <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w NN1>prosecution <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w NN2>prisons<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AV0>more <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>measures <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>selective <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>night <w NN2>curfews<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>guard <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>pool <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN2>youths<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>tattooing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>foreheads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>convicted <w NN2>criminals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>such as <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>rape<c PUN>.
<s n="5890"><w NN1>Legislation <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>effect <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>48 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAA></p>
<caption id=CAAA>
<s n="5891"><w NP0>Diro <w NN1>affair
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5892"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>Ombudsman <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w NP0>Diro <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>on <w CRD>73 <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w NN1>misconduct <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in connection with <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Forestry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="5893"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w NP0>Diro <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>PAP<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN2>components <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>) <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>charges <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu<c PUN>.
<s n="5894"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Diro <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>cling <w PRP>to <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>mid-1991 <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w VVD-VVN>looked <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>untenable<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w CRD>81 <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38534-35<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAB></p>
<caption id=CAAB>
<s n="5895"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5896"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bougainville <w NN1>conflict <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>affected <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <w AV0>adversely<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>giant <w NP0>Panguna <w NN1>copper <w NN1>mine<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>provided <w AV0>about <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>revenue <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>earnings<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-VVN>closed<c PUN>.
<s n="5897"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>a <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>kina<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>wage <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>.
<s n="5898"><w CJS>While <w VVG>making <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>products <w AV0>more <w AJ0>competitive<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>kina <w AV0>inevitably <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AJC>higher <w NN1>inflation <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>per annum<c PUN>.
<s n="5899"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>PNG <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VHD>had <w VVN>ballooned<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>achieving <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>spending <w VVZ>cuts <w AJ0>equivalent <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;2,200,000<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AJ0>projected <w NN2>reductions <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;73,800,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5900"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN>requested <w AJ0>international <w NN1>assistance <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>.
<s n="5901"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>assistance <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w CRD>69,200,000 <w AJ0>special <w NN1>drawing <w NN2>rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDR <c PUN>&mdash; <w UNC>US&dollar;90,000,000<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w UNC>SDR42,800,000 <w AJ0>available <w AV0>immediately <w CJC>and <w UNC>SDR26,400,000 <w AJ0>available <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-month <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>arrangement<c PUN>.
<s n="5902"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;710,000,000 <w VBD>was <w VVN>promised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>donors<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Australia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5903"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>outlook <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>buoyant<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>immense <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="5904"><w PRP>In addition to <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>mineral <w NN2>discoveries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>oil <w NN2>deposits <c PUL>(<w PRP>other than <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kutubu <w NN1>oilfield <w NN1>area<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>located <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1950s <w VBD>were <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>slopes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Highlands<c PUN>.
<s n="5905"><w AT0>The <w NN2>deposits<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>discovery <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NN1>Command <w NN1>Petroleum <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>situated <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>route <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>260-km <w NN1>pipeline <w AV0>currently <w PRP>under <w NN1>construction <w TO0>to <w VVI>transport <w NN1-NP0>Kutubu <w NN1>oil <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Gulf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Papua<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAC></p>
<caption id=CAAC>
<s n="5906"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5907"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Indonesia <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w PRP>despite <w AJC>further <w NN2>incursions <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in pursuit of <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN2>separatists <w PRP>from <w NP0>Irian <w NP0>Jaya<c PUN>.
<s n="5908"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>border <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AV0>more <w AV0>closely <w PRP>in <w NN1>security <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>along <w DPS>their <w AJ0>800-km <w AJ0>common <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="5909"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Moresby<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5910"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5911"><w NP0>SOLOMON <w NN2>ISLANDS
</head>
<p>
<s n="5912"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>27,556 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5913"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>314,707 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5914"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Honiara <c PUL>(<w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guadalcanal<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5915"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>English <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Pidgin<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>80 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="5916"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5917"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=SI&dollar;2.7229 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5918"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAD></p>
<caption id=CAAD>
<s n="5919"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5920"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>sovereign <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>.
<s n="5921"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>38 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5922"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN0>MPs <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w DPS>their <w NN1>number<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w NN1>executive <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAE></p>
<caption id=CAAE>
<s n="5923"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5924"><w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>George <w NP0>Lepping<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5925"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Mamaloni <c PUL>(<w PRP>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36526<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5926"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Kenilorea <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Christopher <w NP0>Abe <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAF></p>
<caption id=CAAF>
<s n="5927"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5928"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37862<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAG></p>
<caption id=CAAG>
<s n="5929"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5930"><w NN2>Mamaloni <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAH></p>
<caption id=CAAH>
<s n="5931"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5932"><w AJ0>Nationalist <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>NFP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrew <w NP0>Nori <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>;
<s n="5933"><w AJ0>United <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AVP>UP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Kenilorea <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAI></p>
<caption id=CAAI>
<s n="5934"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5935"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>PAP <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36465<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAJ></p>
<caption id=CAAJ>
<s n="5936"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5937"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Mamaloni <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w AV0>both <w PRP>from <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w NN1-NP0>Nori <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>PAP<c PUN>.
<s n="5938"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Mamaloni <w AV0>successfully <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VVD>reconvened <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="5939"><w AT0>A <w NN1>week <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Mamaloni <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NN1>PAP <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUN>.
<s n="5940"><w PNP>He <w VVD>dismissed <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>ministers <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Danny <w NP0>Philip<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>replaced <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>PAP <w NN1>backbencher <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37862<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5941"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>PAP <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>refused <w NN1>party <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5942"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>splitting <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>suggested <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>political <w NN1>style<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>political <w NN2>structures <w VVD>revolved <w AVP-PRP>around <w NN2>personalities <w CJC>and <w NN1>party <w NN2>affiliations <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>weak <w CJC>and <w PRP>without <w AJ0>clear <w AJ0>ideological <w NN2>foundations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5943"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5944"><w NP0>TONGA
</head>
<p>
<s n="5945"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>748 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5946"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>98,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989 <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5947"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Nuku'alofa<c PUN>.
<s n="5948"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Tongan<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English <c PUL>(<w DT0>both <w AJ0-NN1>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5949"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>.
<s n="5950"><w NN1>Christianity <c PUL>(<w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Wesleyan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5951"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN0>pa'anga <w CJC>or <w NP0>Tongan <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=TS1.2481 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5952"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAK></p>
<caption id=CAAK>
<s n="5953"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5954"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Kingdom <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tonga<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarchy <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>Protected <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w CRD>70 <w NN2>years <w PRP>before <w VVG>achieving <w AJ0>full <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1970<c PUN>.
<s n="5955"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Tongan <w NN1>sovereign <w VBZ>is <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w VVZ>exercises <w AJ0-NN1>executive <w NN1>power <w PRP>in conjunction with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w AJ0-NN1>10-member <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>functions <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="5956"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>29-member <w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>hereditary <w NN2>nobles <c PUL>(<w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN2>peers<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w AV0>popularly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="5957"><w AJ0-VVN>Elected <w NN2>representatives <w VVB>hold <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAL></p>
<caption id=CAAL>
<s n="5958"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5959"><w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>: <w NP0>King <w NP0>Taufa'ahau <w NP0-NN1>Tupou <w CRD>IV<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5960"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Baron <w NP0>Vaea <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>; <w NN1>Forestry <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Marine <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Fatafehi <w NP0>Tu'ipelehake <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5961"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NN1-VVB>Crown <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Tupouto'a <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Cecil <w NP0>Cocker <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAM></p>
<caption id=CAAM>
<s n="5962"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5963"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAN></p>
<caption id=CAAN>
<s n="5964"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5965"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAO></p>
<caption id=CAAO>
<s n="5966"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5967"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37251<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAP></p>
<caption id=CAAP>
<s n="5968"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5969"><w AT0>The <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w CRD>three<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>pro-democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>commoner <w NN2>candidates <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>ably <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Akilisi <w NP0-NN1>Pohive <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>for <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>absolutist <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Tongan <w NN1-NP0>King <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="5970"><w AT0>The <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>pressure <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tenacious <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w NN1>information <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tongan <w NN2>passports <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37884<c PUN>; <w CRD>38103<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="5971"><w VVB-NN1>Pohive <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>heard <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5972"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>reconvened <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>pushed <w PRP-AVP>through <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Nationality <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Passport <w NN1>Act <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJ0>retroactive <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale<c PUN>; <w VVD>denied <w DPS>its <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>foundation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5973"><w AV0>Increasingly <w AT0>the <w NN1>passport <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>illustration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="5974"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Cocker <w VVD>admitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w UNC>T&dollar;29,600,000 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN2>passports <w PRP>up to <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="5975"><w AT0>The <w NN1>King <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>funds <w VVN-VVD>acquired <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>passport <w NN0>sales <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="5976"><w PRP>Amongst <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>uses <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>refinancing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>government-owned <w NN1>airline<c PUN>, <w NN1>hurricane <w NN1>relief<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NN1>stock <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tonga<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>acquisition <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>upon <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5977"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NP0>Taufa'ahau <w NP0-NN1>Tupou <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>aged <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w VHG>having <w VVN>cancelled <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>for <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>incapacitated <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>years <w PRP>after <w VVG>suffering <w AT0>a <w NN1>stroke<c PUN>.
<s n="5978"><w PRP>By <w CRD>mid-1991 <w DT0>several <w AJC>commoner <w NN0>MPs <w VBD>were <w VVG>calling <w AV0>openly <w PRP>for <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Fatafehi <w NP0>Tu'ipelehake<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5979"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>freed <w AT0>the <w NN0>pa'anga <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>link <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>, <w VVG>choosing <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w DPS>its <w NN1>value <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>weighted <w NN1>basket <w PRF>of <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5980"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VVD>passed <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991-92 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="5981"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD>totalled <w NN0>&dollar;T40,000,000<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;T2,700,000 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="5982"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="5983"><w NP0>TUVALU
</head>
<p>
<s n="5984"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>26 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="5985"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>8,229 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1985<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5986"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Funafuti <w NN1-VVB>atoll<c PUN>.
<s n="5987"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>English<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
<s n="5988"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="5989"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=A&dollar;1.2481 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAQ></p>
<caption id=CAAQ>
<s n="5990"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5991"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tuvalu<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>special <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>sovereign<c PUN>, <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>.
<s n="5992"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w AJ0-NN1>12-member <w NN1>Parliament <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="5993"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN0>MPs <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w DPS>their <w NN1>number<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor-General <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAR></p>
<caption id=CAAR>
<s n="5994"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5995"><w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>: <w NP0>Toalipi <w NP0-NN1>Lati<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5996"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bikenibeu <w NP0>Paeniu <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5997"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Alesana <w NP0>Seluka <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ionatana <w NP0>Iontana <c PUL>(<w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Toomu <w NP0>Sione <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Natural <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>; <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAS></p>
<caption id=CAAS>
<s n="5998"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</caption>
<p>
<s n="5999"><w PNI>None<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAT></p>
<caption id=CAAT>
<s n="6000"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6001"><w NP0-NN1>Bikenibeu <w NP0-NN1>Paeniu <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1989 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>defeated <w NP0>Tomasi <w NP0>Puapua<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36977<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAU></p>
<caption id=CAAU>
<s n="6002"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6003"><w NP0>Toalipi <w NP0-NN1>Lati <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Tupua <w NP0>Leupena <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor-General <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tuvalu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6004"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>public <w NN1>spending<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="6005"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="6006"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES <w NP0>PACIFIC <w NN2>TERRITORIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="6007"><w AJ0>NORTHERN <w NP0>MARIANAS
</head>
<p>
<s n="6008"><w NN1>Status<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Territory<c PUN>.
<s n="6009"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>457 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="6010"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>31,563 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="6011"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Saipan<c PUN>.
<s n="6012"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>English <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AV0>also <w NP0>Chamorro<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Carolinian <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese<c PUN>.
<s n="6013"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="6014"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAV></p>
<caption id=CAAV>
<s n="6015"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6016"><w AV0>Originally <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w VVD-VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Mariana <w NP0>Islands <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Territory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>became <w AJ0>operational <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
<s n="6017"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NP0>US <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN2>Territories <c PUL>(<w NP0>Puerto <w NP0>Rico <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38241<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN2>inhabitants <w VHB>have <w NP0>US <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
<s n="6018"><w AV0>Technically<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>status <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>internationally <w VVN>recognized <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>Trusteeship <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>37920<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6019"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>popularly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Marianas <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="6020"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislature <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-member <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AJ0>two-year <w NN2>terms<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAW></p>
<caption id=CAAW>
<s n="6021"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6022"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lorenzo <c PUL>(<w NP0>Larry<c PUR>) <w NP0>De <w NP0>Leon <w NP0-NN1>Guerrero<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAX></p>
<caption id=CAAX>
<s n="6023"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6024"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>activity <w VVZ-NN2>mirrors <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>therefore <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAY></p>
<caption id=CAAY>
<s n="6025"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6026"><w VVG>Following <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w VVD>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NN1>Governor <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CAAZ></p>
<caption id=CAAZ>
<s n="6027"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6028"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37920<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>giving <w AJ0>full <w NN1>legality <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Marianas <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABA></p>
<caption id=CABA>
<s n="6029"><w AJ0>AMERICAN <w NP0>SAMOA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6030"><w NN1>Status<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Unincorporated <w NN1>Territory<c PUN>.
<s n="6031"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>195 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="6032"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>38,2003 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="6033"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pago <w NP0-NN1>Pago<c PUN>.
<s n="6034"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>English<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Samoan<c PUN>.
<s n="6035"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="6036"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABB></p>
<caption id=CABB>
<s n="6037"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6038"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="6039"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislature <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fono<c PUR>) <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>18-member <w NN1>Senate <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Matai <c PUL>(<w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>clan <w NN2>leaders<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AV0>popularly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="6040"><w AT0>The <w NN1>territory <w AV0>also <w VVZ>elects <w CRD>one <c PUL>(<w AJ0>non-voting<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>delegate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="6041"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1986 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>convention <w AV0>comprehensively <w VVD-VVN>revised <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VHB>have <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABC></p>
<caption id=CABC>
<s n="6042"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6043"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Coleman<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABD></p>
<caption id=CABD>
<s n="6044"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6045"><w NP0>Coleman <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1988<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABE></p>
<caption id=CABE>
<s n="6046"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6047"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w AV0>decisively <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w NN1>veto <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>restricted<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABF></p>
<caption id=CABF>
<s n="6048"><w NP0>GUAM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6049"><w NN1>Status<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Unincorporated <w NN1>Territory<c PUN>.
<s n="6050"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>549 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="6051"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>132,726 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="6052"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Agana<c PUN>.
<s n="6053"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>English <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AV0>also <w NP0>Chamorro <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese<c PUN>.
<s n="6054"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="6055"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABG></p>
<caption id=CABG>
<s n="6056"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6057"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="6058"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Guam <w NN1>Legislature <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <w CRD>21 <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w NN2>senators<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="6059"><w AT0>The <w NN1>territory <w VVZ>elects <w CRD>one <c PUL>(<w AJ0>non-voting<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>delegate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABH></p>
<caption id=CABH>
<s n="6060"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6061"><w NN1>Governor<c PUN>: <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>F. <w NP0>Ada<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABI></p>
<caption id=CABI>
<s n="6062"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6063"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>activity <w VVZ-NN2>mirrors <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>therefore <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABJ></p>
<caption id=CABJ>
<s n="6064"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6065"><w NP0>Ada <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="6066"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>won <w CRD>11 <w NN2>seats <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABK></p>
<caption id=CABK>
<s n="6067"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6068"><w NN2>Discussions <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Guam <w NN1-VVB>commission <w PRP>for <w NN1>self-determination<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ada<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w AJ0>future <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="6069"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>status <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>option<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="6070"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>obstacles <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>desire <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Guam <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w NN1>veto <w NN2-VVZ>powers <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indigenous <w NP0>Chamorros<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>constituted <w DT0>some <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="6071"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases <w PRP>on <w NP0>Guam <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>discussed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="6072"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="6073"><w NP0>VANUATU
</head>
<p>
<s n="6074"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>12,190 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="6075"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>152,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989 <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w AJ0>est<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="6076"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Vilau<c PUN>.
<s n="6077"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>English<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bislama <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w AJ0-NN1>official<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="6078"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="6079"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN1>vatu <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=110.953 <w NN1>vatu <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABL></p>
<caption id=CABL>
<s n="6080"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6081"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vanuatu <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1980<c PUN>.
<s n="6082"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>46 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>adult <w NN1>franchise<c PUN>.
<s n="6083"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <w NN0>MPs <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="6084"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parliament <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Regional <w NN2>Councils <c PUL>(<w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w VBZ>is <w AV0>constitutionally <w VVN>devolved<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABM></p>
<caption id=CABM>
<s n="6085"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6086"><w NN1>President<c PUN>: <w NP0>Fred <w NP0>Timakata<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6087"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Maxime <w NP0-NN1>Carlot <w VVD>replaced <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Kalpokass<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Walter <w UNC>Lini<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38442<c PUN>; <w CRD>38676<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6088"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sethy <w NP0-NN1>Regevanu <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUN>; <w VVG-NN1>Housing<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABN></p>
<caption id=CABN>
<s n="6089"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6090"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w UNC>Lini <w VVD>conducted <w AT0>a <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>portfolios <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Aviation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>; <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>; <w NN2>Fisheries<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="6091"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sela <w NP0>Molisa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w CRD>four <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Kalpokas<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-VVB>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABO></p>
<caption id=CABO>
<s n="6092"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6093"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moderate <w NN2>Parties <c PUL>(<w NP0>UMP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maxime <w VVB>Carlot <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>francophone <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w UNC>Lini<w POS>'s <w NN1>anglophone <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>42 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>19 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38676<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABP></p>
<caption id=CABP>
<s n="6094"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6095"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Vanuaaka <w NP0>Pati <c PUL>(<w NP0>VP <c PUN>&mdash; <w DPS>Our <w NN1>Land <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walter <w UNC>Lini <w NN0>l.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>vehicle <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>socialism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Melanesian <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Barak <w NP0-NN1>Sope <w NN1>ch.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABQ></p>
<caption id=CABQ>
<s n="6096"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6097"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UMP <w VVN-VVD>finished <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38676<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABR></p>
<caption id=CABR>
<s n="6098"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6099"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vanuatu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>regain <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>struggle <w PRF>of <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36381<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="6100"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>MPP <c PUL>(<w VVN>founded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Barak <w NP0>Sope<c PUN>, <w UNC>Lini<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>rival<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>conviction <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quashed <w PRP>on <w NN1>appeal <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36397-98<c PUN>; <w CRD>36526<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>UMP<c PUN>.
<s n="6101"><w AT0>The <w NP0>VP<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>undermined <w PRP>by <w UNC>Lini<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>health <c PUL>(<w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>left <w AV0>partially <w VVN>disabled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>stroke <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>charge <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>authoritarian<c PUN>.
<s n="6102"><w DT0>This <w NN1>charge <w VBD>was <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1990 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37882-83<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="6103"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>35 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w CRD>24 <w VBD>were <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6104"><w UNC>Lini<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>insecurity <w VBD>was <w VVN>reflected <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w AJ0>key <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Molisa <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="6105"><w AJ0>Numerous <w AJ0>political <w NN2>appointees <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NN2>friends <w CJC>and <w NN2>relations <w PRF>of <w UNC>Lini<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VVD>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>loyal<c PUN>.
<s n="6106"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP <w VVD>won <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>discontent <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>over <w UNC>Lini<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w VVD>accentuated <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="6107"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w NN1-VVB>support <w UNC>Lini <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w NN1>pledge <w PRF>of <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="6108"><w PRP>After <w VVG>undergoing <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>tests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w UNC>Lini <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVD>dismissed <w CRD>four <w NN2>ministers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>acceded <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>loyalty <w NN1-VVB>pledge<c PUN>.
<s n="6109"><w DT0>These <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Kalpokas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>sacked <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Iolu <w NP0>Abbil<c PUN>, <w NN2>Lands <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>William <w NP0-NN1>Mahit <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Harold <w NP0>Qualao<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6110"><w NP0>Vanuatu<w POS>'s <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;42,000,000<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>7.8 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6111"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Timakata <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="6112"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="6113"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>SAMOA
</head>
<p>
<s n="6114"><w NN1>Area<c PUN>: <w CRD>2,831 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="6115"><w NN1>Population<c PUN>: <w CRD>168,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="6116"><w NN1>Capital<c PUN>: <w NP0>Apia<c PUN>.
<s n="6117"><w NN2>Languages<c PUN>: <w NP0>Samoan<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>.
<s n="6118"><w NN1>Religion<c PUN>: <w NN1>Christianity<c PUN>.
<s n="6119"><w NN1>Currency<c PUN>: <w NN0>tala <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=2.385 <w NN0>tala <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6120"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affiliations<c PUN>: <w NP0>ADB<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABS></p>
<caption id=CABS>
<s n="6121"><w AJ0>POLITICAL <w NN1>SYSTEM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6122"><w NP0>Western <w NP0>Samoa <w VVD>achieved <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w PRP>in <w CRD>1962 <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1970<c PUN>.
<s n="6123"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>O <w UNC>le <w NP0>Ao <w ZZ0>O <w UNC>le <w NP0>Malo<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>acts <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarch <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unicameral <w AJ0-NN1>47-member <w NN1-NP0>Fono <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>upon <w DPS>its <w NN1>recommendation<c PUN>.
<s n="6124"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Fono <w VBZ>is <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w VVZ>remains <w VVN-AJ0>confined <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Matai <c PUL>(<w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN1>clan <w NN2>leaders<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABT></p>
<caption id=CABT>
<s n="6125"><w AJ0>Main <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6126"><w ZZ0>O <w UNC>le <w NP0>Ao <w ZZ0>O <w UNC>le <w NP0>Malo<c PUN>: <w NP0>Susuga <w NP0>Malietoa <w NP0-NN1>Tanumafili <w CRD>II<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6127"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>: <w NP0>Tofilau <w NP0>Eti <w NP0>Alesana <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN1>Broadcasting<c PUN>; <w NN2>Police <w CJC>and <w NN2>Prisons<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6128"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Tuilaepa <w NP0>Sailele <w NP0>Malielegaoi <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Fuimaono <w NP0>Lotoman <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABU></p>
<caption id=CABU>
<s n="6129"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6130"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38196-97<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABV></p>
<caption id=CABV>
<s n="6131"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6132"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HRPP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alesana <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABW></p>
<caption id=CABW>
<s n="6133"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6134"><w AJ0>Samoan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNDP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Va'ai <w NP0-NN1>Kolone <w ZZ0>l<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABX></p>
<caption id=CABX>
<s n="6135"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6136"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>HRPP <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>with <w CRD>26 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>SNDP <w VVD>won <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38153-54<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=CABY></p>
<caption id=CABY>
<s n="6137"><w CRD>1990/91 <w NN1>OVERVIEW
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6138"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Matai <c PUL>(<w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN1>clan <w NN2>chiefs<c PUR>) <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>dominate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w PRP>by <w VVG>constituting <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w CRD>45 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>47 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Fono<c PUN>.
<s n="6139"><w AT0>The <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w AV0>increasingly <w VVN>undermined<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w AJ0-NN1>Matai <w NN2>titles <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>structures <w PRP>through <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>chiefs <w VHD>had <w VVN>exercised <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
<s n="6140"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>21 <w VBD>were <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="6141"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>approved<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w ORD>second<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>upper <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>chamber <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Matai<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>.
<s n="6142"><w PRP>Despite <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNDP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>translated <w PRP>into <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fono <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6143"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Fono <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>later <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN2>difficulties <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in <w VVG>registering <w AT0>the <w CRD>80,000 <w AV0>newly <w AJ0-VVN>enfranchised <w NN2>electors<c PUN>.
<s n="6144"><w AJ0>Initial <w NN2>results <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NP0>HRPP <w CRD>26 <w NN2>seats <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>18 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNDP <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>independents<c PUN>.
<s n="6145"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>defeated <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>was <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Tupua <w AJ0>Tamasese <w NN1>Efi<c PUN>.
<s n="6146"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1-NP0>Fono <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>political <w NN1>manoeuvring <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w NP0>HRPP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>strength <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>16 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNDP <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>.
<s n="6147"><w NN1-NP0>Alesana <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>re-elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>later <w VVD>stated<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="6148"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w NP0>Fiame <w NP0>Naomi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>female <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="6149"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="6150"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>PACIFIC <w NN1>FORUM
</head>
<p>
<s n="6151"><w NN1>Background<c PUN>: <w AT0>The <w NP0>SPF<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>created <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>independent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>self-governing <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6152"><w NN1>Membership<c PUN>: <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cook <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fiji<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kiribati<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federated <w NN2>States <w PRF>of <w NP0>Micronesia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FSM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nauru<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w NP0>Niue<c PUN>, <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNG<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tonga<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tuvalu<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vanuatu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Western <w NP0>Samoa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6153"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>body<c PUN>: <w NN1>South <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>Forum <w NN1>Secretariat<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6154"><w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>: <w NP0>Henry <w NP0>Fati <w NP0-NN1>Naisali<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
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<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 61075 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 891 Kbytes running text, containing about 61075 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLE</idno><idno type="old"> krw112 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1991">1991</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7153"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="242"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="124"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="345"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="945"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="219"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2637"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="58113"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7153"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="242"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="124"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="345"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="945"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="219"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2637"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="58113"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1991</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w AJ0-NN1>SOVIET <w UNC>UNION/CIS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w NN1-VVB>End <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gorbachev
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>grouping <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>constituent <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w NP0>Georgia<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>loose <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>governing <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AT0>The <w NN2>CIS <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>established <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN2>assurances <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>community <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>single <w NN1>control <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>maintained <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>respected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="7"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>praise <w PRP>from <w NN1>world <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN2>achievements <w AV0>over <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="8"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>observers <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>formation <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>viewed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>rather <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>power <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w NN2-VVZ>Disputes <w PRP>between <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>members <w VVD>became <w AJ0>apparent <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA000></p>
<caption id=HLECA000>
<s n="10"><w NN2>Events <w PRP>prior to <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="11"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>defunct <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slav <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>met <w PRP>near <w NP0>Minsk <c PUL>(<w NP0>Byelarus<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stanislav <w NP0>Shushkevich<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NP0>USSR<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>geopolitical <w NN1>reality<c PUN>, <w VVZ>ceases <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="13"><w PNP>They <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sodruzhestvo <w NP0>Nyezavisimikh <w NP0>Gosudarstv<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>state <w DTQ>which <w VVD>shared <w DPS>its <w NN2>aims<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="14"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS>as <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w VVG>splitting <w AV0>apart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slav <w NN2>republics <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN1>disintegration<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w PNP>It <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>Soviet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>negotiation <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38368-73<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w NN1>disaster <w CJS>if <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>(<w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Sovereign <w NN2>States<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38581<c PUR>) <w VVG>binding <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w VVG>confirming <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<w POS>'s <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>conclusion <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>unlikely <w PRP>after <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>wish <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>nine-tenths <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w DT0>any <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>Treaty <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>meaningless <w PRP>without <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>participation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="19"><w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>Minsk <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>dangerous<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w PNP>He <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN2-VVZ>structures <w TO0>to <w VVI>guide <w NN2>developments<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>Peoples<w POS>' <w NN2>Deputies <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>convened <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NP0>Minsk <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AV0>initially <w AJ0>unenthusiastic <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AV0>exclusively <w AJ0>Slav <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gorbachev <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>acting <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>envoy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN>needed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="22"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kirgizstan <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Kirghizia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Turkmenia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Askhabad <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w DPS>their <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Minsk <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w PNP>They <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w CJS>provided <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>co-founders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="24"><w DT0>This <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN2>signatories<w POS>' <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN2>Soviets<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN2>amendments <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>status <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w NN1>border <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>bear <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN0>minorities <w PRP>within <w DPS>its <w NN2>borders<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w AJ0>Nationalist <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVG>putting <w AV0>forward <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN1>gold <w CJC>and <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Byelarussian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA001></p>
<caption id=HLECA001>
<s n="27"><w NP0-NN1>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w NN1>meeting <w VVG>establishing <w NN2>CIS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="28"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Askhabad <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>trans-Caucasian <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>republic <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>bar <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AJ0>independent <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38419-20<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>sent <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>power <w NN2>struggles <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>depose <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>prevented <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w NN1>participation<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w AT0>The <w NN2>participants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w PNP>They <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w DTQ>which <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VBD>was <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VVD>shared <w DPS>its <w NN2>objectives<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>under <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>control<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVD>confirmed <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>space<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w NN2>obligations <w VVN>conferred <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>treaties <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w PNP>them <w CJC>or <w XX0>not<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="33"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN1>seat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w NP0>UN <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>other <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w NP0>UN <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>measure <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arms <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>considered <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supranational <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w AV0>therefore <w VHI>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="36"><w NP0>Gorbachev <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVG>setting <w AVP>out <w DPS>his <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>developments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="37"><w PNP>He <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN1>body <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>structures<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>dismemberment <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>under way <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w PNP>He <w VVD>suggested <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>name<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>European <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Asian <w NP0>States<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sodruzhestvo <w NP0-NN1>Yevropeiskikh <w ZZ0>i <w NP0-NN1>Asiatskhikh <w NP0-NN1>Gosudarstv<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>population <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>constituent <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w PNP>He <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>single <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w VBG>being <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>subject <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w AT0>The <w NN1>letter <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w NN1>power <w AV0>constitutionally<c PUN>, <w CJS>because<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>gross <w NN2>discontinuities<c PUN>, <w AJ0>destructive <w NN2>revolutions <w CJC>and <w NN2>usurpations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>historic <w NN2>misfortunes <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>peoples<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="41"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>preference <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>name<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Eurasian <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w PNP>He <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>conceive <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJC>tighter <w NN1>union <w CJS>than <w VBD>was <w VVN>envisaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slav <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>structure <w PRP>rather than <w AV0>formally <w PRP>including <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>original <w NN2>founders <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA002></p>
<caption id=HLECA002>
<s n="43"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN2>structures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="44"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>issued <w CRD>three <w NN2>decrees <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VVB-NN1>control <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>USSR <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w PRP>except for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Power <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="45"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38581<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>property <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w NN2>Embassies <w AV0>abroad <w AV0>thus <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Russian <w PRP>rather than <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>jurisdiction<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w VBD>was <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Agency <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w NN2>bodies <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>Soviet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republics <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Inter-Republican <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Service <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Service<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Barannikov<c PUN>, <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="49"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Directorate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>Administration <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w AT0>the <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w NN2>funds <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kremlin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Interstate <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Committee <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>IEC<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38581<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IEC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Silayev<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="51"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree <w VVG>forming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VM0>could <w VVI>rule <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>constitutionality<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="52"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>All-Union <w NN1>Television <w CJC>and <w NN1>Radio <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Television <w CJC>and <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Company<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w NP0>Yegor <w NP0>Yakovlev <w VVD>remained <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>head<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>channel <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Television <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Russian<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>Television <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>educational <w NN1>channel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="55"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republics <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Union <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>abolition<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>inquorate<c PUN>, <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Byelarussian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="56"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies <w AV0>also <w VVD>released <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>duties <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>judges <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Arbitration<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NP0>Procurators<w POS>' <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w CRD>Five <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>deputies <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w TO0>to <w VVI>formalize <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>call <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>heeded<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Supervision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VHD>had <w VVN>dissolved <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="59"><w AT0>The <w CRD>eight <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VVG>forming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>postponed <w AV0>indefinitely <w DPS>their <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>because of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>clarify <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community<c PUN>, <w PRP>prior to <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN2>republics<w POS>' <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN2>Soviets<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Gerashchenko<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gosbank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA003></p>
<caption id=HLECA003>
<s n="62"><w NP0>Gorbachev<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="63"><w PRP>After <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w NN1>future <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>central <w NN1>authority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w AJ0>All-Union <w NN1>Television<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="64"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in favour of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w CJC>and <w NN1>self-determination <w PRF>of <w NN2>peoples <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w NN2>republics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>believed <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>preserving <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1-VVB>state <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>integrity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>therefore <w VVG>resigning <w PRP>on <w NN1>principle<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w PNP>He <w VVD>reviewed <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>period <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>leader <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>totalitarian <w NN1>system <w DTQ>which <w VVD>deprived <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>wealthy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>prosperous <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w AV0>ago <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>liquidated<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN2>hopes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>Some <w NN2>mistakes <w VM0>could <w AV0>probably <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>avoided<c PUN>, <w AV0>much <w VBN>been <w VDN>done <w AV0>better<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>sure <w DT0>that <w AV0>sooner <w CJC>or <w AV0>later <w DPS>our <w AJ0>shared <w NN2>efforts <w VM0>will <w VVI>achieve <w NN2>results<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="67"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w AT0>the <w NN1>tradition <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VVN>taken <w NN1>shape <w PRP>since <w CRD>1917 <w PRF>of <w VVG>burying <w DT0>each <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DT0>former<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1-VVB>head <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w VVG>reburying <w PNP>him <w CJC>or <w VVG>regarding <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>criminal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>transition <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA004></p>
<caption id=HLECA004>
<s n="69"><w VVG>Setting <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>bodies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="70"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Commonwealth <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w AJ0>Temporary <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w NN2>councils <w PRF>of <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>succession <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w AT0>The <w NN2>councils <w VM0>would <w AV0>normally <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w AV0>at least <w AT0>every <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w AV0>at least <w AT0>every <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>; <w DT0>both <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rotating <w NN1>chairmanship<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w AJ0>Joint <w NN2>sittings <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN1>language <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Russian <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN2>languages <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>languages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>participating <w NN2>states<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA005></p>
<caption id=HLECA005>
<s n="76"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="77"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN1>proposal <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues <w VVG>affecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>preserving <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>ties <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>guaranteeing <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>that <w NN1>period <w NN2>deliveries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w NN2>deliveries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA006></p>
<caption id=HLECA006>
<s n="79"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>arrangements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="80"><w PRP>On <w VVG>resigning <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gorbachev <w AV0>also <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>codes <w VBD>were <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="81"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AVQ>whereby <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>states <w VVD>undertook <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>a <w AJ0>co-ordinated <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>disarmament <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="82"><w NN2>Decisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w PRP>in consultation with <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VBD>were <w VVN>stationed <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>stated <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w CRD>1968 <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dismantled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1994 <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>conventional <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVB-NN1>command<c PUN>, <w CJS>though <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>an <w NN1>option <w PRP>for <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>demands <w PRP>from <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="86"><w NP0>I. <w NP0>Kalinichenko <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w NN1>Settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w VVG>following <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>subsequent <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>protocols <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was <w VVG>creating <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w AT0>The <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w VVN>guarded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protection <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>State <w NP0>Borders <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Command <w PRF>of <w NN1>Border <w NN2>Troops<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB<w POS>'s <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republics <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Gorbachev<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w VVD>became <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w CJS>while <w AJ0>new <w NN2>structures <w VBD>were <w VVN>elaborated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="91"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>space <w NN1>research <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AV0>jointly <w PRP>by <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="92"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caucasus<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w AT0>The <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>were <w AV0>already <w VBG>being <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38582<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w NN2>Sub-units <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>army <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>contain <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intensified <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="96"><w AJ0>Republican <w NN2>representatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>military <w NN2>structures <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>pressing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>command <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>commander <w PRP>in charge of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>strategic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w DT0>little <w NN1>room <w PRP>for <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>armies<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w VVG>appointing <w PNX>himself <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>1,200,000 <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ayaz <w NP0>Mutalibov <w VVD>declared <w PNX>himself <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>non-strategic<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="99"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>pay <w NN2>rises <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w NP0>Gorbachev <w VHD>had <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Lobov <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leningrad <w AJ0>military <w NN1>district<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Samsonov<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w NP0>Lobov<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>health<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>cited <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38371<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA007></p>
<caption id=HLECA007>
<s n="105"><w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>International <w NN1>recognition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="106"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>previously <w VVN-AJ0>arranged <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>disintegration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>structures<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>republics <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>status <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w CJS>as<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <w AV0>no longer <w VVZ>exists<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="108"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Moscow <w NP0>Baker <w ORD>first <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yeltsin <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN2>Ministers <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w CJC>and <w NP0>Barannikov<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w PNP>He <w VVD>travelled <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaderships <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="110"><w PRP>In response to <w DPS>his <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>under <w AJ0>single <w NN1>control <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>disarmament <w VBD>was <w VVG>continuing <w PRP>according to <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>doubt <w VVD>arose <w AVP-PRP>over <w CJS>whether <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>stated <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VBD>was <w VVG>assuring <w PNP>it <w VM0>would<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="112"><w NP0-NN1>Baker <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>reported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w AV0>there <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w CJS>Though <w VVG>assuring <w PNP>them <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>undertaken <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w NP0>NATO <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>promised <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>drew <w AVP>up <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for <w VVG>recognising <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w NN2>meetings <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>demanding <w AJ0>swift <w NN1>recognition <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>uncertainties<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="116"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>constituent <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AV0>swiftly <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="117"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Kirgizstan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>recognition <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>meeting <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="119"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>considered <w NP0>Russia <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>exercising <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>recognized <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia <w CJS>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w AJ0>written <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>human <w CJC>and <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVG>altering <w NN2>borders <w PRP>by <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w NN1>observation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>treaties <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>at <w NP0>Maastricht <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38657-59<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN2>assurances <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Minsk <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="123"><w NP0>Norway <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>member <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w NP0>Japan <w VVD>recognized <w DT0>all <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>criticized <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>caused<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>chaos<c PUN>, <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>strife <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>nevertheless <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w VVD-VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2-VVZ>states <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>recognized <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>independence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>nine <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>states <w VVB>see <w AV0>below <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38657<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="127"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yuli <w NP0>Vorontsev<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>delivering <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General <w VVG-NN1>informing <w NP0>UN <w NN2>members <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>would <w AV0>henceforth <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA008></p>
<caption id=HLECA008>
<s n="128"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>debt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="129"><w CJS>As <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38581<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vneshekonombank <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>bank <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38581<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>ceased <w AJ0>principal <w NN2>repayments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>creditor <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Deutsche <w NP0-NN1>Bank <w UNC>AG<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-month <w NN1>delay <w PRP>on <w AJ0>principal <w NN2>payments <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>debts <w PRP>to <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Vneshekonombank <w VBD>was <w AJ0>bankrupt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="132"><w CRD>Seven <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>original <w CRD>15 <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>divide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJS>largest <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w CRD>61.34 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>16.37 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA009><ptr target=HLECA00A></p>
<caption id=HLECA009>
<s n="134"><w AT0>The <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<caption id=HLECA00A>
<s n="135"><w NP0>Russia<c PUN>: <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-VVD>Threatened <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Popov
</caption>
<p>
<s n="136"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w AJ0>Rapid <w NN1>privatization <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>mitigate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anticipated <w AJ0>steep <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>rises <w PRP>after <w NN1>price <w NN1>liberalization <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>introducing <w NN1>competition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AV0>mainly <w NN1>monopoly <w NN1>production<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w AT0>No <w NN1>ceiling <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w PRP>on <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w PRP>except for <w NN2>essentials <w PRP>such as <w NN1>milk<c PUN>, <w NN1>bread<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport<c PUN>, <w NN2>communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>price <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="139"><w AT0>The <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-stage <w NN1>sale <w PRP>within <w CRD>1992 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medium-sized <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>trading <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>uncompleted <w NN1>construction <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w AT0>The <w NN1>privatization <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>farms<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>land <w CJC>and <w NN1>housing <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>regulated<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w NN2>Restrictions <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w NN2>amenities <w CJC>and <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w NN2>Foreigners <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>on <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>terms <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>hard-currency <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w NN2>Workers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w PRP>up to <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="144"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w PRF>of <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>32 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>profit <w NN1>tax<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>profits <w PRF>of <w NN1>commodity <w NN2>brokers<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w NN2>Enterprises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w AT0>a <w NN1>portion <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>hard-currency <w NN2>profits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AV0>artificially <w AJ0>low <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>orders <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>to <w AV0>at least <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>investment <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>seven- <w CJC>or <w AJ0>eight-fold<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>price-indexed <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>income <w VBD>was <w VVN>assured <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>warnings <w PRF>of <w NN1>cash-flow <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>a <w CRD>1,000 <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>note <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>circulation<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w ZZ0>A <w CRD>500 <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>note <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>circulation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="151"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVD>heard <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>structure<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w PNP>It <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>137 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>14 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Federated <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>RSFSR<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>(<w NP0>Russia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>committees <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>then <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Rutskoi <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nezavisimaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>said<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="156"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19-20<c PUN>, <w VVG>signing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Giulio <w NP0-NN1>Andreotti <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w NN1>relationship<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>sphere<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>conversion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>plants <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>unfreezing <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>from <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w NP0>Italy <w AV0>also <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;1,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>conglomerate <w NN1>FIAT <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>share <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Volga <w AJ0>Automotive <w NN1>Plant <w NN1>Association <w NN1>factory <c PUL>(<w NP0>VAZ<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w NP0>Togliattigrad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0-NN1>car-making <w NN1>plant <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1966 <w AJ0>Italian-Soviet <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w NN1>plant <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>21404<c PUN>; <w CRD>21566<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="160"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gavriil <w NP0>Popov<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>over <w NN2>differences <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>city <w NN1>council <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>speed <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>housing <w CJC>and <w NN2>businesses <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w PNP>He <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>his <w NN1>threat <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Reform <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>DRM <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38347<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w PNP>he <w VVD>withdrew <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00B></p>
<caption id=HLECA00B>
<s n="163"><w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>: <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>referendum <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="164"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>parallel <w PRP>with <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Crimea <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="167"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>results <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>at <w CRD>84 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>90.32 <w NN0>per cent <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w AV0>affirmatively <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>question<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>confirm <w AT0>the <w NN1>proclamation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38373<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUN>?<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>gained <w CRD>61.59 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VVG>beating <w CRD>six <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>nationalist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vyacheslav <w NP0>Chornovil<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>came <w ORD>second <w PRP>with <w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="169"><w AT0>The <w NN1>independence <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VVN>provoked <w NN2>warnings <w PRP>from <w NP0>Gorbachev <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakup <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w CJC>and <w AV0>hence <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>Parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w NN2>objections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<w VBZ>'s <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>territories <w DTQ>which <w PRP>between <w CRD>1918 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1940 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0-NN1>Bukovina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bessarabia<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ceded <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Molotov-Ribentropp <w NN1>pact<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="171"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>minority<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>was <w VVN>noted <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided that <w NP0>US <w VVZ>concerns <w AVP-PRP>over <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VBD>were <w VVN>met<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="174"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>voted <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w DT0>any <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1922 <w NN1>Treaty <w VVG>creating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>null <w CJC>and <w AJ0>void <w PRP>in relation to <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w AT0>The <w NN1>parliament <w AV0>also <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>reading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVG>creating <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38538<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="176"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVG>causing <w NN1>friction <w PRP>between <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0-NN1>circulating <w NN2>coupons <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>goods <w NN2-VVZ>purchases <w CJS>if <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>roubles <w TO0>to <w VVI>safeguard <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>freeing <w PRF>of <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>prices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>measure <w AV0>already <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>measure <w VVG>freeing <w NN2>prices <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>in connection with <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>coupons <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>consumer <w NN1>market<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00C></p>
<caption id=HLECA00C>
<s n="179"><w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>: <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="180"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0>Snegur<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>in <w AJ0>popular <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>contender<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>results <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>at <w CRD>82.88 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>98.17 <w NN0>per cent <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Snegur<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="183"><w NP0>Moldova <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38373<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>backed <w NP0-NN1>Snegur<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>split <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>unification <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>approach<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kishinev <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Reunification <w VBD>was <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w CRD>37 <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN2>parliamentarians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="187"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>partially <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Smirnov <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>president<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>98 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>78 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout <w AV0>reportedly <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Orthodox <w AJ0>Turkic-speaking <w NN1>area <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gagauz<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>85.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w CRD>95.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>majority <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w AV0>Concurrently<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stepan <w NP0>Topol <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>president<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gagauz <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w DT0>these <w NN2>referendums <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="192"><w NN1>Violence <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w VVG>shooting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Russian <w NN0>militia <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>left <w CRD>five <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Dubossary<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w CJC>and <w NP0>Smirnov<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Army <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VBD>was <w VVG>supplying <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>extremist <w NN2>elements<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>for <w NN1>action<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00D></p>
<caption id=HLECA00D>
<s n="195"><w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>: <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Name <w NN1-VVB>change
</caption>
<p>
<s n="196"><w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>unopposed <w CJS>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>by <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w CRD>98.76 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>1.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>voting <w PRP>against<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w NP0>Yerik <w NP0>Asanbayev<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nazarbayev<w POS>'s <w NN1>nominee<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="199"><w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VVD>dropped <w AT0>the <w NN2>words<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>soviet <w NN1-AJ0>socialist<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>title <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w NN1-NP0>Abdildin <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="201"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVG>declaring <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00E></p>
<caption id=HLECA00E>
<s n="202"><w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>: <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="203"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam <w NP0>Karimov<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>with <w CRD>86 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w NP0>Muhamad <w NP0>Salikh<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ErK <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>gained <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Birlik<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>banned <w PRP>from <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>officially <w VVN>constituted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w PRP>In <w NN1-AJ0>parallel<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <w VBD>was <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>98.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w NP0>Karimov <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16-19 <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>signed <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00F></p>
<caption id=HLECA00F>
<s n="208"><w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="209"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mari-El<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mordova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yakutia<c PUN>, <w VVN>situated <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>during <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w DT0>These <w AJ0>popular <w NN2>elections <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>(<w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>president<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="211"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Mari-El<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladislav <w NP0>Zotin<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>by <w CRD>59 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w VVG>beating <w CRD>one <w AJ0>other <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Mordova <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vasily <w NP0>Guslyannikov<c PUN>, <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>the <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0>Biryukov.In <w NP0>Yakutia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Nikolayev <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="213"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRP>within <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>proclaiming <w PNX>itself <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w VVD>demanded <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38582<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="216"><w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w AV0>also <w VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w VBD>was <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-founder<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="217"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRP>within <w NP0>Georgia<c PUR>) <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w NN1-AJ0>independent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NN1>unification <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>defence <w NN1>committee<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00G></p>
<caption id=HLECA00G>
<s n="219"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Asia <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="220"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0-NN1>Vellayati<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="221"><w PRP>After <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vellayati <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kazkahstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w NN2>Memorandums <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>bar <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJC>later <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w AT0>The <w NN2>agreements <w AV0>mainly <w VVN-AJ0>covered <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>communication <w NN2>links<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w PRP>with <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>through <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>territory <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nakhichevan <w VBD>was <w VVN>separated <w PRP>from <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>territory<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="224"><w NN2>Vellayati <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>formulated<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>through <w NP0>Moscow<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w AT0>a <w NN1>rivalry <w PRP>for <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>between <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="226"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>Afghanistan <w VHD>had <w VVN>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>time <w AV0>before <w VVD-VVN>recognized <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-week <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="228"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="229"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="230"><w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="231"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maastricht<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w AT0>the <w AJ0>year-long <w AJ0-NN1>parallel <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN2>conferences <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w NN1>EMU<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37905-06<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="232"><w AT0>The <w CRD>12 <w NN1>member <w NN1>country <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>meeting <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VBN>been <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rome <w NN1>summit <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NP0>Luxembourg <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38295-97<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="233"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>summit <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AJ0>European <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w VVG>incorporating <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EPU <w CJC>and <w NN1>EMU <w NN2>agreements <w CJC>and <w VVG>setting <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>implementation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>security/defence <w NN1>dimension <w PRP>to <w NP0>EC <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="234"><w PRP>At <w CRD>one <w NN1>stage <w DT0>these <w AJ0>key <w NN2>agreements <w VVD>appeared <w VVD-VVN>jeopardized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>intransigence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>astonishing <w NN1>compromise<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>chapter <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="236"><w DT0>This <w NN1>tactic<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dutch <w NN1>government <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>positive <w VVG>opting <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>Eleven<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy <w NN1>chapter <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1-VVB>accord <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Charter <w VVG>using <w NP0>EC <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w NN1>machinery <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Schengen <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w NN2-VVZ>controls <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38505<c PUN>; <w CRD>38297<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w NN1>official <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>If <w PNP>they <w VVB>decide <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>something <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>regard <w AV0>as <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w AV0>so <w PNI>something <w AV0>terribly <w AJ0-VVG>damaging<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>choose <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="238"><w AT0>The <w CRD>Eleven <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>qualified <w NN1>majority <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>, <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w NN1>consultation <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w NN1>equality <w PRP>at <w NN1>work <w PRP>between <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>integration <w PRF>of <w NN2>persons <w VVN-VVD>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>vote <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w VVD-VVN>made <w AJ0>redundant<c PUN>, <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w NN2>employers<c PUN>, <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w PRP>for <w AJ0>third-country <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w VVB-NN1>Pay<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>association<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>strike <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w NN2>lockouts <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="241"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>declared <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VDG>doing <w AV0>now <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>irrevocable<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w VVG>crossing <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Rubicon<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w VVG>going <w AVP>back<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="244"><w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gianni <w NP0>De <w NP0>Michelis <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rome<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVG>establishing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRP>in <w CRD>1957<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w VVG-AJ0>Acting <w AJ0>Belgian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0>Wilfried <w NN2>Martens <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VHD>had <w VVN>produced<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concrete <w NN1>result<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>other <w NN2>hopes <w PRP>for <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00H></p>
<caption id=HLECA00H>
<s n="246"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>union
</caption>
<p>
<s n="247"><w AT0>The <w NN1>text <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w CJS>as <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>preamble <w AT0>the <w NN1>word<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>federal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>drafts <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>Dutch <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w AT0>The <w NN1>preamble <w AV0>instead <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w CJS>as <w VVG>marking<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>creating <w AT0>an <w AV0>ever <w AJC>closer <w NN1>union <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>peoples <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="249"><w AT0>The <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>subsidiarity<c PUN>, <w AVQ>whereby <w NN2>decisions <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>low <w AT0>a <w NN1>level <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AJ0>feasible<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>stressed<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VVI>act<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CJS>if <w CJC>and <w CJS>in so far as <w AT0>the <w NN2>objectives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>action <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AV0>sufficiently <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>EP<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w NP0-NN1>Ruud <w NP0>Lubbers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>word <w AJ0>federal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dropped <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VVD>meant <w AJ0>different <w NN2>things <w PRP>to <w AJ0>different <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="252"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w VVD-VVN>introduced <w AJ0>new <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>competence<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>union <w NN1>citizenship<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EP<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>common <w NN2>policies <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>judicial <w NN2>affairs <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AJ0>separate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>pillars<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>standing <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w NP0>EC <w NN1>decision-making <w NN1>machinery <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38295-96<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="254"><w AT0>The <w NN2>dangers <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>were <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>EP <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w PNP>He <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w CRD>one <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>grouping <w PRF>of <w NN2>nations <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VVN>survived <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w PNP>He <w VVD>described <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>external <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>managed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NN1>member <w NN2>governments <w CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>schizophrenia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00J></p>
<caption id=HLECA00J>
<s n="257"><w AJ0>Economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union
</caption>
<p>
<s n="258"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>broadly <w VVD-VVN>followed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>draft <w NN1>EMU <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38543-44<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w NN1>EMU<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Institute <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>precursor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VVI>decide <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1996<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN2>economies <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w CRD>seven <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w CJC>or <w CRD>six <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>opt <w PRP>out of <w NN1>stage <w CRD>three<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w CRD>four <w AJ0>key <w NN2>criteria<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w CJS>If <w DT0>this <w VBD>were <w AV0>so <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VM0>could <w VVI>decide <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>qualified <w NN1>majority <w AVQ>when <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w NN1>stage <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w CJS>If <w AT0>no <w NN1>date <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>fixed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1997 <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>System <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w NN2>Banks <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1998<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>stage <w CRD>three <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1999<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="263"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w AJ0>key <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>convergence <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>inflation <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJS>best-performing <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>debt <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>remained <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w CRD>2.25 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>fluctuation <w NN2>margins <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>System <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AV0>more than <w CRD>2 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJS>best-performing <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="264"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>protocol <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>opt <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>stage <w CRD>three <w PRP>rather than <w VBG>being <w VVN>locked <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>stage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="265"><w DT0>This <w NN1>clause<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>proposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heated <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20-21<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>101 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w NN2>interests <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w NP0>Maastricht <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>avoid<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVB>enable <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>exert <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>influence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>evolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>community <w CJS>while <w VVG>preserving <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1-VVB>date <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>currency<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w PRP>During <w NP0>November <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Thatcher <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NN2>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w AV0>further <w VVD-VVN>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>approach <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Thatcher <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>professed <w PNX>herself <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>impressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Major<w POS>'s <w NN1>performance <w AV0>there<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00K></p>
<caption id=HLECA00K>
<s n="268"><w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="269"><w VVG-NN1>Opening <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VM0>should <w VVI>assert <w DPS>its <w NN1>identity <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>scene<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VM0>shall <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>framing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>defence <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w AJ0>General <w NN2>guidelines <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w DT0>such <w NN2>decisions <w AV0>unanimously <w CJC>but <w VVB>define <w NN2>matters <w CJS>where <w AT0>a <w AJ0>qualified <w NN1>majority <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>used<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="271"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>become<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w NP0>WEU <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>margins <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>to <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVB>elaborate <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>implement <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRP>with <w NN1>defence <w NN2>implications<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVB>invite <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w XX0>not <w AV0>then <w NP0>WEU <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w NP0>Greece <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>members <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neutral <w NP0>Ireland<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>join<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVB>move <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>from <w NP0>London <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="273"><c PUL>(<w PRP>At <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VBD>was <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w DPS>its <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38685 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>10,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>primarily <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croat <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>stadium <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w NP0>EC <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLECA00L></p>
<caption id=HLECA00L>
<s n="274"><w AJ0>Judicial <w CJC>and <w NN1>home <w NN2>affairs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="275"><w AJ0>Judicial <w CJC>and <w NN1>home <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>co-operation <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1>pillar <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1>treaty<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>crossing <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>external <w NN2>borders<c PUN>, <w NN1>immigration <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVG>combating <w NN1>drug <w NN1>addiction<c PUN>, <w VVG>combating <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>civil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>matters<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>customs <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00M></p>
<caption id=HLECA00M>
<s n="276"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="277"><w AT0>The <w NN1>union <w NN1>treaty <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>cohesion <w NN1>fund <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AJ0>environmental <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w PRP>in <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>per capita <w NN1>GDP <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>less than <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>average<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Regions <w VVG>comprising <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w CRD>189 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>24 <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>larger <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w PRP>for <w NP0>Luxembourg<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00N></p>
<caption id=HLECA00N>
<s n="279"><w NN1>Implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="280"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>national <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>EP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w AT0>an <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w CJC>but
</p>
<p>
<s n="282"><w PRP>As regards <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Italian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Belgian <w NN2>parliaments <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w AJ0>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>vote <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>non-binding<c PUR>) <w NN1>opinion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NP0-NN1>Folketing <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>its <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>confirmation <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>referendums<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>for <w NN2>matters <w VVG>affecting <w AJ0>national <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>second<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1996-97<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w CJS>before <w NP0>Denmark <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w NN1>stage <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w NN1>EMU<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLECA00P><s n="286"><w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>summit <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>future <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Single <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>market <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w AJ0>Early <w CRD>1993<c PUN>: <w AV0>Earliest <w AJ0>likely <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN2>applicants <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w VVB-NN1>End <w CRD>1993<c PUN>: <w NN2>Governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w AV0>unanimously <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>policy <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Community <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1994<c PUN>: <w NN1-VVB>Start <w PRF>of <w ORD>second <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w NN1>EMU <w PRP>including <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Institute<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w NP0>June <w CRD>1994<c PUN>: <w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>EP<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w CRD>1996<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Intergovernmental <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1996<c PUN>: <w NN1>Deadline <w PRP>for <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w CJC>and <w AVQ>when <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>to <w NN1>stage <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w NN1>EMU<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>achieved <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>convergence <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>economies<c PUN>; <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NP0>UK <w TO0>to <w VVI>notify <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVZ>intends <w VVG>moving <w PRP>to <w NN1>stage <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w NN1>EMU<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1998<c PUN>: <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w NN1>System <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w NN2>Banks <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w CJS>if <w XX0>not <w AV0>already <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w CRD>1998<c PUN>: <w NN1>Expiry <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brussels <w NN1>Treaty <w VVG>establishing <w NP0>WEU<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1999<c PUN>: <w AJS>Latest <w NN1>date <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w NN1-VVB>stage <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w NN1>EMU <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w CJC>and <w AJ0>single <w NN1>currency <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00R></p>
<caption id=HLECA00P>
<s n="298"><w NN1-VVB>Timetable <w PRP>to <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>: <w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and
</caption>
<caption id=HLECA00R>
<s n="299"><w NN2>Conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="300"><w NN2>Extracts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w VBB>are <w VVN>given <w AV0>below<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="301"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN2>conferences <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>union <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>texts <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>treaty <w NN1>text <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUN>&hellip;
</p>
<p>
<s n="303"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVZ>notes <w CJT>that <w CRD>11 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVB-NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>path <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Charter <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37132<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w PRP>To <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>end <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>annex <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>commit <w AT0>the <w NN2>institutions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w CJC>and <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>decisions <w CJS>while <w VVG>adapting <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>decision-making <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>for <w NN1>application <w PRP>by <w CRD>11 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="305"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Enlargement<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVZ>recalls <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>union <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w VHB>have <w AV0>now <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>, <w VVZ>provides <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0>European <w NN1>state <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>systems <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w VBB>are <w VVN>founded <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w VM0>may <w VVI>apply <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="307"><c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="308"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>on <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w AV0>now <w VVN>agreed <w VM0>can <w VVI>start <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w VHZ>has <w VVN>terminated <w DPS>its <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w DT0>own <w NN2>resources <w CJC>and <w AJ0>related <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="309"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Uruguay <w AVP>round<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVZ>notes <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>liberalization <w NN2>negotiations <w VHB>have <w VVN>entered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conclusive <w NN1>stage<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>informed <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Transatlantic <w NN1>Summit<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38601-02<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="312"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVZ>reiterates <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>balanced <w CJC>and <w AJ0>global <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w AVP>Round <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>&hellip;
</p>
<p>
<s n="313"><w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>home <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>persons<c PUN>, <w NN1>immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>asylum <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NN1>immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>asylum <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>&hellip; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>and<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>timetables <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>down<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w PNP>It<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>took <w NN1>note <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Co-ordinators<w POS>' <w NN1>Group <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>Persons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="316"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Europol<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN2>police <w NN1>office <c PUL>(<w NP0>Europol<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>function <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN1>narcotic <w NN2>drugs <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<w POS>'s <w CRD>12 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>&hellip;
</p>
<p>
<s n="318"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Drugs<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>took <w NN1>note <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fight <w PRP>Against <w NN2>Drugs<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w PNP>It <w VVD>invited <w AT0>the <w NN2>institutions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w TO0>to <w VVI>employ <w DT0>all <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>act <w VVG>setting <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0-NN1>anti-drug <w NN1-VVG>monitoring <w NN1>body <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>before <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="321"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>widest <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN1>drug <w NN2>problems <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>week <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>the <w NN1>prevention <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN1-VVB>use<c PUN>&hellip;<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="322"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w VVZ>issues <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>preoccupation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>take <w AJ0>concrete <w AJ0>rapid <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NN2>populations <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>cities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="323"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>underlined<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>necessity <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>among <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>transformation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VVN>entered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>phase<c PUN>, <w VVZ>continues <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful<c PUN>, <w AJ0>democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>orderly <w NN1>manner<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w PNP>It <w VVD>welcomed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>republics <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>change <w VHB>have <w VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w AV0>mutually <w VVB>recognize <w CJC>and <w VVB>respect <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>inviolability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w VVG-AJ0>existing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>welcomed <w DT0>these <w NN2>republics<w POS>' <w NN1>affirmation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>their <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN2>commitments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>single <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38655<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="326"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment <w AVQ>when <w DT0>these <w NN2>Republics <w VVB>express <w AV0>democratically <w CJC>and <w AV0>peacefully <w DPS>their <w NN1>will <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVB>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>with <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>relationship<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="327"><w AT0>A <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0-VVN>attached<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>great <w NN1>significance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38594-95<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0-AV0>just <w CJC>and <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab-Israeli <w NN1>conflict <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>question<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>vital <w NN1>importance <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>momentum <w VVN-VVD>gained <w PRP>at <w NP0>Madrid <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w VVN>dissipated <w PRP>on <w AJ0>procedural <w NN2>matters<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>halt <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Occupied <w NN2>Territories <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VBD>was<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w VVG>creating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>environment <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVZ>requires<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>renunciation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>trade <w NN1-VVB>boycott<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="330"><w AT0>A <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NN1>racism <w CJC>and <w NN1>xenophobia <w VVN>noted<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w NN2>manifestations <w PRF>of <w NN1>racism <w CJC>and <w NN1>xenophobia <w VBB>are <w AV0>steadily <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>considers <w PNP>it <w AJ0>necessary <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w NN2>parliaments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VM0>should <w VVI>act <w AV0>clearly <w CJC>and <w AV0>unambiguously <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w NN2>sentiments <w CJC>and <w NN2>manifestations <w PRF>of <w NN1>racism <w CJC>and <w NN1>xenophobia<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="332"><w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VBD>were <w VVN>asked<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w DPS>their <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>discrimination <w CJC>and <w NN1>xenophobia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w ORD>third <w NN1>country <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>&hellip;<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="333"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>took<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>nationals<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Lockerbie <w CJC>and <w AJ0>UTI <w NN1>airliner <w NN2>bombings <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38692<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>noted <w CJC>and <w AV0>fully <w VVD-VVN>endorsed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38599<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="334"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="335"><w NN1>NORTH-SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="336"><w NN1>Signing <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>non-aggression <w NN1>accord <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Mutual <w NN1>renunciation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons
</head>
<p>
<s n="337"><w AT0>The <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>improved <w AV0>more <w AV0>spectacularly <w PRP>during <w NP0>December <w CJS>than <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>time <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>War <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>historic <w AJ0-NN1>non-aggression <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>banning <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>states <w VVD>remained <w AV0>technically <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN2>hostilities <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w CRD>1953 <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>armistice <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>felt <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN2>agreements <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>realistic <w NN1>foundation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00S></p>
<caption id=HLECA00S>
<s n="339"><w NN1>Signing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Non-aggression <w NN1>accord
</caption>
<p>
<s n="340"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVN>entitled <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>Reconciliation<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Non-aggression<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>Exchanges <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>North<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Chung <w VVD>Won <w NP0-NN1>Shik <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>counterpart <w DT0>Yon <w NN1-VVB>Hyong <w NN1-NP0>Muk<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w PNP>It <w VVD>followed <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intensive <w NN2>talks <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seoul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38529-30<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="342"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord <w VVD>contained <w CRD>25 <w NN2>articles <w VVN-VVD>arranged <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>sub-headings <w VVN-VVD>listed <w AV0>below<c PUN>:
</p>
<p>
<s n="343"><w NN1>North-South <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w DT0>Each <w NN1>state <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognise <w CJC>and <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>systems<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w DT0>Each <w VVD>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>desist <w PRP>from <w NN1>slander<c PUN>, <w NN1>vilification <w CJC>and <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>sabotage<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w CRD>1953 <w NN1-VVB>armistice <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>13077-79<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>North-South <w NN1>Liaison <w NN1>Office <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Panmunjom <c PUL>(<w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Demilitarized <w NN1>Zone <w VVG>separating <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states<c PUR>) <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="348"><w NN1>North-South <w NN1>non-aggression<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>countries <w VVN>committed <w PNX>themselves <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w CJC>or <w VVI>invade <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>military <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>telephone<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>hotline<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commands<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w PRP>Amongst <w AT0>the <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>discussed <w CJC>and <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>committee <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>information<c PUN>, <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>notification <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w NN1>troop <w NN2>movements<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w NN1>reduction<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="352"><w NN1>North-South <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Exchange<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>ventures<c PUN>.
<s n="354"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w NN1>information <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>fields <w PRP>including <w NN1>science<c PUN>, <w NN1>culture<c PUN>, <w NN1>news <w CJC>and <w NN1>sport<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN1>reunification <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w PRP>including <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w NN1>travel<c PUN>, <w AJ0>postal <w CJC>and <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN2>contacts<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00T></p>
<caption id=HLECA00T>
<s n="356"><w NN1>Agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>prohibit <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula
</caption>
<p>
<s n="357"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>omission <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>non-aggression <w NN1>accord <w VVD>concerned <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w AV0>obliquely <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>article <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>longstanding <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1-VVB>demand <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w VVB>renounce <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>soil <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>addressed<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>Western <w NN1-VVB>demand <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VVB>allow <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP>before <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>non-aggression <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Panmunjom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>order <w PRP>to <w NN1>discus <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="360"><w AT0>The <w NN1>climate <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>improved <w PRP>by <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRP>prior to <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38576<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>shells <w CJC>and <w NN2>bombs <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>mid-October <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unclear<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>from <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w VVG>renouncing <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacture<c PUN>, <w NN1>possession<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w CJC>or <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="363"><w NP0>Roh <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>course<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w NN1-VVB>Pressure <w PRP>on <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w DT0>that <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>North<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w DT0>such <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>halted <w AV0>indefinitely<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>sign <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>permitting <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities <w AV0>once <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VHD>had <w VVN>began <w VVG>withdrawing <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><c PUL>(<w CJS>Although <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34269 <c PUN>&mdash;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>obligation <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>an <w NN1>inspection <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="367"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Chung <w VVD-VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NP0>US <w AJ0>atomic <w NN2>weapons <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>soil<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PNP>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases <w PRP>to <w NN1>inspection <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w VVD-AJ0>permitted <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>non-aggression <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>stated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>speech <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>there <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>exist <w DT0>any <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w DTQ>whatsoever <w AV0>anywhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Korea<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reprocessing <w CJC>and <w NN1>enrichment <w NN2>facilities <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="370"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Panmunjom <w NN2>talks <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>agreed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-article <w NN1>document <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>from <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VVD>committed <w PNX>themselves <w XX0>not <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>test<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>manufacture<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>produce<c PUN>, <w VVB>accept<c PUN>, <w VVB>possess<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>store<c PUN>, <w VVB>deploy <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>use <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w AV0>Both <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>banned <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reprocessing <w CJC>and <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>enrichment <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>inspections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00U></p>
<caption id=HLECA00U>
<s n="374"><w NN2>Rumours <w PRF>of <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>summit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w CJS>as <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NN1>army
</caption>
<p>
<s n="375"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w NN2>arrangements <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w AT0>The <w NN2>rumours <w VBD>were <w VVN>reinforced <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>framework <w PRP>on <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>then<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>summit <w NN2>talks <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>earlier <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="377"><w NN1>Evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>leader<w POS>'s <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>grooming <w DPS>his <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w UNC>Il <w PRP>as <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reinforced <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="378"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>elder <w NP0>Kim<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>elected <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w UNC>Il <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w DPS>his <w NN1>father <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="379"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="380"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="381"><w NN2>Decrees <w PRP>on <w NN2>regions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces
</head>
<p>
<s n="382"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>decrees <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>administration<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>forces<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>conditions <w AJ0>favourable <w PRP>for <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <c PUL>(<w AV0>principally <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w VVG-AJ0>disarming <w PRF>of <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w NN2>individuals<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NN1>draft <w NN1-VVB>form <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="383"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>explained <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN1>flexibility <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w VM0>might <w VVI>accommodate <w AT0>the <w NN1>complexity <w PRF>of <w NN2>relationships <w PRP>between <w AJ0>ethnic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>linguistic <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="384"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w PRP>into <w CRD>14<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>zones<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>regions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa <w CJC>and <w VVB>Harar <w DT0>each <w VVG-NN1>constituting <w CRD>one <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w PRP>In <w DT0>each <w NN1>region <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>towns<c PUR>) <w AV0>up to <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>different<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>nationalities<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>recognized<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w VVN>accorded <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0-VVN>elected<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN1>self-government<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PRP>with <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>nationalities <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w AJ0>Central <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>specified <w NN2>fields<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="388"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>between <w AJ0>different <w NN2>nationalities<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>army<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can <w VVI>act <w AV0>independently <w CJS>as <w NN1>mediator <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w AV0>even <w PRP>without <w VBG>being <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>administrations <w AJ0-VVD>concerned<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w NN2>Organizations <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>armies<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VVI>apply <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>their <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w AV0>officially <w VVN>registered<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w AT0>The <w NN2>soldiers <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w VVN>housed <w PRP>in <w NN0>barracks <w CJC>and <w VVN>funded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00V></p>
<caption id=HLECA00V>
<s n="391"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period
</caption>
<p>
<s n="392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wolde <w NP0>Mariam <w NP0>Girma<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w NP0>Alemayehu <w NP0>Daba <w VVD>became <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="394"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>seminar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Girma <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>dark <w NN1>outlook <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unemployed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>displaced <w NN0>people <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN1>starvation<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>necessary <w AT0>an <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>tax <w NN1>collection <w NN2>mechanisms<c PUN>.
<s n="395"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>revenues <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>ending <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>reduction <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="396"><w NN2>Copies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>broad <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AV0>freely <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="397"><w AJ0>Private<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NN1>industry <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>encouraged<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mining<c PUN>, <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>metallurgical <w NN2>industries <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>under <w NN1>state <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w VBD>was <w VVN>contemplated<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w AT0>The <w NN1>state <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2>imports<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w NN2>exports <w PRP>such as <w NN1>coffee <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>shipping <w CJC>and <w NN1>rail <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w NN1-NP0>Land <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>state-owned <w CJC>and <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>bought <w CJC>or <w VVN>sold<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>inheritance <w NN2>rights <w PRP>over <w NN1>land <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>guaranteed <w CJC>and <w NN2>peasants <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>produce<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00W></p>
<caption id=HLECA00W>
<s n="401"><w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="402"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Simon <w NP0>Mechale<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>commissioner <w VVG>heading <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>Relief <w CJC>and <w NN1>Rehabilitation <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>agencies <w CJC>and <w NN1>donor <w NN2>countries <w CJT>that <w CRD>1,280,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w NN1>relief <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>needed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>feed <w DT0>some <w CRD>7,400,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="403"><w NP0-NN1>Mechale <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w NN1>drought <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>seed <w NN2>shortages <w VHD>had <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>harvests <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>WFP<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>from <w NP0>Rome <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;47,000,000 <w VM0>would <w AV0>shortly <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Horn <w PRF>of <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w NN1>Priority <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="406"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Goering<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ethiopia <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w UNC>US&dollar;500,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>funding<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w DT0>Half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sum <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>productive <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRP>towards <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>repair <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN2>systems<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="408"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Programme <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w PRP>By <w NP0>mid-December <w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;5,300,000 <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>directed <w PRP>towards <w NN1>food <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w NN2>ex-servicemen <w CJC>and <w NN1>war <w NN2>victims<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="410"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="411"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="412"><w NN2>Killings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Djibouti <w NN1>town <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>FRUD <w NN1>representative
</head>
<p>
<s n="413"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>initially <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CRD>five <w NN0>people <w VVN-AJ0>killed <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w NN2>policemen<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w VVD-VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arhiba<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>predominantly <w AV0>Afar <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>reports <w VVD>mentioned <w CRD>30-40 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>84 <w AJ0-VVD>injured<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="415"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w VHD>had <w VVN>occurred <w CJS>as <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>gendarmes <w VBD>were <w VVG>checking <w NN1>identity <w NN2>papers<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AV0>Afar <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Issa <w NP0>Cheicko<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>26 <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>women <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJS>after <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>fired <w AV0>indiscriminately <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="417"><w DT0>Some <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>reprisal <w PRP>for <w NN2>losses <w VVD>suffered <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRUD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>government-held <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tadjoura <w CJC>and <w NP0>Obock<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-day <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>FRUD <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>troops <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38565<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>collapsed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FRUD <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abbate <w NP0>Ebo <w NP0-NN1>Adou<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Djibouti <w NN1>town <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="419"><w AT0>A <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Adabo <w NP0-NN1>Kabo<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>after <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>prompted <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>condemnation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00X></p>
<caption id=HLECA00X>
<s n="420"><w NN2>Declarations <w PRP>on <w NN1>democratization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="421"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD>Gouled <w NP0-NN1>Aptidon <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NN1>democratization <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>reform <w PRP>in accordance with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w NN1>pluralism <w CJC>or <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="422"><w DT0>Such <w NN1>reform <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Djiboutian <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>once <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>bands <w VVG>operating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>chased <w PRP-AVP>off <w AJ0>national <w NN1>territory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moumin <w NP0>Bahdon <w NP0>Farah<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alain <w NP0>Vivien<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Djibouti <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26-28<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLECA00Y>
<s n="425"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="426"><w CRD>Seventeen <w AV0>Afar <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>walked <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NN2>deputies <w VHD>had <w VVN>protested <w PRP>against <w AJ0>reported <w NN2>killings <w CJC>and <w NN1>mistreatment <w PRF>of <w NN2>nomads <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>near <w NP0>Tadjoura<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w CRD>Fourteen <w AV0>Afar <w NN2>deputies <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPP <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>criticized <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>placing <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>privileges <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Djiboutian <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>insist <w CJT>that <w VVB>FRUD <w NN2>fighters <w VBD>were <w NN2>foreigners<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AJ0>Djiboutian <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="429"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="430"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="431"><w AJ0>Heavy <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>fighting
</head>
<p>
<s n="432"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w AV0>up to <w CRD>4,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>about <w CRD>20,000 <w VVD-VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>chaotic <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AJ0>occasional <w NN2>interruptions<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="434"><w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>elders <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>broker <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>between <w NN2>forces <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w ITJ>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>journalist <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w NN1>aim <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>capture <w NN1>Mahdi<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Herald <w NN1>Tribune <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AV0>as <w AV0>more <w AJ0>corrupt <w CJC>and <w AJ0>dictatorial <w CJS>than <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0-NN1>Barre<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w NN2>Teenagers <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>locally <w VVN>produced <w NN1-VVB>khat <w NN1>narcotic <w NN1>plant <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>artillery <w NN1>fire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="437"><w CJS>Although <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN2>forces <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>concentrated<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>surgical <w NN1>team <w VVN>sent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w VVD>began <w VVG>operating <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w AT0>A <w NN1>ship <w VVG>containing <w CRD>800 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w NN1>fuel <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines <w VVN>sent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>waiting <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>Mogadishu<w POS>'s <w NN2>docks<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>unload<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>45 <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN2>foreigners <w VVG>remaining <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="440"><w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w CRD>19 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Esmat <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Meguid<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Salim <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Salim<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w NP0-NN1>Salim <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>various <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Djibouti <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="442"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="443"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="444"><w NN2-VVZ>Moves <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="445"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Kenya <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>KANU<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Daniel <w VVB-NN1>arap <w UNC>Moi <w TO0>to <w VVI>repeal <w NN1>Section <w UNC>2A <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>KANU <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w VVG-AJ0>Enabling <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>amended <w NN1>Constitution <w VVG>recognizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>system <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="447"><w UNC>Moi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>multipartyism <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>luxury <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>limited<c PUN>, <w AJ0>tribal-based <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>registered<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VM0>would <w DT0>any <w NN1>party <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>funding<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="448"><w CJS>Although <w UNC>Moi <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>external <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kenya <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>benefit <w AV0>fully <w PRP>from <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>curbed <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w VVD>liberalized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w AT0>The <w NN1>embassy <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w UNC>US&dollar;28,000,000 <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w VVN-VVD>earmarked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>withheld <w CJS-PRP>until <w NP0>Kenya <w VVD>made <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>changes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38563 <w PRP>for <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withhold <w NN1>aid<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA010></p>
<caption id=HLECA010>
<s n="450"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="451"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reintroduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics <w VVD>threw <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>disarray<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w PRP>Within <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>KANU <w NN1>conference <w NN1>decision <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>split<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w VVD>registered <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Martin <w NP0-NN1>Shikuku <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>secretary-general <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oginga <w NP0>Odinga <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>launched <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w VVG>calling <w PNX>itself <w VVB>FORD<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>A<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="454"><w UNC>Moi <w VVD>gave <w AT0>no <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>general <w NN1>expectation <w CJT>that <w NN2>polls <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>figures <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>timescale <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>give <w AV0>newly <w VVG-AJ0>emerging <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w NP0-NN1>Odinga <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w VVD>needed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AV0>Most <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Manasses <w NP0>Kuria<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kenya <w CJC>and <w NN1>Bishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w NP0-NN1>KANU <w PRP>against <w VVG>calling <w AT0>a <w AJ0>snap <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>taking <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>teams <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Kamotho<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>KANU<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>international <w NN2>observers <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>invited <w PRP>to <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA011></p>
<caption id=HLECA011>
<s n="460"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="461"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w NN1>President <w UNC>Moi <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Oloo <w NP0-NN1>Aringo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Manpower <w NN1>Development<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>came <w AV0>as <w AV0>more than <w CRD>50 <w NN1-NP0>KANU <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NN1-NP0>FORD<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w CJS>Until <w DPS>his <w NN1>removal <w NN1-NP0>Aringo <w VHD>had <w VVN>spearheaded <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>grassroots <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>balloting <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AV0>properly<c PUN>.
<s n="464"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w NP0-NN1>Aringo <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>national <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>KANU <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w UNC>Moi <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NN1-NP0>FORD<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="466"><w NP0-NN1>Aringo<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>resignations<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>notably <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mwai <w NP0-NN1>Kibaki<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w NP0>Kibaki <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>government <w NN2>members<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>until <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="468"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>ministers <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w VBD>were <w NP0>Geoffrey <w NP0>Kariithi <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Wildlife<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>; <w NP0>John <w NP0>Gachui <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>George <w NP0>Muhoho <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Research<c PUN>, <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>James <w NP0>Njema <w NP0>Karume <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Co-operative <w NN1>Development<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>gave <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>resignations <w NN1>election <w NN1>rigging<c PUN>, <w NN1>mismanagement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>cover-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Ouko <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37239<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="470"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Kibaki<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0>John <w NP0>Keen<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Assistant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Eliud <w NP0>Mwamunga<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Physical <w NN1>Planning <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36136<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA012></p>
<caption id=HLECA012>
<s n="471"><w NN1-NP0>Ouko <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="472"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Jonah <w NP0>Anguka<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>district <w NN1>commissioner<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Ouko<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w NP0>Kiprono <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Biwott<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hezekiah <w NP0-NN1>Oyugi<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Permanent <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP>because of <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>named <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN2>suspects <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38563<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA013></p>
<caption id=HLECA013>
<s n="475"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan <w NN1-VVB>delay
</caption>
<p>
<s n="476"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>delaying <w NN1>disbursement <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR45,230,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;64,675,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>instalment <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w AJ0>enhanced <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESAF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w AJC>further <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>about <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>performance <w NN2>targets<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="477"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="478"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="479"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="480"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Sylvestre <w NP0>Nsanzimana<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38520<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>selected <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>their <w AJ0>working <w NN2>programmes <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>listed <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Augustin <w NP0>Ndindiliyimana<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>party <w NN1>affiliation<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLECA014><s n="483"><w NP0>Sylvestre <w NP0>Nsanzimana <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Casimir <w NP0-NN1>Bizimungu <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>James <w NP0>Gasana <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Animal <w NN1>Husbandry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <w NP0>Gaspard <w NP0>Ruhumuliza <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDC<c PUR>) <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Artisanry
</p>
<caption id=HLECA014>
<s n="484"><w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="485"><w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Augustin <w NP0>Bem <w NP0>Ndindiliyimana <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Mbangura <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Primary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Secondary <w NN1>Education <w NP0>Constantin <w NP0>Cyubahiro <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Research <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Enoch <w NP0>Ruhigira <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0-NN1>Alexandre <w NP0-NN1>Muterahejuru <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service <w NP0>Fidele <w NP0>Nkundabagenzi <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1>Information<c PUN>, <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Spokesman <w NP0>Faustin <w NP0>Munyazesa <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Communal <w NN1>Development <w NP0-NN1>Callixte <w NP0>Nzabonimana <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Associated <w NN2>Movements <w NP0-NN1>Mathieu <w NP0-NN1>Ngirumpatse <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Augustin <w NP0>Ngirabatware <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-Operation <w NP0>Jean-Baptiste <w NP0>Ndarihoranye <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Katabarwa <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w VVB>Prosper <w NP0>Mugiraneza <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Ntagerura <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy
</p>
<p>
<s n="486"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSR<c PUR>) <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w CJS>unless <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w PRP>other than <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRND<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w NP0-NN1>Nsanzimana <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>offered <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>gave <w AVP>up <w DT0>this <w NN1>condition <w CJC>and <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="488"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="489"><w NP0>BURUNDI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="490"><w AJ0-VVG>Crushing <w PRF>of <w NN1>rebellion
</head>
<p>
<s n="491"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>government <w NN2>figures <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>270 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w NN2>rebels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG>fighting <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>succeeding <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0-NN1>Bujumbura <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-western <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cibitoke <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kayanza<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w AT0>The <w NN1>violence <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w AV0>mainly <w NP0-NN1>Hutu <w NN2>refugees <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rwanda <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NP0>Za&iuml;re<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="493"><w AT0>The <w NN2>attacks <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Buyoya <w PRP>to <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>instigated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exiled <w NP0>Palipehutu <w NN1>movement <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Parti <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NN1>lib&eacute;ration <w UNC>du <w VVB-NN1>peuple <w NP0-NN1>Hutu<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Buyoya <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>elements<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>represent <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>group <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w NP0>Africa <w AJ0>Confidential <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cautious <w NN1>democratization <w NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Buyoya<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>now <w VVZ>appears <w VVN>caught <w PRP>between <w NN2>extremists <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Tutsi <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hutu <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="496"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Burundi <w NN1>government <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1>uprising <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>551<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>10,000<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w PRP>By <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w VVG>representing <w AJ0>European <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>organizations <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Burundi<c PUN>, <w VVD>maintained <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>3,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>reprisals <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>groups <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebellion<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>50,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rwanda <w CJC>and <w NP0>Za&iuml;re<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="499"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="500"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="501"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>mandate
</head>
<p>
<s n="502"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>broadcast <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1-NP0>Seko <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>beyond <w DPS>his <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="503"><w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>at <w NN1>midnight <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>beyond <w DPS>our <w NN1>control <w CJC>but <w AJ0>inherent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>dynamics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>democratization<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w PNP>He <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>absolutely <w AT0>no <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>keeping <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DPS>his<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVB-NN1>grip <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>seat<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>convinced <w NN1>democrat<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sacred <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w AJ0>theoretical <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA015></p>
<caption id=HLECA015>
<s n="506"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="507"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>since <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sacred <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w CJS>if <w NN1>debate <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>start<c PUN>.
<s n="508"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w AV0>at least <w AV0>twice <w PRP>since <w NP0>November <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>logistical <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>elected <w AT0>the <w AV0>Most <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Monsengwo <w NP0>Pasinya<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kisangani <w CJC>and <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bishops<w POS>' <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="510"><w NN1-NP0>Monsengwo<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outspoken <w NN1>critic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mobutu<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w VVB>achieve <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="511"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="512"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="513"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="514"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>CODESA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38520<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w NN1>opening <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Johannesburg <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20-21<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>groups <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AJ0>substantive <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="515"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w NP0-NN1>CODESA<c PUN>, <w VVG>denouncing <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>instrument <w PRF>of <w NN1>manipulation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w DT0>Another <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>absence <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Mangosuthu <w NP0>Buthelezi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Zulu <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CODESA <w NN1-VVG>steering <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>for <w NP0>Inkatha <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Zulu <w NP0>King <w NP0>Goodwill <w NP0-NN1>Zwelethini<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="517"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>intent<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>steering <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="518"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>specified <w CJT>that <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>consensus<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>ensuring <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN2>deals <w VBD>were <w VVN>reached <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="519"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVD>gave <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w CJS>While <w VVG>lacking <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>transform <w NP0-NN1>CODESA<w POS>'s <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>into <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>its <w AJ0>large <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>Parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w NN1-NP0>CODESA <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1-VVB>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w AV0>automatically <w VHI>have <w AJ0>law-making <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>Parliament <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="521"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>CODESA <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>steering <w NN1>committee <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AJ0-AV0>monthly <w CJS>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="522"><w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>indicated <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>guaranteeing <w AJ0>white <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NP0>Lancaster <w NN1>House <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Zimbabwean <w NN1>independence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>30165-75<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA016></p>
<caption id=HLECA016>
<s n="523"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="524"><w NP0>President <w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>made <w DT0>several <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="525"><w NP0>Derek <w NN2-VVZ>Keys<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mining <w NN1>corporation <w NN1-NP0>Gencor<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-ordination <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>credibility <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN2>changes <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Magnus <w NP0>Malan<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>Water <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forest <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w NN1>Responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN0>Works <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w NP0>Adriaan <w NP0-NN1>Vlok<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Correctional <w NN2>Services <w CJC>but <w VVD>relinquished <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Budget <w PRP>to <w NP0>Org <w NP0>Marais<c PUN>.
<s n="528"><w NP0>Marais <w AV0>also <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w VVD>acquired <w AT0>the <w NN1>Administration <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>from <w NP0>Piet <w NP0>Marais <w CJC>and <w VVD>relinquished <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w VVB>Piet <w NP0>Marais <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Manpower <w CJC>and <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA017></p>
<caption id=HLECA017>
<s n="530"><w NP0>SACP <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="531"><w AT0>The <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>national <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SACP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>near <w NP0>Johannesburg <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5-8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="532"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>congress <w PRP>inside <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1-VVG>banning <w PRP>in <w CRD>1950 <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>413 <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w CRD>25,000 <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="533"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Hani <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Joe <w NP0>Slovo<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w NP0>Hani <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <w NP0>Umkhonto <w NP0>we <w NP0>Sizwe <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Spear <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Nation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>MK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NP0>MK <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38376<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w NP0>Slovo <w VVD>received <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unopposed <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>chairman <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dan <w NP0-NN1>Tloome<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="536"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>manifesto <w VVG>expressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Marxist-Leninist <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w VVG>committing <w AT0>the <w NP0>SACP <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA018></p>
<caption id=HLECA018>
<s n="538"><w AJC>Further <w NP0-NN1>Inkathagate <w NN2>revelations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="539"><w AJC>Further <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2>disclosures <w PRF>of <w AJ0>covert <w NN1>government <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w NP0>Inkatha <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38318-19 <w PRP>for <w NN2>revelations <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Weekly <w NN1>Mail <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADF<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>spent <w UNC>R7,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000,000<c PUR>) <w AV0>over <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>training <w PRP>for <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>trained <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>death <w NN1>squad <w DTQ>which <w VVD>directed <w DPS>its <w NN1>activity <w PRP>against <w AJ0>pro-ANC <w NN2>activists<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w AT0>The <w NN1>newspaper<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>further <w VVB-NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVN>funded <w AT0>an <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w AV0>officially<c PUN>.
<s n="543"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w AV0>previously <w VVN-VVD>maintained <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>covert <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>revelations <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w AT0>the <w AJ0>good <w NN1>faith <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA019></p>
<caption id=HLECA019>
<s n="545"><w NN1>Investigation <w PRP>into <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="546"><w AT0>A <w NN1>team <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-week <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AJ0>political <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>arrival <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w DT0>another <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Natal <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>18 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w CJS>Whilst <w VVG>noting <w AT0>the <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>unbanning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w NN1>Amnesty <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>killings <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1>security <w NN1>force <w NN2>members <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>directly <w VVN-VVD>implicated <w CJC>but <w CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>action<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01A></p>
<caption id=HLECA01A>
<s n="549"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>prisoners <w VVB-NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="550"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>organizations <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>350 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w CJS>Although<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Correctional <w NN2>Services <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w CRD>three <w AJ0>acknowledged <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>were <w VVN>freed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w AV0>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01B></p>
<caption id=HLECA01B>
<s n="552"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="553"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>banned<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>weapons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>overturning <w AT0>a <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJT>that <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>ceremonial <w NN2>axes <w CJC>and <w NN2>spears <w VBI>be <w VVN>exempted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>prohibition <w PRP>on <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>weapons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38178<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01C></p>
<caption id=HLECA01C>
<s n="554"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="555"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>urge <w DT0>all <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1-AJ0>sporting<c PUN>, <w AJ0>cultural<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>academic <w NN2>exchanges <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>towards <w VVG-NN1>ending <w NN1>apartheid<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mandela <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>in <w NN2>phases <w VVG>corresponding <w PRP>to <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="558"><w AJ0>Full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="559"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>indications <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>frontline <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>.
<s n="560"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>ties<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Botha <w VVD>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w NP0>Botswana <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NN2>missions<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Zambian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>discussing <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="563"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="564"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="565"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="566"><w AT0>The <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSR <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Marxist <w AJ0>single-party <w NN1>regime <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PNP>It <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVG>winning <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bicameral <w NN1>parliament <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="568"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w AJ0>professional <w AJ0>political <w NN1>experience<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>chair <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>meetings <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w PNP>He <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AJ0>renewable <w AV0>once<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VM0>would <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w NN2>Senators <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>aged <w AV0>over <w CRD>50 <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="571"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>or <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="572"><w NN1>Legislation <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>stipulation <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-repayable <w NN1>deposit <w PRF>of <w UNC>CFA1,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;3,700<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01D></p>
<caption id=HLECA01D>
<s n="573"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Za&iuml;reans
</caption>
<p>
<s n="574"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Congolese <w NN1>government <w VVD>began <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Za&iuml;rean <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VVN>crossed <w AT0>the <w NP0>River <w NP0>Congo <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kinshasa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Za&iuml;rean <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38423<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Za&iuml;rean <w NN1>government <w VVD>asked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>suspended <w CJC>and <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>indignation <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>manner <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DPS>its <w NN2>nationals <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expelled<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in spite of <w AT0>the <w NN1>blood <w VVZ-NN2>ties<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Congolese <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w NN2>expulsions <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="577"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="578"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="579"><w NN1>State <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w NN2>politicians
</head>
<p>
<s n="580"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>governorships <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nigeria<w POS>'s <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VVD>passed <w AVP>off <w AV0>peacefully<c PUN>.
<s n="581"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republic <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>NRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>right-wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>30 <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>governorships <w CJC>and <w VVD>gained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>assemblies <w PRP>in <w CRD>13 <w NN2>states<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w NN1>opponent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>16 <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>states <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Lagos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Katsina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cross <w NP0>River <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>NRC <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN1>poll<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><c PUL>(<w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abuja<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="583"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>setback <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w AV0>most <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>council <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>since <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AJ0>well-publicized <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>feuding<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>winning <w AT0>the <w NN2>governorships <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lagos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cross <w NP0>River<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>NRC <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>won <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN2>polls <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w AV0>Overall<c PUN>, <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>commented <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakdown <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nigeria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>divisions<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>NRC <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>strong <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVG>capturing <w DT0>most <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w PRP>In terms of <w AJ0>total <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>NRC <w VVD>won <w CRD>54.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVG>putting <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>position <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="587"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>surprise <w NN1-VVB>move <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w NN2>politicians <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="588"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>breed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVN>affected <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w AV0>Only <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>offences <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida <w PNX>himself <w VVB>remain <w VVN-AJ0>banned <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>retained <w AJ0>wide <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w AJ0>potential <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w CRD>Eleven <w AJ0>prominent <w DT0>former <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>six <w DT0>former <w NN1>state <w NN2>governors<c PUN>, <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w PRP>for <w VVG>contravening <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01E></p>
<caption id=HLECA01E>
<s n="593"><w NN1>Designation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Abuja <w CJS>as <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>capital
</caption>
<p>
<s n="594"><w NN1-NP0>Abuja <w AV0>formally <w VVD>became <w NP0>Nigeria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>capital <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>by <w NP0>Babangida<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lagos<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Abuja <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>site <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Nigeria <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Murtala <w NP0>Muhammad <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>27835-36<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="596"><w NN1-NP0>Babangida<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>symbol <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Abuja <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>family <w CJC>and <w NN0>staff <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="597"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="598"><w NP0>GHANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="599"><w VVB-NN1>Delay <w PRP>in <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Assembly
</head>
<p>
<s n="600"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>Fourth <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>work <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>finished <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJS>as <w AV0>originally <w VVN>intended<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w DPS>its <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38379-80<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w DPS>its <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>deliberation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01F></p>
<caption id=HLECA01F>
<s n="602"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="603"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Ndebugre<c PUN>, <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Freedom <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Justice <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFJ<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>orders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Flt. <w NP0>-Lt<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Rawlings<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Provisional <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w NN1-NP0>Ndebugre<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>PNDC <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w NN1>Agriculture <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1984 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33828<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w AV0>promptly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>anthem<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-AJ0>beaten <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w NN1>order <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>rearrested<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="606"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNDC <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w NN1>imprisonment <w TO0>to <w VVI>silence <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>without <w NN1>charge <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>preventive<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>detention<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w VVN-VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>without <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w PNP>them <w AV0>at least <w CRD>90 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>tried <w PRP>by <w AJ0>special <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="608"><w NN1>Nana <w NP0-NN1>Akuoko <w NP0-NN1>Sarpong<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w VVG>dismissing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Amnesty <w VVZ-NN2>claims <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="609"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="610"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="611"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law
</head>
<p>
<s n="612"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w AV0>In addition <w PNP>it <w AV0>formally <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>shortening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NN1>anticipation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-AV0>early <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38518<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="614"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w NN1>age <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AV0>controversially<c PUN>, <w VVB>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting <w CJC>and <w VVB>forbid <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>from <w VVG>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w VBD>were <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>advantage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Cameroon <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDPC<c PUR>) <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0-VVG>emerging <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NN2>forces <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w NP0-NN1>Victorin <w NP0>Hameni <w NP0-NN1>Bieleu<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w NN2>parties <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>RDPC <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w CJC>and <w VVD>predicted <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w NN2>things <w VVB>continue <w PRP>like <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="617"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="618"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<caption>
<s n="619"><w NP0>Togo <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="620"><w UNC>*Joseph <w NP0-NN1>Kokou <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="621"><w UNC>*Elias <w NP0>Kwassivi <w NP0-NN1>Kpetigo <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="622"><w UNC>*Abdou <w NP0>Tour&eacute; <w NP0>Tchiaka <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation
</p>
<p>
<s n="623"><w UNC>*Aim&eacute; <w NP0>Tchaboure <w NP0-NN1>Gogue <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Development
</p>
<p>
<s n="624"><w UNC>*Joseph <w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Amefia <w NN1>Equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines
</p>
<p>
<s n="625"><w UNC>*Koffi <w NP0-NN1>Nkole <w NP0>Abotsi <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development <w NP0>Kouma <w NP0>Tordjo <w NP0-NN1>Kouame <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals <w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Komlanvi <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NP0-NN1>Kougblenou <w NP0-NN1>Dzaba <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NP0-NN1>Kpandja <w VVB-NN1>Fare <w NN1>Environment <w NP0>Issa <w NP0>Affo <w AJ0>Technical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Professional <w NN1>Training <w VBD>Were <w NP0-NN1>Gazoro <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Solidarity <w NP0-NN1>Dzodzi <w NP0>Dali <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NP0>Kokou <w NP0>Lucas <w NP0>Afantchao <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN2>Crafts<c PUN>, <w NP0>Small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Medium-Sized <w NN2>Enterprises <w NP0>Amede <w NP0>Atouma <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Togolese <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Yaovi <w NP0>Degoune <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Kwao <w NP0>Aidam <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w PRP>in Charge of <w NN2>Elections
</p>
<p>
<s n="626"><w UNC>*Members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w VVZ>denotes <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01G></p>
<caption id=HLECA01G>
<s n="628"><w NN1>Abduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="629"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Kokou <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh <w VBD>was <w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>residence <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AV0>at least <w CRD>17 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w AT0>The <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w TO0>to <w VVI>unseat <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38379<c PUN>; <w CRD>38518-19<c PUN>; <w CRD>38562<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="631"><w NN1-NP0>Koffigoh <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN2>captors <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>; <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stripped <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>executive <w NN2-VVZ>powers <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<w POS>'s <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w AT0>The <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>half-brother<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Donou <w NP0>Toi <w NP0>Gnassingbe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>guard<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>residence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="633"><w AV0>Later<c PUN>, <w NP0>Koffigoh <w VVD>appeared <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>surrendered <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJC>further <w NN1>bloodshed <w CJC>and <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="634"><w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w VHD>had <w VVN>sent <w CRD>300 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Benin<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN1>west <w AJ0>African <w NN2>states <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>commented <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0-VVG>supporting <w NN2>dictatorships <w CJC>but <w AV0>neither <w VBB>are <w PNP>we <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AVP>around <w PRP>with <w AJ0>expeditionary <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="636"><w PNP>He <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Houphou&euml;t-Boigny<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVG>contacting <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>African <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>state <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG>saving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process <w PRP>in <w NP0>Togo<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="637"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>calm <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>regained <w DPS>his <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>residence<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>television <w NN1>broadcast <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>written <w PRP>under <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>pressure <w CJC>but<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>constraints <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="639"><w NN2>Consultations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>during <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AJ0>repeated <w NN2>demands <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w NN2>Soldiers <w AV0>again <w AV0>briefly <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>broadcast <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AVP>off <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Koffigoh <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>respected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="642"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w VVD-VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCR<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mgr<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w NP0-NN1>Sanouko <w NP0-NN1>Kpodzro<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCR <w VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w CJC>and <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>membership <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="645"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w VVN>retained <w PRP>in <w AJ0>key <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Kwassivi <w NP0-NN1>Kpetigo <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w NP0>Abdou <w NP0>Tour&eacute; <w NP0>Tchiaka <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Eyadema <w NN1>aide <w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Komlanvi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="646"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="647"><w NP0>BURKINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="648"><w NN1>Re-election <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Compaor&eacute; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Killing <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="649"><w VVB>Blaise <w NP0-NN1>Compaor&eacute; <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w NN1>Turnout <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>28.28 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>as <w NN2>voters <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w DPS>their <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakdown <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38518<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="652"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Cl&eacute;ment <w NP0>Oumarou <w NP0-NN1>Ouedraogo<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Burkinabe <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PTB<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0-VVG>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFD<c PUR>) <w NN1>alliance <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38424<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>grenade <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AJ0>Tall <w NN1>Moctar<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN2>Democrats <w AV0>also <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFD<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>critically <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>gunmen<c PUN>.
<s n="654"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AJ0>important <w NN2>roles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w NN2>Attacks <w VBD>were <w VVN>attempted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>homes <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="656"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>enemies <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w NN1>goodwill<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="657"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w NP0-NN1>Compaor&eacute; <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1>forum <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>convened <w AV0>forthwith<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>forum <w PRP>by <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="659"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="660"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="661"><w VVB-NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="662"><w AT0>A <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16-18 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mopti<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>500 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NN1-NP0>Bamako<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebellion <w PRF>of <w NN2>Tuaregs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>occurred <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38325<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Amadou <w NP0>Toumani <w NP0-NN1>Tour&eacute;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transition <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Salvation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <c PUL>(<w NP0>CTSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w AV0>Also <w AJ0-NN1>present <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CTSP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN2>Movements <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fronts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azawad<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tuaregs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="665"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AV0>originally <w VVN>planned <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>session <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tombouctou <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38563<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>end <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>representatives <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>settlement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w DT0>all <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>; <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>acts <w CJC>and <w NN2>losses<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>suffered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w DT0>all <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w VVD-VVN>made<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tombouctu <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="668"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN2>Developments <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>linked <w NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>in <w NP0>Niger <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLECA01H></p>
<caption id=HLECA01H>
<s n="669"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="670"><w AT0>A <w NN1>cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="671"><w NP0>Amadou <w NP0>Modi <w NN1>Dial <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w DPS>His <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in Charge of <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>CTSP <w CJC>and <w NN2>Associations <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Birama <w NN1-VVB>Sire <w NN1-NP0>Traore<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>exchanged <w DPS>his <w NN1>portfolio <w PRF>of <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>Security <w PRP>with <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Moussa <w NP0-NN1>Diabate<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Brire <w NP0>de <w NP0>l'Isle <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w NN1>Promotion<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Diadie <w NP0>Yacouba <w NP0>Danioko <c PUL>(<w NN2>Sports<c PUN>, <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Youth <w NN1>Promotion<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bokum <w NP0>Mariam <w NP0>Suzanne <w NP0>Maiga <c PUL>(<w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in Charge of <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w NN1>Promotion<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="674"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="675"><w NP0>GUINEA-BISSAU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="676"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="677"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Bernardo <w NP0>Vieira <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w VVD-AJ0>appointed <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Correia<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revived <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>32899-900<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="678"><w PRP>In <w AJC>further <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Cruz <w NP0>Pinto <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>from <w NP0>Vasco <w NP0-NN1>Cabral <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38085<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vieira<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>assumed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Samba <w NP0>Lamine <w NN1>Mane<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>named <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Natural <w NN2>Resources <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Filinto <w NP0>de <w NP0>Barros <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w NP0-NN1>Vieira <w VVD>relinquished <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>to <w NP0>Abubacar <w NP0-NN1>Balde <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>appointed <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Godinho <w NP0>Gomes <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>M&aacute;rio <w NP0>Cabral<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>.
<s n="680"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>changes <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malam <w NP0>Bacai <w NP0>Sanha <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Mussa <w NP0-NN1>Djassi <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01J></p>
<caption id=HLECA01J>
<s n="681"><w NN1>Recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="682"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>legalized <w CRD>two <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau <w NN1>Resistance <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>Bassat <w NN1>Movement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w CRD>17 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>one-party <w NN1>rule <w PRP>by <w VVG>legalizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="684"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>amidst <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUSD<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Victor <w NP0>Saude <w NP0>Maria<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>filed <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="685"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="686"><w NP0>CHAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="687"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>commission
</head>
<p>
<s n="688"><w AT0>A <w NN1>list <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>detailed <w CRD>four <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>reshuffled <w PRP>to <w AJ0>different <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="689"><w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0>Koty<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>exchanged <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>with <w NP0>Nadjita <w NP0>Beassoumal<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG-AJ0>becoming <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><w VVB>Ahmat <w NP0>Hassaballah <w NP0>Soubiane <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Maldom <w NP0>Bada <w NP0>Abbas<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38519<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w NP0-NN1>Ahmad <w NP0-NN1>Soungui<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information<c PUN>, <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahamat <w NP0>Saleh <w NP0>Ahmat <w VVD>replaced <w PNP>him <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <w VBD>was <w VVN>created <w PRP>under <w NP0>Adoum <w NP0-NN1>Togoi<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01K></p>
<caption id=HLECA01K>
<s n="693"><w NN1>Preparation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="694"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>79-member <w AJ0>national <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>created <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w CJC>and <w NN1>agenda <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Conference <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>democratization <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="695"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w CRD>10 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>groups <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>denounced <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>over-representation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPS<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w AT0>The <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chadian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rally <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN2>Nationalists<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>ignore <w AT0>the <w AJ0>non-political <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w AJ0>young <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w NN2>businessmen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="697"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="698"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="699"><w NN1>Ceasefire <w PRP>between <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2>factions <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w NN1-VVB>visit
</head>
<p>
<s n="700"><w NN2>Clashes <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>) <w VVD>caused <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2>casualties <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bor <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kongor <c PUL>(<w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Juba<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-point <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>mediation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Churches <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="702"><w AT0>The <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Garang <w CJC>and <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lam <w NP0-NN1>Akol <w CJC>and <w NP0>Riek <w NP0>Mashar <w NP0>Teny-Durgon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38426<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nasir <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>town <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>based<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w AT0>An <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="704"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>army <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>criticized <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>said <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>circles <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>colonialist <w NN2>churches<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w VBD>were <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w AJ0>divided <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>secede<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01L></p>
<caption id=HLECA01L>
<s n="705"><w NN1>Shelling <w PRF>of <w NP0>Juba
</caption>
<p>
<s n="706"><w AJ0-VVD>Renewed <w NP0>SPLA <w NN1>shelling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>government-held <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Juba <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w CRD>70 <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>by <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Darfur <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>, <w AV0>meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>planes <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>bombed <w AJ0>SPLA-held <w NN2>villages<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="708"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khartoum <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>killed <w CRD>13 <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>shanty-town <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>resisting <w DPS>its <w NN1>demolition<c PUN>.
<s n="709"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>settlement <w VVD-VVN>housed <w DT0>some <w CRD>30,000 <w AJ0>displaced <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01M></p>
<caption id=HLECA01M>
<s n="710"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup <w NN2>plotters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="711"><w CRD>Ten <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38380<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w DPS>their <w NN2>sentences <w VVN>commuted <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>were <w AV0>either <w VVN>acquitted <w CJC>or <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w AJ0>lesser <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="713"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>news <w NN0>media <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ana <w NP0>Sudan <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w NP0>Sudan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01N></p>
<caption id=HLECA01N>
<s n="714"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rafsanjani
</caption>
<p>
<s n="715"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>157-member <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Sudan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13-15<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0-NN1>Vellayati<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Abdol-Hossein <w NP0-NN1>Vahaji <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Logistics <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Akbar <w NN1-NP0>Torkan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="717"><w AT0>A <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>covering <w NN2>areas <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>exchanges <w CJC>and <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>training <w PRF>of <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>cadres<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khartoum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>a <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>advancing <w PRP>towards <w NN1>Islamicization<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="719"><w PNP>He <w VVD>rejected <w NN1-AJ0>Arab<c PUN>, <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN2>Guards <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NN1>desert <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sudan <w VBD>were <w VVG>training <w AJ0>Sudanese <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
<s n="720"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>press <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>funding <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sudan <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>weaponry <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="721"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="722"><w NP0>MADAGASCAR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="723"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NN1>coalition
</head>
<p>
<s n="724"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Guy <w NP0>Razanamasy <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJC>broader-based <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>including <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Comit&eacute; <w NP0>de <w NN2>forces <w VVZ>vives<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w AT0>The <w DT0>latter <w VHD>had <w AV0>at first <w VVN>supported <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitionary <w NN1>state <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Razanamasy <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38565<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="726"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Comit&eacute; <w NP0>de <w NN2>forces <w VVZ>vives <w VVN>held <w CRD>14 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>36 <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Alfred <w NP0>Ramangasoavina<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Zafy <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>remained <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Education <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Evariste <w NP0>Marson <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fulgence <w NP0-NN1>Fanony<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN2>portfolios <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unchanged<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="728"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="729"><w NP0>MAURITIUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="730"><w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>republic
</head>
<p>
<s n="731"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Aneerood <w NP0>Jugnauth<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mauritius <w VM0>would <w VVI>break <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>crown <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38520<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Amendment <w NN1-NP0>Bill<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Mauritius<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarchy <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="732"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>current <w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Veerasamy <w NP0>Ringadoo<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>assume <w AT0>the <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w NN1>president <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>duration <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>fixed<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w NN1>vice-president <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="734"><w CRD>Seven <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>abstained <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>status <w VVD>strengthened <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>.
<s n="735"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="736"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="737"><w NP0>SEYCHELLES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="738"><w NN1>Ending <w PRF>of <w AJ0>one-party <w NN1>state
</head>
<p>
<s n="739"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Seychelles <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPPF<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w TO0>to <w VVI>legalize <w AT0>the <w NN1>activity <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="740"><w NP0>President <w NP0>France-Albert <w NP0>Ren&eacute;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>seized <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>resisted <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>one-party <w NN1>rule <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w AT0>a <w AJ0>plural <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="741"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>French <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>governments <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>linked <w DT0>any <w AJ0>future <w NN1>aid <w TO0>to <w VVI>progress <w PRP>in <w NN1>democratization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="742"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Danielle <w NP0>de <w NP0>St <w NP0>Jorre<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>modifications <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w AJ0>party-based <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>commission <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="743"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w VM0>would <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>won <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="744"><w NP0>Maxime <w NP0>Ferrari<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-VVB>exile <w NN1>group <w NN1>Rally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Seychelles <w NN0>People <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="745"><w PNP>He <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>commission <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w NP0>March <w CJC>or <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>under <w AJ0>international <w NN1>supervision<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w PRP>by <w VVG>appointing <w CRD>three <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="747"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="748"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<p>
<s n="749"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w PRP>by <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w CRD>180 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>kwanzas <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>dollar <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w VBD>was <w AV0>previously <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="750"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="751"><w NP0>CAPE <w NP0>VERDE
</head>
<p>
<s n="752"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPD<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>councils <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>party <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAICV<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>three<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>local <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="753"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="754"><w NP0>UGANDA
</head>
<p>
<s n="755"><w NP0>Isaac <w NP0>Ojok<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Obote <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG>plotting <w AT0>the <w NN1>downfall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yoweri <w NP0-NN1>Museveni<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ojok<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Holy <w NN1>Spirit <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>after <w VBG>being<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>stupefied <w PRP>by <w NN2>herbs<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Alice <w NP0>Lakwena <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w PNQ>whom <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35493<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="756"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="757"><w NP0>ZAMBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="758"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>subsidy <w PRP>on <w NN1>cornmeal<c PUN>, <w VVG>averaging <w UNC>US&dollar;10,400,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>doubled <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>staple <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="759"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="760"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="761"><w NN2>Appointments <w PRP>to <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>team
</head>
<caption>
<s n="762"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sununu
</caption>
<p>
<s n="763"><w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>John <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Sununu <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <c PUL>(<w AJ0>effective <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>Republicans <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>removal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="764"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w NN1>letter <w NN1-NP0>Sununu <w VVD>informed <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>owing to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>distorted <w NN2>perceptions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>liability <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>jeopardize <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NN1>reluctance<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>regret<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>loss<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Sununu <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>counsellor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>with <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRF>of <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="766"><w NP0-NN1>Sununu<w POS>'s <w AJ0>abrasive <w CJC>and <w AV0>often <w AJ0>arrogant <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>style <w VVD>won <w PNP>him <w DT0>few <w NN2>friends <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>tenure <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
<s n="767"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1991 <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w VVN>undermined <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>scandals <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w NN2>cars <w PRP>for <w AJ0>private <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>practice <w DTQ>which <w VVD>earned <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1-VVB>rebuke <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="768"><w PRP>By <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>popularity <w VVG>falling <w AV0>steadily<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Sununu<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01P></p>
<caption id=HLECA01P>
<s n="769"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Commerce <w NN1>Secretary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>team
</caption>
<p>
<s n="770"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>named <w NN1>Transport <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Skinner <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>team <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>re-election <w NN1-VVB>bid<c PUN>.
<s n="771"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>chose <w NN1>Commerce <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Mosbacher <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w VVG>naming <w NP0>Barbara <w NP0>Hackman <w NP0>Franklin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Mosbacher<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor <w PRP>as <w NN1>Commerce <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="772"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>team <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w NP0>Robert <w NN1>M. <w VVB>Teeter<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>pollster<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0>political <w NN1>strategist<c PUN>; <w NP0>Frederic <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Malek <w VVD>became <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>manager<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mary <w NP0>Matalin<c PUN>, <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>national <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>woman <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>director<c PUN>; <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Jr <w CJC>and <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Bond <w VBD>were <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="773"><w NP0>Skinner <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>maintained <w AJ0>cordial <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w DPS>His <w NN1>association <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>dated <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w CRD>1980 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>managed <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Illinois <w NN1>primary <w PRP>against <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Reagan<c PUN>.
<s n="775"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>impeccable <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN2>credentials <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sununu<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN-VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Skinner <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="776"><w NP0-NN1>Skinner <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>liaising <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>troika <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>apex <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="777"><w NP0>Mosbacher<c PUN>, <w CRD>64<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0>Bush <w AT0>a <w AJ0>native <w AJC>easterner <w PNQ>who <w VVD>moved <w PRP>to <w NP0>Texas <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>fortune <w PRP>in <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>finance <w NN1>chairman <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>once again <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>financing <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="778"><w VVB>Teeter<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>noted <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>experience <w CJC>and <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>skills<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w VVB-NN1>Malek<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>noted <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>managerial <w NN2>skills<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>considered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sununu<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="780"><w NP0>Franklin<c PUN>, <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>corporate <w NN2>boards<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN2>Manufacturers<w POS>' <w NN1>Association <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>50 <w AV0>most <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>business <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>awarded <w AT0>a <w NN1>master<w POS>'s <w NN1>degree <w PRP>in <w NN1>business <w NN1>administration <w PRP>from <w NP0>Harvard <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w NP0>Franklin <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w PRP>under <w NP0>President <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Nixon<c PUN>.
<s n="782"><w CJS>If <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Franklin <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>woman <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Representative <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Negotiations <w NP0>Carla <w NP0>Hills <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Lynn <w NP0>Martin<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01R></p>
<caption id=HLECA01R>
<s n="783"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="784"><w NP0>December <w VVD>saw <w DT0>several <w AJ0>key <w NN2>developments <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination <w NN2>campaigns <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="785"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>persisting <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>agenda <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>damage <w AT0>the <w NN1>standing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>ratings <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AV0>dramatically <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>high <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="786"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w AT0>a <w NP0>Time-CNN <w NN1>poll <w VVD>gave <w DPS>his <w NN1>approval <w NN1-VVG>rating <w CJS>as <w CRD>46 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>throughout <w DPS>his <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>presidency <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AV0>below <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="787"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Washington <w AJ0>Post-ABC <w NN1>News <w NN1>poll <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>confirmed <w DT0>this <w NN1>finding<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w AT0>a <w CRD>47 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>approval <w NN1>rating<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>perception <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w AJ0>vulnerable <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w AJ0>apparent <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new-found <w NN1>confidence <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN1>Democrat <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>launching <w PRF>of <w NN2>challenges <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01S></p>
<caption id=HLECA01S>
<s n="789"><w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w NP0>David <w NN1>Duke <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>challenger <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>nomination
</caption>
<p>
<s n="790"><w AJ0>Fresh <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Louisiana <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38566<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NN1>Duke <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidature <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w NN1>Duke<c PUN>, <w CRD>41<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Louisiana <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>figure <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ku <w NP0>Klux <w NP0>Klan<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>enter <w AT0>every <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>primary <w PRP-CJS>except <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>contest <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="792"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>suggested <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w PNP>he <w VVI>fail <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>independent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="793"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>, <w NN1>Duke <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w PNX>himself <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>skilled <w NN1>politician <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>mobilizing <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>support <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w AJ0>working <w NN1>class<c PUN>.
<s n="794"><w PRP>In <w VVG>declaring <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PNP>he <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w NN1>discrimination<c PUN>, <w AJ0>high <w NN1>taxation<c PUN>, <w NN1>crime<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w NN1>immigration<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>nationalism <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>policy <w VVN>based <w PRP>upon <w NN1>reciprocity<c PUN>.
<s n="795"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w NN1>commentator <w AJ0-VVD>expected <w NN1>Duke <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w AJ0-VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>generate <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1-VVB>support <w TO0>to <w VVI>embarrass <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>true <w PRP>in relation to <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>primaries <w AV0>immediately <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Southern <w NN2>states <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN1>Duke<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJS>strongest<c PUN>.
<s n="797"><w DT0>These <w AV0>also <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>primaries<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w DT0>any <w AJ0>registered <w NN1>voter <w VM0>could <w VVI>participate<c PUN>, <w PRP>as opposed to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>closed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>contests <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>registered <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVB>entitle <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>factor <w VVD-VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VVI>favour <w NN1>Duke<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="798"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>Duke <w VHD>had <w VVN>dismissed <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN1>association <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>racist <w NP0-NN1>Ku <w NP0>Klux <w NP0>Klan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN2>groups <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>youthful <w NN1>indiscretion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>as <w AV0>recently <w CJS>as <w CRD>1988 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>contested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>nominee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Populist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>known <w NN1>repository <w PRF>of <w NN2>neo-Nazis <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN2>Klansmen <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AV0>openly <w AJ0>racist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-Semitic <w NN1>platform<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>controversial <w AJ0>political <w NN1>lineage <w VVD>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w NN1>establishment <w TO0>to <w VVI>disown <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>states <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w PRP>from <w VVG>appearing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>papers<c PUN>.
<s n="800"><w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>spokesman <w NP0>Marlin <w NP0>Fitzwater <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>to <w NN1>Duke<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>by <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>represented<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stood <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>bigotry<c PUN>, <w NN1>racism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>qualities <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>in <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>political <w NN1>life<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01T></p>
<caption id=HLECA01T>
<s n="801"><w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Buchanan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="802"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>: <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>J. <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>commentator <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>aide <w PRP>to <w NN2>Presidents <w NP0>Nixon <w CJC>and <w NP0>Reagan<c PUN>.
<s n="803"><w VVG>Outlining <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>America <w ORD>First<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>platform<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buchanan <w VVD>stated <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w XX0>not <w AV0>merely <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>transform <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>debate <w VVG>surrounding <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NN1>nominee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="804"><w CJS>Whereas <w NN1>Duke<w POS>'s <w NN1>challenge <w VBD>was <w AJ0>reminiscent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>bids <w PRP>between <w CRD>1964 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1976 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>racist <w NP0>Alabama <w NN1>governor <w NP0>George <w NP0>Wallace<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>contained <w AJC>older <w NN2>resonances <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>isolationist <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1930s <w CJS>as <w VVN>championed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Charles <w NP0-NN1>Lindbergh<c PUN>.
<s n="805"><w PRP>As <w DT0>such<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w NN1>message <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>style <w PRF>of <w NN1>conservatism <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>dominated <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>onset <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w AT0>The <w NN1>essence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN1>conservatism <w VBD>was <w NN1>isolationist <w PRP>by <w NN1>nature<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>stance <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>after <w CRD>1945 <w AV0>only <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>the <w NN1>menace <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>communism<c PUN>.
<s n="807"><w PRP>With <w DT0>that <w NN1>threat <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>neutralized<c PUN>, <w VVD>argued <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>nationalism <w VVN>based <w PRP>upon <w NN1>protectionism<c PUN>, <w AJ0>minimal <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>avoidance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>entanglements<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Judeo-Christian <w NN2>values<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w VBG>being<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>dumped <w PRP>onto <w DT0>some <w NN1>landfill <w VVN>called <w NN1>multiculturalism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="808"><w VVG>Calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>nationalism<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>put<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>America <w ORD>first<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buchanan <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>lay <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w NN1>East<c PUN>.
<s n="809"><w AV0>Consequently<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>institutions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AJ0>vast <w AJ0>permanent <w NP0>US <w NN2>armies <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>soil<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AJ0>old <w NN2>alliances <w PRP>against <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>enemies <w CJT>that <w AV0>no longer <w VVB>exist<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>billions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>re-examined<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="810"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ferocious <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>record <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buchanan <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AJ0>great <w NN2>lengths <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize <w DPS>his <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War <w CJC>and <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>graciousness<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>honour <w CJC>and <w NN1>integrity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="811"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w PRP>about <w NN2>personalities<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>stressed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>stark <w NN1>choice <w PRP>between <w NN1>internationalism <w CJC>and <w NN1>nationalism<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01U></p>
<caption id=HLECA01U>
<s n="812"><w NN1-VVB>Debate <w PRP>between <w NN2>contenders <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nomination
</caption>
<p>
<s n="813"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>debate <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AJ0-VVD>declared <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nomination <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="814"><w PNI>None <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arkansas<c PUN>; <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Tom <w NN1-NP0>Harkin <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iowa<c PUN>; <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Bob <w NP0-NN1>Kerrey <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nebraska<c PUN>; <w DT0>former <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Tsongas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Massachusetts<c PUN>; <w DT0>former <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Gerry <w NP0>Brown <w PRF>of <w NP0>California<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Wilder <w PRF>of <w NP0>Virginia <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w AV0>nationally <w AJ0-VVN>recognised <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w VHD>had <w VVN>laboured <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>pack <w CJC>and <w VVB>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>lead <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="815"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>marginally <w PRP>ahead of <w DPS>his <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>made <w DT0>some <w AJ0>effective <w NN2>speeches <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>achieved <w CRD>54 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-binding <w NN1>straw <w NN1>poll <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Florida <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>convention<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w NN1-NP0>Harkin<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old-style <w NN1>labour <w NN1>Democrat<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>scored <w CRD>31 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kerrey<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>youthful <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>veteran <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>progressed <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>scored <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="817"><w AT0>The <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>watched <w PRP>by <w CRD>8,000,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>ill-tempered <w NN1>sparring<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>contenders <w VVG>choosing <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w VVG>berating <w PNX>each other <w CJS>than <w VVG>attacking <w AT0>the <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="818"><w CJS>While <w AT0>no <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>winner <w VVD>emerged<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kerrey<w POS>'s <w NN1>performance <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>effective<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Kerrey<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>success<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PNP>it <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w NN1>setback <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>restaurant <w NN1>chain <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w NN1>part-owner <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>fined <w NN0>&dollar;64,000 <w PRP>for <w CRD>116 <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w NN1>child <w NN1>protection <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
<s n="820"><w CJS>Although <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kerrey <w VHD>had <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>cited <w DPS>his <w NN1>experience <w VVN-VVD>gained <w PRP>from <w VVG>establishing <w DPS>his <w NN1>business <w CJS>as <w PRP>among <w DPS>his <w NN2>qualifications <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01V></p>
<caption id=HLECA01V>
<s n="821"><w NN1>Decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mario <w NP0-NN1>Cuomo <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nomination
</caption>
<p>
<s n="822"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>absentee <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mario <w NP0-NN1>Cuomo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="823"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>political <w NN1>heavyweight <w PRP>with <w AV0>far <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>national <w NN1>name-recognition <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fund-raising <w NN1>capacity <w CJS>than <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AJ0-VVD>declared <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Cuomo <w VBD>was <w VVN>extpected <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sizable <w NN1-VVB>lead <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN2>rivals <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>.
<s n="824"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevaricate <w AV0>even <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w VVG>registering <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>contest <w VVD-VVN>approached<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>indicating <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w AV0>yet <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w AV0>satisfactorily <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>between <w PNX>himself <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="825"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>90 <w NN2>minutes <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cuomo <w VVD>ended <w CRD>10 <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>nomination <w NN1>contest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="826"><w CJS>Whilst <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>run<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>explained <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>obligation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>state <w VVD>came <w PRP>before <w DPS>his <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>ambition <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w PNP>He <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>for <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>brink <w PRF>of <w NN1>disaster<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>blocking <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w NN0>&dollar;875 <w CRD>million <w NN1>gap <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>state <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;3,600 <w CRD>million <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coming <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>contemplate <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w CJS>whilst <w DPS>his <w NN1>state <w VVN-VVD>faced <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01W><ptr target=HLECA01X></p>
<caption id=HLECA01W>
<s n="828"><w AJ0>Mayoral <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<caption id=HLECA01X>
<s n="829"><w AJ0>Mayoral <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Francisco
</caption>
<p>
<s n="830"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>reputation <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Francisco <w VBD>was <w AV0>severely <w VVN>shaken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Art <w NP0>Agnos<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>opponent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>.
<s n="831"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>both <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w VVD>epitomized <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>by <w AJ0>white <w AJ0>heterosexual <w NN2>conservatives <w PRP>towards <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>perceived <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>minority-dominated<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pro-homosexual <w NN1>culture <w CJS>as <w VVN>symbolized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Agnos<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>social <w NN1>worker<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="832"><w AT0>The <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NP0>Agnos <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>undermined <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <c PUL>(<w AV0>much <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VVD>inherited<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>legacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>earthquake <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36970-71<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w NN2>Polls <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>election <w NN1>issue <w PRP>for <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w CRD>8,000 <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w AJ0>homeless <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>sleeping <w AJ0>rough <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w NP0>Jordan <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>homeless <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>state-run <w NN1>farm<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VVD>distanced <w PNX>himself <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>view <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>campaigned <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>promise <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>return <w AJ0>safe <w CJC>and <w AJ0>clean <w NN2>streets<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="836"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w AJ0>close<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jordan <w NN1>polling <w CRD>52 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>48 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>Agnos<c PUN>.
<s n="837"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VHD>had <w VVN>unseated <w AT0>an <w AJ0>incumbent <w NN1>mayor <w PRP>since <w CRD>1943<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><w AJ0>Mayoral <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Houston
</p>
<p>
<s n="839"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>mayoral <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Houston<c PUN>, <w NP0>Texas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>fourth-largest <w NN1>city <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="840"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-partisan <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>contest <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Lanier<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>Democrat<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sylvestor <w NP0>Turner<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AV0>more <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>opponent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="841"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-off <w VHG>having <w VVN>achieved <w CRD>44 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="842"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kathy <w NP0>Whitmire<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>eliminated <w PRP>after <w VVG>receiving <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="843"><w NN1-NP0>Lanier<c PUN>, <w CRD>66<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wealthy <w AJ0>white <w NN1>property <w NN1>developer <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w AV0>before <w VVN>run <w PRP>for <w AJ0>public <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="844"><w NP0>Turner<c PUN>, <w CRD>37<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>graduate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Harvard <w NN1>law <w NN1>school <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w CRD>two <w NN2>terms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="845"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w AV0>keenly <w VVN>contested <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>both <w NN2>candidates <w VVD-VVN>spent <w AV0>heavily <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>campaigns <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>little <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>campaigning <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>crime <w NN1>rate <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="846"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Houston <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN1>race <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>factor<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Lanier <w VVG>campaigning <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>black <w NN2>neighbourhoods <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turner <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w AJ0>considerable <w AJ0>white <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Whitmire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="847"><w NP0-NN1>Lanier <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>winner <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1-VVG>polling <w CRD>53 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>47 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Turner<c PUN>.
<s n="848"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Turner <w VVD>made <w NN2>inroads <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AV0>more than <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hispanic <w NN1>vote <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLECA01Y>
<s n="849"><w NN1>Acquittal <w PRF>of <w NP0>William <w NP0>Kennedy <w NP0>Smith
</caption>
<p>
<s n="850"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>testimony <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>William <w NP0>Kennedy <w NP0>Smith <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>defendant <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>felony <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>battery <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w PRP>for <w NN1>rape <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Florida <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>justice <w NN1>system<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>misdemeanour <w NN1>battery <w NN1>charge<c PUN>.
<s n="851"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>six-member <w NN1>jury <c PUL>(<w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>men<c PUR>) <w VVD>deliberated <w PRP>for <w CRD>77 <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>before <w VVG>concluding <w PRP>in <w NP0>Smith<w POS>'s <w NN1>favour <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>ending <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>reported <w NN2>trials <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="852"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>encounter <w PRP>between <w NP0>Smith <w CJC>and <w NP0>Patricia <w NP0-NN1>Bowman <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38139<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>based <w PRP>upon <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>consent<c PUN>.
<s n="853"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>women<w POS>'s <w NN1>identity <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>shielded <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w NN1>news <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-trial <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VVD>chose <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w DPS>her <w NN1>identity <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="854"><w DT0>Most <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>attributed <w NP0>Smith<w POS>'s <w NN1>acquittal <w PRP>to <w NN2>inconsistencies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bowman<w POS>'s <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ineffective <w NN1>performance <w PRP>by <w NN1>prosecutor <w NP0>Moria <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Lasch<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0>Mary <w NP0>E. <w NP0-NN1>Lupo <w TO0>to <w VVI>exclude <w AT0>the <w NN1>testimony <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>women <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Smith <w VHD>had <w VVN>assaulted <w PNP>them <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="855"><w PRP>Like <w AT0>the <w NP0>Clarence <w NP0>Thomas <w NN1>confirmation <w NN2>hearings <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38510-11<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Smith <w NN1>case <w VVD>encapsulated <w DT0>many <w AJ0>salient <w NN2>features <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>violence <w PRP>against <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJC>wider <w AJ0>contemporary <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>gender <w NN2>relations <w PRP>within <w NP0>US <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
<s n="856"><w DT0>This<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AJ0>live <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>coverage <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>sensationalist <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kennedy <w NN1>family<w POS>'s <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VVD>received <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>attention <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>generated <w NN2>opinions <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w AJ0>vociferous <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>partisan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="857"><w PRP>Amongst <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gave <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Kennedy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Smith<w POS>'s <w NN1>uncle<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>initiated <w AT0>the <w NN1>drinking <w NN1>expedition <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w NP0>Smith<w POS>'s <w NN1>encounter <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Bowman<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w NN2>Polls <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kennedy<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w VVG-NN1>rating <w PRP>amongst <w DPS>his <w NP0>Massachusetts <w NN2>constituents <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AV0>so <w AV0>dramatically <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>episode <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>fail <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA020></p>
<caption id=HLECA020>
<s n="859"><w NN1>Trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Keating
</caption>
<p>
<s n="860"><w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Keating <w NP0>Jr<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>multi-millionaire <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>speculative <w NN2>activities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subsequent <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>collapse <w VVD>came <w TO0>to <w VVI>epitomize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>savings <w CJC>and <w NN1>loan <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w CRD>17 <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w NN2>securities <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>California <w AJ0>Superior <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>acquitted <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>count<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><w AJ0>Due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>penalty <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>fine <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;250,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="863"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NP0>Keating<w POS>'s <w AJ0>California-based <w NP0>Lincoln <w NN2>Savings <w CJC>and <w NN1>Loan <w NN1>Association <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>thrift <w NN2>failures<c PUN>.
<s n="864"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>cost <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>taxpayer <w NN0>&dollar;2,600 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN0>ethics <w NN2>violations <w PRP>against <w CRD>five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38568<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="865"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VBD>were <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DT0>several <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>prosecutions <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lincoln<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keating <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w AJ0>misleading <w AJ0>small <w NN2>investors <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>junk <w NN2>bonds <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>high-risk<c PUN>, <w AJ0>high-yield <w NN2>securities <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>American <w AJ0-NN1>Continental <w NN1>Corp.<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lincoln <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>subsidiary<c PUN>.
<s n="866"><w AT0>A <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w NN2>investors <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NN1>money <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lincoln <w VHD>had <w VVN>collapsed <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>courtroom <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>celebrated <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>verdicts <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="867"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w VVN>filed <w PRP>against <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>jury <w PRP>in <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w VVD>returned <w AT0>a <w AJ0>77-count <w NN1>indictment <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>son-in-law <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>associates<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>racketeering<c PUN>, <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>bank <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w NN2>securities <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w NN1>misapplication <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w CJC>and <w AJ0>interstate <w NN1>transportation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>stolen <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="869"><w CJS>If <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w VVZ>counts <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VM0>could <w VVI>face <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w CRD>475-525 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN0>&dollar;17,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>fines <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>forfeiture <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;265,000,000 <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
<s n="870"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN2>Securities <w CJC>and <w NN1>Exchange <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>filed <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Keating <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w NN2>others<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA021></p>
<caption id=HLECA021>
<s n="871"><w AV0>In brief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="872"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Army <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>soldier <w VVG>serving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>34 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>spying <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jordan <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="873"><w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Sombolay<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>selling <w NN2>samples <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical-weapon <w NN1>protection <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN1>identification <w NN2-VVZ>documents <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>officer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="874"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>struck <w AVP>down <w AT0>a <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>state <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w NN2>profits <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0>convicted <w NN2>criminals <w PRP>from <w VVG>publicizing <w DPS>their <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
<s n="875"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Son <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sam <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in <w CRD>34 <w AJ0>other <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>states<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>adjudged <w TO0>to <w VVI>contravene <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>guarantee <w PRF>of <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>speech<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="876"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>signed <w PRP>into <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>a <w NN1>transport <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allocated <w NN0>&dollar;119,000 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>funds <w PRP>to <w NN1>road <w NN1>construction <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;31,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>transit<c PUN>.
<s n="877"><w NN2>Sponsors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>create <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,000,000 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>preserve <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,000,000 <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="878"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="879"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="880"><w NN1>Gun <w NN1-VVB>control <w NN1>legislation
</head>
<p>
<s n="881"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VVD-VVN>approved<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>assent <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>introducing <w AJC>tougher <w NN1>gun <w NN1-VVB>control <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>shooting <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN2>women <w PRP>at <w NP0>Montreal <w NN1>University <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37120<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="883"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Act <w VVD>included <w NN2>provisions <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG>raising <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>age <w PRP>for <w NN1>gun <w NN1>ownership <w PRP>from <w CRD>16 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN1>28-day <w VVG-NN1>waiting <w NN1>period <w CJS>before <w AT0>an <w NN1>acquisition <w NN1>certificate <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>prohibiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>automatic <w NN2>firearms<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sawn-off <w NN2>rifles<c PUN>, <w NN2>shotguns<c PUN>, <w NN1>firearm <w NN2>silencers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVG>doubling <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prohibited <w NN1>weapon <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="884"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>final <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="885"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Act <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Bill <w CRD>C-17<c PUR>) <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>related <w NN1>Act <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Bill <w UNC>C-6<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>introduced <w AJC>tougher <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>import<c PUN>, <w NN1>possession <w CJC>and <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w AJ0>automatic <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AJ0>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>assent <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA022></p>
<caption id=HLECA022>
<s n="887"><w NN1>Agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nunavut
</caption>
<p>
<s n="888"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>aboriginal <w NN1>land <w NN1-VVB>claim <w NN1>settlement <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>native <w NN1>Inuit<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>semi-autonomous <w AJ0-NN1>Inuit <w NN1>territory <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN0>sq km <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN1>landmass<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>carved <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>reaches <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vast <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>stretch <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Manitoba <w NN1>border <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NN1>Pole<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>Nunavut<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Eskimo <w NN1>term <w VVG>meaning<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>our <w NN1>land<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="891"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>(<w VVD>reached <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38221-22<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>17,000 <w AJ0-NN1>Inuit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>constituted <w DT0>some <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN1>population<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>hunt<c PUN>, <w NN0>fish <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>trap <w PRP>within <w NP0-NN1>Nunavut<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>receive <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w CRD>350,000 <w NN0>sq km <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w NN1>mineral <w NN2>rights <w PRP>on <w CRD>36,000 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><w AT0>The <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Nunavut <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>crown <w NN1>land<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Inuit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>a <w NN1>portion <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>resource <w NN2>royalties<c PUN>.
<s n="894"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Inuit <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>receive <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w VM0>Can<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w NN0>&dollar;580 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-year <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="896"><w PRP>In <w NN1-VVB>return <w AT0>the <w NN1>Inuit <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender <w DPS>their <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>renamed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="897"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>aboriginal <w NN1>land <w NN1-VVB>claim <w NN1>settlement <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1984 <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,500 <w NN1>Inuit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w AJ0>Arctic <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>title <w PRP>to <w CRD>35,000 <w AJ0>square <w NN2>miles<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w DT0>some <w CRD>7,000 <w NN2>Indians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yukon <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>over <w CRD>16,000 <w AJ0>square <w NN2>miles<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w DT0>some <w CRD>13,000 <w UNC>Dene-Metis <w NN2>Indians <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w CRD>70,000 <w AJ0>square <w NN2>miles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Arctic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sub-Arctic <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="899"><w AT0>The <w UNC>Dene-Metis <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>foundered <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>requirement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>natives <w VVB>surrender <w DPS>their <w AJ0>aboriginal <w NN2>rights <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>lands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="900"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>agreement <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>the <w NN1>finalization <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w NN2>details <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>within <w NN1-NP0>Nunavut <w VVN-VVD>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="901"><w CJS>If <w VVN-AJ0>approved<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>anticipated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN1-NP0>Nunavut <w PRP>with <w AJ0>non-provincial <w NN1>status <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>legislature <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w AV0>currently <w VVN>possessed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yukon <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="902"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="903"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="904"><w AJ0>Additional <w NN1>energy <w NN2>restrictions
</head>
<p>
<s n="905"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>announced <w AJC>further <w NN1>emergency <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deepening <w NN1>energy <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38431<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="906"><w NN1>Television <w NN1>broadcasting <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>were <w NN1>air <w NN1>conditioning<c PUN>, <w NN1>street <w NN1>lighting <w CJC>and <w AJ0>floodlit <w NN2>sports <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
<s n="907"><w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>transport <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NN1>taxi <w NN2>services <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w VVG>taking <w NN0>people <w PRP>to <w NN1>hospital <w CJC>or <w PRP>to <w NN2>funerals<c PUN>.
<s n="908"><w NN1>Electricity <w NN2>supplies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>fixed <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>supply <w CJS>if <w NN2>limits <w VBD>were <w VVN>exceeded<c PUN>.
<s n="909"><w TO0>To <w VVI>save <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>costs <w AJ0>surplus <w NN1>labour <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>relocated<c PUN>, <w AV0>predominantly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>sector<c PUN>; <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>possible <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>kept <w PRP>at <w NN1>work <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w DT0>former <w NN1>salary<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA023></p>
<caption id=HLECA023>
<s n="910"><w NN1>Prospect <w PRF>of <w NN1>cessation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>aid <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine
</caption>
<p>
<s n="911"><w AT0>The <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>restrictions <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w TO0>to <w VVI>fulfil <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>export <w NN2>commitments<c PUN>, <w AJ0>particulary <w AJ0>vital <w NN1>oil <w NN2>shipments<c PUN>.
<s n="912"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VM0>would <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>practice <w PRF>of <w VVG>supplying <w NN1>oil <w PRP>at <w AV0>well <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>market <w NN1>price <w CJS>while <w VVG>buying <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>sugar <w PRP>at <w AV0>well <w PRP>above <w AJ0>international <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="913"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>fears <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21-26 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jorge <w AJ0>Mas <w NP0-NN1>Canosa<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Miami-based <w AJ0>Cuban-American <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Foundation <c PUL>(<w NP0>CANF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>exiles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
<s n="914"><w NP0-NN1>Canosa <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NP0>Cuba<w POS>'s <w NN1>lifeline <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>subsidies <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="915"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Isidoro <w NP0>Malmierca <w NP0>Peoli<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>days<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>sugar <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="916"><w NP0-NN1>Malmierca <w VVD>gave <w AT0>no <w NN2>details<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>analysts <w VVD>interpreted <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w CJS>as <w AJC>further <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w NP0>Ruz <w VVD>retained <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>influence <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inner <w NN1>circle <w PRF>of <w NN2>advisers <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="917"><w NN1-NP0>Malmierca <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <w VBD>were <w VVG>proceeding <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA024></p>
<caption id=HLECA024>
<s n="918"><w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>assembly <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="919"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Power<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w ORD>ninth <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26-27<c PUN>, <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>suggested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCC<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38523-24<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="920"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>ratification <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="922"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>months <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parlous <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w NP0>Castro <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>systems<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>them <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>instrument <w PRF>of <w NN1>imperialism<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>fragmented <w CJC>and <w AJ0>divided <w NN2>societies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA025></p>
<caption id=HLECA025>
<s n="924"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>dissident
</caption>
<p>
<s n="925"><w NP0>Indamiro <w NP0>Restano<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>centre-left <w NN1>movement <w NN1>Manifesto <w PRF>of <w NN1>Harmony <c PUL>(<w NP0>Armonia<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Coalition <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDC<c PUR>) <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>dissident <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0-NN1>Havana<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="926"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="927"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="928"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN1>repression
</head>
<p>
<s n="929"><w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>news <w VVG-NN1>filtering <w PRP>into <w AJ0>neighbouring <w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VVN>initiated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>repression <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>forestall <w AT0>the <w NN1>celebration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="930"><w AJ0>Heavy <w NN1>calibre <w NN1>gunfire <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Port-au-Prince <w CJC>and <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tontons <w NP0>Macoutes <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>army <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Duvalier <w NN1>dictatorship<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>moved <w PRP>into <w NN1>slum <w NN2>areas <w TO0>to <w VVI>quell <w AJC>further <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military-backed <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="931"><w NN2>Broadcasts <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clandestine <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w VVD-VVN>named <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Bertrand <w NP0>Aristide<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>deposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430<c PUN>; <w CRD>38522-23<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tontons <w NP0>Macoutes <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>eliminate <w PNP>them <w PRP>within <w CRD>72 <w NN2>hours<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="932"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>100 <w NN2>homes <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Aristide <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w VVN>burnt <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="933"><w AV0-AJ0>Only <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN2>stations <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>broadcasting <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="934"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>station <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Galaxy <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>ransacked <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>director <w NP0>F&eacute;lix <w NP0>Lamy <w VVD>kidnapped <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>individuals <w VVG>claiming <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="935"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Galaxy<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>Police<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>author <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38523<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>after <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>obey <w AT0>an <w NN1>order <w VVG>dismissing <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA026></p>
<caption id=HLECA026>
<s n="936"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>deputy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="937"><w NP0>Astrel <w NP0>Charles<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Trans <w NN1>World <w NN1>Radio <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bonair<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>official <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>Charles <w VVB>end <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN2>constituents<c PUN>.
<s n="938"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>deputies <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA027></p>
<caption id=HLECA027>
<s n="939"><w NN1-VVB>Search <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minster
</caption>
<p>
<s n="940"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>exiled <w NN1-NP0>Aristide <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Caracas <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Port-au-Prince<c PUN>, <w NP0>Evans <w NP0>Paul<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN2>parliamentarians <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>effort <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="941"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NN1-VVB>Aristide <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN2>Communists <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUCH<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>compromise <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in place of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minster <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0-NN1>Honorat<c PUN>.
<s n="942"><w NP0>Th&eacute;odore <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>candidates <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>other <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NP0>Marc <w NP0-NN1>Bazin <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>comprehensively <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37911-12<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="943"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>doubt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="944"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>felt <w CJT>that <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>critic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w PNQ>who <w VVD>wished <w AV0>severely <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>guaranteed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>or <w NN1>business <w NN2>sectors <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>expected <w AV0>easily <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w DPS>their <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>return<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="945"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Port-au-Prince <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>mission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6-7 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>intended <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>deadlocked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>month <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cartagena <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38569<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="946"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mission<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Ram&iacute;rez <w NP0>Ocampo<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ambassadors<c PUN>.
<s n="947"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>active <w NN2>negotiations<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="948"><w AJ0>Dejean <w NN1-NP0>Belizaire<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>return <w VVN-VVD>depended <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w VVG>accepting <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>consensus <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="949"><w DT0>Such <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w CRD>eight <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>outside <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>but <w AV0>favourably <w VVN>disposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>reassure <w AT0>the <w AJ0>popular <w NN2>masses<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>middle <w NN2>classes <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="950"><w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>choice<c PUN>, <w NP0>Victor <w NP0>Benoit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-left <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Movements <c PUL>(<w NP0>KONAKOM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>along with<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="951"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="952"><w NP0>PUERTO <w NP0>RICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="953"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</head>
<p>
<s n="954"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>participated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Puerto <w NP0>Rico<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="955"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>voters <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w CRD>53 <w PRP>to <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>platform <w PRF>of <w NN2>proposals <w PRF>of <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Hern&aacute;ndez <w NN1>Col&oacute;n <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPD<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>Island<w POS>'s <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="956"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PPD <w NN1>platform <w VVD>included <w VVG>keeping <w AJ0>Spanish <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>language<c PUN>, <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>a <w AJ0>distinct <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>identity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN1>sporting <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="957"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNP<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>strained <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>student <w NN2>scholarships <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="958"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>interpreted <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG>indicating <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>present <w AJ0>quasi-colonial<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>commonwealth<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>status <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>radical <w NN2>options <w PRF>of <w DT0>either <w AJ0>full <w NP0>US <w NN1>statehood<c PUN>, <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNP<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>full <w NN1>independence <w VVN>championed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PIP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="959"><w AT0>A <w NN1>plebiscite <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN1-AJ0>future<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unspecified<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>date<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="960"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="961"><w NP0>JAMAICA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="962"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Jamaican <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="963"><w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Manley <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="964"><w UNC>**Hugh <w NP0>Small <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NP0>Seymour <w NP0>Mullings <w NN1>Agriculture
</p>
<p>
<s n="965"><w UNC>**Carlye <w NP0-NN1>Dunkley <w NN1>Production<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Mining <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce
</p>
<p>
<s n="966"><w UNC>**Robert <w NP0>Pickersgill <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN2>Utilities<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy
</p>
<p>
<s n="967"><w UNC>*John <w NN1-NP0>Junor <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment
</p>
<p>
<s n="968"><w UNC>**David <w VVB>Coore <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade
</p>
<p>
<s n="969"><w UNC>*Burchell <w NP0>Whiteman <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Easton <w NP0>Douglas <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Portia <w NP0>Simpson <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w NN1>Sport <w NP0>Orville <w NP0>Ramtallie <w NN1>Construction <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Robertson <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Service <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information
</p>
<p>
<s n="970"><w UNC>**Desmond <w NP0>Leakey <w NN1>Local <w NN1>Government<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w NN1>andCommunity <w NN1>Development
</p>
<p>
<s n="971"><w UNC>**K<c PUN>.
<s n="972"><w NP0>D. <w NP0>Knight <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Justice
</p>
<p>
<s n="973"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="974"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA028></p>
<caption id=HLECA028>
<s n="975"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="976"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>political <w NN1>scandal <w DTQ>which <w VVD>erupted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w NP0>Percival <w NP0>Patterson<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="977"><w NN1-NP0>Patterson<c PUN>, <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w NP0>Manley<w POS>'s <w AJ0>heir-apparent<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>import <w NN1>tax <w NN1>waiver <w PRP>for <w NN1>Shell <w NN1>Oil <c PUL>(<w NP0>West <w NP0>Indies<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Ltd <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>offshoot <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>Shell <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Mining <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Horace <w NP0>Clarke <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>.
<s n="978"><w NN1>Application <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>waiver <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Howard <w NP0>Hamilton<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NN1>Shell <w NN1>Oil <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>WI<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Ltd <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="979"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w VVD>came <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVG>riding <w AJ0-AV0>low <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>deregulation <w NN2>policies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38524<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="980"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-shuffle <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Manley <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>secretaries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>39 <w PRP>to <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="981"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="982"><w NP0>TRINIDAD <w CJC>AND <w NP0>TOBAGO
</head>
<caption>
<s n="983"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Trinidad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tobago <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="984"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="985"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAR<c PUR>) <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humiliating <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minster <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Robinson<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37606-07<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w AJ0>NAR <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tobago<c PUN>.
<s n="987"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNM<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Manning<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>21 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>36 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Basdeo <w NP0>Panday <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>13 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="988"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>result<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>reversed <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1986 <w NN1>election <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNM <w VVD>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>NAR<w POS>'s <w CRD>33 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35194-95<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emphatic <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robinson<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>economy <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w NN1>oil <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="989"><w NN2-VVZ>Falls <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w VHD>had <w VVN>provoked <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AT0>an <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="990"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w NN1>employment <w CJC>and <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost-of-living <w NN1>allowance <w PRP>for <w NN1>government <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w NN2>factors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>erosion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="991"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>few <w NN1>policy <w NN2>differences <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNM <w VVD>exploited <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w VVG>agreeing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>residence <w PRF>of <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w NP0>Robinson <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>mix <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w AVQ>where <w NN1>race <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="992"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PNM <w VVD>drew <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>Afro-Trinidadians <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NAR <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>by <w NN2>Indo-Trinidadians <w NN2>communities <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Trinidad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA029></p>
<caption id=HLECA029>
<s n="993"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robinson <w CJS>as <w AJ0>NAR <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="994"><w NP0-NN1>Manning <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minster <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>took <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="995"><w NP0>Robinson <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NAR <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>accepted <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>.
<s n="996"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>favourable <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02A></p>
<caption id=HLECA02A>
<s n="997"><w NN1>Pardon <w NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="998"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>granted <w AT0>a <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>hearing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRP>by <w CRD>116 <w AJ0>black <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Trinidadian <w NN2>courts <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>release <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="999"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jamaat <w NP0>al <w NP0>Muslimeen <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN1>sect<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>staged <w AT0>an <w AJ0>abortive <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NP0>Robinson <w NN1>hostage <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37606-07<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1000"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>pardon <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w AJ0>acting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Emmanuelle <w NP0>Carter <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w NP0>Robinson<w POS>'s <w NN1>release <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>valid<c PUN>.
<s n="1001"><w AJ0>Trinidadian <w NN1>government <w NN2>lawyers <w VHD>had <w VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>pardon <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>under <w NN1>duress <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w VBD>was <w AJ0>invalid<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1002"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1003"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1004"><w VVB-NN1>Delay <w PRP>in <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>pact
</head>
<p>
<s n="1005"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nafta<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>area <w VVG>stretching <w PRP>from <w NP0>Canada <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37849<c PUN>; <w CRD>38140<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w PRP>following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>retreat <w PRP>at <w NP0>Camp <w NP0>David <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Gortari <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1006"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>pact<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>disagreed <w PRP>on <w NN2>specifics<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>opening <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico<w POS>'s <w NN1>oil <w NN1>industry <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN1>competition<c PUN>.
<s n="1007"><w DT0>Both <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w VVG>outlining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w NN1>disagreement <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Representative <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Negotiations <w NP0>Carla <w NP0>Hills <w VVD>cautioned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>substituting <w NN1>speed <w PRP>for <w NN1>substance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1008"><w CRD>One <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>delay <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>adminstration<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>fear <w CJT-DT0>that <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>pact <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1992 <w CJS>as <w AV0>originally <w VVN>envisaged <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>liability <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w VVG>opening <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRP>to <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>from <w NN2>protectionists <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>encouraging <w NP0>US <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>relocate <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>in search of <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>labour <w CJS>while <w NN1>unemployment <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>at <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
<s n="1009"><w CJT>That <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nafta <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unlikely <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>political <w NN1>setback <w PRP>for <w NP0>Salinas<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>invested <w AJ0>considerable <w AJ0>political <w NN1>capital <w PRP>in <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1010"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w NN2>shares <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>on <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nafta <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02B></p>
<caption id=HLECA02B>
<s n="1011"><w NN1>Legalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>church
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1012"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>460 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w VVG>legalizing <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Salinas <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38569<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1013"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>ended <w CRD>75 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN1>antagonism <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church<c PUN>.
<s n="1014"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02C></p>
<caption id=HLECA02C>
<s n="1015"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>general <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN2>customs <w NN2>officials
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1016"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Mor&aacute;n <w NP0>Acevedo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>army <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w AJ0>pending <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>anti-narcotic <w NN2>police <w NN2>agents <w PRP>by <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tlalixcoy&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Veracruz<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1017"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>official <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Mor&aacute;n <w PRF>of <w VVG>ignoring <w AJ0>repeated <w NN2>requests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>police <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w DPS>his <w NN2>soldiers <w VVG>firing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>agents <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>intercept <w AT0>an <w NN0>aircraft <w AV0>later <w VVD>discovered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>carrying <w DT0>some <w CRD>360 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w NN1>cocaine <w PRP>from <w NP0>Colombia <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
<s n="1018"><w AT0>The <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers <w VVD-VVN>escaped<c PUN>.
<s n="1019"><w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Mexican <w AJ0-NN1>anti-drug <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VBD>was <w AJ0>present <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w PRP>rather than <w TO0>to <w VVI>detain <w AT0>the <w NN1>drug <w NN1>shipment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1020"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w AV0>seldom <w VVN>pursued <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VVD-VVN>generated <w NN1>friction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>important <w PRP>to <w NP0>Salinas<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>pledged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>root <w AVP>out <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w VVB>defend <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1022"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w VBD>was <w VVN>felt <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1023"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>all <w CRD>3,000 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>customs <w NN2>inspectors <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w AJ0>new <w NN2>recruits<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>bribery <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w VVB>improve <w NN1>efficiency<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1024"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1025"><w NP0>GUATEMALA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1026"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Military <w NN2>appointments
</head>
<p>
<s n="1027"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Serranno <w NP0>El&iacute;as <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>named <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Domingo <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>Samayoa <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Mendoza <w NP0>Garcia<c PUN>.
<s n="1028"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Edgar <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Godoy <w NP0>Gait&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1029"><w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Perussina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1030"><w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Enr&iacute;quez <w NN2>Morales <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vacant <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1031"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>sudden<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>unexpected<c PUN>.
<s n="1032"><w PRP>Among <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>publicized <w NN2>differences <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Serranno<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mendoza <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>URNG<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w NN1>Hostility <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>military <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>supported <w NN2>moves <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>URNG <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>denied <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>platform<c PUN>.
<s n="1034"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hopeful <w NN1>sign <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>currently <w AJ0-VVD>stalemated <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VVI>recommence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37372<c PUN>; <w CRD>37527<c PUN>; <w CRD>37707<c PUN>; <w CRD>38330 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>rounds<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1035"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1036"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1037"><w NN1>Negotiation <w PRF>of <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NN1>ceasefire
</head>
<p>
<s n="1038"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>definitive <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>12-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w VBD>was <w VVN>concluded <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AJ0>intensive <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>between <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>mediation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alvaro <w NP0>de <w NP0>Soto<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar<w POS>'s <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>representative<c PUN>.
<s n="1039"><w AJ0>Final <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>technicalities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w XX0>not <w AV0>later <w CJS>than <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>failing <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w VM0>would <w VVI>decide <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>formula <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1040"><w AT0>The <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>UN-supervised <w NN1>ceasefire <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>from <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>until <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w DT0>all <w NN2>accords <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w CJC>and <w VVN>verified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>legalized <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VVD>reincorporated <w PRP>with <w AJ0>broad <w NN2>guarantees <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>civilian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>institutional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1042"><w AT0>The <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>substantially <w VVN>reduced <c PUL>(<w AV0>potentially <w PRP>by <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>authority <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reinforced <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violators <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>purged <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>civilian-military <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1043"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>Police<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Customs <w NN2>Police<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AJ0>special <w NN2>battalions <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>groups <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w AJ0>national <w NN2>police <w NN1>force <w VVD-VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>present <w AJ0-NN1>military-controlled <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1044"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>included <w NN2>reforms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>safeguards<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>issues <w PRP>including <w AJ0>agrarian <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>resettlement <w PRF>of <w NN2>peasants<c PUN>.
<s n="1045"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>provide <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>issue <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>sticking-point <w PRP>in <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1046"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>concluding <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AV0>sporadically <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>20 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unilateral <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w VVD>recommenced <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>; <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w VVD>expired <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>crusade<c PUN>.
<s n="1047"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>impetus <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Cristiani <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28-31 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>invitation <w PRF>of <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VHD>had <w VVN>given<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>confidential <w NN2>promises<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1048"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN2>sessions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1049"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>an <w NN0>aircraft <w VVG>carrying <w CRD>two <w NP0>FMLN <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guatemala <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w AV0>on board<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>stopover <w PRP>in <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1050"><w AJ0>Civic <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Salvador <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0-NN1>pro-government <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w VVG>expressing <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN<c PUN>.
<s n="1051"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Permanent <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Debate <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPDN<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>by <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police <w PRP>from <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>prolong <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1052"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-December <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>truth <w NN1-VVB>commission<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w PRP>since <w CRD>1980<c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w DPS>Its <w NN2>members <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NP0>Belisario <w NP0>Betancur <w NP0>Cuartas<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Colombian <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982-86<c PUN>, <w NP0>Reinaldo <w NP0>Figueroa<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Burgenthal<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Inter-American <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1054"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1055"><w NP0>NICARAGUA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1056"><w NN1>Debt <w NN1>reduction
</head>
<p>
<s n="1057"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>governments <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>debt-forgiveness <w NN1>arrangement <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>erase <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;735 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN1>repayment <w AJ0-NN1>due <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w PRP>to <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1058"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rest <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>re-scheduled <w AV0>over <w CRD>23 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1059"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>stock <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>comprise <w NN0>&dollar;5,700 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>external <w NN1>debt <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;10,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1060"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w NN1>debt <w NN1>relief <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>agree <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w VVG>rescheduling <w AV0>over <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02D></p>
<caption id=HLECA02D>
<s n="1061"><w NN1>Amnesty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1062"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>, <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>peace<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Violeta <w UNC>Barrios <w UNC>de <w NP0>Chamorro <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>granted <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>broad <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unconditional <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>related <w AJ0>common <w NN2>crimes<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w NN2>Nicaraguans <w PRP>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1063"><w DT0>All <w NN2>prisoners <w VVG>benefiting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>amnesty <w VBD>were <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1064"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1065"><w NP0>PANAMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1066"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1>army
</head>
<p>
<s n="1067"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w AJ0-VVD>approved<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>50 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>reforms <w PRP>to <w CRD>58 <w NN2>articles <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1068"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VVN>abolished <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w VVD>ruled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w CRD>1968 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VVD>created <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NN1>ombudsman <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>individual <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>autonomy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Tribunal<c PUN>, <w VVG>guaranteeing <w PNP>it <w CRD>0.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>finances <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate <w AV0>effectively<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02E></p>
<caption id=HLECA02E>
<s n="1069"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN1>invasion <w NN1>anniversary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1070"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Panama <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>invasion <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AV0>before <w PRP>by <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN2>troops <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37112-13<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1071"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MLN<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>explosion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>caused <w AT0>no <w NN1>damage<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1072"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1073"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1074"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1075"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nicaragua <w CJC>and <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belize <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>, <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>11th <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>summit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12-13 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tegucigalpa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Honduras <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w ORD>10th <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37957<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1076"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minster <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AJ0>present <w PRP>along with <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Inter-American <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1077"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>closing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Tegucigalpa <w NN1>Declaration<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>integration <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1078"><w PNP>It <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>installation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Integration <w NN1>Law <w NN1>Institute <c PUL>(<w NP0>INCADI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>machinery <w VVG>guaranteeing <w NN1>integration <w NN2>relations <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w DT0>these <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w ORD>third <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1079"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w AV0>technically <w CJC>and <w AV0>financially <w PRP>towards <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Permanent <w NN1>Secretariat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Integration <c PUL>(<w NP0>SIECA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1080"><w AT0>The <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>CARICOM<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1081"><w AT0>The <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parlac&eacute;n<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38528<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protocol <w PRF>of <w NN2>Reforms <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODECA<c PUR>) <w NN1>Charter <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>System <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Integration <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w NN2>decisions <w VVD>reached <w PRP>at <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>meetings <w VBD>were <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1082"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Declaration <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN2-VVZ>processes <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w CJC>and <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>.
<s n="1083"><w PNP>It <w AV0>strongly <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN1-VVB>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>supported <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>order <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430<c PUN>; <w CRD>38522-23<c PUN>; <w CRD>38569<c PUN>; <w CRD>38670<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1084"><w AV0>Also <w VVN-VVD>reaffirmed <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>ecological <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>support <w VBG>being <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rican <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Planet <w NN1>Earth <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brazil <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1085"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1086"><w NP0>GUYANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1087"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</head>
<p>
<s n="1088"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heated <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w NN1>Amendment <w NN1>No <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Bill <w CRD>1991 <w VVG>legalizing <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>deadline <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38571<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1089"><w NN2>Members <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>on <w CJC>or <w PRP>before <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1090"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dissolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>recalled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hugh <w NP0>Desmond <w NP0-NN1>Hoyte <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>restoring <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="1091"><w PRP>Despite <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>reservations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w VVG>extending <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w DT0>that <w NN1>evening<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1092"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1093"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1094"><w NN1-VVB>Surrender <w PRF>of <w NN2>paramilitaries
</head>
<p>
<s n="1095"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w AV0>following <w DT0>several <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>500 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-communist <w NP0>Magdalena <w NP0>Medio <w NN1>Self-Defence <w NN2>paramilitaries<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Otero<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w VVG>surrendering <w CJC>and <w VVG>handing <w AVP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>arms <w PRP>in <w NP0>Puerto <w NP0>Boyac&aacute;<c PUN>, <w CRD>200 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bogot&aacute;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1096"><w PRP>For <w DT0>some <w CRD>11 <w NN2>years <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>for <w NN2>landowners <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prosperous <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Magdalena <w NP0>Medio <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Magdalena <w NN1>river <w NN1>valley<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>attack <w CJC>and <w VVB>kill <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unionists <w PNQ>who <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w NN2>campesinos <c PUL>(<w NN2>peasants<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="1097"><w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Dugue<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w CJC>and <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>surrender <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unilateral <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w PNP>He <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>paramilitaries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>massacres <w PRF>of <w NN2>campesinos <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1099"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>refused <w AT0>the <w NN2>paramilitaries <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>status <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>requested<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>offered <w PNP>them <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>terms <w CJS>as <w DT0>those <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w VVG>surrendering <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers<c PUN>: <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>confessions <w PRP>to <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
<s n="1100"><w PRP>On <w VVG>surrendering<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>paramilitaries <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w VHG>having <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w AT0>an <w NN1>offence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1101"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1102"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1103"><w AJ0>Bolivian <w AJ0>municipal <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc="election results">
<caption>
<s n="1104"><w AJ0>Departmental <w CJC>and <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1105"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w UNC>Dec.1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Accord <c PUL>(<w NP0>AP<c PUR>) <w NN1>alliance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADN<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>vote <w CJC>but <w VVD>lost <w AJ0>political <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>departments <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1106"><w NP0>Julio <w NP0>Mantilla <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w NN1>Conscience <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fatherland <c PUL>(<w NP0>CONDEPA<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0>administrative<c PUR>) <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>La <w NP0>Paz<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>26.35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AP <w NN1>candidate<w POS>'s <w CRD>21.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1107"><w AT0>The <w NP0>AP <w VVD>came <w AV0-AJ0>only <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neighbouring <w AJ0>major <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>El <w NP0>Alto<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>CONDEPA <w VVG>winning <w CRD>34.10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UCS<c PUR>) <w VVG>winning <w CRD>23.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1108"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0>departmental <w NN2>victories <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>by <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN2>departments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cochabamba<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tarija <w CJC>and <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w CJC>and <w AV0>emphatically <w VVD-VVN>defeated <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AP <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0>Andean <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tarija<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>lowland <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Trinidad <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w AV0>most <w AJ0>populous <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Sierra<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>lowlands<c PUN>.
<s n="1109"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UCS <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NN1>Sucre<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>easily <w VVD-VVN>defeated <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AP <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Andean <w NN2>cities <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Oruro <w CJC>and <w NP0>Potos&iacute; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>total <w NN2>votes <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>third <w AJ0>political <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1110"><w AT0>The <w NP0>AP <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cochabamba <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Amazonian <w NN1>border <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Cobija<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1111"><w NN1>Turnout <w VBD>was <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>400,000 <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>a <w NN1>drop <w PRP>by <w DT0>half <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37487<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1112"><w AJ0>Various <w AJ0>political <w NN2>analysts <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>impartial <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>courts <w CJC>and <w AJ0>clear <w NN2>rules <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1113"><w CJS>Although <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>areas <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w VVN>cast <w PRP>for <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>fielded <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w NN1>analysis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AP <w VHD>had <w VVN>shifted <w AV0>markedly <w PRP>from <w AJ0>urban <w PRP>to <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN1>government <w NN1>development <w NN2>plans <w CJC>and <w NN2>projects <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>an <w NN1>impact<c PUN>.
<s n="1114"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UCS <w VVD>lost <w NN1>ground <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>departments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beni<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Pando <w CJC>and <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AV0>dramatically <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Andes<c PUN>.
<s n="1115"><w NP0-NN1>CONDEPA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>Free <w NP0>Bolivia <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MBL<c PUR>) <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>loss <w PRP>in <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="1116"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Left <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02F></p>
<caption id=HLECA02F>
<s n="1117"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>suspected <w NN1>drug <w NN2>barons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1118"><w NP0-NN1>Alejandro <w NP0-NN1>Guzman<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Tito<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ademar <w NP0>Lima <w NP0>Lobo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>allegedly <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>wanted <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>army <w NN1>drug <w NN1>raid<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w CRD>54 <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>department <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beni<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w NP0>Rafael<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Ico<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Rivero <w NP0>Vilavicencio <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>captured <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beni <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1120"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1121"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1122"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ecuador
</head>
<p>
<s n="1123"><w CJS>While <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cartagena<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2-3 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rio<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38675<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fujimori <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Borja <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ecuador <w VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w DPS>their <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38526<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1124"><w NP0-NN1>Borja <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>responded <w AV0>positively <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>friendship<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>integration<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>pact <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1942 <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w NN1>protocol <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>validity <w NP0>Ecuador <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>acknowledge<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w AT0>The <w NN1>letter <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>demarcation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w NN1>navigation <w NN2>rights <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ecuador <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NP0-NN1>Amazon <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>tributaries<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>integration <w NN1>zone <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>border <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>confidence-building<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>measures <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1126"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1127"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1128"><w AJ0>Contraband <w NN2>arms <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1129"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Aylwin <w NP0-NN1>Az&oacute;car <w VBD>was <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1130"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Pinochet <w NP0>Ugarte<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>generals<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>misleading <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>an <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>arms <w NN1>shipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1131"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>11-tonne <w NN2>arms <w NN1>shipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>crates <w VVN-AJ0>marked<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>intercepted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1132"><w PRP>Worth <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;203,000<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>shipment <w VVD>included <w NN2>rifles<c PUN>, <w NN2>grenades<c PUN>, <w NN1>ammunition <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-tank <w NN2>rockets<c PUN>.
<s n="1133"><w AT0>The <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN2>arms <w NN1>manufacturer <w NN2>FAMAE <w PRP>in <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>consignment <w VBD>was <w VVN>bound <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>.
<s n="1134"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Schaulsohn<c PUN>, <w AV0>publicly <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pinochet <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proper <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w NN2>FAMAE<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Pinochet<w POS>'s <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>investigations <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37958 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NN2>FAMAE<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1136"><w NP0>Pinochet<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>angry <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>accusations<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VM0>would <w VVI>respond <w DT0>each <w NN1>time <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w CJC>and <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>ignore <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w VVD>put <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1137"><w AV0>Later <w PNP>he <w VVD>retracted <w DT0>these <w NN2>comments <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
<s n="1138"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Aylwin <w NN1>government <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>explanation <w CJC>and <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pinochet<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>improvised <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AV0>well <w VVN-VVD>thought <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1139"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1140"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1141"><w AJ0>Gubernatorial <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1142"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w AJ0>western <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Catamarca<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Arnoldo <w NP0>Castillo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FCS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance <w VVD>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>dissidents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Justicialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AT0>PJ-the <w NN2>Peronists<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>minority <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1143"><w NP0-NN1>Castillo <w VVD>received <w CRD>56 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w NP0>Ram&oacute;n <w NP0>Saadi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Peronist <w NN1>governor <w CJC>and <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Affirmation <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>MAP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w CRD>34 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1144"><w NP0>Francisco <w NN1-NP0>Sotomayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PJ <w VVD>came <w ORD>third <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extended <w AJ0-NN1>mid-term <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38388<c PUN>; <w CRD>38434<c PUN>; <w CRD>38527<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1145"><w NP0>Saadi<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>family <w NN1>dynasty <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVB>run <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>40 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w NN1>trusteeship<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38144<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1146"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorship <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tierra <w NP0>del <w NP0>Fuego <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1147"><w NP0>Juan <w NP0-NN1>Estabillo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1-NP0>Fueguino <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Mopof<c PUR>) <w VVD>received <w CRD>43.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w NP0>Steb&aacute;n <w NP0>Mart&iacute;nez <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PJ <w CRD>41.1 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Oscar <w NN1-NP0>Mazuchi <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UCR <w CRD>7.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1148"><w NN1-NP0>Estabillo <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>winner <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVG>receiving <w CRD>49.33 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>to <w NP0>Martinez<w POS>'s <w CRD>48.17 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02G></p>
<caption id=HLECA02G>
<s n="1149"><w NN1>Vice-presidency <w NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1150"><w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Menem<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PJ <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w AV0>successfully <w VVN-VVD>blocked <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>UCR <w NN2>legislators <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Vice-President <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0-NN1>Duhalde<c PUN>.
<s n="1151"><w NP0-NN1>Duhalde <w VHD>had <w VVN>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38434<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1152"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Menem<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>obliged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>an <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNI>one <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>necessary <w CJS>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother <w VBD>was <w NP0-NN1>Duhalde<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>successor <w PRP>as <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1153"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w NN1>succession<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VBD>was <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>substitute <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>absence <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>Vice-President <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>absent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02H></p>
<caption id=HLECA02H>
<s n="1154"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>SOMISA <w NN1>head
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1155"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Triaca<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Minister <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37959<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Menem <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>SOMISA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>steel <w NN1>mill<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1156"><w NN1-NP0>Triaca<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>followed <w DPS>his <w NN1>indictment <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
<s n="1157"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w VVD>included <w DPS>his <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>SOMISA<w POS>'s <w NN1>purchase<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AV0>well <w PRP>above <w NN1>market <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>offices <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>then <w AV0>lavishly <w VVN>decorated <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>workforce <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w AV0>dramatically <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38527<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1158"><w NN1-NP0>Triaca <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Julia <w NP0>Alsogaray<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w NN1>environment <w NN1>department<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>supervised <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>telephone <w NN1>network <w NP0>Entel <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37773<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1159"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>scandals <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>aides<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w PRF>of <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w AJ0>estranged <w NN1>wife<c PUN>.
<s n="1160"><w PRP>Despite <w NN1>government <w NN2>promises <w PRF>of <w AJ0>firm <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>official <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>date <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02J></p>
<caption id=HLECA02J>
<s n="1161"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Air <w NN1>force <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1162"><w NP0>Commodore <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Goyogana <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Commodore <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Fernandez <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02K></p>
<caption id=HLECA02K>
<s n="1163"><w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>pact <w PRP>with <w NP0>Brazil
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1164"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Menem <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Mello <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brazil <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>opening <w DT0>all <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>installations <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w PRP>to <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NN1>inspection <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1165"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>neither <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>signatory <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1968 <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38255<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>felt <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>safeguards <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>culmination <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>initiatives <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>prevent <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>technology <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>manufacture <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02L></p>
<caption id=HLECA02L>
<s n="1166"><w NN1>Fishing <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1167"><w VVG>Meeting <w AV0>together <w CJS>as <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Fishing <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Argentine <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>governments <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>fishing <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NP0>Falkland <c PUL>(<w NP0>Malvinas<c PUR>) <w NN2>Islands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>year <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1168"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>fishing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>research <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w AJ0>deep-water <w NN0>fish <w NN0>species <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Atlantic<c PUN>.
<s n="1169"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>Islands <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>discussed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38435<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1170"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1171"><w NP0>PARAGUAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1172"><w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1173"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Colorado <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>ANR-PC<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>achieved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w CJC>and <w AJ0>easy <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1174"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Colorados <w VVD>won <w CRD>55.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>national <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w VVD>gained <w CRD>123 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>198-seat <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Authentic <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRLA<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>57 <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>For <w AV0>All <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPT<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>16 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1-NP0>Febrerista <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRF<c PUR>) <w CRD>1.3 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDC<c PUR>) <w CRD>0.8 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat<c PUN>.
<s n="1176"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>parties <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for <w CRD>1.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w VVD>won <w AT0>no <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1177"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>51.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,440,000 <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>voters <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>participated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1178"><w VVG>Running <w AT0>a <w AJ0>modern <w AJ0-NN1>Western-style <w NN1>campaign <w AJ0>promising<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>work<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>name<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>List <w CRD>1<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lista <w CRD>1<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Colorados <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>reverse <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>suffered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>lost <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Asunci&oacute;n<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w NN1>Asunci&oacute;n <w PRP>For <w DT0>All <w NN1>coalition <c PUL>(<w NP0>Apto<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38189<c PUN>; <w CRD>38285-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1179"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w VHD>had <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>compelled <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>factions <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AT0>a <w AJ0>united <w NN1>front<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1180"><w AT0>The <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPT<c PUN>, <w NP0>Apto<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>activist <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NP0>CNT <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>CUT <w NN1>labour <w NN2>confederations<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>emulate <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN1>success <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>failure <w AV0>effectively <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilize <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VBD>was <w VVN>felt <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>mistaken <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Colorados <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AJ0>spent <w AJ0>political <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1181"><w DT0>Such <w NN1>complacency <w VBD>was <w VVN>judged <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>underlying <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>virtual <w AJ0>political <w NN1>eclipse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRF <w CJC>and <w NP0>PDC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02M></p>
<caption id=HLECA02M>
<s n="1182"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Law <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Military <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1183"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Law<c PUN>, <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1184"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w VVD>ensured <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>autonomy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>but <w VVD>expanded <w DPS>their <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>for <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>order <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="1185"><w PRP>Despite <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w AJ0>active <w NN1>service <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w CJC>and <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>from <w AJ0-VVG>passing <w NN2>laws <w VVG>affecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w CJS>unless <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>previously <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1186"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Colorado <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN2>changes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1187"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Law<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ram&oacute;n <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0-NN1>Garcete<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Army <w NN0>Corps<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army<c PUN>.
<s n="1188"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
<s n="1189"><w AV0>Previously<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>dictated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1190"><w NN2>Objections <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>promotions <w CJC>and <w NN2>retirements <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w PRP>including <w CRD>14 <w NN2>generals<c PUR>) <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w CJC>and <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1191"><w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w VVZ>Cespedes <w NP0>Zarza <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>appointment <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38573<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1192"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1193"><w AJ0>LATIN <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1194"><w ORD>Fifth <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rio <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1195"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rio<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paraguay<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uruguay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cartagena<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2-3<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Calder&oacute;n <w PRF>of <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Jamaican <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Manley <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Baena <w NP0>Soares<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1196"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>contentious <w NN1>issue <w VVD>discussed <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America<w POS>'s <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cuba <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1197"><w NN1>Opinion <w VBD>was <w VVN>divided <w PRP>between <w NN2>participants <w PRP>such as <w NN1>President <w NP0>Menem <w PRF>of <w NP0>Argentina <c PUL>(<w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>free <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NN1-NP0>Gortari <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico <w PNQ>who <c PUL>(<w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AJ0>optimistic <w PRP>about <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>change <w PRP>after <w VVG>hosting <w CRD>two <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>at <w NP0>Guadalajara <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cozumel <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1198"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Cuba <w VVD>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>profound <w NN1>concern<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>situation <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>future <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise<c PUN>, <w VVD>offered <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America<w POS>'s <w NN1>help <w PRP>in <w VVG>achieving<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>justice<c PUN>, <w NN1>freedom<c PUN>, <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>open <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w VVD>introduced <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>changes <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w DPS>its <w NN1>reacceptance <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS<c PUN>.
<s n="1199"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>allusion <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Cuba <w PNP>it <w VVD>added <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>between <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>continent <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>relaxed <w NN1>climate <w VM0>will <w VVI>allow <w NN2>changes <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AJ0>current <w NN2>problems <w PRP>in accordance with <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1200"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Haiti <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>enforcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38430<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS>until <w NP0>President <w NP0>Aristide <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinstated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1201"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>issues <w VVN-VVD>covered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>declaration <w VBD>were <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>integration <w PRP>in the light of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>upturn <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>fortunes<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w PRP>against <w NN1-AJ0>drug-trafficking<c PUN>, <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>use<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>protecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w VVZ>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>population <w PRP>in <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brazil <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1202"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1203"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1204"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1205"><w UNC>*Paul <w NP0>Keating <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Howe <w NN1>Health <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN1>Community <w NN2>Services <w NP0>John <w NN1>Button <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Technology <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w NP0>Gareth <w NP0>Evans <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade
</p>
<p>
<s n="1206"><w UNC>*John <w NP0>Dawkins <w NN1>Treasurer
</p>
<p>
<s n="1207"><w UNC>**Ralph <w NP0>Willis <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Duffy <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General
</p>
<p>
<s n="1208"><w UNC>**Kim <w NP0-NN1>Beazley <w NN1>Employment<c PUN>, <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Training
</p>
<p>
<s n="1209"><w UNC>**Neal <w NP0>Blewett <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security
</p>
<p>
<s n="1210"><w UNC>**Graham <w NP0>Richardson <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Ray <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Gerry <w NN1>Hand <w NN1>Immigration<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ethnic <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1211"><w UNC>**Ros <w NP0>Kelly <w NN2>Arts<c PUN>, <w NN2>Sports<c PUN>, <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN2>Territories <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Cook <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN2>Relations <w NP0>Nick <w NP0>Bolkus <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN2>Services <w NP0>Simon <w NP0>Crean <w AJ0-NN1>Primary <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy
</p>
<p>
<s n="1212"><w UNC>**Alan <w NP0>Griffiths <w NN2>Resources <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism
</p>
<p>
<s n="1213"><w UNC>**Bob <w NP0>Collins <w NN1>Shipping <w CJC>and <w NN1>Aviation <w AJ0>Junior <w NN2>Ministers <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>Cabinet
</p>
<p>
<s n="1214"><w UNC>**Peter <w NN2>Staples <w VVN>Aged<c PUN>, <w NN1>Family <w NN1>Health <w NN2>Services <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Humphreys <w NN2>Veterans<w POS>' <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Ross <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology
</p>
<p>
<s n="1215"><w UNC>**David <w NP0>Bedall <w NP0>Small <w NN1>Business<c PUN>; <w NN1>Construction<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN2>Customs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1216"><w UNC>**John <w NN1-NP0>Kerin <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Overseas <w NN1>Development <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Tate <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Consumer <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1217"><w UNC>**Peter <w NP0>Baldwin <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education<c PUN>; <w NN1>Employment <w NN2>Services <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Tickner <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Torres <w NN1>Strait <w NN1>Islander <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1218"><w UNC>*David <w NP0>Simons <w NN1>Family <w NN1>Support<c PUN>; <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Brown <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN1>Transport
</p>
<p>
<s n="1219"><w UNC>*Gordon <w NP0-NN1>Bilney <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>; <w NN1>Science<c PUN>; <w NN2>Personnel
</p>
<p>
<s n="1220"><w UNC>*Wendy <w NP0-NN1>Fatin <w NN2>Arts<c PUN>; <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>; <w NN1>Status <w PRF>of <w NN2>Women
</p>
<p>
<s n="1221"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1222"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02N></p>
<caption id=HLECA02N>
<s n="1223"><w NN1>Replacement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1224"><w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>after <w VVG>defeating <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Hawke <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>contest <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1225"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen <w NP0>Hawke<c PUN>, <w CRD>62<c PUN>, <w AV0>narrowly <w VVB>defeat <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>from <w NP0>Keating<c PUN>, <w CRD>47<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38294<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02P></p>
<caption id=HLECA02P>
<s n="1226"><w NN1>Background <w PRP>to <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>challenge
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1227"><w PRP>By <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hawke <w NN1>government <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>difficulties<c PUN>.
<s n="1228"><w NP0>Australia <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>midst <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession <w PRP>with <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>contract <w CJC>and <w NN1>unemployment <w VVG>rising <w PRP>to <w AV0>more than <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1229"><w NP0>Hawke<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w AV0>politically <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>mid-year <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>with <w NP0>Keating<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VHD>had <w DPS>his <w NN1>credibility <w VVN>undermined <w AV0>further <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>structure <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>Premiers <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0-NN1>federal-state <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canberra <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1230"><w NP0>Hawke<w POS>'s <w NN2>problems <w VBD>were <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>skill <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w NP0>Hewson<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal-National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="1231"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w NP0>Hewson <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blueprint <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>recovery <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>favourably <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w DT0>most <w AJ0>political <w NN2>commentators<c PUN>.
<s n="1232"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>consumption <w NN1>tax<c PUN>, <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>social <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>stimulation <w PRF>of <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>cronyism<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>appointments <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tainted<c PUN>.
<s n="1233"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unveiling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>results <w DTQ>which <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVG>running <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w NN1-NP0>Hewson <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commanding <w NN1>lead <w PRP>over <w NP0>Hawke <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<w POS>'s <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>choice <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1234"><w AT0>The <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>decline <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>resurgence <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>disaffection <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>caucus <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w CJC>and <w AJ0>heightened <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Keating <w VM0>would <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02R></p>
<caption id=HLECA02R>
<s n="1235"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1236"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>revitalize <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>replaced <w NN1>Treasurer <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Kerin <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ralph <w NP0>Willis<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1237"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Treasurer <w NN1-NP0>Kerin <w VHD>had <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>displayed <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>ease <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="1238"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>catalyst <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>removal <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inept <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>abating<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w NN2>hours <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN2>figures <w DTQ>which <w VVD>showed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>GDP <w VHD>had <w VVN>declined <w CRD>0.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRP>to <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>successive <w NN1>quarter <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>either <w AJ0>static <w CJC>or <w AJ0>negative<c PUN>.
<s n="1239"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>, <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVD>saw <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Beazley <w VVB>become <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w DPS>his <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NN1>portfolio <w VBD>was <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Kerin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1240"><w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>defended <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Kerin <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>inhibited <w DPS>his <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>unchanged<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>dismissed <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>ALP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>every <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02S></p>
<caption id=HLECA02S>
<s n="1242"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Keating <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>ALP <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w NN1-VVB>Pressure <w PRP>for <w NP0>Hawke <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w VVN-AJ0>increased <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>several <w NN2>delegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>ALP <w NN2>figures <w VVG>informing <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>count <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>caucus<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>command <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AV0>at large <w CJC>and <w VVG>indicating <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>confront <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>ballot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1245"><w AV0>Early <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN1>caucus <w AV0>later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>offer <w PNX>himself <w PRP>for <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="1246"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>107 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ALP<w POS>'s <w CRD>110 <w NN0>MPs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hawke <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>by <w CRD>56 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>51 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>ballot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1247"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>congratulated <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>victory <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w VBZ>is <w AVP>over<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w NN1-VVG>Speaking <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>record <w CRD>four <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>election <w NN2>victories <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Australia <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>profoundly <w AJC>better <w NN1>place <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983 <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVD>inherited<c PUN>: <w DT0>more <w AJ0>tolerant<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>compassionate<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>competitive<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1249"><w DPS>His <w ORD>last <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>act <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>unveil <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN1>bark <w NN1>painting <w PRP>in <w NN1>Parliament <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canberra<c PUN>.
<s n="1250"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>tearful <w NP0>Hawke <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>continued <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>full <w NN1>reconciliation <w PRP>between <w NN2>Australians <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indigenous <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN1>community<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02T></p>
<caption id=HLECA02T>
<s n="1251"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1252"><w NP0>Keating <w VVD>began <w DPS>his <w NN1>premiership <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>uncharacteristic <w NN1>apology<c PUN>.
<s n="1253"><w PNP>He <w VVD>retracted <w DPS>his <w AJ0>notorious <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>slump <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1930s <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>recession<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w NP0>Australia <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VHI>have<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1254"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>respect <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>ALP <w NN2>values <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1255"><w PNP>He <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>issue <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>statement <w AV0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1256"><w CJS>Although <w VVN>born <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>class <w NP0>Sydney <w NN1>family <w CJC>and <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>ALP <w NN1>politics <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keating <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>portray <w PNX>himself <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1257"><w PNP>He <w VVD>eschewed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>mateyness<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hawke<w POS>'s <w NN1>style<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>relish <w DPS>his <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w NN1>aloofness <w CJC>and <w NN1>arrogance<c PUN>.
<s n="1258"><w NN1-AJ0>Self-educated <w PRP>in <w NN1>economics<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keating <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>Treasurer <w PRP>following <w NP0>Hawke<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1259"><w PRP>As <w NN1>Treasurer <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>sweeping <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w AV0>ever <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>in <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>floating <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w CJC>and <w VVG>deregulating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1260"><w CJS>Although <w AV0>widely <w VVN>admired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>right<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unpopular <w PRP>with <w DT0>many <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>ALP <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
<s n="1261"><w DPS>His <w AJ0-NN1>intellectual <w NN1>grasp <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vicious <w NN1>wit <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w AV0>frequently <w VVD>deployed <w PRP>against <w NN2>opponents <w VVD>enhanced <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reputation <w CJC>but <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VVI>engender <w NN1>respect <w PRP>rather than <w NN1>affection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1262"><w NP0>Keating <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w NN1>Treasurer <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w NP0>Dawkins<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Keating<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>staunch <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hawke<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1263"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1264"><w NP0>NEW <w NP0>ZEALAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1265"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>party <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>tension <w PRP>with <w NP0>France
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1266"><w NN1-VVB>Launch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1267"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>centrist<c PUN>, <w NN1>environmentalist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Maori <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NN2-VVZ>signs <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0-NN1>two-party <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>consisted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1953 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Credit <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>League<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aotearoa <c PUL>(<w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w VVZ-NN2>Values <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>Self-Government <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Manu <w NP0>Motuhake <w ZZ0>o <w NP0>Aotearoa<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>400,000 <w AJ0>indigenous <w AJ0-NN1>Maori <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1269"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Anderton<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLP <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1270"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>points <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN2>points <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>test <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>by-election <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tamaki<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prosperous <w NN1>seaside <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Auckland<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AJS>safest <w AJ0>National <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1272"><w AT0>The <w NN1>by-election <w VBD>was <w VVN>precipitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>representative <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Muldoon<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w CJS>Although <w PRP>in <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>health <w PRP>since <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w NP0>Muldoon <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w PRP>in <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w VVG>ending <w DPS>his <w AJ0>31-year <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>career <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38580<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1274"><w PRP>Since <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VHD>had <w VVN>plummeted <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>reneged <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>its <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>pledges <w PRP>by <w VVG>initiating <w AJ0-NN1>radical <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1275"><w NN1>Speculation <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jim <w NP0-NN1>Bolger <w VM0>might <w VVI>sacrifice <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>, <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ruth <w NP0>Richardson<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>increased <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DPS>its <w NN1>election <w NN1>promise <w PRF>of <w VVG>achieving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>budget <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993-94<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02U></p>
<caption id=HLECA02U>
<s n="1276"><w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>tension <w PRP>over <w NN1>Rainbow <w NN1>Warrior <w NN1>affair
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1277"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Bolger <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>discomfited <w PRP>by <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>tension <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rainbow <w NN1>Warrior <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="1278"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gerald <w NP0>Andries<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>agents <w PRP>against <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>a <w NN1>warrant <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>outstanding <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Greenpeace <w NN1-VVB>ship <w PRP>in <w NP0>Auckland <w NN1-VVB>harbour <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>crew <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38480<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1279"><w AV0>Notwithstanding <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NP0>Greenpeace <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Andries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w NN1>action <w PRP>from <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>surveys<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>government <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>reignite <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intransigence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>embarrassing <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Bolger <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>castigated <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Labour <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Lange <w PRP>for <w VVG>bowing <w PRP>to <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>by <w VVG>releasing <w NP0>Alain <w NP0-NN1>Mafart <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dominique <w NP0-NN1>Prieur<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>saboteurs <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>tried <w CJC>and <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1281"><w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Doug <w NP0>Graham <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w DT0>that <w NN1>extradition <w NN2>proceedings <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>pursued <w PRP>against <w NP0>Andries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>warrants <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w NP0>Graham <w VVD>defended <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bolger <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Rocard <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rainbow <w NN1>Warrior <w NN1>affair <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>closed<c PUN>.
<s n="1283"><w TO0>To <w VVI>renege <w PRP>upon <w DT0>this <w NN1>commitment<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>suggested<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>open <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w PRP>to <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>by <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1284"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1285"><w NP0>VANUATU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1286"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1287"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>francophone <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moderate <w NN2>Parties <c PUL>(<w NP0>UMP<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>42 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w VVD>secured <w CRD>19 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>46-member <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="1288"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UMP <w VVN-VVD>finished <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>owing to <w NN2>splits <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Vanua'aku <w NP0-NN1>Pati <c PUL>(<w NP0>VP<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>governed <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1289"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>removal <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38442<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Walter <w UNC>Lini<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vanuatu<w POS>'s <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP <w CJC>and <w VVD>founded <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vanuatu <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>VNUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1290"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>VNUP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Kalpokas<c PUN>, <w UNC>Lini<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>each <w VVD>won <w CRD>10 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1291"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Melanesian <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Barak <w NP0>Sope<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>four <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1292"><w CRD>One <w NN1>seat <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fren <w NP0-NN1>Melanesien <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>splinter <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>established <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UMP <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hebrides <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>two <w PRP>by <w NN2>independents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1293"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>intensive <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>VNUP<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPP <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1294"><w AV0>Ultimately <w DT0>these <w VVN-VVD>foundered <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>legacy <w PRF>of <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w PRP>between <w UNC>Lini<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Sope <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kalpokas<c PUN>.
<s n="1295"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UMP <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Maxime <w NP0>Carlot <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w VVN-VVD>demanded <w PRP>in <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>seats <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>VP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPP <w VVD>proved <w AV0>too <w AJ0>high<c PUN>.
<s n="1296"><w AV0>Ultimately <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>UMP <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>VNUP <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>involved <w AT0>a <w NN1>promise <w PRP>by <w UNC>Lini <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Parliament <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carlot <w VVD-AJ0>defeated <w NP0>Kalpokas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w CRD>31 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1298"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1299"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1300"><w NN1>Arraignment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Serving <w PRF>of <w NN1>termination <w NN1>order <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1301"><w NN1>Court <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>by <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1302"><w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos <w VBD>was <w VVN>arraigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <w PRP>on <w CRD>seven <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w DPS>her <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN1>income <w CJC>and <w NN1>estate <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>.
<s n="1303"><w DPS>Her <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ferdinand <w NP0>Marcos <w NP0>Jr<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion<c PUN>.
<s n="1304"><w DT0>Both <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VVD-VVN>pleaded <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>counts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1305"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w AJ0>30-minute <w NN1>court <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>, <w NN1>prosecutor <w NP0>Aurelio <w NP0>Trampe <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w AT0>the <w AJ0>maximum <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>on <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w AT0>The <w CRD>seven <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w PRP>amongst <w CRD>80 <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>counts <w VVN-VVD>filed <w PRP>against <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cumulative <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>400 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1307"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>hearing <w NP0>Marcos <w VVD>stated <w DPS>her <w NN1>belief <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>divine <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NN1>jail <w PRP>for <w PNP>me<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02V></p>
<caption id=HLECA02V>
<s n="1308"><w NN1-VVB>Notice <w PRF>of <w NN1>termination <w VVN-VVD>served <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Subic <w NN1-VVB>Bay <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>phased <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>period <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w AV0>Consequently<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>stated<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-year<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w NN1>termination<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>served <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>requiring <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w VBB>be <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>control <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1311"><w AT0>The <w UNC>24,000-hectare <w NN1>base <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>.
<s n="1312"><w CRD>Four <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>establishments <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>recently <w VVN>returned<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w AT0>the <w AJ0>huge <w NP0>Clark <w NP0-NN1>Field <w NN1>air <w NN1>base <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>severely <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN1>eruption <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mount <w NP0>Pinatubo <w NN1>volcano <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38294<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>handed <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="1313"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>lease <w PRP>on <w NP0>Subic <w NN1>Bay <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>negotiated<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38441-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1314"><w CJS>Whilst <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN2>governments <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>spread <w AV0>over <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>dislocation <w VVD-VVN>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="1315"><w DT0>This <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>foundered <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>depart <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>practice <w PRF>of <w AV0>neither <w VVG>confirming <w CJC>nor <w VVG>denying <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on board <w DPS>its <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>vessels<c PUN>.
<s n="1316"><w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VBD>were <w VVN>prohibited <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1317"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>eviction <w NN1-VVB>order <w AV0>there <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>press <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>reopen <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Subic <w NN1>Bay<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>future <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>emerge <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1318"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1319"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1320"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w NN1-VVB>massacre
</head>
<p>
<s n="1321"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>inquiry <w NN1>team <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w VVB-NN1>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w VBD>was <w AV0>unusually <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1322"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Investigation <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-NP0>Jaelani<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w NN1>cemetery <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38579-80<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1323"><w NN2>Jaelani <w VVD>presented <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN2>findings <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1324"><w NN2>Jaelani <w VVD>told <w NN1-NP0>Suharto <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cemetery <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>91 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="1325"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>19 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
<s n="1326"><w NN2>Jaelani <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>chaos <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>riot<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>nevertheless <w DT0>some <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>emotional<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>actions <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN1>limit <w PRF>of <w NN1>propriety<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>exceeded <w AT0>the <w NN1>limit <w PRF>of <w NN1>toleration<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1327"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Try <w NP0>Sutrisno<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>respected <w CJC>and <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>KPN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>findings<c PUN>.
<s n="1328"><w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Ramos <w NP0>Horta<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w NP0>Fretilin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>whitewash<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02W></p>
<caption id=HLECA02W>
<s n="1329"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w AJ0>military <w NN2>chiefs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1330"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-NP0>Antara <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w VHD>had <w VVN>dismissed <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>follow-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dili <w NN1>incident<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1331"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVD-VVN>dismissed <w VBD>were <w NP0>Maj.-Gen <w NP0>Sintong <w NP0>Panjaitan<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>9th <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Command<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1332"><w VVB>Rudolf <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>Warouw<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w AJ0>Operational <w NN1>Command<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02X></p>
<caption id=HLECA02X>
<s n="1333"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>exploration <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Australia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1334"><w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w VVG-NN1>granting <w CRD>11 <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil <w NN1>exploration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Timor <w NN1>Gap<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>jointly <w VVN-AJ0>controlled <w NN1>area <w PRP>between <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Territory <w CJC>and <w NP0>Timor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37124 <w PRP>for <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Timor <w NN1>Gap <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1335"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w NN1-VVB>massacre<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1336"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1337"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1338"><w NN2>Difficulties <w PRF>of <w NP0>Miyazawa <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1339"><w PRP>Within <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>damaged <w AV0>politically <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>resurgence <w PRF>of <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Recruit-Cosmos <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="1340"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VVD>proved <w AJ0>serious <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>bill <w VVG-NN1>authorizing <w NN1>Self <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <w NN2>personnel <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AJ0>UN-sponsored <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w AV0>overseas<c PUN>.
<s n="1341"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w CJS>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unofficial <w AJ0>working <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>Komeito <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLECA02Y>
<s n="1342"><w NN1>Failure <w PRF>of <w NN1>Self <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1343"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>desperate <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>Self <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>bill <w PRP>before <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1344"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>forced <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>through <w DPS>its <w NN1>committee <w NN2>stages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJC>Lower <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>causing <w AT0>a <w NN1>brawl <w TO0>to <w VVI>erupt <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>legislators <w AJ0>angry <w PRP>over <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>saw <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>flouting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>established <w NN1>procedure<c PUN>.
<s n="1345"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CJS>even though <w AT0>the <w NP0>DSP <w VVD>voted <w PRP>against <w PNP>it <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>provided <w AJ0>insufficient <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1346"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>sent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Upper <w NN1>House <c PUN>&mdash; <w AVQ-CJS>where<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>lacked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="1347"><w AV0>Here <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDPJ<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>JCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1348"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>legislators <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>SDPJ <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Sadao <w NP0>Yamahana <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>began <w VVG>raising <w AJ0>awkward <w AJ0>new <w NN2>questions <w PRP>about <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1349"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38558<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>after <w VVG>appearing <w TO0>to <w VVI>mislead <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>scandal <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>involved <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>figures <w VVG>receiving <w AJ0>cheap <w AJ0>unlisted <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w NP0>Recruit-Cosmos<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real-estate <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="1350"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VHD>had <w VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>aide<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tsuneo <w NP0>Hattori<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>purchased <w AT0>the <w NN2>shares <w PRP>without <w VVG>informing <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transaction<c PUN>.
<s n="1351"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>documents <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w DT0>another <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>assistants<c PUN>, <w NP0>Masao <w NP0>Matsumoto<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>share <w NN2>purchases<c PUN>.
<s n="1352"><w PRP>In the light of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>revelation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>aides <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>witnesses <w VVB>testify <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>under <w NN1>oath<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w VVG>reopening <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="1354"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the <w NN1>Self <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>bill<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NN1>return<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>its <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>aides <w VVB>testify<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>session <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0-VVN>compromised <w NN1>Komeito <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>steadfastly <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>bill <w PRP>through <w DPS>its <w AJ0>various <w NN2>stages<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNX>itself <w PRP>in <w NN1>disarray <w PRP>from <w NN2>scandals <w CJC>and <w NN1>factionalism <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>discontent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w PRP>by <w VVG>boycotting <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>act <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>indicating <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1357"><w AT0>The <w NN1>breakup <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP-Komeito-DSP <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>arrangement <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>enabled <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimize <w AT0>the <w NN1>inconvenience <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>lost <w DPS>its <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Upper <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w TO0>to <w VVI>predict <w AJ0>difficult <w NN2>days <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>question <w CJS>whether <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w DPS>his <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>as <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA030></p>
<caption id=HLECA030>
<s n="1358"><w NN1>Confusion <w PRP>over <w NN1>apology <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pearl <w NN1>Harbour <w NN1-VVB>attack
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1359"><w AT0>The <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>undermined <w PRP>during <w NP0>December <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>confusion <w VVN>generated <w PRP>by <w NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VM0>should <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w ORD>50th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w CRD>1941 <w VVB-NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0>Pearl <w NN1>Harbour <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>apology<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1360"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w VVG>leading <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w AJ0>pro-US <w NN2>legislators <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>a <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>expressing <w NN1-VVB>regret <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="1361"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w VVD>ran <w PRP>into <w NN1>difficulty <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>American <w NN1>apology <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>dropped <w AJ0>atomic <w NN2>bombs <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hiroshima <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nagasaki <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1945<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>action <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>defended <w CJS>as <w VHG>having<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>spared <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NN2>lives<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1362"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>seeking <w DT0>any <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>apology<c PUN>.
<s n="1363"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>remorse <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unbearable <w NN1>suffering <w CJC>and <w NN1>sorrow <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>inflicted<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>reckless<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="1364"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>definitely<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>approve <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>expressing <w NN1-VVB>regret<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>milestone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1365"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>due to <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AJ0>hardline <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>legislators<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
<s n="1366"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Koichi <w NP0-NN1>Kato <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AV0>carefully <w AJ0-VVD>worded <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>reflection <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>unbearable <w NN1>agony <w CJC>and <w NN1>sorrow <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>peoples <w PRP>in <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w PRP>in <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>started <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Pearl <w NN1>Harbour<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1367"><w AT0>The <w NN1>confusion <w VBD>was <w VVN>heightened <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>inflicted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unbearable <w NN1>blow <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VVB>feel <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>remorse<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1368"><w DPS>His <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AV0>sufficiently <w AV0-AJ0>far <w PRP>towards <w AT0>an <w NN1>apology <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>enraged <w DT0>many <w NN2>nationalists <w PRP>within <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w VHG>having <w VVN>satisfied <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear-cut <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>apology <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>initiating <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA031></p>
<caption id=HLECA031>
<s n="1369"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Miyazawa <w NN1>aide <w PRP>in <w NN1>bribery <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1370"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>embarrassment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bribery <w NN1>scandal <w VVG>involving <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>key <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
<s n="1371"><w NP0>Fumio <w NP0>Abe <w VVD>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Miyazawa <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>faction <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w CRD>100,000,000 <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;780,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>undeclared <w AJ0>political <w NN2>donations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NN1>Corporation<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>steel <w NN1>frame <w NN1>manufacturer <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w AJ0>bankrupt <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>executives <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kyowa <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN2>funds <w PRP>to <w NP0>Abe <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG>receiving <w DPS>his <w NN1>assistance <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w NN1>resort <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>constituency <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Hokkaido<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1373"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1374"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1375"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="1376"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1377"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w VVN>conducted <w DPS>his <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><w PNP>He <w VVD>replaced <w CRD>seven <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>as <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1379"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1380"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1381"><w NP0>CCP <w NN1>plenum <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>developments
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1382"><w NN1>Party <w NN1>plenum <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Document <w PRP>on <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1383"><w AT0>The <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>plenum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>) <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>plenum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37917<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1384"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plenum <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w ORD>14th <w NN1>congress <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1385"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1386"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>non-party <w NN2>personages<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w PRP>on <w NN1>agriculture <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>plenum <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>points<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN2>achievements <w PRF>of <w NN1>agriculture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>tasks <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990s<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>stabilizing <w CJC>and <w VVG>improving <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>policies <w PRP>for <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>deepen <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>raising <w AT0>the <w AJ0>overall <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>production <w NN1>capability<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>on <w AJ0>socialist <w AJ0>ideological <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w VVG>strengthening <w NN1>building <w PRF>of <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>civilization <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w VVG>reinforcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>on <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1387"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>commentators <w VHD>had <w VVN>anticipated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>party <w NN2>appointments <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>plenum<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AT0>no <w DT0>such <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1388"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN1>Vice-Premier <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shanghai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zou <w NP0>Jiahua<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>Vice-Premier <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretariat <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>secretary-general <w CJC>and <w AJC>younger <w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>.
<s n="1389"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>promotion <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-or-nothing <w NN1>package<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN2>reformists <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NN2>conservatives <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w NP0>Zhu<w POS>'s <w NN1>elevation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>magazine <w NN1>Tangtai <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>plenum <w VHD>had <w VVN>authorized <w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w VVG>reinvigorating <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>plenum <w VVD>reviewed <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>party <w NN1-AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zhao <w NP0-NN1>Ziyang<c PUN>.
<s n="1392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plenum <w VBD>was <w VVN>informed <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zhao<w POS>'s <w NN2>mistakes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>principal <w PNI>one <w NN1>being <w CJT-DT0>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN1>position <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>firm <w PRP>during <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>turmoil<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1393"><w NN1-NP0>Zhao <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>encouraging <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bourgeois <w NN1>liberalization <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA032></p>
<caption id=HLECA032>
<s n="1394"><w NP0>NPC <w NN1-NP0>Standing <w NN1>Committee <w NN1>session <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Adoption <w PRF>of <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>NPT
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1395"><w AT0>The <w ORD>23rd <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Standing <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23-29<c PUN>.
<s n="1396"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w CRD>1968 <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1397"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38411<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1398"><w NN2>Resolutions <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w DTQ>which <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>Rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Child <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37054<c PUN>; <w CRD>37732<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sino-Lao <w NN1>border <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1399"><w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>adoption <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NP0>NPC <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA033></p>
<caption id=HLECA033>
<s n="1400"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>dissidents
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1401"><w NP0>Dai <w NP0>Qing<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>journalist <w VVN>detained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15-17 <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38575<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>State <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1402"><w NP0>Lau <w NP0>Shan-Ching<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>renowned <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>after <w VVG>serving <w DPS>his <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>counter-revolutionary <w NN1>propaganda <w CJC>and <w NN1>incitement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA034></p>
<caption id=HLECA034>
<s n="1403"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese-designed <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Delay <w PRP>in <w NP0>Daya <w NN1>Bay <w NN1>plant
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1404"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w PRF>of <w AV0>solely <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>design <w CJC>and <w NN1>construction <w VVD>became <w AJ0>operational <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1405"><w NN1-NP0>Qinshan <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>Zhejiang <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>generating <w NN1>capacity <w PRF>of <w CRD>300 <w NN0>MW<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1406"><w NN2>Officials <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w DT0>that <w NN1>construction <w NN2>problems <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>start-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Daya <w NN1-VVB>Bay <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant<c PUN>.
<s n="1407"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w VVN>situated <w DT0>some <w CRD>50 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>start <w VVG-NN1>operating <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA035></p>
<caption id=HLECA035>
<s n="1408"><w AJ0>Sino-Soviet <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1409"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Sino-Soviet <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN2>reductions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>border <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38575<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1410"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tass <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-VVB>report <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD-VVN>covered <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>component <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AJ0>geographical <w NN2>limits <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w AJ0>initial <w NN0>data <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>monitoring<c PUN>.
<s n="1411"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1412"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>Vice-Premier <w NP0>Tian <w NP0>Jiyun <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2-11<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>requested <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>aid <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>strengthen <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>sector<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA036><ptr target=HLECA037></p>
<caption id=HLECA036>
<s n="1413"><w NP0>Tibet
</caption>
<caption id=HLECA037>
<s n="1414"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1415"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>exiled <w AJ0>Tibetan <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w DPS>His <w NN1>Holiness <w NP0-NN1>Tenzin <w NP0-NN1>Gyatso<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>with <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38097 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1416"><w AJ0>British <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Major <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1417"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>merely <w AT0>a <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>exile<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHZ>has <w AV0>long <w VBN>been <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w NN2>activities <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>splitting <w NP0-NN1>China <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>disrupting <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1418"><w AT0>The <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVG>making <w NN2>representations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1419"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1420"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1421"><w VVB>Split <w PRP>in <w NP0>MPRP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Banking <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1422"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>faction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPRP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1423"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>Revival <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>300 <w NP0>MPRP <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>joined <w AV0>initially<c PUN>.
<s n="1424"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Revival <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mongolia <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>ideology <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1425"><w NN2>Plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>congress <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1426"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN1>bank <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mongolbank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>.
<s n="1427"><w AT0>The <w NN2>arrests <w VBD>were <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>TASS<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NP0>Mongolia <w UNC>US&dollar;80,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1428"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1429"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1430"><w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="1431"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1432"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>obsolete <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w VVD>entered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>phase <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>with <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1433"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>function <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1434"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w DT0>all <w CRD>469 <w AJ0>remaining<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>parliamentarians<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DT0>those <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w NN1>mainland <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1940s<c PUR>) <w AV0>officially <w VVN-AJ0>retired<c PUN>; <w AV0>in addition <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>81<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>senior<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <w CJC>and <w CRD>15<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>senior<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Control <w NN0>Yuan <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>retired<c PUN>, <w PRP>ahead of <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w DT0>both <w NN2>organs <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1435"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>contested <w PRP>by <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Kuomintang <c PUL>(<w NP0>KMT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1436"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>DPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>openly <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Taiwanese<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>independence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>defying <w AJ0>stringent <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>against <w DT0>such <w NN1>advocacy<c PUN>.
<s n="1437"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VVD>dominated <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w TO0>to <w VVI>characterize <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>virtual <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w NN1>issue<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA038></p>
<caption id=HLECA038>
<s n="1438"><w NN2>Results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1439"><w AT0>The <w NP0>KMT <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>resounding <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w VVG>gaining <w AV0>over <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>.
<s n="1440"><w AT0>The <w NN1>DPP <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w AJ0>necessary <w AV0>seriously <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1441"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>667 <w NN2>candidates <w VVN>fielded <w PRP>by <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w CRD>225 <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>325-member <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1442"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>100 <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AV0>aside <w PRP>for <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w AV0>proportionally <w PRP>among <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVG>winning <w AV0>at least <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>20 <w AJ0-VVD>reserved <w PRP>for <w AJ0>overseas <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese<c PUN>.
<s n="1443"><w NN1>Voter <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>68.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VVN>proceeded <w AV0>smoothly <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>violence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA039></p>
<caption id=HLECA039>
<s n="1444"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1445"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1446"><w NP0>Liu <w NN1>Ho-chien <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chen <w NN1-AJ0>Hsin-ling <w PRP>as <w AJ0>military <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff<c PUN>.
<s n="1447"><w NP0>Liu <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee<w POS>'s <w NN1>strategy <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w VM0>would <w AV0>reportedly <w VVI>strengthen <w NP0>Lee<w POS>'s <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03A></p>
<caption id=HLECA03A>
<s n="1448"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN2>cross-straits <w NN1>association <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1449"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>China <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>Across <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN2>Straits <c PUL>(<w NP0>ARATS<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN2>exchanges <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1450"><w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Daohan <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tang <w NP0>Shubei <w NN1>executive <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="1451"><w NP0>Taiwan <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Straits <w NN1-VVB>Exchange <w NN1>Foundation <c PUL>(<w NP0>SEF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37859<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1452"><w NP0>Chen <w NN1>Jung-chieh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SEF <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>secretary <w AJ0>general<c PUN>, <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRF>of <w NN2>congratulations <w PRP>to <w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Daohan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1453"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1454"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1455"><w NN1-NP0>Legco <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>against <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Final <w NN1>Appeal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1456"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1-VVB>move <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Legco<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Final <w NN1>Appeal <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w VM0>would <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Liaison <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>JLG<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38531<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1457"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w VVG>urging <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>China <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconsider <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>34 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>; <w CRD>nine <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AJ0>absent<c PUN>.
<s n="1458"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>governments <w DT0>all <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>renegotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1459"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>21st <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>JLG<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3-5<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03B></p>
<caption id=HLECA03B>
<s n="1460"><w NN1-NP0>Legco <w NN1>by-election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w AJ0>Zachary <w NN1>Wong <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>political <w NN1>group <w NN1>Meeting <w NN1>Point <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w NN1>by-election<c PUN>.
<s n="1462"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>factions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sweeping <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38436<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03C></p>
<caption id=HLECA03C>
<s n="1463"><w AJ0>Forced <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1464"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN>repatriated <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1465"><w AT0>The <w NN1>repatriation <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>second <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>forcible <w NN1>repatriation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38531<c PUN>; <w CRD>38576<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1466"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>226 <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>refugees <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNHCR <w NN1>Volunteer <w NN1>Repatriation <w NN1>Programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1467"><w DT0>This <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>volunteer <w NN2>repatriates <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w CRD>6,617<c PUN>.
<s n="1468"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>refugees <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>level <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1469"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1470"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1471"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>affairs
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1472"><w NP0>CPV <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>plenum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1473"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>plenum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPV<c PUR>) <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1474"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plenum <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38271-72<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1475"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>crippling <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w AT0>the <w NN1>plenum <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w DT0>all <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
<s n="1476"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>over <w AJ0>future <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>loss-making<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w VHD>had <w VVN>debated <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea<c PUN>, <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NN2>conservatives <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>turning <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w PRP>into <w NN1>share-holding <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="1478"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>into <w NN1>share-holding <w NN2>companies <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>experimental <w NN1>basis<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03D></p>
<caption id=HLECA03D>
<s n="1479"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1480"><w AT0>The <w ORD>10th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10-26 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38390 <w PRP>for <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>July-August <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1481"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>opening <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Premier <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1482"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>aid <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w TO0>to <w VVI>predict <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>1991 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>year <w PRP>for <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="1483"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kiet <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w CRD>2.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1484"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>unfavourable <w NN1>weather<c PUN>, <w NN1>grain <w NN1>production <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w AJ0>stable <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>21,700,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>rice <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>exported<c PUN>.
<s n="1485"><w AT0>The <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>production <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1486"><w NP0-NN1>Kiet <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>export <w NN1>quota<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;1,800 <w CRD>million <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>fulfilled <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVN-VVD>marked<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>step <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVG>balancing <w NN2>exports <w CJC>and <w NN2>imports<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1487"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AV0>initially <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>tone <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>report <w NN1-NP0>Kiet <w VVD>conceded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complicated <w NN1>way<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1488"><w NN1>Inflation <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w AJ0>overdue <w NN2>debts <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>become <w AJ0>prolonged<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>unemployment <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>increasing<c PUN>.
<s n="1489"><w NN1>Corruption <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>serious<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>smuggling<c PUN>, <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>social <w NN2>vices <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>checked<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1490"><w NP0-NN1>Kiet <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>outline <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>tasks <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1491"><w NN2>Efforts <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>effect <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>state <w NN1>budget <w NN1>adjustment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1492"><w PRP>Towards <w DT0>this <w NN1>end <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w AT0>A <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>uniform <w NN2>regulations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>promulgated <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>exert <w AJ0>overall <w NN1-VVB>budget <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1494"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>aviation <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>amended <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>export-import <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>.
<s n="1495"><w NN2>Resolutions <w VBD>were <w VVN>passed <w VVG>approving <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>development <w NN2>tasks <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991-95 <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>redrawing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>boundaries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thuan <w NP0-NN1>Hai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hau <w NP0-NN1>Giang<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Cuu <w AJ0-AV0>Long <w CJC>and <w ITJ>Ha <w NP0>Nam <w NP0-NN1>Ninh <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03E></p>
<caption id=HLECA03E>
<s n="1496"><w NN1>Publication <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1497"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>comment <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1498"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1499"><w CJS>Whilst <w VVG>reaffirming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPV<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>significantly <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="1500"><w AJ0>New <w CJC>and <w AJ0>revised <w NN2>sections <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>system <w VVD>formalized <w AT0>the <w NN1>free-market <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>mid-1980s<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03F></p>
<caption id=HLECA03F>
<s n="1501"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>member <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1502"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Que<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Thuan <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City <w NN1>court <w VVD>found <w PNP>them <w DT0>both <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>distributing <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>leaflets <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>overthrowing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN1>administration<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1503"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>authorities <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>released <w CRD>two <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Thanh <w NP0>Que<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>priest<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Thien<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>poet<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>re-education <w NN2>camps<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1505"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1506"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1507"><w NP0>SNC <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pattaya <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>leaders <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NN1>Son <w NP0-NN1>Sann
</head>
<p>
<s n="1508"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multi-faction <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pattaya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1509"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SNC <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>shifted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Khieu <w NP0-NN1>Samphan <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <w PRP>to <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38573-74<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1510"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pattaya <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>800 <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w DPS>their <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w CJT>that <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>security <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="1512"><w AT0>The <w NN2>factions <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>delegation <w VM0>would <w AV0>initially <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<w POS>'s <w NN1>compound <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>government <w NN1>guest <w NN1>house <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>served <w PRP>as <w NN2>quarters <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1513"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kun <w NP0-NN1>Tieng<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>mob <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1514"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>delegation <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC <w NN1>secretariat<c PUN>.
<s n="1515"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>six-member <w NN1>secretariat <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>day-to-day <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="1516"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>delegation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w VBD>was <w NP0>Chan <w NP0>Youran<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1970s<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1517"><w NN1>Son <w NP0-NN1>Sann<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmer <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPNLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03G></p>
<caption id=HLECA03G>
<s n="1518"><w NP0>SNC <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1519"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1520"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>opened <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>guard<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan<c PUN>.
<s n="1521"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Son <w NP0>Sen<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>return <w PRP>with <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1522"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Advance <w NN1>Mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNAMIC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1523"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SNC <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>dispatch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03H></p>
<caption id=HLECA03H>
<s n="1524"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1525"><w NP0-NN1>SOC <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NN2>crowds <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1526"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w NN2>crowds<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w DT0>all <w NN2>universities <w CJC>and <w NN2>colleges <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>closed<c PUN>.
<s n="1528"><w AT0>The <w NN1>violence <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>culmination <w PRF>of <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>against <w AJ0>escalating <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
<s n="1529"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ros <w NP0>Chhun<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>angry <w NN1>mob<c PUN>.
<s n="1530"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w AV0>later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1531"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Khun <w VVD>replaced <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1532"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="1533"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD-VVN>passed <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>required <w NN2>organizers <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrations <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRP>for <w NN1>government <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1534"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Hor <w NP0>Nam <w NP0>Hong <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>visits <w PRP>by <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>dignitaries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03J></p>
<caption id=HLECA03J>
<s n="1535"><w NN1>Termination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Sihanoukist-SOC <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1536"><w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Sihanouk<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sihanoukist <w NN1>faction <c PUL>(<w NP0>Funcinpec<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Ranaridh<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>) <w NN1>regime <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>officially <w VVN>ended <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38573 <w PRP>for <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1537"><w NP0-NN1>Sihanouk <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>advised <w NN1-NP0>Ranariddh <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>after <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>KPNLF <w CJC>and <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03K></p>
<caption id=HLECA03K>
<s n="1538"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>affairs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1539"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>visitors <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VVD>included <w NP0>Gareth <w NP0>Evans<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>business <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>; <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Faleiro<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1540"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>at <w VVG>finding <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN-VVD>listed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1541"><w NP0>Belgium <w VVD>re-established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1542"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1543"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1544"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Thailand
</head>
<p>
<s n="1545"><w NP0>Laos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>general <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w VVG>maintaining <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order <w PRP-AVP>along <w DPS>their <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1546"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Vice-Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace-Keeping <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1547"><w NP0>Choummali <w NP0>Saignakong<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1548"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1549"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1550"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Constitution <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1551"><w NN1>Promulgation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN1>date
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>15th<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>after <w DPS>its <w NN1>signature <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w NP0>Adulyadej<c PUN>.
<s n="1553"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38578-79<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w AJ0>final <w NN1>reading <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military-appointed <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1554"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>within <w CRD>120 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>no <w AJC>later <w CJS>than <w NP0>April <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1555"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03L></p>
<caption id=HLECA03L>
<s n="1556"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>election <w NN1>law <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1557"><w AT0>The <w NN1>NLA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w VVD-AJ0>passed <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governors <w CJC>and <w NN1>district <w NN2>officers <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>monitoring <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><w AT0>The <w NN2>amendments <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>expense <w NN1-VVB>limit <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>baht <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;42,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1559"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>NLA <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVG>requiring <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>state <w DPS>their <w NN2>assets <w AT0>every <w CRD>four <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="1560"><w DT0>All <w NN2>parties <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>field <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>360 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1561"><w DT0>Any <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>automatically <w VVN>dissolved<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03M></p>
<caption id=HLECA03M>
<s n="1562"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>80 <w DT0>former <w NN1>student <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>active <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970s <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pracha <w NP0>Dhamma<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1564"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>acknowledged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>co-ordinator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kriengkamol <w NP0-NN1>Laohapairojn<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN2>analysts <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potent <w AJ0>political <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03N></p>
<caption id=HLECA03N>
<s n="1565"><w NN1>Seizure <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai<w POS>'s <w NN2>assets
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1566"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Assets <w NN1>Verification <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1-VVB>coup <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>assets <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0-NN1>Choonhaven <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>close <w NN1>aide <w NP0-NN1>Pitak <w NP0-NN1>Intrawitanunt<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03P></p>
<caption id=HLECA03P>
<s n="1567"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Anand <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1568"><w NP0>Anand <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8-11 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>topics <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Indo-China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Burma<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1570"><w NP0>Anand <w VVD>met <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>discussed <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1571"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1572"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1573"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1574"><w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0-NN1>Kyi <w PRP>from <w NP0>NLD
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1575"><w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w DPS>her <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w AT0>The <w NN1>news <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>Election <w NN1>Commission <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN1-VVB>release <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD <w CJS>because <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>indirectly <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1577"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>removed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>NLD <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1578"><w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi<w POS>'s <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w CJS>after <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>awarded <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w DPS>her <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>symbol <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1579"><w PRP>During <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>annulled <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>25 <w NP0>NLD <w NN2>members <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1580"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Society <w VBD>was <w VVN>deregistered <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03R></p>
<caption id=HLECA03R>
<s n="1581"><w AJ0>Norwegian <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1582"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December <w VVD>accorded <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Coalition <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burma <c PUL>(<w NP0>NCGUB<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37915-16<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1583"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>donated <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN2>kronor <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;320,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NCGUB<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sein <w VVB-NN1>Win<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Norway <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0-NN1>Kyi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1584"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Myanma <w VVG>listing <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>seven <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>40 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w TO0>to <w AJ0>long <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w PRP>after<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>blatantly <w AJ0>unfair<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>trials<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03S></p>
<caption id=HLECA03S>
<s n="1585"><w VVB-NN1>Report <w AVP-PRP>on <w VVD>Saw <w NP0>Maung
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1586"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>SLORC <w NN2>members <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>concerned<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>behaviour <w PRF>of <w NP0>SLORC <w NN1-VVB>Chair <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saw <w NP0>Maung<c PUN>.
<s n="1587"><w VVG>Citing <w NN2>sources <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Yangon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w VVD>Saw <w NP0>Maung <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nervous <w NN1>breakdown <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>behaviour <w VHD>had <w AV0>subsequently <w VVB>become<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>irrational <w CJC>and <w AJ0>incoherent<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>with <w NN2>bouts <w PRF>of <w NN1>depression <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVZ>displays <w AJ0>verbal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>aggression<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03T></p>
<caption id=HLECA03T>
<s n="1588"><w NN1>Student <w NN1>unrest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1589"><w NN2>Students <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Yangon <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w VVD>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w VVD>collected <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>behalf <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oslo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>.
<s n="1590"><w NN2>Troops <w AV0>quickly <w VVN>dispersed <w AT0>the <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>further <w NN1>unrest <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>universities <w CJC>and <w NN2>colleges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1591"><w AT0>A <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>railway <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mandalay <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>18 <w NN2>others<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03U></p>
<caption id=HLECA03U>
<s n="1592"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN1>tension <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bangladesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1593"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w NP0>Myanma <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
<s n="1594"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VVD>deteriorated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w AVQ>when <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards <w VVN-VVD>fired <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>Bangladesh <w VVZ-NN2>Rifles <w NN1-VVB>camp <w PRP>near <w NP0>Ukhia <w NP0>Upazila <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Myanma-Bangladesh <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>one <w NN1>soldier <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>seven <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="1595"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w AV0>then <w VVD>began <w VVG>massing <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1596"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>Moslems <w VVD>started <w VVG-NN1>crossing <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1597"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1598"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1599"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>by <w NP0>Koirala
</head>
<p>
<s n="1600"><w CRD>Five <w AJ0>major <w NN2>agreements <w VVG>covering <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transit<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>, <w NN1>agriculture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Girja <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5-10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1601"><w AJ0>Preparatory <w NN1>ground <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w DTQ>which <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>steady <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-month <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strained <w NN2>relations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37009<c PUN>; <w CRD>37357<c PUN>; <w CRD>37531<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>laid <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high-level <w AJ0>Indo-Nepalese <w NN1>task <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Katmandu<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>complete<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agrement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transit <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1602"><w VVG>Speaking <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>reception <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>Koirala <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nepal <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>its <w NN1>neutrality <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>interfere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bhutan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1603"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intensified <w NN1>repression <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bhutan <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN2>activists <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38534<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1604"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Koirala <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Katmandu <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nepal <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>by <w NN2>activists <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0>Punjab<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kashmir <w CJC>and <w NP0>Assam<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03V></p>
<caption id=HLECA03V>
<s n="1605"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1606"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Koirala <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>dismissing <w CRD>six <w NN1>government <w NN2>members <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AJ0>dissident <w NN2>factions <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ganesh <w NN1>Man <w NP0>Singh <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>K. <w NP0>P. <w NP0-NN1>Bhattarai<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1607"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>dismissed <w VBD>were <w NN1>Ram <w NP0>Hari <w NP0-NN1>Joshi <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w PRP>by <w NP0>Govinda <w NP0>Raj <w NP0-NN1>Joshi<c PUN>; <w CRD>five <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN2>Forests<c PUN>, <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Water <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>replaced<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03W></p>
<caption id=HLECA03W>
<s n="1608"><w AJ0>Five-year <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1609"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>development <w NN1-VVB>plan <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>worth <w UNC>Rs190,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;4,400 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AV0>more than <w CRD>64 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1610"><w AJ0>Due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>launched <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w CRD>5.1 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w CRD>1,400,000 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>other <w NN2>goals <w VVD>included<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>output <w VVG>averaging <w CRD>3.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>savings <w NN1-VVB>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>12.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w NN1>tax <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>from <w CRD>8.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>10.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>from <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w DTQ>which <w PRP>at <w CRD>2.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>per <w NN1>year <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1612"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1613"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1614"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1615"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Unity <w NP0>March<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1616"><w ZZ0>A <w UNC>14,000-km<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>unity <w NN1-VVB>march<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>ekta <w NN1>yatra <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Murli <w NP0>Manohar <w NP0-NN1>Joshi<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kanyakumari<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southernmost <w NN1>tip <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1617"><w AT0>The <w NN1>march<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kashmiri <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Srinagar<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <c PUL>(<w NN1>Republic <w NP0>Day<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>organized <w TO0>to <w VVI>express <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP<w POS>'s <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>status <w VVN>accorded <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kashmir <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w VVG>prohibiting <w AJ0>non-Kashmiris <w PRP>from <w VVG>owning <w NN1>land <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1618"><w VVZ-NN2>Fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w VM0>would <w VVI>heighten <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>tension <w VHD>had <w VVN>prompted <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w TO0>to <w VVI>summon <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>all-party <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fruitless <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="1619"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>procession <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w NP0>BJP <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>L. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Advani<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>violence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37774<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1620"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN1>march <w VVD>came <w PRP>amidst <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hindu-Moslem <w NN1>hostility <w VVG>centring <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ayodhya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w AV0>formally <w VVD>took <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.12 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>shrine <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1621"><w PRP>In <w NN2>disturbances <w VVG>preceding <w AT0>the <w NN1>takeover<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>V. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>briefly <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>near <w NP0>Ayodhya <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>after <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w NN2>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>temple <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>site<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1622"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>order <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>directed <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>status quo <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>structures <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-AJ0>acquired <w NN1>land<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03X></p>
<caption id=HLECA03X>
<s n="1623"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Justice
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1624"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramaswamy <w NP0>Venkataraman <w VVD>appointed <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Madhukar <w NP0>Hiralal <w NP0>Kania <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Justice <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AJ0>Kamal <w NN1-AJ0>Narain <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>retired <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>briefly <w VVG>assuming <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLECA03Y>
<s n="1625"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>Delhi <w NN1>assembly
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1626"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w VVG>endorsing <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>for <w NP0>Delhi <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1627"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amendment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>alter <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>Territory <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Delhi<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w NN2>laws <w VVN>enacted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Delhi <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>subject to <w DT0>those <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA040></p>
<caption id=HLECA040>
<s n="1628"><w NP0>Bhopal <w NN1>court <w NN1>order <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Liquor <w NN2>deaths
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1629"><w AT0>A <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bhopal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1-NP0>Carbide <w NN1>Corp.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Warren <w NP0>Anderson<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>other <w NN2>executives <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1984 <w NP0>Bhopal <w NN1>poison <w NN1>gas <w NN1>disaster <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33467-68<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1630"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w VHD>had <w VVN>cleared <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>officials <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1631"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bhopal <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>aftermath <w AV0>at least <w CRD>2,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w CJC>and <w CRD>180,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>treated <w PRP>for <w AJ0>toxic <w NN2>symptoms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1632"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>91 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bombay <w PRP>after <w VVG>drinking <w AJ0>poisoned <w NN1>liquor <w VVN-VVD>bought <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>government-licensed <w NN1>liquor <w NN1>store<c PUN>.
<s n="1633"><w CRD>Four <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>owner <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>shop<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w NN2>offences <w PRP>including <w NN1>murder<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1634"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Delhi <w CRD>185 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w PRP>after <w VVG>consuming <w NN1>sura<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>locally <w AJ0-VVN>prepared <w NN1>medicine <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>alcohol <w NN1>content<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA041></p>
<caption id=HLECA041>
<s n="1635"><w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w NN1>leadership <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1636"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w NP0>JD<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>expelled <w NP0>Ajit <w NP0>Singh <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-party <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1637"><w AT0>The <w NN1>expulsion<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bitter <w AJ0>political <w NN1>in-fighting <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Singh <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>made <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1638"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w AV0>more <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38438<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA042><ptr target=HLECA043></p>
<caption id=HLECA042>
<s n="1639"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLECA043>
<s n="1640"><w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1641"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;500,000,000 <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>loan <w PRP>for <w NP0>India <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>state-controlled <w NN1>economy<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;400,000,000 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>streamlining <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="1642"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank<w POS>'s <w NP0>Aid-to-India <w NN1>consortium <w VHD>had <w VVN>committed <w UNC>US&dollar;6,700 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w NN1>crisis <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>help <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>reforms <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38439<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA044></p>
<caption id=HLECA044>
<s n="1643"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1644"><w AT0>The <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sharp <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>travel <w NN2>allowances <w PRP>for <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rao <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1645"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w PRP>amidst <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>responded <w AV0>positively <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AV0>officially <w VVN-AJ0>commissioned <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w VVD>proposed <w AJ0>sweeping <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>over-regulated <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>over-administered<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1646"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VVG>quoting <w AJ0>official <w NN0>statistics<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>earllier <w AJ0>stringent <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stabilization <w NN2>measures <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>curbing <w AJ0>year-on-year <w NN1>inflation <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>from <w CRD>15.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>to <w CRD>13.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October<c PUN>.
<s n="1647"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>reserves <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w AV0>sharply<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w UNC>Rs23,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;890,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>to <w UNC>Rs60,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>lending <w PRP>by <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1648"><w NN1>Optimism <w PRP>about <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>upswing <w VBD>was <w VVN>clouded <w PRP>by <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>liberalization <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>prelude <w PRP>to <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1649"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>15,000,000 <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>employees <w AJ0-VVD>disrupted <w NN1>transportation<c PUN>, <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w NN2>businesses <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>by <w AJ0>opposition-backed <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>opposition <w VVD-VVN>intensified <w AV0>further <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN1>price <w NN2>rises <w PRF>of <w CRD>20-30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w NN2>grains<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>wheat <w CJC>and <w NN1>rice<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-December <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>minority <w NN2-VVZ>stakes <w PRP>in <w CRD>31 <w AJ0>profitable <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>enterprises <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>raise <w UNC>Rs25,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AV0>about <w NN0>&dollar;960,000,000<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA045><ptr target=HLECA046></p>
<caption id=HLECA045>
<s n="1652"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLECA046>
<s n="1653"><w NP0>Punjab
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1654"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>official <w NN0>statistics <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>14,469 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sikh <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>India <w PRP>since <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
<s n="1655"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>alone<c PUN>, <w CRD>4,768 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w CRD>55 <w NN0>people <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ambushed <w NN1>passenger <w NN1-VVB>train <w VVG-NN1>travelling <w PRP>from <w NN1>Ludhiana <w PRP>to <w NN1>Ferozepur <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1656"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w NN2>police <w VVN>arrested <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN1>catering <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Balwinder <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Nigah<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>plant <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>an <w NN1>Air <w NP0>India <w NN1>flight <w VVN-VVD>bound <w PRP>for <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w NP0>All-India <w NN1>Radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>major <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <w NP0>Longowal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <w AJ0>Panthic <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>merged <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA047></p>
<caption id=HLECA047>
<s n="1658"><w NP0>Assam
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Assam <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULFA<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unilateral<c PUN>, <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="1660"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>hostages <w VVD>abducted <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>prelude <w PRP>to <w AJ0>formal <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ULFA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA048></p>
<caption id=HLECA048>
<s n="1661"><w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1662"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NP0>JD <w NN2>parliamentarians <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kailash <w NP0>Nath <w NP0-NN1>Yadav<c PUN>, <w AV0>recently <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>A<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>openly <w VVG>siding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>pro-Congress <w NN1>faction <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA049></p>
<caption id=HLECA049>
<s n="1663"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1664"><w AJ0>Maoist <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>War <w NN1>Group <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>16 <w NN1-VVB>bus <w NN2>passengers <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>landmine <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>in <w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>.
<s n="1665"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Karnataka <w AV0>at least <w CRD>16 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>Tamils<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11-13 <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Cauvary <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1>River<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>Water <w NN1>Dispute <w NN1>Tribunal <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w TO0>to <w VVI>allocate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w AV0>annually <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu<c PUN>.
<s n="1666"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Maharashtra <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shiv <w NP0>Sena <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chhagan <w NP0>Bhujpal<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shiv <w NP0>Sena <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>B<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Bhujpal <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1667"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Manipur<c PUN>, <w NP0>Raj <w NP0>Kumar <w NP0>Ranbir <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>dismissed <w CRD>five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1668"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>71 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>feared <w VVN>drowned <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>river <w NN1>ferry <w VVD>capsized <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>weather <w CRD>190 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Calcutta<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>West <w NP0>Bengal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04A></p>
<caption id=HLECA04A>
<s n="1669"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11-16<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>31 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>marked <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>thaw <w PRP>in <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w DTQ>which <w NN1>bagan <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36381<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1672"><w VVN>Regarded <w PRP>by <w NN2>analysts <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>triumph <w PRP>for <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VVD>secured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>undertaking <w PRP>by <w NP0>India <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Tibetan <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
<s n="1673"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>major <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w VVG>covering <w AV0>principally <w AT0>the <w NN1>expansion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>consular <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bombay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shanghai<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>increase <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>cross-border <w NN1>trade <c PUL>(<w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>worth <w AV0>currently <w UNC>US&dollar;34,100,000 <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>resumption <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38006<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>space <w NN1>technology<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1674"><w AJ0>Outstanding <w NN2>differences <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>failed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>resolved <w AV0>decisively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1675"><w NN2>Hopes <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w CJS>after <w NP0>Li <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>accommodation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VM0>should <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN2>lines <w PRP>under <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>control<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1676"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Li<w POS>'s <w NN1>offer <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>status quo <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>China <w VVD>retained <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aksai-Chin <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>India <w AJ0-NN1>preserving <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arunachal <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1677"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AV0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0>mutually <w AJ0>acceptable <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>boundary <w NN1>question<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>through <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>working <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37352<c PUN>; <w CRD>38192<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1678"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>All-India <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w VVD>quoted <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w DT0>much <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1-VVB>issue <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1679"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Tibet <w AT0>the <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w NP0>India <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>Tibetans <w PRP>against <w DPS>their <w NN1>motherland<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>India <w VHD>had <w VVN>reaffirmed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Tibet <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1680"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w VVN-VVD>construed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>India<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w NN2>Tibetans <w TO0>to <w VVI>engage <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>anti-China <w AJ0>political <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w NP0>India<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1681"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <c PUL>(<w VVN>overturned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>Tibetan <w NN2>demonstrators <w PNQ>who <w VVD>clashed <w PRP>with <w NN2>police <w CJS>while <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w NP0>Li<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
<s n="1682"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>assuaging <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>fears <w PRP>about <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>among <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVD>estimated <w CRD>110,000 <w AJ0>Tibetan <w NN2>exiles<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>their <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w DPS>His <w NN1>Holiness <w NP0-NN1>Tenzin <w NP0-NN1>Gyatso<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama<c PUN>, <w VVD>gained <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38097<c PUN>; <w CRD>38190<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1683"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>concurrence <w PRF>of <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>stated <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>subsistence <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>basic <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>right<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1684"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>regarded <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJS>as <w AV0>primarily<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1685"><w VVG>Agreeing <w PRP>with <w NP0>Li<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rao <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w NP0>India <w VVD>found <w PNP>it <w AJ0>hard <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>entirety<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1686"><w AJ0>Unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>left <w AJ0>unresolved <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>misgivings <w PRP>about <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w AJ0>nuclear-free <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1687"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1688"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1689"><w AJ0>Anti-government <w NN2>protests <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-NP0>Bank <w NN1>privatization <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1690"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>MPs <w VVD>interrupted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w VVG-AJ0>claiming <w NN1>government <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>gang-rape <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karachi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>friend <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1691"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>injured<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AV0>seriously<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>police <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1692"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN2>incidents <w VVD>followed <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>unrest <w VVN>precipitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reported <w CRD>500-2,000 <w NP0>PPP <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>rape<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1693"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>rape<c PUN>, <w NP0>Farhana <w NP0>Hayat<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>named <w NP0>Irfanullah <w NP0>Marwat <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sind <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>son-in-law <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Ishaq <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>instigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>against <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="1694"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marwat <w NP0>Khan <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>incident <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto<w POS>'s<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>behest<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Hayat<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>close <w NN1>intimacy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bhutto<w POS>'s <w NN1>husband<c PUN>, <w NP0>Asif <w NP0>Ali <w NP0-NN1>Zardari<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1695"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>inquiry <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sind <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>judge <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w DT0>any <w AJ0>political <w NN1>motive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assault <w CJC>and <w VVD>cleared <w NP0>Marwat <w NP0>Khan <w PRF>of <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>incident<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04B></p>
<caption id=HLECA04B>
<s n="1696"><w NN1-VVB>Pressure <w PRP>on <w NN2>journalists <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1697"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w VVD>emerged <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>exerting <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w PRP>to <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>English-language <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1698"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Punjab <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>remarks <w PRP>about <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>book <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>UK <w NN1>journalist <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>punished <w PRP>by <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1699"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>14 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0>dead <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1>violence <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>during <w NN1-VVG>polling <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Punjab <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04C></p>
<caption id=HLECA04C>
<s n="1700"><w NN1-NP0>Bank <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>difficulties <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Islamicization <w PRF>of <w NN1>economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1701"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>privatize <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>banks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38533<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w NN1>setback <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>response <w PRP>from <w AJ0>prospective <w NN2>investors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1702"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>disappointing<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>factories <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38533<c PUN>; <w CRD>38577<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVG>proceeding <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1703"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>difficulties <w VBD>were <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>developments <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>pledge <w PRP>to <w NP0>Islamicize <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1704"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w NN1>bank <w NN1>interest <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>prohibited <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>law<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>ordered <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>laws <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>in line with <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>injunctions <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04D></p>
<caption id=HLECA04D>
<s n="1705"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1706"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>as <w VVN>intended <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>purposes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1708"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w CRD>two <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN1>space <w NN1>technology <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>co-operation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1709"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Scheer<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>projects<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1710"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>USAID<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w NN1-VVB>phase <w AVP>out <w NN1>aid <w PRP>by <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1995 <w PRP>due to <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1711"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>halted <w DT0>all <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJS>after <w NN1>Congress <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>certification <w VVG>testifying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1712"><w VVG>Announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NP0>USAID <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Norris<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agency <w VM0>would <w VVI>honour <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>allocate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w UNC>US&dollar;464,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>projects <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>until <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1713"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0-NN1>Mian <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1714"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rheld <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20-22<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1715"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1716"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1717"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>POWs
</head>
<p>
<s n="1718"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Afghan <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Government <c PUL>(<w NP0>AIG<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>released <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <c PUL>(<w NN1>POW<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNI>one <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>three <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1719"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>urge <w DPS>their <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>its <w NN1>influence <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>mujaheddin<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1720"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Pakistan-based <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20-22 <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>POW <c PUL>(<w AV0>later <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>soldier<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>pleasure <w CJC>and <w NN1>satisfaction<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w NP0>Afghanistan<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>continued <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>POWs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1722"><w AT0>An <w NN1>AIG <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>POWs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>after <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet-mujaheddin <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38577<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1723"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1724"><w NP0>SAARC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1725"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1726"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>seven-country <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Co-Operation <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAARC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1727"><w NN2-VVZ>Plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w VBD>were <w VVN>postponed <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>King <w NP0>Jigme <w NP0-NN1>Singye <w NN1-NP0>Wangchuk <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bhutan <w VVD>stated <w DPS>his <w NN1>inability <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38580<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1728"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <w VVN-VVD>issued <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w AJ0-VVN>committed <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>suppress <w NN1>terrorism <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w VVG>stressing<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>civil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>rights <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>rights <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w VBB>are <w AJ0>interdependent<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1729"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w AJ0-VVN>committed <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inter-governmental <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w NN1>liberalization <w PRP>among <w NP0>SAARC <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NP0>SAARC <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>by <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1730"><w NN1>Member <w NN2>states <w AV0>also <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>poverty <w NN1>alleviation <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w AT0>an <w AJ0>in-depth <w NN1>study <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diverse <w NN2>experiences<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w NN1>nation <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1731"><w AT0>The <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bangladeshi <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dhaka<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1732"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1733"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<p>
<s n="1734"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>the <w NN1>validity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Hussain <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Ershad<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1735"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1736"><w NP0>MALAYSIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1737"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Encik <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Ghafar <w NP0>Baba<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>head <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN>formed <w NP0>Sabah <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sabah <w NP0>Barisan <w NP0>Nasional<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Angkatan <w NP0>Keadilan <w NP0-NN1>Rakyat <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Akar<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Malaysian <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Malays <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>UMNO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Sabah <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>USNO<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sabah <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parti <w NP0>Bersatu <w NP0>Sabah<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1738"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1739"><w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1740"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NN2>republics<w POS>' <w NN1>independence
</head>
<p>
<s n="1741"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD>brokered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVD>broke <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="1742"><w PRP>During <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>on <w VVG>recognizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>monitors <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>stage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1743"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w ORD>fourth <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1-8<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><w DPS>His <w NN1>brief <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>sending <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>condition <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>firm <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="1745"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>some <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w VVG>deploying <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Croatia<w POS>'s <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w VBG>being <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vance <w VVD>reported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>deployment <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w CJS>until <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w VVN>observed<c PUN>.
<s n="1746"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w PRP>in co-operation with <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>monitors<w POS>' <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w VVG>evacuating <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNA<c PUR>) <w NN2>garrisons <w PRP>from <w NP0>Croatia <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>blockaded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>blockades <w PRP>on <w NN2>garrisons <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zagreb<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>voted <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>send<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVZ>monitors <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w AV0>strongly <w VVD>urged <w NP0>UN <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>exacerbate <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>admonition <w VVN-VVD>perceived <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w VVN>directed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing <w DPS>his <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AJ0>German <w NN2>intentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1750"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>threatening <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>independence <w VM0>would <w VVI>provoke <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>from <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1751"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Serbian-dominated <w NN1>rump <w NN1-AJ0>Collective <w NN1>State <w NN1>Presidency <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04E></p>
<caption id=HLECA04E>
<s n="1752"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>Setting <w PRP>out of <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1753"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>credit <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>agreements <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w NN1>aid <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>with respect to <w CRD>four <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics<c PUN>; <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <w VBD>were <w VVN>excluded<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sanctions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38559<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>proviso <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>against <w NN2>republics <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>shown <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w PRP>in <w NN1>aggression<c PUN>.
<s n="1755"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>imposed <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>trade <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>represented <w AV0>about <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>earnings<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1756"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>reconvened <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>break <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>month<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w NP0>EC <w NN1>arbitration <w NN1>committee <w NN1-VVB>report <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>legally <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>dissolution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>rump <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1757"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-hour <w NN1>debate <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>to <w NN2>republics <w DTQ>which <w VVD>met <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="1758"><c PUL>(<w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>settlement <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1759"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Carrington<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Kucan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0>Graz <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD>flew <w PRP>to <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1760"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>Presidency <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w VVN-VVD>requested <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1761"><w AT0>The <w NN2>conditions <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w NN2>guidelines <w VVN>elaborated <w PRP>by <w NP0>France <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>states <w VVG>emerging <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1>Act <w CJC>and <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Charter <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rule <w PRF>of <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w CJC>and <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inviolability <w PRF>of <w NN2>frontiers<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVG>honouring <w NN1>disarmament <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w NN2>commitments<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w NN1>arbitration <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w AT0>a <w NN1>structure <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>state<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w VVN>elaborated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38559<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1762"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>republics<c PUN>: <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>requested <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1763"><w NP0>Macedonia <w VVD>drafted <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>fit <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
<s n="1764"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Montenegro <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1765"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Albanians <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w VVD>asked <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Kosovo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1766"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1767"><w NP0>Germany <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w NN1>promise <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>before <w NN1>Christmas<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1768"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Slovenian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>Presidents <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5 <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Germany <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w DPS>their <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="1769"><w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VVN>closed <w NN1>air <w CJC>and <w NN1>road <w NN0>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Serbia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04F><ptr target=HLECA04G></p>
<caption id=HLECA04F>
<s n="1770"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLECA04G>
<s n="1771"><w NN2>Resignations <w PRP>from <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1772"><w AT0>The <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Croatian<c PUR>) <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Collective <w NN1>State <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stjepan <w NP0>Mesic<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w AV0>no longer <w VVZ>exists<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1773"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w VVD>approved <w PNP>it <w AV0>unanimously<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>backdated <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Croatia<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w NN1>declaration <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38513<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1774"><w NP0>Mesic <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rotating <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>presidency <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38275<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1775"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDZ<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1776"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ante <w NP0>Markovic<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NP0>Croat<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>war <w NN1>budget<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>81 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>JNA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1777"><w NP0>Markovic <w VHD>had <w VVN>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38559<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1778"><w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Budimir <w NP0-NN1>Loncar<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>officially <w VVN>handed <w AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>handed <w AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milivoje <w NN1>Maksic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1779"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>non-attendance <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Presidency <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>representative<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Bogic <w NN1>Bogicevic<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w AT0>The <w NN1>debate <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1781"><w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <w VHD>had <w VVN>recalled <w DPS>their <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macedonia <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>attended <w PRP>since <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38513<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1782"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1-AJ0>representative <w NP0>Vasil <w NP0>Turpovski <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1783"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>76.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>destined <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA<c PUN>.
<s n="1784"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>revenue <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w NN2>credits <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>contributions <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AV0>significantly<c PUN>.
<s n="1785"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w AT0>the <w NN1>dinar <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>dinar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04H></p>
<caption id=HLECA04H>
<s n="1786"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1787"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1788"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>foundation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>statehood<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN2>DEMOS <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>dissolved <w PNX>itself <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>or <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1790"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="1791"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>criticizing <w NP0>President <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="1792"><w AT0>The <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Radoman <w NN1>Bozovic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Minister-designate<c PUN>.
<s n="1793"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Serbia <w VHD>had <w VVN>introduced <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>dinar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1794"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN0>minorities<c PUN>, <w VVG>committing <w NP0>Croatia <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w DT0>all <w AJ0>international <w NN2>conventions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w VVG>granting <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>to <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>communities <w PRP>within <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w CJS>once <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>within <w DPS>its <w CRD>1974 <w NN2>borders<c PUN>.
<s n="1795"><w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>introduced <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>dinar<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1796"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HSP <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN2>Rights<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dobroslav <w NP0>Paraga<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38559<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1797"><w CRD>Two <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>enclaves <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slavonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baranja <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Western <w NP0-NN1>Srem<c PUN>, <w VVD>proclaimed <w PNX>themselves <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>enclaves <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>share <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>together <w VVN>occupied <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>territory <w CJC>and <w VVD>included <w CRD>300,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1799"><w NP0>Milan <w AJ0>Babic <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="1800"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Serbia <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1801"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>representative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>Presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vojvodina <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Montenegro <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1-NP0>Krajina <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04J></p>
<caption id=HLECA04J>
<s n="1802"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w NP0-NN1>JNA <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>launched <w DTQ>what <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVG>attacking <w NP0>Dubrovnik <w CJC>and <w NP0>Osijek<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>resuming <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karlovac <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sisak <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zagreb<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>areas <w PRP>near <w NP0>Karlovac <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>bombardment <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1805"><w NP0>EC <w NN2>monitors <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet-made <w NN1>ground <w PRP>to <w NN1>ground <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zagreb<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w NP0>Croatia <w VBD>was <w AV0>successfully <w VVG>regaining <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Slavonia<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJS>though <w CRD>70 <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>retake <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zagreb<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1807"><w AT0>An <w NP0>EC <w NN2>monitors<w POS>' <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>leaked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>JNA <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>brutal <w NN1>aggression<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1808"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cowardly <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>for <w AT0>no <w AJ0>recognizable <w NN1>principle <w CJC>but <w AV0>largely<c PUN>, <w AV0>instinctively <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>status <w CJC>and <w NN1>survival<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1809"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>Presidency <w VVN>extended <w PRP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w AT0>the <w NN1>length <w PRF>of <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1810"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1811"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1812"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1813"><w NN2>Efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>government <w AV0>finally <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Olszewski <w VVD>presented <w DPS>his <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1814"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w VHD>had <w VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fragmented <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Krzysztof <w NP0>Bielecki <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>.
<s n="1815"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w VHD>had <w VVN>nominated <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-party <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1816"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Bronislaw <w NP0>Geremek <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w NN1>failure <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Walesa <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>seeking <w PRP>since <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w DT0>another <w NN1>alternative <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38586 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>preferring <w AT0>the <w NN1>reappointment <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Bielecki<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1817"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>defended <w NN2>dissidents <w PRP>during <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1818"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <w VVG>criticizing <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>tender <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1819"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NP0>Poland <w VHD>had <w VVN>pulled <w PRP>out of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>Olszewski <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRP>because of <w NN2>differences <w PRP>over <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1820"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>rejected <w NP0>Olszewski<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>by <w CRD>214 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>132<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>73 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>presented <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1821"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w CRD>235 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>60<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>139 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1822"><w NN1>Opposition <w VVD>came <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w NN2>Communists<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>.
<s n="1823"><w AT0>The <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Peasants<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Peasants<w POS>' <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1824"><w NN2>Olsziewski <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy <w VVD>included <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection <w PRP>during <w NN1>budget <w NN2>cut-backs <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>come<c PUN>.
<s n="1825"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>requesting <w AJ0>special <w NN2>powers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NN1>order <w AV0>more <w AV0>speedily <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>privatizations<c PUN>, <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>finances <w VBD>were <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dire <w NN1>condition<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04K></p>
<caption id=HLECA04K>
<s n="1826"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>discussions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1827"><w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>suffered <w CRD>two <w NN2>defeats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>during <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="1828"><w DPS>His <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>for <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>chair <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>chair <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38399<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1829"><w AV0>More <w AV0>significantly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change <w VBD>were <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>amendments <w VHD>had <w VVN>weakened <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1830"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walesa <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w CJC>and <w VVI>dismiss <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w VVB>allow <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w NN1>legislation <c PUL>(<w PRP>instead of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1832"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w NN1-AJ0>17-point<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>mini-constitution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>withdrew <w PNP>it <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>committee <w PRP-CJS>considering <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>fails <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DPS>my <w NN2>intentions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1833"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1834"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1835"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Scheduling <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1836"><w NP0>Ylli <w NP0-NN1>Bufi <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1837"><w DPS>His <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>stability <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VHD>had <w VVN>collapsed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0-NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1838"><w NP0-NN1>Vilson <w NP0-NN1>Ahmeti<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>non-party <w NN1>intellectual<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Nutrition <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramiz <w NP0>Alia <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w VBD>was <w VVN>offered <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>non-communist<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Bufi<w POS>'s <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <c PUL>(<w NN1>SPA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38303<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1840"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Bufi <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w NN1>food <w PRP>for <w AV0>only <w CRD>six <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>contributed <w TO0>to <w VVI>panic <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>critically <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>from <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>.
<s n="1841"><w NN1>Food <w NN2-VVZ>riots <w PRP>in <w UNC>Lac<c PUN>, <w CRD>40 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tirana<c PUN>, <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Fushe <w NP0>Arrez <c PUL>(<w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Shkod&euml;r<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>storming <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>storehouse <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disastrous <w NN1>fire <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>38 <w VVD>died<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1842"><w AT0>A <w NN1>crisis <w CJC>and <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>strikes <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>paralysed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN2>weeks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38583<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>DP <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w VHD>had <w VVN>listed <w AJ0>key <w NN2>demands <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w VVG-NN1>bringing <w AV0>forward <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w PRP>from <w NP0>May-June <w PRP>to <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Shkod&euml;r <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NN1>SPA <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w AJ0>key <w NN2>positions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>Televison <c PUL>(<w NP0>RTV <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>leaders <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>blockmen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="1844"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DP <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Sali <w NP0>Berisha <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Bufi <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>neo-dictatorship <w PRP>by <w VVG>destabilizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>discrediting <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1845"><w DPS>His <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Neritan <w NP0-NN1>Ceka <w VVG>resigning <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>DP <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>accusing <w NN1-NP0>Berisha <w PRF>of <w VVG>acting <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w NN1-AJ0>Bufi <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>devoted <w NN1>patriot<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>extolling <w AT0>the <w NN2>successes <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>undoubtedly <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w AJ0>post-war <w NN1>government <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>ever <w VHN>had<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1846"><w NP0>Ahmeti<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w AV0>mainly <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-party <w NN2>technocrats <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>rebuild <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1847"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>administer <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1848"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alia <w VVD>accepted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1849"><w VVB>Enver <w NP0>Hoxha<w POS>'s <w NN1>widow <w NP0>Nexhmije <w NP0>Hoxha<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist-dominated <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>subsequently <w VBN>been <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>rid <w PNX>itself <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w AJ0>old <w NN1>guard<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w NP0>Rita <w NP0>Marko<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>politburo <w NN1>member <w PRP>for <w CRD>34 <w NN2>years <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1850"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>RTV <w NN2>directors <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w AV0>there <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1851"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1852"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1853"><w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>leadership
</head>
<p>
<s n="1854"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14-16 <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w ORD>40th <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>name <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1855"><w NP0>Zhan <w NP0>Videnov<c PUN>, <w CRD>32<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Plovdiv <w CJC>and <w NN1>graduate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>Institute <w PRF>of <w AJ0>International <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w NN1>chairman <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Aleksandur <w NP0>Lilov<c PUN>: <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>council <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVN-VVD>elected <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>11-member <w NN1>executive <w NN1>bureau <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1856"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w NN1>domination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>modern <w AJ0>left <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><w AT0>The <w NN1>nominee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>reformist <w AJ0>social <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgi <w NP0>Pirinski<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w VVD-VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>to <w NP0>Videnov <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w CRD>428 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>out of <w CRD>608 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w CJS>after <w NP0>Lilov <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>favour<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Lukanov<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1858"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w VVD>confirmed <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>appealing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>court <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>enacted <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>measures <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AV0>wholly <w AJ0>non-communist <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38583-84<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1859"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1860"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1861"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="1862"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w NN1>income <w CJC>and <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w UNC>kcs134,700 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;4,800<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1863"><w VVG>Introducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>considered <w AT0>the <w NN1>transformation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>proceeding<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>satisfactorily<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole<c PUN>, <w PRP>above <w DT0>all <w PRP>in comparison with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neighbouring <w AJ0-NN1>communist <w NN2>states<c PUN>: <w NN1>inflation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w PRP>under <w NN1>control <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>deregulation <w PRF>of <w NN2>prices <w AV0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>koruna <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>maintained<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade <w VHD>had <w VVN>developed <w AV0>favourably<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w AV0>only <w AV0>marginally<c PUN>.
<s n="1864"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AJC>greater <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>expected<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>attributed <w DT0>this <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>external <w NN2>conditions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1865"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>forecasts <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>predicted <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>GDP <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>6 <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>by <w CRD>one-third<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>inflation <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1866"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>aims <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Klaus <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimize <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>limit <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>stabilize <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="1867"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>plans <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJC>further <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>, <w NN1>stimulation <w PRF>of <w NN2>exports <w CJC>and <w AJ0>new <w NN1>business <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>suitable <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>agriculture <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1868"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w AJ0>adverse <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transformation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>social <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>targeted <w AV0>more <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>at <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>need<c PUN>.
<s n="1869"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>expenditure <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>further <w VVN-VVD>reduced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1870"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>revenues <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1871"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>budget <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w CRD>41.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w CRD>23.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1872"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w AT0>a <w NN1>formula <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-off <w NN1>subsidy <w PRF>of <w UNC>kcs5,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w UNC>kcs3,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w UNC>kcs1,700 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1873"><w TO0>To <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>outlay <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w NN2>customs <w CJC>and <w NN1>import <w NN2>duties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04L></p>
<caption id=HLECA04L>
<s n="1874"><w NP0>Calfa<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1875"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marian <w NP0>Calfa<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>paid <w AJ0>official <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1-4<c PUN>.
<s n="1876"><w AT0>The <w NN1>delegation <w AV0>also <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Rychetsky<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>minsters <w PRF>of <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1877"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>visits <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w PRP>between <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1878"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Beijing <w NP0>Calfa <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1879"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1880"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1881"><w NN2>Treaties <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine
</head>
<p>
<s n="1882"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>goodneighbourly <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1883"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>stressed <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>unlike <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w VVN-VVD>signed <w CJS>while <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w AV0>under <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>between <w NN2>equals<c PUN>.
<s n="1884"><w AT0>A <w NN1>clause <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w AV0>explicitly <w VVN-VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>in <w CRD>1956 <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unacceptable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unlawful<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1885"><w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1886"><w NP0>Hungary <w AV0>also <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1887"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Antall <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kiev <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1888"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lajos <w NP0-NN1>Fuer<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="1889"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>supreme <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commands<c PUN>.
<s n="1890"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>contained <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>validity <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved <w CJC>or <w VVN>reconstituted<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04M></p>
<caption id=HLECA04M>
<s n="1891"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>national <w NN1>bank <w NN1>chair
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1892"><w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Akos <w NP0>Bod<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gyorgy <w NP0-NN1>Suranyi<c PUN>.
<s n="1893"><w AT0>The <w DT0>latter <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>reappointed <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>banking <w NN1>law <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38585<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1894"><w NP0>Suranyi<w POS>'s <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>dismissal <w VBD>was <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>controversial<c PUN>.
<s n="1895"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>attack <w PRP>from <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>for <w VVG>signing <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>.
<s n="1896"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>non-party <w NN1>technocrat<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>pursued <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tight <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
<s n="1897"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VM0>would <w VVI>enjoy <w AJ0>considerable <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1898"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1899"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1900"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1901"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38586<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="1902"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>recorded <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>77.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>10,948,468 <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>eligible <w NN2>voters<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>majority <w NN1-VVG>voting<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Transylvanian <w NN2>counties <w PRF>of <w NP0>Harghita <w CJC>and <w NP0>Covasna<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>centres <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>no <w AJ0>special <w NN1>minority <w CJC>or <w NN1>language <w NN2>rights <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>guaranteed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1903"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>crowning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VVN>unleashed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>revolution <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1904"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVG>defining <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w CJS>as <w VVG>according <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04N></p>
<caption id=HLECA04N>
<s n="1905"><w NN2>Sentences <w AV0>over <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Timisoara <w NN2>massacres <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Acquittal <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>politburo <w NN2>members
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1906"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>handed <w AVP>down <w NN2>sentences <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>15 <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>aggravated <w NN1>murder<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w NN1>genocide<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w CRD>eight <w PRP>out of <w CRD>21 <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NP0>Securitate <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN2>police <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Timisoara <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1907"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appeal <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bucharest <w VVD>overturned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN2>convictions <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38108<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRF>of <w CRD>16 <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>politburo <w NN2>members <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>favouring <w AT0>the <w NN1>criminal<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w NP0>Ceausescu<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Timisoara <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bucharest<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1908"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1909"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1910"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chancellery <w NN1>official <w PRP>over <w NP0>BND <w NN2>scandals <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Honecker <w NN1-VVB>issue
</head>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Lutz <w NP0>Stavenhagen<c PUN>, <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chancellery <w PRP>in charge of <w VVG>overseeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>espionage <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1912"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>named <w PRP>in connection with <w CRD>two <w NN2>scandals <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Service <c PUL>(<w NP0>BND<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1913"><w NN1-NP0>Stavenhagen <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bernd <w NP0>Schmidbauer<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>state <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1914"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>months <w AV0>earlier <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>BND <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Schalck-Golodkowski<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0>West <w AJ0>German <w NN1>passport<c PUN>.
<s n="1915"><w NP0>Schalck-Golodkowski <w VHD>had <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37107<c PUN>; <w CRD>37172<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>since <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>luxurious <w NN1>house <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0>BND <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bavarian <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Munich<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1916"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w NP0-NN1>Stavenhagen <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>criticized <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>cargo <w NN1>shipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared <w PRP>as <w NN1>farm <w NN1>machinery<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>seized <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hamburg <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w NN1>east <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>.
<s n="1917"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>15th <w DT0>such <w NN1>shipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>under <w NP0>BND <w NN2>auspices<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1918"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>wrote <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w DT0>much<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDD>did <w AV0>wrong<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>denied <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>known <w AVP>about<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04P></p>
<caption id=HLECA04P>
<s n="1919"><w NP0>Honecker <w NN1-VVB>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1920"><w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Honecker<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>leader <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38110<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>sought <w NN1>refuge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="1921"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>extradite <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>in connection with <w DPS>his <w NN1>regime<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shoot-to-kill<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w NN2>escapees<c PUR>) <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1922"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>governments <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>offered <w NP0>Honecker <w NN1>refuge <w CJC>but <w PRP>as of <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>embassy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1923"><w AJ0>German <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Kinkel <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21-22 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>pressed <w PRP>for <w NP0>Honecker<w POS>'s <w NN1>extradition <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>between <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1924"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chile <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38526<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1925"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38590<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Nikolay <w NP0>Feodorov <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Honecker<w POS>'s <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Russian <w PRP>as opposed to <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>jurisdiction<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04R></p>
<caption id=HLECA04R>
<s n="1926"><w NN1>Espionage
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1927"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Gabriele <w NP0-NN1>Gast<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BND<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>department<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Munich <w NN1>court <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>for <w NN1>espionage <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>security <w NN1>service <c PUL>(<w NP0>Stasi<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1928"><w NP0>Karl-Heinz <w NP0>Schneider<c PUN>, <w DPS>her <w AJ0>controlling <w NN1>officer <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>lover<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>an <w AJ0>18-month <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w NN1>espionage<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04S></p>
<caption id=HLECA04S>
<s n="1929"><w NP0>CDU <w NN1>congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1930"><w PRP>At <w DPS>their <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dresden <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15-17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>) <w VVD>papered <w AVP-PRP>over <w NN2>divisions <w PRP-AVP>over <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN2>members<w POS>' <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="1931"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Dresden <w NN1>manifesto<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>forging <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>unity <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w VVG>using <w AJ0>German <w NN2>troops <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>arena <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w CJC>or <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>European <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1932"><w NN2>Delegates <w AV0>formally <w VVN>elected <w NP0>Angela <w NP0>Merkel<c PUN>, <w CRD>37 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w NN1>Youth <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mecklenburg-West <w NP0>Pomerania <w CJC>and <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
<s n="1933"><w PNP>She <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w NP0>Lothar <w NP0>De <w NP0-NN1>Maizi&egrave;re <w VVG>following <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>along with <w AJ0>other <w NN1>party <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38446<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1934"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w VBD>was <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>western <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brandenburg <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w NP0>Ulf <w NP0>Fink<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saxony-Anhalt <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w NP0>Werner <w NP0>M&uuml;nch<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Saxony <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kurt <w NP0>Biedenkopf<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04T></p>
<caption id=HLECA04T>
<s n="1935"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bremen <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1936"><w PRP>Following <w NP0>September <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bremen <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38447<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Free <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Greens<c PUN>.
<s n="1937"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w DT0>such<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>traffic-light <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Ampelcoalition<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN1>level <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brandenburg <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37762<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1938"><w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Wedemeier <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w VVD>remained <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bremen<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04U></p>
<caption id=HLECA04U>
<s n="1939"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1940"><w PRP>With <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lombard <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>9.25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>9.75 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1941"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w NN1>inflation <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>running <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annualized <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w PRP>above <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank<w POS>'s <w NN1>view <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJC>higher <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>high <w NN1>wage <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>expansionary <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>policy <w VVG>following <w NN1>unification<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1942"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w ORD>last <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w NN1-VVB>rise<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>3840<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1943"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w NN2>rates <w VBD>were <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>raised <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain <w AV0>also <w VVN>followed <w NN1-VVB>suit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1944"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank<w POS>'s <w NN1>action <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>indicative <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dangerous <w AJ0>economic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>egoism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1945"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1946"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1947"><w NN1>Court <w NN2>rulings <w PRP>on <w NN1>immigration <w NN2>cases
</head>
<p>
<s n="1948"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1-VVB>judge <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w AV0>severely <w VVN-VVD>criticized <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>failings <w PRP>on the part of <w NN1>Home <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Baker <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>deportation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN1>dissident <c PUL>(<w NP0>Karamjit <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Chahal<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="1949"><w NP0>Baker <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1950"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>appealing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lords <w PRP>against <w AT0>an <w NN1>Appeal <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w PNP>him <w AV0>personally <w PRP>in <w NN1>contempt <w PRF>of <w NN1>court <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>return <w NN1>flight <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deported <w AJ0-NN1>Za&iuml;rean <w NN1>citizen<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>judge <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>stay <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>removal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1951"><w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>come <w AV0>under <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>attack <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>escape <w PRP>from <w NP0>Brixton <w NN1>Prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38356<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>dogs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inner-city <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>in <w NP0>August-September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38445<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1952"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>Appeal <w NN1>Court <w NN2>rulings <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38111<c PUN>; <w CRD>38301<c PUN>; <w CRD>38588<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NN1>immigration <w NN2>rules <w CJC>and <w NN2>procedures <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38593<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLECA04V></p>
<caption id=HLECA04V>
<s n="1953"><w NN1-VVB>Aid <w PRP>for <w NN1>housing <w NN1>market
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1954"><w NN2>Announcements <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w VVD-VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w NN1>housing <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w AV0>severely <w AJ0>depressed <w AJ0>due <w AV0>largely <w PRP>to <w AV0>persistently <w AJ0>high <w NN1>mortgage <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <c PUL>(<w PRP>despite <w DT0>some <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>accompanying <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN2>repossessions<c PUN>.
<s n="1955"><w NN1>Stamp <w NN1>duty <w PRP>on <w DT0>most <w NN1-VVB>house <w NN0>sales <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>for <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months<c PUN>; <w NN1>building <w NN2>societies <w CJC>and <w NN2>banks <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AVP>up <w DT0>some <w NN0>&pound;750-&pound;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w NN1>rent-back <w CJC>or <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>schemes <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NN1>mortgage <w NN2>payers <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN2>difficulties<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>possible <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NN1>mortgage <w NN1>interest <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>to <w NN2>lenders <w AVQ>where <w NN2>borrowers <w VBD>were <w PRP>in receipt of <c PUL>(<w AJ0>social <w NN1>security<c PUR>) <w NN1>income <w NN1>support<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04W></p>
<caption id=HLECA04W>
<s n="1956"><w NN1>Collapse <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN0>media <w NN1>empire
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1957"><w AT0>The <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Maxwell <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38588<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN0>media <w NN1>empire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1958"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NN2>debts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>Communication <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCC<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>put <w PRP>at <w NN0>&pound;1,400 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NN1>Mirror <w NN1>Group <w NN2>Newspapers <c PUL>(<w NP0>MGN<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w NN0>&pound;360 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>family <w NN2>companies <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>owned <w AT0>a <w CRD>68 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>stake <w PRP>in <w NP0>MCC <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>stake <w PRP>in <w NP0>MGN<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w NN0>&pound;800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1959"><w NN1>Attention <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN0>&pound;55,000,000 <w NN1>loan <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>Corporation <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>unit <w PRF>of <w NP0>Headington <w NN2>Investments<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w NN1>Collateral <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>never <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w AV0>in full <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>loan <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>Fraud <w NN1>Office <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>loan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1961"><w VVG-NN1>Trading <w PRP>in <w NP0>MCC <w CJC>and <w NP0>MGN <w NN2>shares <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1962"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NP0>Maxwell<w POS>'s <w NN2>sons<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kevin<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>boards <w PRF>of <w NP0>MGN <w CJC>and <w NP0>MCC <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w NN0>&pound;350 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w VVG>missing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>MGN <w NN1>pension <w NN1>fund <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>another <w NN0>&pound;126 <w CRD>million <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>Maxwell <w AJ0>private <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1963"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Headington <w NP0>Investtments <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w AJ0>major <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>family <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>Group<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w VVG>throwing <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>European <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NP0>Daily <w NN1>News <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>.
<s n="1964"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>MCC <w VVD>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>bankruptcy <w NN1>protection <w PRP>under <w NN1>Chapter <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>code <w PRF>of <w NN1>bankruptcy <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD-VVN>placed <w NP0>MCC <w PRP>in <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1965"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>forensic <w NN1>inquiry <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w CJT>that <w NP0>Maxwell <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AV0>overboard <w AV0>accidentally<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>other <w NN2>causes<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AV0>firmly <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1966"><w CJS>As <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AV0>under <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>cases <w AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w NN1>criminality <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>judge <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VBB>be <w VVN>closed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04X></p>
<caption id=HLECA04X>
<s n="1967"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w UNC>MI5
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1968"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Stella <w NP0>Rimington<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>service <w UNC>MI5<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w DPS>its <w NN1>director-general <w PRP>from <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Walker<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>identity<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w AJ0>established <w NN1>practice<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w AV0>officially <w VVN>confirmed<c PUN>.
<s n="1969"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Service <w NN1>Act <w CRD>1989 <w DTQ>which <w VVB>put <w UNC>MI5 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>statutory <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37158<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1970"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1971"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1972"><w NN1>Fire-bomb <w NN2>attacks <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-VVD>Continued <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN2>killings
</head>
<p>
<s n="1973"><w PRP>During <w NP0>December <w NN1-VVB>fire <w NN2>bombs <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>bomb <w NN2>threats <w AJ0-VVD>disrupted <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1-VVG>shopping <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belfast<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>started <w NN1>warehouse <w NN2-VVZ>fires <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cities<c PUN>.
<s n="1974"><w NN1>Responsibility <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>to <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w CJS>as long as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>army <w VVZ>continues <w TO0>to <w VVI>occupy <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ireland<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1975"><w AJ0>Incendiary <w NN2>devices <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w NN1>department <w NN2>stores <w CJC>or <w NN2>warehouses <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Gallery <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Blackpool <w CJC>and <w NP0>Manchester <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="1976"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>transport <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>disrupted <w CJS>when <w NN1-VVB>train <w CJC>and <w AJ0>underground <w NN2>stations <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>closed <w PRP>after <w NN2>explosions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1977"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN2>killings <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="1978"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>Protestants <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>Catholics <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21-22 <w AV0-AJ0>alone<c PUN>.
<s n="1979"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>900-kg <w NN1>bomb<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AJS>largest <w AV0>ever <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<c PUN>, <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>outside <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w NP0>Craigavon<c PUN>, <w VVG>injuring <w AV0>more than <w CRD>60 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1980"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IRA <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>72-hour <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>from <w NN1>midnight <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLECA04Y>
<s n="1981"><w AJ0>Anglo-Irish <w NN1>summit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1982"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dublin <w AJ0>United <w NN1-NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Haughey <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>every <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w AV0>alternately <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dublin <w CJC>and <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1983"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1984"><w NP0>NETHERLANDS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1985"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Jews
</head>
<p>
<s n="1986"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>expelled <w CRD>43 <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Jews <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>aeroplane <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w CJS>after <w DPS>their <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w VBD>were <w VVN>turned <w AVP>down<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>nine <w VBD>were <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1987"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Jews <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w PRP>from <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>via <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991 <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>sought <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discriminated <w PRP>against <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1988"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1989"><w NP0>AUSTRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1990"><w NN1>Asylum <w NN1>legislation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1991"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nationalrat <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AJC>tougher <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="1992"><w PNP>It <w VVD>introduced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shortened <w NN1>review <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unfounded<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>applications <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>either <w PRP>from <w DT0>those <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>identity <w CJC>and/or <w NN1>nationality <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AV0>conclusively <w VVN>proved<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w NN1>persecution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1993"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>11 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>25,226 <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>applications <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>7,197 <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w CRD>5,653 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1994"><w DT0>This <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>level <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981 <w CJC>and <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>23,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37969<c PUN>; <w CRD>38464<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1995"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1996"><w NP0>SWITZERLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1997"><w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992
</head>
<p>
<s n="1998"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>combined <w NN1>sitting <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bundesversammlung<c PUR>) <w VVD>elected <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Felber <c PUL>(<w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Adolf <w NP0-NN1>Ogi <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>Vice-President <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1999"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesrat <c PUL>(<w NN1>Cabinet <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>as <w VVN>listed <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38497<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38542-43<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>saw <w AT0>no <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>four-party <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRP>since <w CRD>1959<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2000"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2001"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2002"><w NN1>Publication <w PRF>of <w NN1>ETA <w NN2>prisoners<w POS>' <w NN1>conversation <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>PCE <w NN1>congress
</head>
<p>
<s n="2003"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>contemplating <w VVG>re-opening <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>movement <w NN1>ETA <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN>released <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w NN2>transcripts <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN1>ETA <w NN2>prisoners<w POS>' <w NN2>conversations <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2004"><w AT0>The <w NN1>telephone <w NN2>conversations <w VVN-VVD>recorded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w VBD>were <w PRP>between <w CRD>two <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>ETA <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nanclares <w NP0>de <w NP0>Oca <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w NP0>Isidro <w NP0>Etxabe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Urrutia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>relatives<c PUN>.
<s n="2005"><w NN2>Transcripts <w VBD>were <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="2006"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year-old <w NN1>child <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>car-bomb <w VVN-VVD>intended <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>policeman <w NN1>father<c PUN>, <w NP0>Extabe <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>four <w NN2>imbeciles<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w NN2>operations <w VBD>were <w VVG>turning <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>opinion <w CJS>as <w AV0>well <w CJS>as <w AJ0>general <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>against <w NN1>ETA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2007"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-open <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN1>ETA <w NN2>leaders <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36597<c PUN>; <w CRD>36627-28<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2008"><w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Tom&aacute;s <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Quadra <w NP0-NN1>Salcedo <w AV0>nevertheless <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN2>conversations <w CJS>as <w VVG>showing <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w NN1>ETA <w NN2>ranks<c PUN>.
<s n="2009"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>525 <w NN1>ETA <w NN2>prisoners <w VVG>serving <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w VVB>thoughout <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>.
<s n="2010"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>re-insertion<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w DT0>some <w NN2>prisoners <w PNQ>who <w VVD>renounced <w NN1>violence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w NN2>amnesties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36628<c PUN>; <w CRD>37587<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA050></p>
<caption id=HLECA050>
<s n="2011"><w NP0>PCE <w NN1>congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2012"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19-22 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>PCE<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>future <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>party <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>IU<c PUR>) <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>.
<s n="2013"><w NP0-NN1>Julio <w NP0>Anguita <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>re-elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary <w AJ0>general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PCE<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="2014"><w PNP>He <w VVD>gave <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>adopted<c PUN>, <w VVG>advocating <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IU <w VM0>should <w VVI>continue <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>federation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2015"><w DT0>This <w NN1>motion <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>subject to <w AJC>further <w NN1>debate <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>forthcoming <w ORD>third <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IU<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>spring <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2016"><w NP0-NN1>Anguita <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS>as <w AJ0>general <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IU <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>opposing <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>PCE <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w NN2>parties <w VVG>making <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NP0>IU <w VM0>should <w VVI>dissolve <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w CRD>one <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA051></p>
<caption id=HLECA051>
<s n="2017"><w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2018"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2-3 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Felipe <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>president <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>including <w NP0>Faisal <w NP0>al-Husseini <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>party <w NN2>Hamas<c PUN>.
<s n="2019"><w DPS>His <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Occupied <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA052></p>
<caption id=HLECA052>
<s n="2020"><w NN2>Regularizations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>immigrant <w NN1>status
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2021"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>110,000 <w NN2>immigrants <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NN2>applications <w TO0>to <w VVI>regularize <w DPS>their <w NN1>status <w PRP>as <w NN2>residents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>.
<s n="2022"><w DT0>Those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>before <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w NN1>documentation <w VVG>showing <w NN1-VVB>tthat <w ITJ>hey <w AV0>either <w VBD>were <w VVN>employed <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>viable <w NN1>project <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="2023"><w AV0>Almost <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN2>applicants <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AV0>by far <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>numbers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w NP0>Argentina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA053></p>
<caption id=HLECA053>
<s n="2024"><w NN1>Reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2025"><w AJ0>Compulsory <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2026"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2027"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2028"><w NN1>Election <w NN2-VVZ>plans
</head>
<p>
<s n="2029"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Giulio <w NP0-NN1>Andreotti <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>four-party <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>or <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35586<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2031"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2032"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Francesco <w NP0>Cossiga<c PUN>, <w CRD>63<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG>standing <w PRP>for <w NN1>re-election<c PUN>.
<s n="2033"><w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Cossiga <w PRP>for <w VVG>heading <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>presidency <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w AV0>PDS-formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Oscar <w NP0-NN1>Luigi <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ettore <w NP0>Gallo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>retired <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA054></p>
<caption id=HLECA054>
<s n="2034"><w VVB-NN1>Strike <w PRP>by <w NN2>magistrates
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2035"><w AV0>About <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>6,800 <w NN2>magistrates <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>day-long <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2036"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w DTQ>which <w VVD>dated <w PRP>from <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Cossiga <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Magistates <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>titular <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2037"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSM <w VVD>cancelled <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w CJS>after <w NP0>Cossiga <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<w POS>'s <w NN1>agenda <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>instead <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>magistrates <w VVN>arrested <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
<s n="2038"><w NN1-NP0>Cossiga <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VVI>regard <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>sympathizers <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w VVN>over-represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSM <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>view <w PRP>with <w NN1>disfavour <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w DT0>such <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN2>subjects <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>masonic <w NN2>lodges <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2039"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS <w PRP>under <w NP0>Achille <w NP0>Ochetto <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w NP0>Cossiga<w POS>'s <w NN1>impeachment <w PRP>for <w VVG>exceeding <w DPS>his <w AJ0>consitutional <w NN2>powers <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN2>dealings <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>magistrates<c PUN>.
<s n="2040"><w NP0-NN1>Cossiga <w VHD>had <w PNX>himself <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN2>communists<w POS>' <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN1>security <w NN2>services<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA055></p>
<caption id=HLECA055>
<s n="2041"><w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Refoundation <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2042"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Refoundation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>split <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>formed <w NP0>PDS <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38021<c PUN>; <w CRD>38300<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>constituted <w PNX>itself <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="2043"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRC <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Partito <w NN1>della <w NN1-NP0>Rifondazione <w NN1>comunista<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w NP0>Armando <w NP0>Cossutta<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2044"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>declared <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRC <w PRP>to <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AV0>at least <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>become <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS <w AV0>no longer <w VBZ>is<c PUN>: <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>masses<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2045"><w NP0-NN1>Cossutta <w VVD>told <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>delegates <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>due to <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>errors<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRP>because of <w DT0>any <w NN2>flaws <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>ideals <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1917 <w NP0>October <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA056></p>
<caption id=HLECA056>
<s n="2046"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2047"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28-29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VVD-AJ0>received <w AJ0>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><w PRP>After <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0-NN1>inter-party <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w NN2>clauses <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NN1>privatization <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>omitted<c PUN>.
<s n="2049"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>anticipated <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w AV0>separately <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>coming <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2050"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w CRD>10.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>partly <w PRP>through <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>spending <w CJC>and <w PRP>through <w NN2>receipts <w PRP>from <w AJ0>anticipated <w NN2>privatizations<c PUN>.
<s n="2051"><w AT0>A <w NN1>tax <w NN1>amnesty <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>unpaid <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>at <w CRD>15-20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>original <w NN1>value<c PUN>.
<s n="2052"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AV0>over <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AV0>below <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AT0>a <w CRD>4.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>ceiling <w PRP>on <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>wage <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2053"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>budget <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="2054"><w NN2>Targets <w VVB>set <w PRP>for <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits <w VBD>were <w VVN>intended<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>convergence <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Italy <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>currency <w NN1>union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="2055"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>goverment <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>stand <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>additional <w AJ0>prespecified <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w NN2>projections <w VVI>prove <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>over-optimistic<c PUN>.
<s n="2056"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>report <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Guido <w NN1-NP0>Carli <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>deficit <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w VVN>perceived <w CJS>as <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>feasible <w AV0-AJ0>still <w VVZ>falls <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w VVN>required<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2057"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2058"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2059"><w NP0>KKE <w NN1>congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w NN2>Albanians
</head>
<p>
<s n="2060"><w AT0>The <w ORD>14th <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Greece <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>KKE-Exterior<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Athens <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18-22<c PUN>, <w VVD>re-elected <w NP0>Aleka <w NP0>Papariga <w PRP>as <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="2061"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w CJS>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>for <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>currents <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassert <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>split <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AJ0>reformist <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>shifted <w DPS>their <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38021<c PUN>; <w CRD>38115<c PUN>; <w CRD>38357<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2062"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>KKE <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Papariga <w AV0>now <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>perestroika<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>presented <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w NN1>socialism<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AT0>a <w AV0>most <w AJ0>savage<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>capitalism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2063"><w PNP>She <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Greece<w POS>'s <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w VBD>was <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>two-speed <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>further <w VVB>marginalize<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>.
<s n="2064"><w PNP>She <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility<c PUN>, <w AV0>for the time being<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Panhellenic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pasok<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2065"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>716 <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>delegates <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>.
<s n="2066"><w AJ0>Recent <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w AV0>under <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>support<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA057></p>
<caption id=HLECA057>
<s n="2067"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2068"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VVD-VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Yannis <w NP0>Paliokrassas <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w VVD-VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2069"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>calculated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>contained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w VM0>would <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w CRD>3-4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN2>incomes <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensioners<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>anticipated <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN2>pensions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>12.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2070"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38592<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>spending <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>net <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>7.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Greece<w POS>'s <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA058></p>
<caption id=HLECA058>
<s n="2072"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w NN2>Albanians
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2073"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>500 <w NN2>Albanians<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AV0>illegally <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Greeks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Albania <w VVD>deteriorated<c PUN>.
<s n="2074"><w AT0>A <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>border <w NN2>police <w NN1>force <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>patrols <w VVD-VVN>strengthened <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>deportation <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>nationals <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="2075"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mehill <w NP0>Marku <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportations <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>flagrant <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>immigrants <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2076"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2077"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2078"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>troop <w NN1>mandate
</head>
<p>
<s n="2079"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>extended <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Kurds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2080"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>Provide <w NN1-VVB>Comfort<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>operation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38357<c PUN>; <w CRD>38450-51<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>48-warplane <w NN1>deterrent <w NN1>force <c PUL>(<w VVN>backed <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>carrier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Mediterranean<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>joint <w NN1-AJ0>Turkish-United <w NP0>States <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Incirlik <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Pirinclick<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA059></p>
<caption id=HLECA059>
<s n="2081"><w NP0>Istanbul <w NN1>fire-bombing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2082"><w AT0>The <w NN1>firebombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>Istanbul <w NN1>department <w NN1>store <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>11 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>students <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>eight <w NN2>Kurds <w VVG>attending <w NN2>funerals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east<c PUN>.
<s n="2083"><w AT0>The <w NN1>owner <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>store <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Emergency <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Diyarbakir<c PUN>, <w NP0>Necati <w NP0>Cetinkaya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2084"><w AT0>The <w NN2>funerals <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>movement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="2085"><w CRD>Nine <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>PKK <w VVB-NN1>attack <w AV0>later <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05A></p>
<caption id=HLECA05A>
<s n="2086"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>NLP <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2087"><w AT0>An <w NN1>alignment <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alpaslan <w NP0>Turkes<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w AJ0-VVD>merged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Nationalist <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2088"><w NP0>Turkes<w POS>' <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>among <w AJ0>Grand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>delegates <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>comprise <w CRD>19 <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
<s n="2089"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Turkes <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLP <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>uncontested <w NN1>election <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLP<w POS>'s <w ORD>third <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2090"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2091"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2092"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Charter
</head>
<p>
<s n="2093"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague<c PUN>, <w CRD>45 <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NN2>organizations <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Charter <c PUL>(<w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38602<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>key <w PRP>to <w VVG>unlocking <w AT0>the <w NN2>resources <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>bloc <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>35-40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w DT0>half <w DPS>its <w NN1>coal <w CJC>and <w DT0>half <w DPS>its <w NN1>petroleum <w VBD>were <w VVN>located<c PUN>.
<s n="2094"><w AT0>A <w AV0>legally <w AJ0>binding <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>14-page <w AJ0>political <w NN1>declaration <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2095"><w NN2>Signatories <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cyprus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iceland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liechtenstein<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malta<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tadjikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Belgrade <w NN1>government<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AJ0-NN1>Interstate <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>stage <w AJ0-VVG>existing<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38581<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2096"><w NN2>Signatories <w VVD>specified <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>signature <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>imply <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w PRP>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="2097"><w NN2>Arrangements <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>made <w PRP>for <w NN1>signature <w PRP>by <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirghistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2098"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2099"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2100"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland
</head>
<p>
<s n="2101"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w NN1>association <w NN2>agreements <c PUL>(<w VVN-VVD>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38593<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>.
<s n="2102"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>association <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05B></p>
<caption id=HLECA05B>
<s n="2103"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>HDTV
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2104"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>EC <w NN1>research <w NN2>ministers <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>standards <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w AJ0>high <w NN1>definition <w NN1>television <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDTV<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVG>broadcasting <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2105"><w PRP>From <w NP0>January <w CRD>1995 <w DT0>all <w AJ0>new <w NN1>satellite <w NN1>television <w NN2>services <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>broadcast <w VVG>using <w AT0>an <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>satellite <w NN1>transmission <w NN1>standard <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>D2-Mac <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>intermediate <w NN1>standard <w PRP>to <w NP0>HD-Mac <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38506<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w AV0>simultaneously <w VVI>broadcast <w PRP-AVP>in <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>standards <c PUL>(<w NN1>PAL <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>SECAM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2106"><w AJ0>Existing <w NN2>services <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG>broadcasting <w PRP>to <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>standards <w AV0>indefinitely<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2107"><w AJ0>Existing <w NN1>satellite <w NN1>television <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>directive <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>expire <w PRP>in <w CRD>1998<c PUN>.
<s n="2108"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>legally <w AJ0>binding <w NN1>document <w PRP>by <w NN2>broadcasters <w CJC>and <w NN2>manufacturers<c PUN>; <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>financing <w NN2>proposals <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVB>put <w AJ0>likely <w NP0>EC <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>at <w UNC>ECU1,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,340 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w AV0>over <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05C></p>
<caption id=HLECA05C>
<s n="2109"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>quotas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2110"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>fisheries <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17-18 <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w PRP>on <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>quotas <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AT0>the <w NN2>fisheries <w NN1>protection <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37925<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>North <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>boats <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>catch <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w NN0>cod <w CJC>and <w NN0>haddock<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>port <w PRP>for <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN2>days <w DT0>each <w NN1>month <w PRP>between <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2111"><w NN1>Fishing <w NN2>crews <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>alternative <w NN1>option <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w PRP>in <w NN1>port <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>135 <w NN2>days <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="2112"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w AT0>no <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>increasing <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>mesh <w NN1>size <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>conserve <w NN2>stocks<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2113"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2114"><w NP0>EFTA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2115"><w VVB-NN1>Delay <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG-NN1>initialling <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC
</head>
<p>
<s n="2116"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w AV0>generally <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>ECJ<c PUR>) <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>judicial <w NN2>controls <w VVN-VVD>envisaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>EEA<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38541-42<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w AJ0>incompatible <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2117"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>body <w TO0>to <w VVI>regulate <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NP0>EEA <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>contracting <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>12-member <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-member <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2118"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>comprise <w CRD>five <w NP0>ECJ <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NP0>EFTA <w VVZ-NN2>judges<c PUN>.
<s n="2119"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ECJ <w VVD>insisted <w PRP>upon <w DPS>its <w AJ0>sole <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>interpret <w NP0>EC <w NN1>law <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rome <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>15951<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>danger <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EEA <w NN1>court <w VM0>could <w VVI>pre-empt <w AJ0>ECJ <w NN2>rulings<c PUN>.
<s n="2120"><w AT0>An <w NP0>EC <w NN1>official <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>negotiate <w AV0>again<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initialling <w NN1>ceremony <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>postponed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05D></p>
<caption id=HLECA05D>
<s n="2121"><w AJ0>Free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2122"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>countries <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>putting <w NN1>trade <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>basis <w CJS>as <w DT0>those <w PRP>between <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>.
<s n="2124"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37535<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>EFTA <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2125"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2126"><w NP0>VATICAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2127"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w NP0>28-Dec. <w CRD>24 <w DT0>some <w CRD>137 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>hierarchy <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Orthodox <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Protestant <w NN2>churches<c PUN>, <w VVD>attended <w AT0>a <w NN1>Synod <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w PRP>in <w AJ0>post-Communist <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2128"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2129"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2130"><w NP0>FIS <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory
</head>
<p>
<s n="2131"><w VVG-NN1>Voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>produced <w AT0>an <w AV0>unexpectedly <w AJ0>large <w NN1-VVB>win <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2132"><w NP0>FIS <w NN2>deputies <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w CRD>188 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>231 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AV0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>winner<c PUN>.
<s n="2133"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>apparent <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>voting <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>almost <w AV0>certainly <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2134"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AV0>predominantly <w NP0>Kabyle <w AJ0>Berber<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>Front <c PUL>(<w NN2>FFS<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1>politician <w NP0>Hocine <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w VVD>won <w CRD>25 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>430-seat <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>with <w AV0>less than <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="2135"><w PNP>It <w AV0>thus <w VVD>overtook <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w PRP>since <w CRD>1962<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>15 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>23.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>but <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w VVN>cast <w PRP>in <w NN2>constituencies <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w VVD>lost <w AV0>narrowly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNX>itself <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>47.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>won <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2137"><w CRD>Two <w AJC>smaller <w NN1-AJ0>Islamist <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nahda<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>secular <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCD<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Saadi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Bella<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>no <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2138"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w VM0>would <w VVI>select <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>199 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w NN2>Voters <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>constituencies <w VM0>would <w VVI>choose <w PRP>between <w DTQ>whichever <w CRD>two <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
<s n="2140"><w VVG-NN1>Voting <w NN2>patterns <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>constituencies <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w DT0>little <w NN1>difficulty <w PRP>in <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>28 <w NN2>seats <w PNP>it <w VVD>needed <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2141"><w AT0>A <w NN1>voter <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>59 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>13,300,000 <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>voters <w VBD>was <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w NN1>poll<c PUN>.
<s n="2142"><w AJ0>Final <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,712 <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w PRP>for <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>1,021 <w VBD>were <w NN2>independents <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VVD>represented <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>59 <w AJ0>different <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="2143"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w CRD>430 <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w VHD>had <w VVN>put <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w CRD>429<c PUN>.
<s n="2144"><w AT0>The <w NN2>FFS<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCD <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MDA <w VHD>had <w VVN>presented <w CRD>317<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>300 <w CJC>and <w CRD>339 <w NN2>candidates <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="2145"><w CRD>Fifty-seven <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w NN2>women<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05E></p>
<caption id=HLECA05E>
<s n="2146"><w NP0>FIS <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2147"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS<w POS>'s <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>council <c PUL>(<w NN1>majlis <w NN1>ash-shoura<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2148"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w CJC>and <w AJ0>tense <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>moderate <w AJ0-NN1>current<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Imam <w NN1-VVB>Abdelkader <w NN1>al-Hachani<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>mining <w NN1>engineer <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>early <w CRD>thirties<c PUN>, <w VVD>argued <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>participation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="2149"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Hachani <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>organizing <w NN1>street <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>order <w XX0>not <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>draw <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>spiral <w PRF>of <w NN2>confrontations<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN2>beneficiaries <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN2>enemies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05F></p>
<caption id=HLECA05F>
<s n="2150"><w NP0>Hachani<w POS>'s <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2151"><w NN2>Hachani <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w AV0>both <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AV0-AJ0>early <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imprisoned <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="2152"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>express<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2153"><w NN2>Hachani <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>El <w NP0>Pa&iacute;s <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>parties<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>prohibited<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>life <w PRP>along <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>principles <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>without <w VVG>overstepping <w AT0>the <w NN1>mark <w PRF>of <w NN1>legality<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2154"><w PNP>He <w VVD>pledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>respect <w AJ0>international <w NN2>conventions <w VVN-VVD>entered <w PRP>into <w PRP>by <w NP0>Algeria <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>shall <w VVI>work <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>allows <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w PNP>it <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w DT0>that <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>demand<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2155"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VVD>took <w NN1>power <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>option <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>sons <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>Muslim <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>climate <w PRF>of <w NN1>brotherhood<c PUN>&hellip;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05G></p>
<caption id=HLECA05G>
<s n="2156"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>FFS <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2157"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w CRD>341 <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>from <w AJ0>various <w NN2>parties <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>in <w CRD>145 <w AJ0>different <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2158"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>complaints <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>precise <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>given<c PUN>.
<s n="2159"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>complaints <w PRP>against <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>FFS<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>FFS <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>trends <w DTQ>which <w VVB>claim <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>democratic <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>emerging <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>pillar <w DTQ>whose<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVB-NN1>influence <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w NN1>level <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>doubted<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2160"><w PNP>He <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05H></p>
<caption id=HLECA05H>
<s n="2161"><w NN1>Government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2162"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chadli <w NP0>Benjedid <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>criticized <w DT0>those<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VVB>adopt <w NN1>violence <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>conduct<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2163"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>added <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w VM0>must <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>bar <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w NN1>adventurist <w NN2>projects<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2164"><w AV0>Implicitly <w VVG>anticipating <w AT0>a <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>low <w NP0>FLN <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w NN1>co-habitation <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2165"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w NN1>secretary-general <w NN1-AJ0>Abdelhamid <w NN1-NP0>Mehri <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w VVD-VVN>referred <w PRP>in <w AJ0>general <w NN2>terms <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w PNQ>who<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHB>have<c PUN>, <w AV0>for sure<c PUN>, <w AJ0>different <w AJ0>political <w NN2>ideas<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2166"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sid-Ahmed <w NP0>Ghozali<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>quoted <w PRP>in <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>positive<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>total <w NN1>transparency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2167"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w NN2>conservatives <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>class<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Pa&iacute;s <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="2168"><w PNP>He <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0>backward<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w PNP>it <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVN>matured <w CJC>and <w PRP>through <w NN1>cowardice <w CJC>or <w PRP>through <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>experience <w VVZ>keeps <w AJ0>quiet <w CJS>when <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AV0>for example<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2169"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN1>criticism <w VVN>inspired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>currents <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVD-VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>played<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>roulette<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>future <w PRP>by <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>Islamist <w VVB-NN1>win <w AJ0>likely<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2170"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>interpreted <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VVB>win <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>protest <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>by <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>populations <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>disillusioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>worsening <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>indications <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN<c PUN>.
<s n="2171"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>voters <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>radicalized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJC>further <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38312<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2172"><w NP0>Pro-FIS <w NN1>rhetoric <w VVG>emanating <w PRP>from <w NN2>preachers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>city <w NN2>mosques <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>influenced <w AT0>an <w NN1>electorate <w CJT>that <w VVD>contained <w AT0>a <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>high <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>young <w CJC>and <w AJ0>illiterate <w NN2>voters<c PUN>.
<s n="2173"><w AJ0>National <w NN2>women<w POS>'s <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>were <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>with regard to <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>advocated <w NN1>segregation <w PRF>of <w NN1>school <w NN2>students <w PRP>according to <w NN1>gender<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05J></p>
<caption id=HLECA05J>
<s n="2174"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2175"><w NN1>News <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>victory <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>received <w PRP>with <w NN1>concern <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Tunisia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Egyptian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Saudi <w AJ0>Arabian <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="2176"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>news <w NN0>media <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Islamist <w NN1>victory <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>alarm<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w VBD>was <w AJ0>cautious <w PRP>in <w NN1>tone<c PUN>, <w AV0>merely <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>France <w VM0>will <w VVI>remain <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG>strengthening <w DPS>its <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Algeria<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2177"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>Majlis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w NN1>congratulation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w UNC>Jan.1 <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Khamenei <w VVD>denounced <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>hue <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>cry <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>trampling <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN0>people <w VVD>said <w ITJ>yes <w PRP>to <w NN1>Islam<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2178"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Command <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Chairman <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NP0>Omar <w NP0-NN1>al-Bashir <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>victory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05K></p>
<caption id=HLECA05K>
<s n="2179"><w NN1-NP0>Guemar <w NN1>incident
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2180"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN1>border <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>men <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>border <w NN1>post <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Guemar<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Al-Oued <w NN1>Souf <w CJC>and <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tunisian <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="2181"><w CRD>Three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>attackers <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>died<c PUN>.
<s n="2182"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN0>media <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>coverage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN2>weapons <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>seized <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2183"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>at first <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w NN2>assailants <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>directly <w VVN>linked <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2184"><w AJ0-VVD>Khaled <w NN1-NP0>Nezzar <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>were <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>members <w CJC>or <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
<s n="2185"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2186"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD>located <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Guemar <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w CRD>13 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="2187"><w NN1>News <w NN2>reports <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>various <w NN2>names <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Armed <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Movement<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takfir <w NP0>wal-Hijra <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="2188"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>reports <w VVD>named <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader <w CJS>as <w NP0>Tayeb <w NP0>al-Afghani <c PUL>(<w AV0>reputedly <w VVN>trained <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>guerrilla <w PRP>in <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2189"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>26 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN1>army <w NN2>operations <w CJC>and <w CRD>44 <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN2>charges <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Guemar <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ouargla<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2190"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2191"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2192"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN1>extradition
</head>
<p>
<s n="2193"><w NP0>Libya <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w NN2>pressures <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdelbaset <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1>al-Megrahi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Al-Amin <w NP0>Khalifa <w NP0>Fhimah<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2194"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>expressing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>solidarity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>avoidance <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>military <w CJC>or <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1-AJ0>Arab <w NP0>League-UN <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>documents <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2195"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>prompted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>from <w NP0>UK <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>surprise <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w NN1>content<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2196"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Judge <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0-NN1>Taher <w NN1>al-Zawi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>directing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>.
<s n="2197"><w DPS>Their <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Co-operation <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0-NN1>Bashari <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VVD>faced <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w CJS>if <w VVN-AJ0>convicted<c PUN>.
<s n="2198"><w PRP>By <w DT0>that <w NN1>date <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamer <w NP0>al <w NP0>Kadhafi <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>expressed<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inquiry <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>.
<s n="2199"><w NN2>Beshari <w VVD>said <w AV0>later <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>judges <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>, <w NP0>London <w CJC>or <w NP0>Paris <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2200"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Swire<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>daughter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>relatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN2>victims<c PUN>.
<s n="2201"><w NP0>Swire <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w VVD>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Fraser <w PRF>of <w NP0>Carmyllie<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Advocate <c PUL>(<w NP0>Scotland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>law <w NN1>officer<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>sealed <w NN2>letters <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>al-Zawi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2202"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVD>renewed <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2203"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2204"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>SAHARA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2205"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum
</head>
<p>
<s n="2206"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>apparent <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2207"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP-AVP>over <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Morocco <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>retracted <w DPS>its <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1974 <w NN1>census <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38410<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w NN1>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w VHD>had <w VVN>yielded <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN2>arguments <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>broadening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>for <w NN1>inclusion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2209"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VHD>had <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN>published <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AJ0>internal <w NP0>UN <w NN2>documents <w DTQ>which <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>official <w VHD>had <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN1>government <w NN1>information <w VVN-VVD>supplied <w PRP>in <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
<s n="2210"><w NP0>Polisario <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>military <w NN1>information <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>written <w NN1>submission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2211"><w NP0>Morocco <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>said <w PRP>by <w AJ0>various <w NN2>sources <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>prevented <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Mission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara <c PUL>(<w NP0>Minurso<c PUR>) <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>unloading <w PRF>of <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>mission <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Agadir<c PUN>.
<s n="2212"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>37,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRP>from <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>since <w NP0>September<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05L></p>
<caption id=HLECA05L>
<s n="2213"><w VVB-NN1>Manz<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar<w POS>'s <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2214"><w AT0>The <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Minurso<c PUN>, <w NP0>Johannes <w NP0>Manz<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVG>recommending <w AT0>a <w NN1>widening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>base <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2215"><w VVB-NN1>Manz<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>resignation <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>announced <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="2216"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>official <w VVD>alluded <w PRP>to <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Independent <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>in <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>quoted <w NP0-NN1>Manz <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVB>account <w AT0>the <w NN1>complexity <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Minurso<w POS>'s <w NN1>task <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>allocated<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>neither <w DT0>enough <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w DT0>enough <w NN1>time<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2217"><w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w NN2>consequences <w AJ0>advantageous <w PRP>to <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>.
<s n="2218"><w DT0>Any <w NN1>person <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>father <w VBD>was <w VVN>born <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w NN1>inclusion<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VM0>would <w DT0>any <w NN1>person <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>intermittently <w AJ0>resident <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1974 <w NN1>census<c PUN>.
<s n="2219"><w AJ0>Oral <w NN1>testimony <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>as <w NN1>proof <w PRF>of <w NN1>eligibility<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2220"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>explicitly <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>argument <c PUL>(<w VVN>advanced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN1>government<c PUR>) <w DT0>that <w PNQ>who <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>fled <w PRP>from <w AJ0>colonial <w NN1>domination<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975 <w VBD>were <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="2221"><w NP0>Morocco <w VHD>had <w PRP>since <w NP0>July <w VBN>been <w VVG>demanding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>73,487 <w NN2>names <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>120,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2222"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w VBD>were <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRP>by <w CRD>30-40,000 <w NN2>names<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>vetoed <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>.
<s n="2224"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>725<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>requested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>incoming <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NP0>Boutros <w NP0>Ghali<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>voting <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="2225"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0>Polisario <w VVD>welcomed <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>725<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2226"><w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Polisario <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2227"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Polisario <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>its <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN2>inhabitants<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2228"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2229"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2230"><w VVB-NN1>Ferry <w NN1>disaster
</head>
<p>
<s n="2231"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Egyptian-registered <w NN1>ferry-boat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Salem <w NN1>Express<c PUN>, <w VVD>sank <w DT0>some <w CRD>9 <w NN0>km <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NP0>Egyptian <w NP0>Red <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Safaga <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="2232"><w PRF>Of <w DT0>some <w CRD>660 <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w NN1>crew<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>only <w CRD>182 <w NN2>survivors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2233"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>drowned <w VBD>were <w VVN>trapped <w PRP>below <w NN1>deck<c PUN>.
<s n="2234"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>great <w NN1>majority <w VBD>were <w NN2>labourers <w CJC>and <w NN2>pilgrims <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jeddah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>.
<s n="2235"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ferry <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>sunk <w AV0>almost <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>on <w VVG>hitting <w NN1>coral <w NN2>reefs <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>approached <w NP0>Safaga <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w NN1>midnight<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05M></p>
<caption id=HLECA05M>
<s n="2236"><w NN1>Blasphemy <w NN1>prosecution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2237"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w VVD>found <w NN1>novelist <w NP0>Alaa <w NP0>Hamid <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>blasphemy <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>authorship <w PRF>of <w AT0>A <w NN1>Distance <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Man<w POS>'s <w NN1>Mind<c PUN>, <w VVN>written <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>Arabic<c PUN>.
<s n="2238"><w NN1-NP0>Hamid<c PUN>, <w CRD>53<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>publisher<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Madbouli<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2239"><w AT0>The <w NN1>book <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Hamid <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2240"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Islamist <w NN2>sympathizers <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VHG>having <w NN1>action <w VVN>taken <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>literary <w NN1>work <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w VVN>happened <w PRP>in <w CRD>1959 <w CJC>and <w AV0>especially <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
<s n="2241"><w NP0-NN1>Hamid<w POS>'s <w NN1>prosecution <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>disquiet <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>laws <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981-82 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>resorted <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>used <w DPS>his <w NN1>prerogative <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w AT0>a <w NN1>retrial <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2242"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2243"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2244"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>delegations
</caption>
<gap desc="list of names">
<caption>
<s n="2245"><w ORD>Second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<caption>
<s n="2246"><w NP0>US <w NN2>invitations <w PRP>to <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Dispute <w AVP-PRP>over <w VVG>starting <w NN1>date
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2247"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>issued <w NN2>invitations <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2248"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>between <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>Israelis <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Arabs <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP-AVP>around <w CRD>one <w NN1>table <w PRP>before <w VVG>breaking <w AVP>up <w PRP>into <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38594-95<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2249"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>invitations <w AV0>only <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>Israelis <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Arabs <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w NN1>venue<c PUN>.
<s n="2250"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN2>invitations <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>angrily<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NN1-VVG>starting <w NN1>date <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w DT0>enough <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare<c PUN>.
<s n="2251"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w NP0>Shamir<w POS>'s <w NN1>reaction<c PUN>.
<s n="2253"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVG>pressing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>distance <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>therefore <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>venue<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Middle <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN1>venue <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional<c PUN>, <w PRP>as opposed to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international<c PUN>, <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="2254"><w NP0>Shamir <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>invitations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>suggested <w NN2>topics <w PRP>for <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
<s n="2255"><w PRP>In <w NN2>letters <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>delegations <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VM0>should <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>practical <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>self-government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w NP0>Syria <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w PRP>in return for <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights<c PUN>.
<s n="2257"><w NP0>Jordan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>were <w VVN>urged <w TO0>to <w VVI>solve <w DPS>their <w NN1>border <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="2258"><w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w NN2>Israelis <w VBD>were <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Jezzine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2259"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>delegations <w AV0>quickly <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>invitation<c PUN>.
<s n="2260"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w AV0>finally <w VVI>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w CJS>until <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>Washington <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>.
<s n="2261"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w CRD>two <w VVG-NN1>ranking <w NP0>PLO <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w VVN>provided <w PRP>with <w NN2>visas<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w NP0>Akram <w NP0>Haniya<c PUN>, <w NP0>PLO <w NN1-VVB>Chair <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>liaison <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taysir <w NP0-NN1>Arur<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>PLO <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Council <w NN1>member<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05N></p>
<caption id=HLECA05N>
<s n="2262"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w AJ0>Palestinian-Israeli <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2263"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>delegations <w VBD>were <w AJ0>present <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>arrive <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2264"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w AV0>finally <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w VVD>continued<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>break <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13-15<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>until <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2265"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>progress <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian/Palestinian <w NN2>delegations <w VHG>having <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2266"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>track<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="2267"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>envisaged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VM0>would <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>.
<s n="2268"><w DT0>Each <w NN1>section <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>representation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>section<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>outcome <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>face-to-face <w AJ0>Israeli-Palestinian <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2269"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VVN-VVD>rejected <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>interpretation <w CJC>and <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="2270"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>delegation <w VM0>might<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>broken <w AVP>up <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>sub-committees<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>topics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2271"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>delegations <w VVD-VVN>held <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>corridor<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>side <w VVN>called <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene<c PUN>.
<s n="2272"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conscious <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>distance <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2273"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>talks <w VDD>did <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2274"><w AT0>No <w NN1>side <w VVD-VVN>reported <w DT0>any <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>progress<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2275"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria <w VVD>concentrated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w CJC>and <w NN1>hostility<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2276"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2277"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2278"><w ORD>Fourth <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NN1>intifada
</head>
<p>
<s n="2279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>intifada <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli-occupied <w NN2>territories <w VVD>entered <w DPS>its <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>year <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2280"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>clamped <w NN2>curfews <w PRP>over <w AJ0>large <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w NN2>Areas <w PRP>around <w NP0>Ramallah <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>el-Bireh <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>curfew <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>settler <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35856-61<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2282"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="2283"><w AT0>The <w NN1>action <w VVD>occurred <w CJS>after <w NN2>Palestinians <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers <w VVG>arresting <w CRD>three <w NN2>men <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>painting <w NN2>slogans <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>wall<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05P></p>
<caption id=HLECA05P>
<s n="2284"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>reports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2285"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NN1-NP0>Betselem <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>casualties <w VVN>inflicted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2286"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>maintained <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>violated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>cited <w NN1>house <w NN2>demolitions<c PUN>, <w NN2>deportations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>collective <w NN2>restrictions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2287"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Palestine <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Centre <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>detailed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electric <w NN1>shock <w NN1-VVB>torture<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05R></p>
<caption id=HLECA05R>
<s n="2288"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2289"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-November <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;61,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Palestinian-managed <w NN1>development <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2290"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>at <w VVG-NN1>tackling <w NN2>problems <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2291"><w NN1>Money <w VVG>flowing <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN2>nations <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NN2>remittances <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05S></p>
<caption id=HLECA05S>
<s n="2292"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states <w PRP>by <w NP0>Arafat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2293"><w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w NP0>Laos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>during <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2294"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2295"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2296"><w NN2>Settlements <w VVB-NN1>issue <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>politics <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2297"><w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlers <w PRP>into <w NP0-NN1>Silwan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2298"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlers <w VVN-VVD>moved <w PRP>into <w CRD>six <w NN2>houses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Silwan <w NN1>sector <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>East <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>.
<s n="2299"><w AT0>The <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>controversial<c PUN>, <w VVG>occurring <w AV0>mid-way <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38693<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2300"><w AT0>The <w NN2>settlers <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w PRP>with <w AJ0>massive <w NN2>police <w VVB-NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="2301"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>evicted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>family <w PRP>from <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>houses<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>five <w NN2>houses <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>vacant<c PUN>.
<s n="2302"><w AT0>The <w NN2>settlers <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>houses <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Silwan <w NN1>sector <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yosef <w NN1>Harish<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>be <w VVN>barred <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>properties <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w NN2>considerations<c PUN>.
<s n="2303"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>objected<c PUN>, <w VVG>telling <w NN1-AJ0>Harish <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>base <w DPS>his <w NN2>judgements <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>purely <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>.
<s n="2304"><w VVB>Harish <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>find <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0-AV0>wrong <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>settlers<w POS>' <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>properties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2305"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-December <w AT0>the <w NN2>settlers <w VBD>were <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>houses <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>eviction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>occupants<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2306"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Peace <w AV0>Now <w NN1>movement <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Silwan <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
<s n="2307"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w NN2>Jews <w CJC>and <w NN2>Arabs<c PUN>.
<s n="2308"><w NP0>Teddy <w NP0>Kollek<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w DT0>another <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jerusalem <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Silwan <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05T></p>
<caption id=HLECA05T>
<s n="2309"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w NN1>settler <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>settlement <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>guard <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2310"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>settler <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>near <w NP0>Ramallah <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>el-Bireh <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="2311"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>area <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NN1>curfew <w CJC>and <w NN2>restrictions <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>relaxed <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2312"><w NN2>Groups <w PRF>of <w NN2>settlers <w VVD>drove <w PRP>through <w NP0>Ramallah <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w VVG-AJ0>attacking <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w VVG>posting <w AJ0>provocative <w NN2>leaflets <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2313"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>settlers <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AJ0>armed <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>guard <w NN2>units <w TO0>to <w VVI>perform <w NN2>police <w NN2>duties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05U></p>
<caption id=HLECA05U>
<s n="2314"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Departure <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Tsomet <w PRP>from <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2315"><w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Eitan <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NP0>Likud<w POS>'s <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Likud <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="2316"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w NP0-NN1>Eitan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>Tsomet <w NN1>Party <w AV0>formally <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="2317"><w PRP>Without <w NP0-NN1>Tsomet <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w AV0>now <w VVD>held <w CRD>64<c PUN>, <w PRP>as opposed to <w CRD>66<c PUN>, <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>120-member <w NP0>Knesset<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05V></p>
<caption id=HLECA05V>
<s n="2318"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sharon <w PRF>of <w NN1>candidature
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2319"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Sharon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN1>Contruction <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w DPS>his <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>colleague <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2320"><w PNP>He <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w AV0>harshly <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>states<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05W></p>
<caption id=HLECA05W>
<s n="2321"><w NN1>Verdict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kahane <w NN1>assassination
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2322"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>El <w AJ0-VVD>Sayed <w NN1-NP0>Noseir <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>murdering <w NP0>Rabbi <w NP0>Meir <w NP0>Kahane <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37872<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2323"><w AT0>The <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>jury <w VVN-VVD>deliberated <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w PRP>before <w VVG>acquitting <w NN1>Noseir <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kahane<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination<c PUN>.
<s n="2324"><w NP0-NN1>Noseir<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence <w NN1>lawyer <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kahane<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ultra-militant <w AJ0-NN1>Zionist <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2325"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w NP0-NN1>Binyamin <w NP0>Ze'ev <w NP0>Kahane<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kahane<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>anti-Arab <w NN1>Kach <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>vowed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Noseir <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVB>see <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w PRP>without <w NN1>fear <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w AV0>very <w ORD>last<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA05X></p>
<caption id=HLECA05X>
<s n="2326"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w NN2>republics <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Emigration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>Jews
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2327"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levi <w VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec<c PUN>.
<s n="2328"><w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States<c PUN>.
<s n="2329"><w NP0>Levi <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VHD>had <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>communities <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>expected <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN2>communities<w POS>' <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w NN1>emigration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2330"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Anatoliy <w NP0-NN1>Zlenko<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arye <w NP0>Levin<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>exchanged <w NN2>notes <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="2331"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2332"><w VVB>Alexandr <w NP0>Bovin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w CJS>since <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>severed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1967<c PUN>, <w VVD>presented <w DPS>his <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w NN1>accreditation <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chaim <w NP0-NN1>Herzog <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVG>informing <w NN1-VVB>Herzog <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w PRP>as opposed to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2333"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>142,000 <w NN2>Jews <w VHD>had <w VVN>emigrated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>400,000 <w VVD-VVN>expected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>185,000 <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>emigrated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2334"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline<c PUN>, <w NP0>Simcha <w NP0>Dinitz<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>, <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AJ0>adequate <w NN1>employment <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="2335"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>figures <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>immigrants <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>.
<s n="2336"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>slowdown <w PRP>in <w NN1>emigration <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Uri <w NP0>Gordon<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>predicted <w CJT>that <w CRD>400,000 <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>immigrants <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992. <ptr target=HLECA05Y><w PRP>to <w NP0>Egypt
</p>
<caption id=HLECA05Y>
<s n="2337"><w NN1>Re-establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Zambia <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Upgrading <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NN1>minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2338"><w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zambia <w VVD>re-established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2339"><w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Palestine <w PRP>to <w NN1>embassy <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="2340"><w NP0>Turkey <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>maintained <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>at <w NN1>legation <w AJ0>level <w PRP>with <w AV0>both <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Palestine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2341"><w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Avner <w NP0-NN1>Shaki<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December<c PUN>.
<s n="2342"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>topics <w NP0-NN1>Shaki <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>high-ranking <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2343"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2344"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2345"><w NN1>Hostage <w NN2-VVZ>releases <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN1>hostage <w NN2>developments
</head>
<p>
<s n="2346"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>United <w NN2>states <w NN2>hostages <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="2347"><w AT0>The <w NN2>releases <w VVD>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w NN2>Arabs <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN0>militia <w VVB>ally <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w VVG>missing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="2348"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>for <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hostage <w NN1>crisis <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2349"><w AT0>A <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>web <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>exchanges <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="2350"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>various <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w NP0>Giandomenico <w NP0>Picco<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>assistant <w PRP>for <w AJ0>special <w NN2>assignments <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w CJC>and <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>important <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="2351"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w VVN-VVD>released <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>al-Khiam <w NN1>prison <w VVN>situated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>self-declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2352"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>RJO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>pro-Iranian <w NN2>cells <w AV0>still <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>hostage<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Cicippio<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>shortly <w VBI>be <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
<s n="2353"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>RJO <w AV0>also <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>video <w NN1>tape <w PRP>from <w NP0>Israel <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AV0>recently <w PRP>with <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Abdel-Karim <w NP0-NN1>Obeid<c PUN>.
<s n="2354"><w NP0-NN1>Shaikh <w NP0-NN1>Obeid<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>cleric <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>leader <w PRP>from <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>commandos <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36832<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2355"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VVN>demanded <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Obeid<w POS>'s <w NN1>release <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA060></p>
<caption id=HLECA060>
<s n="2356"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w CRD>three <w NP0>US <w NN2>hostages
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2357"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Cicippio<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>pattern<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>quickly <w VVN>driven <w PRP>to <w NP0>Damascus<c PUN>.
<s n="2358"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cicippio<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>RJO <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35023<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>payment <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;278,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>weapons <w VVD>impounded <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>.
<s n="2359"><w VVB>Alann <w NP0-NN1>Steen<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>national <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35024<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2360"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Terry <w NP0>Anderson<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NP0>US <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad<c PUN>.
<s n="2361"><w NP0>Anderson <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33685<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>longest-held <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>hostage<c PUN>.
<s n="2362"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NP0-NN1>Jihad <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w NP0>Anderson <w PRP>without <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA061></p>
<caption id=HLECA061>
<s n="2363"><w NN1>Lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>regarding <w AJ0>German <w NN2>hostages <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>POWs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2364"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Anderson <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w AJ0>German <w NN1>aid <w NN2>workers <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0-NN1>Kemptner <w CJC>and <w NP0>Heinrich <w NP0-NN1>Strubig<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VBN>been <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36671<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2365"><w NN1-NP0>Kemptner <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Strubig <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hamadei <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVG>serving <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>for <w NN1>terrorist <w AJ0-VVD>related <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
<s n="2366"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>a <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>unknown <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Strugglers <w PRP>for <w NN1>Freedom<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>video <w NN1>cassette <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Germans<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w VVG>accompanying <w AT0>the <w NN1>video <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>Hamadei <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>.
<s n="2367"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government <w AV0>publicly <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>complying <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>kidnappers<w POS>' <w NN1>demand<c PUN>.
<s n="2368"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0-NN1>Va'ezi<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11-12 <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions <w DTQ>which <w VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>hostage <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2369"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>strand <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hostage <w NN1>crisis <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w VVD-VVN>deadlocked <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>missing <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>servicemen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2370"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Shaikh <w NP0-NN1>Obeid <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>exchanged <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>navigator <w NP0>Ron <w NP0>Arad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>missing <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>serviceman <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>alive<c PUN>.
<s n="2371"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>even <w VVN>received <w NN1>confirmation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Arad <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>alive<c PUN>.
<s n="2372"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Arad <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hezbollah<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Hezbollah <w AV0>officially <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2373"><w CJS>Since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>mediation <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>servicemen <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>proof <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w AV0>definitely <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
<s n="2374"><w PRP>In <w NN1>return <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>freed <w CRD>91 <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>prisoners <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w CRD>nine <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA062></p>
<caption id=HLECA062>
<s n="2375"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>hostages
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2376"><w AJ0>Significant <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>during <w NP0>December <w PRP>in <w VVG>recovering <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJC>or <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w NN1>captivity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2377"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>semi-embalmed <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>William <w NP0>Higgins <w VBD>were <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>suburbs <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w AV0>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anonymous <w NN1>telephone <w NN1-VVB>call<c PUN>.
<s n="2378"><w NP0>Higgins<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Marine<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Oppressed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Earth <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="2379"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>executed <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>abduction <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sheihk <w NP0-NN1>Obeid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2380"><w AT0>The <w NN1>skull <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>bones <w PRF>of <w NP0>William <w NP0>Buckley <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="2381"><w NP0>Buckley<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>CIA <w NN1>station <w NN1>chief <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1984 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad<c PUN>.
<s n="2382"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>executed <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1985 <w AV0>following <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>air-raid <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2383"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buckley<w POS>'s <w VVZ>remains <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unaccounted <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Seurat <c PUL>(<w NP0>France<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>cancer <w PRP>during <w NN1>captivity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alec <w NP0>Collett <c PUL>(<w NP0>UK<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NN1>reprisal <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVG>bombing <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2384"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2385"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2386"><w NN1>Confirmation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Assad <w PRP>for <w NN1>fourth-term
</head>
<p>
<s n="2387"><w VVB>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>term <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>president <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w CRD>99.98 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="2388"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-November <w NP0>Assad<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>term <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ba'ath <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2389"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w AJ0>pro-Assad <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA063></p>
<caption id=HLECA063>
<s n="2390"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>fundamentalists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2391"><w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Assad <w VHD>had <w VVN>pardoned <w CRD>2,864 <w NN2>persons <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AJ0>anti-state <w NN2>acts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>pardoned <w VBD>were <w NN2>activists <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>conducted <w AT0>a <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Assad<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1970s <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
<s n="2393"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w AT0>the <w NN1>pardon <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Assad <w AV0>no longer <w VVD-VVN>viewed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Brotherhood <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>viable <w NN1>threat<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2394"><w NN2>Estimates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria <w VVD>varied<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN2>sources <w AV0>about <w CRD>3,500 <w AV0>still <w VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="2395"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>was <w NP0-NN1>Noureddin <w NN1>al-Atasi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>preceded <w NP0>Assad <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>since <w CRD>1970<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA064></p>
<caption id=HLECA064>
<s n="2396"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w NN1-VVB>estimate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2397"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>Debt <w NN2>Tables <w VVN>released <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>included <w AJ0>revised <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>.
<s n="2398"><w AJ0>Total <w NN1>debt <w NN1>stock <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;16,446 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;11,000 <w CRD>million <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w CRD>1989 <w NN2>estimates<c PUN>.
<s n="2399"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>debts <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>owed <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>possibly <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA065></p>
<caption id=HLECA065>
<s n="2400"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2401"><w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>postponed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria <w VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>mid-December<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2402"><w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>because of <w VVG-NN1>scheduling <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="2403"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>press <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w VBD>was <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>war <w NN1>criminal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alo&iuml;s <w NP0>Brunner<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>extradition <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w PRP>from <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2404"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2405"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2406"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="2407"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sharif <w NP0>Zaid <w NP0>Ibn <w NP0-NN1>Shaker <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>46 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="2408"><w CRD>Eighteen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRP>against <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w CRD>23 <w NN2>deputies <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2409"><w AT0>The <w NN1>speech <w VVG>outlining <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w PNX>himself <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>underlining <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ibn <w NN1-NP0>Shaker<c PUN>.
<s n="2410"><w AT0>The <w NN1>speech <w VVD>mentioned <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>year <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>those <w NN2>institutions <w AV0>directly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w VVG>combating <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w NN1>poverty<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w NN2>projects <w PRP>for <w NN2>graduates<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2411"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>reforms <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN1>spending <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2412"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdel-Latif <w NP0>Arabiyat<c PUN>, <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="2413"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>gain <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>exchange <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-operation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Islamist <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2414"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>45 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>80 <w NN2>deputies <w VVG>voting <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2415"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>restructuring <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN2>Customs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Basil <w NP0-NN1>Jardaneh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38215 <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>team<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2416"><w AT0>The <w NN1>programme <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Jordan <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w PRF>of <w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;7,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w AJ0>secure <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2417"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>International <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>reveals <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>sensitivity <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>situation<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w NN1>suggestion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w NN2>subsidies <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VVN>inspired <w AJ0>public <w NN2>protests<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2418"><w ZZ0>A <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>anticipated<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2419"><w VVB-NN1>Pay <w NN2-VVZ>increases <w PRP>for <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w CRD>6,000 <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w NN2>jobs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>created<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>capital <w NN1>expenditure <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w CJS>while <w NN1>government <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>boosted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>consumption <w NN1>tax<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA066></p>
<caption id=HLECA066>
<s n="2420"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NN2>Islamists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2421"><w CRD>Eight <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>called <w AT0>The <w NN1>Prophet <w NP0>Mohammed<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>tribunal <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>military <w NN2>judges <w PRP>for <w NN2>crimes<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38457<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2422"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>targets <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>European <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>interests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amman <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>.
<s n="2423"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-VVD>accused <w AJ0>received <w NN1>life <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w VVD>received <w AJC>shorter <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>.
<s n="2424"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>commute <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2425"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2426"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2427"><w VVB-NN1>Concern <w AVP-PRP>over <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="2428"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w VVG>following <w NN1>government <w VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>80,000 <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>children <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>shortages <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2429"><w AT0>The <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>realistic<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN2>Children<w POS>'s <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNICEF<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN1>polio <w NN2>vaccines <w VHD>had <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>reported <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>polio <w PRP>among <w AJ0>young <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w NN1>Health <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>68,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>19,863 <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>between <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Quwait<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN2>medicines<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2431"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN2>disclosures<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>prompted <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-imposed <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>sanctions <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2432"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>AEUC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVG>urging <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w NP0>India <w DTQ>which <w VVD>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>non-availability <w PRF>of <w NN2>medicines <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2433"><w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w NP0>Yemen<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w CJS>while <w VVG>dissenting <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>extension <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Dakhar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38699<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2434"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>INA<c PUR>) <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDP<c PUR>) <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>justifications <w PRP>for <w VVG>maintaining <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq <w AV0>no longer <w VVD>existed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2435"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w DPS>its <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>periodic <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVD>decided <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommend <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN2>sanctions <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2436"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>protests <w VVG>coinciding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>review<c PUN>, <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>Iraqis <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2-22 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>before <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>local <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2437"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w NN2>sanctions <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>kill <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>Iraqis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2438"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>hopes <w NN1>rose <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>acceptance <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>706 <w VVG>permitting <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,600,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NN0>bpd<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w AV0>urgently <w VVN-VVD>needed <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38406<c PUN>; <w CRD>38452<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Oil <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Usamah <w NP0>Abd <w NN1-AJ0>al-Razzaq <w NP0>Hummadi <w NN1>al-Hithi <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>international <w NN1>news <w NN2>agencies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w CRD>24 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil <w NN0>sales <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;2,400 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AV0>previously <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>aid <w NN2>agencies<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38361<c PUN>; <w CRD>38452<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2439"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>clarification<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hithi <w VVD>stressed <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>706 <w VVG>saying <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>applied<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2440"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>706<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>never <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>colonial <w NN2>conditions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA067></p>
<caption id=HLECA067>
<s n="2441"><w NP0>IAEA <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2442"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w VVG>assessing <w AT0>the <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w CJC>and <w ORD>eighth <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN2>teams <w DTQ>which <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11-22 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11-18 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>established<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large<c PUN>, <w AJ0>secure <w CJC>and <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>procurement <w NN1>network<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in support of <w DPS>its <w NN1-AJ0>uranium-enrichment <w CJC>and <w NN2>weapons <w VVG-NN1>manufacturing <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2443"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>application-specific <w NN2>fixtures<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>equipment <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>manufacturers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>serviced <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w VBD>were <w AV0>probably <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>intended <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2444"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>classified <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w VHD>had <w VVN>identified <w AV0>around <w CRD>12 <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w AJ0>German<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>directly <w CJC>or <w AV0>indirectly <w VVD>supplied <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>with <w NN2>nuclear-weapons <w AJ0-VVD>related <w NN1>material<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2445"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leybold<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>exported <w AT0>an <w NN1>electron <w NN1-VVB>beam <w NN1>welding <w NN1>machine <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w NN1>centrifuge <w NN2>machines<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>but <w VVD-AJ0>denied <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="2446"><c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>companies <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>supplied <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Scud <w NN1>missile <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2447"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brown <w NP0>Boveri<c PUN>, <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>sold <w CRD>two <w NN2>presses <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacture <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2448"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>company <w NP0>Du <w NP0>Pont <w VVD>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>exported <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>lubricant <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2449"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AV0>highly <w AJ0-VVN>enriched <w NN1>uranium<c PUN>, <w NN2>traces <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Tuwaitha <w NN1-VVB>research <w NN1>complex <w PRP>near <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA068></p>
<caption id=HLECA068>
<s n="2450"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2451"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>ballistics <w NN2>missiles <w VVB-NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2-9<c PUN>, <w NP0>Patrice <w NP0-NN1>Palanque<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>destroyed <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w AJ0>declared <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>supergun<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA069></p>
<caption id=HLECA069>
<s n="2452"><w NN1-AJ0>Chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2453"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN-IAEA <w NN1-VVB>commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38165<c PUN>; <w CRD>38211<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>combined <w NN1>chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspections <w VVB-NN1>team <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w AJ0-NN1>bomb-making <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>sugar <w NN1>factory <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mosul<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06A><ptr target=HLECA06B></p>
<caption id=HLECA06A>
<s n="2454"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLECA06B>
<s n="2455"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2456"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>appease <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Kurds<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w VVD-VVN>appointed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Umid <w NP0>Midhat <w NP0>Mubarak<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>physician<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w AV0>in addition <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w NN1>portfolio <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Salem <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Saeed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>last <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38598<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06C></p>
<caption id=HLECA06C>
<s n="2457"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2458"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>groups <c PUL>(<w VVG>excluding <w NN2>Kurds<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>needed <w VVG>redrafting<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>acceptance<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2459"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iran-backed <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SAIRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Ayatollah <w VVD>Seyyed <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Baqr <w NP0>al-Hakim<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>reactivation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>uprising <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>elements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2460"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>reviewed <w NN2>options <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06D></p>
<caption id=HLECA06D>
<s n="2461"><w VVG>Easing <w PRF>of <w NN1>blockade <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kurdistan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2462"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w AJ0>limited <w NN2>supplies <w PRF>of <w NN1>fuel <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>Kurdistan <w CJS>after <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w NN1>deadline <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>two-month <w AJ0-AV0>long <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38548<c PUN>; <w CRD>38598<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2463"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Masoud <w NP0-NN1>Barzani<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>met <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2464"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>subsequent<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>conciliatory<c PUN>, <w NN2>gestures <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w CRD>60 <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lifted <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>acquisition <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w PRP>by <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>oil-producing <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kirkuk <w CJC>and <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG>exempting <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>swearing <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Ba'ath <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2465"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>Kurds <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>mid-November <w PRP>in <w NN1>anticipation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>attack <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38598<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2466"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ-NN2>lies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2467"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN0>&pound;1,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2468"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2469"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2470"><w NN2>Arrests <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures
</head>
<p>
<s n="2471"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>television <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <w DT0>some <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>belong <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w AJ0>different <w AJ0>underground <w NN2>networks<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
<s n="2472"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarchist <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0>Savak <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>police <w NN1>service <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-1979 <w NN1>regime<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Mujaheddin <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2473"><w NN2>Arrests <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>corruption <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>falsification <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN2>documents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2474"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>executions <w VVN>reported <w PRP>during <w NP0>December <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>hanging <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zahedan<c PUN>, <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>court <w PRP>for <w VHG>having<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>disturbed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>order<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN2>disturbances <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06E></p>
<caption id=HLECA06E>
<s n="2475"><w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>envoy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2476"><w NP0>Reynaldo <w NP0>Galindo <w NP0>Pohl<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>commission <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>expert <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Pohl<w POS>'s <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>visit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>report <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37200<c PUN>; <w CRD>37929<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2477"><w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minster <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Besharati <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>commission<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constant <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>implied <w VBD>was <w AV0>politically <w VVN-AJ0>motivated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06F></p>
<caption id=HLECA06F>
<s n="2478"><w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iran-Iraq <w NN1>war
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2479"><w AT0>A <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-Iraq <w NN1>war <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1980<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>territory <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unjustified <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2480"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>produced <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w PRP>in <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w CRD>1987 <w VVG>instructing <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>enquire <w PRP>into <w AVQ>where <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VVD>lay<c PUN>.
<s n="2481"><w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>bombardments <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>territory <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1980<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06G></p>
<caption id=HLECA06G>
<s n="2482"><w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2483"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VVD>paid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w UNC>US&dollar;260,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w VVN-VVD>withheld <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2484"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;18,000,000 <w VBD>was <w VVN>paid <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>security <w NN1-VVB>account <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w NN2>payments <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w CJS>as <w VVN>arbitrated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-US <w VVZ>Claims <w NN1>Tribunal<c PUN>.
<s n="2485"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>for <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w DT0>any <w NN1>connection <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>releases <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2486"><w NN2>Claims <w VVG>involving <w AJC>larger <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVG>arising <w PRP>out of <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>before <w CRD>1979 <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>pending<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2487"><w AT0>A <w NN1>memorandum <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>by <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0-NN1>Va'ezi <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NP0>Francois <w NP0>Scheer <w VVD>resolved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-year <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2488"><w AT0>The <w NN2>origins <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>dispute <w VVD>lay <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>pre-revolution <w NN1>government <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="2489"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>repay <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w AJ0>additional <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>&dollar;630,000,000 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>repaid<c PUN>.
<s n="2490"><w NN2>Restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>fields <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2491"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>agreement <w CRD>three <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>construction <w NN2>companies <w VVD>resolved <w DPS>their <w NN2>counter-claims <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>for <w NN2>contracts <w VVN>broken <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37929<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2492"><w EX0>There <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unresolved <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>share <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Eurodif <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>enrichment <w NN1>company<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>request <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>supplied <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>by <w DT0>that <w NN1>company<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06H></p>
<caption id=HLECA06H>
<s n="2493"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bakhtiar <w NN1>murder <w NN1-VVB>suspect <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2494"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>after <w NP0>November <w CRD>1979 <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>represented <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>interests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>closed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NN2>restrictions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>harassment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Swiss <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN0>staff <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>Iranian <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2495"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berne <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w NP0>Zeyal <w NP0>Sarhadi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>25-year-old <w AJ0-NN1>Iranian <w AJ0-VVN>suspected <w PRF>of <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Shapour <w NN1-NP0>Bakhtiar <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38409<c PUN>; <w CRD>38455<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2496"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vigorous <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>Interpol <w NN1>warrant <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>.
<s n="2497"><w AT0>The <w NN1>embassy <w VVD>re-opened <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2498"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2499"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2500"><w AJ0-VVN>Planned <w NN1>security <w NN1>fence
</head>
<p>
<s n="2501"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shaikh <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Hammoud <w NP0>al <w NP0-NN1>Jabir <w CJS>as <w NP0>Sabah <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>newspaper <w NN1>interview <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kuwait <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w NN1>security <w NN1-VVB>fence <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>length <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>250-km <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2502"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>from <w AJC>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electrified <w NN1>fence <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>warning <w NN1>system <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>machine <w NN2>guns <w CJC>and <w NN2>searchlights<c PUN>.
<s n="2503"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fence<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w VM0>would <w VVI>cost <w PRP-AVP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;560 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>build<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secondary <w NN1>function <w PRF>of <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2504"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Kuwait <w VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>over <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Border <w NN1>Demarkation <w NN1>Committee<w POS>'s <w NN1>reconnaissance <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>demilitarized <w NN1>zone <w PRP>between <w NP0>Kuwait <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="2505"><w NP0>Kuwait <w AV0>also <w VVD>protested <w PRP>about <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w NN2>Kuwaitis <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>nationalities <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN2>representatives <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06J></p>
<caption id=HLECA06J>
<s n="2506"><w NN1>Revocation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fatah <w NN1>official<w POS>'s <w NN1>citizenship
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2507"><w NP0>Khalid <w NP0>al-Hassan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w NP0>Al-Fatah <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>group <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NP0>Organization-PLO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>stripped <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2508"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>80,000 <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w AV0-AJ0>still <w AJ0-NN1>resident <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>350,000 <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>invasion<c PUN>.
<s n="2509"><w NN2>Officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kuwait <w VBD>was <w VVG>delaying <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>4,000 <w NP0-NN1>Bedoun <c PUL>(<w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>without <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>citizenship<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2510"><w NP0>Kuwait <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>deporting <w CRD>50-100 <w NN1-VVB>Bedoun <w PRP>through <w NP0-NN1>Safwan <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w AT0>every <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2511"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2512"><w NP0>GCC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2513"><w NN1>Summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="2514"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>12th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Bahrein<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23-25<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38116-17<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>but <w VVD>introduced <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>deterrent <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2515"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NP0>GCC <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w VVD>urged<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>UN<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>in particular <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DT0>more <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
<s n="2516"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>development <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>damage <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>; <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria <w VBD>were <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>beneficiaries<c PUN>.
<s n="2517"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>resolved <w TO0>to <w VVI>deposit <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>document<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2518"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2519"><w NP0>BAHRAIN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2520"><w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Abdellatif <w NP0>al-Mahmoud<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>professor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>Studies <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bahrein <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>detained <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>seminar <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN2>systems <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2521"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2522"><w NP0>OMAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2523"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Hamoud <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Abdullah <w NN1>al-Harthy<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN2>Communications <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>important <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2524"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2525"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2526"><w CRD>Eight <w NN2>detainees <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oukacha <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Casablanca<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>granted <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>prisoner <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>family <w NN2>visits <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>read <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>; <w DPS>their <w NN2>families <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>fasting <w PRP>in <w NN1>support <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN1>Labour<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2527"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2528"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2529"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Secretary-General
</head>
<p>
<s n="2530"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w AV0>unanimously <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NP0>Boutros <w NP0-NN1>Ghali<c PUN>.
<s n="2531"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>person <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w NN1>continent<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2532"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>15-member <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>Boutros <w NP0-NN1>Ghali <w PRP>after <w VVG>electing <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w CRD>11 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="2533"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>lobbying <w VVN>fuelled <w PRP>by <w NN2>reports <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVG>pressing <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Chidzero<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2534"><w NP0>Boutros <w NP0-NN1>Ghali<c PUN>, <w CRD>69<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-AJ0>Arab <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w VVD>acquired <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>negotiator <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w CRD>1978 <w NP0>Camp <w NP0>David <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>sub-Saharan <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="2535"><w CJS>While <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>faith <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Moslem-dominated <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>diplomats <w VVN-VVD>regarded <w DPS>his <w NN1>marriage <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>Jew <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>asset <w PRP>in <w VVG>promoting <w AJ0>Arab-Israeli <w NN1>understanding<c PUN>.
<s n="2536"><w NP0>Boutros <w NP0>Ghali<w POS>'s <w NN1>fluency <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>acquired <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>student <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sorbonne <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>decisive <w PRP>in <w VVG>winning <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-French-speaking <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2537"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Boutros <w NP0>Ghali<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w AV0>internationally <w VVN>welcomed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>further <w VVI>diminish <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06K></p>
<caption id=HLECA06K>
<s n="2538"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w NN1>co-ordinator
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2539"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Emergency <w NN1>Relief <w NN1>Co-ordinator<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>secretariat <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strengthened <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Disaster <w NN1>Relief <w NN1>Co-ordinator <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>consolidation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>offices <w DTQ>which <w VVD>dealt <w PRP>with <w AJ0>complex <w NN2>emergencies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2540"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>balancing <w NN2>governments<w POS>' <w NN2>claims <w PRP>to <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>suffering <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supreme <w NP0>UN <w NN1>co-ordinator <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w AJ0>available<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VM0>need <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>request <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>concerned <w NN1>government <w CJS>though <w XX0>not <w PRP>without <w DPS>its <w NN1>consent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2541"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>resisted <w PRP>by <w NN1>Third-World <w NN2>governments <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>encouraged <w NN1>relief <w NN2>agencies <w TO0>to <w VVI>interfere <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>wars<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2542"><w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Sadruddin <w NP0>Aga <w NP0>Khan <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NP0>Inter-Agency <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN1>Programme <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG>assuming <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN2>efforts<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06L></p>
<caption id=HLECA06L>
<s n="2543"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2544"><w AJ0>Total <w AJ0>unpaid <w NN2>contributions <w VVG>approximating <w UNC>US&dollar;988,000,000 <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>brink <w PRF>of <w NN1>insolvency <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>years<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2545"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>64 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w CRD>159 <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w DPS>their <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VVG>owing <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;525,000,000 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;463,000,000 <w PRP>towards <w AJ0-NN1>peace-keeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w VVG>excluding <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
<s n="2546"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>debtor <w PRP>with <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>unpaid <w NN2>dues <w VVG>exceeding <w NN0>&dollar;485,000,000<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w DTQ>which <w VVD>owed <w NN0>&dollar;172,000,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>member <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>owed <w NN0>&dollar;61,500,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2547"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>recommended <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>trust <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w AJ0-NN1>start-up <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>activities<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>charge <w NN2>members <w NN1-VVB>interest <w PRP>on <w AJ0>unpaid <w NN2>dues <w CJC>and <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>borrow <w AV0>commercially<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2548"><w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Sadruddin <w VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;8,000,000 <w NN1>contribution <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>guards <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06M></p>
<caption id=HLECA06M>
<s n="2549"><w NN1-VVB>Repeal <w PRF>of <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w NN1>Zionism
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2550"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w CRD>111 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>13 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>repealing <w DPS>its <w CRD>1975 <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>equating <w NN1>Zionism <w PRP>with <w NN1>racism <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>27487-89<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2551"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kuwait <w CJC>and <w NP0>Egypt <w VVD>broke <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>ranks <w CJC>and <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2552"><w VVG>Welcoming <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chaim <w NP0-NN1>Herzog<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>wiped <w AVP>out <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shameful <w NN1>blot <w PRP>upon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>good <w NN1>name<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06N></p>
<caption id=HLECA06N>
<s n="2553"><w NN1>Resolution <w PRP>on <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2554"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>150 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w PNI>none<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>abstentions <c PUL>(<w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cuba<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w NN1>register <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38365-66<c PUN>; <w CRD>38553<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06P></p>
<caption id=HLECA06P>
<s n="2555"><w NP0>UK <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w NN1>Child <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Convention
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2556"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>Rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Child <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37054<c PUN>; <w CRD>37732<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>but <w VVD>reserved <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>opt <w PRP>out of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2557"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2558"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2559"><w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN2>meetings
</head>
<p>
<s n="2560"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12-13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>endorsed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>concept<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38600-01<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w VVG>streamlining <w UNC>NAT0<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN1>structure <w PRP>in line with <w AJ0>post-Cold <w NN1>War <w NN1>force <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>.
<s n="2561"><w AJ0-VVG>Inviting <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJC>closer <w NN2>links<c PUN>, <w AV0>preferably <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38554<c PUN>; <w CRD>38600<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>available<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>experience <w CJC>and <w NN1>expertise<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>bloc<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2562"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;<c PUN>, <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>command <w NN1>structure <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Allied <w NN1>Command <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>Saceur<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Allied <w NN1>Command <w NP0>Atlantic <c PUL>(<w NP0>Saclant<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>abolishing <w AJ0>Allied <w NN1>Command <w NN1>Channel<c PUN>, <w AV0>traditionally <w PRP>under <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1-VVB>command<c PUN>.
<s n="2563"><c PUL>(<w NP0>UK <w NN1>command <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>through <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>core<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Rapid <w NN1>Reaction <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>RRF<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38216<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2564"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>abolished <w VBD>was <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Group<c PUN>, <w VVG>forming <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Allied <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Europe <w AV0>formerly <w VVG-AJ0>deploying <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w NP0>West <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NN2>borders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2565"><w VVG>Restating <w AT0>the <w NN2>objectives <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>concept<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AJ0>new <w NN2>instabilities<c PUN>, <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>additional <w AJ0>politico-military <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>flexible <w CJC>and <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>employment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Allied <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2566"><w CJS>While <w VVG>welcoming <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by <w AJ0>European <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>at <w NP0>Maastricht <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38658<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>towards<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>framing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1-AJ0>European<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>defence <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w VVD>underlined <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>transatlantic <w NN2>links<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>indivisibility <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w AV0>all <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DPS>its<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>members<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06R></p>
<caption id=HLECA06R>
<s n="2567"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2568"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>move <w VVG>extending <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w NN2>activities <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>field<c PUN>, <w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w NN2>plans <w VVG>granting <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>transportation <w CJC>and <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>assistance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2569"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>, <w AV0>recently <w VVN>returned <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VVD>faced <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imminent <w AJ0>social <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2>shortages<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2570"><w VVG>Reflecting <w AJ0>other <w NN2>concerns<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w NN2>ministers <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Soviet <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>safe<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w CJC>and <w AJ0>reliable <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>actively <w VVB>prevent <w NN1>proliferation <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w NN1>destruction<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2571"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>ministers <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>satisfactorily <w VVN>assured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>republics <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>place <w DPS>their <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w AV0>under <w CRD>one <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>republics <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>non-nuclear <w NN2>powers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38655<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2572"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>.
<s n="2573"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>discussions <w VHD>had <w VVN>focused <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>related <w NN2>issues<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2574"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2575"><w NP0-NN1>ICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2576"><w ORD>Sixth <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="2577"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9-11 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdou <w NN1-NP0>Diouf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>.
<s n="2578"><w AV0>Over <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>45 <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>or <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0-NN1>Mubarak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>gathering <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented <w AV0>instead <w PRP>by <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="2579"><w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>theatre <w TO0>to <w VVI>peddle <w VVB-NN1>suspect <w PNP>US <w NN2>policies <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2580"><w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD-VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>other <w VBG>being <w NP0-NN1>Kazakhastan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AT0>a <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Albania <w VBD>was <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2581"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w AV0>earlier <w CJS>than <w VVN>planned<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>marred <w PRP>by <w NN2>disagreements <w VVG>centring <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>perceptions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>merits <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38594-95<c PUN>; <w CRD>38693<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2582"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>spoke <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w NN2>feelings <w PRF>of <w NN1>resentment <w PRP>among <w DT0>some <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>African <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Diouf<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VVB>respect <w AT0>the <w NN2>Arabs <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w PNP>they <w VVB>respect <w PNP>us<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2583"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>deplored <w AT0>the <w NN1>phenomenon <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>readiness <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w NN2>efforts<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w NN1>suppression<c PUN>.
<s n="2584"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>international <w NN2>conventions <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>respected <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>disputes <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>settled <w PRP>through <w NN1>dialogue<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2585"><w AT0>An <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>ICO <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5-9<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>expressing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w NN1>solidarity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Western <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>affair <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38599<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>underlined <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concern <w AVP-PRP>over<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2586"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>intifada<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>generation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2587"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>deplored <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>non-compliance <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2588"><w PNP>It<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>anxiety <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2589"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad-based <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICO <w VHG>having <w AV0>recently <w VVN>appointed <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Salih <w NP0-NN1>Bakr<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Afghan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>interested <w NN2>governments<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2590"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>stormed <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>closing <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>a <w AJ0>PLO-backed <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>jihad <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>holy <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2591"><w PRP>Among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>initiatives <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w TO0>to <w VVI>forgive <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w VVN-VVD>owed <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJS>poorest <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICO<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;49,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2592"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2593"><w NP0>OECD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2594"><w NP0>DAC <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2595"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Assistance <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>DAC<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-Operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>OECD<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3-4<c PUN>.
<s n="2596"><w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal <w VBD>were <w VVN>admitted <w CJS>as <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DAC<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRP>to <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2597"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1-VVB>move <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w NN1-VVB>notice <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>assistance <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>future <w NN2>allocations <w VM0>would <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w AJ0>effective <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>military <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06S></p>
<caption id=HLECA06S>
<s n="2598"><w NN1>Health <w NN2>officers <w VVG-NN1>meeting <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Outlook<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2599"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>OECD <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>health <w NN2>officers <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for <w AJ0>chemical <w NN1>accident <w NN1>prevention<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2600"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OECD<w POS>'s <w AJ0>bi-annual <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>report <w NN1>Outlook<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVB>set <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>nations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mere <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w AT0>the <w NP0>OECD <w VHD>had <w VVN>forecast <w AT0>a <w CRD>2.4 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>growth <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2601"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2602"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2603"><w NN1>Collapse <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am
</head>
<p>
<s n="2604"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>carrier <w NP0-NN1>Pan <w AJ0>American <w NN1>World <w NN2>Airways <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am<c PUR>) <w VVD>ceased <w NN2>operations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>after <w VVG>facing <w AJ0>heavy <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>losses<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>10,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>airline<w POS>'s <w NN2>employees <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w AJ0>redundant<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2605"><w NN2-VVZ>Hopes <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>immediately <w AJ0>preceding <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>improving <w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>prospects <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38123<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>faded <w PRP-CJS>after <w DT0>another <w NP0>US <w NN1>carrier<c PUN>, <w NN1>Delta <w NN1>Air <w NN2>Lines <w AJ0>Inc<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w UNC>US&dollar;140,000,000 <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>reorganization <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2606"><w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NP0>US <w NN1>carrier <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1927 <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w VVN-AJ0>known <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>expanding <w NN1>air <w NN2>routes <w PRP>to <w NN1>south <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>pioneering <w NP0>US <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>travel <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w NN1>East<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLECA06T></p>
<caption id=HLECA06T>
<s n="2607"><w NN1>Air <w NN2-VVZ>crashes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2608"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>26 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>German <w UNC>DC3 <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>near <w NP0>Heidelberg<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="2609"><w CRD>Eight <w AJ0>German <w NN2>tourists <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w CRD>nine <w NN0>people <w VVN>killed <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w AJ0>light <w NN0>aircraft <w DTQ>which <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>wildlife <w NN1-VVB>reserve <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2610"><w DT0>All <w CRD>129 <w NN2>passengers <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Scandinavian <w NN2>Airlines <w NN1>System <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAS<c PUR>) <w VVD>survived <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w AJ0>crash-landed <w PRP>near <w NP0>Stockholm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2611"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2612"><w NN1>CHOLERA <w NN1>EPIDEMIC
</head>
<p>
<s n="2613"><w PRP>Since <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>336,880 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w VVN-AJ0>infected <w PRP>with <w NN1>cholera <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>3,542 <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>2,681 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa <w CRD>133,136 <w NN2>cases <w CJC>and <w CRD>12,405 <w NN2>deaths <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>7,104 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>recorded<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2614"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2615"><w NN2>COMMODITIES
</head>
<p>
<s n="2616"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Coffee <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4-6 <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG-AJ0>reviving <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>mechanisms<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2617"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2618"><w NP0>ICJ
</head>
<p>
<s n="2619"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w AV0>concurrently <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>elected <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Bola <w NP0>Ajibola <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nigeria<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NP0-NN1>Taslim <w NP0>Olawale <w NP0>Elias <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nigeria<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICJ<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2620"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2621"><w NP0-NN1>ICRC
</head>
<p>
<s n="2622"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Cornelio <w NP0>Sommaruga <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;35,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2623"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2624"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL <w AJ0>RED <w NN1>CROSS <w CJC>AND <w AJ0>RED <w NN1>CRESCENT <w NN1>MOVEMENT
</head>
<p>
<s n="2625"><w AT0>The <w ORD>26th <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w NP0>29-Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w CJS>after <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2626"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2627"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL <w NN1>PARTY <w NN2>ORGANIZATIONS
</head>
<p>
<s n="2628"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>International <w VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Warsaw <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w NP0>30-Dec.1 <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>gathering <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2629"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2630"><w NP0-NN1>OAPEC
</head>
<p>
<s n="2631"><w AT0>The <w ORD>47th <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAPEC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2632"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2633"><w NP0>UNICEF
</head>
<p>
<s n="2634"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN2>Children<w POS>'s <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNICEF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>countries <w VVD>spent <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>average <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>budgets <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>rich <w NN2>countries <w VVN>allocated <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>sectors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2635"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2636"><w NP0>WFP
</head>
<p>
<s n="2637"><w NP0>Catherine <w NP0>Ann <w NN1-NP0>Bertini <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>WFP<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
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</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLF>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 61932 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 901 Kbytes running text, containing about 61932 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLF</idno><idno type="old"> krw201 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. 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PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7212"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="227"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="124"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="353"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="944"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="217"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2669"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="58774"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7212"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="227"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="124"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="353"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="944"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="217"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2669"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="58774"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chadli <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chadli <w NP0>Bendjedid<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN>created <w AJ0>five-member <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Boudiaf<c PUN>, <w VVD>assumed <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>meantime <w VBN>been <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sid-Ahmed <w NP0-NN1>Ghozali<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cancellation <w VVD-VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>the <w AJ0>probable <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>as <w NN1>winner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA000></p>
<caption id=HLFCA000>
<s n="7"><w NN1>Aftermath <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="8"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12 <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>secular <w NN2>parties <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>project <w PRP>for <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>installation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="9"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>Front <c PUL>(<w NN2>FFS<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w NP0>Hocine <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>vocal <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w AV0>over <w CRD>100,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>joined <w AT0>an <w NN2>FFS <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>, <w VVG>shouting <w NN2>slogans <w PRP>such as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>No <w PRP>to <w NN1>fundamentalism<c PUN>!
<s n="11"><w ITJ>No <w PRP>to <w NN1>dictatorship<c PUN>!<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>35 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>300-strong <w NN1>group <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>dress <w VVD>showed <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>affiliations<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>disrupt <w AT0>the <w NN1>march<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="13"><w VVB>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>told <w AJ0>French <w NN1>television<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w AV0>always <w VVN>said<c PUN>: <w AV0>neither <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w VVB-NN1>state <w CJC>nor <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamentalist <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>obvious <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w DPS>our <w NN1>country <w PRP>into <w DT0>this <w AJ0>dead <w NN1>end<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>missed <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w PRP>throughout <w DT0>this <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>deny <w CJT>that <w NN1>Islam <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opposite <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opposite <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="15"><w DT0>Neither <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVB>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>alternation <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLFCA001></p>
<caption id=HLFCA001>
<s n="16"><w NP0>Chadli<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="17"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w NN1>resignation <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>conveyed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chadli <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>dissolved <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4 <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w AV0>later <w VVD>transpired<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1-VVB>decree <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w AV0>therefore<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>institution <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>remains <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w PNP>He <w VVD>believed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w NN1>heart <w CJC>and <w NN1>consciousness <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>initiatives <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJ0>liable <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>harmony<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>felt <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w DPS>his <w NN1>pledge <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="20"><w NN2>Ghozali <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>public <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w NN2>Tanks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>small <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VVN-VVD>moved <w PRP>into <w NN1>position <w PRP>in front of <w AJ0>key <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN2>communications <w NN2>buildings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="22"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-member <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abdelmalek <w NP0>Benhabyles<c PUN>, <w CRD>71<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w NN1>poll<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>annul <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>found <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>verdict <w VBD>was <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="25"><w NN2>Benhabyles<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>assumed <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>within <w CRD>45 <w NN2>days<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA002></p>
<caption id=HLFCA002>
<s n="26"><w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="27"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0-NN1>six-member <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>virtue <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mandate <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w NN1>continuity <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD>resolved<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>conditions <w VBB>are <w VVN>fulfilled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>functioning <w PRF>of <w NN2>institutions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><c PUL>(<w PRP>As well as <w NP0-NN1>Ghozali <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="29"><w AJ0>Khaled <w NN1-NP0>Nezzar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="30"><w NP0>Abdelmalek <w NP0>Guenaizia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="31"><w NP0>Larbi <w NP0>Belkheir<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lakhdar <w NP0-NN1>Brahimi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamadani <w NP0>Benkhelil<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="32"><w NN2>Observers <w VBD>were <w VVN>divided <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w VVN>played <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chadli <w PNX>himself <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>turn <w PRF>of <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w DT0>Some <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w VVN>found <w AJ0>unacceptable <w NP0>Chadli<w POS>'s <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>leaders <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w AV0>apparently <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abdelhamid <w NP0-NN1>Mehri<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w DT0>Some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>co-habitation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>consideration <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>possibly <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ministries <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NP0>FLN <w NN2>hands<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Chadli <w VVG>serving <w AVP>out <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <c PUL>(<w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA003></p>
<caption id=HLFCA003>
<s n="35"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>State
</caption>
<p>
<s n="36"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w VVD>created <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-member <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>assume <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>conditions <w VBB>are <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>functioning <w PRF>of <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>order<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRP>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>body<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="39"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boudiaf<c PUN>, <w CRD>72<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Algeria <w PRP>from <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>lived <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Algeria <w PRP>since <w CRD>1964<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w NP0-NN1>Nezzar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Kafi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Mujahidine<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Haroun<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tedjini <w NP0>Haddam<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>rector <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Grand <w NN1>Mosque <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="41"><w NN1-NP0>Boudiaf <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>nine <w NN2>fathers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>revolution<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>organized <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1940s<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>enjoyed <w AT0>the <w AJC>further <w NN1>prestige <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>spent <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <c PUL>(<w CRD>1956-61<c PUR>) <w PRP>alongside <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Bella <c PUL>(<w AV0>later <w NN1>President<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN1>independence <w NN1-NP0>Boudiaf <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed<c PUN>, <w VVD>found <w PNX>himself <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>exile <w PRP>after <w VVG>opposing <w NP0>FLN <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="43"><w VVB-NN1>Nezzar<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>influential <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>supervised <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NN1>siege <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>during <w NP0>Chadli<w POS>'s <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36507<c PUN>; <w CRD>38312<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA004></p>
<caption id=HLFCA004>
<s n="44"><w NN1>Questioning <w PRF>of <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRF>of <w NP0>HCS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="45"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w NN1>speculation <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>as to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>rapprochement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaderships <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>FFS <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VVN>questioned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA005></p>
<caption id=HLFCA005>
<s n="47"><w NP0>FLN
</caption>
<p>
<s n="48"><w NN2>Mehri<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w VVD>enjoyed <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau <w PRP>in <w VVG>rejecting <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w PRP>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>challenged <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PNP>he <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w NN1>formation <w VVD>left<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AV0>wide <w AJ0>open <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>adventurism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>extremist <w NN2>theses<c PUN>, <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>and<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN1>stability <w AV0-AJ0>long <w CJC>and <w AJ0>arduous<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>informed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="51"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w AV0>later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w NP0-NN1>Mehri <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w CJC>and <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>leaderships<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Bella <c PUL>(<w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>electorally <w AJ0>unimportant <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>MDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ammar <w NP0>Benouda<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVD>dissociated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mehri<w POS>'s <w NN2>statements <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="54"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>FLN <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25-28<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mehri <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau<c PUN>, <w VVG>reiterating <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w NN1>cover <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>received <w DPS>its <w NN2>orders <w PRP>from <w AV0>above<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>questions <w PRF>of <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w CJC>and <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>session <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA006></p>
<caption id=HLFCA006>
<s n="57"><w NN2>FFS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="58"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>FFS <w VHD>had <w VVN>authorized <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VVD>concerned<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN0>means <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>putting <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1-VVB>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>illegitimate <w NN1>state <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1-VVB>process <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="59"><w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdelkader <w NN1>al-Hachani <c PUL>(<w VVN>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>executive <w NN1>bureau<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Said<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w VVB>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w NN1>violence <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NP0>Friday<w POS>'s <w NN2>prayers<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>FFS<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>rejecting <w DT0>any <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in favour of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN2>directions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA007></p>
<caption id=HLFCA007>
<s n="61"><w NP0>FIS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="62"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>merely <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>body <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w NP0-NN1>Hachani <w VBD>was <w VVG>floating <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>231 <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w NP0>FLN <w CJC>and <w NN2>FFS <w NN2>deputies <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w NN1-VVB>vote <w VM0>might <w VVI>form <w DT0>some <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>body<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w DT0>all <w VHB>have <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>context<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA008></p>
<caption id=HLFCA008>
<s n="64"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hachani
</caption>
<p>
<s n="65"><w NP0>Hachani <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>were <w CRD>eight <w NN2>journalists <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Al-Khabar <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="66"><w DPS>His <w NN1>arrest <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1>judiciary <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w VVD>accused <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w VVG>inciting <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>to <w NN1>mutiny<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>urging <w NN2>soldiers <w TO0>to <w VVI>disobey<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>despots<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>relieve <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imposed <w NN1>custodianship<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w NP0>Al-Khabar <w VHD>had <w VVN>published <w NP0-NN1>Hachani<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>statement <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>regulations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>strictly <w VVN>applied<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>prohibit <w DT0>all <w AJ0>partisan <w NN1>activity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>around <w NN2>mosques<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA009></p>
<caption id=HLFCA009>
<s n="70"><w AJ0>Projected <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="71"><w AT0>The <w NP0>HCS <w VVD>referred <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>majlis <w NN1-AJ0>al-shoura <w NN2>al-watani<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w PRP-AVP>under <w DPS>its <w NN2>auspices <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>representation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>different <w NN2>trends <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>thinking <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>different <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>society<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="72"><w NN2>Hachani <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>rejected <w DT0>this <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>read <w AVP>out <w NN2>resolutions <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>188 <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>deputies <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w NN2>parliamentarians <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>denounce <w AT0>the <w NN1>halt <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>an <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>statement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rabeh <w NP0-NN1>Kebih<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>official <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>external <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>viewed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>treason <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process <w VM0>should <w VVI>continue<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w NN1-NP0>Jebir <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>after <w VVG>releasing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NN1-NP0>Boudiaf <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>junta<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>shed <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>blood<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>behind <w DPS>his <w NN1>back<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00A>
<s n="75"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="76"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>government <w AV0>initially <w VVN-VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w PRP>as <w PRP>in accord with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokesperson <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0-NN1>Tutweiler <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>definite <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>position<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>neutrality <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="78"><w AT0>The <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>department <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Lafrance<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13-16<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>contacts<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AJ0>Algerian <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w DT0>any <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="80"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1-VVB>hope <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN2>authorities <w VM0>will <w VVI>undertake <w AT0>every <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>effort <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>normal <w AJ0>institutional <w NN1>life <w CJS>so that<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process <w VM0>will <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>course<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w PNP>It <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VVI>follow <w NN2>events <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with respect to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>freedoms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="82"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN2>letters <w PRF>of <w NN1>congratulation <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00B>
<s n="83"><w VVB-NN1>Recall <w PRF>of <w NN2>ambassadors
</caption>
<p>
<s n="84"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w VVN>recalled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unacceptable <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN0>media <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>harm<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w VM0>would <w VVI>cease <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>interests<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Ghozali <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN2>affairs <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>contribution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="87"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>television <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Smail <w NP0-NN1>Hamdani<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>recalled<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN2>consultations <w VVG>following <w NN2>statements <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0>various <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00C></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00C>
<s n="88"><w NN1>Inspection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="89"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVG>detailing <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>help <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>bomb<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w VVD>drew <w AT0>a <w NN1>denial <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Ghozali<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>for <w NN1>Research<c PUN>, <w NN1>Technology <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w NN2>inspectors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>invitation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>Ain <w NP0-NN1>Oussera<c PUN>, <w CRD>140 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>construction <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>press <w VVD>quoted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>official<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>experts <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>satellite <w NN2>pictures <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>misinterpreted <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant <w VM0>might <w AV0>indeed <w VBI>be <w VVN>intended <w PRP>for <w AV0>merely <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>uses<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="92"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="93"><w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="94"><w NN1>Recognition <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia
</head>
<p>
<s n="95"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>sought <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>included<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VHD>had <w VVN>heard <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Arbitration <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<w POS>' <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38685<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="98"><w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovenian <w NN1>independence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36865<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w NN2>republics <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w NP0>Italy <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="100"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w VVD>included <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iceland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w NP0>Albania <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>; <w NP0>Bulgaria <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>recognized <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38734 <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>resulting <w NN1>friction <w PRP>with <w NP0>Greece<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>Roman <w NN1>Catholic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="103"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>lifted <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AV0>only <w NP0>Serbia <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38559<c PUN>; <w CRD>38684<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="104"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0-NN1>Collective <w NN1>State <w NN1>Presidency <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>decision <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Charter<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>changed <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00D>
<s n="105"><w NN1>Status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="106"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>159 <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for <w NN1>secession <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-determination <w CJC>and <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>initiated <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w VVG>hoping <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <w NN1>government <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Macedonia <w VVD>rejected <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>overtures<c PUN>, <w VVG>preferring <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>its <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AJ0-VVN>recognized <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>statehood<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="110"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Arbitration <w NN1>Commission <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w AV0>also <w VVG>recognizing <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Greece <w VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state <w PRP>under <w DT0>that <w NN1>name <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38734<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w NN2>republics <w VM0>should <w VVI>renounce<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>denomination <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>implies <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="111"><w NP0>Macedonia <w VHD>had <w VVN>amended <w DPS>its <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w PRP>in line with <w NP0>EC <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w AT0>The <w NN2>amendments <w VVD-VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Macedonia <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>renounced <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w AV0>also <w VVN>abolished <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>divisions <w VBD>were <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11-12<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>99.9 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>voted <w PRP>for <w AJ0>territorial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w AT0>The <w NN2>organizers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w CRD>276,921 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted<c PUN>, <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>92.56 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="116"><w AT0>The <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>too <w AJ0>great <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w NN1>republic <w TO0>to <w VVI>qualify <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VVG>representing <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>population <w VVD>declared <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN0>People <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<w POS>'s <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>no longer <w VVB>represent <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>forums<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Presidency <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="119"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>a <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w VVG>allowing <w NN2>decisions <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NN1>majority <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>rather than <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>avoiding <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00E>
<s n="121"><w NN1>Deployment <w PRF>of <w NN1>advance <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force
</caption>
<p>
<s n="122"><w AT0>A <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Liaison <w NN2>Officers<w POS>' <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNMLO<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>force<c PUN>, <w VVG>numbering <w CRD>50 <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>advance <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>operation <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w CRD>10,000 <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="123"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UNMLO <w NN1>deployment <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>relative <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>15th <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w VVN>brokered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w NP0-NN1>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <w VVD>seemed <w PRP>in <w NN1>jeopardy<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>enclaves <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>troops <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="126"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UNMLO <w NN1>deployment <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>shooting <w AVP>down <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>EC <w NN2>monitors<w POS>' <w NN1>helicopter <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="127"><w AT0>The <w NN1>helicopter<c PUN>, <w VVG>flying <w PRP>from <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>to <w NP0>Zagreb <w PRP>via <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>airspace<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>air <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>crew <c PUL>(<w CRD>four <w NN2>Italians <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Frenchman<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w AT0>A <w NN1>second <w NP0>EC <w NN1>helicopter <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>landing<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretariat <w VVD-VVN>admitted <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>undesired <w CJC>and <w AJ0>tragic <w NN1>accident<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>commander <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Zvonko <w NN1>Jurjevic <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>hoping <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w PRP>from <w VVG>impeding <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="130"><w NP0>EC <w VVZ>monitors <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>duty <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy <w AJ0-VVD>suspended <w NN1>air <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Veljko <w NN1>Kadijevic <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>deteriorating <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>health<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>feared <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>by <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w AJ0>Blagoje <w NN1>Adzic <w VVD>signalled <w AT0>the <w NN1>ascendancy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>nationalists <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="134"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN0>militia <w VVD>held <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11-12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>liaison <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN2-VVZ>monitors<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>broken <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>from <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w XX0>not <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>affirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w NP0>EC <w NN2>monitors <w VHD>had <w VVN>extended <w DPS>their <w NN2>activities <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>effect <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="137"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>reconvened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w VVG>facing <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NN2>republics<w POS>' <w NN1>independence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w NN2>Signs <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w VBD>were <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w AJ0>guaranteed <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38513<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>affected <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>enclaves <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>aide <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vance<c PUN>, <w VVG>emphasising <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2>policies <w TO0>to <w VVI>solve <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="140"><w VVB>Marrack <w NP0>Goulding<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Special <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w PRP>in charge of <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="141"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Goulding <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>communities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0>UN <w NN2>peacekeepers <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w VVD>envisaged <w CRD>three <w AJ0>demilitarized <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>enclaves <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Slavonia<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Slavonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Krajina<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w AJ0>Irregular <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>disarmed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>JNA <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Goulding <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w AV0>always <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>fulfilled<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w CJS>albeit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>comparatively <w AJ0>minor<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>ones<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="145"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milan <w AJ0>Babic <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38685<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>to <w NN1>station <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Serb-populated <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w NP0>Borisav <w NP0>Jovic<c PUN>, <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Collective <w NN1>State <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vance <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w NN2>efforts <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Franjo <w NP0>Greguric<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00F>
<s n="148"><w NN1>Casualty <w CJC>and <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>figures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="149"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1-VVB>Watch <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2-VVZ>lives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AJ0>unaccounted <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>, <w NP0>Helsinki <w VVB-NN1>Watch <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>atrocities <w VVN>committed <w PRP>against <w NN2>Croatians<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w AT0>The <w NN1>organization <w VVD-VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN2>atrocities <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>against <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="152"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Yugoslavian <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w VVN-AJ0>released <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NN1>refugee <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>170,000 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>10,000 <w AJ0>unregistered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>35,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>registered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Serbia <w CRD>157,768 <w VBD>were <w VVN>registered<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>20,000 <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>87,470 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w CRD>8,159 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Montenegro <w CJC>and <w CRD>2,350 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00G>
<s n="157"><w NN1>Devaluation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="158"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>dinar <w VBD>was <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>rate <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM1.00=65 <w NN2>dinars<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w VHD>had <w VVN>introduced <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>currencies <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w NP0>December <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>new <w NN2>banknotes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>dinar <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>issued <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w PNP>them <w VBG>being <w VVN>flooded <w PRP>with <w AJ0>unwanted <w NN1>currency <w PRP>from <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="160"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="161"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="162"><w NN1>Government <w NN1-AJ0>power-sharing <w NN1>plan
</head>
<p>
<s n="163"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w VVD>outlined <w DPS>its <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>power-sharing <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AT0>The <w NN1>core <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>in <w NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gerrit <w NP0-NN1>Viljoen<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="165"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w AJ0>racial <w NN2>groups <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w DT0>These <w NN2>steps <w VBD>were <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groups <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0>CODESA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38662-63<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w VHG>Having <w AV0>previously <w VVN>committed <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>to <w VVG>enacting <w DT0>all <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>CODESA<c PUN>, <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>recognized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whites-only <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>redundant<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>consequently <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w AV0>Moreover<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>proposed <w CJT>that <w NN1>Parliament <w VM0>should <w VVI>sit <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w PRP>instead of <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="169"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>thrust <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>appease <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN1>wing<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DT0>any <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w AV0>effectively <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>population <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>population <w VM0>would <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>counting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VM0>would <w VVI>differentiate <w PRP>between <w AJ0>racial <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>changes <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN1>roll<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w VVD>commented<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>If <w NN2>whites <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>approve<c PUN>&hellip; <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>drawing <w NN1>board<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="174"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w AV0>also <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>for <w NN2>whites <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w PNP>He <w VVD>reported <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CODESA <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>proposing <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>in <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>varied <w NN2>manifestations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>made <w AJ0>clear <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>solution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="177"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>press <w VVG-NN1>briefing <w NP0-NN1>Viljoen <w VVD-VVN>expanded <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-step <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w AT0>The <w NN2>steps <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>drafting <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>multiracial <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>determined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38422 <w PRP>for <w NP0>NP<w POS>'s <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>bodies<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>commencement <w PRF>of <w NN1>rule <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>negotiating <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>final<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <w PRP>with <w DT0>another <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="179"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>met <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>constitution <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>devised <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>representative <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>expressed <w AJ0>grave <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>beyond <w NN1>step <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w AT0>An <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>wanting <w TO0>to <w VVI>prolong <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>white <w NN1>veto <w PRP>over <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w NN2>decisions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>smacks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>very <w NN1>precept <w PRF>of <w NN1>racism <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>present <w AJ0>unjust <w NN1>order <w VBZ>is <w VVN>based<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00H>
<s n="183"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>CODESA <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups
</caption>
<p>
<s n="184"><w AT0>The <w CRD>five <w NN1-NP0>CODESA <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Johannesburg<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w CRD>38 <w NN2>delegates <w CJC>and <w CRD>38 <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w CRD>five <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>climate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>constitution-making <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w NN2>principles <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>; <w AJ0>transitional <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>independent<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>bantustans <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bophuthatswana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ciskei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Transkei <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venda<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN2>time-frames <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NN2>decisions<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>full <w NN1>CODESA <w NN1>meeting <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>(<w CJS>rather than <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJS-PRP>as <w AV0>originally <w VVN>intended<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>expected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>made <w AJ0>substantive <w NN1>progress<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00J>
<s n="187"><w AJ0>Right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>extremist <w NN2>arrests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="188"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>during <w NP0>January <w PRP>by <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>extremist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>CODESA<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w AT0>A <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>explosions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Transvaal <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN1-VVB>damage <w PRP>to <w NN1>post <w NN2>offices<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multiracial <w NN2>schools<c PUN>, <w NN2>magistrates<w POS>' <w NN2>courts <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>training <w NN1>school<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>11 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Afrikaner <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>AWB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Boer <w NN1>Victory <w NN1>Commando <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Boer <w NN1>Commando<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Eugene <w NP0>Terreblanche<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>AWB<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w AJ0>public <w NN1>violence <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>riot <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>outside <w AT0>a <w NN1>hall <w AVQ>where <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VBD>was <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38376<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00K>
<s n="192"><w NP0>PAC <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Azapo <w NN1>activity
</caption>
<p>
<s n="193"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>raids <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVN>arrested <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azanian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>Azapo<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azanian <w NN1>Youth <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AT0>The <w NN2>arrests <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="195"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>policemen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azanian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>APLA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azapo-linked <w AJ0>Azanian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>AZANLA<c PUR>) <w VVD>bombed <w AT0>the <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>promotions <w NN1>company <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>musician <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Simon<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Simon <w NN1-VVB>tour <w VVD-VVN>aroused <w AJ0>angry <w NN1>protest <w PRP>from <w DT0>some <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>PAC <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Azapo<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN1>violence <w CJS>if <w NP0>Simon <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>abandon <w DPS>his <w NN2>concerts<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>without <w NN1>incident<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00L>
<s n="199"><w NN1>Death <w NN1>squad <w NN2>allegations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="200"><w NP0>Mbongeni <w NP0>Khumalo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided <w AJ0>new <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Inkatha <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADF<c PUR>) <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38663 <w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>revelations<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="201"><w NN1-NP0>Khumalo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Youth <w NN1>Brigade <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>200 <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>aid <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>military <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>instruction <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SADF<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w PNP>He <w AV0>further <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN2>activists <w VVD-VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>instructions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Mangosuthu <w NP0>Buthelezi<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w NP0-NN1>Khumalo<w POS>'s <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>strengthened <w PRP>by <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>claims <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>gang <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>recruited<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>trained <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>armed <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="204"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Goldstone<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38422<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>asked <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>SADF <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w NN2>killings <w PRP>in <w AJ0>black <w NN2>townships<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>empowered <w AV0>only <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>matters <w AV0>directly <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>current<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG-AJ0>ruling <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>past <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="206"><w VVG>Reacting <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w AJS>latest <w NN2>disclosures <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cyril <w NP0>Ramaphosa<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>accused <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w AJ0>full <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>operations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-ANC <w NN1>death <w NN2>squads<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>known <w DT0>all <w AVP>along<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>firmly <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>them<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00M>
<s n="208"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>killings <w NN0>statistics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="209"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths <w AJ0>attributable <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Institute <w PRF>of <w NN1>Race <w NN2>Relations <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAIRR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>totalled <w CRD>11,910. <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJS>worst <w NN1>year <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,672 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VBD>was <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w PRP>By <w NN1>comparison<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Soweto <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1976 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>27886-88<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>lasted <w PRP>until <w NP0>October <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>700<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00N>
<s n="211"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="212"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w CRD>1986 <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NN1>iron<c PUN>, <w NN1>steel <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN2>coins <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38132<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>but <w NN1>implementation <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>support <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38318<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="214"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruud <w NP0>Lubbers<c PUN>, <w VVD>cancelled <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w NN2>Lubbers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>; <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>called <w DPS>his <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>inopportune <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>ill-timed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="216"><w NP0>Japan <w VVD>re-established <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38516 <w PRP>for <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w NN2>announcements <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thailand <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>lifting <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="218"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="219"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="220"><w AJ0>Multiparty <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="221"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luanda <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14-26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>declined <w DPS>its <w NN1>invitation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="223"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN2>sessions <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN2>resolutions <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><w DT0>Several <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>position <w CJT>that <w NN2>decisions <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>binding<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>countenance <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>conference <w VM0>would <w VVI>deprive <w AV0>legally <w VVN-AJ0>established <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>organs <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>completely <w VVN>resolved<c PUN>, <w NN2>participants <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>other <w NN2>points <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="228"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w PRP>On <w DT0>some <w NN2>issues <w PNP>he <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w NN1>Responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bicesse <w NN1>Peace <w NN2-VVZ>Accords <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNITA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38180<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w AV0>also <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w CRD>two <w AJC>further <w AJ0>15-day <w NN2>sessions <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>simultaneously<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w NN2>signatures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00P>
<s n="233"><w NN2>Problems <w PRP>in <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace
</caption>
<p>
<s n="234"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN2>recommendations <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>Political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCPM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Monitoring <w NN1>Task <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>GAT<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>created <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="235"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>GAT <w VVD>included <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNITA <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Angola <w NN1>Verification <w NN1>Mission<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>creation <w VVD>followed <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>confinement <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>logistical <w NN2>problems <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>non-payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w DT0>several <w NN2>areas <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reoccupied <w PRP>by <w NP0>UNITA <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>acts<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00R>
<s n="238"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN2>tourists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="239"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w CRD>four <w AJ0>British <w NN2>tourists <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>others <w VVN-VVD>injured <w CJS>when <w DPS>their <w NN1>vehicle <w VBD>was <w VVN>ambushed <w PRP>near <w NP0>Quilengues <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w AT0>The <w NN2>killings <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>within <w CRD>300 <w NN2>metres <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>road <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>UNITA <w NN1>confinement <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w AV0>initially <w VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>elements <w CJC>but <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>repudiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AJ0>British <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>explanation <w PRP>by <w VVG>launching <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00S>
<s n="243"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="244"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Italy <w VBD>was <w VVG>providing <w NN1>aid <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;142,000,000<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>reintegration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>demobilized <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>into <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w NN1>Assistance <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>projects <w PRP>including <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>reconstruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>infrastructure <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w NN1>News <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>support <w VVD>followed <w NN2>announcements <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w VVG>granting <w AT0>a <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;17,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reconstruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mineral <w NN1>water <w NN1>source<c PUN>; <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>allocated <w UNC>US&dollar;140,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>reconstruction <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <w VBD>was <w VVG>granting <w UNC>US&dollar;75,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>projects<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00T>
<s n="247"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="248"><w NP0>Mario <w NP0>de <w NP0>Alcantara <w NP0>Monteiro <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Aguinaldo <w NP0>Jaime <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w AT0>No <w NN1>reason <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="250"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="251"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="252"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Unrest <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>military
</head>
<p>
<s n="253"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Nguza <w NP0>Karl-I-Bond <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>until <w AJC>further <w NN1>notice<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<w POS>'s <w NN2>decisions<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>provoking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG>contributing <w PRP>to <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="255"><w NN1>News <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>delays <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>soon <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kinshasa<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w AT0>The <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>resumption<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="257"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22-23<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kinshasa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Voix <w UNC>du <w NP0>Za&iuml;re<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w PNQ>who <w VVB>broadcast <w NN2>statements <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nguza<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>station <w VBD>was <w VVN>recaptured <w PRP>after <w AV0>about <w CRD>three <w NN2>hours <w PRP>by <w NN2>soldiers <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>firing <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>two <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="259"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nguza <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>confirmed <w PNP>him <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w PNP>He <w VVD>accused <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers<w POS>' <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="261"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rampage <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kinshasa<c PUN>, <w VVG>looting <w NN2>shops <w CJC>and <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Nguza <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>over <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w VVG>Saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>character<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>round-table<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>membership <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="264"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="265"><w NP0>BURUNDI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="266"><w NN1>Security <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rwanda
</head>
<p>
<s n="267"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burundi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rwanda <w CJC>and <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mbandaka<c PUN>, <w AJ0>north-western <w NP0>Za&iuml;re<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2-VVZ>controls <w CJC>and <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1>flight <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Hutu <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w NP0>Burundi <w PRP>into <w NP0>Rwanda <w CJC>and <w NP0>Za&iuml;re<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>reactivate <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>security <w NN2>commissions <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>control <w CJC>and <w NN1>observation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN2>borders<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w AT0>The <w NN2>commissions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommence <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>before <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>instructed <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w AV0>at least <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rwanda <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14-15<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>directed <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>take<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>dispositions <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>facilitating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w NN1>origin<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="271"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="272"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="273"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="274"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>notable <w NN1>change <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Tembo <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w NN1-NP0>Tembo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malawi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0-NN1>treasurer-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Malawi <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Banda<w POS>'s <w AJS>closest <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>uncle <w PRF>of <w NP0>Banda<w POS>'s <w NN1>confidante <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Official <w NN1>Hostess <w NP0>Cecilia <w NP0>Kadzamira <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w AJ0>heir-apparent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="277"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="278"><w NP0>TANZANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="279"><w NP0>CCM <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system
</head>
<p>
<s n="280"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>policy-making <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEC<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Chama <w NP0>Cha <w NP0>Mapinduzi <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCM <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Revolution<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17-21 <w CJC>and <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w CRD>27 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>one-party <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="281"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>convened <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0-NN1>Mwinyi <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>test <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w VVG>Giving <w DPS>its <w AJ0>full <w NN1>endorsement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<w POS>'s <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>NEC <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VBB>be <w VVN>adjusted <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VM0>should <w VVI>include <w NN2>stipulations <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>national <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w VVG>embracing <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w NN1>mainland <w NP0>Tanzania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zanzibar<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>divide <w NN0>people <w PRP>along <w AJ0>tribal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>religious <w CJC>or <w AJ0>racial <w NN2>lines<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w AT0>The <w NN2>recommendations <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="285"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="286"><w NP0>COMOROS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="287"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="288"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1>pact<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Djohar<w POS>'s <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>renounce <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w CJC>or <w NN2>mercenaries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVG>rigging <w CJC>and <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>preparing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w CJC>and <w VVG>drafting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="291"><w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Taki <w NP0-NN1>Abdoulkarim <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>title<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Co-ordinator<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w VVB-NN1>Abdoulkarim<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w UNC>nationale <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NN1>d&eacute;mocratie <w UNC>aux <w NN2>Comores<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w VVD>Said <w NP0>Hassane <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Hachim <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w NP0>Mohamed <w NN1-NP0>Toilibou <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>Mouvement <w AJ0-NN1>d&eacute;mocratique <w NN1>populaire <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>Production<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN2>Crafts <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mohamed <w NN1-VVB>el <w NN1-NP0>Arif <w NN1-NP0>Oukacha <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>populaire <w NN1-NP0>Moh&eacute;lien <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>named <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Vocational <w NN1>Training<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Comoran <w NN1-NP0>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>Udizma<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>majority <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38565<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="296"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="297"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="298"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members
</head>
<p>
<s n="299"><w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Natural <w NN2>Resources <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mungai <w NP0>Njoroge <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1-VVB>minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>space <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38662<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="300"><w VVG>Giving <w NN1>government <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>as <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w NP0>Njoroge <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Kenya <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>KANU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w DT0>Former <w NN2>ministers <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Oloo <w NP0-NN1>Aringo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Geoffrey <w NP0-NN1>Kariithi <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w NN1-NP0>FORD<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="302"><w NN2>Appointments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AJ0-NN1>other <w VVG-AJ0>departing <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w NP0>Jeremiah <w NP0>Nyagah<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN0>Livestock <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Ministry <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AJ0>Mwai <w NN1-NP0>Kibaki<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN0>Livestock <w NN1>Development <w VBD>was <w NP0>James <w NP0>Kabingu <w NP0-NN1>Muregi<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w NP0-NN1>Kiruga <w NP0>M'Mukindia <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Research<c PUN>, <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>George <w NP0-NN1>Muhoho<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="305"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38662<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>launched <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mwai <w NP0-NN1>Kibaki<c PUN>, <w VVD>outlined <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>open <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>free <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="306"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>commented <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AV0>largely <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kikuyu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>broad-based <w NN1>support <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>FORD<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="307"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>during <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Rural <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w VVN>Associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NN1>YARD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Order<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="308"><w NN2-VVZ>Claims <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w NN2>members <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>stifle <w AT0>the <w NN1>democracy <w NN1>movement <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>malicious <w NN2>rumours<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w CRD>Four <w NN1-NP0>FORD <w NN2>members <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Vice-President <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1988-89<c PUR>) <w NP0>Josephat <w NP0>Karanja<c PUN>, <w NN1>lawyer <w NP0>James <w NP0>Orengo<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>MP <w NP0-NN1>Matu <w NP0>Wamae <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>environmentalist <w AJ0-NN1>Wangari <w NN1-NP0>Maathai <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w AJ0-VVG>spreading <w AJ0>unfounded <w CJC>and <w AJ0>malicious <w NN2>rumours<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="310"><w AV0>About <w CRD>150,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>attended <w NP0>FORD<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>future<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00U>
<s n="311"><w NN1>Replacement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN2>judges
</caption>
<p>
<s n="312"><w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>Amos <w NP0-NN1>Wako<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kenya <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>phase <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>British <w NN2>judges <w AV0>still <w VVN>employed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NP0>Alan <w NP0-NN1>Hancox<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="313"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>original<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN2>judges<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Wako <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>measure<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="314"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w VVN>recognized <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w VVG>reaching <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN2>stages<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="315"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>judiciary <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AJ0>pro-government <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>rulings <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>one-party <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="316"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="317"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="318"><w AJ0>Attempted <w NN1>coup
</head>
<p>
<s n="319"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tense <w NN1>week <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>five <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brazzaville <w PRP>by <w AJ0>mutinous <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>to <w NN1>army <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Gangouo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w NP0-NN1>Gangouo <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>against <w NP0>President <w NP0>Denis <w NP0>Sassou-Nguesso <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37602<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="321"><w NP0-NN1>Gangouo<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>appointments <w CJC>and <w NN2>dismissals <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>restructuring <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w NN1>tribalism <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w DT0>Some <w NN1>army <w NN2>elements<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w PRP>against <w DT0>those <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>annul <w NP0-NN1>Milongo<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="324"><w CJS>When <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Gangouo<c PUN>, <w NN2>troops <w VVN-VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN2>stations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brazzaville<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>sealed <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w NN2>Sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>elite <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Guard <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Mokoko<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Sassou-Nguesso<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w VVG>hiding<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>opened <w NN1-VVB>fire <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>about <w CRD>2,000 <w NN0>people <w VVG>demonstrating <w PRP>in support of <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="327"><w VVN>Compelled <w PRP>to <w NN1>back <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milongo <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVG>cutting <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>from <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>reappointing <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Raymond <w NP0>Danase <w NP0>N'gollo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w AV0>prior <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Milongo<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reshuffled <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSR <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>at <w AJ0>curtailed <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>commission<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VVG>implicating <w CRD>two <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="329"><w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w VVD>paid <w NN1>tribute <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>support<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w PNP>He <w VVD>singled <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process <w PRP>in <w NP0>Congo<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>described <w AJ0>French <w NN1>support <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>measured<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00V>
<s n="331"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN1>timetable
</caption>
<p>
<s n="332"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSR <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>time <w NN1>table<c PUN>, <w VVG>scheduling <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="333"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="334"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w AJ0>AFRICAN <w NN1>REPUBLIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="335"><w AJ0>Preparatory <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="336"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>between <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38517<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>ended <w AV0>abruptly <w CJS>when <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VVD>walked <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="337"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Abel <w NP0-NN1>Goumba <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Front <w AJ0-NN1>patriotique <w NN1-AJ0>oubanguien-Parti <w UNC>du <w NN1-VVB>travail <w CJC>and <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Edouard <w NP0>Frank <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>meeting <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w NN1-NP0>Goumba<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>questioned <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>items <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deleted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<w POS>'s <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>, <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Kolingba <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year <w NN1>address <w VHD>had <w VVN>spoken <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1>conference <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>broad <w AJ0>national <w NN1>debate<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="339"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="340"><w AJ0>EQUATORIAL <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="341"><w NN1>Transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy
</head>
<p>
<s n="342"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w NP0-NN1>Teodoro <w NP0>Obiang <w NP0>Nguema <w NP0>Mbasogo<c PUN>, <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>prelude <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="344"><w NN2>Measures <w VVN>taken <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w NN1>Legislation <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>prohibited <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>judges <w CJC>and <w NN2>magistrates<c PUN>, <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>figures <w CJC>and <w NN2>foreigners<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>party <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tribal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>or <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>amnesty <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>political <w NN2>exiles <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AV0>freely<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>strike <w CJC>and <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>association<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="348"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Equatorial <w NP0>Guinea <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDGE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w NP0>Benjamin <w NN1>Mba <w NP0>Ekua <w NP0>Miko <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Francophone <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mariano <w NP0>Nsue <w NP0>Nguema <c PUL>(<w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Religion<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Angel <w NP0>Alogo <w NP0>Nchama <c PUL>(<w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Silvestre <w NP0>Siale <w NP0>Bileka <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>provoked <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w NN1-NP0>Bileka <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>neither <w AT0>the <w NN1>stature <w CJC>nor <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>charisma <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AV0>also <w VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w NN1>deposit <w PRF>of <w NN2>francs <w UNC>CFA30,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;157,800<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="353"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="354"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="355"><w AJ0>Nigerian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="356"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w NN1>timetable
</caption>
<p>
<s n="357"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w NN1>predecessor <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w AV0>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>from <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>rationalization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="358"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>key <w NN2>portfolios <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unchanged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w CRD>two <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Clement <w NP0>Akpamgbo <c PUL>(<w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>Bar <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sam <w NP0>Oyovbaire <c PUL>(<w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w AJ0>new <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Chu <w NP0>Okongwu<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Budget <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>reassigned <w PRP>to <w AJ0>special <w NN2>duties<c PUN>, <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="360"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="361"><w NN1>Government <w NN1-VVG>spending <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VBD>was <w VVN>projected <w PRP>at <w CRD>27,594 <w CRD>million <w NN1>naira <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=9.4819 <w NN1>naira <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>22,123 <w CRD>million <w NN1>naira <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w PRF>Of <w AJ0>total <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w CRD>15,618 <w CRD>million <w NN1>naira <w VBD>was <w AJ0>current <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
<s n="363"><w VVB-NN1>Total <w AV0>federally <w VVN-AJ0>collected <w NN1>revenue <w VBD>was <w VVN>projected <w PRP>at <w CRD>101,201 <w CRD>million <w NN1>naira<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w CRD>54,037 <w CRD>million <w NN1>naira<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w VVD-VVN>disbursed <w TO0>to <w VVI>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="364"><w VVG-NN1>Reporting <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>performance <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Babangida <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>slowing <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w PRP>due to <w AJ0-VVG>declining <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w AJ0>Gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w VVD>grew <w PRP>by <w CRD>4.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w NN1>Revenue <w NN2>projections <w VBD>were <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>oil <w NN0>sales <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>benchmark <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;21 <w AT0>a <w NN1>barrel<c PUN>, <w CJS>rather than <w PRP>on <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>market <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;16-17<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>earnings <w VBD>were <w VVN>projected <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;8,998 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w UNC>US&dollar;2,227 <w CRD>million <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>spent <w PRP>on <w NN1>debt <w NN1>service<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00W>
<s n="368"><w NN1>Election <w NN2-VVZ>dates
</caption>
<p>
<s n="369"><w AT0>The <w NN2>dates <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w NP0>Nigeria<w POS>'s <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Humphrey <w NP0-NN1>Nwosu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00X>
<s n="371"><w NN1>Rioting <w PRP>after <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w NN2>Moslems
</caption>
<p>
<s n="372"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>rioting <w PRP>by <w NP0>Shia <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Katsina <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rioting <w VBD>was <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w CRD>263 <w NN2>Moslems <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>governor <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>fundamentalists<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w DT0>Several <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>riots <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38519<c PUN>; <w CRD>38135-36<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="375"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="376"><w NP0-NN1>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="377"><w NN1>Restructuring <w PRF>of <w NP0>CTRN
</head>
<p>
<s n="378"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Recovery <c PUL>(<w NP0>CTRN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="380"><w NP0>Lansana <w NP0>Conte<c PUN>, <w VVD>relinquished <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CTRN<c PUN>, <w PRP>in answer to <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CTRN <w VVD>considered <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>work <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>complete <w AJ0-NN1>following <w NN1>progress <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>membership <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w CRD>36 <w PRP>to <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="382"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="383"><w NP0>NIGER
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="384"><w NN1>Threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w NP0>Tuaregs
</head>
<p>
<s n="385"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Amadou <w NP0-NN1>Cheiffou <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>crush <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>tribespeople <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>determined<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>urgent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NN1>Air <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azawad <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLAA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="387"><w VVG>Rejecting <w DT0>any <w NN1>partition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Cheiffou <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>air <w DPS>their <w NN2>grievances <w PRP>through <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w PNP>He <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Akoli <w NP0>Daouel<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PNX>himself <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Portfolio <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w DT0>This <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>acknowledgment <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>rebellion <w VBD>was <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="390"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>FLAA <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>listing <w DPS>its <w NN2>preconditions <w PRP>for <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="391"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>demands <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>to <w NN0>barracks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w NN2>massacres <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w NN2>observers<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>mounted <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w NN1>aid <w NN1>convoy <w CJC>and <w PRP>against <w AJ0>European <w NN2>tourists<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>injured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>centre<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arlit<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,200 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Niamey<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="393"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="394"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="395"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Constitution <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-NN1>Local <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="396"><w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>approval <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>constitution <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38324<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>43 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CRD>99 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w VVD>gave <w VVG-NN1>backing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="398"><w AJ0>Municipal <w NN2>polls <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>offered <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w AV0>Once again <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AJ0>low <c PUL>(<w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>successful <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>23 <w NN2>parties <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mali <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADEMA<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oumar <w NP0-NN1>Konare<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groupings <w PRP>under <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Moussa <w NP0>Traor&eacute; <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>ousted <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38083-84<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w CRD>214 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>761 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="402"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>complaints <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>irregularities <w CJC>and <w NN1>fraud <w VBD>were <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>five <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w VVG>boycotting <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLFCA00Y>
<s n="404"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="405"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Birama <w NN1-VVB>Sire <w NN1-NP0>Traore <c PUL>(<w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w AV0>in order<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>total <w NN1>openness <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>credibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w NP0>Traore <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>period <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>extended <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38563<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>ADEMA<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA010></p>
<caption id=HLFCA010>
<s n="408"><w VVB-NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="409"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38665<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN2>Movements <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fronts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azawad<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tuaregs<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22-24 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>truce<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="410"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>30-day <w NN1>truce<c PUN>, <w AJ0>renewable <w PRP>by <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mopti <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Mali <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38708 <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>in <w NP0>Niger<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="412"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="413"><w NP0>BURKINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="414"><w NN2>Preparations <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Forum
</head>
<p>
<s n="415"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Blaise <w NP0>Compaore <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN2>secretaries <w PRF>of <w CRD>42 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groupings <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions <w AJ0>preliminary <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>convening <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Forum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="416"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AV0>politically <w AJ0-VVN>inspired <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>several <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>gangs<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w AT0>A <w NN1>minute<w POS>'s <w NN1>silence <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>memory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cl&eacute;ment <w NP0>Oumarou <w NP0-NN1>Ouedraogo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Burkinabe <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>grenade <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38665<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="418"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0-VVG>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFD<c PUR>) <w NN1>alliance <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w DT0>several <w NN2>preconditions <w VBB>be <w VVN>met <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>forum <w VBD>was <w VVN>convened<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>guarantee <w PRF>of <w NN1>safety <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>enquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1-VVG>killing <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w NN1>work <w AV0>independently<c PUN>.
<s n="420"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>comprise <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Seraphin <w NP0>Rouamba<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>drawing <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA011></p>
<caption id=HLFCA011>
<s n="421"><w NN1>Rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NN1>regime
</caption>
<p>
<s n="422"><w VVB-NN1>Compaore <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>4,000 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>punished <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w CJC>or <w NN2-VVZ>trades <w NN1>union <w NN2>activities <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Sankara <w VVD>took <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="423"><w DT0>This <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>met <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>demands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>affect <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w DPS>their <w DT0>former <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>or <w AJ0>military <w NN2>ranks<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>by <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w NN1>reinstatement <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>against <w PNP>them <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>revoked<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA012></p>
<caption id=HLFCA012>
<s n="426"><w AJ0>Alleged <w NN1>coup <w NN1-VVB>plot
</caption>
<p>
<s n="427"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Lassane <w NP0>Ouangraoua <w VVD>revealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w AJ0>non-commissioned <w NN1>officer <w VHD>had <w VVN>plotted <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>embryonic <w NN1>plot <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJ0>amateurish <w NN1>operation <w DTQ>which <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>pose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w AT0>The <w NN1>officer <w AJ0-VVN>concerned <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>army <w NN1>discipline<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="430"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="431"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="432"><w AJ0>Attempted <w NN1>currency <w NN1>reform <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission
</head>
<p>
<s n="433"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Amos <w NP0>Sawyer<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>groupings <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AJ0>new <w NN2>banknotes <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Sawyer <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>currency <w NN1-VVB>reform <w AJ0>essential <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>excess <w NN1>liquidity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>war-ravaged <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="434"><w DT0>Both <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Yormie <w NP0>Johnson<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN1-AJ0>breakaway <w NP0-NN1>Independent <w NP0>NPFL <c PUL>(<w NP0>INPFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w CJS>as <w AV0>politically <w VVN-AJ0>motivated<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w NP0>Johnson <w VHD>had <w CRD>three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN2>forces <w VVN>executed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>for <w VVG>possessing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>banknotes<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>condemned <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w VVG>acting <w PRP>contrary to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>basic <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>; <w NP0>Johnson <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w AT0>an <w NN1>undertaking <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sawyer <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>desist <w PRP>from <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w NN2>executions<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w NN2>rebels <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="437"><w AT0>The <w NN1>currency <w NN1>reform <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w VVG>depriving <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w PRF>of <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>, <w NN1>alcohol<c PUN>, <w NN1>tobacco <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>items<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w TO0>to <w VVI>conform <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <w VVD>brokered <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Yamoussoukro<c PUN>, <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>D'Ivoire<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38518<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w DT0>That <w NN1>plan <w VHD>had <w VVN>stipulated <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarming <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>restriction <w PRP>to <w NN2>camps<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>without <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>groupings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="439"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-member <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>election <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>organizing <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w CRD>mid-1992<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w PNP>It <w VVD>comprised <w CRD>three <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yonduach <w NP0>Monokomana<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sawyer<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>IGNU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="441"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="442"><w NP0>MAURITANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="443"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</head>
<p>
<s n="444"><w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NN2>results <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>recorded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1984 <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moaouia <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Taya<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>62.75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w PNP>him <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>victory <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w PRP>round <w NN1>run-off <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="445"><w DT0>All <w CRD>three <w AJ0-VVG>losing <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament<w POS>'s <w NN1>observer <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Henry <w NP0>Savy<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w NP0>El <w NP0>Pa&iacute;s <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w AV0>indeed <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>enormous <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w AV0>Nevertheless <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>appeals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="448"><w VVB>Ould <w NP0>Taya <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parti <w VVB-NN1>r&eacute;publicain <w AJ0-NN1>d&eacute;mocratique <w NP0>et <w AJ0>social <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PRDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>weekly <w NP0-NN1>Jeune <w NP0-NN1>Afrique<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>Saharan <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="450"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>main <w NN1>challenger<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>32.75 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Daddah<c PUN>, <w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1-AJ0>post-independence <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mokhtar <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Daddah <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>overthrown <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Daddah <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>Union <w UNC>des <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w NN2>d&eacute;mocratiques <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>UFD<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>fundamentalists <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Umma <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>banned <w CJC>but <w AV0>still <w AJ0>influential <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>merchants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nouakchott<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Nasserists<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w DT0>own <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Benba <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Badi<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w VVN>ousted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Taya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Khouna <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Haydalla<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>freed <w PRP>from <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Djibril <w NP0>Ould <w NP0-NN1>Abdullahi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Taya<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37239<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w AJ0>Critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>discrimination <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>by <w NN2>Afro-Mauritanians <w CJC>and <w NP0>Haratin <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moorish <w DT0>former <w NN2>slaves <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Daddah <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>pluralist <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mauritania<w POS>'s <w NN1>identity <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NP0>Arabo-Islamism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Taya<c PUN>.
<s n="454"><w PNP>He <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Afro-Mauritanian <w NN1>south <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Trarza <w NN1>region <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>maraboutic <w NN2>orders <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>holy <w NN2>men<c PUR>) <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>strong<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="455"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>two <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Mahmoud <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Mah<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nouakchott <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Union <w AJ0-NN1>d&eacute;mocratique <w NN1>sociale <w NP0>et <w NN1>populaire <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>UDSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mustapha <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Saleck<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>colonel <w PNQ>who <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w PRP>against <w NP0>Mokhtar <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Daddah <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>1.36 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>2.85 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w AV0>under <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA013></p>
<caption id=HLFCA013>
<s n="457"><w NN1>Unrest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="458"><w AJ0>Violent <w NN2>confrontations <w PRP>between <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>sympathizers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>capital <w NN1>Nouadhibou <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w VVD-AJ0>left <w CRD>five <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w PRP>with <w NN1>bullet <w NN2-VVZ>wounds <w PRP>according to <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>sources<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="459"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>UFD <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w CRD>160 <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kaedi<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w NN1-NP0>Haratin <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Messaoud <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Boulkheir <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<w POS>' <w NN1>clampdown <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>particularly <w VVN>targeted <w PRP>at <w AJ0>black <w NN2>Mauritanians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="461"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ill-intentioned <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><w AT0>A <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>until <w AJC>further <w NN1>notice <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>both <w NP0-NN1>Nouadhibou <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Nouakchott<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA014></p>
<caption id=HLFCA014>
<s n="463"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRP>by <w NN1>FLAM <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="464"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mauritania <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLAM<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w DPS>its <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mauritanian <w NN1>regime <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38325<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="465"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dialogue <w VBD>was <w AJ0>impossible<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taya <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w PRP>with <w AT0>every <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mauritania<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="466"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="467"><w NP0>CHAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="468"><w VVB-NN1>Rebel <w NN1>invasion <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Sending <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>reinforcements
</head>
<p>
<s n="469"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VVD>airlifted <w CRD>450 <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w DPS>its <w CRD>1,100 <w AJ0>strong <w NP0>Chad <w NN1-VVB>garrison <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>rebels <w VVG-AJ0>advancing <w PRP>from <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>border <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Lake <w NP0>Chad <w NN1>region <w VHD>had <w VVN>captured <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liwa <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Bol <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>threatening <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>N'Djamena<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="470"><w AT0>The <w NN1>invasion<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>attention <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>competitors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Town <w NN1>motor <w NN1>rally <w VVD>passed <w AVP>through<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="471"><w NN1>Responsibility <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w NN2>Forces <w NN2>arm&eacute;es <w NN2>occidentales <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w UNC>Mouvement <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NN1>d&eacute;mocratie <w UNC>et <w UNC>le <w NN1>d&eacute;veloppement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="472"><w AT0>The <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Goukouni <w NP0-NN1>Gu&euml;t <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>close <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hiss&egrave;ne <w NP0>Habr&eacute;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w NP0>MDD <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinstate <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>ousted <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37907<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="473"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>defeated <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VVD>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w NN2>reinforcements <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w VVN>sent <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>French <w NN2>expatriates <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>purpose <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>served<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="474"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDD <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unwarranted <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>praised <w PRP>by <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Herman <w NP0>Cohen<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA015></p>
<caption id=HLFCA015>
<s n="475"><w NN2>Reprisals <w PRP>against <w NN1>opposition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="476"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>groups <w DT0>some <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>50 <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>between <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>took <w NN2>reprisals <w PRP>against <w NP0>Habr&eacute;<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>embryonic <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="477"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>admitted <w AV0>only <w CRD>four <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>discovered <w NN2>arms <w NN2>caches <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims<w POS>' <w NN2>homes<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dead <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w UNC>pour <w UNC>le <w NN1>d&eacute;veloppement <w UNC>et <w UNC>le <w NN2>progr&egrave;s<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w VVN-VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mamadou <w NP0-NN1>Bisso<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="479"><w PRP>Amid <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w AVP>out <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>, <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Bernard <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Idriss <w NP0-NN1>D&eacute;by <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVD>pressed <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w NN1>democratization<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA016></p>
<caption id=HLFCA016>
<s n="480"><w NN1>Prisoner <w NN2-VVZ>releases
</caption>
<p>
<s n="481"><w PRP>After <w VVG>reaffirming <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Aligue <w NP0>Bawoyeu <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>pardoning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="482"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amnesty <w VVD-VVN>applied <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>invasion <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38519<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Maldoun <w NP0>Bada <w NP0>Abbas<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA017></p>
<caption id=HLFCA017>
<s n="483"><w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>fighting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="484"><w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lake <w NP0>Chad <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>rebel <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tchoukou-Hadje <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w DT0>several <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="486"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="487"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="488"><w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>parliament
</head>
<p>
<s n="489"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Day <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="490"><w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>al-Bashir <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>pave <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="491"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w CJC>and <w VVI>pass <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>with <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w NN2>decisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Command <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w NP0>Sudan <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Bashir<w POS>'s <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <w NN1-VVB>coup <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sadiq <w NN1>el-Mahdi <c PUL>(<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36728<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="492"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Bashir <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w VM0>would <w VVI>consist <w PRF>of <w CRD>300 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>all <w CRD>11 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCC<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>RCC <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>governors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>nine <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><w PNP>He <w VVD>gave <w AT0>no <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w CJC>or <w PRP>for <w AVQ>how <w AV0>long <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>sit <w PRP-CJS>before <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did <w VVI>specify<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Foundation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA018></p>
<caption id=HLFCA018>
<s n="495"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w NP0>UAE <w NN1>ambassador
</caption>
<p>
<s n="496"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <c PUL>(<w NP0>UAE<c PUR>) <w NN1>ambassador <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN1>embassy <w NN0>staff <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>ambassador <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w AJ0>other <w NN2>diplomats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="497"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN2>diplomats <w VHD>had <w VVN>protested <w PRP>about <w NN1-AJ0>ill-treatment <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>60,000-strong <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>community <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UAE <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>WAM <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>activities <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>harm <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>fabrication <w PRF>of <w AJ0>false <w NN2>reports <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>community <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="499"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="500"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="501"><w NN1>Failure <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="502"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3-5 <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>James <w NP0>O. <w NP0>C. <w NP0>Jonah <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w NN1>Research <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Collection <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w AV0>under way <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>mid-November <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Abgal <w NN1>clan <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Habar <w NN1-NP0>Gadir <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="503"><w NP0>Jonah <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN2>police <w NN1>force <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVD>organized <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>convinced <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w NN1>while <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>, <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="504"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1-NP0>Murasad <w NN1>subclan <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>battle<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>looting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>300 <w NN2>casualties <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<w POS>'s <w NN2>hospitals<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w VVD>seized <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN1>port <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Achamou<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN0>militia <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>held <w AJ0>aloof <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>clan <w NN1-VVG>fighting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="507"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0>Barre<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w VVD>stated <w DPS>his <w NN1>readiness <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>truce<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w AJ0>implacable <w NN1>opposition <w AV0>both <w PRP>to <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w AV0>only <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>self-appointed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>President <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA019></p>
<caption id=HLFCA019>
<s n="508"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="509"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>an <w NN2>arms <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>urging <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NN2>hostilities<c PUN>.
<s n="510"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>also <w VVD>sought <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>empowered <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-ordinator <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01A>
<s n="511"><w NN1>Famine <w CJC>and <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="512"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Mogadishu<w POS>'s <w NN1>water <w NN1>supply <w VVN-VVD>failed <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>looting <w PRF>of <w NN1>diesel <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>pumping <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Mogadishu <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>7,275 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VVG>awaiting <w NN1>distribution <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN1>port <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>looted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="514"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>brink <w PRF>of <w NN1>starvation <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="515"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>700 <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w AV0>there <w AV0>already <w PRP>to <w CRD>140,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="516"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UNICEF <w NN1>worker <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN1>worker <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NN2>decisions <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w AVP>out <w CRD>15 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>40 <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w VVB-NN1>aid <w NN2>workers <w VVN-VVD>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>left <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="517"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="518"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="519"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>fighting
</head>
<p>
<s n="520"><w NN1>Fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>(<w PRP>around <w NP0>Tadjoura <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gadade <w NN1>district <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Kikhil <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18<c PUR>) <w PRP>between <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRUD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>troops <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD-AJ0>Gouled <w NP0-NN1>Aptidon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="521"><w VVG>Making <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Moumin <w NP0>Bahdon <w NP0>Farah <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FRUD <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>invading <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>duty <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01B>
<s n="522"><w AJ0>Controversial <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>FRUD
</caption>
<p>
<s n="523"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Delegate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alain <w NP0>Vivien<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>FRUD <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Kadamy<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sana'a<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="524"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>FRUD <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Gouled <w NN1-NP0>Aptidon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="525"><w NP0-NN1>Bahdon <w NP0>Farah<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>complained <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Djibouti <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Alain <w NP0>Vivien <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>love <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>invaded <w NP0>Djibouti<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Djibouti <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>asked <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w TO0>to <w VVI>mediate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FRUD<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>merely <w VBN>been <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>defence <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>singularly <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FRUD<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>invasion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01C>
<s n="527"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>committee
</caption>
<p>
<s n="528"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>14-member <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w NN2>Members <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="530"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="531"><w NP0>BOTSWANA
</head>
<p>
<s n="532"><w AT0>A <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w CRD>250 <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN2>troops <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Gabarone <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-week <w NN1>training <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w UNC>4,500-strong <w NP0>Botswana <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="533"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="534"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA<c PUN>:
</head>
<p>
<s n="535"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ethiopia <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w NN0>people <w VVD>massacred <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>17-year <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mengistu <w NP0>Haile <w NP0>Mariam <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>graves <w PRP>near <w NP0>Debre <w NP0>Zeit<c PUN>, <w CRD>40 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="536"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="537"><w NP0>SENEGAL
</head>
<p>
<s n="538"><w AT0>A <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>bring <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Casamance<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>intensified <w PRP>since <w CRD>mid-1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w UNC>Mouvement <w UNC>des <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w NN2>d&eacute;mocratiques <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Casamance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>mediation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="539"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="540"><w NP0>ZAMBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="541"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Kaunda <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNIP<c PUR>) <w VVD>accepted <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNIP <w VM0>would <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leader <w PRP>as well as <w DT0>all <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="542"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="543"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<caption>
<s n="544"><w NN1-VVG>Spending<c PUN>, <w NN1>Revenue <w CJC>and <w NN2>Deficits <c PUL>(<w UNC>&dollar; <w CRD>million<c PUR>)
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<p>
<s n="545"><w NN1-VVB>Source<c PUN>: <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NN1>Management <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Budget<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01D>
<s n="546"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>address
</caption>
<p>
<s n="547"><w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>address <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w PRP>In <w PNP>it <w PNP>he <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>invoke <w AT0>the <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Desert <w NN1>Storm<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w NN1>campaign <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short-term <w NN1>plan <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>spending <w NN2>measures <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sluggish <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eight-point <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>measures <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NP0>US <w NN1>society <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w TO0>to <w VVI>enhance <w NP0>US <w NN1>competitiveness<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><w DT0>These <w NN2>measures <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bare <w NN2>outlines <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w VBD>were <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>speech<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="551"><w AV0>Together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>speech <w VBD>were <w VVN>portrayed <w CJS>as <w AV0>both <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>election <w NN1>manifesto<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>found <w AV0>little <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>new <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
<s n="552"><w NN2>Details <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>speech <w VBB>are <w VVN>given <w AV0>below<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="553"><w NN1>Defence<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>defence <w NN2>cuts <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w NN0>&dollar;50,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>between <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w AJ0>large <w NN2>cuts <w CJS>if <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38744-45<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="556"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVB>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>turn <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w AJ0>special <w NN1>role<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0>special <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRF>of <w NP0>America<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w CJT-DT0>that <w VHZ>has <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w CJS>As long as <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w NN1>President <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w PRP>in support of <w NN1>freedom <w AV0>everywhere<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRP>out of <w NN1>arrogance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AVP>out <w PRF>of <w NN1>altruism<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>children<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="560"><c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>fact<c PUN>: <w NN1>Strength <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1-AJ0>vice<c PUN>; <w NN1>isolationism <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>virtue<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="561"><w AJ0>Short-term <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>linkage <w PRP>between <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>prosperity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>freedom<c PUN>.
<s n="563"><w VVG>Eschewing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2-VVZ>gimmicks<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>outlined <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>implementing <c PUL>(<w PRP>without <w VVG>requiring <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>authorization<c PUR>) <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>90-day <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>regulations <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>hamper <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>instruction <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>departments <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>agencies<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AVP>up <w AJ0>pro-growth <w NN1>expenditure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>infuse <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w NN0>&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>tax <w NN1-VVG>withholding <w NN2>schedules <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>demand <w PRP>by <w VVG>returning <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;25,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Board <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AVP>down <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="565"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>upon <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>tax <w NN2>reforms <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ailing <w NN1>housing <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="566"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>controversial <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w NN2-VVZ>gains <w VVB-NN1>tax<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>measure <w DTQ>which <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PRP>In <w VVG>restating <w DPS>his <w NN1>demand <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>said<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>This <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>hour<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w ITJ>no <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>answer<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w PNP>You <w VM0>must <w VVI>cut <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NN2>gains <w VVB-NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>country<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLFCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01E>
<s n="569"><w AJ0>Eight-point <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>strategy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="570"><w PRP>After <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>outline <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>included <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>eight-point <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>:
</p>
<p>
<s n="572"><w AJ0>Free <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VVI>work <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN2>walls <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>stop <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade<c PUN>; <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>open <w NN2>markets <w AV0>everywhere<c PUN>.
<s n="574"><w PRP>In <w DPS>our <w AJ0>major <w NN1>trade <w NN2>negotiations <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w VVG>pushing <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w NN2>tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN2>subsidies <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>damage <w NP0>America<w POS>'s <w NN2>farmers <w CJC>and <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="575"><w NN1>Education<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>workplace <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w VM0>will <w VVI>demand <w AV0>more <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>skilled <w NN2>workers <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="577"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w NN1>education<c PUN>; <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>revolutionize <w DPS>our <w NN2>schools<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="578"><w NN1-VVB>Research <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>encourage <w NN1>research <w CJC>and <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w DPS>My <w NN1>plan <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>R&amp;D <w NN1>tax <w NN1-VVB>credit <w AJ0>permanent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>provide <w NN1>record <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>over <w NN0>&dollar;76,000 <w CRD>million <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w AJ0>alone <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <w VVI>explore <w AT0>the <w NN1>promise <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>emerging <w NN2>technologies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="581"><w NN1>Crime <w CJC>and <w NN2>drugs<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major<c PUN>, <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w NN1>street <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>saps <w DPS>our <w NN1>strength <w CJC>and <w VVZ>hurts <w DPS>our <w NN1>faith <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>society<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>future <w AV0>together<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="584"><w AV0>Surely <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>true <w CJT>that <w PNI>everyone <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>changes <w DPS>his <w CJC>or <w DPS>her <w NN1>life <w PRP>because of <w NN1>crime <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>from <w DT0>those <w AJ0>afraid <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>out <w PRP>at <w NN1>night <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w AJ0>afraid <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>parks <w PNP>they <w VVB>pay <w PRP>for <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>surely <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>denied <w AT0>a <w AJ0>basic <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>right<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VVB>pass <w DPS>my <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>crime <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>tough <w PRP>on <w NN2>criminals <w CJC>and <w AJ0>supportive <w PRF>of <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVG>languishing <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>these <w AJ0>hallowed <w NN2>halls <w PRP>for <w NN2>years <w AV0>now<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="588"><w NN1-VVG>Housing<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>housing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>inner <w NN1>city <w NN1>redevelopment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="590"><w NN1>Health <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>American <w NN1>health <w NN2>costs <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>exploding<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w DT0>This <w NN1>year <w NP0>America <w VM0>will <w VVI>spend <w AV0>over <w NN0>&dollar;800,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>on <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;1,600,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w PNP>We <w AV0>simply <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w NN1>care <w VVZ>shows <w AVP>up <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>family <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w PNI>everything <w PNP>we <w VVB>buy <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <w PNP>we <w VVB>sell<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>choice<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="596"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can <w VVI>move <w PRP>toward <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationalized <w NN1>system <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>restrict <w AJ0>patient <w NN1>choice <w PRP>in <w VVG>picking <w AT0>a <w NN1>doctor <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>force <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>ration <w NN2>services <w AV0>arbitrarily <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w VBZ>is <w NN2>patients <w PRP>in <w AJ0>long <w NN2>lines<c PUN>, <w AJ0>indifferent <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>new <w NN1>tax <w NN1>burden<c PUN>.
<s n="597"><w CJC>Or <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>reform <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w AJ0>private <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>still <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN2>flaws<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="598"><w DPS>My <w NN1>plan <w VVZ>provides <w NN1>insurance <w NN1>security <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>Americans<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>preserving <w CJC>and <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w NN1>choice<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w PNP>We <w VVB>make <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w AJ0>affordable <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AJ0>low-income <w NN0>people <w XX0>not <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>covered<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w VVG>providing <w AT0>a <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w NN1>tax <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;3,750 <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w AJ0-NN1>low-income <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>middle <w NN1>class <w VVZ>gets <w AJ0>new <w NN1>help<c PUN>, <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>plan <w VVZ>assures <w CJT>that <w NN2>Americans <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w CJS>even if <w PNP>they <w VVB>change <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>or <w VVB>develop <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>health <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>bring <w NN2>costs <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>preserve <w NN1>quality<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>preserve <w NN1>choice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>nagging <w AV0-AJ0>daily <w VVB-NN1>worry <w PRP>about <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w DPS>My <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VVI>announce <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>, <w VDZ>does <w AV0>just <w DT0>that<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="605"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
<s n="606"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>rediscovery <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>home <w NN1>truth<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w AV0>never <w AV0>really <w VVN>forgotten<c PUN>: <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w AJ0>big <w CJC>and <w VVZ>spends <w AV0>too <w DT0>much<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w AV0>Therefore <w PNP>he <w VVD>restated <w DPS>his <w NN1>belief <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>discipline <w PRF>of <w AJ0>enforced <w NN1>spending <w NN2>caps<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>authorization <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w CRD>246 <w AV0>federally <w AJ0-VVN>funded <w NN1-VVG>spending <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>repeated <w AJC>earlier <w NN2-VVZ>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>line-item <w NN1>veto <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>ritual <w PRF>of <w VVG>filling <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>with <w AJ0>pork-barrel <w NN2>appropriations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="608"><w NN1>Enactment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>stalled <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w NN1>celebration <w PRF>of <w NN1>family <w NN2>values<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Congress <w VM0>should <w VVI>enact <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bold <w NN1>reform <w NN2>proposals <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w VVG>awaiting <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>bank <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>justice <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>tort <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w AJ0>national <w NN1>energy <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="610"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w NN1>unit<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>dissolution <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="611"><w PRP>To <w DT0>this <w NN1>end <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w DPS>his <w NN1>tax <w NN2>changes <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>exemption <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w PRP>per <w NN1>child <w PRP>per <w NN1>year <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w PRP>Within <w DT0>this <w NN1>context <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>criticized <w NN2>families <w PRP>for <w PNQ>whom <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>assistance <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w PNP>He <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w CJS>when <w AJ0>able-bodied <w NN2>adults <w VVB>receive <w NN1>government <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxpayer<c PUN>: <w AT0>a <w NN1>responsibility <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>, <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN1>job <w NN1>training<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>responsibility <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w PRP>in <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>responsibility <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w DPS>their <w NN2>families <w AV0>together <w CJC>and <w VVB>refrain <w PRP>from <w VHG>having <w NN2>children <w PRP>out of <w NN1>wedlock<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>responsibility <w TO0>to <w VVI>obey <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="614"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>ended <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w PRP>by <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Desert <w NN1>War <w NN1>theme <w CJC>and <w VVG>informing <w DPS>his <w NN1>audience <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w AT0>the <w AJS>freest <w NN1>nation <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJS>kindest <w NN1>nation <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>nation <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>always <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>occasion<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w DT0>this <w NN1>nation <w PRP>out of <w AJ0>hard <w NN2>times <w NN1>inch <w PRP>by <w NN1>inch <w CJC>and <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>stop <w PNP>us <w VHD>had <w AV0>best <w VVI>step <w AV0>aside<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>I <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w AJ0>hard <w NN2>times <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>make <w DT0>this <w NN1>vow<c PUN>: <w DT0>This <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>stand<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLFCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01F>
<s n="617"><w NN1>Presentation <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="618"><w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;1,520,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>contained <w AJ0>numerous <w NN1>tax <w NN2>incentives<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>stagnant <w NP0>US <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>realize <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>prediction <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>accelerate <w AV0>thereafter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="620"><w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>Speech <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>package <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>mild <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>stimuli<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>for <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>without <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>budget <w NN2>rules <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>spending <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>accounting<c PUN>.
<s n="622"><w NN2>Caps <w PRP>on <w AJ0>discretionary <w NN1>spending <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>raised<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VBD>was <w VVG>spending <w VVN-AJ0>transferred <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRP>to <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD-VVN>suggested<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w NN1>Congress <w VVN-VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP-AVP>through <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>countenance <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Act <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>offset <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVB-NN1>budget <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leon <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Panetta<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>gimmickry<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w VVG>using<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>smoke <w CJC>and <w NN2>mirrors<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w DPS>its <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>spending <w NN2>initiatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="625"><w PRP>With <w NN1>revenue <w VVN-VVD>set <w PRP>at <w NN0>&dollar;1,169,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VVN>projected <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;351,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w AV0>also <w VVD>projected <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN0>&dollar;400,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>estimate <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;281,000 <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0>earlier <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;350,000 <w CRD>million <w AV0>as <w AV0>recently <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w AV0>More <w AV0>significantly<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w VVN-VVD>departed <w PRP>from <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>Republican <w NN2-VVZ>budgets <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>abandoned <w DT0>any <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w VVG>achieving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>budget <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>medium <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>projected <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w AV0>significantly <w AV0>below <w NN0>&dollar;200,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AV0>about <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="629"><w AT0>The <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>spending <w NN2>programmes <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN2>pensions <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elderly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>poor<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NN1>Management <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NN1>Director <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Darman <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DT0>this <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AJ0>mandatory <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>entitlement<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>programmes <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w NN2>forecasts<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN1>spending <w VVN>projected <w TO0>to <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>total <w NN2>outlays <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Darman <w VVD>proposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>remedy <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>flaw <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <w NN1>discipline<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>a <w NN1>cap <w PRP>on <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN1>spending <w NN1>growth <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w AV0>already <w VVD-VVN>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>discretionary <w NN1>spending<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="632"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w AJ0>consistent <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w CJS>in that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w DT0>some <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>optimistic <w NN2>projections <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w NN1>GDP <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>until <w CRD>1997<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>unemployment <w VVG>declining <w AV0>slowly <w PRP>from <w CRD>6.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w CRD>5.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short-term <w NN2>projections <w VBD>were <w PRP>in line with <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>produced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>private-sector <w NN2>forecasts<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w VBD>were <w VVN>considered <w AV0>somewhat <w AJ0>optimistic <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>economists<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Congressional <w NN1>Budget <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>forecast <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>2.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>per <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01G>
<s n="636"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="637"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>details <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,600 <w NN1>page <w NN1>budget <w NN1>document <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unclear<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w NN2>Amendments <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1-VVG>haggling <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>Republican <w NN2>circles <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>moment<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG-AJ0>resulting <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VBG>being <w AJ0>incomplete <w CJC>or <w AJ0>inconsistent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="639"><w AJ0>Domestic <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD>sought <w VVG-NN1>spending <w NN2-VVZ>increases <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>departments <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Justice<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>State<c PUN>, <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>, <w NN1>Treasury<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>Veterans<w POS>' <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w DT0>Those <w NN2>departments <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suffered <w NN2>cuts <w VBD>were <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transportation<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w PRP>In <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w VVD>moved <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;13,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>priorities<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AJ0>much-vaunted <w NN2>initiatives <w PRP>such as <w NN2>programmes <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN1>nutrition <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>infant <w NN1>mortality <w VBD>was <w VVN>purchased <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w CJC>or <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>in <w CRD>330 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="644"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>years <w VVG>spending <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>item <w PRF>of <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN0>&dollar;299,700 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w NN0>&dollar;224,700 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>discretionary <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>spending <w NN2>programmes <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;126,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w NP0>Medicare<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="646"><w NN1>Interest <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
<s n="647"><w NN1>Interest <w NN2>payments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>debt <w VBD>were <w VVN>budgeted <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;213,800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="648"><w NN1>Defence<c PUN>.
<s n="649"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w NN2>cuts <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38744-45<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="650"><w NN1-VVB>Tax <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD-VVN>contained <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>array <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN2>changes <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-VVD>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>speech <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>these <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w VVN>withheld <w PRP>by <w NN2>employers <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>require <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disposable <w NN1>income <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>tax <w NN1>payer <w PRP>by <w NN0>&dollar;350<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>stimulus <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVG>totalling <w NN0>&dollar;25,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="654"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>application <w CJC>and <w AJ0>short-term <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>handout <w VBG>being <w VVN>retrieved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>proposals <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w PRP>per <w NN1>child <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>tax <w NN1>exemption <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>beginning <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN2>families <w VVG>earning <w AV0>less than <w NN0>&dollar;157,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>year<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>tax <w NN1>credit <w PRP>for <w AJ0>first-time <w NN1>home <w NN2>buyers <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>purchase <w NN1>price <c PUL>(<w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;5,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN2>homes <w VVN>bought <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>short-term <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVG>selling <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>investment <w NN1>tax <w NN1>allowance <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="656"><w AJ0>Proposed <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>tax <w NN2>changes <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>phased <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>capital <w NN2>gains <w VVB-NN1>tax <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>15.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NN2>assets <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>19.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>assets <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>23.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>assets <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJC>greater <w NN1>flexibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>retirement <w NN2>accounts <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRAs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>luxury <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN2>boats <w CJC>and <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;3,750 <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>families <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w NN2>premiums<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01H>
<s n="657"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Transportation <w NN1>Secretary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="658"><w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>named <w NP0>Andrew <w NP0>H. <w NN1>Card<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Transportation <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="659"><w CJS>As <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NP0>US <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w NN1>Card<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>confirmation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="660"><w AT0>The <w NN1>office <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>vacant <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>December <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>Transportation <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>Skinner<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38667<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="661"><w PRP>In <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>described <w NN1>Card<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislator <w PRP>in <w NP0>Massachusetts<c PUN>, <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w NN2>years<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>teams <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w CRD>1980 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>served <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>as <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NP0>John <w NP0>Sununu<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w AT0>a <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>managerial <w NN1>efficiency <w CJC>and <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="662"><w NN1>Card<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w AV0>also <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRF>of <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN0>staff <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>management <w NN1>review <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>by <w NP0>Skinner<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>low <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>showings <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRP>on <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>policy <w NN1>formulation <w CJC>and <w NN1>communication<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01J>
<s n="664"><w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Far <w NN1>East
</caption>
<p>
<s n="665"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>12-day <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w NN1>East<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w AV0>Originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>tour <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>following <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>surveys <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>perceived <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>concentrating <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w AV0>too <w DT0>little <w PRP>on <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>considerations<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>rescheduled <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w PRP>rather than <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUN>.
<s n="668"><w VVG>Linking <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>recession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>against <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>entourage <w PRF>of <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>US <w NN2>businessmen <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>prise <w AJ0-AV0>open <w AJ0>protected <w NN2>markets <w CJC>and <w VVB>bring <w AV0>home <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01K>
<s n="669"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Singapore
</caption>
<p>
<s n="670"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1-4<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>promising <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>stay <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia <w PRP>until<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NN1>eternity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN2>pronouncements <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>precise <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ANZUS <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>far from <w AJ0>clear<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w VVG-AJ0>decrying <w NN1>protectionism <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>enraged <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>by <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>scrap <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>wheat <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="673"><w PRP>After <w VVG>leaving <w NP0>Australia <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4-5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38727-28<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01L>
<s n="674"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Team <w NN1>Spirit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="675"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>visited <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5-7 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>some <w NN1>trade <w NN2>frictions <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Team <w NN1>Spirit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exercises<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>by <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cancellation<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>indicative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>states <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38659-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w CRD>39,000 <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>so long as <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>need <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>welcome<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="680"><w AT0>The <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Team <w NN1>Spirit<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>sign <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38721<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01M>
<s n="682"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>at <w NN1>state <w NN1>banquet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="683"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7-10 <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w DT0>several <w NN2>sessions <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>beleaguered <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AV0>vaguely <w VVN>worded <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>Declaration <w DTQ>which <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>commitment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>world <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w AJ0>forthcoming<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w NN2>concessions <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>businesses <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>imports <w PRP>by <w NN0>&dollar;10,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="685"><w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>car <w NN2>manufacturers <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN2>purchases <w PRF>of <w AJ0>US-made <w NN2>components <w PRP>from <w NN0>&dollar;7,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;15,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>manufacturers <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>made <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>voluntary<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w CRD>20,000 <w AJ0>US-made <w NN2>cars <w PRP>per <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>total <w VM0>would <w AV0>still <w AV0>only <w NN1>amount <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>50,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Japanese-brand <w NN2>vehicles <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Japanese <w AV0>also <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>access <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w PRP>to <w NN2>markets <w PRP>including <w NN1>glass<c PUN>, <w NN1>paper<c PUN>, <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w NN2>computers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="688"><w PRP>In addition to <w DPS>his <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>deficit-reducing <w NN1>trade <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w VBD>was <w VVN>marred <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0>spectacular <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>banquet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="689"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD>turned <w AJ0>pale<c PUN>, <w VVD>vomited <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>lap <w PRF>of <w NP0>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>floor<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>recovered <w PRP>from <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>described <w CJS>as <w AJ0>gastric <w NN1>influenza <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>67-year-old <w NN1>President <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>succession <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>news <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38183<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w CJS>provided <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w CJC>and <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>image <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tour<c PUN>: <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>leader <w VVG>cradling <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stricken <w NP0>US <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01N>
<s n="692"><w NN1-VVB>Campaign <w PRP>for <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>nominations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="693"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>as <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN2>nominations <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>primary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>opened <w DPS>his <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>; <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Virginia <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Wilder<c PUN>, <w VVD>abandoned <w AT0>the <w NN1>race<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>front-runner<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>struggled <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w DPS>his <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>from <w VVG>disintegrating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>marital <w NN1>infidelity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01P>
<s n="695"><w NN1>Abandonment <w PRF>of <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w NP0>Wilder
</caption>
<p>
<s n="696"><w NP0>Wilder<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w AJ0>black <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Virginia <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><w PNP>He <w VVD>wished<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="698"><w CJS>Since <w NP0>Wilder <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquire <w DT0>any <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>momentum<c PUN>.
<s n="699"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVD>showed <w PNP>him <w VVG>lagging <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN2>front-runners <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>fare <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>poorly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>contest<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w DT0>This <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>impact <w VHD>had <w AV0>severely <w VVN>hampered <w NP0>Wilder<w POS>'s <w NN1>fundraising <w NN2>ef-forts<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w DPS>His <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>paucity <w PRF>of <w NN2>endorsements <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>political <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wilder <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Jesse <w NP0>Jackson <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>political <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w VVG>sabotaging <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="702"><w NP0>Wilder<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w VVD>meant <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>nomination <w NN1-VVB>contest <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>campaign <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>fought <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>black <w NN1>contender<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w CJS>While <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Bob <w NP0-NN1>Kerrey <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nebraska <w CJC>and <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Tom <w NN1-NP0>Harkin <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iowa <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>accrue <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>black <w NN1>support <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>otherwise <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NP0>Wilder<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>beneficiary <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wilder<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w VVD>seemed <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>front-runner <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AJ0>considerable <w AJ0>black <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w CRD>five <w NN2>campaigns <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorship <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arkansas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="704"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>five <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>participated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w AV0>nationally <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>debate <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="705"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>winner <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VVN>performed <w AV0>well <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>consolidate <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>contender<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01R>
<s n="706"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>infidelity <w PRP>against <w NP0>Clinton
</caption>
<p>
<s n="707"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>marital <w NN1>infidelity <w VVN-VVD>crystallized <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>accusation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Larry <w NP0>Nichols<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Arkansas <w NN1>employee <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>using <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2-VVZ>telephones <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>long-distance <w NN2>calls<c PUN>.
<s n="708"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>exact <w NN1>vengeance <w PRP>on <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nichols <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>lawsuit <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AJ0>extra-marital <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>with <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>misused <w AJ0>official <w NN2>funds <w PRP>in <w VVG>entertaining <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="709"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>story <w VBD>was <w VVN>picked <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>old <w NN2>stories<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>trash<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>17-year <w NN1>marriage<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nichols<w POS>'s <w NN2>allegations <w VVD-VVN>received <w AJ0>widespread <w NN0>media <w NN1>coverage<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>invoked <w NN2>echoes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidacy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Hart <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>allegations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35246<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="711"><w AV0>Eventually<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>surveys <w VVG>showing <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>losing <w NN1>ground <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>brought <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hillary <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w DPS>Her <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN2>accusations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nichols <w NN1>story <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AV0>suddenly <w AJ0>prominent <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>filth-mongers<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>discredited <w AT0>the <w NN1>story<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="713"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VVD>resurfaced <w AV0>almost <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>sexually <w AJ0>explicit <w NN1>interview <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Star <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>supermarket <w NN1>tabloid <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VVN>published <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nichols <w NN2>allegations<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>employee<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gennifer <w NP0>Flowers<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>woman <w VVN>named <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nichols <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>with <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
<s n="714"><w NN2>Flowers <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sporadic <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>between <w CRD>1977 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>taped <w NN1>telephone <w NN2>conversations <w PRP>between <w PNX>herself <w CJC>and <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>from <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1992 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>claim<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w NN2>Flowers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>acquaintance<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>strongly <w VVN-VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>an <w NN1>affair <w PRP>with <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>story <w VVD>provoked <w NN2>questions <w PRP>as to <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>honesty <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>appointing <w NN2>Flowers <w PRP>to <w DPS>her <w AJ0>current <w NN1>job <w PRP>in return for <w DPS>her <w NN1>silence<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><w PRP>With <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w VVG>slipping <w AV0>badly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w NN1>gamble <w PRP>by <w VVG>electing <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>prime-time <w NN1>television <w AJ0>current <w NN2>affairs <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w VVG>Appearing <w AJ0-NN1>calm <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>good <w AJ0-VVD>humoured<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>once again <w VVN-VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w NN2>Flowers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DPS>his <w NN1>lover<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>state <w AV0>unequivocally <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>committed <w NN1>adultery<c PUN>.
<s n="719"><w PNP>He <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>marriage <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>conceded<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>wrongdoing<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>causing <w NN1>pain<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AJ0>stable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>strong<c PUN>.
<s n="720"><w CJS>Whether <w DT0>these <w AJ0>past <w NN2>difficulties <w VM0>should <w VVI>debar <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>issue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>decided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN0>people<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>putting <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN2>hands<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="721"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w NN2>remarks <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>telephone <w NN2>tapes <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Cuomo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>figure <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>aggressive<c PUN>, <w AJ0>mean <w NN1>sonofabitch<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VVD>acted <w PRP>like <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>mafioso<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w NP0-NN1>Cuomo <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN2>comments <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>indicative <w PRF>of <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>stereotyping<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>brushed <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w PNP>them <w AV0>away <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>good-natured <w CJC>and <w AJ0>jocular<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="723"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>dignified <w NN1>television <w NN1>performance <c PUL>(<w VVN>seen <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>inconsistencies <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w NN2>Flowers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nichols <w NN1>lawsuit<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>rescued <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w PRP>ahead of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>rivals <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>recovered <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w VVN-VVD>lost <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01S>
<s n="725"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w NN1>contest <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>nomination
</caption>
<p>
<s n="726"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>launched <w DPS>his <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>promise <w TO0>to <w VVI>unveil <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w VVG>invoking <w AT0>the <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w NN1>Desert <w NN1>Storm <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>codename <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>overcome<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="728"><w NN1>Opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>losing <w NN1>ground <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>main <w NN1>challenger<c PUN>, <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w AV0>effectively <w PRP>on <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>America <w ORD>First<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>platform <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>isolationism<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w AT0>The <w NN2>polls <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w CJS>whereas <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w NP0>Buchanan <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>Republicans <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>by <w CRD>56 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>mid-January <w DT0>this <w NN1>margin <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cut <w PRP>by <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="730"><w PRP>During <w NP0>January <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD>became <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w NP0>Buchanan <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AV0>especially<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NN1>Duke <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>candidate <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0-NN1>Ku <w NP0>Klux <w NP0>Klan <w NN1>leader <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>faced <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w VVG>getting <w DPS>their <w NN2>names <w VVN>entered <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>papers <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="731"><w PRP>Despite <w NN2>denials <w CJT>that <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w NN2>challenges <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>from <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w NN1>Duke <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>party <w NN1>candidate <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="732"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>feared <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DT0>such <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w NN1>Duke <w VM0>could <w VVI>syphon <w AVP-PRP>off <w AJ0>sufficient <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>votes <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w AJ0>crucial <w NN2>states<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01T><ptr target=HLFCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01T>
<s n="733"><w NN1>Abortion
</caption>
<caption id=HLFCA01U>
<s n="734"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>key <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>case
</caption>
<p>
<s n="735"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitutionality <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pennsylvania<w POS>'s <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>law <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="736"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>under <w DT0>this <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>Planned <w NN1>Parenthood <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Southeastern <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Casey<c PUN>, <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w VVN-VVD>contained <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w CRD>1973 <w NN1>landmark <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>.
<s n="737"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN2>laws <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w CRD>1989 <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w VVG>allowing <w PNP>them <w AJC>greater <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>availability <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NP0>Webster <w PRP>v. <w AJ0>Reproductive <w NN1>Health <w NN2>Services <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36809-10<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="738"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w NN1>law <w VBD>were<c PUN>:
</p>
<p>
<s n="739"><w NN1-AJ0>Spousal <w NN1>notification<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>married <w NN1>woman <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>notify <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w PRP>prior to <w VVG>obtaining <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>, <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>husband <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>child<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>located<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AT0>the <w NN1>pregnancy <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>assault <w PRP>upon <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VM0>might <w VVI>cause <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>harm <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>woman <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="741"><w AJ0>Parental <w NN1>consent<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w AT0>A <w AJ0-NN1>minor <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w AJ0>parental <w NN1>consent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="743"><w AJ0-VVN>Informed <w NN1>consent<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w NN2>Physicians <w VBD>were <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>inform <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>patients <w PRP>about <w AJ0>foetal <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>alternatives <w PRP>to <w VVG>terminating <w AT0>the <w NN1>pregnancy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="745"><w VVG-AJ0>Waiting <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statute <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w AT0>a <w NN1>24-hour <w VVG-NN1>waiting <w NN1>period <w CJS>after <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w VVN>stipulated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="747"><w AJ0>Medical <w NN2>emergencies<c PUN>.
<s n="748"><w PRP>Under <w NN2>circumstances <w PRF>of <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>defined <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w NN1>death <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>substantial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>irreversible <w NN1>impairment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>bodily <w NN1>function<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>restrictions <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>overridden<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="749"><w VVG-NN1>Reporting <w NN2>requirements<c PUN>.
<s n="750"><w NN2>Physicians <w VVG>performing <w NN2>abortions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>file <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w DT0>each <w NN1>case <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>health <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="751"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w NN1>law <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>3rd <w NP0>US <w NN1>Circuit <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>in <w NP0>Philadelphia <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w DT0>All <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>provisions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>upheld <w PRP>other than <w DT0>that <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>spousal <w NN1>notification <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>struck <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="753"><w CJS>Although <w AV0-AJ0>outright <w VVZ-NN2>bans <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NP0>Utah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Louisiana <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guam<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJ0>anti-abortionist <w NN2>majorities <w PRP>within <w DPS>their <w NN2>legislatures <w CJC>and <w NN2>governors <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="754"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Abortion <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Action <w NN1>League <c PUL>(<w NP0>NARAL<c PUR>) <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w CRD>15,000,000 <w NN2>women <w PRP>in <w CRD>13 <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>states <w VM0>would <w AV0>quickly <w VVI>lose <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>abortion <w CJS>if <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <w VBD>was <w VVN>overturned<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01V>
<s n="755"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>implications <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>decision
</caption>
<p>
<s n="756"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>possible <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w NN1>law <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>upheld <w PRP>without <w VVG>overturning <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>entirety<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VVD>ensured <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>divisive <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>certain <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>election <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w PRP>With <w NN2>polls <w VVG>showing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>preserving <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>deeply <w VVN>divided <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>staunch <w NN1>opponent <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>under <w DT0>all <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>extreme <w PRF>of <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>.
<s n="759"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w NP0>Don <w NP0>Nickles<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>senator <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oklahoma <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renowned <w NN1>opponent <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0-NN1>Republican <w NN1>platform <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="760"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>focused <w NN1>attention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Choice <w NN1>bill <w AV0>currently <w VVG>awaiting <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>consideration<c PUN>.
<s n="761"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sponsors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD>made <w AJ0>clear <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
<s n="762"><w CJS>If <w VVN>passed <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>present <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>undesirable <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01W>
<s n="763"><w AJ0>Anti-abortionist <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="764"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NP0>March <w PRP>for <w NN1>Life<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>19th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NN0>Roe <w ZZ0>v <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>, <w VVD>saw <w CRD>70,000 <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w VVB>converge <w PRP>on <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rally <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accompanied <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w VBD>was <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="766"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>via <w AT0>a <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>line <w VVN>connected <w PRP>to <w NN2>loudspeakers <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VVD>restated <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="767"><w NN2>Hours <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w PRP>for <w NN1>Life<c PUN>, <w CRD>dozens <w PRF>of <w NN2>volunteers <w PRP>from <w NN1>Operation <w NN1-VVB>Rescue <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0-NN1>anti-abortionist <w NN1>group <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>conducted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>clinics <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38383<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>morning <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>clinics <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="768"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>128 <w NN2>adults <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w NN2>minors <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>anti-abortionists <w VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>pro-choice <w NN2>stewards <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>escort <w NN2>women <w NN2>patients <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>clinics<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01X>
<s n="769"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="770"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>from <w NN2>countries <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>coerce <w PNP>them <w PRP>into <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>.
<s n="771"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>deprive <w DT0>many <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>America<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="772"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jairo <w NP0>Jonathan <w NP0>Elias <w NN2>Zacarias <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Guatemala <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w CJS>after <w NN2>guerrillas <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w AV0>forcibly <w TO0>to <w VVI>recruit <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
<s n="773"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>reversed <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Circuit <w PRP>by <w VVG>adjudging <w CJT>that <w NN2>Zacarias <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>protected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>Refugee <w NN1>Act <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>required <w NN2>aliens <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>asylum <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>well-founded <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w NN1>persecution <w PRP>on account of <w NN1>race<c PUN>, <w NN1>religion<c PUN>, <w NN1>nationality<c PUN>, <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>particular <w AJ0>social <w NN1>group <w CJC>or <w AJ0>political <w NN1>opinion<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>30411<c PUN>; <w CRD>34541<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1>majority <w NN1>opinion <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD>found <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mere <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>generalized <w AJ0>political<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>motive <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>coercion <w VBD>was <w AJ0>inadequate <w TO0>to <w VVI>qualify <w PNI>someone <w PRP>for <w NN1>protection <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>required <w AT0>the <w NN1>persecution <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>opinions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>victim <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>persecutor<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLFCA01Y>
<s n="775"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0-NN1>Gotti <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="776"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w NP0>Gotti<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reputed <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Gambino<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>family<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="777"><w NN2>Gotti<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>sartorial <w NN1>taste <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>widely <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Dapper <w NN1>Don<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>by <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>prosecutors <w PRP>with <w CRD>five <w NN2>murders<c PUN>, <w NN1>extortion<c PUN>, <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>gambling <w CJC>and <w NN1>obstruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>justice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="778"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1986 <w NP0>Gotti <w VHD>had <w VVN>faced <w CRD>three <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>trials <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>acquitted <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concerted <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>justice <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>acquittal<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Gotti<w POS>'s <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>defence <w NN1>lawyer <w VBD>was <w VVN>prohibited <w PRP>from <w VVG>representing <w DPS>his <w NN1>client <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>peripherally <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="780"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN2>charges <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Bureau <w PRF>of <w NN1>Investigation <c PUL>(<w NP0>FBI<c PUR>) <w NN1>investigation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>taping <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gotti<w POS>'s <w NN2>conversations <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brooklyn<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prosecution <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w CRD>three <w DT0>former <w NN1>Mafia <w NN2>members <w PRP>as <w NN2>witnesses<c PUN>.
<s n="782"><w DT0>These <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Salvatore <w NP0-NN1>Gravano<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w NP0-NN1>Gotti<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>trusted <w NN1>lieutenant<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-defendant <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w PRP>before <w VVG>choosing <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="783"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="784"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="785"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN1>relocation
</head>
<p>
<s n="786"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Canadian <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Commission <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>native <w NN1>Inuit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>violated <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN>relocated <w PRP>from <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arctic <w NN1>wilderness <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cornwallis <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ellesmere <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>.
<s n="787"><w AT0>The <w NN1>transfer <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>conducted <w PRP>between <w CRD>1953 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1955<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>barren <w NN2>islands <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w PRP>to <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="788"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Development <w VVD-VVN>characterized <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>acceptable<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<w POS>'s <w NN1>recommendation <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>apology <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>travel <w NN1>fund <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w DT0>those <w NN1>Inuit <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0>Arctic <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NN2>relatives <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="789"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN2>demands <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w NN2>payments <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>suffering <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>relocation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="790"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="791"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="792"><w NN1>Execution <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>counter-revolutionary<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="793"><w NN1>Death <w NN2>sentences <w VBD>were <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w AJ0>alleged<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>counter-revolutionaries<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>sabotage <w CJC>and <w NN1>enemy <w NN1>propaganda<c PUN>.
<s n="794"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>anti-Castro <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>landed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>dinghy <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>with <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w NN2>explosives<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>at <w NP0>El <w NP0>J&uacute;caro<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="795"><w AT0>The <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>D&iacute;az <w NP0-NN1>Betancourt <w VBD>was <w VVN>upheld <w PRP>on <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>firing <w NN1>squad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Santovenia <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pedro <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Caridad <w NP0>Alv&aacute;rez <w NP0>Pedroso<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w DPS>their <w NN2>sentences <w VVN>commuted <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="797"><w AT0>The <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences <w VVD-VVN>attracted <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>international <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>for <w NN1>clemency<c PUN>.
<s n="798"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>government <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>criticism <w CJC>and <w VVD>restated <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>against <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>perceived <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>trials<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>dissident <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA020></p>
<caption id=HLFCA020>
<s n="800"><w NN2>Defections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="801"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>34 <w NN0>people <w VVD-AJ0>sought <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>after <w VVG>flying <w PRP>to <w NP0>Miami <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Air <w NP0-NN1>Cubana <w NN1>helicopter <w AV0>usually <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>flying <w NN2>tourists <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Varadero<c PUN>.
<s n="802"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w NN2>Cubans <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w VVG>stealing <w AT0>a <w NN1>boat <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Tarara <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Habana <w UNC>del <w UNC>Este<c PUN>.
<s n="803"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>revealed <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>family <w VBD>were <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJS>while <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Guant&aacute;namo <w NN1>Bay<c PUN>.
<s n="804"><w CRD>One <w NN1>man <w AV0>successfully <w VVD-VVN>crossed <w AT0>the <w NN1>mine <w NN2>fields <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w NN1>base<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>12 <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA021></p>
<caption id=HLFCA021>
<s n="805"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="806"><w PRP>After <w DPS>his <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jorge <w AJ0>Mas <w NP0-NN1>Canosa<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Miami-based <w AJ0>Cuban-American <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Foundation <c PUL>(<w NP0>CANF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38669<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cuba <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>halted<c PUN>.
<s n="807"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Valery <w NP0>Nikolayenko<c PUN>, <w VVD>clarified <w DT0>this <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="808"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w NN1>trade <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w AJ0>international <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN2>subsidies <w CJC>or <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>.
<s n="809"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Cuba <w VM0>would <w VVI>export <w NN1>sugar<c PUN>, <w AJ0>citrus <w NN0>fruit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>goods <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lithuania <w PRP>in return for <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>soap <w CJC>and <w NN1>detergent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="810"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="811"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="812"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="813"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>mission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>paved <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Bertrand <w NP0>Aristide<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>crisis <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="814"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN2>Communists <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUCH<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38670<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore <w VVD>insisted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>calm <w CJS>before <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w VM0>could <w VVI>return<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OAS <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Aristide <w PRP>to <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="817"><w NN1-VVB>Fear <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>repercussions <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>return <w VVD-VVN>prompted <w DT0>some <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-Aristide <w NN2>conservatives <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="818"><w NN1>Parliament <w VVD>avoided <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0-NN1>Honorat<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dejean <w NP0-NN1>Belizaire<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<c PUN>.
<s n="820"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Nerette<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-month <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w AV0>indefinitely <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38523<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="821"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore<w POS>'s <w NN2>bodyguards <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore <w PNX>himself <w VBD>was <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRN <w PRP>in <w NP0>Port-au-Prince <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore <w VBD>was <w VVG>meeting <w NN2>parliamentarians<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA022></p>
<caption id=HLFCA022>
<s n="822"><w NN1-VVG>Breaking <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="823"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo <w PRF>of <w NP0>Haiti<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>fuel <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>broken <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>tanker <w VVG>carrying <w CRD>165,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRF>of <w NN1>diesel <w NN1>oil <w PRP>from <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="824"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>tanker-load <w PRF>of <w NN1>petroleum <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>bound <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mauritania<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January<c PUN>.
<s n="825"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>shipments <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w NN1>consumption <w VVZ-NN2>needs <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>helped <w VVI>bolster <w AT0>the <w NN1>determination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>return<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA023></p>
<caption id=HLFCA023>
<s n="826"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="827"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w CJC>and <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>300 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>abuses <w VVD>went <w AJ0>unreported<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>countryside<c PUN>.
<s n="829"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN1>government <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="830"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="831"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="832"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-VVB>change <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Annulment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tabasco <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN2>generals
</head>
<p>
<s n="833"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Salinas <w VVD>appointed <w AJ0-VVN>noted <w NN1-AJ0>reformist <w NP0-NN1>Ernesto <w NP0-NN1>Cedillo <w NN1-VVB>Ponce <w NP0>de <w NP0>Le&oacute;n<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Budget <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Bartlett <w NP0>D&iacute;az<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN2>ministries <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>combined<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>consolidating <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Credit <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Aspe <w NP0>Armella<w POS>'s <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA024></p>
<caption id=HLFCA024>
<s n="835"><w NN1-NP0>Tabasco <w NN1>election <w NN1>fraud
</caption>
<p>
<s n="836"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0>Gortari <w VVD>annulled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tabasco <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="837"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>50-day <w NN1-VVB>march <w PRP>by <w CRD>500 <w NN2>peasants <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tabasco <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>joined <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>by <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Institutional <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="838"><w AT0>The <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tabasco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salvador <w NP0>Neme <w NP0>Castillo<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>.
<s n="839"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>elections <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w CRD>three <w NN2>towns<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nacajuca<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macuspana <w CJC>and <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas<c PUN>.
<s n="840"><w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>L&oacute;pez <w NN1-NP0>Obrador <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>votes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI <w PRP>in <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w VVD>exceeded <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>voters<c PUN>.
<s n="841"><w AT0>The <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w NN1>city <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRD<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="842"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>intervened <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>politics <w TO0>to <w VVI>redress <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PRI <w NP0>governor-elect <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Guanajuato <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>PRI <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Potos&iacute; <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w AV0>aside <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38385<c PUN>; <w CRD>38524<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA025></p>
<caption id=HLFCA025>
<s n="844"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN2>generals <w PRP>after <w NN2>drugs <w NN1-VVB>battle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="845"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>generals <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Moran <w NP0-NN1>Acevedo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="846"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0>Mart&iacute;nez <w NP0>Lopez <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>one <w NN1>colonel <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>lesser-ranking <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>anti-narcotics <w NN2>police <w NN2>agents <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>abortive <w NN2>drugs <w VVB>raid <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="847"><w CRD>Two <w NN1>drug <w NN2>smugglers <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w CRD>360 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w NN1>cocaine <w VVN-VVD>bound <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>from <w NP0>Colombia <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>refuelling <w NN1-VVB>stop <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Tlalixcoyan <w NN1-VVB>airstrip <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
<s n="848"><w AJ0>Anti-narcotics <w NN2>agents <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>smugglers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>two-man <w VVG-NN1>refuelling <w NN1>team <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>army <w NN1>detachment <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>drug <w NN2>smugglers<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="851"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="852"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="853"><w AJ0>Formal <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="854"><w AT0>A <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="855"><w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w NP0-NN1>Oscar <w NP0>Santamar&iacute;a <w VVD>signed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Shafik <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Handal <w VVD>signed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN<c PUN>.
<s n="856"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVD>reached <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38414<c PUN>; <w CRD>38672<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>officially <w VVD-VVN>ended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>11-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>cost <w CRD>75,000 <w NN2>lives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="857"><w AT0>The <w NN1>peace <w VBD>was <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w UNC>1,000-strong <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force <w PRP>to <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w AT0>The <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Observer <w NN1>Mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <c PUL>(<w NP0>ONUSAL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>officially <w VVN>widened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w NN1-VVG>monitoring <w CJC>and <w NN1>verification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="859"><w NP0>ONUSAL<w POS>'s <w NN1>mandate <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="860"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>to <w NP0>end-October<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>government <w NN2>police <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>Police<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN2>police <w VM0>would <w VVI>organize <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Civilian <w NN2>Police <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNC<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w DT0>half <w DPS>its <w NN1>membership <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN<c PUN>.
<s n="863"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w AJ0-NN1>pro-government <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>8,000 <w NP0>FMLN <w NN2>guerrillas <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>disbanded<c PUN>.
<s n="864"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w VM0>would <w VVI>re-organize <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="865"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>halving <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to <w AV0>about <w CRD>31,000 <w PRP>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>land <w NN1>reform<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w NN1>policy <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconstruction <w NN1>plan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA026></p>
<caption id=HLFCA026>
<s n="866"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="867"><w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Benavides <w NP0-NN1>Moreno <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Yusshui <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Mendoza <w VBD>were <w DT0>each <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>planning <w CJC>and <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Jesuit <w NN2>priests<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN1>housekeeper <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>daughter <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w AJ0>suspended <w AJ0>three-year <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>for <w VVG>destroying <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="869"><w NP0>Benavides <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mendoza<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tried <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38414<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>applicable <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>19 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="870"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>indications <w CJT>that <w DT0>more <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>negotiated <w NN1>immunity<c PUN>.
<s n="871"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w AT0>a <w NN1>condition <w PRP>for <w AJ0>continued <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA027></p>
<caption id=HLFCA027>
<s n="872"><w NN1>Reconstruction <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="873"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-month <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR41,500,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;59,300,0003 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="874"><w AT0>The <w NN1>credit <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>programme <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w CRD>3-4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w VVB>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w CJC>and <w VVB>reduce <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w CRD>9-12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="875"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-January <w NP0>US<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Canadian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w CJC>and <w NP0>West <w AJ0>European <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>met <w TO0>to <w VVI>formulate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reconstruction <w PRF>of <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reconstruction <w VVD>cost <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;1,800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="877"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="878"><w NP0>NICARAGUA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="879"><w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NN1>north <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="880"><w NP0-NN1>Encarnaci&oacute;n <w NP0>Valdivia <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>re-contras <c PUL>(<w AJ0>rearmed <w NN2>ex-contras<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>seriously <w VVN-AJ0>injured <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leonel <w NP0>Benavides<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>by <w NN2>re-compas <c PUL>(<w AJ0>rearmed <w NN2>ex-Sandinistas<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="881"><w AT0>The <w NN1>re-contra <w NN2>commanders <w VBD>were <w VVG>returning <w PRP>from <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Managua <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Violeta <w UNC>Barrios <w UNC>de <w NP0>Chamorro <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>violence <w PRP>between <w NN2>re-contras <w CJC>and <w NN2>re-compas<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><w NN1-NP0>Valdivia <w VBD>was <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>re-contra <w NN2>threats <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVD>died<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="883"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0>Ortega<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>army<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>deployment <w NN1-VVB>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-impose <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="884"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w NN2>re-contras <w VBD>were <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>kidnapping <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>policemen <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>Blanco <w NN2>police <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="885"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NN1>re-contra <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Angel <w NP0>Mor&aacute;n <w UNC>Flores <c PUL>(<w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>El <w NP0>Indomable<c PUR>) <w VVD>relaunched <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w PRP>At <w NP0>end-January <w CRD>four <w NN2>policemen <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>re-compas <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>station<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA028></p>
<caption id=HLFCA028>
<s n="887"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="888"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Chamorro <w VVD>announced <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="889"><w NP0>Ernesto <w NP0>Leal <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0-NN1>Dreyfus <w NN2>Morales <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w NP0-NN1>Julio <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w NP0>Silvio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Franco<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="891"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Franco <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicaragua <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Ra&uacute;l <w NP0>A. <w NP0>Lacayo <w NP0-NN1>Sol&oacute;rzano <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>credit <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Franco <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chamorro <w VVD>wanted <w AJC>closer <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>monetary <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>credit <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>response <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>credit <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w NN1>production <w NN2-VVZ>needs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="893"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="894"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="895"><w NN1>Violence <w PRP>between <w NN1>drug <w NN2>cartels
</head>
<p>
<s n="896"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Extraditables<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN2>reprisals <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w AJ0-NN1>Cali <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Cali <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gilberto <w NP0>Orijuela<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>hired <w NP0>Luis <w NN2>Meneses <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>more <w AV0>commonly <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Otero<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="897"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w NN2>Meneses<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>self-defence<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Magdalena <w NP0>Medio <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w VVD-VVN>riddled <w PRP>with <w NN2>bullets <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Puerto <w NP0>Bocay&aacute; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w NN1>surrender <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Otero<w POS>'s <w NN2>paramilitaries <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38673<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="898"><w PRP>In response to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>cartel<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w NN2>Meneses <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>cartel <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Gonzalo <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w NP0>Gacha <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37119<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AV0-AJ0>public <w AJC>further <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w AJ0>imprisoned <w NN1-NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>baron <w NP0>Pablo <w NP0>Escobar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>surrender <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38283<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="899"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w NN2>Meneses <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>worked <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Agency <w TO0>to <w VVI>capture <w NP0-NN1>Escobar <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Cali <w NN1>cartel <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="900"><w AJ0>Colombian <w NN2>drugs <w NN2>investigators <w VVN-VVD>linked <w AT0>the <w NN1>surge <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>shifting <w NN2>alliances <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Cali <w NN1>cocaine <w NN2>cartels<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DPS>their <w AJ0>various <w NN2>factions <w VVD>competed <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expanding <w NN1>heroin <w NN1>industry <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA029></p>
<caption id=HLFCA029>
<s n="901"><w NN1>Shooting <w PRF>of <w NN1>assassin <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="902"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AJ0>17-year-old <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>Arturo <w NP0>Guti&eacute;rrez <w NP0>Maya<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>confessed <w DPS>his <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bernardo <w NP0>Jaramillo <w NP0>Ossa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w AVP>UP<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37312<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>found<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>father<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>abandoned <w NN1>car <w PRP>in <w NP0>Medell&iacute;n<c PUN>.
<s n="903"><w DT0>Both <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stabbed <w CJC>and <w VVD>shot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="904"><w NP0-NN1>Guti&eacute;rrez <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>orders <w TO0>to <w VVI>assassinate <w NP0>Jaramillo <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pablo <w NP0-NN1>Escobar<c PUN>.
<s n="905"><w AT0>The <w AVP>UP <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder<c PUN>; <w PRP>until <w NP0>December <w NP0>Guti&eacute;rrez <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>top-security <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bogot&aacute;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w CJC>and <w VVN>released <w PRP>for <w NN1>Christmas <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w DPS>his <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="906"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN1>tightening <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w VVG>holding <w NP0>Pablo <w NP0-NN1>Escobar <w PRP>amid <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG>running <w DPS>his <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel <w PRP>through <w NN2>visitors<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="907"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="908"><w NP0>ECUADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="909"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Peru <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute
</head>
<p>
<s n="910"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Rodrigo <w NP0>Borja <w NP0>Cevallos <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quito <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fujimori <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1-VVB>sign <w CJT>that <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>longstanding <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Condor <w NN1-VVB>Range <w AJ0>Amazonian <w NN1>border <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>improved <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1981 <w NN1>border <w NN2>clashes <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>30763-64<c PUN>; <w CRD>31090<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>skirmishes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38526<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Borja <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Fujimori <w PRP>at <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rio <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38673<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="911"><w PRP>In <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Borja <w CJC>and <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Ecuadorean <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38673<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ecuador <w VBB>be <w VVN-AJ0>offered <w NN1>navigation <w NN2>rights <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NP0-NN1>Amazon <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w VBB>be <w VVN>settled <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1942 <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w NN1>protocol<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>fixed <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>war <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="912"><w AT0>The <w NN1>solution <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w NN1>mediation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>protocol<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ecuador <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38526<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>claim <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>oil-rich <w NN1>area <w VVN>dated <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AJ0>colonial <w NN2>times <w CJC>and <w VVD>extended <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>far <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN2>Iquitos<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="913"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Ecuadorean <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>accepted <w NP0>Borja<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w VVB>arbitrate <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w CJS>albeit <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w NN1>protocol <w NN2>signatories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="914"><w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>president <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w AJC>greater <w NN1>flexibility<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Fujimori <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prohibitive <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w VVG>fortifying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>area <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="915"><w AJ0>Ecuadorean <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w NP0>Le&oacute;n <w NP0>Febres <w NP0-NN1>Cordero <w CJC>and <w NP0>Abdal&aacute; <w NP0>Bucaram <w NP0>Ortiz<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>stayed <w PRP>away from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>dinner <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Borja <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Fujimori<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02A>
<s n="916"><w NP0>IMF <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>credit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="917"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR75,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;105 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Ecuador<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>; <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>disbursements <w VBD>were <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AV0>aside <w PRP>for <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0-NN1>debt-reduction <w NN2>schemes <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ecuador<w POS>'s <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>bank <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="918"><w AT0>The <w NN1>credit <w VBD>was <w AV0>considerably <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;203 <w CRD>million <w AV0>originally <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>public <w NN1>spending <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>availability <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private-sector <w NN1>credit <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="919"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>intent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>a <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>from <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w VVG>containing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>to <w CRD>1.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02B>
<s n="920"><w NN2>Disturbances <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guayaquil
</caption>
<p>
<s n="921"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ecuador<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guayaquil<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w CJS>as <w AJ0>angry <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>workers <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harry <w NP0>Soria<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w AV0>over <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>pipones <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>employees <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>pay-roll <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVG>working<c PUN>.
<s n="922"><w NP0-NN1>Borja <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP>after <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>clashes<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>gunfire<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><w NN2>Cars <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor<w POS>'s <w NN1>car <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>family <w AV0>inside<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="924"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="925"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="926"><w NN1-VVG>Overruling <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w PRP>over <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="927"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVG>overruling <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0>Fujimori<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>draft <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>inflationary <w NN2>implications <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="928"><w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>reservations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w CRD>41 <w NN2>articles <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VHD>had <w VVN>included <w DT0>those <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>expenses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>argued<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w AV0>also<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w NN1>austerity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="929"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>bill <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>300 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>salary <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>17-fold <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>office<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02C>
<s n="930"><w VVG>Dropping <w PRF>of <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a
</caption>
<p>
<s n="931"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>senator <w PRP>for <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>enrichment <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w CRD>1985-90 <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="932"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>year-long <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38387<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="933"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>special <w NN1>state <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>appealing <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>ruling<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="934"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Adolfo <w NP0>Portugal <w NP0>Rond&oacute;n <w VHD>had <w VVN>assumed <w NN1>office <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02D>
<s n="935"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>in <w NN1>helicopter <w NN1-VVB>attack
</caption>
<p>
<s n="936"><w CRD>Three <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Peruvian <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Police <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>anti-drug <w NN1>programme <w VVD>died <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Madre <w NP0>M&iacute;a <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alto <w NP0>Huallaga <w NN1>valley <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>US-donated <w NN1>helicopter <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>terrorists<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="937"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>victims <w VBD>were <w NN2>employees <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Dyncorp<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>company <w VVN>hired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w TO0>to <w VVI>fly <w CJC>and <w VVI>maintain <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>on <w NN1>loan <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Luc&iacute;a <w NN1>base<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>centres <w PRP>for <w AJ0>anti-drugs <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America<c PUN>.
<s n="938"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>movement <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0-VVN>used <w AJ0>surface-to-air <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02E>
<s n="939"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>adviser
</caption>
<p>
<s n="940"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Hernando <w NP0>de <w NP0>Soto<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>adviser <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AJ0>coca-growing <w NN2>areas <w VBD>were <w VVG>co-operating <w PRP>with <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="941"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Soto <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>re-establishing <w AT0>the <w NN1>confidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>community <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>under <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>drafting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>anti-drugs <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38187-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="942"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="943"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="944"><w AJ0>Mass <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>privatization <w NN2-VVZ>plans
</head>
<p>
<s n="945"><w VVN>Led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Confederation <c PUL>(<w NP0>COB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>workers <w VVN-VVD>mobilized <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CJC>and <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Accord <c PUL>(<w NP0>AP<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>privatize <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVG>mining <w NN1>company <w NN1-NP0>Comibol <w CJC>and <w NN2>companies <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>development <w NN2>corporations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="946"><w VVN>Spearheaded <w PRP>by <w NN2>workers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colquiri <w NN1>tin <w CJC>and <w NN1>zinc <w NN1>mine <w PNQ>who <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>protests <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>COB-called <w AJ0>national <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>paralysing <w NN2>railways<c PUN>, <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>flights<c PUN>, <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>offices <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="947"><w NN2>Miners <w CJC>and <w NN2>workers <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN1>hunger <w NN2-VVZ>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>marches<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>blocked <w NN2>roads <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="948"><w AT0>A <w NN1>catalyst <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>pro-AP <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="949"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VBD>was <w VVN>compelled <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>freeze<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>after <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>deputies <w AV0>successfully <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w NN1>ruling <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>AP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>conduct <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="950"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w NN1>move <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>modernization<c PUN>, <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>dependence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>loans <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w CJC>and <w NN1>deregulation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="951"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>mediation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w CJC>and <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>COB <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
<s n="952"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>mineworkers <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>proposals <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w AJ0>thorough <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions <w PRP>over <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02F>
<s n="953"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="954"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Economic <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37958<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="955"><w CJS>While <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w PRP>from <w CRD>10 <w PRP>to <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>limiting <w NN1>wage <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VVD>planned <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>social <w NN1>spending <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;28,000,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;102 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="956"><w PRP>Due to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anticipated <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>fall <w PRP>in <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>gas <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>prices <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w CRD>43 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AV0-AJ0>likely <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>inflation <w VM0>would <w VVI>exceed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="957"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>December <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>employees <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>over <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="958"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministries <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w NN1>Peasant <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Education <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>particularly <w VVN>affected<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02G>
<s n="959"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Peru <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Access <w PRP>to <w NN1>sea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="960"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ilo<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Paz <w NP0>Zamora <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Fujimori<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>grant <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w VVD>landlocked <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VVD>lost <w NN1>territory <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chile <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1879 <w NN1>War <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NP0>Ocean<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="961"><w PRP>Through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ilo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>presidents <w VVN-VVD>committed <w NP0>Bolivia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peru <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Gran <w NP0>Mariscal <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>de <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>framework <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="962"><w VVB>Separate <w AJ0>complementary <w NN2>agreements <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ilo <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>nationals <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Peruvian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="963"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ilo <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>developed <w AV0>jointly <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>zone <w PRP>with <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Peru <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>free <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN2>goods <w PRP>along <w AT0>a <w NN1>route <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ilo <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN1>border <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Desaguadero<c PUN>.
<s n="964"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>governments <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>road <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN2>links<c PUN>.
<s n="965"><w PRP>For <w DPS>its <w NN1>part<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>sea <w NN1>outlet<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>committed <w PNX>itself <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>Peru <w NN1-VVB>gain <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlantic <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Puerto <w NP0>Su&aacute;rez <w CJC>and <w AVP>on <w PRP>through <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w VVG>offering <w NP0>Peru <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>facilities <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ilo<c PUN>.
<s n="966"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Ilo-Puerto <w NP0>Su&aacute;rez <w NN1-VVB>link <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w VVI>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paraguay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ilo <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>launching-pad <w PRP>for <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>Rim <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="967"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="968"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="969"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>general <w PRP>over <w NN2>arms <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="970"><w PRP>In connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>over <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>arms <w NN2>shipments <w PRP>to <w NP0>Croatia <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>C.-in-C.<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>dictator <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Pinochet <w NP0>Ugarte <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38673-74<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Aylwin <w NP0-NN1>Az&oacute;car <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>ordnance <w NN1>company <w NN2>FAMAE<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="971"><w NP0>Hector <w NP0>Letelier<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="972"><w NP0>Letelier<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Carvallo <w NP0>Y&aacute;&ntilde;ez<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w TO0>to <w VVI>perform <w AJ0>other <w NN2>tasks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w AJ0>high <w NN1-VVB>command<c PUN>.
<s n="973"><w DPS>His <w NN1>removal<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>suggested <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Pinochet <w PNX>himself <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>army <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <w VVN-AJ0>connected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>placing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>restriction <w NN1>order <w PRP>on <w DT0>another <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="974"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Rojas <w NP0-NN1>Saavedra<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1-VVB>judge <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02H>
<s n="975"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>MIR-ETA <w NN2>links
</caption>
<p>
<s n="976"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN2>police <w PRP>into <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>kidnappings <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN1>businessman <w NP0-NN1>Emiliano <w NP0-NN1>Revilla <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35746<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIR<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>remanded <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>their <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>organization <w NN1>ETA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="977"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w NP0>MIR <w CJC>and <w NN1>ETA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>MIR<c PUN>, <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Rivas<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-AJ0>dated <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w CRD>1978 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>lasted <w PRP>until <w CRD>1989<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02J>
<s n="978"><w NN1>Compensation <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>in <w NP0>Letelier <w NN1>case
</caption>
<p>
<s n="979"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>international <w NN1>commission <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>government <w VM0>should <w VVI>pay <w AV0>just <w PRP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;2,600,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w PRF>of <w NP0>Orlando <w NP0>Letelier<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970-73 <w NP0>Allende <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>associate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ronni <w NP0-NN1>Moffit<c PUN>.
<s n="980"><w DT0>Both <w VBD>were <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>28273-74<c PUN>; <w CRD>34989<c PUN>; <w CRD>36097<c PUN>; <w CRD>37709<c PUN>; <w CRD>37914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="981"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amount <w VBD>was <w AV0>well <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;14,000,000 <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>distribute <w AT0>the <w NN1>compensation <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,600,000 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Letelier <w NN1>family <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;1,000,000 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Moffit <w NN1>family<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="982"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bryan <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chile <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w CRD>1916 <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>resolving <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="983"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chilean <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w NN2>questions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Letelier <w NN1>case <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <c PUL>(<w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>CIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Contreras <w CJC>and <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Espinoza<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w CJC>and <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>operations <w AV0>respectively <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>DINA <w NN1-AJ0>secret <w NN2>police <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1973-90 <w NP0>Pinochet <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Letelier <w NN1>attack <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w NP0>CIA <w NN2>agents <w VVN-VVD>infiltrated <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>DINA<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pinochet <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="984"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>questions <w VVD>asked <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>US-born <w NN1>DINA <w NN1>agent <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Townley<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>courts <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NP0>CIA <w NN1>agent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02K>
<s n="985"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tomic
</caption>
<p>
<s n="986"><w NP0>Radomiro <w AJ0>Tomic <w NP0>Romero<c PUN>, <w CRD>77<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Aylwin<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Geneva-based <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>Santiago <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="987"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>founding <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1964-70 <w NP0>Frei <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Tomic <w VVD>stood <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDC <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970 <w NN2>elections <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w NP0>Salvador <w NP0>Allende <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02L>
<s n="988"><w NN1>Revaluation <w PRF>of <w NN1>peso
</caption>
<p>
<s n="989"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w VVN-VVD>revalued <w AT0>the <w NN1>peso <w PRP>by <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w NN1>surge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>reserves <c PUL>(<w VVG>stemming <w PRP>from <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>export <w NN2>earnings<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w VVG>hindering <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w NN1>inflation <c PUL>(<w CRD>18.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="990"><w CJS>As <w PRP>at <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=360.186 <w NN2>pesos<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="991"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="992"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="993"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>amid <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>allegations
</head>
<p>
<s n="994"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w AJ0>private <w NN2>secretaries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Angel <w NP0>Vicco<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w UNC>P&aacute;gina/12 <w NN1>newspaper <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>shareholder <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sold <w AJ0>substandard <w AJ0>powdered <w NN1>milk <w PRP>at <w AJ0>inflated <w NN2>prices <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action<c PUN>.
<s n="995"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w DT0>another <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Spadona<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="996"><w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Mazz&oacute;n <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>after <w NP0>Noticias <w NN1>magazine <w VVN>disclosed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w PRP>for <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="997"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Menem <w VHD>had <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>allegations <w VVG>surrounding <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37959<c PUN>; <w CRD>38144<c PUN>; <w CRD>38674<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>smear <w NN1>campaign <w VVN>organised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UCR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>malicious <w NN1>press<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02M>
<s n="998"><w NN1>Compensation <w PRP>for <w NN1>dictatorship <w NN2>victims
</caption>
<p>
<s n="999"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Menem <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NN2>Argentines <w VVN>jailed <w PRP>without <w NN1>charge <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1976-83 <w AJ0>military <w NN1>dictatorship <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w NN1>compensation <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;40 <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>day <w VVN>spent <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;30,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>injury<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>relative<c PUN>.
<s n="1000"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>anticipated <w AV0>up to <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02N>
<s n="1001"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>currency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1002"><w VVN>Approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w VVD>anticipated <w AT0>a <w CRD>6.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>from <w CRD>84 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>linkage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>dollar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dollarization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38095-96<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1003"><w NN2-VVZ>Proceeds <w PRP>from <w NN1>privatization <w NN0>sales <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>to <w CRD>0.17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest <w NN2>rises <w PRP>in <w NN2>allocations <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1005"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>assertion <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>reintroduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>peso <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>currency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w NN1>austral <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ra&uacute;l <w NP0>Alfons&iacute;n <w NP0>Foulkes <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33982<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1006"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>peso <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>worth <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>australes <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>, <w PRP>in line with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dollarization<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1007"><w AT0>The <w NN1>peso <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>austral <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-exist <w PRP>for <w AV0>around <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w NN2>cheques <w PRP>in <w NN2>australes <w AJ0>valid <w AV0>only <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1008"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1009"><w NP0>FALKLAND/MALVINAS <w NN2>ISLANDS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1010"><w VVB-NN1>Appeal <w PRP>by <w NP0>Menem <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>arbitration
</head>
<p>
<s n="1011"><w VVG>Describing <w NN1>diplomacy <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>weapons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Menem <w PRF>of <w NP0>Argentina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Falkland/Malvinas <w NP0>Islands <w PRP>through <w AJ0>international <w NN1>arbitration<c PUN>, <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w VBG>being <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>between <w NP0>Argentina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1012"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Argentinian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w AJ0>anxious <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>impair <w AT0>the <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>climate <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37245<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>toned <w AVP-PRP>down <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w NN1>arbitration<c PUN>, <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w NN1>option <w PRP>among <w DT0>several<c PUN>.
<s n="1013"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>clarification <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Menem <w PNX>himself <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>make <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1014"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tristan <w NP0>Garel-Jones<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w NP0>Menem<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NP0>Minister <w NP0>Guido <w NP0>di <w NP0>Tella <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Domingo <w NP0>Cavallo <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1015"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Falklands/Malvinas <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>informal <w AJ0>Argentinian <w NN2>overtures <w TO0>to <w VVI>normalize <w AJ0>military <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1016"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1017"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1018"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan
</head>
<p>
<s n="1019"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>credit <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>for <w UNC>SDR1,500 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;2,100 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>quarterly <w NN2>instalments<c PUN>, <w PRP>depending on <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w NP0>IMF <w NN2>targets<c PUN>.
<s n="1020"><w PRF>Of <w DT0>each <w AJ0-NN1>quarterly <w NN1>instalment<c PUN>, <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AV0>aside <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>debt-reduction <w NN2>operatons<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w NN2>targets <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>conversion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>inflation <c PUL>(<w CRD>23.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1022"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>intent <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w PRP>since <w CRD>1982 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-VVD>handed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Camdessus<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NP0>December <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>adjustment <w PRP>through <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>tax <w NN2>revenues <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>tariffs <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN2>reserves <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;7,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;9,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1023"><w CRD>Zero <w NN1>growth <w VBD>was <w VVN>anticipated <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1024"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>loan <w VBD>was <w VVN>aided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w NN1>legislation <w NN1-VVG>raising <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>taxes <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>in <w UNC>US&dollar;12,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>revenue<c PUN>.
<s n="1025"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w CRD>470 <w CRD>trillion <w NN2>cruzeiros <c PUL>(<w UNC>US469,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1026"><w PRP>In return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>roll <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;70,000 <w CRD>million <w VVN>owed <w PRP>by <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NN2>cities <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1027"><w AT0>The <w NN1>debt <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>used<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN1>success<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>bargaining <w NN1>chip <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w TO0>to <w VVI>liberalize <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38526<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1028"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>as <w AJ0>crucial <w PRP>to <w AJ0>successful <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>creditors <w PRP>over <w NP0>Brazil<w POS>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;44,000 <w AJ0>medium- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="1029"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AJ0>debt-reduction <w NN2>schemes <w CJS-PRP>until <w NP0>Brazil <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>facility <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02P>
<s n="1030"><w NN2>Pensions <w NN1>controversy <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1031"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Collor <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>overcome <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>over <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>.
<s n="1032"><w DT0>All <w CRD>four <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>influence-peddling<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1033"><w AT0>The <w NN2>pensions <w NN1>controversy <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w AVQ>when <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>recalled <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>summer <w NN1-VVB>break<c PUN>, <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>pensions <w PRF>of <w CRD>147 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w PRP>instead of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w CRD>54<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1034"><w VVG>Claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w VVD>jeopardized <w AT0>the <w NN1>granting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>loan <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;11,000 <w CRD>million <w VVD-VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w NP0>Collor <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w VVG>suspending <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRP>until <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1035"><w AT0>The <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>original <w NN1>verdict <w CJC>and <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>declared <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>validity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>decree<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1036"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>his <w NN1>isolation <w PRP>from <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Collor <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Labour <w NP0>Ant&ocirc;nio <w NP0>Rog&eacute;rio <w NP0-NN1>Magri <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NP0>Margarida <w NP0>Proc&oacute;pio<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>responsibilities <w VVD-VVN>included <w VVG>administering <w AT0>the <w NN1>pension <w NN1>fund<c PUN>.
<s n="1037"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>portfolios <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>by <w NP0>Reinhold <w NP0-NN1>Stefanis <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Fuiza<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>congressmen <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1038"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PFL <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0-NN1>pro-government <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="1039"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NP0>PFL <w NN1>senator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Borhausen<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>newly-created <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>rebuilding <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>task <w AV0>previously <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jarbas <w NN1-NP0>Passarinho<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1040"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Collor <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w NP0-NN1>Alceni <w NP0-NN1>Guerra <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Integration <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Chiarelli<c PUN>, <w VVG>abolishing <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>ministry<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w NN1>Health <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>to <w NN1>Education <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Goldemberg <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>basis<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02R>
<s n="1042"><w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>party <w NN1>name <w NN1-VVB>change
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1043"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Brazilian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PCB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1922<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSP<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w ORD>10th <w NN1>congress <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1044"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1045"><w NP0>URUGUAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1046"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>strike
</head>
<p>
<s n="1047"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Inter-Union <w NN1>Assembly <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w NN2>Workers <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>PIT-CNT <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>confederation<c PUR>) <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Lacalle <w NP0>Herrera<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1048"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>PIT-CNT <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w AT0>a <w AJ0>36-hour <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>against <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>for <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VVD>judged<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>wholly <w AJ0>insufficient<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>PIT-CNT<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1049"><w AT0>The <w NP0>December <w NN1-VVB>package <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>angered <w NN2>employers <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>eliminated <w NN1>tax <w NN2>concessions <w CJC>and <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>vehicle <w NN1>assembly <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>imposing <w AJC>higher <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02S>
<s n="1050"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Army <w CJC>and <w NN1>Navy <w NN2>commanders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1051"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Rebonio <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>retirement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>de <w NP0>Nava<c PUN>.
<s n="1052"><w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1053"><w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Murialdo <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Navy <w NN1>Commander<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1054"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1055"><w NP0>ARGENTINA-BELIZE
</head>
<p>
<s n="1056"><w NP0>Argentina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belize <w VVD>moved <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN2>relations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>ambassadorial <w NN1>level <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Argentine <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1057"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1058"><w NP0>BARBADOS-GUATEMALA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1059"><w NP0>Barbados <w CJC>and <w NP0>Guatemala <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>ambassadorial <w NN1>level <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1060"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1061"><w NP0>JAMAICA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1062"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rescheduling <w PRF>of <w NN2>repayments <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN1>principal <w CJC>and <w NN1>interest <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>US&dollar;47,000,000<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>between <w NP0>June <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <c PUN>&mdash; <w UNC>US&dollar;18,700,000 <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>USAID<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>for <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>grace <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1063"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1064"><w NP0>PUERTO <w NP0>RICO
</head>
<p>
<s n="1065"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPD<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38670<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Hern&aacute;ndez <w NN1>Col&oacute;n<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w NP0>Victoria <w NP0>M&uacute;&ntilde;oz <w NP0>Mendoza <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPD<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorship<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1066"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1067"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1068"><w NN1>Growth <w PRF>of <w NN2>scandals
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1069"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>legislator
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1070"><w AT0>The <w NN2>fortunes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>beleaguered <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w AJ0>downward <w NN1>turn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fumio <w NP0>Abe<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Hokkaido <w CJC>and <w NP0>Okinawa <w NN1>Development <w NN2>Agencies <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>status <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>accepting <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NN1>Corp <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>tenure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRP>between <w NP0>August <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1071"><w AT0>The <w NN1>arrest <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>embarrassing <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w CJS>as<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abe <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1072"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w NP0>Abe <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w CJC>but <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1073"><w NP0>Abe<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrest <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>serving <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>member <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NN1>bribery <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lockheed <w NN1>scandal <w PRF>of <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
<s n="1074"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w VVG-NN1>closing <w PRP>around <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abe <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>District <w NN1-AJ0>Public <w NN1>Prosecutor<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
<s n="1075"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VHG>having <w VVN>received <w CRD>80,000,000 <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;630,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kyowa<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>steel <w NN1>frame <w NN1>manufacturer <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w AJ0>bankrupt <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>confidential <w NN1>information <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>firm <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>development <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Hokkaido<c PUN>.
<s n="1076"><w AT0>The <w CRD>80,000,000 <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w NN2>bribes <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>500,000,000 <w NN0>yen <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kyowa <w PRP>to <w NP0>Abe<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>found <w DPS>its <w NN1>way <w AV0>directly <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>coffers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>faction <w PRP>without <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>registered <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>funds <w VVB-NN1>control <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1077"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Abe<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>arrest <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>faction <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="1078"><w NP0>Yosahiro <w NP0>Hayashi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>newly-appointed <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Abe <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>trouble<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02T>
<s n="1079"><w NN1-VVG>Reconvening <w PRF>of <w NN1>Diet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1080"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>faction <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="1081"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w VVD>reconvened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>fend <w AVP>off <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kyowa <w NN1>money <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abe <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38558<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1082"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>questioned <w AV0>once again <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Recruit-Cosmos <w NN1>scandal <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36463<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>about <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>new <w NN2>questions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1083"><w PRP>With <w DPS>his <w NN1>popularity <w VVG>falling <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>programme <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0-VVN>paralysed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<w POS>'s <w NN1>preoccupation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>scandals<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miyazawa <w AV0>even <w VVN-VVD>hinted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP-CJS>considering <w VVG>calling <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1084"><c PUL>(<w CJS>Although <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1992<c PUN>, <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1085"><w AT0>The <w NN1>suggestion <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>election <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>.
<s n="1086"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>amongst <w AJ0>other <w NP0>LDP <w NN2>factions <w PRP>by <w VVG>persuading <w NN1>Shin <w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru<c PUN>, <w CRD>77<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>faction <w CJC>and <w AV0>arguably <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>figure <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>co-ordinating <w DPS>its <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="1087"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>credited <w PRP>with <w VHG>having <w VVN>ensured <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>selection <w PRP>as <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1088"><w AV0>Even <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN2>skills <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>influence <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>disposal<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>tenure <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>distinctly <w AJ0>uncertain<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02U>
<s n="1089"><w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1090"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>transport <w NN1>firm <w PRP>with <w NN2>links <w PRP>to <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="1091"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>rumoured <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>affair <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>fully <w VVN>revealed <w DPS>its <w NN1>scope <w VM0>would <w VVI>surpass <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w AT0>The <w NN1>firm <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0>Kyubin<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>affiliate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kyoto-based <w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w NN1>parcel <w NN1>delivery <w NN1>firm<c PUN>.
<s n="1093"><w PRP>In <w CRD>mid-1990 <w DPS>its <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w AJ0>managing <w NN1>director <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>after <w NN2>revelations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>firm <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w NN2>guarantees <w PRP>for <w CRD>400,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>unsecured <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>different <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>100,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NN2>companies <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Inagawa-kai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime <w NN1>syndicate<c PUN>.
<s n="1094"><w AT0>The <w NN1>company <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>paid <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w PRP>Prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0>Kyubin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hiroyasu <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w VVD>compiled <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w VVG>listing <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="1096"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>District <w NN1-AJ0>Public <w NN1>Prosecutor<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Watanabe <w NN1>memorandum <w VVD>included <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Minsters <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>faction <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>individuals <w VVG>receiving <w NN2>amounts <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w CRD>10,800 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02V>
<s n="1097"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Apology <w PRP>over <w NN1>wartime <w NN1-VVB>conduct
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1098"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Kaifu<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37960<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1099"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w CRD>two <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1100"><w NP0>Roh <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>resurrect <w AJ0>stalled <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>despatch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces <w AV0>overseas <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>actions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38529<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1101"><w NP0>Roh <w AV0>also <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>widening <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w UNC>US&dollar;8,800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>constituted <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
<s n="1102"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VVD>promised <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w VVG>cutting <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>resisted <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>technology <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>imbalance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1103"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>issue <w VVN>raised <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>colonial <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>specifically <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>recruitment <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>women <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>some <w NN2>historians <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>200,000 <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w AV0>sexually <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Imperial <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>Army <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NN1>South-East <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1104"><w PRP>Prior to <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>evidence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>uncovered <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w NN1>public <w NN1>outrage <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="1105"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>in part <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>research <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>archives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>partly <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>suit <w VVN-VVD>filed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>District <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w DT0>former<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>comfort <w NN2>women<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1106"><w CJS>Whereas <w AT0>the <w NN1>recruitment <w PRF>of <w NN1>comfort <w NN2>women <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>as <w AJ0>young <w CJS>as <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>age <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>acknowledged <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>proof <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>uncovered <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>practice <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>official <w CJC>and <w AV0>systematically <w VVN-AJ0>imposed <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1107"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Korea <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>apologised <w DT0>several <w NN2>times <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>history <w NN2>books <w VM0>should <w AV0>honestly <w VVI>record <w AT0>the <w AJ0>true <w NN2>facts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>practice<c PUN>.
<s n="1108"><w PRP>In the light of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>revelations <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w AV0>formally <w VVD>petitioned <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>.
<s n="1109"><w CJS>Although <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN1>compensation <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>issue <w DTQ>which <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>decided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>demand <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>recompense <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>remorse<c PUN>.
<s n="1110"><w NN2>Others <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1965 <w NN1>normalization <w NN1>treaty <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>20972<c PUN>; <w CRD>21310<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>whilst <w XX0>not <w AV0>explicitly <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>comfort <w NN2>women <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>resolved <w DT0>all <w NN2>matters <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NN1>war <w NN2>reparations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02W>
<s n="1111"><w NN1>Apology <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1112"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>broke <w PRP>with <w NN1>tradition <w PRP>by <w VVG>issuing <w AT0>an <w NN1>apology <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN1>conduct<c PUN>.
<s n="1113"><w PNP>He <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w NN1>region <w VVD>endured <w AJ0>unbearable <w NN1>suffering <w CJC>and <w NN1>sorrow <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>actions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1114"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stated <w DPS>his <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>reiterate <w DPS>my <w AJ0>heartfelt <w NN1>remorse <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>regret <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>happened<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1115"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w AV0>honestly <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN2>facts<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>concerning <w NN2>atrocities <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>imperial <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>silent <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>teaching <w PRF>of <w NN1>history <w VM0>should <w VVI>nurture<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>admonition <w AV0>never <w TO0>to <w VVI>repeat <w DT0>these <w NN2>misdeeds<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1116"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1117"><w NP0>NORTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1118"><w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>safeguards <w VVB-NN1>accord <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan
</head>
<p>
<s n="1119"><w AT0>The <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>safeguards <w VVB>accord <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
<s n="1120"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Team <w NN1>Spirit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exercises <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38713<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1121"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hong <w NN1>Gun <w NN1-NP0>Pyo<c PUN>, <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Blix<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>Director-General<c PUN>.
<s n="1122"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>following <w DPS>its <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>previously <w VVN>discharged <w DPS>its <w NN1>obligation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>signatory <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w CJC>and <w VVI>sign <w AT0>a <w NN2>safeguards <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1123"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VVN>initialled <w AT0>an <w NN1>outline <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>peninsula <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38659-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1124"><w PNP>They <w VVD>exchanged <w NN2>texts <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w AJ0-NN1>level <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>truce <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Panmunjom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>operational <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>copies <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pyongyang<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02X>
<s n="1126"><w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1127"><w AT0>The <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconciliation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>Koreas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NN1>North<w POS>'s <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>abandonment <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AJ0>tentative <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>between <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1128"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>communicating <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>years <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low <w NN1>level <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
<s n="1129"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVB>let <w PNP>it <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>upgrade <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>talks <w CJS>if <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>.
<s n="1130"><w DT0>This <w NN1>point <w VBD>was <w VVN>reiterated <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w NN1>Under-Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arnold <w NP0>Kanter<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NN1>Sun<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1131"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>highest-level <w NN1>contact <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>represent <w AT0>an <w NN1>upgrading <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-off <w NN1>event <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>impress <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>safeguards <w VVB-NN1>issue <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1132"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>team <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w UNC>Il<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>49-year-old <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kim <w UNC>Il <w NP0>Sung<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>formulation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1133"><w AT0>The <w NN1>claim <w VBD>was <w AJ0>consistent <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>measures <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>elder <w NP0>Kim <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>succession <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w UNC>Il <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLFCA02Y>
<s n="1134"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>normalization <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1135"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>for <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN2>safeguards <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
<s n="1136"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>take <w AJ0>positive <w NN2>steps<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w NN1>war <w NN2>reparations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>aid <w CJS>if <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1137"><w AT0>The <w NN1>compensation <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>deadlocked <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="1138"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30-31<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>extended <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w NN1>day <w PRP>to <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1139"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w NN1>breakthrough <w VBD>was <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>offered <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>safeguards <w VVB-NN1>accord <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1140"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1141"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1142"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor
</head>
<p>
<s n="1143"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w NN2>mayors <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governors <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1992 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed <w AV0>indefinitely<c PUN>.
<s n="1144"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>or <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1145"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AV0>vehemently <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>legally <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>polls <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1146"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>observers <w VBD>were <w AJ0>surprised <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w VBG>being <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>gave <w AT0>no <w NN1>indication <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
<s n="1147"><w NP0>Kim<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>factions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1148"><w NP0>Roh <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>choosing <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w NN1>convention<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1149"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>interpreted <w DT0>this <w TO0>to <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>relative <w NN2>strengths <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w NN2>factions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>legislature <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AJ0>crucial <w PRP>in <w VVG>determining <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Roh<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1150"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1151"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1152"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>politics <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1153"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping <w PRP>to <w NP0>Guangdong <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Increased <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1154"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AV0>highly <w AJ0-VVN>publicized <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>elder <w NN1>statesman<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Guangdong <w NN1>province <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN1>line<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>once again <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ascendant<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1155"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VVD-VVN>marked <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>appearance <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1156"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w PNP>he <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>fit <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>good <w NN2>spirits<c PUN>.
<s n="1157"><w PNP>He <w VVD>started <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shenzhen<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w CRD>five <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>zones <c PUL>(<w NP0>SEZs<c PUR>) <w VVD>established <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1970s <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>showcase <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Dengist <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="1158"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Deng <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0-NN1>Shuhai<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>SEZ<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Shenzhen <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shuhai <w NP0>Deng <w VBD>was <w VVN>joined <w PRP>at <w AJ0>various <w NN2>times <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang<w POS>'s <w AJC>younger <w NN1>brother <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>secretariat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qiao <w NP0>Shih<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP <w NN1>politburo <w NN1-VVG>standing <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>secretariat<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>Vice-Premier<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1160"><w NP0>Deng <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reformist <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Guangdong<c PUN>.
<s n="1161"><w PRP>In <w CRD>one <w NN1>speech <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w DT0>several<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kongs<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>along <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
<s n="1162"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>warned <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>elements <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>whoever <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>reform <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>stage<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1163"><w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>articles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>media <w VVG>suggesting <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>slowed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>austerity <w NN1-VVB>drive <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>accelerate<c PUN>.
<s n="1164"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>hints <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>line <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>emerging<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1165"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>department <w NN2>directors <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Ruihuan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w NN1-VVG>standing <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>devote <w AJC>greater <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>publicizing <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VVI>stop <w VVG>delivering <w AJ0>dry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>empty <w NN2>sermons <w CJC>and <w VVG>conveying <w AJ0>formalistic <w NN1>propaganda<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA030></p>
<caption id=HLFCA030>
<s n="1166"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w AJ0>intellectual <w NN1>property <w NN2>rights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1167"><w NP0-NN1>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN-VVD>averted <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>war <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN1>settlement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intellectual <w NN1>property <w NN2>rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>IPR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1168"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w NN1>IPR <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>Section <w CRD>301 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>Omnibus <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>imposed <w AJ0>retaliatory <w NN2>duties <w PRP>on <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;450,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1169"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38575 <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1170"><w AT0>A <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN2>hours <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w NN1>deadline <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>issues <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>computer <w NN1>software <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>patents<c PUN>.
<s n="1171"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>China <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN2>inventions <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>copyrighted <w NN0>works<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>computer <w NN1>software<c PUN>, <w NN1>product <w NN2>patents<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>sound <w NN2>recordings <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>secrets<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA031></p>
<caption id=HLFCA031>
<s n="1172"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN1-VVB>tour <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Attendance <w PRP>at <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1173"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w VVD-VVN>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1174"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26-28 <w NP0>Li <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Giulio <w NP0-NN1>Andreotti<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w NP0>Li <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Switzerland <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28-29 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0-NN1>Felber <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0>Jean-Pascal <w NN1-NP0>Delamuraz<c PUN>.
<s n="1176"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arnold <w NP0>Koller<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>cancelled <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>side <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tibet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1177"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Li <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Davos <c PUL>(<w NP0>Switzerland<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum<c PUN>.
<s n="1178"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w NP0>Li <w VVD>outlined <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>affirmed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>change <w DPS>its <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w VVG>opening <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVB>enjoy <w AJ0-AV0>wide <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>support<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1179"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w NP0>Li <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38744<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>.
<s n="1180"><w PNP>He <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1181"><w NP0>Li <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>via <w NP0>Portugal <c PUL>(<w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2-4<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain <c PUL>(<w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4-6<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA032></p>
<caption id=HLFCA032>
<s n="1182"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN1>delegation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1183"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN2>MPs <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>engaging <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>activities <w AJ0>incompatible <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>status<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1184"><w PRP>Prior to <w DPS>their <w NN1>expulsion <w AT0>the <w NN1>delegation <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imprisoned <w NN2>dissidents <w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Juntao <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chen <w NP0>Ziming <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38395<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1185"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1186"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1187"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>resignation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1188"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38290<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>328 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Punsalmaagiyn <w NP0-NN1>Ochirbat <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1189"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD-VVN>renounced <w NN1>socialism<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic <w PRP>with <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>adhere <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>.
<s n="1190"><w NP0>Mongolia <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w NN1>neutrality <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>encourage <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mixed <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w VVG-AJ0>retaining <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w NN1>pastureland<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1191"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1192"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>altered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0-NN1>bicameral <w NN1>system <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38626-27<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AVQ>whereby <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens <w AV0>over <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w AT0>The <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w VVN>changed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>yellow <w NN1>star <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>flag<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1194"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dashiyn <w NP0>Byambasuren <w VVD>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <w CJC>and <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w AV0>no longer <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1195"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPRP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>urged <w NP0-NN1>Byambasuren <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ochirbat <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="1196"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>186 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>129 <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0-NN1>Byambasuren<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="1197"><w PNP>He <w VM0>would <w VVI>stay <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VVD>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1198"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1199"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1200"><w NN1-NP0>Legco <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NN1>governorship
</head>
<p>
<s n="1201"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>debate <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Legco<c PUR>) <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>manner <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>handling <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w POS>'s <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David <w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>.
<s n="1202"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>disclosed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1203"><w AT0>The <w NN1>debate <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Co-operative <w NN1>Resource <w NN1>Centre<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>councillors<c PUN>, <w VVG>requesting <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>convey <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>public<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>governor<c PUN>.
<s n="1204"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tied <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presiding <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Legco<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Swaine<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>debate <w VBD>was <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>without <w VVG>appointing <w AT0>a <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>.
<s n="1206"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>reflected<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w VVD>breathed <w PRP>into <w AJ0>local <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w NN1-NP0>Legco <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38436<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA033></p>
<caption id=HLFCA033>
<s n="1207"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>delegation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1208"><w NN1-NP0>Lu <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macao <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>headed <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6-13<c PUN>.
<s n="1209"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>airport <w NN1>project <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38340<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Final <w NN1>Appeal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38679<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>workings <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Legco<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1210"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1211"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1212"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1213"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Thai <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w NN1>Army <w NN1>chief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1214"><w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15-17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>Premier <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>reunification <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
<s n="1215"><w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>South-East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>tour <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1216"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Anand <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w CJC>and <w VDB>Do <w NP0>Muoi<c PUN>, <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPV<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1217"><w DT0>Much <w PRF>of <w NP0>Anand<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1218"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w VVG-AJ0>amending <w CJC>and <w VVG>updating <w AT0>a <w CRD>1978 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1219"><w AT0>A <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>on <w NN1>rice <w NN1>trading <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>signed <c PUL>(<w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand <w VBD>were <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>rice <w NN2>exporters<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1220"><w NP0>Thailand <w VVD>offered <w NP0>Vietnam <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>credits <w PRP>worth <w CRD>150 <w CRD>million <w NN1>baht <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000,000<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w AJ0>Thai <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="1221"><w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Thai <w NN1>consulate-general <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>authorized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Thai <w NN1>bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>branch <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="1222"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1223"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Anand <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w DPS>its <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1224"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thailand<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander <w CJC>and <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6-8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1225"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w VVD>informed <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w NP0>Thailand <w VBD>was <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w VVG>trading <w AJ0>spare <w AJ0>military <w NN2>parts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w VVG>exchanging <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>US-constructed <w NN0>aircraft <c PUL>(<w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>tank <w NN2>parts<c PUN>.
<s n="1226"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w AV0>also <w VVD>invited <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>officials <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AJ0>Thai <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exercises <w CJC>and <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>making <w DT0>this <w NN1>offer <w CJS>after <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>turned <w AVP-PRP>down <w DPS>his <w NN1>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0>Cam <w NP0-NN1>Ranh<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA034></p>
<caption id=HLFCA034>
<s n="1227"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Malaysia <w PRP>by <w NN1>Premier
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1228"><w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Malaysia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20-23<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>to <w NP0>Malaysia <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
<s n="1229"><w PNP>He <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamed<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASEAN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1230"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>were <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w NN2-VVZ>ties<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malaysia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NP0>Spratly <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA035></p>
<caption id=HLFCA035>
<s n="1231"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>delegation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w NN1>resumption
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1232"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13-18 <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1233"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>nine-member <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>included <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministries <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>.
<s n="1234"><w PRP>Amongst <w AT0>the <w NN2>topics <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w CRD>30,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;240 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>showed <w NP0>Japan <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>trading <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA036></p>
<caption id=HLFCA036>
<s n="1236"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w NP0>KGB <w NN2-VVZ>contacts <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NN2>POWs <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Visits <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>delegations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1237"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1238"><w NP0>Oleg <w NP0>Kalugin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37722<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>press <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January <w PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>KGB <w NN2>personnel <w VHD>had <w VVN>interviewed <w NP0>US <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <c PUL>(<w NN2>POWs<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
<s n="1239"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>always <w VVN>maintained <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w DT0>all <w NP0>US <w NN2>POWs <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>peace <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973<c PUN>.
<s n="1240"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>government <w VVD>denounced <w NP0>Kalugin<w POS>'s <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sheer <w NN1>fabrication<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1241"><w NP0>Stephen <w NP0>Solarz<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>subcommittee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Asian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>.
<s n="1242"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Vessey<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w NP0>30-Feb. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MIA <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w NP0-NN1>Vessey <w VHD>had <w ORD>last <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1245"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>reviewed <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>investigations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>119<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>discrepancy <w NN2>cases<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA037></p>
<caption id=HLFCA037>
<s n="1246"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1247"><w NP0>Jin <w NP0>Nyum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w NN1-NP0>Chin <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>re-unification <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
<s n="1249"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>formal <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1250"><w PRP>During <w NP0>Jin<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>on <w NN2>resources <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA038></p>
<caption id=HLFCA038>
<s n="1251"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>visitors
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1252"><w NP0>Gianni <w NP0>De <w NP0>Michelis<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>, <w VDB>Do <w AJ0>Muoi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Manh <w NP0>Cam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1253"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w NP0>De <w NP0>Michelis <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>expanded <w NN1>aid <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;60,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>package <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AJ0>new <w NN2>projects <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993-94 <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1254"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>visitors <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVD>included <w NP0>Ursula <w NN1>Seiler-Albring<c PUN>, <w AJ0>German <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Earl <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Caithness<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA039></p>
<caption id=HLFCA039>
<s n="1255"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>over <w NP0>Cam <w NP0-NN1>Ranh <w NN1>base
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1256"><w NP0>Komsomolskaya <w NP0>Pravda <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>delegation <w VM0>would <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>before <w CRD>mid-1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cam <w NP0>Ranh <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
<s n="1257"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>its <w NN2>warships <w CJC>and <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cam <w VVD>Ran <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1258"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>major <w NN1>warship <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Cam <w NP0>Ranh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Admiral <w NP0>Spiridonov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vladivostok <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1259"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1260"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1261"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Kaysone <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thailand
</head>
<p>
<s n="1262"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0-NN1>Phomvihane <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laos <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6-15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laos-Thailand <w NN1>border <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38681<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1263"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w NP0>Kaysone<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1264"><w PNP>He <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w NP0>Adulyadej <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Anand <w NP0-NN1>Panyarachun<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03A>
<s n="1265"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN2>rebels
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1266"><w NN1>Army <w NN1>Television <w NN1>Channel <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w DT0>that <w NN1>fighting <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>broken <w AVP>out <w PRP>between <w NP0>Lao <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vientiane <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1267"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w VHD>had <w VVN>erupted <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>post <w PRP>at <w NN1>Bang <w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Nua<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sanakham <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vientiane <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="1268"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w CRD>400 <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VVN>crossed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Loei <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1269"><w NP0>Thailand <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>sealed <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w NN1>Lao <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1270"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1271"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1272"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>politics <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1273"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN1>chief <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>UN <w NN1>mine <w NN1>clearance <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1274"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>Yasushi <w NN1-NP0>Akashi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRP>for <w NN1>Disarmament <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1275"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>observers <w VHD>had <w VVN>expected <w NP0>Rafeeuddin <w NP0>Ahmed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>since <w CRD>1982<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1276"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Akashi<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VBZ>is <w VVG>using <w DPS>its <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>muscle <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AV0>more <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>UN <w NN2>posts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1277"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-AJ0>adopted <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>728 <w VVG>expanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Advance <w NN1>Mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNAMIC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>mine-clearing <w NN1>operation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03B>
<s n="1278"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees <w CJC>and <w NN2>POWs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w VVN>released <w CRD>290 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>dissidents <w CJC>and <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <c PUL>(<w NN2>POWs<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w NN2>prisons <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jean-Jacques <w NP0>Fresard<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN2>operations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1281"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>prisoners <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fresard <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>SOC <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w DT0>some <w CRD>400 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>detainees <w CJC>and <w NN2>POWs <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cancelled <w CJS>after <w NP0>Fresard <w VVD>denounced <w PNP>it <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pure <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>piece<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1283"><w NP0>SPK<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SOC <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>144 <w NN2>prisoners <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>detainees <w CJC>and <w CRD>120 <w NN2>POWs <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03C>
<s n="1284"><w NP0>SNC <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1285"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>all-party <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <w VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1286"><w AT0>The <w DT0>latter <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Akashi <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ataul <w NP0>Karim<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNAMIC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03D>
<s n="1287"><w NN1>Assassination <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tea <w NN1>Bun <w AV0-AJ0>Long <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Attempted <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ung <w NP0>Phan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1288"><w NN1>Tea <w NN1>Bun <w AV0>Long<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w NN1>official <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="1289"><w AV0>Long <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>abducted <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>left <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>pray-for-peace<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1290"><w DPS>His <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN2>outskirts <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1291"><w AV0-AJ0>Long<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>anti-corruption <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38680<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1292"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest <w AV0>Long <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>outspoken <w NN2>critics <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>among <w NN2>politicians <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="1293"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>official <w VVN-VVD>quoted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>claimed <w AV0>that <w AV0-AJ0>Long<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>killing <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>faction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>afraid <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>losing <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberalized <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation <w VVN>brought <w AVP>about <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>intervention<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1294"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Sihanouk<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>worried<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0-AV0>Long<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination<c PUN>.
<s n="1295"><w PNP>He <w VVD>summoned <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>palace <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1296"><w NP0>Ung <w NP0>Phan<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>political <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>, <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN-AJ0>escaped <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w NP0>Ung <w NP0>Phan <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Posts <w CJS-PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1990 <w PRP>for <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new<c PUN>, <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37598-99<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1298"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03E>
<s n="1299"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1300"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>SOC <w CJC>and <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-central <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>gravest <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>violation <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1301"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>erupted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w VVN-VVD>fought <w PRP>for <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>districts <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Svay <w CJC>and <w VVD>Stoeung<c PUN>.
<s n="1302"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w CRD>10,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>displaced <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03F></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03F>
<s n="1303"><w NN2>Appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1304"><w AT0>The <w ORD>22nd <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27-31 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38680 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>.
<s n="1305"><w NP0-NN1>Bou <w NP0-NN1>Thang <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chea <w NP0>Soth <w VBD>were <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN2>Vice-Chairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sar <w NP0-NN1>Kheng <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Norodom <w NP0-NN1>Chakkrapong<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w NP0>Sar <w NP0>Kheng <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>appointed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Sin <w NN1>Song <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1307"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AJ0>anti-terrorist <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>kidnapping <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03G>
<s n="1308"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Singapore <w AJ0>United <w NN2>States <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>, <w VVD>imposed <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>17 <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously <w CJS>when <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>rebels <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Western <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Peng <w PRP>from <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>attention <w VVD-VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reconstruction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>so <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reconciliation <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w NN1>home <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1311"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>SOC <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w VVB-NN1>Sok <w AT0>An <w AJ0>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>move <w VM0>would <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>raise <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1312"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>officials <w VVD>turned <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVZ>remains <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03H>
<s n="1313"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>visitors
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1314"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>visitors <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>during <w NP0>January <w PRP>including <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Manh <w NP0>Cam<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Phoune <w NP0>Sipaseuth<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Alatas<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gianni <w NP0>De <w NP0>Michelis<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Earl <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Caithness<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sadako <w NP0>Ogata<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stephen <w NP0>Solarz<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>subcommittee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Asian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <w NN2>Affairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>French <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1315"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1316"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1317"><w AJ0>Pre-election <w NN2>appointments <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>manoeuvring
</head>
<p>
<s n="1318"><w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>33-member <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN1>date <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38681<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1319"><w VVN>Headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kasem <w NP0-NN1>Suwannagul<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>University <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>comprised <w NN1>university <w NN2>rectors<c PUN>, <w NN2>academics<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN1>labour <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w NN2>students<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03J>
<s n="1320"><w AJ0>Pre-election <w NN1>party <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1321"><w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Samakki <w NP0>Tham<c PUN>, <w NP0>Prachakorn <w NP0-NN1>Thai <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>avoid <w VVG-AJ0>competing <w PRP>against <w PNX>each other <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1322"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1323"><w NP0>Chamlong <w NP0>Simaung<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>popular <w CJC>and <w AJ0>charismatic <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bangkok <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Palang <w NP0>Dharma<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w NN1>Constituency <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AV0>fiercely <w AJ0-VVN>contested <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1324"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w NP0>Yongchaiyut<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Aspiration <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>NAP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w NN1>Constituency <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>standing <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Nonthaburi <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="1325"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>wrangling <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>NAP <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Squadron <w NP0>Leader <w NP0>Prasong <w NP0-NN1>Soonsiri <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>effectively <w NP0>Chaovalit<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>faction <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1326"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Arthit <w NP0>Kamlang-Ek <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Puangchon <w NP0>Chao <w NP0-NN1>Thai <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1-AJ0>Force-backed <w NP0-NN1>Samakki <w NP0-NN1>Tham<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03K>
<s n="1327"><w NN1>Position <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chatichai
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1328"><w VVB>Kraisak <w NP0-NN1>Choonhaven<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0-NN1>Choonhaven <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>toppled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38003-04<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>father<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Chart <w NN1-AJ0>Thai <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1329"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chatichai <w VVD>filed <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Court <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>assets <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military-established <w NN2>Assets <w NN1>Verification <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>AVC <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38681<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1330"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AVC <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets <w PRP>worth <w AV0>over <w CRD>600 <w CRD>million <w NN1>baht <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;24,500,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Subin <w NP0-NN1>Pinkayan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chatichai <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1331"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chatichai <w NN1>government <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>assets <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>seized <w CJS>after <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>unusually <w AJ0>wealthy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>AVC <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Pramual <w NN1>Sabhavasu <w CJC>and <w NN2>Police <w NN1>Captain <w NP0-NN1>Chalerm <w NP0>Yubamrung<c PUN>.
<s n="1332"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w NP0-NN1>Chalerm<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Muan <w NN0>Chon<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1333"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1334"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1335"><w NN2>Appointments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bangladesh
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1336"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NP0>SLORC <w NN2>members <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1337"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expanded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>addition <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1338"><w NP0>Maung <w NP0>Hla<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1339"><w NP0>Kyaw <w NN0>Min <w CJC>and <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1340"><w NP0>Soe <w NP0-NN1>Myint<c PUN>.
<s n="1341"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reorganized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLFCA03L><s n="1342"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saw <w VVD>Maung <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>U <w NP0>Ohn <w NP0>Gyaw <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<caption id=HLFCA03L>
<s n="1343"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Myanma <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1344"><w UNC>***Rear <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1345"><w NP0>Maung <w NP0>Maung <w NP0-NN1>Khin <w NN2>Mines
</p>
<p>
<s n="1346"><w UNC>***Lt. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1347"><w NN1>Tin <w NN1-NP0>Tun <w NN1>Transport<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w UNC>Welfare**
</p>
<p>
<s n="1348"><w UNC>***Lt. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1349"><w NN1-VVB>Phone <w VVB-NN1>Myint <w AV0>Home <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w UNC>Culture**
</p>
<p>
<s n="1350"><w UNC>***Lt. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1351"><w VVD-VVN>Aung <w PNP>Ye <w VVB>Kyaw <w NN2>Co-operatives
</p>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w UNC>***Lt. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1353"><w NP0>Sein <w NP0>Aung <w NN1>Industry <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1354"><w UNC>***Lt. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><w VVB>Chit <w AJ0>Swe <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN2>Forests <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w NP0>David <w NP0>Abel <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>; <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Pe <w NP0>Thein <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Education
</p>
<p>
<s n="1357"><w UNC>*Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1358"><w NP0-NN1>Myo <w NP0-NN1>Thant <w UNC>Information**
</p>
<p>
<s n="1359"><w UNC>*Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1360"><w NP0>Maung <w NP0>Maung <w NN0>Livestock <w NN1>Breeding <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries
</p>
<p>
<s n="1361"><w UNC>*U <w NP0>Khin <w NP0>Maung <w NP0>Thein <w NN1>Energy
</p>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w UNC>*U <w VVB>Win <w NP0>Sein <w NN1>Rail <w UNC>Transport**
</p>
<p>
<s n="1363"><w UNC>*U <w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe <w NN1>Industry <c PUL>(<w CRD>II<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1364"><w UNC>*U <w NP0>Khin <w NP0>Maung <w NP0>Yin <w NN1>Construction
</p>
<p>
<s n="1365"><w UNC>*U <w NP0>Soe <w DT0>Tha <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w UNC>Telecommunications**
</p>
<p>
<s n="1366"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1367"><w UNC>**Newly <w AJ0-VVN>created <w NN1>ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1368"><w UNC>***Altered <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03M>
<s n="1369"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>border <w NN1>tension <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bangladesh <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Military <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w NP0>Rohingya <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>rebels
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1370"><w PRP>Throughout <w NP0>January <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Arakan <w NN1>province <w VVN-VVD>crossed <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bangladesh <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>offensive <w VVN>launched <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1-NP0>Rohingya <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w VVG>operating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="1371"><w NN1-NP0>Arakan <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>majority <w NN1>province <w PRP>in <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>60,000 <w NP0-NN1>Rohingya <w NN2>refugees <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w NP0>Bangladesh <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AV0>exceptionally <w AJ0>brutal <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>defenceless <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="1373"><w DT0>Most <w VBD>were <w VVG>living <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w NN1>refugee <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cox<w POS>'s <w NN1>Bazar <w NN1>district<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1374"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Arakan <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>broader <w NN1>offensive <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>against <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1375"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVG>fighting <w NP0>Karen <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>border <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Manerplaw<c PUN>, <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Kachin <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Myanma <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Naga <w NN2>rebels <w VVN>based <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nagaland<c PUN>.
<s n="1376"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVG>streaming <w PRP>into <w NP0>Thailand <w CJC>and <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1377"><w AT0>The <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rohingya <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangladesh <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>tension <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bangladesh-Myanma <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>deteriorated <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Bangladeshi <w NN1>border <w NN1>guard <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN2>troops <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38681<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1379"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w NP0>Myanma <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bangladesh <w VVD>held<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>flag <w NN2>meetings<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>tension<c PUN>.
<s n="1380"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>defence <w NN2>sources <w VVN-VVD>quoted <w PRP>in <w NN1>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Myanma <w VHD>had <w VVN>deployed <w AV0>over <w CRD>75,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>along <w DPS>its <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1381"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1382"><w NP0>UZBEKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1383"><w NN1>Student <w NN2>riots
</head>
<p>
<s n="1384"><w NN2>Students <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tashkent<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>rioted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>over <w AJ0>high <w NN1>price <w NN2>rises <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1385"><w AT0>A <w NN1>crowd <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>10,000 <w AJ0-VVD>overturned <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w AJ0>smashed <w NN1>shop <w NN2>windows<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NN1>student <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>police <w VVN-VVD>fired <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>crowd<c PUN>; <w CRD>50 <w NN2>students <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="1386"><w AT0>The <w NN2>students <w VBD>were <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>marching <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov<c PUN>.
<s n="1387"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w NP0>Karimov<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="1388"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AJ0>educational <w NN2>institutions <w VBD>were <w VVN>closed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>winter <w VVB-NN1>holiday <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0-AJ0>early<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1389"><w AT0>The <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>TASS <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>under <w NP0>Uzbek <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Abdulkhashim <w NP0>Mutalov<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>.
<s n="1390"><w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>decreed <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN2>prices <w VVG>affecting <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>grants <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>grievances <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>student <w NN1>grant <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>kept <w NN1>pace <w PRP>with <w NN2>prices<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Presidium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w VVG>blaming <w AT0>the <w NN2>riots <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>intrigues <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>provocateurs<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>hinder <w NP0>Uzbekistan<w POS>'s <w NN1>path <w PRP>to <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1392"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1393"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1394"><w NN1>Termination <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>arms <w NN2>supplies <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVZ-NN2>Moves <w PRP>towards <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="1395"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>ended <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>deliveries <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rival <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN2>factions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>US-Soviet <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38437-38<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1396"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VBD>was <w VVG>pressing <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hardline <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>factions <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1397"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w AV0>vehemently <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezb-e <w NP0-NN1>Islami<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>principal <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
<s n="1398"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w DT0>that <w NN1>Hekmatyar <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN2>backers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03N>
<s n="1399"><w AJ0>Major <w NN1-VVB>change <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>policy <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Isolation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w NN1>faction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1400"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w DPS>its <w AJ0>full <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38194<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w DPS>its <w NN1>lead<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>modification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>policy <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AJ0>military <w NN1>leadership <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1402"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Asif <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Janjua<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>since <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w AV0>swiftly <w TO0>to <w VVI>alter <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Hekmatyar <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mirza <w NP0>Aslam <w NP0>Beg<c PUN>.
<s n="1403"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Nawaz <w VVD>made <w AJ0>clear <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w VVG>attending <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-King <w NP0-NN1>Zahir <w NP0>Shah <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>initiative <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1404"><w VVB-NN1>Nawaz <w AV0>then <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>patron <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Gen. <w AJ0>Hammed <w NN1>Gul<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN0>corps <w NN1>commander <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Multan<c PUN>.
<s n="1405"><w VVB-NN1>Gul<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Inter-Services <w NN1>Intelligence <c PUL>(<w NP0>ISI<c PUR>) <w PRP>until <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w PRP>since <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>determining <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1406"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Nawaz <w AV0>also <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>warned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NP0>ISI <w NN1>head<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Assad <w NP0>Durrani<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AJ0>covert <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
<s n="1407"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>enjoy <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jammat-i-Islami<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1408"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>parties <w AV0>together <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>workshop<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w DT0>All <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>conflict <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>invited <w PRP>to <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>postponed <w CJS>after <w NN2>disagreements <w VVD>arose <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN2>groups <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1410"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1411"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1412"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>France
</head>
<p>
<s n="1413"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w CRD>Mirage-2000 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>minesweepers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>worth <w PRP>around <w UNC>F1,300 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>France <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0-NN1>Mian <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14-19<c PUN>.
<s n="1414"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>protocol <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>concluded<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w UNC>F367,000,000 <w CJC>and <w UNC>F458,000,000<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w CRD>two <w AJ0>conventional <w NN1>power <w NN2>stations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>.
<s n="1415"><c PUL>(<w CJS>As <w PRP>at <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=F5.4452<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1416"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>settled <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w VVG>involving <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>by <w NP0>France <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>F650,000,000<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w DPS>its <w NN1>abandonment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>re-processing <w NN1>plant <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
<s n="1417"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>900-megawatt <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>French <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVB>adhere <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>) <w VVG>subjecting <w DT0>all <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1418"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sharif <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>requested <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>promised <w PRP>by <w NP0>France <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>involved <w VVG>accepting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN2>safeguards <w DTQ>which <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pakistan <w AV0>today <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1419"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stressed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>producing <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03P>
<s n="1420"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1421"><w NP0>Sharif<w POS>'s <w AJS>latest <w NN1>disavowal <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w VVD>came <w PRP>amidst <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>controversy <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Larry <w NP0>Pressler<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12-13 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN2>components <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1422"><w NP0-NN1>Pressler<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>planned <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>supporting <w NN2>terrorists <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kashmir <w CJC>and <w NP0>Punjab<c PUN>.
<s n="1423"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>author <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1985 <w NP0>Pressler <w NN1>Amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1961 <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Assistance <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VVD>suspended <w DT0>all <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1424"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>resuming <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>supplies <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Washington <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38577<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1425"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>navy <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1426"><w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Kelso <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sharif <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Ishaq <w NP0>Khan <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>.
<s n="1427"><w NP0-NN1>Khan <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Pakistan-American <w NN2>relations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>issue <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJS>if <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w AV0>objectively <w VVZ-NN2>analyses <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>constraints <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1428"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-January<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Asif <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Janjua<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>week-long <w AJ0>private <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>invitation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Command <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Hoar<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>winning <w NP0>US <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1429"><w VVZ-NN2>Reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>US-supplied <w NN1>fleet <w PRF>of <w NN1>F-16 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>grounded <w PRP>due to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Production<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mir <w NP0>Hazar <w NP0>Khan <w NP0-NN1>Bijrani<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1430"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>a <w NN1>Senate <w NN1-VVG>standing <w NN1>committee <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>make<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w VVN>provided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>weapons <w NN0>sales<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>sources <w CJC>but <w VVB>utilize <w DT0>all <w DPS>our <w NN2>capabilities <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w NN1-AJ0>self-reliance <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence <w NN1>production<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1431"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NN2>details <w VVD>emerged <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38684<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>300-megawatt <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;500,000,000<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>installed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Chashma<c PUN>, <w CRD>140 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03R>
<s n="1432"><w NN1>Exchange <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>installations <w VVB-NN1>list <w PRP>with <w NP0>India
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1433"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>India <w VHD>had <w VVN>exchanged <w NN2>lists <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>installations <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>ratified <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37965<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03S>
<s n="1434"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1435"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w DT0>that <w NN1>financing <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>SDR231,700,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;325,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1436"><w PRF>Of <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w UNC>SDR109,300,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;153,000,000<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w ORD>third <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w UNC>SDR122,400,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;172,000,000<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AJ0>available <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>compensatory <w CJC>and <w NN1>contingency <w NN1-VVG>financing <w NN1>facility <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AT0>the <w AJC>higher <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w NN2>imports <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>ending <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03T>
<s n="1437"><w NN1-VVB>Action <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>interest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1438"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w AJ0-VVN>privatized <w AJ0>Muslim <w AJ0>Commercial <w NN1>Bank <w AJ0>Ltd <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>court <w VVG>banning <w NN1>bank <w NN1>interest <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38683-84<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1439"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>revived <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>Islamicization <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sharia <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>law<c PUR>) <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1440"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1441"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1442"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1443"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>Unity <w NN1-VVB>march<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1444"><w ZZ0>A <w UNC>14,000-km<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>unity <w NN1-VVB>march<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>ekta <w NN1>yatra <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>launched <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38682<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Srinigar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <c PUL>(<w NN1>Republic <w NP0>Day<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>30 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>upsurge <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Sikh <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Kashmiri <w NN2>militants<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1445"><w VVG>Unfurling <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>flag <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lal <w NP0>Chowk <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w NN1>president <w NP0-NN1>Murli <w NP0-NN1>Manohar <w NP0-NN1>Joshi <w VVD>told <w DT0>some <w CRD>70 <w NN1>party <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PRP>amidst <w AJ0>tight <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w NN1>state <w NN1>curfew<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>gesture <w VVD>symbolized <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorism <w CJC>and <w NN1>secessionism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1446"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>JKLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Javed <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Mir<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>claimed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DPS>our <w NN1>success<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>stated <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>cavalcade <w PRP>from <w VVG>entering <w NN1-NP0>Srinigar <w PRP>by <w NN1>road<c PUN>.
<s n="1447"><w NN2>Joshi <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w PRP>at <w NP0>Jammu<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>landslide <w VVG>blocking <w AT0>the <w NN1>route<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>flown <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Srinigar <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>carrier<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1448"><w NN2>Warnings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>impending <w NN1>violence <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w PRP>after <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January <w DT0>that <w AJ0>Sikh <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Kashmiri <w NN2>militants <w VVD-VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w VVG>entering <w NP0>Punjab <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1449"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN2>militants <w VVD>ambushed <w NP0>Joshi<w POS>'s <w NN1>cavalcade <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Jullunder <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>five <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>guarantee <w NN1>protection <w PRP>against <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Sikh <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Kashmiri <w NN2>militants<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1450"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN1>explosion<c PUN>, <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>JKLF<c PUN>, <w PRP>inside <w NN2>police <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jammu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>killed <w AT0>a <w NN1>constable <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w DT0>several <w NN2>others<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03U>
<s n="1451"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>post <w PRP>by <w NP0>Priyanka <w NP0>Gandhi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1452"><w NP0>Priyanka <w NP0>Gandhi<c PUN>, <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NN1>daughter <w PRF>of <w AJ0>assassinated <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>declined <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DPS>her <w NN1>priority <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w DPS>her <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
<s n="1453"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi<w POS>'s <w NN1>widow<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sonia <w NP0>Gandhi<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38175<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PRP>against <w VVG>contesting <w DPS>her <w AJ0>late <w NN1>husband<w POS>'s <w NN1>constituency <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03V>
<s n="1454"><w AJC>Further <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w NN2>expulsions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1455"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>dissident <w NN2>MPs <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w NP0>JD<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVG>reducing <w NP0>JD <w NN1>strength <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w PRP>to <w CRD>58<c PUN>.
<s n="1456"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>JD <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38682<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03W>
<s n="1457"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>CPI(M) <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1458"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Marxist<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPI(M)<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w VVD-AJ0>elected <w NP0>Harkishan <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Surjeet<c PUN>, <w CRD>71<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>E. <w NN1>M. <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Namboodiripad <w PRP>as <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA03X><ptr target=HLFCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLFCA03X>
<s n="1459"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLFCA03Y>
<s n="1460"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>steel <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>controls
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w AJ0-VVN>abolished <w NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w NN1>steel <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w AV0>drastically <w VVN-VVD>reduced <w NN2>duties <w PRP>on <w NN1>scrap <w CJC>and <w AJ0>steel-billet <w NN2>imports <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>output<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1462"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>year <w VBD>was <w CRD>1.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>production <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>mining <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>quarrying <w VVD>fell <w CRD>2.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1463"><c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>Import <w NN2>restrictions<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>external <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>contributed <w AV0>substantially <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>scarcity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLFCA040></p>
<caption id=HLFCA040>
<s n="1464"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>wheat <w CJC>and <w NN1>cotton <w NN2>imports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1465"><w AT0>The <w NN1>import <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>wheat<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>bringing <w AVP>down <w NN1>grain <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1466"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>raised <w NN1>food <w NN1>grain <w NN2>prices <w PRP>by <w CRD>20-30 <w NN0>per cent <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38682<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1467"><w AT0>An <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>in <w NN1>cotton <w NN2>prices <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>prompted <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>import <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>bales <w PRF>of <w NN1>cotton <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>weighing <w CRD>170 <w NN0>kg <w DT0>each<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1468"><w AV0>Nearly <w CRD>140,000 <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w CRD>53 <w NN1-VVB>jute <w NN2>mills <w PRP>across <w NN1>West <w NP0>Bengal <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w VVG>demanding <w AJC>higher <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="1469"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>formulation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1-AJ0>public- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private-sector <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>meeting <w NN1>labour <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA041><ptr target=HLFCA042></p>
<caption id=HLFCA041>
<s n="1470"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLFCA042>
<s n="1471"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1472"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>J. <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Dixit<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN2>goods <w VVD-VVN>exchanged <w VBD>were <w VBI>be <w VVN>valued <w PRP>in <w NN2>dollars <w CJC>but <w VVN-VVD>paid <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w NN2>rupees<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rupee-rouble <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1473"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>All-India <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>updating <w AT0>the <w NN1>20-year <w CRD>1971 <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>Peace<c PUN>, <w NN1>Friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>between <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>24773<c PUN>; <w CRD>24820<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1474"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>government-controlled <w NN1>Press <w NN1>Trust <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>PTI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts <w PRP>to <w NP0>India<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA043></p>
<caption id=HLFCA043>
<s n="1475"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>Indo-US <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>army <w NN1-VVG>steering <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1477"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Sharad <w NP0>Pawar <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Indo-US <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVG>moving <w PRP>towards <w AJC>greater<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>openness<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1478"><w NP0>US <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Larry <w NP0>Pressler<c PUN>, <w NN1>author <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>1985 <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1961 <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Assistance <w NN1>Act <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w VBN>been <w VVN>barred <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37764<c PUN>; <w CRD>38726<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>oppose <w VVG>extending <w AT0>the <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1479"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1974 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w NN1>explosion <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>termed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>device<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>26585-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA044></p>
<caption id=HLFCA044>
<s n="1480"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1481"><w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Madhavsinh <w NP0-NN1>Solanki <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19-24 <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w AJC>further <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance <w VM0>would <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1482"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w NP0-NN1>Solanki <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>India<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>complicated <w NN1>position<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in relation to <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in possession of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NP0>India <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA045></p>
<caption id=HLFCA045>
<s n="1483"><w AJ0>Anti-terrorist <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1484"><w AJ0>Broad <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>covering <w NN2>terrorists <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15-17<c PUN>.
<s n="1485"><c PUL>(<w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NP0>Home <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1486"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>Solanki <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w VVN>broached <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPT<c PUN>; <w NP0>Solanki <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPT <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>discriminatory<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w NP0>India<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA046></p>
<caption id=HLFCA046>
<s n="1487"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1488"><w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w NP0>President <w NP0>M&aacute;rio <w NP0>Soares <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25-27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1489"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Solanki <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12-16<c PUN>.
<s n="1490"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>imminent <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA047></p>
<caption id=HLFCA047>
<s n="1491"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1492"><w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Manipur <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>French <w NN1>engineer <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Silva <w VVD>held <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Muslim <w NN2>separatists <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kashmir <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>captivity<c PUN>.
<s n="1494"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Assam <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULFA<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w DPS>their <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>rebellion <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN2>operations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1495"><w CRD>Four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>main <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>boycott <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>117-member <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w CRD>13 <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w VVD-VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1496"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>gun-battle <w PRP>with <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>Maoist <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>War <w NN1>Group <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1497"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1498"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1499"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w NN2>refugees
</head>
<p>
<s n="1500"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NP0>India-Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>produced <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>beginning <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>.
<s n="1501"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>S. <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Chavan<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Madhavsinh <w NP0-NN1>Solanki <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Harold <w NP0-NN1>Herath<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1502"><w AV0>About <w CRD>230,000 <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NN2>Tamils <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>700,000 <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w VVN>displaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="1503"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w VVN>housed <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0-NN1>Orissa<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>India <w VHD>had <w VVN>abandoned <w DPS>its <w AJ0>military <w NN1>involvement <w CJC>and <w VVN>withdrawn <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Peace-Keeping <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>IPKF<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w DPS>their <w NN1>repatriation <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w NN1>crime <w CJC>and <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>camps<c PUN>.
<s n="1505"><w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>security <w NN2>services <w VHD>had <w VVN>tightened <w DPS>their <w NN2>controls <w PRF>of <w NN2>connections <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>camps <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>Tigers <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38175<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1506"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CRD>30,468 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>India <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>were <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w NN1>consent <w VVZ-NN2>forms <w PRP>without <w NN1-VVG>understanding <w NN2>questions <w VVN>written <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1507"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>ship<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w CRD>600 <w NN2>Tamils <w AV0>on board <c PUL>(<w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>employees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w VVG>resuming <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w CJC>or <w VBG>being <w VVN>dismissed<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>sailed <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Trincomalee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1508"><w NN2>Figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>operations <w VVB>command <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>recorded <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,111 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>4,274 <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1509"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>figures <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
<s n="1510"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Trincomalee <w VVD>claimed <w CRD>38 <w NN2-VVZ>lives <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>base <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w DT0>another <w NN1>bomb <w NN1>attack <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>eight <w NN1-VVB>bus <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1-VVB>patrol <w NN1>member<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA048></p>
<caption id=HLFCA048>
<s n="1511"><w NN2>Disappearances <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Official <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN1>army <w NN1>atrocity
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1512"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Working <w NN1>Group <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Enforced <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Involuntary <w NN2>Disappearances <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<w POS>' <w NN1>campaign <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>peaked <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sinhala <w NN1-AJ0>insurgent <w NP0>Janatha <w NP0>Vimukti <w NP0>Peramuna <c PUL>(<w NP0>JVP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37042<c PUN>; <w CRD>37353<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1513"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>report <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>death <w NN2>squads <w PRP>for <w CRD>12,000 <w NN2>disappearances <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>by far <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w AJ0>single <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>could <w AV0>still <w VBI>be <w DT0>many <w DT0>more <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w NN1>team <w VHG>having <w AV0>recently <w VVN>reported <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>estimate <w PRF>of <w CRD>60,000 <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVG>missing<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1514"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>on <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bradman <w NP0-NN1>Weerakoon<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>recommendations <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>extending <w AT0>the <w NN2>investigations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disappeared <w CJC>and <w VVG>publishing <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1515"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>commission <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w VVB-NN1>massacre <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kokkadichcholai <w PRP>near <w NP0>Batticaloa <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38393<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD-VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1516"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>inquiry <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>found <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unrestrained<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vengeance-taking <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NN2>troops <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w CRD>67 <w NN2>civilians <c PUL>(<w AV0>apparently <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>bodies <w VVN>recovered<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>others <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>feared <w AJ0-VVG>missing<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1517"><w AT0>The <w NN1>atrocity <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>deliberate <w AJ0>retaliatory <w NN1>attack<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>landmine <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>two <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>claims <w PRP>by <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>caught <w PRP>in <w NN1>crossfire<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>fire <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1518"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1519"><w NP0>SINGAPORE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1520"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>President <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>relocation <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>naval <w NN0>headquarters <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="1521"><w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3-5 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-country <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>tour <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38713<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1522"><w NP0>Assuring <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>friends<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38677<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVB>spell <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AJ0>American <w NN1>engagement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w AJ0>visible<c PUN>, <w AJ0>credible <w NN1>presence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>forward <w VVN-AJ0>deployed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>defence <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1523"><w PRP>During <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>relocation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>naval <w AJ0>logistic <w NN1>command <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>from <w NP0>Subic <w NN1-VVB>Bay <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w PRP>to <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>.
<s n="1524"><w AT0>The <w NN1>relocation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>unit<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>arranged <w AT0>the <w NN1>repair <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>resupply <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>surface <w NN2>warships <w VVG>operating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>Oceans<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>fall <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>understanding <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w NN2>ships <w VVB-NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NP0>Singapore <w NN2>ports <w CJC>and <w NN2>airfields <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37860-61<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1525"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>oppose <w DT0>any <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NP0>US <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1526"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NN1-NP0>Shangkun <w PRF>of <w NP0>China <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7-11 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Wee <w NP0>Kim <w NN1>Wee <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38441<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1528"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1529"><w NP0>MALAYSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1530"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="1531"><w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Malaysia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11-14<c PUN>.
<s n="1532"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>to <w NP0>Malaysia <w CJC>and <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sultan <w NP0>Azlan <w NP0>Muhibbuddin <w NP0>Shah<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yang <w AJ0-NN1>di-Pertuan <w NN1-NP0>Agong <c PUL>(<w AJ0>paramount <w NN1>ruler<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38441<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1533"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sultan <w NP0-NN1>Azlan <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Malaysia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamad<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>topics<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>East <w NP0>Asia <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Caucus <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38729<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA049></p>
<caption id=HLFCA049>
<s n="1534"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kitangan <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1535"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Datuk <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Pairin <w NP0>Kitingan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sabah <w CJC>and <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0-NN1>Parti <w NP0-NN1>Bersatu <w NP0>Sabah <c PUL>(<w NP0>PBS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1536"><w NP0-NN1>Kitingan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN>charged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Anti-Corruption <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37962<c PUN>; <w CRD>38626<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1537"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1538"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1539"><w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN1>election <w NN2>developments
</head>
<p>
<s n="1540"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w DPS>her <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidacy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w DPS>her <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1541"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w NN1>uncertainty <w VVG>surrounding <w DPS>her <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w ORD>59th <w NN1>birthday <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>finally <w VVN-AJ0>convinced <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>sceptical <w NN2>commentators <w CJT>that <w DPS>her <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>statements <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>term <w VBD>were <w AJ0>genuine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1542"><w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>endorsement <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>annointed <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w CRD>63<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>heir <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>People <w NN1>Power<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>revolt <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ferdinand <w NP0>Marcos <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>installed <w NP0>Aquino <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="1543"><w CJS>As <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>under <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>mutiny <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DT0>this <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>finally <w VVN>convinced <w NP0>Marcos <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>cling <w PRP>to <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="1544"><w AV0>Thereafter<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w AJ0>unswerving <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w VVG>enabling <w PNP>her <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w AJ0>numerous <w NN1>coup <w NN2>attempts<c PUN>.
<s n="1545"><w PNP>He <w VVD>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w DPS>his <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>ambitions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38344<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1546"><w PNP>He <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-AJ0>Laban <w NN0>ng <w NP0-NN1>Demokratikong <w NP0-NN1>Pilipino <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Filipino <w NN1>Struggle <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>straw <w NN1>poll <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rigged <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>chosen <w NP0>Ramon <w NP0>Mitra<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="1547"><w AV0>Thereafter <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>founded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <w NN1>Power <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>adopted <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nominee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1548"><w PRP>In <w VVG>accepting <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>her <w AJ0>unique <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w AV0>greatly <w VVI>assist <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w NN2>voices <w VVG>crying <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wilderness<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1549"><w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>choice <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>quarters <w PRP>for <w VVG>threatening <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>splitting <w DPS>her <w NN1>support <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>between <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w NP0>Ramos <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>candidate <w TO0>to <w VVI>win<c PUN>.
<s n="1550"><w AT0>The <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ramos <w AV0>also <w VVD>ran <w NN1-VVB>counter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>wishes <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cardinal <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Sin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manila <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>loyal <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>advised <w PRP>against <w VVG>choosing <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Protestant <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04A>
<s n="1551"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>28 <w NN2>congressmen <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w NN2>governors <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>.
<s n="1553"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>convention <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Mitra <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1554"><w AT0>The <w NN1>weakness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>traditionally <w PNP>they <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>forged <w PRP-AVP>around <w NN2>individuals <w CJC>and <w NN2>networks <w PRF>of <w NN1>patronage <w CJS>rather than <w VVI>clear <w AJ0>ideological <w NN2>convictions<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>tendency <w AV0>massively <w VVD-VVN>accentuated <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marcos <w NN2>years <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>approaching <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN2>splits<c PUN>, <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>conflicts <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unanticipated <w NN2>alliances<c PUN>.
<s n="1555"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w AV0>rapidly <w VVG-AJ0>changing <w AJ0>political <w NN1>landscape<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w EX0>there <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in addition to <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>.
<s n="1556"><w DT0>These <w VVN-VVD>included<c PUN>:
</p>
<p>
<s n="1557"><w NP0-NN1>Ramon <w NP0>Mitra<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><w NP0-NN1>Mitra <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>considered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>rival <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ramos <w PRP>for <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>endorsement<c PUN>.
<s n="1559"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>showings <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old-style <w NN1>patronage <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w AV0>formally <w VVD>selected <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="1560"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>expected <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>defections <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w PRP>following <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1561"><w NP0-NN1>Marcelo <w NP0-NN1>Fernan<c PUN>.
<s n="1562"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w AJ0>powerful <w NN2>corporations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1563"><w NP0-NN1>Jovito <w NP0>Salonga<c PUN>.
<s n="1564"><w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-of-centre <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>LP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>chosen <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>LP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>LDP-Laban <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Philippine <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>Fight<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="1565"><w AJ0>PDP-Laban <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Aquilino <w NP0>Pimentel <w VBD>was <w VVN>selected <w PRP>as <w NP0>Salonga<w POS>'s <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w AJ0-NN1>running <w NN1>mate<c PUN>.
<s n="1566"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Salonga <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ousted <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nepatali <w NP0>Gonzales<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1567"><w NP0>Salvador <w NP0>Laurel<c PUN>.
<s n="1568"><w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>current<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>estranged<c PUN>, <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nacionalista <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>Laurel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Cojuangco <w CJC>and <w NP0>Juan <w NN1-VVB>Ponce <w NP0>Enrile <w VVD>caused <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP <w TO0>to <w VVI>disintegrate <w PRP>into <w AJ0-VVG>competing <w NN2>factions <w PRP>amidst <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>coups <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>expulsions<c PUN>.
<s n="1570"><w NP0>Enrile <w AV0>eventually <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>his <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>remained <w AV0>deeply <w VVN>divided <w PRP>with <w AV0>both <w NP0>Laurel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cojuangco <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>candidacies <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>real<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>NP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1571"><w NP0>Eduardo<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Danding<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Cojuangco<c PUN>.
<s n="1572"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>estranged <w NN1>cousin <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aquino <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Marcos <w NN1-VVB>associate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cojuangco <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nacionalista <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>developed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w NN1>patronage<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1574"><w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>.
<s n="1575"><w AT0>The <w NN1>widow <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ferdinand <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Imelda <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>offered <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>defunct <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Society <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>KBL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w DPS>her <w AJ0>late <w NN1>husband<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w PNP>she <w VVD>declared <w DPS>her <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VM0>could <w VVI>forge <w AT0>a <w AJ0>united <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="1577"><w CJS>Although <w DPS>her <w NN1>candidacy <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>quarters <w CJS>as <w AJ0>irrelevant<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>potentially <w AT0>the <w AJS>best-funded <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>wealth <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>inaccessible <w PRP>in <w AJ0>frozen <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>remnants <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<w POS>'s <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>patronage <w NN1>network<c PUN>.
<s n="1578"><w PNP>She <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>numerous <w NN1>corruption <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>her <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>recover <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>dollars <w DTQ>which <w PNP>she <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w AV0>allegedly <w VVD-VVN>looted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>during <w DPS>their <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="1579"><w AJ0>Keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>rejoined <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cojuangco <w CJC>or <w NP0>Enrile<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1580"><w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Estrada<c PUN>.
<s n="1581"><w DT0>Former <w NN1>actor<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1582"><w NP0>Miriam <w NP0>Defensor <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>.
<s n="1583"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN1>Reform <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>campaigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>outsider<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1584"><w PRP>In addition to <w AT0>the <w NN2>posts <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w CRD>24 <w NN2>senators<c PUN>, <w CRD>200 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>including <w NN2>mayors <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governors<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1585"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1586"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1587"><w NN1>Government <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tasmania <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1588"><w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>acknowledged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w DT0>that <w NN1>unemployment <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tasmania <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="1589"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w CRD>15 <w NN2>months <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Green <w NN2>legislators <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>kept <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Michael <w NP0-NN1>Field <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37877<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>logging <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w NN2>elections <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36658<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1590"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>final <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>computed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Liberal-National <w NN1>alliance <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>won <w AV0>at least <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>35 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VVG>suffering <w AT0>an <w AJ0>adverse <w NN1>swing <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1591"><w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w NP0>Premier-elect <w NP0>Ray <w NN1>Groom <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>priority <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1592"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1593"><w NP0-NN1>ASEAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1594"><w ORD>Fourth <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1595"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASEAN<c PUR>) <w VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27-28 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>third <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN1>summit <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1987 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35907-08<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1596"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamed<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Hassanal <w NP0-NN1>Bolkiah <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04B>
<s n="1597"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>area <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>caucus
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1598"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>achievement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>tariff <w NN1>reduction <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>under <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>terms <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ASEAN <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFTA<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>2008<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1599"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>AFTA <w NN1>formula <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>approved <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Asean <w NN1>Economics <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malaysia <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38535<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1600"><w NP0-NN1>AFTA <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>tariff <c PUL>(<w PRP>CEPT<c PUR>) <w NN1>mechanism<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AJ0>operational <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN1>tariff <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>to <w AV0>under <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w CRD>15 <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN2>products <w PRP>by <w CRD>2008<c PUN>.
<s n="1601"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mechanism <w VM0>would <w VVI>apply <w PRP>to <w NN2>manufactures <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>processed <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>products <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>to <w AJ0>agricultural <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials<c PUN>.
<s n="1602"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w NN1>opt-out <w NN1>clause <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>six <w PRP>minus <w ZZ0>x<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>countries <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>exemptions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1603"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>East <w AJ0>Asian <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Caucus <c PUL>(<w NP0>EAEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1604"><w NP0>Malaysia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>endorsement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EAEC <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>action <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation<c PUN>.
<s n="1605"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia <w AV0>in particular <w VBD>was <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>referred <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>at <w NN1>committee <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1606"><w NP0>Indonesia <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>incorporation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>EAEC <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJC>wider <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Asia <w NP0>Pacific <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <c PUL>(<w NP0>APEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w NP0-NN1>Mahathir <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w DT0>this <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w NP0>East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>countries <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>grouping <w AV0>independently <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1608"><w AT0>The <w CRD>six <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>agreed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>ASEAN <w VM0>should <w VVI>intensify <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>issues <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>mechanism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ASEAN <w AJ0>Post-Ministerial <w NN2>Conferences <c PUL>(<w NP0>PMC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1609"><w AT0>A <w NN1>plan <w VVD-VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NP0>Singapore <w TO0>to <w VVI>invite <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w NP0>ASEAN<w POS>'s <w CRD>1976 <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>Amity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <c PUL>(<w NP0>TAC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1610"><w AT0>The <w CRD>six <w VVN-VVD>approved <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>India <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dialogue <w NN2>partners<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>invited <w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>Laos <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>TAC <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>full <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="1612"><w NP0>Cambodia <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1613"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1614"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<p>
<s n="1615"><w NP0-NN1>Raushan <w NP0>Ershad<c PUN>, <w NN1>wife <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hussain <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Ershad<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken <w PRP>into <w NN1>custody <w PRP>with <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37906-07<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w VVG>upholding <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ershad <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38684<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1616"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1617"><w VVB>MARSHALL <w NN2>ISLANDS
</head>
<p>
<s n="1618"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NP0-NN1>Nitijela <c PUL>(<w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>re-elected <w NN1-AJ0>incumbent <w NP0>President <w NP0>Amata <w NP0>Kabua <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1619"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1620"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<p>
<s n="1621"><w VVB>Thakur <w NN1-NP0>Nath <w NN1>Pant <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Mahesh <w NP0>Acharya <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>last <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38682<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1622"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1623"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1624"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Status <w PRF>of <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AJC>greater <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues <w PRP>between <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jakarta <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>stopped <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w VVG>permitting <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>military <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVG>fighting <w AT0>the <w NN2>Indonesians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Irian <w NP0>Jaya<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1625"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1626"><w NP0>SAARC
</head>
<p>
<s n="1627"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>official <w NN1>announcement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kathmandu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Hussain <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Zaki <c PUL>(<w NP0>Maldives<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w NP0>K. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Bhargava <c PUL>(<w NP0>India<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Co-Operation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1628"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1629"><w NN1>COMMONWEALTH <w PRF>OF <w AJ0>INDEPENDENT <w NN2>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1630"><w NN2>CIS <w NN1>co-ordination <w NN2>meetings
</head>
<p>
<s n="1631"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <c PUL>(<w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1632"><w AT0>The <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>include <w DPS>their <w NN2>Presidents<c PUN>.
<s n="1633"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLFCA04C><s n="1634"><w NN1-NP0>Tadzhikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<caption id=HLFCA04C>
<s n="1635"><w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgiztan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>,
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1636"><w AT0>The <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>issues <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>delegates <w VDD>did <w VVI>agree <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>oaths <w PRP>for <w NN2>servicemen <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w DTQ>which <w CRD>seven <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>in common <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w XX0>not <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1637"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w VVI>promise <w NN1>allegiance <w AV0>both <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>citizen <w CJC>and <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>commonwealth <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>perform <w DPS>my <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1638"><w NN2>Delegates <w AV0>also <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w CRD>two <w NN2>commissions<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caspian <w NP0>Flotilla<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>interested <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1639"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN1>profit <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrain <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>rises <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prevailing <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w NN2>producers<w POS>' <w NN2>monopolies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1640"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>inter-parliamentary <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>chairmen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>parliaments <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w CJC>or <w CRD>10 <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>represented<c PUN>; <w CJC>nor<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w NP0>Moldova<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1641"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN2>laws <w CJC>and <w AJ0>consultative <w NN2>meetings <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>co-ordinate <w CJC>and <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AJ0>common <w NN2>approaches<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1642"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN2>actions <w PRP>on <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>housing<c PUN>, <w NN1>energy <w CJC>and <w NN1>ecology<c PUN>.
<s n="1643"><w AT0>A <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>chairmen <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AV0>twice <w AV0-AJ0>yearly<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>by <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1644"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>interstate <w NN1>commission <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>drafting <w AT0>the <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>for <w VVG>dividing <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>assets <w AV0>abroad <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Byelarussian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Petr <w NP0-NN1>Kravchenko<c PUN>.
<s n="1645"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VBD>were <w AJ0>absent<c PUN>.
<s n="1646"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>an <w NN1>inventory <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04D>
<s n="1647"><w NN1>Army <w NN2>officers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1648"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000 <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w VVN>convened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w AV0>also <w AJ0>present <w CJS>as <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1649"><w AT0>The <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>pressing <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ukraine <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN1-VVB>anger <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>speeches <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN1>unity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>denounced <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>split <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38732<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><w NN1-VVB>Concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>standard <w PRF>of <w NN1>living <w PRF>of <w NN2>servicemen <w VBD>was <w VVN>answered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>detailed <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="1652"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>established <w AT0>an <w NN2>officers<w POS>' <w NN1>co-ordination <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view <w PRP>in <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>issues<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04E>
<s n="1653"><w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NN2>CIS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1654"><w AT0>A <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22-23 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1655"><w VVN>Convened <w PRP>by <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w CRD>47 <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>EBRD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1656"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>emphasised <w DPS>their <w NN1>presence <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VHD>had <w VVN>invited <w DT0>all <w CRD>12 <w NN2>countries <w AV0>individually<c PUN>.
<s n="1657"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>fairer <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w NN2>figures <w VVN>produced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w DTQ>which <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AV0>about <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w CRD>57 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Germany <w AJ0-AV0>alone <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w VVD>included <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>credits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>special <w NN2>payments <w PRP>for <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1658"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aid <w NN1>conference <w VVD>included <w CRD>five <w AJ0-VVD>specialized <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>issues<c PUN>: <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w NN2>medicines<c PUN>, <w VVG>housing <w PRP>for <w VVG>returning <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
<s n="1659"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>pledged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w UNC>US&dollar;645 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <c PUL>(<w PRP>subject to <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>54 <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>airlifts <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>viable <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2>shortages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
<s n="1660"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w AV0>also <w VVD>discussed <w VVG-AJ0>promoting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>triangular <w NN1>trade<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VVG>using <w AJ0>third-party <w NN1>finance<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>restore <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>lost <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>hard-currency <w NN1>accounting <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37979<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1661"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon<c PUN>, <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>before <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>(<w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w PRP>including <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>conference<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1662"><w NP0>Japan <w VVD>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>host <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AV0>already <w VVD-VVN>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>promise <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w NP0>NATO <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38698-99<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NN0>&pound;20 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>fodder <w NN1>grain <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>to <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>offered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>tranche<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w UNC>ECU500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w UNC>ECU1,250 <w CRD>million <w NN1>credit <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38539<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;30,000,000 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sweden <w CJC>and <w CRD>30,000,000 <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN0>markka <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;7,250,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>areas <w PRP>nearest <w DPS>their <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1664"><w AT0>The <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w UNC>ECU200 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <c PUL>(<w VVN>promised <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <w PRP>at <w AJ0>controlled <w NN2>prices <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>shipment <w PRF>of <w CRD>130 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>beef <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VBD>was <w VVN>refused <w NN1>entry <w PRP>at <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>because of <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bovine <w AJ0>spongiform <w NN1>encephalopathy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37534<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1665"><w AT0>The <w NN1>consignment <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Murmansk <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>different <w NN1>import <w NN2>regulations <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1666"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgy <w NP0-NN1>Matiukhin<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>a <w NN1>deferral <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w NN2>payments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>&dollar;84,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>debt <w VVN>owed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>to <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>western <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deferral <w PRF>of <w AJ0>principal <w NN2>repayments <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04F>
<s n="1667"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1668"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w CJC>and <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VBD>were <w VVN>stationed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1669"><w PRP>Between <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>situation<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>needs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
<s n="1670"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hurd <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>invited <w NP0>Yeltsin <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>met <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVG>supervising <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>declared <w PNX>himself<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>reasonably <w VVN>encouraged<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>over <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>non-proliferation <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1672"><w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22-23<c PUN>, <w VVG>travelling <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>capitals <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>.
<s n="1673"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w DT0>each <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>signed <w NN2>protocols <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Ukraine <w PNP>he <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>energy <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w VVG>receiving <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>from <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1675"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w NP0>EC <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38685<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AV0>therefore <w AV0>officially <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRP>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1676"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Kaliningrad <c PUL>(<w NP0>Russia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14-16<c PUN>.
<s n="1677"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian-Russian <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>restoring <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1678"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>discussed <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>area <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Volga <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>community <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1679"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>promised <w PRP>during <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38590<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1680"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w VVB>Aleksandr <w NN1-NP0>Shokhin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Norbert <w NP0>Bl&uuml;m<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AVQ>whereby <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>promised <w NN1>aid <w PRP>in <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1681"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Under-Secretary <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>State <w NP0>Reginald <w NP0>Bartholemew <w VVD>led <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2>experts <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21-22<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>international <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>interest<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1682"><w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN2>officials <w VVD>confirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>between <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1683"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1684"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1685"><w VVG>Freeing <w PRF>of <w NN2>prices <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="1686"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w NN2>prices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>delayed <w PRP>from <w UNC>Dec.16<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>steps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1687"><w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>introduced <w NN1>coupon <w NN2>systems <w PRP>for <w VVG>paying <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN2>purchases <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38732<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1688"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>freeing <w PRF>of <w NN2>prices <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>compelled <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w NN1-VVB>suit<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>consumers <w VM0>would <w AV0>otherwise <w AV0>simply <w VVI>buy <w AVP>up <w NN2>goods <w PRP>at <w AJ0>controlled <w NN2>prices <w PRP>from <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1689"><w NN2>Prices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>rose <w PRP>between <w AJ0>threefold <w CJC>and <w AJ0>30-fold<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>many <w NN2>goods <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>available <w PRP>at <w AJ0>private <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="1690"><w NN2>Economists <w VVG>advising <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>steep <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>rises <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inflationary <w NN1>credit <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Georgy <w NP0-NN1>Matiukhin<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>advanced <w CRD>600,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>in <w NN1>credit <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVN-VVD>kept <w NN2>enterprises <w VVG-NN1>running <c PUL>(<w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>consumer <w NN1>demand<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>enabled <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>hoard <w NN2>stocks <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>raise <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1691"><w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidium <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi<c PUN>.
<s n="1692"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yeltsin <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1693"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>reported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN1>price <w NN1>liberalization <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>found <w CJT>that <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVG>implementing <w NN1>government <w NN2>measures <w PRP>for <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>producers<w POS>' <w NN1>profit <w NN2>margins <w VBD>were <w AV0>too <w AJ0>high<c PUN>.
<s n="1694"><w PNP>He <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w AV0>swiftly <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>monopolies<c PUN>, <w AJC>faster <w NN1>privatization <c PUL>(<w AV0>especially <w PRF>of <w NN2>shops<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>agrarian <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w AJC>tighter <w NN1>credit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="1695"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>money <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38372<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>poorest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1696"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Communist <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>state-controlled <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>mining <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="1697"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w AV0>variously <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w CRD>5,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>55,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1698"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w AJ0-VVD>suspended <w NN1-VVB>import <w NN2>tariffs <w AV0>retroactively <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>60 <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>banned<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1700"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w CRD>420,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1701"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w AV0>severely<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>7&commat;1/2-fold <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w NN2>arms <w NN2>purchases<c PUN>.
<s n="1702"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>by <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>fall <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1703"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>at <w CRD>10,300 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PRP>for <w NN1>wage <w NN2-VVZ>rises <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w CRD>17,600 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>reserved<c PUN>.
<s n="1704"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>cede <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04G>
<s n="1705"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN2>ministries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1706"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>TASS <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>revoked <w DPS>his <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38654-55<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>merging <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>merged <w NN1>ministry<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2-VVZ>runs <w VVB-NN1>counter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative<c PUN>, <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>judicial <w NN2>powers <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1708"><w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Barannikov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>super-ministry<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Yerin <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04H>
<s n="1709"><w NN1>Conclusion <w PRF>of <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1710"><w AT0>The <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19-21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38638-73<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>completed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1711"><w NN2>Charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high <w NN1>treason <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NN2>defendants<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Vice-President <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>dropped<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w AV0>still <w VVI>face <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>conspiring <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1712"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Prosecutor-General <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Lisov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w VVG>implicating <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>actions <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN2>conspirators <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>count <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1713"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1714"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1715"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi
</head>
<p>
<s n="1716"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tbilisi<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>escalated <w PRP>into <w AJ0>full-scale <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>left <w CRD>113 <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w CRD>420 <w AJ0>wounded <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>flight <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w PRP>with <w CRD>80 <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1717"><w VVB-NN1>Rebel <w NN2>detachments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>launched <w DPS>their <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>storm <w NN1>Government <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>barricaded <w CJC>and <w VVN>defended <w PRP>by <w NN2>soldiers <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUN>.
<s n="1718"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>bombardment <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>desertion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w VVD>insisted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>interviews <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>engage <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>terrorists <w CJC>and <w NN2>bandits<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w VVB>meet <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVB>resign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1719"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Tengiz <w NP0-NN1>Kitovani<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ambiguous <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>significantly <w VVN>augmented <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imprisoned <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Dzhaba <w NP0-NN1>Iosseliani<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w AJ0-NN1>Mkhedrioni <w NN0>militia <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w NN1>Government <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1720"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>final <w CJC>and <w AJ0>decisive <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>, <w CRD>60 <w AV0>highly <w VVN-AJ0>trained <w NN1>security <w NN2>troops <w VVD>abandoned <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>then <w VVD>fled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>forces <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w DPS>his <w NN1>departure <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Idzhevan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w PNP>him <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04J>
<s n="1722"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>military <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1723"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>major <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iosseliani <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kitovani <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>council <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1724"><w AT0>The <w NN1>council <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>deposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVG>abolishing <w DPS>his <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>pending <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1725"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leadership <w AV0>later <w VVN>declared <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>goal <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarchy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1726"><w AT0>A <w NN1>ban <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>public <w NN2>meetings <w CJC>and <w AJ0>masked <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w VVD-VVN>fired <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w AJ0>pro-Gamsakhurdia <w NN1>demonstration <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>2,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w VVG>injuring <w AV0>at least <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1727"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>gunmen <w VBD>were <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w VBD>was <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>to <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="1728"><w NN2>Iosseliani <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>deny <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>anti-Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>Mekhedrioni <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w AV0>neither <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>denounce <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1729"><w AT0>The <w NN1>council <w VVD>reinstated <w NP0>Tengiz <w NP0>Sigua <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w VVD>dismissed <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>ministers <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38417<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w NN1>cabinet<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>assume <w NN1>power <w AV0>temporarily <w AV0>once <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VVN>stabilized<c PUN>.
<s n="1730"><w NP0-NN1>Sigua <w VVD>began <w VVG-AJ0>appointing <w NN2>ministers <w AV0>shortly <w AV0>afterwards <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>service <w NN2>sectors <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w PRP>to <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>.
<s n="1731"><w NN2>Attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>sanction <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>dissolution <w CJC>and <w VVB>call <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>failed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w VVG>attending <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>small <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w NN1>quorum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1732"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cohesiveness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w CJS>as <w AV0>both <w NP0>Sigua <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kitovani <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Round <w NN1>Table <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w NN2>Iosseliani <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38015<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1733"><w NN2>Differences <w AV0>rapidly <w VVD>emerged<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sigua <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Iosseliani <w VVG>disagreeing <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>time-scale <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1734"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>created<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AV0>together <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sigua <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04K>
<s n="1735"><w NP0-NN1>Gamsakhurdia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1736"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>among <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>loyalists <w PRP>in <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cities <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>flight <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1737"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w PNP>he <w VVB-NN1>return <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zugdidi <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>junta<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Megrel-Abkhazian <w NN1>republic <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west<c PUN>.
<s n="1738"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>dispatching <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>re-established <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1739"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>pro-Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>organized <w NN2>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w NN1>transportation <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>East<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>demoralized <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN1>leader<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJC>further <w AJ0>public <w NN2>appearances<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>ultimately <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>firepower <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AVP>out <w PRP>against <w AJ0>superior <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1740"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>council <w VHD>had <w VVN>re-established <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kutaisi <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AJ0>new <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w CJC>and <w VVG>bringing <w AVP>in <w AJ0>major <w NN2>reinforcements <w PRP>without <w NN1>resistance<c PUN>.
<s n="1741"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1-NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>strongholds <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Poti <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zugdidi<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AV0>hastily <w AJ0-VVN>negotiated <w NN2>ceasefires <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>towns <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04L>
<s n="1742"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1743"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w VVD>produced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>reintegration <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>independence <w NN1>declaration <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38657<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w VVN>recorded <w CJS>as <w AV0>over <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1745"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Tbilisi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>blatant <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>violate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1746"><w AT0>A <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>mobilization <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w NN1>massing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Tskhinvali<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>assault<c PUN>.
<s n="1747"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>recall <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>embattled <w NP0-NN1>Gamsakhurdia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>lull <w PRP>in <w NN2>hostilities <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1748"><w PRP>On <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>military <w NN1>council <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>search <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w NN1>goodwill<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w VVD-VVN>released <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ossetian <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Torez <w NP0>Kolumbegov <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37971<c PUN>; <w CRD>38014<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVN-VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w DT0>some <w NN1>way <w PRP>towards <w VVG>healing <w DT0>any <w NN1>rift <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1750"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1751"><w NP0>MOLDOVA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1752"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania
</head>
<p>
<s n="1753"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Hungary <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kishinev<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Geza <w NP0>Jeszenszky <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nicolae <w NP0-NN1>Tiu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1755"><w NP0-NN1>Tiu <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>about <w CRD>70 <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>recognized <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>to <w AJC>closer <w NN1>integration <w PRP>with <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1756"><w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>officials <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>exercise <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>influence <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Hungarian-Romanian <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1757"><w NP0>Romania <w VVD>sent <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>envoys <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>a <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>mission <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1758"><w NN2>Meetings <w PRP>at <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>level <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0-NN1>Snegur<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1759"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>working <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full-scale <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="1760"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>reunification<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w VVD>spoke <w PRP>in favour of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>calm <w CJC>and <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>approach<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1761"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Iasi <c PUL>(<w NP0>Romania<c PUR>) <w VVD>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Reunification <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38657<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>parliamentarians <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1762"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1763"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1764"><w NN1>Economy <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1765"><w VVG-AJ0>Circulating <w NN2>coupons <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>became <w AJ0>legal <w NN1-AJ0>tender <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1766"><w NN2>Coupons <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AVP-PRP>up <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>salaries <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w DT0>all <w NN2>goods <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>shops <w VVG>costing <w AV0>under <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
<s n="1767"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>economists <w VVD>judged <w AT0>the <w NN1>experiment <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>failure<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>coupons<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>12,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>insufficient<c PUN>, <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN2>shopkeepers <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVG>fuelling <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1768"><w AT0>The <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>Export-Import <w NP0-NN1>Bank <w VVD-VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Yeremenko<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1769"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>USSR <w NP0>Vneshekonombank <c PUL>(<w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>assets <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>pending <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1770"><w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Vitold <w NP0-NN1>Fokin <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VVI>pay <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <c PUL>(<w CRD>16.37 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w AV0>independently<c PUN>.
<s n="1771"><w PNP>He <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equivalent <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>assets <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>inter-republican <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04M>
<s n="1772"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1773"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Pithart<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9-11<c PUN>.
<s n="1774"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w VBD>was <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>800 <w AJ0>Volhynian <w NN2>Czechs <w PNQ>who <w VVD>moved <w PRP>to <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chernobyl <w NN1>disaster <w PRF>of <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34460-62<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1775"><w NN1-AJ0>Polish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1776"><w NP0>Konstantin <w NP0>Morozov<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>exchanged <w NN2>visits <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>27-28<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>good-neighbourly <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1777"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>barter <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>reduce <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>reliance <w PRP>on <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>for <w NN1>fuel <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1778"><w PRP>Worth <w UNC>US&dollar;7,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>committed <w NP0>Iran <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>chemicals<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>concrete<c PUN>, <w NN2>pipes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="1779"><w NN2>Rumours <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w VVD>went <w AJ0>unconfirmed<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VVI>receive <w CRD>75,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>cubic <w NN2>metres <w PRF>of <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w CRD>50,000,000-70,000,000 <w NN2>tons <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on to <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1781"><w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04N>
<s n="1782"><w NN1>Disagreement <w PRP>over <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1783"><w PRP>During <w NP0>January <w NN1>controversy <w VVD>arose <w PRP>between <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP-AVP>over <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38655<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1784"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w CJS>except <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>directly <w AJ0>subordinate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1785"><w NN2>Servicemen <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>swear <w AT0>an <w NN1>oath <w PRF>of <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>refused <w VM0>would <w VVI>transfer <w PRP>to <w DT0>another <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
<s n="1786"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w DT0>some <w CRD>45 <w NN2>warships <w CJC>and <w CRD>300 <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>vessels<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w VHI>have <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>capability<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1787"><w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1788"><w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Kasatonov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>oath<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w AV0>only <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>appointed <w AJ0>new <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>military <w NN2>districts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w PNP>he <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1790"><w NP0>Kasatonov<c PUN>.
<s n="1791"><w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>angered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1-NP0>Ulyanovsk <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w PNI>no one <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w PRP>away from <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1792"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>after <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AJ0>international <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="1793"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w VVZ>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>sides <w VVB>acknowledge <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVB>comprise <w AT0>a <w NN1>grouping <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVG>excluding <w AT0>a <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Fleet <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>form <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1794"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fleet <w VVN>assigned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
<s n="1795"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VHD>had <w VVN>cut <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PRF>of <w NN1>communication <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Command <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1796"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Cabinet <w VHD>had <w VVN>allocated <w CRD>350 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>fleet <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>subsequent <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1797"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>resolutions <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w VVN-AJ0>stated <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w NN2>servicemen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>oath <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38729<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative<c PUN>, <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>external <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations <w NN2>committees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w PRP>by <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitutionality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1954 <w VVB-NN1>decree <w VVG>transferring <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>oblast <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>13507<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1798"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Novorossisk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arms <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38744<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1799"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN>cancelled <w DT0>all <w NN2>engagements <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w CJC>and <w VVD>left <w NP0>Moscow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVG>missing <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Conference <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38740 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1800"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1801"><w NP0>AZERBAIJAN/ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1802"><w AJ0>Intensified <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh
</head>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w PRP>During <w NP0>January <w NN1>fighting <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>Armenian <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>within <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ayaz <w NP0>Mutalibov <w VVD>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>under <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
<s n="1805"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>representatives <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AJ0>local <w NN2>councils<c PUN>, <w VVN>staffed <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>by <w NN2>Armenians<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w VVB>Salam <w NP0>Mahmedov <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>, <w VVG>becoming <w AV0>also <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1807"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38657<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>81 <w NN2>seats <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reserved <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVN>taken <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="1808"><w VVB>Artur <w NP0-NN1>Mkrtchyan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Oleg <w NP0-NN1>Yesayan <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1809"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1-VVB>bid <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1810"><w AT0>The <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>bombarded <w PRP>during <w NP0>January <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>Armenians <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Shusha<c PUN>.
<s n="1811"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>fuel <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakdown <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w CJC>and <w NN1>sewage <w NN2>systems <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>.
<s n="1812"><w NN2>Helicopters <w VBD>were <w VVG>bringing <w AVP>in <w NN2>supplies <w CJC>and <w VVG>evacuating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wounded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>blockaded <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="1813"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w NN1>fleet <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w NN2>helicopters <w VVD>remained<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>forces <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN2>purposes<c PUN>.
<s n="1814"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>helicopter <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>near <w NP0>Shusha <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG>prompting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1815"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>casualty <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VVD-VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w CRD>270 <w NN2>Armenians<c PUN>, <w CRD>216 <w NN2>Azerbaijanis <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN2>servicemen <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w NN2>nationalities <w VHD>had <w VVN>died<c PUN>; <w CRD>400 <w NN2>Armenians<c PUN>, <w CRD>180 <w NN2>Azerbaijanis <w CJC>and <w CRD>34 <w NN2>servicemen <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>wounded<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CRD>599 <w NN2>Armenians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w NN1>hostage<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>226 <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN>returned<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1816"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1817"><w NP0>BALTIC <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1818"><w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Assembly <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Issue <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops
</head>
<p>
<s n="1819"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>interparliamentary <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38587<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riga<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25-26<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>recommended <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>parliaments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>developing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>integration <w PRP>into <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>structures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1820"><w NN2>Delegates <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>appealing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1821"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>hardware <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Baltic <w NP0>States <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>militaries<c PUN>.
<s n="1822"><w DT0>This<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>friendly <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1823"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>encouraged <w NN1>monitoring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>danger <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>disintegrated<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1824"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVG>abolishing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w AJ0>military <w NN1>district <w CJC>and <w VVG>renaming <w AT0>the <w NN1>troop <w NN2>divisions <w VVN>stationed <w AV0>there <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>terminology <w VVN-VVD>reserved <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1825"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>professional <w NN2>diplomats <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Political <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <w VVN>delegated <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>on <w NN2>issues <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38541<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1826"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>representatives <w VM0>would <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>talks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04P>
<s n="1827"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>charter
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1828"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Charter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN2>embassies <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1829"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Charter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>delegations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37838-39<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04R>
<s n="1830"><w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>seminar
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1831"><w AT0>A <w NN1>seminar <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>inter-parliamentary <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Alliance<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>entitled<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Baltic <w NP0>States<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vilnius<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1832"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>by <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>countries <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>by <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NN2>observers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04S>
<s n="1833"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold <w PRP>by <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1834"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w NN1>gold <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&pound;90,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;160 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deposited <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>annexation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1940<c PUN>.
<s n="1835"><w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w CRD>2,246 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lithuania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38465<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1836"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1837"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1838"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1839"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="1840"><w AJ0>Unprecedented <w NN2>shortages <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w NN1>grain <w CJC>and <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>agreed <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
<s n="1841"><w NN1>Food <w NN1>rationing <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1842"><w NN1>Milk <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w NN2>families <w PRP>with <w NN2>children <w AV0>under <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w TO0>To <w VVI>save <w NN1>fuel <w AJ0>hot <w NN1>water <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>to <w NN2>hospitals<c PUN>, <w NN2>childrens<w POS>' <w NN2>homes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1844"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>54 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>47 <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Edgar <w NP0>Savisaar <w AJ0>special <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="1845"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w CRD>25 <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>minority <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>wanted <w AJC>firmer <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>controls<c PUN>.
<s n="1846"><w AT0>A <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>centre <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>administer <w NN2>supplies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>hard-currency <w NN2>deals <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>negotiated <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>from <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="1847"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>supplies <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>last <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w NN1>meat <w CJC>and <w NN1>butter <w VM0>would <w VVI>run <w AVP>out <w PRP>within <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1848"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>enough <w NN2>votes <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>parliament-government <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>.
<s n="1849"><w DT0>Most <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>deputies <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>counterproductive<c PUN>.
<s n="1850"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>relied <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1851"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>under <w NN1>caretaker <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Tiit <w NN1-NP0>Vahi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1852"><w NN2>Vahi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-party <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="1853"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>proposed <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1854"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1855"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1856"><w NN1>Signing <w PRF>of <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Citizenship <w NN1>law
</head>
<p>
<s n="1857"><w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <w VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vilnius<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Friendly <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NP0>Neighbourly <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>, <w VVG>recognizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>Lithuanian-Polish <w NN1>border <w CJC>and <w VVG>guaranteeing <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NN1>non-interference <w PRP>in <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>avoidance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1858"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w AV0>also <w VVD>covered <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>ecological <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>consular <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>centres<c PUN>, <w AJ0>national <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>young <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1859"><w AT0>A <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1860"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>fears <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJT>that <w NP0>Poland <w VM0>might <w VVI>claim <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Vilnius<c PUN>.
<s n="1861"><w AV0>Conversely<c PUN>, <w NN2>Poles <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania <w VHD>had <w VVN>alleged <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>suffering <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="1862"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>citizenship <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>the <w NN2>criteria <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>residence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>language <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>income<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>prohibited <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1863"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1864"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1865"><w NN1>Re-election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zhelev
</head>
<p>
<s n="1866"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>popular <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1867"><w DPS>His <w NN1>running-mate <w NP0>Blaga <w NP0>Dimitrova<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>poet<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1868"><w NP0>Zhelev<w POS>'s <w NN1>victory <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>round <w NN1>run-off<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>won <w CRD>53 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>against <w CRD>47 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Velko <w NP0>Valkanov<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>independent <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1869"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Zhelev<c PUN>, <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>obtained <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>as against <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Valkanov <w CJC>and <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>third-placed <w NP0>Georgi <w NP0>Ganchev<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>fencing <w NN1>champion <w PNQ>who <w VVD>stood <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>independent<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w CRD>22 <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="1870"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>rounds <w VVD>attracted <w AT0>a <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1871"><w NP0>Zhelev<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>56-year-old <w NN1>philosophy <w NN1>professor <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>dissident<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w CJS>as <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist-dominated <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37619<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1872"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w AV0>personally <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>painful <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>caused <w NN1>price <w NN2>rises <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>500 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>raised <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>from <w CRD>27,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>420,000<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1873"><w NP0>Zhelev <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>alternative <w PRP>to <w NN1>privatization <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w AJS>worst <w VBD>was <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VVI>come<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04T>
<s n="1874"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1875"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in support of <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJC>higher <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w NN2>workers <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatisation <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="1876"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>CITUB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w CRD>770,000 <w NN2>workers <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>part<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>330,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>involved <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN1>labour <w NN1>federation <w NP0-NN1>Podkrepa <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>Support<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AV0>more than <w CRD>10,000 <w VHD>had <w VVN>stopped <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>.
<s n="1877"><w NP0>Zhelev <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w CJS>as <w AJ0>untimely <w CJC>and <w AJ0>harmful<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04U>
<s n="1878"><w NN2>Dismissals <w PRP>at <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1879"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w VVD-VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>dismissals <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>central <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>directorates <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1880"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Yordan <w NP0>Sokolov <w VVD>denied <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>purge<c PUN>; <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>stated<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>retired<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>some <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>fulfil <w DPS>their <w NN2>duties<c PUN>.
<s n="1881"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>pensioned <w PRP-AVP>off <w CRD>750 <w NN2>officers <w PRP>including <w CRD>10 <w NN2>generals <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04V>
<s n="1882"><w NP0>Macedonia <w NN1-VVB>issue <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Stoyan <w NP0>Ganev <w VVD>met <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Antonis <w NP0>Samaras <w PRP>in <w NP0>Athens <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>breakaway <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1884"><w NP0>Ganev <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Balkans <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>destabilized <w CJS>if <w NP0>Macedonia <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>recognised <w CJS>as <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>claim <w PRP>upon <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1885"><w NP0>Greece <w VVD>opposed <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>country <w VM0>could <w VVI>claim <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>; <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>survive <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>instrument <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NN1>country<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>threaten <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>.
<s n="1886"><w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>troop <w NN2>reinforcements <w VBD>were <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1887"><w NP0>Greece <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VVN>pointed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>heritage<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>acknowledge <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>language<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1888"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Ganev <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercogovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1889"><w PNP>He <w VVD>hoped<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Greece <w VM0>would <w VVI>improve<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1-AJ0>alternative <w CJS>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>like <w AJ0>good <w NN2>neighbours <w CJC>and <w NN2>friends<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1890"><w NP0>Greece <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>partners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w CJC>or <w VVI>stop <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1891"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>instead of <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w NN1>pillar <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Balkans<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w VVD>turned <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>object <w PRF>of <w NN2>suspicions <w CJC>and <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN2>neighbours<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1892"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>small <w NN1>rump <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Macedonia <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>annexed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>motherland<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>independence <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>act <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>treason<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1893"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Greece <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Greek <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1894"><w NP0-NN1>Ioannis <w NP0-NN1>Verivakis<c PUN>.
<s n="1895"><w DT0>This <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>envisaged <w NN2>exchanges <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>armies <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>parameters <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>military <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministries<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04W>
<s n="1896"><w AJ0>Bulgaria-Turkey <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1897"><w PRP>On <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>links<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ganev <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Greece <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1898"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Dogun <w NP0>Gures<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-day <w NN1>visit <w VVG>culminating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1899"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>80 <w NN0>km <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1900"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7-8<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1901"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1902"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1903"><w NN1-VVB>Debate <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>constitution <w NN2-VVZ>plans <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Privatization
</head>
<p>
<s n="1904"><w AJ0>Important <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38584<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>debated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN2>issues <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1905"><w NP0>Havel <w VHD>had <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>make-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1906"><c PUL>(<w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>committees <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>chambers <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommend <w DPS>his <w NN1>draft <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVG>preferring <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w VVD-VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w NN2>votes <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cast <w PRP>for <w NN2>parties <w PRP>rather than <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1907"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>against <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>guaranteed <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>veto <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>any <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1908"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w AV0>either <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>initiative <w CJC>or <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>demand <w PRP>from <w NN2>voters <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>both <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>defeated<c PUN>.
<s n="1909"><w VVB>Otakar <w NP0>Motej<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>represented <w NP0>Havel <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies<w POS>' <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>trust <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1910"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>his <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament <w VM0>should <w VVI>comprise <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>independent <w PRF>of <w CJC>and <w VVG>acting <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>brake <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>an <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Basic <w NN2>Freedoms<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>steps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>road <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04X>
<s n="1912"><w NN1>Privatization <w PRF>of <w NN2>banks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1913"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>one <w NN1>sale <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>acquisition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1914"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>56 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Komercni <w NN1>banka <w NP0-NN1>Praha <w CJC>and <w CRD>55 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Vseobecna <w NN1>uverova <w NN1>banka <w NP0>Bratislava <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w AJS>biggest <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>for <w NN1>sale <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>coupons<c PUN>.
<s n="1915"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zivnostenska <w NN1>banka <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Berliner <w NN1-AJ0>Handels- <w UNC>und <w NP0>Frankfurter <w NP0-NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>BHF-Bank<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w UNC>US&dollar;24,000,000 <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>IFC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>affiliate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLFCA04Y>
<s n="1916"><w NN2>Problems <w PRP>over <w NN1>industry <w NN1>sell-off
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1917"><w NN2>Plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>coupons<c PUN>, <w VVG>reserving <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nationalized <w NN1>property <w PRP>for <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>at <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>low <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w VVN>encountered <w NN2>problems <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>6,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>8,000,000 <w NN2>books <w VVN-AJ0>printed <c PUL>(<w DT0>each <w PRP>worth <w UNC>Kcs1,035 <w CJC>or <w AV0>about <w NN0>US&dollar;35 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>exchangeable <w PRP>for <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>companies <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38584-85<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>disappeared<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN-VVD>bought <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AJ0>private <w NN1>investment <w NN2>funds <w AJ0>promising <w NN2>individuals <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tenfold <w NN1-VVB>return <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>investment <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1918"><w AT0>The <w NN1>controversy <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>tightening <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rules <w VVG>preventing <w NN1-VVG>hoarding<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>extended <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="1919"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>companies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>earmarked <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA050></p>
<caption id=HLFCA050>
<s n="1920"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1921"><w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Leon <w NP0>Richter <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>workload <w VHD>had <w AV0>nearly <w VVN>caused <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="1922"><w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Masek<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Screening <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>emphasised <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Richter <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>because of <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN2>police <c PUL>(<w NP0>StB<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1923"><w NP0>Richter <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>signed <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>pledge <w TO0>to <w VVI>collaborate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>StB<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VHD>had <w PNP>he <w AV0>ever <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w DT0>any <w NN1>information<c PUN>.
<s n="1924"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jiri <w NP0>Novak <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Forum <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>CDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA051></p>
<caption id=HLFCA051>
<s n="1925"><w NN2>Elections <w NN1>law <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1926"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>law <w VVG-AJ0>governing <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVG>retaining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1927"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1928"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1929"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NN1>debate
</head>
<p>
<s n="1930"><w NN1>Debate <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>cuts <w VVN>planned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Bielecki <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>continued <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1931"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>first-quarter <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w UNC>US&dollar;1,600 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>energy <w NN2>subsidies <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN1>unrest <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>rises <w PRP>in <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>energy <w NN2-VVZ>costs <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1932"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Olszewski <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>newly-formed <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>asked <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>heart <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>true <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w PRP>before <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1933"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN2>committees <w VVD>began <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1934"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Karol <w NP0-NN1>Lutkowski <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VM0>would <w VVI>kill <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1935"><w NN2>Olszewski <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>the <w AJ0>first-quarter <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w DPS>its <w NN1>unacceptability <w PRP>in <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="1936"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Olszewski <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>into <w NN1>budget <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>cause <w DT0>less <w NN1>hardship<c PUN>.
<s n="1937"><w PNP>He <w VVD>appealed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w PRP>for <w NN1>patience<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a <w NN1>rescue <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1938"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>promised <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLFCA052></p>
<caption id=HLFCA052>
<s n="1939"><w NN2-VVZ>Strikes <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>energy <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>rises
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1940"><w AT0>A <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>strikes<c PUN>, <w NN2>protests <w CJC>and <w NN1>hunger <w VVZ>strikes <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVD-VVN>maintained <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1941"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0>one-hour <w NN1>strike <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>members <w VBD>was <w VVN>mounted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>at <w NN1>energy <w NN1>price <w NN2>rises <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>standard <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>living<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1942"><w AT0>The <w NN1>energy <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>doubled <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>home <w AJ0>central <w NN1>heating <w CJC>and <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>gas <w PRP>by <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NN1>electricity <w PRP>by <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
<s n="1943"><w AT0>The <w NP0>All-Poland <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPZZ<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>Solidarity <w VVD>led <w AT0>a <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>rises <w AV0>as <w AJ0>unlawful<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1944"><w NN2>Pensioners<w POS>' <w NN2>groups <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>energy <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>rises<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w NN2>prices <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>cancel <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>to <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>.
<s n="1945"><w NN2>Olszewski <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w NN1>compensation <w TO0>to <w VVI>cushion <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rises<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1946"><w NP0>OPZZ <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>strike<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1947"><w NN1>Solidarity <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>Olszewski <w PRP>over <w NN1>energy <w NN2>prices<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA053></p>
<caption id=HLFCA053>
<s n="1948"><w AJ0>Forced <w NN1>retirement <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1949"><w NN1>Controversy <w VVD>surrounded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>retirement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Vice-Adml<c PUN>.
<s n="1950"><w VVB>Piotr <w NP0-NN1>Kolodziejczyk<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>after <w CRD>35 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
<s n="1951"><w NP0-NN1>Kolodziejczyk <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>far from <w AJ0>retiring <w NN1>age<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1952"><w NN2>Olszewski <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>retirement <w CJS>because <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38685-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>post <w AJ0>suitable <w PRP>for <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN1>officer<c PUN>.
<s n="1953"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>astonished <w CJC>and <w VVN>upset <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kolodziejczyk<w POS>'s <w NN1>retirement <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w CJC>and <w NP0>Walesa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Olszewski <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA054></p>
<caption id=HLFCA054>
<s n="1954"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>security <w NN1>committee
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1955"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w TO0>to <w VVI>scrutinize <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order <w CJC>and <w NN2>citizens<w POS>' <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="1956"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>specify <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRF>of <w NN1>activity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Bureau <c PUL>(<w NP0>BBN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1957"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1958"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1959"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NN1>census
</head>
<p>
<s n="1960"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>census <w PRP>for <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7-14<c PUN>, <w VVD>ran <w PRP>into <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w NN0>data <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Hungarian-speaking <w NN1>minority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1961"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDUR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>census <w NN1>form <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>weaken <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority <w PRP>by <w VVG>dividing <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w CRD>four <w CJC>or <w CRD>five <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>census<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>census <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>population <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="1962"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand <w AJ0>various <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>groupings <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RNUP<c PUR>) <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN2>checks <w PRP>on <w NN1>information <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>by <w NN2>Hungarian-speakers<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>census <w VBD>was <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w NN1>abuse<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NP0>HDUR <w PRF>of <w VVG>instructing <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AJ0>false <w NN1>information <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AT0>the <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Hungarian-speaking <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1963"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Population <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>House <w NN1>Census <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>census <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1964"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>missed <w NN2>residents <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AJ0>up-to-date <w NN2>maps<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1965"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1966"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1967"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>EP <w NN1>president <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Aid <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w NN2>countries
</head>
<p>
<s n="1968"><w NP0>Egon <w NP0>Klepsch<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>group <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>EP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>EP <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1969"><w PNP>He <w VVD>gained <w CRD>253 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>474 <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1970"><w NN1-NP0>Klepsch <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>struck <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EPP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Group <w TO0>to <w VVI>split <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EP<c PUN>.
<s n="1971"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrangement <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0-NN1>socialist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Bar&oacute;n <w NP0>Crespo<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36818<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1972"><w AT0>A <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>from <w CRD>1965 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Klepsch <w ORD>first <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>EP <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>EPP <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984<c PUN>.
<s n="1973"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>considered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w AJ0>European <w NN1>integration<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA055></p>
<caption id=HLFCA055>
<s n="1974"><w NN1-VVB>Aid <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1975"><w AT0>The <w NN1>EP <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN1>package <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NP0>North <w AJ0>African <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Middle <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>blocked <w AT0>the <w NN2>funds <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>concern<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1976"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Parliament <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>ECU1,580 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>.
<s n="1977"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w PNP>it <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>advised <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w NN1>disbursement <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w CJS-PRP>until <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees <w PRP>on <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>received <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1978"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aid <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>responsible <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commissioner<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abel <w NP0>Matutes <w NP0>Juan<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <c PUL>(<w AV0>in particular <w PRP>by <w VVG>creating <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>emigration <w NN2>pressures<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1979"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1980"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1981"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fabius <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>PS <w NN1>leader <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVZ>Moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</head>
<p>
<s n="1982"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>governing <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w VVD>elected <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Fabius <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Mauroy<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="1983"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>change <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>rejuvenate <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>fortunes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w AJS>lowest <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w ORD>first <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1984"><w NP0-NN1>Mauroy <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37330<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>by <w NN1>Education <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Lionel <w NP0>Jospin<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Fabius<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Rocard<c PUN>.
<s n="1985"><w NP0-NN1>Mauroy<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>expected <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>rivalries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1986"><w NN1-NP0>Fabius<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJS>as <c PUL>(<w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mauroy<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984-86<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>without <w NN1>dissent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>131-member <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="1987"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>acceptance <w NN1>speech <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>goal <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>renew<c PUN>, <w VVB>reassemble <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1988"><w DPS>His <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>task <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short <w NN1>term <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilize <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1989"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>indication <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>party <w NN2>figures <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Rocard<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest <w NN1>faction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJC>but <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>popular <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>front-runner <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w NN1>nomination <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="1990"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rivalry <w PRP>between <w NP0>Fabius <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rocard <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1991"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>delegates <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w VVD>committed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>barrier <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>extreme-right <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>modernization<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN1>justice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1992"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>accepted <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>free <w NN2>markets <w VM0>could <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
<s n="1993"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>infighting <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w AV0>both <w NP0>Mitterrand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mauroy <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>point <w VBN>been <w VVN>resolved<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA056></p>
<caption id=HLFCA056>
<s n="1994"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>president
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1995"><w AT0>The <w NN1>PS <w NN1>candidate <w NP0>Henri <w NP0>Emmanuelli<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981-86<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVG>gaining <w CRD>289 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRP>against <w CRD>225 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jacques <w NN2>Chaban-Delmas <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1969-72 <w CJC>and <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985-69<c PUN>, <w CRD>1978-81 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1986-88<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1996"><w NN2>Emmanuelli <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0>Fabius<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>PS <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1997"><w NN2>Emmanuelli<c PUN>, <w CRD>46<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>banker<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w NN1>PS <w NN1>treasurer<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA057></p>
<caption id=HLFCA057>
<s n="1998"><w NP0>UDF <w CJC>and <w NP0>RPR <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>collaboration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1999"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NN2>forces <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2000"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Chirac <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPR <w CJC>and <w NP0>Val&eacute;ry <w NP0>Giscard <w NP0>d'Estaing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>nominate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2001"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>considered <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="2002"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>commentators <w VVN-VVD>noted<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>obstacles <w PRP>to <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for <w VVG>choosing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA058></p>
<caption id=HLFCA058>
<s n="2003"><w NN1>Libel <w NN1-VVB>suit <w PRP>against <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2004"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1-VVB>move <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Edith <w NP0>Cresson<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>filed <w AT0>a <w NN1>defamation <w NN1-VVB>suit <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>against <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far-right <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>calling <w DPS>her <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>bunch <w PRF>of <w NN2>thieves<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>racketeers <w CJC>and <w NN2>gangsters<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2005"><w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w NN2>comments <w PRP>at <w DT0>several <w AJ0>political <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preceding <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w DT0>another <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>rogues <w CJC>and <w NN2>rascals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2006"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>support <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w NN2>Socialists<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>politicians <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-right<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>a <w NN1>restriction <w PRF>of <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>speech<c PUN>.
<s n="2007"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w NN1>strategy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>popularity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>far-right <w NN2>views<c PUN>.
<s n="2008"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>PS <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fabius<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>mobilization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VVB>intend <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w NN1>right<c PUN>&hellip; <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN2>pillars <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLFCA059></p>
<caption id=HLFCA059>
<s n="2009"><w AJ0>Anti-racist <w NN1>demonstration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2010"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>100,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>extremism <w CJC>and <w NN1>racism <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2011"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>banners <w VVN>carried <w PRP>by <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w AV0>specifically <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>anti-immigration <w NN2>policies <w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2012"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>70 <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>SOS-Racisme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Immigrant <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN2>Organizations <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>FASTI<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>against <w NN1>Racism <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>Friendship <w PRP>between <w NN2>Peoples <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRAP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="2013"><w AT0>A <w NN1>feature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>placards <w VVG>denouncing <w AT0>the <w NN1>immigration <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05A>
<s n="2014"><w AV0>Rightward <w VVB-NN1>shift <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>by-elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2015"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>popularity<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVD>fell <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w AJ0>local <w NN1>council <w NN2>by-elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2016"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVD>made <w AJ0>considerable <w NN2>advances <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2017"><w AT0>The <w NN1>PS<w POS>'s <w AJS>worst <w NN1>setback <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>by-election<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lille<c PUN>, <w AV0>traditionally <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>stronghold<c PUN>.
<s n="2018"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVD>came <w ORD>third<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>13.0 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>31.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="2019"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front<w POS>'s <w NN1>vote <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>10.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>15.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>gave <w PNP>it <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2020"><w CJS>Since <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>obtain <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>contest <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05B>
<s n="2021"><w NN1>Conviction <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>M&eacute;decin
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2022"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Nice<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>M&eacute;decin<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>misusing <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w AV0>in absentia <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AV0>nearly <w UNC>F2,500,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;480,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>fines <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>damages<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>barred <w PRP>from <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>public <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2023"><w NN1-NP0>M&eacute;decin <w VBD>was <w AV0>specifically <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>diverting <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w NN1-AJ0>advertising <w NN1>space <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>magazine <w VVG>backing <w DPS>his <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>views<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AT0>an <w NN1>agency <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>owned<c PUN>.
<s n="2024"><w PNP>He <w VVD>faced <w AV0>at least <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>misusing <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
<s n="2025"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37719-20<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS>after <w NN1>evidence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>uncovered <w PRF>of <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion<c PUN>.
<s n="2026"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w VVG>settling <w AV0>instead <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUN>.
<s n="2027"><w PRP>Because of <w DPS>his <w NN1>absence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PNP>he <w VVD>forfeited <w DT0>all <w NN2>rights <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05C>
<s n="2028"><w NP0>Mitterrand <w NN1>suggestion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>future <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AJ0>European <w NN1>defence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2029"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>unity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w NN1>role <w PRP>for <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w NN1>defence <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w VVG>developing <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>European <w NN1>doctrine<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>defence <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>questions<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>unity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2031"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>followed <w AT0>a <w AV0>strongly <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>defence <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>possibility<c PUN>.
<s n="2032"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2033"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w AV0>more <w AV0>explicitly <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>conceive <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>umbrella <w VM0>could <w CRD>one <w NN1>day <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NP0>EC <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>doctrine<c PUN>.
<s n="2034"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNI>One <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>help <w CJC>but <w VVB>wonder <w AVQ>why<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arms <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>authority<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2035"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2036"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2037"><w NN1>Border <w NN2>guards <w NN1-VVB>trial
</head>
<p>
<s n="2038"><w CRD>Two <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ingo <w NP0>Heinrich <w CJC>and <w NP0>Andreas <w NP0>K&uuml;hnpast<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>trial <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>manslaughter <w CJC>and <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>manslaughter <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Berlin <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
<s n="2039"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>shot <w CJC>and <w VVD>killed <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Gueffroy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>person <w TO0>to <w VVI>die <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w PRP>from <w NN1>East <w PRP>to <w NP0>West <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>to <w NP0>West <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2040"><w NN1-NP0>Heinrich <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w UNC>3&commat;1/2 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>K&uuml;hnpast <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>; <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>guards <w VBD>were <w VVN>acquitted<c PUN>.
<s n="2041"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w NP0>West <w AJ0>German <w NN1>law <w VM0>could <w VVI>apply <w PRP>to <w NN2>events <w DTQ>which <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2042"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w NN2>shootings <w PRP>by <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>undertaken<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2043"><w AT0>The <w NN2>convictions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gueffroy <w NN1>case <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>expectation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>over <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shoot-to-kill<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Willi <w NP0>Stoph<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Heinz <w NP0>Kessler<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>security <w NN1>service <c PUL>(<w NP0>Stasi<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Mielke<c PUN>.
<s n="2044"><w NN2>Charges <w VBD>were <w AJ0>pending <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>SED <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Honecker<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>refuge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38687-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05D>
<s n="2045"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2-VVZ>cuts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2046"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gerhard <w NP0>Stoltenberg <w VVD>announced <w NN2>savings <w PRP>on <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM43,700 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;27,800 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w VVD>spread <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2047"><w NN2>Reductions <w VM0>would <w VVI>affect <w AV0>especially <w NN1>artillery <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-tank <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>procurement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>vessels <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>slowed<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>total <w NN1>defence <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w UNC>DM52,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="2049"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AV0>already <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>to <w CRD>370,000 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="2050"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>German <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>deployment <w NN1>force <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>available <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>within <w NP0>NATO <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>controversy <w VVD-VVN>continued <w AVP-PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>amendment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>prohibition <w PRP>on <w NN1>utilization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05E>
<s n="2051"><w NP0>SPD <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>chancellorship
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2052"><w NP0>Bj&ouml;rn <w NP0>Engholm<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD<w POS>'s <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>chancellorship <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1994 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidacy <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD<w POS>'s <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w CJC>and <w NP0>Engholm<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1-VVB>chair <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37904-05<c PUN>; <w CRD>38199<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05F>
<s n="2054"><w NN1>Admission <w PRP>on <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2055"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>to <w NP0>Finland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uruguay <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2056"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sale<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w CRD>five <w NN2>minesweepers <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>tugboats <w PRP>to <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>small-calibre <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>ammunition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS>as <w AJ0>legal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>spokesman<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>destined <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2057"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2058"><w NP0>FINLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2059"><w NN1>Friendship <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</head>
<p>
<s n="2060"><w NP0>Finland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>good <w NN1>neighbourliness <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>; <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>border <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="2061"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>treaty <w VVD-VVN>replaced <w DT0-CJT>that <w ORD>first <w VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1948 <w CJC>and <w VVD>renegotiated <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38587<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2062"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>cancelled <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>disintegration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2063"><w AT0>The <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w AV0>substantively <w AJ0>identical <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w VVD-VVN>negotiated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG>dropping <w AT0>the <w CRD>1948 <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>for <w DT0>either <w NN1>side <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<w POS>'s <w NN1>assistance <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>were <w VVN>attacked<c PUN>.
<s n="2064"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>contained <w AT0>no <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commitments<c PUN>, <w VVG>specifying <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AJ0>future <w NN2>relations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>accords <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2065"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w PNX>each other <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN1>inviolability <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2066"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1948 <w NN1>treaty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>limiting <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>defended <w PRP>by <w AJ0>successive <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN2>governments <w PRP>for <w VVG>providing <w AT0>an <w NN1>accommodation <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>neighbour <w DTQ>which <w VVD>protected <w NP0>Finland<w POS>'s <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pluralist <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2067"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2068"><w NP0>SWEDEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2069"><w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="2070"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38542<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD-AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>major <w NN1>expenditure <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>budget <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2071"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN2>proposals <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w CRD>489,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;86,500 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>anticipated <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w CRD>70,800 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>14,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w PRP>in <w VVG>spending <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sick <w NN1>pay <w NN1>insurance<c PUN>, <w VVG>housing <w NN2>subsidies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>social <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="2072"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1>benefit <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>sickness<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2073"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>forecasts <w VVN-VVD>issued <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>predicted <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>to <w CRD>3.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>4.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN2>levels <w PRP>since <w CRD>1945<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <w PRP>by <w CRD>0.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2074"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>overall <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>picture <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w AJ0>gloomy <w CJS>than <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w ORD>first <w VVD>put <w AV0>forward <w NN2>measures <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>reversing <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>decline <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38587-88<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>mismanagement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anne <w NP0>Wibble<c PUN>, <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w NN1>parliament <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>centred <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w CJS>while <w VVG>ending <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stagnation<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w PNP>She <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>start<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="2077"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>policy <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w NN1>enterprise <w DTQ>which <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1990s <w VM0>will <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sweden <w PRP>with <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>freedom<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w NN1>thrift <w VM0>will <w VVI>pay <w AVP>off<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2078"><w PNP>She <w AV0>also <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w CRD>1992 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2079"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unfair<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN2>opportunities <w PRP>for <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AV0>deliberately <w VVG>creating <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2080"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2081"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2082"><w NP0>BCCI <w NN1>liquidation <w NN1-VVB>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="2083"><w PRP>During <w NP0>January <w NN2>courts <w VVN>set <w PRP>in <w NN1>motion <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>liquidating <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NN1>Credit <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NP0>BCCI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w CJS>after <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>fraud <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38355<c PUN>; <w CRD>38545<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2084"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w NP0>Luxembourg <w NN1>court <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>liquidation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BCCI <w NP0>SA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>hemisphere<c PUN>.
<s n="2085"><w AT0>The <w NN1>order <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>affect <w NP0>BCCI <w NN2>Holdings <c PUL>(<w NP0>Luxembourg<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1-AJ0>holding <w NN1>entity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2086"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>winding <w PRP-AVP>up <w NN1>order <w PRP>against <w NP0>BCCI <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
<s n="2087"><w AT0>The <w NN1>judge <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>plainly <w CJC>and <w AV0>hopelessly <w AJ0>insolvent<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2088"><w AT0>The <w NN1>order <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w AT0>a <w NN1>deposit <w NN1>protection <w NN1-VVB>scheme <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN2>depositors <c PUL>(<w VVG>numbering <w DT0>some <w CRD>53,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>global <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>1,200,000<c PUR>) <w VM0>could <w VVI>claim <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>deposits <w PRP>up to <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;15,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2089"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w AJ0>winding <w PRP-AVP>up <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cayman <w NP0>Islands <w PRP>against <w NP0>BCCI <c PUL>(<w AV0>Overseas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>hemisphere<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05G>
<s n="2090"><w NP0>US <w NN2>proceedings
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2091"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>judge <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>guilty <w NN1>plea <w PRP>on behalf of <w NP0>BCCI <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>racketeering<c PUN>.
<s n="2092"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plea <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>reached <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>BCCI<w POS>'s <w NN2>assets <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>(<w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;550 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>forfeited <w CJC>and <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dropped<c PUN>.
<s n="2093"><w PRF>Of <w NP0>BCCI<w POS>'s <w NN2>assets <w NN0>&dollar;100 <w CRD>million <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w ORD>First <w NN1-AJ0>American <w VVZ-NN2>Bankshares <w AJ0>Inc.<c PUN>, <w NP0>BCCI<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NP0>US <w NN1>subsidiary<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN0>&dollar;150 <w CRD>million <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>, <w NN0>&dollar;275 <w CRD>million <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VM0>would <w VVI>pay <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>fines <w CJC>and <w NN2>penalties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2094"><w NN2>Charges <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>against <w NP0>BCCI<w POS>'s <w NN1>founder<c PUN>, <w NP0>Agha <w NP0>Hasan <w NP0>Abedi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>BCCI<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>operating <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Swaleh <w NP0>Naqvi <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38355<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2095"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghaith <w NP0>Pharaon<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Saudi <w AJ0>Arabian <w NN1>investor<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NP0>BCCI<w POS>'s <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN1>takeover <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Californian <w NN1>bank <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0>Florida <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2096"><w NP0>Sani <w NP0>Ahmad<c PUN>, <w CRD>53<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0>BCCI<w POS>'s <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985-90<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2097"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w NN1>crime <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w VBD>was <w VVN>detained <w PRP>without <w NN1>bail <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1-VVB>witness <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>BCCI <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2098"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2099"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2100"><w NN1>Escalation <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="2101"><w CRD>Fifteen <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>) <w VVD>intensified <w DPS>its <w AJ0>military <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AV0>specifically <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NN1>abandonment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cross-party <w AJ0>political <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38300<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2102"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unionist <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Volunteer <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>UVF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Freedom <w NN2>Fighters <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFF<c PUR>) <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2103"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NP0>IRA <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>Protestant <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>destroyed <w DPS>their <w NN1>van <w PRP>at <w NP0>Teebane <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>.
<s n="2104"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVG>returning <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>repair <w CJC>and <w NN1>construction <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Omagh<c PUN>.
<s n="2105"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IRA <w VVD>regarded <w NN2>civilians <w PNQ>who <w VVD>worked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN2>targets<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>workers <w VVD>prompted <w DT0>several <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>protest <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Catholic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Protestant <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2106"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>army <w NN1>battalion <c PUL>(<w AV0>around <w CRD>500 <w NN2>men<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
<s n="2107"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>army <w NN2>numbers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>10,500 <w PRP>to <w CRD>11,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38588<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>England <w PRP>before <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Brooke <w VVD>conceded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w PRP>with <w NN1>hindsight <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>decision <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2108"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>related <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Unionist <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>Brooke<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>chat <w NN1>show <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dublin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>given <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impromptu <w NN1>rendering <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>folksong<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Teebane <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
<s n="2109"><w NP0>Brooke <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>apologized <w CJC>and <w VVD>offered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2110"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>other <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w NN2>offices <w CJC>and <w NN2>businesses <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
<s n="2111"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w AJ0>incendiary <w NN2>devices <w CJC>and <w NN1>car <w NN2>bombs <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w AJ0>major <w NN1>damage <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>injuries<c PUN>.
<s n="2112"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IRA <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>case <w AT0>a <w NN1>Catholic <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>admitted<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>error<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2113"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>UVF <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>shootings <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN2>civilians <w PNQ>who <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<c PUN>.
<s n="2114"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>UFF <w VVD>killed <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Catholic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PNP>it <w VVD>killed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Protestant <w NN1>builder <w PNQ>who <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>informer <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2115"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w VVD>exploded <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>in <w NP0>Whitehall <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w AV0>less than <w CRD>300 <w NN2>metres <w PRP>from <w NP0>Downing <w NP0>Street<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>residence <w VBD>was <w VVN>situated<c PUN>.
<s n="2116"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w VVD-VVN>caused <w DT0>little <w NN1-VVB>damage <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>surrounding <w NN1>area <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>evacuated <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>warning <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>efficacy <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="2117"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IRA <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>mortar <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Downing <w NP0>Street <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38019<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05H>
<s n="2118"><w NN1>Abandonment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brooke <w NN1>initiative
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2119"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>inter-party <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NP0-NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Brooke<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2120"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>James <w NN2>Molyneaux <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Paisley <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NN1-NP0>Hume <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Alderdice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38300-31<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AV0>initially <w VVD>broke <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38356<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>procedural <w NN2>disagreements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2121"><w NP0>Brooke <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>giving <w AVP>up <w DPS>his <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>format <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>(<w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>July<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2122"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SDLP <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>guarantee <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>outcome<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w AT0>The <w NN2>participants <w VVD>agreed <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>great <w NN1>potential<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>concluded<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NN1-VVB>regret <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>in <w AJ0>present <w NN2>circumstances <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>substantive <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines <w VVD-VVN>envisaged<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2124"><w PNP>They <w VDD>did <w VVI>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AJ0>lower-level <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NN1>party <w NN2>representatives <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mawhinney<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2125"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2126"><w NP0>BELGIUM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2127"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Walloon <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="2128"><w CJS>While <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>inconclusive <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>level <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38589<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>French-speaking <w NP0-NN1>Wallonia<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Guy <w NP0>Spitaels <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2129"><w CJS>As <w VVN>required <w PRP>by <w NN1>tradition<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spitaels <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w CJS>as <w NN1>PS <w NN1>president <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
<s n="2130"><w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Busquin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>continuing <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2131"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>PS-PSC <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wallonia <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>housing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>renewal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2132"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2133"><w NP0>AUSTRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2134"><w NN2-VVZ>Moves <w PRP>against <w NN2>neo-Nazis
</head>
<p>
<s n="2135"><w AT0>A <w AV0>well <w VVN>known <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>extremist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gottfried <w NP0>K&uuml;ssel<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>broadcast <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>Party <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>Fourth <w NP0>Reich<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2136"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>uncovered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w CRD>six <w VVD-VVN>questioned <w PRP>on <w NN1>suspicion <w PRF>of <w VVG>plotting <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2137"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Military <w NN2>Sports <w NN1>Group <w NN1-NP0>Trenck <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>attention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w CJS>after <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>harassed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Viennese <w NN1>youth <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="2138"><w PRP>During <w NN2>raids <w PRP>on <w NN2>members<w POS>' <w NN2>homes <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVD>seized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>as well as <w NN1-AJ0>racist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-immigrant <w NN1>literature<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w AJ0>Neo-Nazi <w NN2>activities <w VBD>were <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2140"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w AV0>more <w AV0>vigorously <w PRP>against <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w NN2>activities <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>hotel <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>centre <w VBD>was <w VVN>firebombed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>incident <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05J>
<s n="2141"><w AJ0-VVN>Extended <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Proksch
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2142"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sentence <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Udo <w NP0-NN1>Proksch <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lucona <w NN1>affair <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38110<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>changed <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w NN1>hearing <w VVN-VVD>completed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="2143"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appeal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="2144"><w AT0>No <w AJC>further <w NN1>appeal <w VBD>was <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>defence <w NN2>lawyers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>retrial <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>expert <w NN1>evidence <w DTQ>which <w VVB>cast <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>client<w POS>'s <w NN1>conviction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2145"><w AT0>The <w NN1>affair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lucona<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>blew <w AVP>up <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maldives <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>politicians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Proksch<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2146"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2147"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2148"><w NP0>Renfe <w NN1>scandal <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Valverde
</head>
<p>
<s n="2149"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Juli&aacute;n <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>Valverde<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>actually <w VVN>offered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="2150"><w DPS>His <w NN1>replacement <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0-NN1>Gri&ntilde;an<c PUN>.
<s n="2151"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w VVN>begun <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w NN1>land <w NN2>purchases <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Equidesa<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>subsidiary <w PRF>of <w NP0>Renfe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>railway <w NN1>company <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Valverde <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VBN>been <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2152"><w AT0>The <w NN1>land <w NN2>purchases <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0-VVN>inflated <w NN2>prices <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w NP0>February-May <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>San <w NP0>Sebasti&aacute;n <w UNC>de <w UNC>los <w NP0>Reyes <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NP0>Madrid<c PUN>.
<s n="2153"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>IU<c PUR>) <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>grouping <w VHD>had <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1-VVB>court <w AT0>an <w NN1>accusation <w PRP>against <w NP0>Renfe <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN2>dealings<c PUN>.
<s n="2154"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Valverde <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w NN1>industry <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>exposition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Renfe<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>merely <w TO0>to <w VVI>execute <w NN2>plans <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w AJ0>local <w NN1>council<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Madrid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2155"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>apparent <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>companies <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>as <w NN2>intermediaries <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w PRP>to <w NP0>Equidesa <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w NN1>fraud <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>IVA-impuesto <w UNC>de <w UNC>valor <w NN1>agregado<c PUR>) <w NN2>invoices<c PUN>.
<s n="2156"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>648 <w NN2>companies <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Renfe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Equidesa <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Empresa <w UNC>Nacional <w NP0-NN1>Baz&aacute;n<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2157"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>commission <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w NN0>sales<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Valverde <w CJC>and <w CRD>70 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w NN2>departments<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>companies <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>named <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IU<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Centre <c PUL>(<w NN2>CDS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
<s n="2158"><w NP0-NN1>Valverde <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1-AJ0>superior <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Barrionuevo<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AJ0>full <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w NN2>purchases<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2159"><w NP0>El <w NP0>Pa&iacute;s <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>scandals <w VVG>involving <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2160"><w AJ0-VVG>Welcoming <w NN1-NP0>Valverde<w POS>'s <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>prompt <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>commented<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>Perhaps <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>disturbing <w NN1>feature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>situation <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>underground <w NN2>connections <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>scandals <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>irregular <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2161"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2162"><w NP0>GIBRALTAR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2163"><w NN1>Re-election <w PRF>of <w NN2>Socialists
</head>
<p>
<s n="2164"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Gibraltar <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>GSLP<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Joe <w NP0>Bossano <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>with <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>three-quarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-governing <w AJ0>British <w NN1>colony <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2165"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>GSLP <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w CRD>73.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>increase <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w CRD>58 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36040<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2166"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Gibraltar <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>GSD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Caruana<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w ORD>second <w PRP>with <w CRD>20.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>formed <w NP0>Gibraltar <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w VVD>received <w CRD>4.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w NN1>Advancement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civil <w NN2>Rights <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w NN1>power <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1988 <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VVD>gained <w CRD>2.0 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2167"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>71 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2168"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Gibraltarian <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>GSLP <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>formation <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2169"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>gained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2170"><w AT0>The <w NP0>GSLP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>traditionally <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Spain<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>platform <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>sphere<c PUN>.
<s n="2171"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w NN1-NP0>Bossano <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NN2>Gibraltarians <w VBD>were <w AJ0>anti-Spanish<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>nor <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>hostility <w CJC>nor <w NN1>enmity <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Spain<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2172"><w AV0>Rather<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>desire <w PRP>for <w NN1>self-determination<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2173"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2174"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2175"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w NN2>generals
</head>
<p>
<s n="2176"><w CRD>Nine <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN2>generals <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>colonels <w VBD>were <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>crash <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ustica <c PUL>(<w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sicily<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1980<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>Itavia <w NN1>airline <w UNC>DC9<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w CRD>81 <w NN0>people <w AV0>on board <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="2177"><w PRP>Amongst <w AT0>the <w NN2>generals <w VBD>was <w NP0>Lamberto <w NP0-NN1>Bartolucci<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Zeno <w NP0>Tascio<c PUN>, <w NP0>Corrado <w NP0>Melillo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Franco <w NP0>Ferri<c PUN>, <w NP0>Franco <w NP0-NN1>Pisano <w CJC>and <w NP0>Federico <w NP0>Benincasa <w NP0-NN1>Mannucci<c PUN>.
<s n="2178"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w AJ0-VVD>alleged <w NN1>conspiracy <w PRP>against <w NN1>state <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w VVG>obstructing <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>crash<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2179"><w AJ0-VVN>Repeated <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>ascertain <w AT0>the <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>disaster <w VHD>had <w VVN>encountered <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w VVG>obtaining <w NN1>information <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36434<c PUN>; <w CRD>37096<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2180"><w CRD>One <w NN1>hypothesis <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>acceptance <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>consistent <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>hit <w PRP>in <w NN1>error <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>missile<c PUN>.
<s n="2181"><w AT0>The <w NN2>indictments <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>investigator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rosario <w NP0>Priore<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2>records<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05K>
<s n="2182"><w AJ0>Attempted <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>train
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2183"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN1>explosion <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>derail <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w VVG>carrying <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>passengers <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>train <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w NP0>Lecce<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Apulia<c PUN>.
<s n="2184"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AJ0>initial <w NN2>suspicions <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>terrorists <w VHD>had <w VVN>laid <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>explosion <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Apulian <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sacra <w NP0>Corona <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Sacred <w NN1>Crown<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2185"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appeal <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>organization <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w CRD>Two <w NN1>fire-bomb <w NN2>attacks <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN0>barracks <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lecce<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>heard<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05L>
<s n="2187"><w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2188"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38690<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>additional <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="2189"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w VVN>omitted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>because of <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="2190"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>measure <w VVD>granted <w AT0>the <w NP0>Banca <w NP0>d'Italia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury<c PUN>.
<s n="2191"><w AV0>Hitherto<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>advise <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury <w PRP>on <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislation <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AT0>the <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2192"><w NN1>Privatization <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>strategy <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>deficit <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>permit <w NP0>Italy <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <w PRP>from <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="2193"><w DT0>This <w NN1>strategy <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>Italy <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1-VVB>state <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>sector <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1930s<c PUN>.
<s n="2194"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislation <w VVD>cleared <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w VVG>holding <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Istituto <w PRP>per <w UNC>la <w NP0>Ricostruzione <w NP0>Industriale <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>IRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>liability <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w NN2>disposals<c PUN>.
<s n="2195"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>plans <w VM0>would <w AV0>nevertheless <w AV0>still <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>or<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NN1>majority <w NN2>shareholdings <w VBD>were <w VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2196"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2197"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2198"><w NN1>Verdict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Papandreou <w NN1>trial
</head>
<p>
<s n="2199"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>13-member <w NN1>tribunal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>hearing <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Crete<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>acquitted <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andreas <w NP0>Papandreou <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="2200"><w PNP>It <w VVD>censured <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VHG>having <w VVN>intervened <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN2>dealings <w VVG>involving <w UNC>US&dollar;200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w NP0>Georgios <w NN2>Koskotas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>then <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2201"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD-VVN>found<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Papandreou <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>instigator<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds <w VBG>being <w VVN>directed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Crete<c PUN>.
<s n="2202"><w PNP>It <w VVD>cleared <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w CRD>10 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>charge <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN2-VVZ>bribes <w PRP>from <w NP0>Koskotas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w CRD>nine <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>charge <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>embezzled <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>funds <w PRP>by <w VVG>asking <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w AVP>off <w AV0>illegally <w NN2>debts <w VVN>owed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NP0>Athens <w NN1>hotelier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Socrates <w NP0-NN1>Kalkanis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2203"><w NN2>Allegations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w ORD>first <w VVN>made <w PRP>against <w NP0>Papandreou <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>in connection with <w DPS>their <w NN2>dealings <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36562<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2204"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tribunal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1989 <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36822<c PUN>; <w CRD>36902<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>trial <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w NP0>Papandreou<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Panhellenic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pasok<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w AT0>a <w NP0>Pasok <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981-89<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>courtroom <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>lawyers <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w PNP>him <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38157-58<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2206"><w CRD>One <w NN1>defendant<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Agamemnon <w NP0>Koutsogiorgas<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2207"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>were <w DT0>former <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w NP0>Dimitris <w NP0>Tsvolas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgios <w NN2>Petsos<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><w NN2>Tsvolas <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w UNC>2&commat;1/2 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w CJC>and <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w NN1>trust <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w NN1>write-off <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Kalkanis<c PUN>.
<s n="2209"><w NN2>Petsos <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-month <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w AV0-AJ0>corruptly <w VVG-AJ0>facilitating <w NN1>planning <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>complex <w DTQ>which <w NN2>Koskotas <w VHD>had <w VVN>built <w PRP>near <w NP0>Athens<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2210"><w NP0>Koskotas <w PNX>himself <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>prison <w VVG>awaiting <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w AJ0>major <w NN1>fraud <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="2211"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>forging <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Papandreou <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>featured <w AV0>prominently <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>against <w NP0>Papandreou<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2212"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>threats <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pasok <w NN2>supporters <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1-VVB>protest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>guilty <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>against <w DPS>their <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="2213"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w NP0>Papandreou <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>electorate <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deceived <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ND<w POS>'s <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN0>fruit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>conscious <w NN1>deception <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>voters<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2214"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2215"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2216"><w AJ0>Intensified <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN2>Kurds <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Tensions <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</head>
<p>
<s n="2217"><w NN1>Bombing <w NN2>raids <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>bases <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2218"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>army <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>34 <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cudi <w NP0>Mountains <w PRF>of <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w CRD>50 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2219"><w AV0>Both <w NN2>planes <w CJC>and <w NN1>helicopter <w NN2>gunships <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>used<c PUN>.
<s n="2220"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ismet <w NP0-NN1>Sezgin<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w VHD>had <w AJ0>pre-empted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NP0>PKK <w NN1>uprising <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>spring<c PUN>.
<s n="2221"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PKK <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="2222"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>bases <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38547<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w CRD>Eight <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05M>
<s n="2224"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>MPs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2225"><w CRD>Two <w NN0>MPs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leyla <w NP0>Zana <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hatip <w NP0-NN1>Dicle<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN2>benches <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>giving <w AJ0>verbal <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="2226"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <c PUL>(<w NP0>SHP<c PUR>) <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38547<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05N>
<s n="2227"><w NN2>Tensions <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2228"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Sezgin <w VVD>mentioned <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>along with <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>unnamed <w NN2>countries <w PRP>from <w AV0>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>encouraging <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>activity <w PRP>among <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>Kurds<c PUN>.
<s n="2229"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>countered <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>asked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>for <w DT0>such <w NN2>claims<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2230"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w AV0>also <w VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>impounding <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>cargo <w NN1>ship<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Maleas<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w NN1>anchor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bosphorus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2231"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w NN1>hearing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2232"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>flying <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Greek-Cypriot <w NN1>flag <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>sailed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Varna<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>carrying <w NN2>arms <w PRP>including <w NN1>grenade <w NN2>launchers <w CJC>and <w NN2>mortars<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>registered <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>documentation <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AV0>probably <w VVN>destined <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2233"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w VVI>reach <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>through <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
<s n="2234"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w VBD>was <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship<w POS>'s <w NN1>cargo <w PRP>as <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="2235"><w DT0>This <w NN1>incident <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>prevented <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>from <w VVG>reaching <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>cross-border <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2236"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2237"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2238"><w NP0>Washington <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moscow <w NN2-VVZ>rounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="2239"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13-16<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>agreement <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w CJC>or <w NN1>venue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38693<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2240"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>teams <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>issuing <w PRF>of <w NN1>deportation <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>against <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>activists <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w AJ0-VVN>occupied <w NN2>territories <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38741<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2241"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2242"><w AT0>The <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>started <w AV0>positively<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>representation <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2243"><w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>two-track <w NN1>approach<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NN2>Palestinians <w VM0>could <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w NN2>Israelis <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AJ0-NN1>token <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>participation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2244"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli-Palestinian <w NN2>talks <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>self-rule <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.
<s n="2245"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN2>parties <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>following <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN2>measures <w PRF>of <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2246"><w PRP>Under <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>proposed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>self-government <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Palestinians <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w DT0>some <w NN1>measure <w PRF>of <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>or <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2247"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>counter-proposal <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>assure <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w NN1>self-rule <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>residents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jerusalem <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>organ <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w NN1>authority <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>all <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>land <w CJC>and <w NN2>resources <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>status <w VBD>was <w VVN>decided<c PUN>.
<s n="2248"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2249"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>little <w NN1>progress <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2250"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Jordanians <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>concentred <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>issues <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN2>settlements <w VVB-NN1>issue <w CJC>and <w NN2>interpretations <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>242<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05P>
<s n="2251"><w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multilateral <w AJ0-NN1>round <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28-29<c PUN>.
<s n="2253"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>tackling <w AJ0>practical <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>matters <w PRP>such as <w NN1-AJ0>water-sharing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w AJS>broadest <w NN1>gathering <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2-VVZ>states <w AV0>ever <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>table <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="2254"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w VVN>overshadowed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="2255"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Palestinians <w AV0>eventually <w VVD-VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>formula<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AT0>no <w NP0>PLO <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NP0>East <w NP0>Jerusalem <w NN2>Palestinians <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>diaspora <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2256"><w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AT0>no <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>flexibility <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2257"><w NN2>Delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Algeria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yemen <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>but <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>moment <w PRP>in <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="2258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Egyptian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN2>delegations <w VVN-VVD>hinted <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>rift <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>ranks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>front-line<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>states<c PUN>; <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN2>commentators <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w VHD>had <w AV0>greatly <w VVN>displeased <w AT0>the <w NN2>Syrians<c PUN>.
<s n="2259"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>countries <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <c PUL>(<w NP0>UAE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mauritania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>.
<s n="2260"><w NN2>Others <w VVG>attending <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2261"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD>established <w CRD>five <w NN2>committees <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>convene <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>or <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="2262"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w VVG-NN1>sharing <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>or <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2263"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w NN1>committee <w NN2>meetings <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>committees <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN1>east <w NP0>Jerusalem <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2264"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2265"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2266"><w NN1>Departure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tehiya <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Moledet <w PRP>from <w NN1>coalition <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Security <w NN2>issues <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>affairs
</head>
<p>
<s n="2267"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>right-wing<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>ultra-nationalist <w NP0-NN1>Tehiya <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Moledet <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Likud-led <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1>autonomy <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2268"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w VVD>presaged <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>concessions <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>endangered <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2269"><w AT0>The <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w VVD>removed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shamir <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="2270"><w PRP>Without <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1-NP0>Moledet <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NP0-NN1>Tehiya <w NN2>members <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w AV0>now <w VVD>held <w CRD>59 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>120-member <w NP0>Knesset <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38694 <w PRP>for <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Tsomet <w NN1>Party <w PRP>from <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2271"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Tehiya <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Yuval <w NP0-NN1>Ne'eman <w VVD>resigned <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moledet <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Rehavam <w NP0-NN1>Ze'evi <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2272"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>survive <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tehiya <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Moledet <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>favoured <w VVG>holding <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>(<w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2273"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w AV0>informally <w VVD-VVN>endorsed <w NP0>Likud <w VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05R>
<s n="2274"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2275"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <w PRP>by <w CRD>60 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>53 <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>abstention <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w NN1>deadline <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN2>hours <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-month <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="2276"><w AT0>The <w NN1>delay <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>frantic <w NN1>bargaining <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Likud <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJC>smaller <w AJ0>orthodox <w CJC>or <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>partners<c PUN>.
<s n="2277"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>obstacle <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Shas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mafdal <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>client <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2278"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>parties <w NP0>Shamir <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>funding<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>infrastructural <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2279"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1992 <w DT0>some <w CRD>5,500 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w CRD>19,500 <w VVB-NN1>state <w VVG-NN1>housing <w NN2>units <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>constructed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2280"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN2>deals <w VVN>struck <w PRP>by <w NP0>Likud <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN2>partners <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>IS220 <w CRD>million <w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;97,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w NN1>budget <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w AJ0>Total <w NN1>budget <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>at <w UNC>IS107,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>to <w CRD>6.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>6.9 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>originally <w VVB>forecast <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2283"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>well <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w CRD>5.5 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>recommended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>rested <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>assumption <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>bank <w NN2>loans <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>forthcoming<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05S>
<s n="2284"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>deportation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Palestinians <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Settlements <w VVB-NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2285"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>12 <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>strip <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deported <w PRP>because of <w DPS>their <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>residents<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2286"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>sources <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>seven <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>strip <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w AV0>closely <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AJ0>various <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2287"><w AT0>The <w CRD>12 <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-AJ0>deported <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>revoked <w AT0>a <w NN1>deportation <w NN1>order <w PRP>against <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2288"><w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deportation <w NN1>order <w PRP>by <w VVG>delaying <w DPS>their <w NN1>departure <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38740<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2289"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>international <w NN1>condemnation<c PUN>.
<s n="2290"><w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AJ0>similar <w AJ0>harsh <w AJ0>international <w NN1>criticism <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w ORD>last <w VVN>deported <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>activists<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38213<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2291"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-AJ0>adopted <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>726 <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>condemned<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>issuing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deportation <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>reaffirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>applicability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1949 <w ORD>Fourth <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>territories <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>since <w CRD>1967<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>.
<s n="2292"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>one-sided<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unjust <w CJC>and <w AJ0>disappointing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2293"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportations <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN1>gunman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>settler<c PUN>, <w NP0>Doron <w NP0>Shorshan<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dir <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Balah <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>strip<c PUN>.
<s n="2294"><w NN1-NP0>Shorshan <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>settler <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2295"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>a <w NN1>bus <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlers <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>near <w NP0>Ramallah <w PRP>by <w NN2>gunmen<c PUN>; <w CRD>seven <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AV0>seriously<c PUN>.
<s n="2296"><w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlers <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>by <w VVG>planting <w AJ0-NN1>mobile <w NN2>homes <w PRP>on <w CRD>five <w NN2>sites <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>these <w AJ0>attempted <w NN2>settlements <w VBD>were <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>dismantled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05T>
<s n="2297"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>contacts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2298"><w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>established <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="2299"><w NN2>Relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22-26 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2300"><w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2301"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Portugal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Levi <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel <w VM0>would <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
<s n="2302"><w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>India <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2303"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8-10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>member <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="2304"><w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>with <w NP0>Levi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shamir <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2305"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2306"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2307"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>intifada
</head>
<p>
<s n="2308"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>raids <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w AJ0-VVG>resulting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>60 <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2309"><w AT0>The <w NN2>raids <w VBD>were <w VVN>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nablus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramallah <w CJC>and <w NP0>El-Bireh<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NN1>curfew <w AV0>beforehand<c PUN>.
<s n="2310"><w PRP>In <w NN1>combination <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>raids<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Army <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w PRP>by <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2311"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVN-VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NN2>raids <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w CJS>as <w VVZ-NN2>measures <w AV0>clearly <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>placate <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2312"><w CRD>One <w NN1>Palestinian <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>gun <w NN1>battle <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Jenin<c PUN>.
<s n="2313"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>youth <w VVD>died <w PRP>during <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>near <w NP0>Khan <w NP0-NN1>Yunis <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.
<s n="2314"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>deportation <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>Palestinians <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2315"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w CRD>one <w NN1>Palestinian <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>20 <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="2316"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w NN1>Palestinian <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>soldier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Salifit <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w DPS>his <w NN1>identity <w NN1>card<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2317"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>collaborating <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>bodies <w VVN-VVD>dumped <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kafr <w NP0-NN1>Rai <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2318"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>infiltrated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Fatah-affiliated <w AJ0>Black <w NN1>Panther <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2319"><w AT0>The <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>suspected<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>collaborators<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05U>
<s n="2320"><w NN1>Conviction <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w PRP>for <w CRD>1982 <w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am <w NN1-VVG>bombing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2321"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>court <w VVD-VVN>sentenced <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Rashid<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>after <w VVG>convicting <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w AJ0>premeditated <w NN1>manslaughter <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1982 <w AJ0>mid-air <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AV0>Pan-Am <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>over <w NP0>Hawaii <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w VVD>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36563<c PUN>; <w CRD>36667<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2322"><w NP0-NN1>Rashid <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Greece <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="2323"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>request <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>extradition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>trial <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2324"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prosecution <w VVD>contended <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Rashid <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>lieutenant <w PRP>to <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Ibrahim<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
<s n="2325"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mistaken <w NN1>identity <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Rashid <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Hamdan<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>officer <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Army<c PUN>.
<s n="2326"><w NP0>Hamdan<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2327"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>conviction <w NN1-NP0>Rashid <w VVD>told <w NN2>journalists <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>guilty <w NN1>verdict<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>gift <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Americans<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w PNP>me <w AJ0>guilty <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>against <w VVG>extraditing <w PNP>me<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05V>
<s n="2328"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2329"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Palestine <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Rally <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDR<c PUN>, <w AJ0>al-Tajamm'u <w AJ0-NN1>al-Dimoqrati <w NN1>al-Filastini<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="2330"><w VVN>Based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>changed <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2331"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDR<w POS>'s <w NN2>objectives <w VVD>included<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-determination <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05W>
<s n="2332"><w NN1>Execution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Iyad<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassin
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2333"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PLO <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Hamza <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Zayd<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Palestinian <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>assassinated <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Iyad <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>prominent <w NP0>PLO <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37975-76<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2334"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2335"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2336"><w NN1>Security <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>affairs
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2337"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Operations <w PRP>against <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>SLA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2338"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD-VVN>launched <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>targets<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2339"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>tense<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>frequent <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>South <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <w NN1>proxy <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.
<s n="2340"><w NN1>Evidence <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>self-declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>further <w NN1>north <w PRP>into <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2341"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNIFIL<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rashaf<c PUN>, <w VVN>situated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>siege <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>SLA <w PRP>since <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="2342"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>SLA <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>imperatives <w PRF>of <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2343"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>raid <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>jets <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Command <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP-GC<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>base <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1-NP0>Bekaa <w NN1-NP0>Valley<c PUN>; <w VVB-NN1>press <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="2344"><w PRP>Throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w NN2>raids<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w DT0>some <w CRD>35 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>150<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2345"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>crossed <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w TO0>to <w VVI>abduct <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Lebanese<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>suspects<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Jibshit <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="2346"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sons <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>suspects<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1>explosion <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>abduction<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>police <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>planted <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>raid<c PUN>.
<s n="2347"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>suspects<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Israelis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="2348"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN2>servicemen <w VVG>missing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2349"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>released <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>men <w VVD>abducted <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>SLA <w NN2>militiamen <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2350"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>bombs <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NN1>SLA <w NN1>militiaman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2351"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>jets <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>PFLP-GC <w NN1>base <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Damur <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Naameh<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>15 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2352"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>International <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>three <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>raid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>rockets <w VVD>hit <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>shanty <w NN1>town <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>nine <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2353"><w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>killed <w DT0>some <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli-SLA <w NN1-VVB>patrol <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="2354"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w VVD-VVN>controlled <w NN1>village<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>.
<s n="2355"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>SLA <w VVD>launched <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>bombardments <w PRP>against <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation<c PUN>.
<s n="2356"><w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Zionist <w NN2>troops<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w NN1-NP0>Valley <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05X>
<s n="2357"><w NN1>Deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL <w NN2>areas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2358"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>two-month <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w AVQ>when <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2359"><w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>replaced <w AJ0>Ghanaian <w NN1>UNIFIL <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>villages <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>around <w NP0>Tair <w NP0-NN1>Debbeh <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLFCA05Y>
<s n="2360"><w NN1>Car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w NN1>West <w NP0>Beirut
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2361"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>car <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>busy <w NN1-NP0>Basta <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w NN1>west <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>17 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
<s n="2362"><w AT0>The <w NN1>area <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>stronghold <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w AJ0>Syrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>Army <w AJ0>military <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="2363"><w PNI>No-one <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria <w AV0>both <w VVD>blamed <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="2364"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVD-VVN>delivered <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>explosion <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2365"><w NP0>Sami <w NP0>al-Khatib<c PUN>, <w VVD>vowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hang <w AT0>the <w NN2>bombers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA060></p>
<caption id=HLFCA060>
<s n="2366"><w VVB-NN1>Call <w PRP>for <w NN1>surrender <w PRF>of <w AJ0>light <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2367"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w NN2>individuals <w AV0>voluntarily <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w AJ0>small-calibre <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>by <w NP0>mid-March<c PUN>.
<s n="2368"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>threatened <w CJT>that <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w AV0>forcibly <w TO0>to <w VVI>collect <w AT0>the <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>severest <w PRF>of <w NN2>penalties<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>inflicted <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2369"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>militias <w CJC>and <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>call<c PUN>.
<s n="2370"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Phalangist <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>LF<c PUR>) <w NN0>militia <w DTQ>which <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVG>operating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>weaponry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA061></p>
<caption id=HLFCA061>
<s n="2371"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>setback <w PRP>on <w NN0>media <w VVB-NN1>control
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2372"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN1>news <w NN1>broadcasting <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lebanon<w POS>'s <w CRD>42 <w AJ0>private <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>cases <w NN1-AJ0>militia-controlled<c PUR>) <w NN1>television <w NN2>stations <w VBD>was <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>by <w NN1>Information <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Albert <w NP0-NN1>Mansur <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Michel <w NP0-NN1>al-Murr <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2373"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VBD>was <w VVN>abandoned <w AV0>shortly <w AV0>afterwards<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>.
<s n="2374"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>stations <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w VBN>been <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA062></p>
<caption id=HLFCA062>
<s n="2375"><w NN1>Attendance <w PRP>at <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Berri <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jumblatt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2376"><w NP0>Nabi <w NP0-NN1>Berri<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Amal <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Walid <w NP0>Jumblatt<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSP <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w VVD-VVN>attended <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="2377"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN0>militia <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>boycotting <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2378"><w NN2>Berri <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jumblatt <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>after <w VVG>talking <w PRP>with <w AJ0-VVG>visiting <w AJ0>Syrian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Halim <w NP0>Khaddam <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="2379"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0-NN1>Khaddam <w AV0>also <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Hrawi<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Umar <w NP0-NN1>Karami <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0>Hussein <w NP0>al-Husseini <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>powers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA063></p>
<caption id=HLFCA063>
<s n="2380"><w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2381"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="2382"><w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Hawi <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w CJS>as <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Faruq <w NP0>Dahruj <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>.
<s n="2383"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>16-member <w NN1>politburo <w CJC>and <w AJ0>49-member <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>elected<c PUN>.
<s n="2384"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>name <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA064></p>
<caption id=HLFCA064>
<s n="2385"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2386"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12-13<c PUN>.
<s n="2387"><w NN2>Topics <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w VVN-VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>military <w NN2>helicopters<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2388"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2389"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2390"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>oil <w NN0>sales <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme
</head>
<p>
<s n="2391"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>oil <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;1,600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>purposes <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-month <w NN1>period <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38406<c PUN>; <w CRD>38452<c PUN>; <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Iraqi <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8-10<c PUN>.
<s n="2392"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>representative <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>escrow <w NN1-VVB>fund <w NN1-AJ0>managing <w NN1>oil <w NN2>revenues<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AJ0>oil-pumping <w NN2>operations <w PRP>alongside <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2393"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0-NN1>Amir <w NN1>al-Anbari<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary-General <w CJC>and <w NN1>Controller <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Budget <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kofi <w NP0>Annan<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="2394"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>considered <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>export <w NN1>oil <w PRP>through <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>pipeline <w NN1>fee <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;264,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Botas<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>planned <w NN1-VVB>escrow <w NN1-VVB>account<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2395"><w NP0>Annan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constructive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>positive<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>.
<s n="2396"><w AJ0>Fresh <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w NN1>oil <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>Resolutions <w CRD>706 <w CJC>and <w CRD>712 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38406<c PUN>; <w CRD>38452<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>infringement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38452<c PUN>; <w CRD>38548<c PUN>; <w CRD>38597<c PUN>; <w CRD>38696<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2397"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>re-opened <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2398"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>Health <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Umid <w NP0>Midhat <w NP0>Mubarak <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>85,942 <w NN2>Iraqis<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>27,473 <w NN2>children <w AV0>under <w CRD>five <c PUL>&lsqb;<w XX0>not <w CRD>80,000 <w CJS>as <w AV0>wrongly <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>paragraph <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>article <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38696<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>shortages<c PUN>.
<s n="2399"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Ministry <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w CRD>160 <w NN2>shipments <w PRF>of <w NN2>medicines <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>, <w VVN>paid <w PRP>for <w PRP>before <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained <w PRP>at <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ports<c PUN>.
<s n="2400"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Italy <w AJ0>unblocked <w AV0>up to <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>frozen <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>assets <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="2401"><w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w CRD>27 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>surgical <w NN2>anaesthetics<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA065></p>
<caption id=HLFCA065>
<s n="2402"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Compensation <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>decision
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2403"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Compensation <w NN1>Commission <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AJ0>cumulative <w NN2>ceilings <w PRP>for <w NN2>payments <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Compensation <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>for <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38211<c PUN>; <w CRD>38406<c PUN>; <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2404"><w NN2>Sums <w PRF>of <w PRP>up to <w UNC>US&dollar;30,000 <w PRP>for <w NN2>individuals <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;60,000 <w PRP>for <w NN2>families <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>payable <w CJS>as <w NN2-VVZ>damages <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mental <w NN1>pain <w CJC>or <w NN1>anguish<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2405"><w NN2>Claimants <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>file <w PRP>for <w AJ0>interim <w NN2>payments <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500 <w PRP>for <w NN1>death <w CJC>or <w NN1>injury<c PUN>.
<s n="2406"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w NN2>losses <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>by <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
<s n="2407"><w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w VVN-VVD>requested <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Compensation <w NN1>Fund<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA066></p>
<caption id=HLFCA066>
<s n="2408"><w NN1>Admission <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme <c PUN>&mdash;<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>Super-gun<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2409"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w VVG>summarizing <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12-14<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>acquired <w PRP>from <w NP0>Germany <w AJ0>large <w NN2>quantities <w PRF>of <w NN2>components <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w AJ0>high-speed <w NN2>centrifuges <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>enriching <w AJ0-NN1>weapons-grade <w NN1>uranium<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2410"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Galucci<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bahrain <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w VVD-VVN>admitted<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>pursuing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>production-scale <w NN1>centrifuge <w NN1>enrichment <w NN1>programme <w PRP>rather than <w AV0>simply <w AT0>a <w NN1>research <w NN1>programme<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors <w VVD-VVN>confronted <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials <w PRP>with <w NN1>evidence <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany <w VVG>showing <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>firms <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="2411"><w NP0>David <w NP0>Dorn<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>physicist <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>possible <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>possessed <w DT0>enough <w NN2>components <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>10,000 <w NN1>gas <w NN2-VVZ>centrifuges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2412"><w AJ0>Criminal <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>against <w DT0>several <w AJ0>unnamed <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>companies <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>supplying <w NN2>parts <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w VBD>were <w AV0>officially <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2413"><w VVZ-NN2>Claims <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>concealed <w AJ0>vital <w NN1>information <w PRP>regarding <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w VBD>were <w VVN>revived <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2414"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>62 <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>, <w CRD>18 <w NN1-VVB>launch <w NN2>pads<c PUN>, <w CRD>33 <w NN1>missile <w NN2>warheads<c PUN>, <w CRD>127 <w NN1>missile <w NN2>storage-racks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>fuel <w VHD>had <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VBN>been <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>questions <w VVB-NN1>remain&lsqb;ed&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>capability <w TO0>to <w VVI>manufacture <w AJ0>short- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>long-range <w NN1-NP0>Scud <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2415"><w NN2>Allegations <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>mobile <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1-NP0>Scud <w NN1>missile <w NN2>launchers<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>against <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>manufactured <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>US-owned <w NN1>factory <w PRP>at <w NP0>Motherwell <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lanarkshire<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Terex <w NN1>Corporation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>owned <w AT0>the <w NN1>factory<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2416"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w AJ0-VVD>published <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supposed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>bomb<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>programme <w VVG>involving <w NP0>Algeria <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38703<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2417"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w NN2>components <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacture <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>super-gun<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37332<c PUN>; <w CRD>37390-91<c PUN>; <w CRD>37471<c PUN>; <w CRD>38361<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA067></p>
<caption id=HLFCA067>
<s n="2418"><w NN1-AJ0>Chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2419"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>reprimanded <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>for <w VVG>allowing <w NN2>protestors <w TO0>to <w VVI>assault <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors <w PNQ>who <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>disposing <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>stocks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2420"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>informed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>destroyed <w AV0>more than <w CRD>181,000 <w NN2>bombs<c PUN>, <w NN2>missiles <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>explosives <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>allies <w PRP>against <w PNP>it <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA068></p>
<caption id=HLFCA068>
<s n="2421"><w NN2>Estimates <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war <w NN2>casualties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2422"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>estimates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>civilians <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2423"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>group <w NP0>Greenpeace <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PRP>between <w CRD>70,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>90,000 <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>civilian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w AJ0-NN1>war-related <w NN2>deaths <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w CRD>177,500 <w CJC>and <w CRD>243,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2424"><w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>estimates <w DTQ>which <w AV0>initially <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>military <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>at <w CRD>100,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>readjusted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>10,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2425"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>Watch<c PUN>, <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>civilians <w VVN>killed <w VM0>could <w VVI>total <w CRD>thousands<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>limit <w PRF>of <w AV0>perhaps <w PRP>between <w CRD>2,500 <w CJC>and <w CRD>3,000<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2426"><w AJ0>French <w AJ0>military <w NN2>estimates<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>Iraqis <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w PRP>at <w CRD>50,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA069></p>
<caption id=HLFCA069>
<s n="2427"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>team
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2428"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVB-NN1>team <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w NP0>Max <w NP0>van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Stoel<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>massive <w NN2>violations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VBD>were <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2429"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>UN <w NN1>report <w VVD>carried <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Kurdish <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w VVB-NN1>Stoel<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3-9<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w NN2>allegations <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>BBC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>indicating <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>Kurds <w VHD>had <w VVN>disappeared <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>government-sponsored <w NN1>extermination <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>; <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>evidence <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>video <w NN1>film <w VVD>smuggled <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>army <w NN1>brutality <w PRP>against <w NP0>Shia <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2431"><w VVZ-NN2>Claims <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>looted <w NN2>incubators <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kuwait <w CJC>and <w AJ0>left <w NN2>babies <w TO0>to <w VVI>die <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37927<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>Watch <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unfounded <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>central <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>effort<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06A><ptr target=HLFCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06A>
<s n="2432"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLFCA06B>
<s n="2433"><w NP0>RCC <w VVB-NN1>decree <w AJ0-VVG>imposing <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2434"><w AJ0>Government-controlled <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Command <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w NN2>crimes <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w NN1>looting <w PRP>to <w NN1>car <w NN1>theft<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2435"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>tightening <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w PRP>after <w NP0>Shia <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January <w DT0-CJT>that <w CRD>80 <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>abortive <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed<c PUN>.
<s n="2436"><w AJ0-NN1>Dissident <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>killing <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN2>officers <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06C>
<s n="2437"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>autonomy <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2438"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>suspend <w NN1>autonomy <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>until <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1>leadership <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2439"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>stalemate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>autonomy <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>effectiveness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38458<c PUN>; <w CRD>38598<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>enforced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0-VVN>fortified <w AJ0>military <w NN1>line <w PRP>across <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VVG>running <w PRP>from <w NP0>Qasr-e-Shirin <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>border <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kirkuk <w CJC>and <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Arbil <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>border <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Zhako<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2440"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>a <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NP0>Inter-Agency <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN1>Programme <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;145,300,000 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w CJC>and <w VVI>assist <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2441"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2442"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2443"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NN0>aircraft <w VVG-NN1>bombing <w NN2-VVZ>suspects
</head>
<p>
<s n="2444"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya <w VVB>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>extradite <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>or <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w DT0>those <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am <w NN1>flight <w CRD>103 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>270 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36409-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2445"><w CJS>If <w NP0>Libya <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>comply <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>time <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Britain <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w NP0>UN <w NN1>endorsement <w PRP>for <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2446"><w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>731 <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya <w VVB>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UTA <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chad-Niger <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>170 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36910<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2447"><w NP0>France <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>Libyans <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2448"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w DT0>both <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>, <w VVG>inviting <w AT0>the <w NN1>French<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w DPS>their <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-VVN>accused <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tripoli<c PUN>.
<s n="2449"><w DT0>This <w NN1>invitation <w VBD>was <w VVN>refused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>solution<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NP0>Libya <w CJC>and <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2450"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>government <w VVD>transfered <w NN2>assets <w PRP>from <w AJ0>European <w NN2>banks <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN2-VVZ>banks <w PRP>in <w NN1>anticipation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRP>by <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
<s n="2451"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>withhold <w NN1>payment <w PRP>on <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>with <w AJ0>European <w NN2>companies <w CJS>if <w NN2>sanctions <w VBD>were <w VVN>imposed <w VBD>was <w VVN>discounted <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>firms <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>encountered <w AJ0>long <w NN2>delays <w PRP>in <w NN1>payment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2452"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2453"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2454"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>prisoner <w NN2-VVZ>releases
</head>
<p>
<s n="2455"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Bourequat <w NN2>brothers <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>three <w AJ0>French <w NN2>citizens <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>without <w NN1>charge <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>17 <w NN2>years <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w VVN>pardoned <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w CRD>II <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2456"><w NP0>Bayazid <w NP0>Jacques<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bourequat <w NP0>Midhat <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0-NN1>Bourequat <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Auguste <w NP0>Bourequat<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>disappeared <w PRP>without <w NN1>explanation <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>their <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1973<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="2457"><w PRP>After <w DPS>their <w NN1>release <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>kidnapped<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VHD>had <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>plot <w PRP>by <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Dlimi<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>key <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>.
<s n="2458"><w AT0>The <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>kept <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>notorious <w NN1>Tazmamert <w NN1>prison <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>so <w AJ0>appalling <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>for <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>treatment <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>them <w AJ0>fit <w PRP>for <w NN1>release<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2459"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<c PUN>, <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rabat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>deepest <w NN1>gratitude<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>brothers<w POS>' <w NN1>release<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w AJ0>French <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN1>Action<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Kouchner<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>scandalous<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>revolting<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2460"><w CRD>Three <w DT0>more <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rakiz <w NP0>Ahmed<c PUN>, <w NP0>A&iuml;t <w NP0>Benasser <w NP0>Ahmed <w CJC>and <w NP0>Harif <w NP0>Abdallah<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Marxist-Leninist <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ilal <w NP0-NN1>Amam <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>Forward<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>since <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>pardoned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2461"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w VVD>blocked <w NN0>&dollar;600 <w CRD>million <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w NP0>Morocco<w POS>'s <w NN1>record <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="2462"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Abdellatif <w NP0-NN1>Filali <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>affront <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dignity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06D>
<s n="2463"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2464"><w VVB>Abderrahim <w NP0-NN1>Bouabid<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>socialiste <w UNC>des <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w NN2>populaires<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>cancer <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2465"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>politburo <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w NN1-NP0>Abderrahman <w NN1>el-Yousifi <w CJS>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1-AJ0>el-Yazghi <w CJS>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2466"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2467"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2468"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NP0>Abdollah <w NP0>Nouri <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>270-member <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>; <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2469"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2470"><w NP0>OMAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2471"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37873<c PUR>) <w VVD>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w DPS>its <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abdullah <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>al-Qatabi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w VVD>heralded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>era <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>national <w NN1>action<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>59-member <w NN1>council <w VM0>would <w VVI>draft <w NN1>policy <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>legislation <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2472"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2473"><w NP0>QATAR
</head>
<p>
<s n="2474"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Amir<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Khalifal <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Hamad <w NN1>al-Thani<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January <w PRP>from <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>leading <w NN1-NP0>Qataris <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>with <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>powers<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>concern <w CJC>and <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>over <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>emirate <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN2>reforms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>education <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2475"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2476"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<p>
<s n="2477"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>lifted <w AJ0>pre-publication <w NN1>censorship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>written <w NN0>media <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="2478"><w NN1>Censorship <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-run <w NN1>broadcast <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP>down <w NN2>publications <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>printed <w NN2>articles <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>objected<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2479"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2480"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2481"><w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="2482"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>summit <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>peacemaking <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>roles <w PRP>in <w NN1>world <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2483"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>non-permanent <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP-CJS>except <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-permanent <w NN2>members <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38555<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2484"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
<s n="2485"><w VVN>Initiated <w PRP>by <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>convened <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NP0>UN <w NN2>organs <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2486"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>press <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>conceived <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="2487"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>privileges <w CJS>as <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>veto<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>increasingly <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>claimed <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2488"><w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nigeria <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>favoured <w AT0>an <w NN1>enlargement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2489"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="2490"><w PNP>He <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>preventive <w NN1>diplomacy <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w AJC>greater <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>through <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2491"><w AV0>Later<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>closing <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w NP0>Major <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>lasting <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>stability<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2492"><w VVG>Unveiling <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>global <w AJ0-NN1>anti-missile <w NN1>system <w PRP>in co-operation with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>mere <w NN2>partners<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>allies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>democratic <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>efforts <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2493"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>functions <w PRP>by <w VVG>reactivating <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Military <w NN0>Staff <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37640 <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>due to <w NP0>Franco-US <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06E>
<s n="2494"><w NN1>Summit <w NN1>declaration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2495"><w PRP>In <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>declaration <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NN1>summit <w NN2>participants <w VVD>stressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>strengthening <w CJC>and <w VVG>improving <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w DPS>its <w NN1>effectiveness<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>invited <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommend <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG>rendering<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more <w AJ0>efficient<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w NN1>capacity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>for <w AJ0>preventive <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>peace-making <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>peace-keeping<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2496"><w VVG>Elaborating <w AV0>further<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>noted<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>tasks <w VHB>have <w VVN>increased <w CJC>and <w VVN>broadened <w AV0>considerably <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2497"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>monitoring<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>verification <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w VHB>have<c PUN>&hellip; <w VBN>been <w AJ0>integral <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>international <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>security<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2498"><c PUL>(<w AT0>A <w AJC>stronger <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w VVN>favoured <w PRP>by <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belgium <w CJC>and <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>in <w NN1>deference <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>sensibilities<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2499"><w VVG>Underlining <w AT0>the <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>disarmament <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>proliferation <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>weapons <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>destruction<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJ0>excessive <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>destabilizing <w NN1>accumulation <w CJC>and <w NN2>transfers <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2500"><w PNP>It <w VVD>urged <w DT0>all <w NN2-VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>adhere <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AV0>more <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>international <w NN2>controls <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>monitoring <w NN2>facilities <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="2501"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>noted <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>register <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w NN2>transfers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38698<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w DT0>all <w NN2-VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>information <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2502"><w AT0>The <w AJC>greater <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NN2>matters <w PRP>pertaining to <w NN1>disarmament <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>resisted <w PRP>by <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-permanent <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>set <w AT0>a <w NN1>precedent <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>intrusive <w NN2>inspections <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2503"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2504"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2505"><w NP0>US <w VVB-NN1>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons
</head>
<p>
<s n="2506"><w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w AJ0-VVD>outlined <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>but <w VVD>sanctioned <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>space-based <w AJ0-NN1>anti-missile <w NN1>defence <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NN1>SDI<c PUR>) <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>Star <w NN2>Wars<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2507"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38711-12<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>cuts <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>kind<c PUN>, <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;50,400 <w CRD>million <w AV0>over <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2508"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>50 <w NP0>Peace-Keeper <w CRD>MX <w NN2>missiles <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NN2>silos <c PUL>(<w CJS>provided that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w VVD>scrapped <w DT0>all <w CRD>754 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>land-based <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>with <w AJ0>multiple <w NN2>warheads<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>on <w CRD>500 <w NP0-NN1>Minuteman <w CRD>III <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN2>cutbacks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>on <w AJ0>sea-based <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>by <w AV0>about <w CRD>one-third<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2509"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w AV0>unilaterally <w VVI>cease <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Peace-Keeper <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>scrap <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>single-warhead <w NN1>Midgetman <w NN1>missile <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>halt <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>ACM-129 <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>cruise <w NN1>missile<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>service <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>620<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2510"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN2>measures <w VVD>included <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>conversion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>bombers <w PRP>to <w AJ0>primary <w AJ0>conventional <w NN1>use<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>curtailment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>expensive <w UNC>B-2 <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>bomber <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2511"><w VVG>Justifying <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w NN1>SDI<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w NN1>protection <w PRP>from <w AJ0>limited <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>missile <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PNQ>who<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHB>have <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2512"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>defence <w NN2>analysts <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>offer <w VVD-VVN>signalled <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w AV0>deeper <w CJS>than <w DT0>those <w VVN>required <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Arms <w NN1>Reduction <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>START<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>accountable<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>warheads <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>to <w CRD>6,000 <w DT0>each <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2513"><w VVG>Noting <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>envisaged <w VVG-NN1>cutting <w CRD>1,500 <w AJ0>land-based <w NN1>missile <w NN2>warheads <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w VVG>reducing <w PRP>by <w CRD>2,200 <w AT0>the <w CRD>3,800 <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>on <w AJ0>submarine-launched <w NN1-NP0>Trident <w NN2>missiles <c PUL>(<w PRP>in addition to <w CRD>1,600 <w NN2>warheads <w VBG>being <w VVN>phased <w PRP>out of <w AJ0>submarine-launched <w NN1>Poseiden <w NN2>missiles<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>analysts <w VVD>expected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>warheads <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>5,300<c PUN>.
<s n="2514"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high-level <w NP0>US <w NN1>defence <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>should <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>its <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>to <w CRD>5,000<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>stock <w PRF>of <w CRD>11,000 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>9,000 <w VVD-VVN>permitted <w PRP>under <w NN1>START <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38320<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2515"><w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w AV0>also <w VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>to <w AV0>below <w VVB-NN1>START <w NN2>levels <w PRP>by <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>SS-17<c PUN>, <w CRD>SS-18<c PUN>, <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w CRD>SS-24 <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2516"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN2>plans <w VBD>were <w AJ0>notable <w PRP>for <w VVG>recommending <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<w POS>'s <w AJ0>sea-based <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Seawolf <w AJ0-NN1>nuclear-powered <w NN1>submarine <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="2517"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>these <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w VM0>would <w VVI>shift <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>in favour of <w AJ0>sea-based <w NN2>systems <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>superiority<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06F>
<s n="2518"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>initiative
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2519"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>outlined <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>BBC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>make<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>offensive <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>&hellip; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVG>involving<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>up to <w CRD>2,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>2,500 <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>on <w DT0>each <w NN1>side<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>specify <w DTQ>which <w NN2>missiles <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>eliminated<c PUN>.
<s n="2520"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w DPS>its <w NN1>SDI <w NN1>programme <w PRP>with <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>global <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38553<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2521"><w VVG>Renewing <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>tests <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>plutonium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>agency <w VVG>monitoring <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>cycle<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>extraction <w PRF>of <w NN1>uranium <w PRP>to <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>manufacture<c PUN>.
<s n="2522"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>detailed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVZ>cuts <w AV0>already <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRP>from <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>alert <w PRF>of <w CRD>600 <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w CRD>130 <w NN1>silo <w NN2>launchers <w PRP>for <w AJ0>inter-continental <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICBMs<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismantling <w PRF>of <w NN2>launchers <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>submarines <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="2523"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>understanding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>achieve <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVZ>cuts<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>even <w AV0>faster<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2524"><w NN2>Indications <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>defence <w NN2>perspectives <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w CJS>after <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>stop <w VVG>targeting <w NP0>US <w NN2>cities <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>retarget <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>away from <w AJ0>British <w NN2>cities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2525"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Manfred <w NP0>W&ouml;rner <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w AJ0>far-reaching <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w VVG>building <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>peaceful<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2526"><w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>praised <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>envisage <w DT0>any <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>deploy <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Trident <w NN1>missile<c PUN>.
<s n="2527"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>China <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarmament <w NN1>process <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>reduced <w DPS>their <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>arsenal <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>level <w NN1-AJ0>matching <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2528"><w NP0>France <w VVD>indicated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w CRD>1968 <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06G>
<s n="2529"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w VVG>disarming <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2530"><w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN2>negotiators <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VVN>assured <w NP0>NATO <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>defence <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14-22 <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN-VVD>located <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2531"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assurance <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>disclosure <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0-NN1>test-fired <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>multi-warhead <w NN1-NP0>ICBM <w PRP>in <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>START<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2532"><w AJ0>Western <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w NN1>structure <w VVG>governing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>arsenal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN1>Third-World <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>scientists <w AJ0>substantial <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>rewards <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w DPS>their <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="2533"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yemen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2534"><w AT0>The <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>met <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN-VVD>located <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>all <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>except <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>by <w NP0>July<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06H>
<s n="2535"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NP0>CFE <w NN2-VVZ>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2536"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Conventional <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>) <w VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2537"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CRD>17,000 <w DT0>more <w NN2>troops <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>planned<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>closing <w CJC>or <w VVG>cutting <w AVP>back <w CRD>83 <w DT0>more <w NN2>bases<c PUN>.
<s n="2538"><w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w PRP>to <w CRD>208,000 <w PRP>by <w NP0>October <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w CRD>314,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1990<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2539"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2540"><w NP0>CSCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2541"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2542"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-Operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30-31 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38314<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2543"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>were <w VVN>admitted <w CJS>as <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w VVG>taking <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w CRD>48<c PUN>.
<s n="2544"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>admitted <w CJS>as <w AJ0>full <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38458<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2545"><w NP0>Georgia <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2546"><w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38703<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>following <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>unanimity <w NN1>principle<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>accord <w PNP>them <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="2547"><w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>membership <w PRP>for <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <c PUL>(<w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUR>) <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27-29<c PUN>.
<s n="2548"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2549"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>strengthening <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>action <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>Officials <c PUL>(<w UNC>CS0<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>gross <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>commitments<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>consent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AJ0>necessary<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38366<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2550"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w NN2>ministers <w AV0>earlier <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w TO0>to <w VVI>create<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>organ <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w AV0>also <w VVI>give <w DT0>some <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>powers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2551"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w NP0>CSCE <w AJ0-NN1>peace-keeping <w NN2>units <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2552"><w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>despatch <w AJ0-NN1>fact-finding <w CJC>and <w NN1>conciliation <w NN2>missions <w PRP>to <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Armenian-inhabited <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorno-Karabakh <w PRP>within <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2553"><w NN2>Missions <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>newly-democratized <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38458<c PUN>; <w CRD>38554<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w AT0>the <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Free <w NN2>Elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Warsaw<c PUN>, <w VVD>renamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Institutions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2554"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>stressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>proliferation <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>destruction <w CJC>and <w VVB>control <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w NN1>missile <w NN1>technology<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2555"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2556"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2557"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Gladio
</head>
<p>
<s n="2558"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w AJ0>anti-communist <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w VVD>codenamed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Gladio<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w NP0>NATO <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37875<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>illegal<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>band<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>overstepped <w DPS>its <w NN1>brief <w PRP>by <w VVG>engaging <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>involving <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>attacks <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>justifying <w AJ0>repressive <w NN1>state <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2559"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>followed <w CRD>16 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Libero <w NP0-NN1>Gualtieri<c PUN>.
<s n="2560"><w PNP>It <w VVD>said<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>justification <w PRP>for <w NP0>Gladio<c PUN>, <w AV0>neither <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w CJC>nor <w AT0>the <w NN1>finish<c PUN>.
<s n="2561"><w AV0>Indeed<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>threat <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>illegality <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>passing <w PRF>of <w NN2>years<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2562"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Gladio<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unknown<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w TO0>to <w VVI>punish <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deception<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2563"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>Italian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Francesco <w NP0>Cossiga <w VVD>admitted <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-communist <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN1>force <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1948 <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNI>everyone <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w VVD>knew <w PRP>about <w NP0>Gladio<w POS>'s <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2564"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>military <w NN2>judges <w PRP>in <w NP0>Padua <w VVG>examining <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Gladio<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>indictment<c PUN>, <w VVD>charged <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w AJ0-AV0>close <w NN2-VVZ>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fascist<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>Star<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06J>
<s n="2565"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>High <w AJ0-NN1>Level <w AJ0>Working <w NN1>Group
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2566"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>High <w AJ0-NN1>Level <w AJ0>Working <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>HLWG<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN>mandated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-Operation <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38669<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2567"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>convened <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w CJC>and <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conventional <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>) <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w CRD>16 <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2568"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP-AVP>on <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>without <w NN1>renegotiation<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w AT0>the <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AJ0>newly-independent <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>March-July <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1-NP0>Review <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2569"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2570"><w AJ0>INDUSTRIALIZED <w NN2>COUNTRIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2571"><w UNC>G-7 <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2572"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>one-day <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN2>governors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>Garden <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="2573"><w PNP>It <w VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>indicating <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>forecasts <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>resurgence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>activity <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>premature <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38555<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2>prospects <w VBD>were <w AV0>significantly <w AJC>brighter <w AJ0-NN1>following <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>intensify <w AJ0>co-operative <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w NN1>world <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06K>
<s n="2574"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJC>higher <w NN1>growth
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2575"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;<c PUN>, <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AV0>carefully <w AJ0-VVD>crafted <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w PRP>between <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN2-VVZ>pressures <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>observed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>inhibiting <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>countries <w VBB>are <w VVG>dissipating<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2576"><w PNP>They <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>inflation <w NN2>expectations <w VHD>had <w VVN>eased <w AV0>considerably <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>reportedly <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w NN2>threats <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1-VVB>wage <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>price <w NN2>pressures <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>declining <w AV0>markedly<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2577"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>stress <w PRP>on <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w VVD>recommended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cautious <w NN1>approach<c PUN>, <w VVG>observing <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>framework <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fiscal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>policies <w VVN-VVD>geared <w PRP>to <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>growth <w PRP>with <w NN1>price <w NN1>stability <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>medium <w NN1>term<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>recognized <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>mix <w PRF>of <w NN2>policies <w VM0>would <w VVI>vary <w PRP>depending on <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38314<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2578"><w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AV0>similarly <w AJ0>careful <w NN1>line <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37977-78<c PUN>; <w CRD>38314<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>noting <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>those <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1-VVB>experience <w AV0>better <w CJS>than <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>performance <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>easing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>without <w VVG>jeopardizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>price <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN2>objectives<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2579"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD-VVN>urged <w NN1>prudence<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>reallocation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>an <w NN1>expansion <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>their <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2580"><w VVG>Outlining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w VVD>promised <w AJ0>fresh <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>strengthen <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w NN1>competitiveness<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVN-VVD>detailed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>address <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38711-12<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>including<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>consumer <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>, <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>for <w NN2>savings <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>research <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w NN1>expenditure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2581"><w CJS>While <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>abstained <w PRP>from <w VVG>recommending <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>stabilizing <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38314<c PUN>; <w CRD>38555<c PUN>; <w CRD>38601<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>market <w NN2>developments<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>favourable <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2582"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AV0>as <w AV0>notably <w VVG>lacking <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>acrimony <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>marred <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>gatherings <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38170<c PUN>; <w CRD>38314<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>Brady <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unequivocal <w NN1>commitment<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>partners <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP>on <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2583"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<w POS>'s <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AJC>higher <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>to <w NN2>consumers <w CJC>and <w NN2>investors<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2584"><w VVG>Responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJC>clearer <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>on <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>current <w NN2>parities <w VVD-VVN>suited <w DT0>all <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>partners<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2585"><w NP0>UK <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>enthusiasm<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>view <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w NN1>recovery <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVN>cancelled<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2586"><w NN2>Expectations <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>German <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VBD>were <w VVN>dampened <w PRP>after <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Germany <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theo <w NP0>Waigel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Schlesinger<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w VVD>continued <w AJ0>inflationary <w NN2>pressures <w VBD>were <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NN2>rates <w AV0-AJ0>high <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2587"><w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVG>easing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strict <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>stabilization <w NN2>measures <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>unit <w NN1>labour <w NN2-VVZ>costs <w VVG>coinciding <w PRP>with <w NN1>wage <w NN2>demands <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>threatened <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>steel <w CJC>and <w NN1>banking <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>.
<s n="2588"><c PUL>(<w NN2-VVZ>Forecasts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-Operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>OECD<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>showed <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>only <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>faced <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>unit <w NN1>labour <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLFCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06L>
<s n="2589"><w NN2>Differences <w PRP>on <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2590"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>newly-independent <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>stabilization <w NN1-VVB>fund<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>underpin <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>rouble<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2591"><w NN2>Ministers <w VDD>did <w VVI>agree <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VM0>should <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN2>republics <w CJS>as <w NN2>members <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38747<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2592"><w PNP>They <w VVD>stressed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w NN2>payments <w PRP>on <w NN2>debts<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w PRP>for <w VVG>maintaining <w AJ0-NN1>credit-worthiness <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2593"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2594"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2595"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uruguay <w AVP>Round
</head>
<p>
<s n="2596"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Negotiations <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>TNC<c PUR>) <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>trade <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w CRD>108 <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w PRP>to <w NP0>April <w PRP>amidst <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>over <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>.
<s n="2597"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>negotiators <w VHD>had <w VVN>postponed <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>deadline <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38601-02<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2598"><w CJS>Although <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN2>negotiations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>anticipated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>, <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w NP0>GATT<w POS>'s <w NN1>Director-General <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Dunkel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dunkel<w POS>'s <w AJS>latest <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>supports <w PRP>by <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>by <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>trim <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w AJ0>subsidized <w NN1>farm <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>by <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2599"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>envisaged <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>CAP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>reclassified <w CJS>as <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>green <w NN1>box<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-trade-distorting <w NN2>subsidies <w AJ0>permissible <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT<c PUN>.
<s n="2600"><w NP0-NN1>Dunkel<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w NN1>accord <w VHD>had <w VVN>categorized <w DT0>such <w NN1>compensation <w CJS>as <w NN1>production <w NN1-VVB>support <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w AJ0>ineligible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>green <w NN1>box<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2601"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>restated <w DPS>their <w NN2>reservations <c PUL>(<w VVN>expressed <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>insofar as <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dunkel <w NN1>paper <w VVZ-NN2>calls <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w AT0>the <w NN1>foundation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Communities<w POS>' <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>acceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2602"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>reports <w VVN>disclosed <w CJT>that <w NP0>EC <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>divided<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>minority<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w VVG>pressing <w PRP>for <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dunkel <w NN1-VVB>draft <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VVG>claiming <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Louis <w NP0>Mermaz<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruin <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>agriculture<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2603"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>J&uuml;rgen <w NP0>M&ouml;llemann <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NP0>EC <w NN2>partners <w PRF>of <w VVG>undermining <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>preach <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w VVB>close <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN2>markets <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2604"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kansas <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRF>of <w VVG>hiding <w PRP>behind <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>iron <w NN1>curtain<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>protectionism<c PUN>.
<s n="2605"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>hinted <w CJT>that <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>bowed <w PRP>to <w NP0>EC <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>by <w VVG>agreeing <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-open <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2606"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Countries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frans <w NP0>Andriessen <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>disagreeably <w AJ0>surprised<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>criticism <w CJC>and <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VHD>had <w VVN>approached <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="2607"><w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>France <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>bow <w PRP>to <w AJ0>American <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>give <w NN1>way<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2608"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN1>Competition <w NN1>Policy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Institutions<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Leon <w NP0>Brittan<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w PRF>of <w VVG>undermining <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>trade <w PRP>by <w VVG>embarking <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>managed <w NN1>trade<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>exemplified <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2609"><w NN2>Hopes <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>US-EC <w NN1>compromise <w VBD>were <w VVN>revived <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w CJS>after <w NP0>Andriessen <w VVD>promised <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Representative <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Negotiations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carla <w NP0>Hills<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AV0>forward <w PRP>with <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dunkel <w NN1-VVB>plan <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2610"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>about <w NP0>Dunkel<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>oblige <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w DPS>their <w NN1>rice <w NN2>markets <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>imposing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>tariffication<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>import <w NN2>quotas <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>converted <w PRP>into <w NN2>tariffs <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38602<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2611"><w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dunkel <w NN1>plan <w VVD>came <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>liberalize <w NN1>textile <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>transition <w NN1>period <w CJS>before <w AJC>less-developed <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w NN1>copyright <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>patenting <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2612"><w NP0>Australia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Cairns <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>exporting <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>publicly <w VVD-VVN>endorsed <w NP0>Dunkel<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2613"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2614"><w NP0>IMF
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2615"><w NN1>Application <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</head>
<p>
<s n="2616"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVD>received <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w PRP>from <w CRD>six <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>: <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kirgizstan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2617"><w AT0>An <w NN1>association <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>sanctioned <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>with <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>union <w NN2>republics <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38554<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2618"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Camdessus <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>area <w NN1>department<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>European <w CRD>II<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>with respect to <w AJ0>new <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2619"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2620"><w NN1>WAR <w NN2>CRIMES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2621"><w NN1>Involvement <w PRF>of <w NN2>clergy <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>protecting <w NN1>war <w NN1>criminal
</head>
<p>
<s n="2622"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>church <w NN2>historians <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>high-level <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN2>clergy <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>suspected <w NN1>war <w NN1>criminal <w NP0>Paul <w NP0-NN1>Touvier <w PRP>for <w AV0>almost <w CRD>45 <w NN2>years <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>succeeded <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>winning <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>pardon <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2623"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>commissioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lyon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cardinal <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Decourtray <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Touvier<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>monastery <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nice <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37019<c PUN>; <w CRD>37899<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>church <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>assisting <w AJC>Touvier<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>churchmen <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>charity<c PUN>, <w NP0>Secours <w NP0-NN1>Catholique<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>stipend <w AV0>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>.
<s n="2624"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w NP0>Decourtray <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>demonstrated <w AVQ>how<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>men <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church<c PUN>&hellip; <w VM0>could <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w NN1>charity<c PUN>, <w VVB>misunderstand<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w PRF>of <w NN1>truth <w CJC>and <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06M></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06M>
<s n="2625"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Demjanjuk <w NN1>plea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2626"><w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>plea <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w NP0>John <w NP0>Demjanjuk<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36189<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>admit <w NN1>evidence <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>showing <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Demjanjuk <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mistaken <w NN1>identity <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37898<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2627"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>evidence <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution<c PUN>, <w VVG>appearing <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>admitted<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2628"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2629"><w NP0>WHO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2630"><w NN1>AIDS
</head>
<p>
<s n="2631"><w NN2>Figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>WHO<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AV0>officially <w VVN-VVD>reported <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w AJ0>acquired <w AJ0>immune <w NN1>deficiency <w NN1>syndrome <c PUL>(<w NN1>AIDS<c PUR>) <w AV0>worldwide <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>446,681<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>11,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>the <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>virus <c PUL>(<w NP0>HIV<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2632"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>administrator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>William <w NP0>Draper<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>warned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <c PUL>(<w NP0>Philippines<c PUR>) <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>AIDS <w VM0>would <w VVI>kill <w CRD>20,000,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>by <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>sweeping <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w VVG>devastating <w AT0>the <w NN2>economies <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>nations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06N></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06N>
<s n="2633"><w NN1>Cholera <w NN1>epidemic
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2634"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>500,000 <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>cholera <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>WHO <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>over <w CRD>16,700 <w NN2>deaths <w AJ0>attributable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>disease<c PUN>.
<s n="2635"><w CRD>1991 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>30-year <w AJ0>pandemic <w PRF>of <w NN1>cholera<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>more <w NN2>cases <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w VVD-VVN>combined<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2636"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2637"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2638"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>global <w NN1>warming
</head>
<p>
<s n="2639"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canton<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>science <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Intergovernmental <w NN1>Panel <w PRP>on <w NN1>Climate <w NN1-VVB>Change <c PUL>(<w NP0>IPCC<c PUR>) <w VVD>declared <w PNX>itself <w DT0>more <w AJ0>certain <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>global <w NN1>warming <w VBD>was <w AV0>under way<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>full <w NN1>impact <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>factors<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w AJ0-NN1>cooling <w NN1>effect <w VVN>produced <w PRP>by <w NN1>sulphur <w NN1>pollution <w CJC>and <w NN1>ozone <w NN1>depletion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2640"><w VVG>Reviewing <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>research <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>greenhouse <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group <w VVD>confirmed <w DPS>its <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>conclusions <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>average <w AJ0>global <w NN2>temperatures <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>between <w CRD>0.2 <w CJC>and <w CRD>0.5 <w NN2>degrees <w VVB>centigrade <w PRP>per <w NN1>decade<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>previous<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>best <w NN1>guess<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>0.3 <w NN1>degree <w NN1>rise <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>high<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VVI>take <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>2030<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w CRD>2025<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>global <w NN2>temperatures <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>degree<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2641"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w VVD-VVN>reviewed <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>warming <w NN1>effect <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN1>sulphur <w NN1>dioxide <w NN1>present <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>pollution<c PUN>, <w PRP>on account of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gas<w POS>'s <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w VVG>reflecting <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sun<w POS>'s <w AJ0>incoming <w NN1>heat<c PUN>.
<s n="2642"><w AV0>Similarly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>depletion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ozone <w NN1>layer<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>human <w NN1>activity<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cooling <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
<s n="2643"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>international <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>acid <w NN1>rain <w NN1>pollution <c PUL>(<w AV0>in part <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NN1>sulphur <w NN1>dioxide<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ozone <w NN1>layer <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w AV0>soon <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w AV0-AJ0>overall <w AJ0>global <w NN1>warming <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w AV0>rapidly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w ORD>next <w NN1>century<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06P></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06P>
<s n="2644"><w VVG>Upholding <w PRF>of <w NP0>Amoco <w NP0>Cadiz <w NN1>ruling
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2645"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>appeals <w NN1-VVB>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>the <w NN1>fine <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;155 <w CRD>million <w VVN>levied <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Amoco <w NN1>Corporation<c PUN>, <w PRP>in respect of <w NN2>damages <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1978 <w NN1>oil <w NN1-VVB>spillage <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Amoco <w NP0>Cadiz <w NN1>tanker <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brittany<c PUN>, <w NN1>north-west <w NP0>France <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>29216-18<c PUN>; <w CRD>29730<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2646"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>fine <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w NN0>&dollar;640,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w NN1>clean-up <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2647"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2648"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2649"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>Airbus <w NN1>disaster
</head>
<p>
<s n="2650"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Airbus <w CRD>A-320 <w NN1>airliner <w AV0>en route <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lyon <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vosges <w NN2>mountains <w DT0>some <w CRD>50 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Strasbourg <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>87 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>96 <w NN0>people <w AV0>aboard<c PUN>.
<s n="2651"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>air <w NN1>accident <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w PRP>since <w CRD>1974<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w CRD>346 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>Airlines <w CRD>DC-10 <w VVB-NN1>crash <w PRP>near <w NP0>Paris <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>26426<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2652"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w NN1-VVB>team <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>reason <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>ground <w AJ0>other <w CRD>A-320s <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2653"><w NN2>Controllers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Strasbourg <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NN1>radio <w NN1-VVB>contact <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>without <w NN1>warning <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>distress <w NN2>signals <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
<s n="2654"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>crash <w AT0>the <w NN1>airliner<w POS>'s <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>radio <w NN1>beacon <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>function <w CJC>and <w NN1>rescue <w NN2>teams <w AJ0-VVD>experienced <w NN2>difficulties <w VVG>locating <w AT0>the <w NN1>wreckage<c PUN>.
<s n="2655"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>passengers <w VVD>survived <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w CJC>but <w VVD>succumbed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>freezing <w NN1>cold<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2656"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>A-320s <w VHD>had <w VVN>crashed <w AV0>previously <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="2657"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1988 <w CRD>one <w VHD>had <w VVN>crashed <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>show <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>France <w VVG>killing <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36230<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2658"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>an <w CRD>A-320 <w VHD>had <w VVN>crashed <w PRP>near <w NP0>Bangalore <w PRP>in <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>92 <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37268<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2659"><w NN2>Investigations <w PRP>into <w DT0>both <w NN2>crashes <w VHD>had <w VVN>blamed <w NN1>pilot <w NN2>errors<c PUN>.
<s n="2660"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Strasbourg <w NN1>disaster <w VVD-VVN>rekindled <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sophisticated <w AJ0>computerized<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>fly-by-wire<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>control <w NN1>system <w VVN>fitted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>A-320 <w VM0>might<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w VVB>affect <w AT0>a <w NN1>pilot<w POS>'s <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>.
<s n="2661"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>Airbus <w UNC>Industrie<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>four-country <w AJ0>European <w NN1>consortium <w DTQ>which <w VVD>manufactured <w AT0>the <w CRD>A-320<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VVN>argued <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>fly-by-wire<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>avionics<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-NN1>flying <w NN1>control <w NN2>systems <w VBD>were <w AV0>initially <w VVN-VVD>activated <w AV0>electronically <w PRP>rather than <w AV0>hydraulically<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft <w AJC>safer<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLFCA06R></p>
<caption id=HLFCA06R>
<s n="2662"><w NN1>Casualty <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2663"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>aviation <w NN1>journal <w NN1>Flight <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,090 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w AV0>worldwide <w PRP>in <w NN0>aircraft <w NN2>accidents <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2664"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>815 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2665"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2666"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE <w NN1>RESEARCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2667"><w NN1>Shuttle <w NN1>flight
</head>
<p>
<s n="2668"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w NN2>missions <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22-30<c PUN>.
<s n="2669"><w AT0>The <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1>Discovery <w VVN-VVD>carried <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>cargo <w NN1-VVB>bay <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>European-built <w NP0>Spacelab<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>crew <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Canadian <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>astronaut<c PUR>) <w VVD>conducted <w NN2>experiments <w TO0>to <w VVI>ascertain <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN1>weightlessness <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>space <w NN1>radiation <w PRP>on <w NN2>plants<c PUN>, <w NN2>insects <w CJC>and <w NN2>humans<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLG>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 63859 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 922 Kbytes running text, containing about 63859 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLG</idno><idno type="old"> krw202 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7183"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="206"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="124"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="354"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="914"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="202"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2572"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="60665"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7183"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="206"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="124"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="354"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="914"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="202"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2572"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="60665"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w NN1>Guerrilla <w NN2-VVZ>clashes <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Killing <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Musawi
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli-backed <w NN1>South <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <w VVD>intensified <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>IDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>moving <w PRP>beyond <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>self-declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w VVD>entered <w AJ0>UN-patrolled <w NN2>areas <w PRP>with <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>widening <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>wipe <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0>Musawi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJS>when <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>helicopter <w NN1>gunship <w VVD>attacked <w DPS>his <w NN1>motorcade <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA000></p>
<caption id=HLGCA000>
<s n="7"><w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>bombardments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="8"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN2>reports <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w VVD>bombarded <w DT0>several <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>one <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>soldier <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Resistance <w NN2>guerrillas <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>gun <w NN1>battle <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sribbine<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PRP>In <w NN1>retaliation <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>SLA <w VVD>shelled <w DT0>several <w NN2>villages <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w AT0>The <w NN2>clashes <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>presence <w PRP>into <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>corresponding <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNIFIL<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38742<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="12"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>another <w NN1>gun <w NN1>battle <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Brasheet<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>guerrillas <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>soldier <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>wounded<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVD-VVN>launched <w NN1>rocket <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>SLA <w NN2>positions<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>SLA <w NN1>response <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>cases <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>shelling <w PRF>of <w NN2>villages <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA001></p>
<caption id=HLGCA001>
<s n="14"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>raids <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>camps <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Killing <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Musawi <w CJC>and <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NN1>south
</caption>
<p>
<s n="15"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w VVD>attacked <w DTQ>what <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Moshe <w NP0>Arens <w VVD>called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>targets <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w NP0>Fatah<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w NP0>Arens <w VVD>accused <w NP0-NN1>Fatah <w PRF>of <w AV0>brutally <w VVG>killing <w CRD>three <w NN1-NP0>IDF <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>planes <w CJC>and <w NN2>helicopters <w VVD>shelled <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>camps <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ain-el-Hilweh <w PRP>near <w NP0>Sidon<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Rashidiyeh <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tyre<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w CRD>Four <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="19"><w NP0>Musawi <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1-VVB>attack <w AV0>later <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w PNP>He<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w NN2>bodyguards <w VVD>died<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>wounded<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w CRD>two <w NN1>helicopter <w NN2>gunships <w VVD>attacked <w DPS>his <w NN1>motorcade <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sharquiyya<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NN1>Tyre <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w VVG>firing <w CRD>five <w AJ0>wire-guided <w NN2>missiles <w CJC>and <w VVG>setting <w DPS>his <w NN1>car <w AJ0>ablaze<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w NN2>Musawi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w NP0>Arens <w VVD>said <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>targeted <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VVD>headed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>murderous <w NN1>organization <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>blood <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN2>hands<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>just <w VVN>attended <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Jibshit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>stronghold<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>commando <w NN1>raid <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>abducted <w DT0>several <w NN0>people <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Jibshit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38741<c PUN>; <w CRD>38742<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="23"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>50,000 <w NP0>Shias <w VVD>attended <w NP0>Musawi<w POS>'s <w NN1>funeral <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>vowing <w NN1>revenge <w PRP>against <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Hasan <w NP0>Nasrallah <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Musawi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="25"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>rocket <w CJC>and <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>; <w CRD>40 <w NP0-NN1>Katyusha <w NN2>rockets <w VVD-VVN>hit <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w CRD>25 <w VVD-VVN>landed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w VVN>responded <w PRP>with <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>barrages<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>exchanges <w VVG>continuing <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>succeeding <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>exchanges<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w NN1>Security <w NN2>sources <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>150 <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w NN2>commandos <w PRP>in <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>vehicles <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w CRD>11,000 <w NN2>troops <w AV0>already <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="29"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>exodus<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>ultimatum <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>said <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>issued <w PRP>to <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w CJS>As <w NN2-VVZ>clashes <w VVN-AJ0>intensified <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>artillery <w VVD>showered <w DPS>their <w NN2>villages <w PRP>with <w NN2>shells<c PUN>, <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w VVD>streamed <w NN1>north <w PRP>from <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA002></p>
<caption id=HLGCA002>
<s n="31"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>incursion <w PRP>into <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL <w NN1>area <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN1>rocket <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>into <w NP0>Israel
</caption>
<p>
<s n="32"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>force <w VVG>comprising <w DT0>some <w CRD>350 <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w CRD>36 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>tanks<c PUN>, <w CRD>60 <w AJ0>armoured <w NN1>troop <w NN2>carriers <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w NN2>howitzers <w VVD-VVN>moved <w AV0>northwards <w PRP>from <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>patrolled <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w PNP>They <w VVD>used <w NN2>bulldozers <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN2>barriers <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN2>villages<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNIFIL <w NN1>force <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN2>Israelis <w PRP>from <w VVG>breaking <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>barriers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>engaged <w PRP>into <w NN2>fist-fights <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>stone-throwing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="35"><w AT0>The <w NN2>villages <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Yater <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kafra <w VBD>were <w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>buildings <w VBD>were <w VVN>blown <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>searched <w PRP>for <w NN2>rockets<c PUN>; <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Lebanese <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>Israelis <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Fijian <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>UNIFIL <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>wounded<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>seriously<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w AV0>As <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="37"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN2>villages <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kafra <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Yatar <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>completed <w DPS>their <w NN1>task<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVG>leaving <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>security <w NN2>sources <w CRD>330 <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>high <w AJ0>explosive <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>rounds <w VHD>had <w VVN>landed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="39"><w PRP>Within <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>IDF <w NN1>departure <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>militiamen <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>villages<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VBN>been <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w DPS>their <w AJ0>main <w NN1>rival <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian-backed <w AJ0>Amal <w NN0>militia<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w NN2>Guerrillas <w VVD>fired <w NP0>Katyusha <w NN2-VVZ>rockets <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>crossed <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AT0>a <w NN1>five-year-old <w NN1>girl<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="41"><w PRP>In <w NN1>retaliation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>directed <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>bombardments <w PRP>at <w NN2>villages <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>areas <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w AV0>just <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w VVG-NN1>firing <w NP0-NN1>Katyusha <w NN2-VVZ>rockets <w PRP>at <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJC>further <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>retaliation<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w NN2>Sources <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Amal <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>organizations <w VVD>withdrew <w CRD>200 <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="45"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="46"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="47"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum
</head>
<p>
<s n="48"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w VVB-NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>called <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>whites-only<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w DPS>his <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>for <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>with <w AJ0>anti-apartheid <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w VVG>Taking <w DTQ>what <w CRD>one <w NN1>commentator <w VVN-VVD>called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1-VVB>gamble <w AV0>ever <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w CJC>or <w NN1>president<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>promised <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="50"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Potchefstroom<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Transvaal<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>white <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,140<c PUN>, <w VVG>overturning <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,583<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w AT0>The <w NN1>by-election <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>billed <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>CP <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>test <w PRF>of <w AJ0>white <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="52"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NN2>voters <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w ITJ>yes <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>no<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>support <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37232<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>through <w NN1>negotiation<c PUN>?<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="53"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VVI>fulfil <w DPS>his <w NN1>pledge <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>to <w NN2>whites <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w DPS>their <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>regard <w AT0>a <w ITJ>yes <w VVB-NN1>vote<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJS>as <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AJ0-VVG>binding <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w DT0>those <w AJ0>binding <w NN2>agreements<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA003></p>
<caption id=HLGCA003>
<s n="55"><w NN2>Reactions <w PRP>to <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>announcement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="56"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="57"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CP <w VBD>was <w AV0>initially <w AJ0>surprised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>reaction <w PRF>of <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>by-election <w NN1-VVB>result<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>days <w VVN-VVD>passed <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w NN2>Andries <w VVB>Treurnicht<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CP<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>urging <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>no<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w PNP>He <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>disagreements<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>executive <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>voted <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>overruled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>caucus <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w NP0-NN1>Treurnicht <w VVD>rejected <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>test <w PRF>of <w AJ0>white <w NN2>attitudes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CP <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whites-only <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>CP <w VM0>would <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>result<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>situation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN1>eternity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w AT0>the <w NP0>CP <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>working <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-fascist <w AJ0-NN1>Afrikaner <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>AWB<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>reversed <w DPS>its <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="63"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SACP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>COSATU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>crisis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>apartheid <w NN1>establishment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Cyril <w NP0>Ramaphosa <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>whites <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="65"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Zulu <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>completely <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azanian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>AZAPO<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA004></p>
<caption id=HLGCA004>
<s n="66"><w NP0>ANC <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="67"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w AJ0>revised <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0>CODESA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>convergence <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>giving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitution-drafting <w NN1>role <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>administration <c PUL>(<w VVN>called <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38704-05 <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>proposals<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="69"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>proposals <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-phase <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>post-apartheid <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SACP<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w PRP>During <w NN1>Phase <w CRD-PNI>One <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-party <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w NN1>council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>task <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w VVG>ensuring <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w AJ0>multiracial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitution-making <w NN1>body <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>sit <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <w AV0>less than <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>operation <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>for <w AJ0>impartial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>role<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w NN1>Phase <w CRD>Two <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0-NN1>tri-cameral <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w NN2>blacks <w VBD>were <w VVN>excluded<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VVG>receiving <w AV0>more than <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w NN2>seats <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AV0>both <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitution-making <w NN1>body <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w NN2>Decisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reached <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>matters <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w PRP>by <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AT0>The <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>cabinet <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w NN1>election <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1994<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA005></p>
<caption id=HLGCA005>
<s n="79"><w NP0>ANC <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>plans
</caption>
<p>
<s n="80"><w NN2>Statements <w PRP>by <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>signal <w AT0>a <w NN1>shift <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>nationalization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="81"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Davos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w VM0>would <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>generating <w NN1>wealth <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mixed <w NN1>economy <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>sector<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>perhaps <w AT0>no <w AJ0>different <w PRP>from <w DT0>such <w NN2>countries <w CJS>as <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w AV0>Later<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8 <w PNP>he <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>review<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>nationalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>key <w NN2>industries <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>urge <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN1>investment <w NN2>opportunities<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w NP0>Mandela <w AV0>also <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>honour <w NN2>debts <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w DT0>This <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>contradict <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NP0>Johannesburg <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA006></p>
<caption id=HLGCA006>
<s n="85"><w NN1-NP0>Goldstone <w NN1>commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="86"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Goldstone <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>Inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prevention <w PRF>of <w NN1>Violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Intimidation<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NN2>Appeals <w NN1>Court <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Goldstone<c PUN>, <w VVD>published <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>19 <w NN0>people <w PRP>by <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mooi <w NP0>River<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Durban<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="87"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>acting <w AV0>illegally <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>biased <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>Inkatha<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>impartial <w NN1>policing <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVB>enforce <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>carrying <w PRF>of <w NN2>spears <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cultural<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>by <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>requests <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0>ANC <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38705<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w PNP>it <w VVD>heard <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>evidence <w VVG>confirming <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>involving <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>provoked <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA007></p>
<caption id=HLGCA007>
<s n="91"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>white <w NN2>teachers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="92"><w AT0>The <w NN1>education <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>withdrew <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>white <w NN2>teachers <w PRP>from <w NN2>schools <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kathlehong<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>township <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Johannesburg<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>white <w NN2>teachers <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-PAC <w AJ0>black <w NN2>youths <w VVG>calling <w PNX>themselves <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN2>Watchdogs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA008></p>
<caption id=HLGCA008>
<s n="94"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Coloured <w NN1>cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="95"><w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>six-member <w NN1>cabinet <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>Coloured <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>with <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>member <w NP0>Jac <w NP0>Rabie <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>head<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA009></p>
<caption id=HLGCA009>
<s n="97"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="98"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w AJ0>European <w NN1>tour<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>travelled <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w NP0>Switzerland <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Davos<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w PNP>He <w AV0>later <w VVD>visited <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="101"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>ambassadorial <w NN1>level <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SACP <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>counter-productive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>premature<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="104"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tanzanian <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w PRP>on <w NN1>air <w NN2>links <w CJC>and <w NN2>visits<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Swedish <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>delegation <w VVG>returning <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-week <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VVD>recommended <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Swedish <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>known<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="106"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="107"><w NP0>ZIMBABWE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="108"><w VVB-NN1>Support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>restructuring
</head>
<p>
<s n="109"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>arrangement<c PUN>, <w VVG>authorizing <w NN2>drawings <w PRF>of <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR343,800,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;484,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="110"><w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>classified <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low-income <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w AJ0>economic <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>programme <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>tightening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fiscal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>external <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN2>regulations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VHD>had <w VVN>exceeded <w NN1>government <w NN2>expectations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w AJ0>repayable <w AV0>over <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>grace <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>cover <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w CRD>1992-94<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="112"><w AT0>A <w NN1>World <w AJ0-NN1>Bank-supported <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN2>resources <w PRF>of <w AV0>almost <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w DT0>Half <w AT0>the <w NN2>funds <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>disbursed <w AV0>rapidly <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="114"><w CJS>While <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>donor <w NN2>countries <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>satisfied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>budgetary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>efforts <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>restructure <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parastatal <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w AT0>A <w NN1>condition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan <w VBD>was <w AV0>unofficially <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>public <w NN0>staff <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Chidzero <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AV0>over <w CRD>5,000 <w AJ0>public <w NN2>posts<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00A>
<s n="117"><w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>Acquisition <w NN1-NP0>Bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="118"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>tabled <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>long-expected <w NN1>Land <w NN1>Acquisition <w NN1>Bill <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,500,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>white-owned <w NN1>land<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="119"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1981 <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>resettle <w CRD>162,000 <w AJ0>black <w NN2>families <w PRP>by <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w DT0>fewer <w CJS>than <w CRD>60,000 <w DT0>such <w NN2>families <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>resettled<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w PRP>At <w DT0>this <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>7,000,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AJ0>black<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>lived <w PRP>on <w CRD>16,400,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>communal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>farmland<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w CRD>4,500 <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AJ0>white<c PUN>, <w VVD>owned <w CRD>11,500,000 <w NN2>hectares <c PUL>(<w AV0>almost <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prime <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>land<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-member <w NN1>committee <w VM0>would <w VVI>decide <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w AJ0>unfair<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w NN2>Landowners<w POS>' <w NN1>anger <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>exacerbated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>payment <w PRP>for <w NN2>properties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AV0>over <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>47 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00B>
<s n="124"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sally <w NP0>Mugabe
</caption>
<p>
<s n="125"><w NP0>Sally <w NP0>Mugabe<c PUN>, <w CRD>59<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>wife <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Mugabe <w PRP>since <w CRD>1961<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>illness<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w NN1-AJ0>Ghanaian-born<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w NP0>Africa <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<w POS>'s <w AJS>closest <w AJ0>political <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="127"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="128"><w NP0>ZAMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="129"><w VVB-NN1>Request <w PRP>for <w NN1>debt <w NN1>write-off
</head>
<p>
<s n="130"><w PRP>On <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Frederick <w NP0>Chiluba <w VVD>sought <w NP0>UK <w NN1-VVG>backing <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w NN2>creditors <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w CJC>or <w VVI>write <w AVP>off <w DPS>its <w UNC>US&dollar;8,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>external <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="131"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Chiluba <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>signed <w NN2>agreements <w VVG>rescheduling <w NP0>Zambia<w POS>'s <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>debt <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w VVG>releasing <w NN0>&pound;10,000,000 <w NN2>balance-of-payments <w VVB>support <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w NP0>Major <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Zambia <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w NN1>debt <w NN1>relief <w PRP>under <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Trinidad <w NN2>terms<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37892<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Major <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Harare <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VBD>was <w VVN>prepared <w AV0>unilaterally <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w DT0>these <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>envisaged <w VVG>writing <w AVP>off <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w NN2>credits <w VVN>owed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>poorest <w NN2>countries <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38552<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLGCA00C></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00C>
<s n="134"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="135"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>budget <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Multiparty <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Emmanuel <w NP0>Kasonde <w VVD>reiterated <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN2>exports <w CJC>and <w VVB>reduce <w NN1>state <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w NN1-VVB>Exchange <w NN2>controls <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>liberalized <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>kwacha <w VBD>was <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=K125 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w NP0-NN1>Kasonde <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>as long as <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>upon <w NN1-AJ0>copper <w NN0>sales<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>devalue <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DPS>its <w NN2>books <w PRP>in <w NN1>order<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w PNP>He <w VVD>made <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>, <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>tax <w PRP>from <w CRD>50 <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>tax <w PRP>from <w CRD>45 <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>abolished <w AJ0>duty-free <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>earn <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w UNC>K150,000,000 <w AV0>annually<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w NP0-NN1>Kasonde <w VVD>predicted <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ran <w PRP>at <w CRD>118 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w CJC>and <w VVD>indicated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>on <w AJ0>various <w NN2>commodities<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>further <w VVN>reduced <w CJC>and <w AV0>ultimately <w VVN>ended <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38666<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="141"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Kasonde <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Zambia <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w PRF>of <w NN2>arrears <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w UNC>US&dollar;71,000,000 <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;80,000,000 <w NN1>tranche <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>loan <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government <w VVD>defaulted <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>arrears <w NN2>payments <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38423<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="142"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="143"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="144"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>arrangements
</head>
<p>
<s n="145"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>) <w VVD>began <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luanda <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14-26 <w DTQ>which <w NP0>UNITA <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>attended <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38705-06<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="146"><w NN1>Consensus <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w DT0>several <w NN2>issues <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>3,000,000 <w VVD>lived <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-election <w NN1>regime <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>semi-presidential<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w VVG>serving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>, <w AJ0>renewable <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>life<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00D>
<s n="149"><w NN1>Registration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="150"><w NP0>UNITA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDA<c PUR>) <w VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>for <w NN1>registration <w PRP>as <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>FDA <w VVD>complied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w VVD>submitted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>signatures<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w NN2>signatures <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>required <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38180<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="154"><w AT0>The <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NN1>registration <w PRP>by <w NP0>UNITA <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w NN1>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w VVG>quoting <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w CJC>and <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w AJ0>covert <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w NP0>UNITA <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>discontinued <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="155"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="156"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="157"><w NN1>Shooting <w PRF>of <w NN2>protesters
</head>
<p>
<s n="158"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>League <w CRD>30 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w AJ0-VVD>injured <w CJS>when <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>protesters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kinshasa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRP>at <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="160"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>demonstration<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN2>priests <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cardinal <w NP0>Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric <w NP0>Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kinshasa<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>banned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w AT0>The <w NN2>protesters<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NN1>prayer <w NN2>books <w CJC>and <w NN2>candles<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38706<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>officials <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provocative<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>priests <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AJ0>intent <w PRP>on <w NN1>politics <w CJC>and <w NN1>subversion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="163"><w AT0>The <w NN2>killings <w VBD>were <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>ambassadors <w VVD>urged <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1>Seko <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconvene <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>reaffirming <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Mobutu <w VVG>remaining <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w VVG>undermining <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>warned <w PRP>against <w AJC>further <w AJ0>military <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>protesters<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00E>
<s n="165"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="166"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Kinshasa <w NN1>demonstration <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sacred <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>protest <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>rejected <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>replacement <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Nguza <w NP0>Karl-I-Bond<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>questioned <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<w POS>'s <w NN1>success<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>too <w AJ0>costly <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>form<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>better <w VVN>served <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>round <w NN1>table<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>delegates <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w CJC>and <w VVD>set <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>timetable <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38706<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="168"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>strike <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sacred <w NN1>Union <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NN2>workers <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w PRP>By <w NP0>mid-February <w NN1>food <w NN2>stocks <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>running <w AJ0-NN1>low<c PUN>; <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>local <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Matadi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>port<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>unload <w NN2>ships <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN2>goods <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Monsengwo <w NP0>Pasinya<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nguza <w VHD>had <w VVN>abandoned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>round <w NN1>table <w NN1>idea <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="171"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="172"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="173"><w NN1>Prospect <w PRF>of <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="174"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Rwanda <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AV0>soon<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Enoch <w NP0>Ruhigira<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>focusing <w DPS>its <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>also <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="177"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="178"><w NP0>Juv&eacute;nal <w NP0>Habyarimana<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w VVD-VVN>recognized <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommence <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38662<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PDC <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>opened <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>party <w NN2>officials <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>stance <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w NN1>goodwill <w PRP>in response to <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="181"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="182"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="183"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>timetable
</head>
<p>
<s n="184"><w AT0>The <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSR <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="185"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w DT0>several <w NN2>times <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38227<c PUN>; <w CRD>38424<c PUN>; <w CRD>38565<c PUN>; <w CRD>38663<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>postponement <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>in <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN2>lists <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSR <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>amended <w NN1>election <w NN1>timetable <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38277 <w PRP>for <w NN1>timetable <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AJ0>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>rounds <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>poll <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSR <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN1>register <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>checked <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="191"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="192"><w NP0>BURKINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="193"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Forum <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="194"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Blaise <w NP0>Compaore <w VVD>suspended <w AV0>indefinitely <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>on <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Ouagadougou <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>discussions <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38709<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w NN2>Proceedings <w VBD>were <w VVN>halted <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>forum<w POS>'s <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Seraphin <w NP0>Rwamba <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>live <w NN1>radio <w NN1>coverage <w PRF>of <w NN2>deliberations<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Compaore <w VVD>opposed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="196"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w NP0-NN1>Compaore <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>notable <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hermann <w NP0>Yameogo<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w NP0-NN1>Yameogo <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38424<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w NP0-NN1>Roch <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1-NP0>Kabore<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>special <w NN2>duties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>named <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>changes <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Antoine <w NP0>Raogo <w NP0-NN1>Sawadogo <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Jean-L&eacute;onard <w NP0-NN1>Compaore<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="201"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="202"><w NP0>COTE <w NP0>D'IVOIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="203"><w AJ0>Abidjan <w NN1>riot
</head>
<p>
<s n="204"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Abidjan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w UNC>20,000-strong <w NN1>demonstration <w VVN-VVD>degenerated <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>riot <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>march <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1>campaign <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>populaire <w NN1-VVB>ivorien <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>FPI<c PUR>) <w PRP>against <w NP0>President <w NP0>F&eacute;lix <w NP0>Houphou&euml;t-Boigny<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Gue&iuml;<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>, <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gue&iuml; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>student <w NN1>hostel <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38278-79<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>specifically <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>punishment<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>student-initiated <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4-6 <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>confrontations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>University <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Abidjan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w NN1>student <w NN2>activists <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Martial <w NP0-NN1>Ahipeaud<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w NN1>F&eacute;d&eacute;ration <w NN1>&eacute;tudiantine <w NP0>et <w NN1>scolaire <w NP0>de <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="208"><w AT0>The <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abidjan <w VVD>started<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>local <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>youths <w VVD>broke <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w CJC>and <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Ahipeaud <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w AT0>The <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>responded <w AV0>rapidly<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w NN2>batons<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w AJ0>Western <w NN2>diplomats <w PNQ>who <w VVD>witnessed <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>saw <w NN1>security <w NN1>force <w NN2>members <w VVB-NN1>place <w NN2>explosives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>car <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Gbagbo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>FPI <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>set <w PNP>it <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="211"><w PRP>Amongst <w DT0>those <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>were <w NP0-NN1>Gbagbo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Francis <w NP0>Wodie<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Parti <w AJ0-NN1>ivorien <w NN1>travailliste<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Degn&iacute; <w NN1-NP0>Segui <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ligue <w NN1-VVB>ivorien <w UNC>des <w VVZ>droits <w UNC>des <w NN2>hommes<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w PNP>They <w VVD>faced <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>ordinance<c PUN>, <w VVD>passed <w AV0>hurriedly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>made <w NN2>organizers <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrations <w AV0>criminally <w CJC>and <w AV0>civilly <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>supporters<w POS>' <w NN2>actions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="213"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Alassane <w NP0>Ouattara <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Gbagbo <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>caught <w AV0>red-handed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>witnesses <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>claim<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>by <w AJ0>FPI <w NN2>members <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>infiltrated <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w PRP>At <w NP0>Gbagbo<w POS>'s <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NN2>lawyers <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>defendants <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dropped<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>rule <w PRF>of <w NN1>law <w VVZ>exists <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w VVB-NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="216"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ahipeaud <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN1>student <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w DT0>each <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w VVD>fined <w CRD>500,000 <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;1,800<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="217"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="218"><w AT0>THE <w NP0>GAMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="219"><w NN1-VVB>Date <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="220"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Dawda <w NP0>Kairaba <w NP0>Jawara<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>11 <w NN2>days <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>current <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w NP0-NN1>Jawara <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>stepping <w AVP>down <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>reversed <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in response to <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="224"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="225"><w AJ0>EQUATORIAL <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="226"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members
</head>
<p>
<s n="227"><w DT0>Several <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>during <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="228"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convergence <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NN2>CDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Placido <w NP0-NN1>Miko<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>a <w NN1>copy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>La <w NP0>Verdad <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>traveller <w PRP>to <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>CDS <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Malabo<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Dorronsoro<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>planning <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Nvumba<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arsenio <w NP0>Bacale <w CJC>and <w NP0>Celestino <w NP0>Molongua<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>radio <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0>insulting <w CJC>and <w VVG>slandering <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w VVG>maintaining <w AJ0>subversive <w NN1>correspondence<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>radio <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Bata <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w AJ0>drug-related <w NN2>offences<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="232"><w AT0>The <w NN2>arrests <w VVD>aroused <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concern<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez <w NP0>Ord&oacute;&ntilde;ez <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w CJS>whilst <w DPS>his <w NN1>country <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>withhold <w NN1>aid <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>nature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AJC>further <w NN1>democratization<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="234"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="235"><w NP0-NN1>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="236"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="237"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Lansana <w NP0>Conte <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w CRD>six <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w CRD>23 <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>secretaries <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>were <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w PRP>as well as <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NP0>Guin&eacute;ens <w NP0>de <w NN1>l'ext&eacute;rieur<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>exiles <w PNQ>who <w VVD>returned <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Sekou <w NP0-NN1>Tour&eacute;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00F>
<s n="240"><w NP0-NN1>Guinea <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="241"><w UNC>**Maj<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w NP0>Ibrahima <w NP0>Sylla <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Abdourahmane <w NP0>Diallo <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="243"><w UNC>**Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Alseny <w NP0>Gomez <w NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security
</p>
<p>
<s n="244"><w UNC>*Soriba <w NP0-NN1>Kaba <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="245"><w UNC>*Salifou <w NP0>Sylla <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals
</p>
<p>
<s n="246"><w UNC>*Ibrahima <w AJ0>Sory <w NN1-VVB>Sow <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Animal <w NN2>Resources
</p>
<p>
<s n="247"><w UNC>*Toumani <w NP0-NN1>Dakoum <w NP0-NN1>Sako <w AJ0>Natural <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>, <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment
</p>
<p>
<s n="248"><w UNC>**Maj<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w NP0>Ibrahima <w NP0>Diallo <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Development
</p>
<p>
<s n="250"><w UNC>*Charles <w NP0>Pascal <w NP0-NN1>Tollo <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Vocational <w NN1>Training
</p>
<p>
<s n="251"><w UNC>*Aicha <w ITJ>Bah <w NP0>Diallo <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Vocational <w NN1>Training
</p>
<p>
<s n="252"><w UNC>**Madigbe <w NP0>Fofana <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="253"><w UNC>*Capt<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w NP0>Jean-Claude <w NP0-NN1>Fassou <w NN1>Communication
</p>
<p>
<s n="255"><w UNC>*Assifat <w NN1-VVB>Dorank <w NN1>Youth<c PUN>, <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>, <w NN2>Arts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports
</p>
<p>
<s n="256"><w UNC>*Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Loua <w NP0>Fassou <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Reform<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Labour
</p>
<p>
<s n="257"><w UNC>*Mamadou <w NP0>Boy&eacute; <w NP0>Barry <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Small- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Medium-sized <w NN2>Enterprises
</p>
<p>
<s n="258"><w UNC>*Nantenin <w NP0-NN1>Camara <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism
</p>
<p>
<s n="259"><w UNC>*Makale <w NP0>Kamara <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Health <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Promotion <w PRF>of <w NN2>Women <w CJC>and <w NN2>Children
</p>
<p>
<s n="260"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="261"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w NN2>Women <w VBB>are <w VVN>denoted <w PRP>by <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="263"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="264"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="265"><w NN1>Vice-presidency <w NN1-VVB>offer <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taylor
</head>
<p>
<s n="266"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Interim <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Amos <w NP0>Sawyer <w VVD>offered <w PRP>to <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>vice-president <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="267"><w AT0>The <w NN1>offer <w VBD>was <w AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarmament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>at <w AJ0>specified <w NN2>camps <w CJS>as <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yammoussoukro <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38518<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w NP0>Sawyer <w AV0>also <w VVD>offered <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w DT0>several <w AJ0>key <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Interim <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN2>issues <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>young <w NN2>combatants <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w CJC>and <w NN1>resettlement <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>600,000 <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>remodelling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>guidance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0-NN1>peace-keeping <w NN1>force <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="272"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="273"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="274"><w ORD>First <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="275"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38709<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w NN1>boycott <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w AJ0>Early <w NN2>results <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1-VVG>showing <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mali <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADEMA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>successful <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38708<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="278"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>provisional <w NN2>dates <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <c PUL>(<w NP0>March <w CRD>8<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>(<w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>timetable <w VVN-VVD>prolonged <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>period <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>time <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38563 <w PRP>for <w ORD>first <w NN1>extension<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>insistence <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w VM0>would <w VVI>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w CJS>as <w VVN>planned <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38709<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="280"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>23 <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>contested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>reliable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>open<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>elections <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>by <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="282"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="283"><w NP0>NIGER
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="284"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN1>closure
</head>
<p>
<s n="285"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Assamaka <w NN1>border <w NN1>post <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>tourists <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w NN1-NP0>Assamaka<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>entry <w NN1>point <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w CRD>800 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Niamey<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="287"><w AT0>The <w NN1>order <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>post <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>tourist <w NN2>convoys <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>highway <w NN2>robbers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>emphasized <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>closure <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>affect <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN0>media <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>tourists<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>infiltration <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38708 <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>rebellion<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w AJ0>Unconfirmed <w AJ0>local <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>using <w NN1>tourist <w NN2>convoys <w TO0>to <w VVI>transport <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="291"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="292"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="293"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>timetable
</head>
<p>
<s n="294"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>schedule <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>28 <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AV0>aside <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>; <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>follow <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>rounds <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="297"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>viability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>timetable <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w DPS>its <w NN1>extension <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>hindered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>smooth <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>period<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00G>
<s n="298"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>demonstration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="299"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>rally <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w CRD>12 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lom&eacute;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>50,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-VVB>call <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilize <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rally<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leopold <w NP0>Gnininvi<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Peoples <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veiled <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Gnininvi <w VVD>warned <w PRP>against <w AJC>further <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>move <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>thwart<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-democratic <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="304"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="305"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="306"><w NN1>Austerity <w NN2>measures <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms
</head>
<p>
<s n="307"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>sweeping <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>abandonment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>commodity <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rahman <w NP0>Mahmoud <w NP0>Hamdi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="308"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>acceleration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>three-year<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>salvation <w NN1>programme<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>virtual <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w PRP>With <w NN2>debts <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;1,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sudan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>non-co-operative <w PRP>by <w DT0>that <w NN1>organization <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="310"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Hamdi <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>team <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cautious <w NN1>welcome <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>organisation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="311"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>pound <w VBD>was <w VVN>floated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVG>abandoning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>overvalued <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=&pound;S15.15<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w CJS>As <w PRP>at <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w NN0>&dollar;1.00=&pound;S90.1971<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>an <w CRD>83 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38520<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="313"><w AT0>The <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w VVN>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>, <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN1>company <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>shipping <w NN1>line <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w NN1>Industry <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Taj <w NP0>El-Sir <w NP0>Mustafa <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>assistance <w PRF>of <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>experts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="315"><w TO0>To <w VVI>counteract <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w NP0>Hamdi <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN1>import <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>export <w NN2>duties <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w VVB>make <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recurrent <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>redevelopment <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="316"><w AV0>Most <w AV0>controversially <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>sweeping <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>commodity <w NN2>subsidies <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unavoidable <w CJS>as <w NN1>government <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>on <w NN1>wheat <w CJC>and <w NN1>petrol <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>amounted <w PRP>to <w NN0>&pound;S1,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w NN0>&pound;S7,700 <w CRD>million <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>simply <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>sustained<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensions <w TO0>to <w VVI>offset <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>rises<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00H>
<s n="318"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>unrest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="319"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w VVN-VVD>abounded <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="320"><w VVG>Citing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVN>informed <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN2>sources<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>paper <w NN1-AJ0>Al-Sharq <w NN1>al-Awsat <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>41 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w CJS>before <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>bomb <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN0>staff <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CRD>five <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w CRD>two <w AJ0>military <w NN2>helicopters <w TO0>to <w VVI>bomb <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Command <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>austerity <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="322"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w NN1>army <w NN2>veterans <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>staged <w AT0>a <w NN1>sit-in <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bridge <w PRP>between <w NP0>Khartoum <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Omdurman<c PUN>, <w NN2>customs <w NN2>officers <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-out <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>by <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CRD>tens <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>protesters <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>taken <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Omdurman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00J>
<s n="323"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>parliament <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="324"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Transitional <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="325"><w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>al-Bashir<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38710<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>al-Amin <w NP0>Khalifah<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w DTQ>which <w AV0>formerly <w VVD-VVN>housed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>parliament <w VVN>overthrown <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Bashir <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36728<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="326"><w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Khalifah<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>rebels <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVN>retired <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>relieved <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="327"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Paris-based <w NP0>Indian <w NP0>Ocean <w NN1>Newsletter <w AJ0>other <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>300-member <w NN1>assembly <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0-NN1>Umma <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1-AJ0>Unionist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nemery<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>a <w NN1>desire <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w TO0>to <w VVI>broaden <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w VVN>unleashed <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="328"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>three <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>replaced<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="329"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="330"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="331"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>after <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="332"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>raged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w NP0>mid-November <w VVD>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostilities <w PRP>at <w AJ0>UN-sponsored <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="333"><w VVN>Held <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>aegis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>adoption <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRF>of <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>733 <w VVG>urging <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>ceasefire <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38710<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w VVG>Meeting <w AV0>separately<c PUN>, <w AJ0>three-man <w NN2>delegations <w VVG>representing <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN2>leaders <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>three-month <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AV0>over <w CRD>25,000 <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>written <w NN2>undertakings <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w VVG>fighting <w TO0>to <w VVI>pave <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w CJC>or <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="335"><w AT0>The <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>overshadowed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>escalation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w DT0>neither <w NN1>side <w VHD>had <w VVN>honoured <w DPS>its <w NN1>undertaking <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="336"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>rival<w POS>'s <w NN2>strongholds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w CRD>16 <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w CRD>142 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>aid <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>hospital <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Cisiley <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w PNI>one <w VVG>serving <w AT0>the <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>aid <w NN2>organizations <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w DPS>their <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="338"><w CJS>When <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>UN-OAU-ICO-Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>James <w NP0>Jonah <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>new <w NP0>UN <w NN1>designation <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38793<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVN>foreseen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>agreement <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>continuing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00K>
<s n="339"><w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya
</caption>
<p>
<s n="340"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>confidential<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>UN <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>leaked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w VVN>faced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>100,000 <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>sanctuary <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>appalling<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unacceptable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>alarming<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="341"><w VVN>Drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>team <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w CRD>tens <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG>dying <w DT0>each <w NN1>week <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remote <w NN1>border <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kenya <w CJC>and <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>appalling <w CJC>and <w AJ0>embarrassing<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>supposed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>care <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="342"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="343"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="344"><w NN1>Deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0-VVG>peacekeeping <w NN1>force
</head>
<p>
<s n="345"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>two-week <w NN1>mission <w PRP>by <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Dijoud<c PUN>, <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>three-month <w NN1>war <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRUD<c PUR>) <w VVB>bore <w NN0>fruit <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FRUD <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abbate <w NP0>Ebo <w NP0-NN1>Adou<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>imprisoned <w PRP>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38661<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="346"><w NP0-NN1>Dijoud <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>after <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>successful <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Djibouti <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w CRD>24 <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD>Gouled <w NP0-NN1>Aptidon<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sana'a<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FRUD<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>250 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w UNC>4,200-strong <w AJ0>local <w NN1>garrison <w VVD>took <w AVP>up <w NN1>position <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Dikhil <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>FRUD <w NN2>rebels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38711<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Dikhil <w VBZ>is <w AV0>wrongly <w VVN>given <w PRP>as <w NP0>Kikhil<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="348"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deployment <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>FRUD<w POS>'s <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ismail <w NP0>Ibrahim<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w DT0>such <w NN1>move <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>uprising <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38564-65<c PUN>; <w CRD>38661<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="350"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>agreeing <w TO0>to <w VVI>FRUD<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>condition <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Adou<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="351"><w AT0>The <w NN2>moves <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w AT0>A <w NN1>peace <w NN1>mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alain <w NP0>Vivien <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>spurned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38711<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>late <w CJS>as <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>newspaper <w NN1>Lib&eacute;ration <w VVD-AJ0>Gouled <w NP0-NN1>Aptidon <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>rejecting <w VVB-NN1>out-of-hand <w DT0>any <w AJ0>French-brokered <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FRUD <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>organization <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>violating <w NP0>Djibouti<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="353"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="354"><w NN1>EAST <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="355"><w NN1>Revival <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>co-operation
</head>
<p>
<s n="356"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tanzania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uganda<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>co-operation <w TO0>to <w VVI>enhance <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w AJ0>Formal <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>ceased <w TO0>to <w VVI>function <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Community <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>31497<c PUN>; <w CRD>33448<c PUN>; <w CRD>35752<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w AT0>An <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>government <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>integration<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>communication<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="359"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>reactivate <w CJC>and <w VVI>strengthen <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12-15<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>identified <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>including <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="361"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="362"><w AJ0>SOUTHERN <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="363"><w NN1>Famine <w NN2-VVZ>fears
</head>
<p>
<s n="364"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAO<c PUR>) <w VVD>warned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w NN1>drought <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Africa <w VM0>could <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w NN1>famine <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FAO <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>maize <w NN1-VVB>harvest <w PRP>in <w CRD>11 <w NN2>countries <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>at least <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>normally <w VVI>export <w NN1>maize<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNX>themselves <w VBI>be <w VVG>seeking <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>staple<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="366"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>drought <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>realized<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>food <w NN2>crises<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Mozambique <w AJ0>early <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>drought <w VHD>had <w VVN>affected <w AV0>at least <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w NN1>maize <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w NP0>Namibia <w VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend <w UNC>R19,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;6,850,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN1>maize <w NN2>imports <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>maize <w NN1-VVB>harvest<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVB>forecast <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CRD>5,000-10,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Maize <w NN2>Producers<w POS>' <w NN1>Organization <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>three-quarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>harvest <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>destroyed <w CJC>and <w VVD>expected <w CJT>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>3,500,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>imported<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zambia <w NP0>President <w NP0>Frederick <w NP0>Chiluba <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>disaster-affected<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>assistance <w CJS>as <w CRD>three-quarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>maize <w NN1>harvest <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>lost<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w NN1>Grain <w NN1>Marketing <w NN1>Board <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>maize <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>imported <w PRP>from <w AJ0>outside <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN2>crops <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="372"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="373"><w NP0>BURUNDI
</head>
<p>
<s n="374"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>polls <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="375"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="376"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<p>
<s n="377"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Biya <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w NN1>postponement <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concessionary <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>to <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PNQ>who <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VVN-VVD>deferred <w PRP>until <w NP0>May <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>threats <w TO0>to <w VVI>boycott <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="378"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="379"><w NP0>GABON
</head>
<p>
<s n="380"><w NP0>Emmanuel <w NP0>Ondo <w NP0-NN1>Methogo<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Bongo<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="381"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="382"><w NP0>TANZANIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="383"><w AT0>The <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Chama <w NP0>Cha <w NP0>Mapinduzi <c PUL>(<w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Revolution<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="384"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="385"><w NP0>MAURITANIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="386"><w CRD>Five <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>lodged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>request <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w CRD>6<c PUN>; <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>lists <w CJC>and <w NN1>constituency <w NN2>boundaries <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w NN1>recurrence <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38709-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="387"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="388"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="389"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<p>
<s n="390"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republican <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>nominations <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NN1>earnest <w PRP>during <w NP0>February <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>caucuses <w CJC>and <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="391"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>primary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>contest <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VVD>dealt <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>incumbent <w NN1>President <w CJS>since <w DT0>that <w VVD-VVN>suffered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lyndon <w NP0>Johnson <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>primary<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w NN1>victory <w PRP>over <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>challenger <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Buchanan <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unconvincing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1>disarray<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>contenders <w NP0>Arkansas <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>overcome <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>character <w NN2>issues<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>finished <w ORD>second <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Massachusetts <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Tsongas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>contest<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00L>
<s n="394"><w NN1>Development <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN1>character <w NN2>issues <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w NP0>Clinton
</caption>
<p>
<s n="395"><w VHG>Having <w VBN>been <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>by <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>marital <w NN1>infidelity<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>began <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRP>with <w NN1>poll <w NN2>ratings <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>once again <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1-VVB>lead <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>surrounded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>improperly <w VVN>avoided <w NN1>conscription <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="397"><w AT0>The <w NN1>claim <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Wall <w NP0>Street <w NN1>Journal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>deferment <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>promising <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reserve <w NN2>officers<w POS>' <w NN1>training <w NN1>programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>ROTP<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>University <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arkansas<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AT0>a <w NN1>student <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w VVD>reneged <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>arrangement<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>alleged<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP>by <w VVG>attending <w NP0>Yale <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ROTP <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>University <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arkansas<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w CJS>Whilst <w PNP>he <w AV0>voluntarily <w VVD>gave <w AVP>up <w DPS>his <w NN1>deferment <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1969<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>lottery <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>chosen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="400"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1>story <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <w CJC>and <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>regularly <w VVN>recycled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w PNP>He <w AV0>emphatically <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w AV0>improperly <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w VVN>manipulated <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>advantage<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>relinquished <w DPS>his <w NN1>deferment <w PRP>after <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>allowing <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>pool <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>shortly <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>lottery <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="403"><w AT0>The <w NN1>story <w VVD>received <w DT0>another <w NN1>twist <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVN>written <w PRP>by <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1969 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>University <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arkansas <w NP0>ROTP <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w NP0>ABC <w NN1>News<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w AT0>The <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>letter<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w AV0>in full<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>regret <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>misleading <w AT0>the <w NN1>officer <w PRP>by <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>disclose <w AT0>the <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>thanked <w PNP>him <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>saving <w PNP>me <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>also <w VVD>admitted <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w DPS>his <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>planned <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>career <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w VVD>wished<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>my <w AJ0>political <w NN1>viability <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="406"><w PRP>Notwithstanding <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN2>protestations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>agonies <w VVN-VVD>suffered <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN1>evasion <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle <w CJS>as <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w NN2>Republicans <w VVN-VVD>seized <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>with <w AJ0>undisguised <w NN1>delight<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w NP0>Iowa <w NN1>senator <w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Harkin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>rival <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>voters <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>veracity <w CJC>and <w NN1>character<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="408"><w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>rating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VVG-AJ0>plummeting<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>once again <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>self-destructing<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w PNP>He <w VVD>released <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w CRD>1969 <w NN1>letter<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>bought <w CRD>two <w NN1>half-hour <w NN1>television <w NN2>slots <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>answer <w AJ0>sympathetic <w NN2>questions <w PRP>from <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00M>
<s n="410"><w AJ0>Formal <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>candidacy <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>Unveiling <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="411"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w AV0>formally <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>spent <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w AV0>informally <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cheering <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w PNP>He <w AV0>then <w VVD>flew <w PRP>to <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>spent <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NN1-VVB>trail <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>challenge <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>commentator <w NP0>Pat <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>rival<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="413"><w VVG>Abandoning <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>kinder<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>gentler<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>emphasis <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>inauguration <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rhetoric <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Reagan <w NN1>era<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w AJ0>big <w CJC>and <w VVZ>costs <w AV0>too <w DT0>much<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>appropriate <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>anti-government<c PUN>, <w AJ0>anti-Washington<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>pro-family<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>pro-defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pro-laissez-faire <w NN1>vision <w PRF>of <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w AV0>also <w AV0>vigorously <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>isolationist <w NN1>essence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>America <w ORD>First<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w VVB>Remove<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tough <w NN1>talk<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>swagger <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>patriotic <w NN1>posturing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN1>protectionism <w VVZ>amounts <w PRP>to <w PNI>nothing <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>smokescreen <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>running <w AJ0>scared<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w AV0>also <w VVD>took <w NN1>credit <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VVG>pursuing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w VVG>blaming <w AT0>the <w NN1>obstruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Democrat-controlled <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>realize <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="417"><w PRP>Prior to <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>a <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w NN1>package <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>overhaul <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>health <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AVP>back <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>on <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>perceived <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="418"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN2>vouchers <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>deductions<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;3,750 <w PRP>per <w NN1>year <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>family <w PRF>of <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w DT0>some <w CRD>95,000,000 <w AJ0-NN1>low- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>middle-income <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AJ0>private <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><c PUL>(<w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>35,000,000 <w NP0>US <w NN2>citizens <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>60,000,000 <w VBD>were <w AV0>inadequately <w VVN>covered<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="420"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w AV0>also <w VVD>proposed <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>escalating <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w CRD>12-13 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>per annum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>by <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>efficiency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NP0>Medicare <w CJC>and <w NP0>Medicaid <w NN1>health <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w NN2>laws <w VVG>covering <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>malpractice <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>protection <w PRP>to <w NN2>doctors<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN2>employers <w TO0>to <w VVI>pool <w DPS>their <w NN1>buying <w NN1>power <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w NN2>networks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="421"><w NP0>Bush <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>indicate <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>phased <w AVP>in <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>period <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;100,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>financed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="422"><w AT0>The <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRF>of <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>both <w PRP>because of <w DPS>its <w NN1>cost <c PUL>(<w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GNP <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AV0>around <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>binding <w NN2>employees <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>employers <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w VVG>losing <w DPS>their <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w NN1-VVB>market <w AV0>less <w AJ0>flexible <w CJC>and <w VVG>deterring <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w VVG>starting <w AJ0>new <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democrat <w NP0>Harris <w NP0>Wofford <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>contest <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vacant <w AJ0>Pennsylvanian <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38566<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <w NN1>campaign <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>contenders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Kerrey<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>senator <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nebraska<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w NN1-VVB>scheme <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>plank <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>featured <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Californian <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>play <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>pay<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>model <w AVQ>whereby <w NN2>businesses <w VM0>would <w AV0>either <w VVI>offer <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>cover <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>employees <w CJC>or <w VM0>would <w VVI>pay <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w NN1-VVB>fund <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w DT0>those <w PRP>without <w NN1>cover<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w DT0>Both <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>options <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>involved <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w PRP>contrary to <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00N>
<s n="427"><w NP0>Iowa <w VVZ-NN2>caucuses
</caption>
<p>
<s n="428"><w PRP>In keeping with <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>tradition <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>contest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iowa<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>caucuses <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><c PUL>(<w CJS>Whereas <w AT0>a <w NN1>primary <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>ballot<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>caucus <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>head <w NN1>count <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVG>supporting <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w DT0>fewer <w CJC>but <w AV0>more <w AJ0>committed <w NN2>participants<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="430"><w PRP>Unlike <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>significance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iowa <w NN2>contests <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w DT0>neither <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w NN2>challengers <c PUL>(<w NP0>Buchanan <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NP0-NN1>Ku <w NP0>Klux <w NP0>Klansman <w NP0>David <w NN1>Duke<c PUR>) <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w NN1>caucus<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VBN>been <w VVN>accepted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Harkin<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimal <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>campaigning<c PUN>.
<s n="431"><w CJS>As <w VVN>predicted<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>contest <w VBD>was <w AV0>duly <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w AV0>massively <w VVD>outscored <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="432"><w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w VVD>won <w CRD>74 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AV0>only <w DT0>some <w CRD>30,000 <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>participated<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>120,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Democrats <w VHD>had <w VVN>changed <w AT0>the <w NN2>rules <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>contest <w PRP>by <w VVG>allowing <w NN2>candidates <w TO0>to <w VVI>share <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>nominating <w NN1>convention <w PRP>by <w DT0>each <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w NN1>proportion <w DPS>their <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>subject <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w VVG>exceeding <w AT0>a <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>threshold<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w NN1-NP0>Harkin <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN-VVD>won <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN2>delegates <w CJS>since <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w NN2>rivals <w VVD>reached <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00P>
<s n="435"><w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>primary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="436"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>primaries <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>polling <w CRD>53 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>share <w VBD>was <w AV0>sufficiently <w AJ0>large <w TO0>to <w VVI>embarrass <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w AV0>severely<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w PRP>Amongst <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w NN2>Tsongas <w VVD>polled <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kerrey <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brown <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>unofficial<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>write-in<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Mario <w NP0-NN1>Cuomo <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w DT0>much <w NN1>hesitation<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>participating <w NN2>Democrats <w VVG>recording <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Cuomo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="440"><w AT0>The <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>result <w VVD>ensured <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buchanan <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>maintained <w AV0>at least <w PRP>into <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>despite <w VHG>having <w VVN>recorded <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>approval <w NN2>ratings <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>vulnerable <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1952<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w ORD>first <w AV0>seriously <w VVN-VVD>contested<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>re-elected <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenger <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>scored <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>or <w AV0>more <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>primary<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w DT0>Those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>perished <w PRP-CJS>after <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenge <w VVD>included <w NP0>Harry <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Truman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gerald <w NP0>Ford<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jimmy <w NP0>Carter<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968 <w NP0>Lyndon <w NP0>Johnson <w VVD>decided <w PRP>against <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>poor <w NN1-VVG>showing <w PRP>against <w NP0>Eugene <w NP0>McCarthy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="443"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w VVD>established <w NP0>Tsongas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>front-runners<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w PRP>For <w NN2>Tsongas <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w AT0>a <w NN1>reward <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>diligent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>intelligent <w NN1-VVG>campaigning <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w PRP>for <w NP0>Clinton <w PNP>it <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>resurgence <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w AV0>widely <w VVN>written <w AVP>off <w CJS>as <w VVN>doomed<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w CJS>As <w DT0>such <w PNP>it <w VVD>underlined <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w NN1>resilience <w CJC>and <w AV0>once again <w VVD-VVN>demonstrated <w DPS>his <w NN1>effectiveness <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>campaigning <w NN1>politician<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w PRP>With <w AT0>a <w NN1>string <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>primaries <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>favourite <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conventional <w NN1>wisdom <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w NN2>Tsongas <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>generate <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>outside <w NP0>New <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>fate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Dukakis<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Massachusetts <w AJ0-NN1>liberal <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Greek <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>origin<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>compared <c PUN>&mdash; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unelectable <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w CJS>even if <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00R>
<s n="447"><w NN2>Contests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maine <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w NP0>Dakota
</caption>
<p>
<s n="448"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>contests <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VDD>did <w DT0>little <w TO0>to <w VVI>clarify <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>caucus <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maine<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tsongas <w VVD>finished <w PRP-AVP>in <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>place<c PUN>, <w AV0>narrowly <w PRP>ahead of <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>finished <w DT0>some <w NN1>way <w AV0>behind<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kerrey <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w VVD>took <w ORD>fourth <w CJC>and <w ORD>fifth <w NN1-VVB>place <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>chosen <w TO0>to <w VVI>ignore <w AT0>the <w NN1>caucus <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>primary <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Dakota <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="451"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>South <w NP0>Dakota <w VVD>carried <w AV0>little <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>weight<c PUN>, <w AV0>either <w AV0>nationally <w CJC>or <w PRP>in terms of <w DPS>its <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>nominating <w NN1>convention<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>significance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>contest <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>adjacent to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>native <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kerrey<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>needed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1-VVG>showing <w PRP>after <w DPS>their <w AJ0>disappointing <w NN2>results <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="452"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w NP0>Dakota <w NN1>election <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kerrey <w PNQ>who <w VVD>polled <w AV0>around <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>approximate <w NN2>percentages <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>Democrats <w VBD>were <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NN2>Tsongas <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brown <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="454"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AV0>neither <w NP0>Buchanan <w CJC>nor <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ballot <w NN1>paper<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>slate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>uncommitted <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>won <w CRD>31 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>underlining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w VVD-VVN>felt <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00S>
<s n="455"><w NN1>Approval <w PRP>by <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>October <w NN1-VVB>Surprise<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>investigation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="456"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>October <w NN1-VVB>Surprise<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>allegation<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w AT0>The <w NN1>essence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>allegation <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unsubstantiated <w CJC>but <w AJ0>persistent <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Reagan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>conspired <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>reap <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>advantage <w PRP>by <w VVG>delaying <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>52 <w NP0>US <w NN2>hostages <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Reagan <w NN1>team <w VVD-VVN>promised<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>gained <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="458"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>217 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>192<c PUN>, <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>task <w NN1>force <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w CJC>and <w VVB>deliver <w DPS>its <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>findings <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="459"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>filibuster <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w DT0>any <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w CJS>whilst <w NN2>Democrats <w CJC>and <w NN2>Republicans <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w CJC>and <w NN2>procedures <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>.
<s n="461"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w AV0>finally <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w AV0>bitterly <w AJ0>partisan <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>Republican <w NN1-VVG>voting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w CJC>and <w CRD>34 <w NN2>Democrats <w VVG>opposing <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="462"><w AT0>The <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Hamilton<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Democrat <w PRP>from <w NP0>Indiana<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>House-Senate <w NN1>panel <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>examined <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00T>
<s n="463"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>benefits
</caption>
<p>
<s n="464"><w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>benefits <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>13 <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000,000 <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>benefits <w VBD>were <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w AT0>The <w NN0>&dollar;2,700 <w CRD>million <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>404 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w CRD>94 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="466"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w PRP>without <w NN1>delay<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w DT0>This <w NN1>commitment<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bipartisan <w NN2>majorities <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>Houses<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>partisan <w NN2>disputes <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>delayed <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN2>benefits <w NN1>extension <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="468"><w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>blocked <w CJC>or <w VVN>vetoed <w CRD>two <w NN2>bills <w PRP>before <w AV0>finally <w VVG>agreeing <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>formula <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>extended <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>for <w CRD>13 <w CJC>or <w CRD>20 <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standard <w CRD>26 <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN2>benefits <w VVN>provided <w PRP>under <w NN1>state <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>programmes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38428<c PUN>; <w CRD>38521<c PUN>; <w CRD>38568<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="469"><w NN2>Sponsors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>extension <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>met <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;2,200 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>left <w NN1>unspent <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>accelerated <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>from <w AJ0>large <w NN2>corporations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00U>
<s n="470"><w NN1>Inauguration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Teamsters <w NN1>president
</caption>
<p>
<s n="471"><w NP0>Ron <w NP0>Carey <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Teamsters <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w AJ0>International <w NN1>Brotherhood <w PRF>of <w NP0>Teamsters<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chauffeurs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Warehousemen <w CJC>and <w NN2>Helpers <w PRF>of <w NP0>America<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>culmination <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>transformed <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AV0>notoriously <w AJ0>corrupt <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="472"><w NP0>Carey<c PUN>, <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>union <w NN1>career <w PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Teamsters<w POS>' <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>branch<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>government-supervised <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>succeeding <w NP0>William <w NP0>J. <w NP0>McCarthy<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w AT0>The <w NN1>poll<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<w POS>'s <w CRD>1,600,000 <w NN1>membership <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AV0>directly <w DPS>its <w AJ0>national <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>organized <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>racketeering <w NN1>suit <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>Teamsters <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37954-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>winning <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w NP0>Carey <w AV0>also <w VVD>swept <w PRP>into <w NN1>office <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w AT0>every <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN1>slate <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="475"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<w POS>'s <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carey <w VVD>promised<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>office <w TO0>to <w VVI>rid <w DT0>this <w NN1>union <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>mob <w NN1-VVB>influence <w CJC>and <w VVB>win <w DT0>this <w NN1>battle <w AV0>for once <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DT0>all<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="476"><w PNP>He <w VVD>followed <w DT0>this <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>act<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>salary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRP>from <w NN0>&dollar;225,000 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;175,000<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="477"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="478"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="479"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Aristide
</head>
<p>
<s n="480"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AJ0>exiled <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Bertrand <w NP0>Aristide <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN1>Senate <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>talks <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w NN2>Talks <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Haitian <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Ram&iacute;rez <w NP0-NN1>Ocampo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="482"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w NP0>R&eacute;n&eacute; <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>installed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJS>as <w VVN>planned <w AV0>previously <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>return<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Haiti <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>after <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN2>soldiers <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NP0>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>overthrow<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>excluded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="486"><w NP0>Raoul <w NP0>C&eacute;dras<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>demand <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Aristide<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w NN1>Intervention <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>forces <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="489"><w AT0>The <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>jeopardized<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w NP0>C&eacute;dras<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="490"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>broadcast <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>ABC <w NN1>television <w NN1>network <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aristide <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>common <w NN1>criminal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>amnesty <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>apply <w PRP>to <w NP0>C&eacute;dras<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w NN1-NP0>Aristide <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN1>parliament <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w VVD>ousted <w PNP>him<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>C&eacute;dras <w PRP>as <w NN1>army <w NN1>commander <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w AT0>A <w NN1>provision <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w NN2>matters <w PRF>of <w NN1>disagreement <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>conciliation <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="493"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>president <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Nerette <w VVD>promoted <w NP0>C&eacute;dras <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1>lieutenant-general<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w AJ0>Important <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN2>appointments <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>C&eacute;dras <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>reinstatement <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Phillipe <w NP0>Biamby<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJS>while <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Guard <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36586<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1>brigadier-general<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>promotion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Jean-Claude <w NP0>Duperval<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Port-au-Prince <w NN2>police <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>army <w NN1>commander <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1>major-general<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="495"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>moved <w TO0>to <w VVI>lessen <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>by <w VVG>allowing <w NN2>imports <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>from <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2>companies <w VVG>operating <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>factories <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="496"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>lobbying <w PRP>from <w NP0>US <w NN1>business <w NN2>interests<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Arenson<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Inter-American <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>relaxation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AV0>unduly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w VVG>depriving <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w NN2>wages<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00V>
<s n="498"><w NN1>Repatriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="499"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>reversed <w AT0>the <w NN1>injunction <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>repatriating <w AJ0>Haitian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>intercepted <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>coastguards <w CJC>and <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN>housed <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>base <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Guant&aacute;namo <w NN1>Bay<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cuba <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38569<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w VVD>recommenced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="501"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>12,500 <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Guant&aacute;namo <w CJC>or <w AV0>offshore <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2>vessels<c PUN>, <w CRD>3,500 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>status <w PRP>after <w NN2>interviews <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Naturalization <w NN1>Service<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="502"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconsider <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="503"><w NN2>Critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>Haitians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>repatriated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>persecution <w PRP>in <w NN2>interviews <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>A. <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>repatriated <w NN2>Haitians <w VBG>being <w VVN>persecuted <w CJC>or <w NN1-AJ0>ill-treated <w PRP>after <w DPS>their <w NN1>return<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle <w AV0>further <w VVN>justified <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>migrants <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AJ0>political <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="506"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w NN1-AJ0>judiciary <w NN1>committee <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-month <w NN1>halt <w PRP>to <w NN2>repatriations<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w NN1>policy <w PRP>by <w CRD>eight <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-VVB>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w DT0>all <w NN2>repatriations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="507"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="508"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="509"><w NP0-NN1>Tarara <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w NN2>executions
</head>
<p>
<s n="510"><w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Almeida <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Salmer&oacute;n <w NP0>Mendoza <w VBD>were <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>firing <w NN1>squad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG>killing <w CRD>four <w NN2>policemen <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Tarara <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>steal <w AT0>a <w NN1>vessel <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>escape <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>to <w NP0>Miami <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38715<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="511"><w AT0>The <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>upheld <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Havana <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Provincial <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="512"><w DT0>Another <w CRD>four <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>women <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w NN1>piracy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>counter-revolutionary <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38715<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="513"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>painter <w NP0>J&eacute;sus <w NP0>de <w NP0>Armas<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>exhibition <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>in <w NP0>France<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00W>
<s n="514"><w NN1>Job <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>rationalization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="515"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w AV0-AJ0>daily <w NP0-NN1>Granma <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w CRD>25,500 <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Construction <w CRD>50,000<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>rationalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>administration<c PUN>; <w CRD>15,000 <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>affected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>relocated<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>affected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Construction <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>fields<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="516"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="517"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="518"><w NN1>Reform <w PRF>of <w NN2>savings <w NN2>funds
</head>
<p>
<s n="519"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>savings <w PRP>by <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>pension <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>housing <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w NN2>Employers <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w AV0>onwards <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>employees<w POS>' <w NN2>salaries <w PRP>into <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>pension <w NN2>funds <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>salaries <w PRP>into <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>housing <w NN2>funds <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reformed <w NN1>Infonavit <w NN1-VVG>housing <w NN1>agency<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scheme <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>alongside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN1>system <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>employee<w POS>'s <w NN1>salary <w VBD>was <w VVN>deducted <w PRP>at <w NN1>source <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>paid <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>government-administered <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="522"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>sector <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w CJS>while <w NN2>employers <w VVD>complained <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AVP>out <w DT0>more <w NN1>money <w PRP>for <w AT0>no <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>productivity<c PUN>.
<s n="523"><w AT0>The <w NN1>response <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour <w NN2>unions <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>lukewarm <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>limiting <w DPS>their <w NN1>scope <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>bestowing <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>members<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00X>
<s n="524"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>on <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>church <w NN1>legalization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="525"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w NN1>Article <w CRD>27 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1917 <w NN1>Constitution <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>reform <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Gortari <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38569<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w AV0>only <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-left <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Revolution <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cuauht&eacute;moc <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w NN1-NP0>Sol&oacute;rzano<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>L&aacute;zaro <w NN2>C&aacute;rdenas <w PNQ>who <w VVD>pioneered <w NN1>land <w NN1>distribution <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1930s<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w NN1>Article <w CRD>130 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVG>recognizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>lifting <w NN2>restraints <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>clergy <w PRP>after <w AV0>more than <w CRD>130 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>amended <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-week <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="528"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="529"><w NP0>GUATEMALA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="530"><w AJ0>Limited <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>situation
</head>
<p>
<s n="531"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>URNG<c PUR>) <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>without <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38330 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0-NN1>round<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>Rodolfo <w NP0>Quezada <w NP0>Toru&ntilde;o<c PUN>, <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>important <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="533"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>its <w NN1>image <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Commission <w VVD-VVN>passed <w NN1>judgment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Guatemala <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w DPS>its <w AJ0>diminishing <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w NN1>income<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Serrano <w NP0>El&iacute;as <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-point <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>safeguard <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w VVB>revive <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w NN2>diplomats <w VVD-VVN>visited <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="534"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>stumbling <w NN1>block <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w AJ0>Official <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>sources <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD>reported <w CRD>228<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>extrajudicial <w NN2>executions<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CRD>45 <w NN2>disappearances <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AJ0>attributable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>patrols<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CRD>18 <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>murders <w VVG>bearing <w AT0>the <w NN1>stamp <w PRF>of <w NN1>death <w NN2>squads<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deplorable <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guatemala <w CJC>and <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>investigating <w NN2>abuses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="538"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VVD>blamed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>patrols <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>excesses <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w VVG>Asserting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VHD>had <w VVN>improved <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Serrano <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w AV0>highly <w AJ0-VVN>motivated <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN1>right <w CJC>and <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN2>perpetrators <w PRF>of <w NN2>abuses <w PRP>to <w NN1>justice<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w AV0>still <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>prosecuting <w NN1>army <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="540"><w CRD>Two <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Santiago <w NP0-NN1>Atitl&aacute;n <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w CRD>16 <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>wounded <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37912<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w NN1>army <w NN1>officer <w VBD>was <w VVG>awaiting <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w PRF>of <w NN1>anthropologist <w NP0>Myrna <w NP0>Mack <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37707<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>after <w AJ0>military <w NN0>aircraft <w VVN>strafed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>village<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Guatemala <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="543"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVN>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Guatemala <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37912<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>citizen <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Devine <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Cheney <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Guatemala <w PRP>for <w AJ0>official <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="544"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="545"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="546"><w NN1>Entry <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w NN1>ceasefire
</head>
<p>
<s n="547"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>official <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>at <w NN1>midnight <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w NP0>31-Feb. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>citizens <w VVD-VVN>joined <w NN2>commanders <w CJC>and <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>jubilant <w NN2>celebrations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Salvador <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>11-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="549"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simultaneous <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>celebration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Cristiani <w VVD>swore <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Consolidation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Peace <c PUL>(<w NP0>Copaz<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Jovel <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Joaqu&iacute;n <w NP0>Villalobos<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w AJ0>high <w NN1-VVB>command<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Orlando <w NP0>Zepeda<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>ceremony <w NN0>barracks <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cristiani <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>high <w NN1>command <w VVD>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cristiani <w AV0>at First <w NN0>Infantry <w NN1>Brigade <w NN0>barracks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="552"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w AJ0>high <w NN1>command <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jovel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Villalobos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shafick <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0-NN1>Handal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Sancho<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emotional <w NN1>welcome <w PRP>at <w NP0>San <w NP0>Salvador <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Institutional <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salvador <w NP0>S&aacute;nchez<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w AV0>previously<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w NN2>Villalobos <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>transformation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLMN <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>populist <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w CRD>1994 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w VVB>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>revolution <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>divide <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="555"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>swift <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Guazapa <w NN1>volcano<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>bastion<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><w AT0>The <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>set <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w NP0>Honduras <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>incidents <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Honduran <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>buzzed <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>concentration <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="558"><w AV0>Early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AJ0>final <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>in <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVG>placing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w DPS>Their <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>responsibility <w VM0>would <w AV0>henceforth <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>national <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w VVB>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w AJ0>external <w NN1>danger<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>security <w VM0>would <w VVI>pass <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Civilian <w NN2>Police <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNC<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLGCA00Y>
<s n="560"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="561"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Edwin <w NP0>Sagrera<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Alvarado <w NP0>Cano<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA010></p>
<caption id=HLGCA010>
<s n="562"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>d'Aubuisson
</caption>
<p>
<s n="563"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>declared <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>mourning <w PRP>for <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>d'Aubuisson<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>Arena<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>cancer <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>48<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN1>intelligence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w NP0>d'Aubuisson <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>directed <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN2>squads <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1970s <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>masterminded <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Archbishop <w NP0-NN1>Oscar <w NP0>Romero <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>30324<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="565"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="566"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="567"><w AJ0>Attempted <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup
</head>
<p>
<s n="568"><w VVB-NN1>Rebel <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>parachute <w NN1>regiment <w VVN-VVD>failed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3-4 <w AV0>just <w CJS>as <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>returned <w PRP>from <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>palace <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>residence<c PUN>, <w NP0>La <w NP0>Carlota <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w NN1>Navy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>buildings <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>residence <w AV0>just <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>surrounded<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>television <w NN1>station <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>broadcasts <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w VVG>repudiating <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w AJ0>Loyal <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>counter-attack <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>just <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1>midnight <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>burst <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>palace <w CJC>and <w NN1>residence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w NN0>headquarters<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Miranda <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w NN2>Incidents <w VVD>continued <w AV0>sporadically <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez <w NP0>Fr&iacute;as<c PUN>, <w CRD>38<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w DPS>his <w NN2>men <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Ochoa <w NP0>Antich<c PUN>, <w VVD>convinced <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>insurgency <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>succeed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="574"><w AJ0>Simultaneous <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>staged <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Maracay <c PUL>(<w CRD>80 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>base<c PUN>, <w NP0>Valencia <c PUL>(<w CRD>125 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas<c PUR>) <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VBD>were <w VVG>counting <w PRP>on <w NN1>student <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Maracaibo <c PUL>(<w CRD>500 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>governor <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="575"><w NP0-NN1>Ochoa <w VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>14 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>57 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>956 <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w CRD>128 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>; <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>merely <w VVN>followed <w NN2>orders <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>treated <w AV0>leniently<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>33 <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>with <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w CJC>or <w VVG-NN1>helping <w TO0>to <w VVI>stage <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w VVB>No&eacute; <w NP0>Acosta<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>left-wing <w UNC>Causa <w NP0>R<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Maracaibo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="578"><w AT0>The <w NN2>rebels <w VBD>were <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>strongly <w AJ0>nationalist<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0-NN1>Bolivarist <w NN1>Movement<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>intention <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>junta <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconstruction<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN1>disparity <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>low <w NN1>popularity<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>middle <w NN2>classes<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w NN2>Rumours <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w VHD>had <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38571<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w NN1>Discontent <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>widespread <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>defence <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>; <w AJ0>other <w NN1>army <w NN2>sources <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>support <w AV0>even <w AJC>higher<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="581"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>62 <w AJ0>retired <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jacobo <w NP0>Y&eacute;pez<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>governments <w PRP>since <w CRD>1974 <c PUL>(<w CJS>when <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>embarked <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w VVG>creating <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w PRP>by <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w VVB>provide <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN0>people <w PRP>with <w NN1>order <w CJC>and <w NN1>justice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="582"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>attempt <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>clauses <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>suspended <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>press <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN1>censorship <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>over <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>exclude <w NN0>media <w NN1>coverage <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez <w NP0>Fr&iacute;as<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w AT0>The <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>newspapers <w NP0>El <w UNC>Nacional <w VBD>was <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>on <w UNC>Feb.10<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>outcry <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NN2>editors <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>censorship <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>mistake <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w NN1>speech <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>strike <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="586"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>authorized <w AT0>a <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w PRP>from <w NN0>&dollar;100 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;150 <w PRP>per <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monthly <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w NN1>bonus <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;15 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pay <w PRF>of <w AJ0>middle-ranking <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w PNP>he <w VVD>appointed <w AJ0>new <w NN2>commanders <w TO0>to <w VVI>rebel <w NN2>garrisons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="588"><w VVG>Claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>planned <w AV0>even <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VVD>introduced <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>policies <w PRP>on <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously<c PUN>, <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>told <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>correspondents <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>bring <w AV0>forward <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>social <w NN1>project <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care<c PUN>, <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>welfare <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA011></p>
<caption id=HLGCA011>
<s n="589"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>prior to <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJC>Further <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February
</caption>
<p>
<s n="590"><w PRP>Under <w NN1>pressure <w AV0>both <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w TO0>to <w VVI>alter <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>adjustment <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VHD>had <w VVN>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w CRD>seven <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="591"><w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Pocaterra <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Rosas <w NN1>Bravo<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w DPS>His <w NN1>promotion <w VVD>led <w NN2>critics<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centre-right <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>COPEI<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>towards <w NN1>Socialism <c PUL>(<w AJ0>MAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cosmetic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>operation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w AJ0>Key <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>team <w VVD>kept <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines <w NP0-NN1>Celestino <w NP0>Armas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>but <w VVB>see <w AV0>below <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Co-ordination <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w NP0>Fandeo<c PUN>, <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>strategist <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="594"><w NP0-NN1>Virgilio <w NP0>Avila <w NN2>Vivas <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Alejandro <w NP0>Izaguirre <w NP0-NN1>Angeli <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>appointment <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AVP>up <w AJ0>political <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AJ0>increasing <w NN2>protests <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>but <w VVB>see <w AV0>below <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35571<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w NP0-NN1>Avila<w POS>'s <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>District<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Ledezma<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>young <w NN1>AD <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="596"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w VVN>appointed <w VBD>were <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Mart&iacute;nez <w NP0>Mottola <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Orihuela <c PUL>(<w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Di&oacute;genes <w NP0>M&uacute;jica <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mabelys <w NP0>de <w NP0>L&eacute;on <w NP0>Aponte <c PUL>(<w NN1>Family<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="597"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>AD <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alfaro <w NP0-NN1>Ucero<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AT0>the <w NN1>image <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AJ0>municipal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN2>elections <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="598"><w PRP>In <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Carmelo <w NP0>Lauria <w NP0-NN1>Lesseur <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arminda <w NP0>Quintana <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Guevara <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Celestino <w NP0>Armas <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w AT0>The <w NN2>COPEI <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>MAS <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>declined <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretaries-general <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>cabinet<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>without <w NN1>portfolio <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w NN2>policies <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="600"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Tinoco<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>architects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="601"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="602"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="603"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>APRA <w NN1>secretary-general
</head>
<p>
<s n="604"><w NP0>Al&aacute;n <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>APRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peru<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Trujillo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="605"><w NP0>Garc&iacute;a<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alva <w NP0>Castro<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>to <w AJ0>key <w NN1>party <w NN2>positions<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>secretary-general <c PUL>(<w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Mercedes <w NP0>Cabanillas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>organization <w NN1>secretary <c PUL>(<w NP0>August&iacute;n <w NP0>Mantilla<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>planning <c PUL>(<w NP0>Abel <w NP0>Salinas<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="606"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>rejected <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w PRP>for <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38718<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA012></p>
<caption id=HLGCA012>
<s n="607"><w NN1>Guerrilla <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN2>attacks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="608"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>large <w NN1>bomb <w VVN>placed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>movement <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>administration <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG>injuring <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><w AV0>Simultaneously <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Institute <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Administration <w VVD>killed <w CRD>one <w NN1>guerrilla <w CJC>and <w VVD>injured <w CRD>four <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w NP0>Mar&iacute;a <w NP0>Elena <w NP0>Moyano<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Lima <w NN1>slum <w NN1>area <w PNQ>who <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>strike<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sendero<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="611"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w UNC>Tupac <w UNC>Amar&uacute; <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRTA<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>residence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11-12<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>three <w NN2>policemen <w CJC>and <w VVG>injuring <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w AT0>A <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN1>split <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MRTA <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>among <w NP0-NN1>MRTA <w NN2>adherents <w PRP>during <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="613"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="614"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="615"><w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN1>tour
</head>
<p>
<s n="616"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem <w VVD>began <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belgium <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>continuing <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>project <w AT0>the <w NN1>image <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Argentina <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>economically <w CJC>and <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>stable <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w AV0>most <w AJ0>reliable <w NN1>ally <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>tour <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38572<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><w DPS>His <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>included <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations <w NP0>Minister <w NP0>Guido <w NP0>di <w NP0>Tella<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Manzano<c PUN>, <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mart&iacute;n <w NP0>Balza<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Justicialist <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Peronist<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="618"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>Strasbourg <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w NP0>Menem <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Argentina <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w PRP>behind <w DPS>its <w NN1>Third-World <w NN1>status <w CJC>and <w AJ0>non-aligned <w NN1>past <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Argentina<w POS>'s <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w VVB-NN1>exit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Non-Aligned <w NN1>Movement <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38458-59<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1>isolationist <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>pursued <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w PNP>He <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>export <w NN2>subsidies <w DTQ>which <w VVD>damaged <w AJ0>Argentinian <w NN2>producers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN2>firms <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38572<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Europe-Argentina <w NN1>Club <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="621"><w NP0>Menem <w AV0>also <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>trading <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AV0>up to <w CRD>300,000 <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN1>bloc <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>discussed <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC <w NN2>commissioners <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w CRD>40,000 <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="622"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Menem <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>entourage <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w CJC>and <w AJ0>French <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>during <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA013></p>
<caption id=HLGCA013>
<s n="623"><w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Condor <w NN1>missile <w NN1>project
</caption>
<p>
<s n="624"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>handed <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>Condor <w CRD>II <w NN1>missile <w NN1>project <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Space <w NN2>Activities <w NN1-VVB>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNAE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>space <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>develop <w AT0>the <w NN1>missile<w POS>'s <w NN2>facilities<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>purposes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="625"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>in <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w AV0>indirectly <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>with <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AJ0>German <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37501<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="626"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>project <w VVD>preceded <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Dick <w NP0>Cheney <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20-21 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN1>tour<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w NN2>Officials <w VVD>urged <w NP0>Cheney <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w DT0>all <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w NP0>Argentina<w POS>'s <w CRD>1982 <w NP0>Falklands <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w NP0>US <w NN1>concern <w VBD>was <w VVN>expressed <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>Argentinian <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA014></p>
<caption id=HLGCA014>
<s n="629"><w AJ0>Conflicting <w NN2>demands <w PRP>over <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>debt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="630"><w NN2>Hopes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Domingo <w NP0>Cavallo<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Argentina<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>setback <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February <w AVQ>when <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>banks <w VVD>rejected <w DPS>his <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;31,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>bank <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Brady <w NN1>debt <w NN1>reduction <w NN1>plan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36541-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w AT0>The <w NN2>banks <w VVD>offered <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut <w CJC>and <w VVD>asked <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>payment <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>interest <w NN2>arrears <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;8,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA015></p>
<caption id=HLGCA015>
<s n="632"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>over <w NN1>cholera
</caption>
<p>
<s n="633"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>illness <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w NN1>cholera <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w NP0>Menem <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salta<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Jujuy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Formosa <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Chaco <w PRP>under<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>red <w NN1>alert<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="634"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w NN1>Health <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Mazza <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bolivia <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>immigrants <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>disease<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w NN1>health <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>anti-cholera <w NN1>plan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>meeting <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38142<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="636"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="637"><w NP0>URUGUAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="638"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="639"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Lacalle <w NP0>Herrera <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>within <w DPS>his <w AJ0>National <c PUL>(<w NP0>Blanco<c PUR>) <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Braga <w NP0>Silva<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="640"><w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Gonzalo <w NP0>Aguirre <w NP0>Ram&iacute;rez <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Braga<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Banco <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Rep&uacute;blica<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="641"><w NN1-NP0>Braga <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ignacio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Posadas <c PUL>(<w NP0>Blanco<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w AV0>Also <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w VBD>was <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Augusto <w NP0>Montesdeoca <w NP0-NN1>Galagorri<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Eduardo <w NN1>Ache <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Colorado <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Uni&oacute;n <w NP0>Colorada <w ZZ0>y <w NP0>Batllista <w NN1>faction <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AV0>now <w VVD>held <w CRD>two <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w NN1>being <w NN1>Tourism<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Mar&iacute;a <w NP0>Mieres <w NP0>Muro <c PUL>(<w NP0>Blanco<c PUR>) <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ra&uacute;l <w NP0>Lago <w NP0-NN1>Finsterwald <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <c PUL>(<w NP0>PGP<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-left <w NP0-NN1>Nuevo <w NP0>Espacio <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>) <w PRP-AVP>over <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0>Lacalle<w POS>'s <w NN1>invitation <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Colorados<w POS>' <w NN1-NP0>Batllismo <w NN1-AJ0>Radical <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>hitherto <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w CRD>one <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>pulled <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="646"><w VVG>Announcing <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lacalle <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>cabinet<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w NP0>de <w NP0>Posadas<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Ache<c PUN>, <w NP0>Braga <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Alvaro <w NP0>Ramos <w NP0>Trigo<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uruguay<w POS>'s <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AJ0>competitive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w CRD>1995 <w AJ0>four-member <w NP0>South <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mercosur <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38096<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="647"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>de <w NP0>Posadas <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w ORD>third<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AV0>most <w AJ0>severe<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>readjustment <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="648"><w PRP>By <w NP0>mid-February <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>with <w NP0>Colorado <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>gathered <w AT0>the <w CRD>12,000 <w NN2>signatures <w AV0>constitutionally <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>their <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA016></p>
<caption id=HLGCA016>
<s n="649"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
</caption>
<p>
<s n="650"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Rebollo <c PUL>&lsqb;<w XX0>not <w NP0>Rebonio<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>given <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38720<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Uruguayan <w NN1>army <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="651"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="652"><w NP0-NN1>NAFTA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="653"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada
</head>
<p>
<s n="654"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAFTA<c PUR>) <w VVG>embracing <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico <w VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dallas <c PUL>(<w NP0>USA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17-21 <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>secrecy <w PRP>on the part of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w AJ0>major <w NN2>concessions <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>required <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>sides <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w NN2>disagreements <w VVD>remained<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>rules <w PRF>of <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Serra <w NP0>Puche<c PUN>, <w VVD>accepted <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>treaty <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>US <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="657"><w PRP>In the light of <w NN1>concern <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>about <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>damage <w PRP>from <w AJ0>new <w NN1>industrialization <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Integrated <w NN1>Border <w NN1-VVB>Plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>clean <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>polluted <w AJ0-NN1>US-Mexican <w UNC>2,560-km <w NN1>frontier<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>commit <w NN0>&dollar;380,000,000 <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico <w NN0>&dollar;460,000,000 <w AV0>over <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="658"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="659"><w NP0>CARICOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="660"><w AJ0>Inter-sessional <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="661"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w AJ0>inter-sessional <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>CARICOM<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kingston<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jamaica<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w VVN>Chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kennedy <w NP0>Simmonds<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>St <w NP0>Christopher <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nevis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ember <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>five <w NN2>delegations <w VBG>being <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN2>ministers<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>discussed <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>integration <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w AJ0>key <w NN2>areas <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>12th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>summit <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38336<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>CARICOM <w NN2>parliamentarians<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intra-regional <w NN1>television <w NN1>network <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Indies <w VVG-NN1>Shipping <w NN1>Corporation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="664"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w VVD>pledged <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>attempts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38758<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Venezuela <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Edwin <w NP0>Carrington<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>African<c PUN>, <w NP0>Caribbean <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <c PUL>(<w NP0>ACP<c PUR>) <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVB>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1-VVB>CARICOM <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>succeeding <w NP0>Roderick <w NP0>Rainford<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>32620<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="666"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>CARICOM <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>states <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Sula<c PUN>, <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="667"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="668"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="669"><w NP0>San <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w CRD>VIII <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="670"><w AT0>The <w NP0>San <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w VVD>met <w DPS>their <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25-26 <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w AT0>The <w NN2>participants <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>upgrade <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>blocs <w PRP>into <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>third-generation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AV0>more <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>agreement <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things <w VVB>give <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w PRP>for <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN1-VVG>training<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="672"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="673"><w AJ0>LATIN <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="674"><w NP0>San <w NP0>Antonio <w NN2-VVZ>drugs <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="675"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>hosted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>summit <w PRP>on <w NN2>drugs <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Antonio<c PUN>, <w NP0>Texas<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26-27<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peru <w CJC>and <w NP0>Colombia <c PUL>(<w DT0>these <w CRD>three <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVG>gathering <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cartagena<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37243-44<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ecuador <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Venezuelan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="676"><w AT0>The <w CRD>seven <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>structure <w PRP>for <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>drug <w NN2>summits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>follow-up <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>chemicals <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>process <w NN1>cocaine<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizing <w PRF>of <w NN0>aircraft <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Colombian <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>cocaine <w NN1>production <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="678"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN1>agenda<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>on <w NN2>drugs<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>rejected <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w AV0>more <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w AV0>Instead<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>practical <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Asia <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w NP0>Japan <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in view of <w DPS>their <w NN1>expansion <w PRP>as <w NN1>cocaine <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="680"><w AJ0>Peruvian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>dollars<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>wasted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Agency <w TO0>to <w VVI>eradicate <w NN1>coca <w NN2>crops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru <w VHD>had <w VVN>violated <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w VBN>been <w AJ0>counterproductive<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w CJS>when <w AT0>no <w AJ0>alternative <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>activity <w VBD>was <w AJ0>available<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bolivia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Colombia <w VVD>opposed <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quito<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>or <w NN2>warships <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w NN1>action <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w NN1>sea <w CJC>or <w NN1>airspace <w PRP>in pursuit of <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA017></p>
<caption id=HLGCA017>
<s n="682"><w NN1>Drug <w NN1>abuse <w NN1>prevention <w NN1>group
</caption>
<p>
<s n="683"><w AJ0>Congressional <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w NP0>Panama <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <c PUL>(<w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quito <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJ0>inter-parliamentary <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NN1>money <w NN1>laundering<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Inter-Parliamentary <w NN1>Group <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prevention <w PRF>of <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Abuse <c PUL>(<w NP0>Grilapad<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="684"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="685"><w NP0>ST <w NP0>VINCENT <w CJC>AND <w AT0>THE <w NP0>GRENADINES
</head>
<p>
<s n="686"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>James <w NP0>Mitchell <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVG>transferring <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>from <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w NP0>Herbert <w NP0>Young<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>portfolio <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Jonathan <w NP0>Peters<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Consumer <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mitchell <w AV0>also <w VVD>created <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>portfolio <w PRF>of <w NP0>Grenadines <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Stephanie <w NP0>Brown <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Junior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="687"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="688"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="689"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab
</head>
<p>
<s n="690"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab <w PRP>for <w CRD>13 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>117-seat <w NN1>state <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="691"><w NP0>Punjab <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36692 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>coincide <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>moment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38287<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="693"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>, <w AV0>officially <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>at <w AV0>only <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w CRD>13,170,000<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w AV0>ever <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>state <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AV0>below <w AV0>even <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>(<w CRD>31.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w DT0>This <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycotting <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>one <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN2>militants<c PUN>.
<s n="695"><w AT0>The <w NN1>poll <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>peaceful<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>20-30 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w NN2>canvassers <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w AT0>A <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>observed <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18-20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="697"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>with <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>majority <w PRP>with <w CRD>87 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>triumph<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><w NP0>Beant <w NP0>Singh <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w VVN>headed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>27-member <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="699"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bahujan <w NP0>Samaj <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN2>castes<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>one <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN1>seat <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w AT0>no <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>main <c PUL>(<w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>Hindu<c PUR>) <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>despite <w VHG>having <w VVN>mobilized <w DPS>its <w AJ0>national <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w VVD>won <w CRD>four <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>CPI-Marxist <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>independents <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="702"><w CJS>Whereas <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <w NN1>faction <w XX0>not <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Amrinder <w NP0>Singh <w CJC>and <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shiromani <w AJ0>Akali <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kabul<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA018></p>
<caption id=HLGCA018>
<s n="703"><w NN1>Distribution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN2>seats
</caption>
<p>
<s n="704"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Punjab <w NN1>result <w VVD>strengthened <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="705"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w CRD>243 <w NP0>BJP <w CRD>119 <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w AJ0-VVD>expelled <w NN2>members<c PUR>) <w CRD>58 <w NN0>CPI <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>M<c PUR>) <w CRD>35 <w NN0>CPI <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Telugu <w NP0>Desam <w CRD>13 <w NP0-NN1>AIADMK <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Jharkhand <w NP0>Mukti <w NP0>Morcha <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Samajwadi <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <w CRD>5 <w NP0>RSP <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Shiv <w NP0>Sena <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w NN2>dissidents<c PUR>) <w CRD>4 <w AV0>Forward <w NP0-NN1>Bloc <w CRD>3 <w NP0>BSP <w CRD>3 <w NP0-NN1>IUML <w CRD>2 <w NN2>Others <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Unattached <w CRD>1 <w VVN-VVD>Nominated <w CRD>2
</p>
<p>
<s n="706"><w CRD>One <w NN1>seat <w VBD>was <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>11 <w NN2>vacancies <c PUL>(<w CRD>six <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bihar<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA019></p>
<caption id=HLGCA019>
<s n="707"><w NN1>Introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="708"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w PRF>of <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>importance <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>direction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0-NN1>anti-protectionist <w NN1>budget <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Manmohan <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>.
<s n="709"><w VVN>Supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VVD>emphasised <w AV0-AJ0>tight <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>control <w PRP>along with <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>with <w AJ0>important <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>for <w AJ0>private <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w AJ0>Advance <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>impact <w PRP>in terms of <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>railways <w VVB-NN1>budget <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>support <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concomitant <w NN1>increase <w VVG>averaging <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN1>passenger <w NN1-VVB>fare <w NN2>prices<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01A>
<s n="711"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="712"><w AJ0>Dissident <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>40 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>75-member <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="713"><w PNP>They <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRP>for <w PNX>themselves <w CJS>as <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal<c PUN>, <w VVG>applying <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exclusive <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DT0>this <w NN1>party <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>elected <w NP0>Ajit <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38682<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>as <w DPS>their <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="714"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <w NN2>expulsions <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38726<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>strength <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w VBZ>is <w VVN>given <w PRP>as <w CRD>58 <w PRP>after <w NN2>expulsions<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>listing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN2>members <w PRP>as of <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AV0>above<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Hindu <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVZ>gives <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w CJS>as <w CRD>58 <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w VVN>expelled<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLGCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01B>
<s n="715"><w NN1>Caste <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bihar
</caption>
<p>
<s n="716"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bara <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bihar <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>, <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVN>described <w PRP>in <w NN1>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Maoist <w NN2>extremists <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>attack <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>directed <w PRP>against <w AJ0>upper-caste <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>landlords<c PUN>, <w VVG>burning <w AVP>down <w NN2>houses <w CJC>and <w VVG>dragging <w NN2>men <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w VVG>beheading <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="717"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>decapitated <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w CRD>33 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>recovered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>; <w DT0>most <w NN2>reports <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>36<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>cited <w AT0>a <w NN1>survivor <w CJS>as <w VVG>stating <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>85 <w VHD>had <w VVN>died<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>revenge <w VVG>killing <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AJ0>low <w NN1>caste <w NN1>status <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2-VVZ>untouchables<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN2>castes<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>village<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="719"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Press <w NN1>Trust <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Maoists <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>encounter <w PRP>with <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>confirmation <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w PRP>at <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w NN1>level<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01C>
<s n="720"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tripura <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Meghalaya <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="721"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tripura<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sudhir <w NP0>Ranjan <w NN1-NP0>Majumber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w NP0>All-India <w NN1>Radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w VVN>based<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="722"><w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w NP0>Meghalaya<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w CJS>when <w NP0>D. <w NP0>D. <w NN1-NP0>Lapang <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>1<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>heading <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>including <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Hill <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="723"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="724"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="725"><w NN1>Admission <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>capability
</head>
<p>
<s n="726"><w AJ0>Pakistani <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Secretary <w NP0>Shahryar <w NP0>Khan <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN2>components <w CJC>and <w NN1>expertise <w TO0>to <w VVI>assemble <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w AJ0>nuclear <w AJ0>explosive <w NN1>device<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><w DPS>His <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Siddique <w NP0>Kanju<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="728"><w NP0-NN1>Khan <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN2>officials <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>repeated <w NN2>undertakings <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>explode <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>weapon <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>transfer <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w DT0>Some <w UNC>US&dollar;570 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cut <w AVP>off <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>under <w NP0>US <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>requiring <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut-off <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VVN>certified <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="730"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>capability <w VBZ>is <w AV0>there<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD>quoted <w NP0>Khan <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview<c PUN>.
<s n="731"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>frozen <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w AV0>highly <w AJ0-VVN>enriched <w NN1>uranium<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>demands<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>destroy <w DPS>its <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>cores <w CJS>if <w NP0>India <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="732"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>quoted <w NP0>Khan <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>out of <w NN1>context<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Pakistani <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w NN1>interview <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-AJ0>distorted<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>added<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>capability <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>field<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DT0>that <w NN1>capability <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>purposes <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="734"><w NP0>Khan <w VVD>emphasized <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>non-proliferation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01D>
<s n="735"><w NN1>Disruption <w PRF>of <w NN1>development <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w PRP>after <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>court <w NN1>ruling
</caption>
<p>
<s n="736"><w NN2>Plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>major <w NN1>development <w NN2>projects<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>giant <w NP0>Hab <w NP0>River <w NN1>power <w NN1>complex <w PRP>near <w NP0>Karachi<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>disrupted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Court <w VVG>banning <w NN1>bank <w NN1>interest <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38683-84<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="737"><w NN1>Uncertainty <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>raising <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="738"><w NN2>Banks <w VHD>had <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38726<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="739"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hab <w NP0>River <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Karachi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;360 <w CRD>million <w NN1>investment <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>consortium <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w VVB-NN1>Work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>1,300MW <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>or <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN2>donors<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN0>&dollar;1,300 <w CRD>million <w NN1>project <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="741"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="742"><w NP0>KASHMIR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="743"><w AJ0>Attempted <w AJ0>cross-border <w NN2>protests
</head>
<p>
<s n="744"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w AV0>briefly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Davos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w VVD>discussed <w NP0>Indo-Pakistan <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>situation<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sharif <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>.
<s n="745"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>Pioneer <w VVD>published <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w DTQ>which <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN2>actions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w AJ0-AV0>Sharp <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>exchanges <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments <w VVD-VVN>followed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Sharif <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>total <w NN1>strike<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>focus <w AJ0>international <w NN1>attention <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>atrocities<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w NN1>Tension <w VVD>rose <w CJS>when <w NP0>Amanullah <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>JKLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>organization <w VM0>would <w VVI>organize <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1-VVB>march <w PRP>across <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>line <w PRF>of <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>control<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVG>separating <w NN1-AJ0>Pakistani- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Indian-controlled <w NN1>territory <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hanging <w PRF>of <w NP0>JKLF <w NN1>president <w NN1-NP0>Maqbool <w NN1-VVB>Butt <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33224<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="748"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w VM0>could <w VHI>have<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unforeseen <w NN2>consequences<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>ambassadors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kashmir <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AV0>exclusively <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AV0>purely <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>India <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>mediation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="750"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Pakistani <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>banned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>protest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w VVN-VVD>deployed <w CRD>40,000 <w NN1>security <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>blockaded <w NN2>roads <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Azad <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Muzaffarabad<c PUN>; <w AV0>nevertheless<c PUN>, <w CRD>7,000 <w NP0>JKLF <w NN2>supporters <w VVB>set <w AVP>off <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="751"><w NN2>Police <w NN2>blockades <w VVD-VVN>forced <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>on <w NN1>foot<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w VVD>approached <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>fire <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>figures <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>16 <w NN2>demonstrators <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>policemen <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>350 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD-VVN>injured<c PUN>, <w CRD>66 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>condition<c PUN>.
<s n="753"><w PRP>In spite of <w AT0>the <w NN1>firing <w CRD>300 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN-VVD>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Chakoti<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Khan <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>march<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="754"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Srinagar <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>defied <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>curfew <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>marchers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="755"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w NP0>Khan <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NP0>JKLF <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>JKLF <w NN1>commander-in-chief <w NP0>Javed <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Mir <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w AT0>a <w NN1>column <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>marchers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Azad <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NP0>Sharif <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>fact-finding <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>warning <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w AV0>indefinitely <w VVI>prevent <w DT0>such <w NN2>marches <w PRP>by <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="758"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="759"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="760"><w NN1>Conviction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ershad
</head>
<p>
<s n="761"><w DT0>Former <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hussain <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Ershad <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w AV0>illegally <w VVG>amassing <w DT0>some <w CRD>19,000,000 <w NN1>taka <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;510,450<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="762"><w NP0-NN1>Ershad <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>for <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>arms <w NN1>possession <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38288-89<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>faced <w AJC>further <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="763"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>court <w VVG>trying <w NP0-NN1>Ershad <w PRP>under <w AJ0>anti-corruption <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>ordered <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>residence <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJC>and <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01E>
<s n="764"><w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey
</caption>
<p>
<s n="765"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>technical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>cooperation <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="766"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="767"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="768"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>aid <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="769"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>group <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w NN2>pledges <w PRF>of <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;825 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w CRD>three-quarters <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w NN1>project <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRP>in <w NN2>balance-of-payments <w VVB-NN1>support<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="770"><w AJ0>Western <w NN1>aid <w VHD>had <w VVN>totalled <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="771"><w AT0>The <w NN1>outcome <w VVD>reflected <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w DPS>its <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>foster <w AJ0>private-sector <w NN1>growth <w CJS>while <w VVG>holding <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>notwithstanding <w AT0>the <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>criticisms <c PUL>(<w AV0>particularly <w PRP>from <w NP0>Canada<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>record<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="772"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w DT0>several <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>extensions <w PRF>of <w NN1>curfew <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>hoped <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conclusive <w AJ0>military <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="773"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Sinhalese <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>critics <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Buddhist <w NN2>clergy<c PUN>, <w NN2>hardliners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AV0>recently <w VVN>launched <w NP0>Sinhala <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>League <w CJC>or <w NP0>SAS<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>crush <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>separatists<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>raised <w AV0>intermittently <w AT0>the <w NN1>expectation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>solution<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w NN2>Comments <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>encouraged <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>separatists<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVG-AJ0>suffering <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>food <w NN2>shortages <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRP>under <w DPS>their <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w NN2>proposals <w VVG>falling <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="775"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sunday <w NP0>Island <w NN1>interview<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vellupillai <w NP0-NN1>Prabhakaran <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN2>preconditions <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w NN1>insistence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-determination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tamils<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="776"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="777"><w NP0>KAZAKHSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="778"><w NN1-VVB>Riot <w PRP>at <w NN1>space <w NN1>centre
</head>
<p>
<s n="779"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24-25 <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>17,000-strong <w NN1>construction <w NN1>battalion <c PUL>(<w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>conscripts<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Baikonur <w NN1>space <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Leninsk<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0-NN1>space-launch <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>protest <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0-NN1>living <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w NN1>maltreatment <w PRP>by <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="780"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>burning <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN0>barracks <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>theft <w PRF>of <w NN1>cash <w CJC>and <w NN2>vehicles<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Kazakh <w NN1>government <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Leninsk<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w DT0>all <w NN2>conscripts <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days<w POS>' <w NN1>leave <w CJC>and <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>cigarettes<c PUN>.
<s n="782"><w AV0>About <w CRD>400 <w AJ0>sick <w NN2>conscripts <w VBD>were <w VVN>discharged <c PUL>(<w DT0>this <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<w POS>' <w NN2>demands<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>were <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>aggravated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>Kazakh <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>unit <w VVG>consisting <w AV0>mostly <w PRF>of <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>.
<s n="784"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRP>at <w NN1-NP0>Baikonur <w CJT>that <w CRD>seven <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01F>
<s n="785"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="786"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>German <w NN1>government <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>J&uuml;rgen <w NP0>M&ouml;llemann<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4-5<c PUN>.
<s n="787"><w PRP>After <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Tereshchenko<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Kazakh-German <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>council<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>included <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>disarmament <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>.
<s n="789"><w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-VVB>Interfax <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>community <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="790"><w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Austria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>with <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Franz <w NP0>Vranitzky <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>advocated <w AJ0>expanding <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Austrian <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w NN1>advice <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>.
<s n="792"><w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>fundamentalism <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
<s n="793"><w NP0>Austria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="794"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="795"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="796"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>at <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>party
</head>
<p>
<s n="797"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>1,400 <w NN2>delegates <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w PRP>for <w CRD>32 <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13-15<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0>Jhapa<c PUN>, <w CRD>400 <w NN0>km <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kathmandu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="798"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w AJ0>bitter <w NN2>arguments <w PRP>between <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Girija <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRP>by <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w NN1-NP0>Ganesh <w NN1>Man <w NP0>Singh <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>political <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>without <w NN1>consultation <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w PRP>According to <w AV0>AFT<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singh <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w NN1>politics <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Koirala <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>.
<s n="800"><c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Koirala <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38193<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="801"><w NN2>Disagreements <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>convention <w PRP>after <w NP0>Koirala<w POS>'s <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="802"><w NP0>India <w AV0>Today <w VVD>named <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w PRP>as <w NP0>Basu <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Risak <c PUL>(<w NN1>Water <w NN2>Resources <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Dhundi <w NP0>Raj <w NP0>Shastri <c PUL>(<w NN1>Industry<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Idris <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tara <w NP0>Nath <w NP0>Rana <w NP0>Bhatt <c PUL>(<w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Justice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Gopal <w NN1>Man <w NP0-NN1>Shrestha <c PUL>(<w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chiranjibi <w NP0-NN1>Wagle <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Supply<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="803"><w PNP>It <w VVD>described <w PNP>them <w CJS>as <w VVN>aligned <w PRP>with <w NP0>Singh <w CJC>or <w PRP>with <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>party <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Krishna <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0-NN1>Bhattarai<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="804"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>AFP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Koirala <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRF>of <w CRD>15,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>Day <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVG>appealing <w PRP>for <w NN1>patience <w CJC>and <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w NN2>youths <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>after <w VVG>shouting <w NN2>slogans <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarchy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01G>
<s n="805"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="806"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Maitrika <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rashtriya <w NP0>Janata <w NP0>Parishad<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DPS>his <w NN1>chairmanship<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>alternative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="807"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="808"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="809"><w NN1>Re-emergence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>line
</head>
<p>
<s n="810"><w AJ0>Reformist <w NN2>ideas <w VVD-VVN>received <w AJC>further <w AJ0>official <w NN1>sanction <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enlarged <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>) <w NN1>politburo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>, <w VVD>read <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>important<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>speeches <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>now-retired <w AJ0>paramount <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0-NN1>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38722<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="811"><w AJ0>Official <w AJ0>domestic <w NN0>media <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>virtual <w NN1>silence <w PRP>over <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NP0>January <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shenzhen <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Zhuhai <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>zones <c PUL>(<w NP0>SEZs<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guangdong <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>extensively <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1-VVB>press<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AJ0>Beijing-controlled <w CJC>and <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>.
<s n="812"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Deng <w VHD>had <w VVN>praised <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>SEZs <w CJC>and <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>accelerating <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w VVG>opening <w AV0>still <w AJC>wider <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="813"><w NP0>Deng <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shenzhen<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>If <w NN1>capitalism <w VHD>had <w PNI>something <w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w NN1>socialism <w VM0>should <w VVI>bring <w PNP>it <w AVP>over <w CJC>and <w VVB>use <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>recalling <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN1>line <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35576-78<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AV0>never <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>repudiated <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>conservatives<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="814"><w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year <w NN1-VVB>address <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w NN0>people <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>accelerate <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>make <w NN2>explorations <w AV0>boldly<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>further <w VVB-NN1>emancipate <w DPS>our <w NN2>minds<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>changing <w NN1>work <w NN2>styles <w CJC>and <w VVG>avoiding <w NN1>formalism<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w AV0>Implicitly <w VVG-AJ0>dismissing <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>evolution<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>capitalist <w NN1>infiltration<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jiang <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>important <w NN1>thing <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="816"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>enlarged <w NN1>politburo <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jiang <w VVD>conveyed <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>reform <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>future <w PRP>for <w NN1>socialism <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>fear <w NN1>capitalism <w CJS>as <w DT0>some <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>useful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="817"><w NP0>Deng <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>attacked <w NN1>formalism <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>thinking<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>speeding <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="818"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w AV0>even <w VVN>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AJ0>modest <w NN1>comfort<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>brag <w AVP>about<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w AT0>The <w NN2>speeches <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>relayed <w TO0>to <w AJC>lower <w NN2>levels<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1-VVB>press <w VVD-VVN>reported<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="820"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-reform <w NN2>articles <w CJC>and <w NN2>editorials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN0>media<c PUN>.
<s n="821"><w CRD>One <w NN1>article<c PUN>, <w VVD>carried <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>front <w NN1>page <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>party <w NN1>paper <w NP0-NN1>Renmin <w NP0-NN1>Ribao <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AV0>ever <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>appraisal <w PRF>of <w NN1>capitalism <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w VVG>developing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>capitalist <w NN1>economy <w PRP>within <w NP0>China <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>useful <w NN1>supplement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="822"><w VVG>Arguing <w CJT>that <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NN1>capitalism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>culture <w VBD>were <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>to <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>article <w VVD>warned<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w AV0>unanalytically <w VVB>fear<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>capitalist <w NN2>influences<w POS>' <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>road <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>door<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VM0>could <w AV0>really <w VVI>shake <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>foundation<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="823"><w PNP>It <w VVD>listed <w DT0>such <w AJ0>positive <w NN2>attributes <w CJS>as <w AJ0>free <w NN2>ports<c PUN>, <w AJ0>open <w NN1>tendering<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN2>stocks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>contracting <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>leasing <w NN2>systems<c PUN>, <w VVG>explaining <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>class-neutral<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>commodity <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w VVG>belonging <w AV0>solely <w PRP>to <w NN1>capitalism<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01H>
<s n="824"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>priests <w CJC>and <w NN2>bishops
</caption>
<p>
<s n="825"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN2>clergy <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Vatican <w AJ0>underground <w NN1>church <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w NP0>Bishop <w NP0>James <w NP0>Xie <w NP0>Shiguang<c PUN>, <w CRD>74<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Xiapu <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Fujian <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>priests<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rutan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Zheng <w NP0>Xinzong<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>discussion <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>church <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Fujian<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01J>
<s n="827"><w NN1-VVB>Launch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>union <w NN1>manifesto
</caption>
<p>
<s n="828"><w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w VVG>quoting <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w VVG>calling <w PNX>themselves <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>China <w AJ0>Free <w NN1-NP0>Union <w AJ0>Preparatory <w NN1>Committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>posted <w AVP>out <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>copies <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>manifesto <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w VVN>modelled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>Solidarity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01K>
<s n="829"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>dissidents
</caption>
<p>
<s n="830"><w NN1>Prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w VVD-VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w CRD>10 <w NN2>dissidents <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="831"><w NN1-NP0>Wu <w NN1>Xuecan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>editor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Renmin <w NP0>Ribao<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w VVG>circulating <w AT0>a <w NN1>mock-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>student <w NN1>activist <w NP0>Peng <w NP0>Rong <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>for <w VVG>publishing <w AT0>a <w NN1>survey <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w VVG>showing <w CJT>that <w NN2>students <w VBD>were <w AJ0>depressed<c PUN>.
<s n="832"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVG>spreading <w AJ0>counter-revolutionary <w NN1>propaganda<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>student <w NN2>dissidents <w VVN>sentenced <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Zhai <w NP0-NN1>Weimin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Li <w NP0-NN1>Mingqi<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w ORD>eleventh <w VBD>was <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>paper <w ITJ>Ta <w NP0>Kung <w NP0>Pao <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN2>protests <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w PNP>It <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>nine <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1-AJ0>other <w VVN-AJ0>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01L>
<s n="836"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="837"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vice-Premier <w NP0>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10-17 <w VVN-VVD>marked <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w NN1>restoration <w CJC>and <w AJC>further <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>normal <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0-NN1>Zhongguo <w NP0>Xinwen <w PNP>She<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="838"><w VVG>Meeting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gareth <w NP0>Evans<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zhu <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>conflicts <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-VVG>preserving <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>stability <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="839"><w PNP>He <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>were <w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>thanked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>rejoin <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>one-China<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="840"><w PRP>In response to <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zhu <w VVD-AJ0>acknowledged <w NN2>differences <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w NN2>views<c PUN>.
<s n="841"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canberra <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="842"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="843"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="844"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>mainland <w NP0-NN1>China
</head>
<p>
<s n="845"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>Straits <w NN1-VVB>Exchange <w NN1>Foundation <c PUL>(<w NP0>SEF<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5 <w VVD-VVN>protested <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>mainland <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>pilot<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NN1>Hsien-pin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>defected <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>in <w CRD>1965<c PUN>.
<s n="846"><w AT0>The <w NN1>pilot<c PUN>, <w NN1>holder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>passport<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w CJS>while <w VVG>visiting <w NN1>family <w PRP>in <w NP0>Qingdao<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shandong <w NN1>Province<c PUN>.
<s n="847"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>SEF<w POS>'s <w NN1>mainland <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>Across <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN2>Straits<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lee <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>wanted <w NN1>criminal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="848"><w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>investments <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w NN2>subsidiaries <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w PRP>in <w ORD>third <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="849"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>policy <w VVG>allowing <w CRD>240 <w NN2>spouses <w TO0>to <w VVI>immigrate <w AV0>annually <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>43-year <w NN1>ban<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w VVN-AJ0>separated <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>wives <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w CRD>1949<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1-AJ0>other <w VHD>had <w VVN>married <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w PRP>during <w NN1>tourist <w CJC>or <w NN1>business <w NN1>trip<c PUN>.
<s n="851"><w NN2>Applications <w VHD>had <w AV0>vastly <w VVN>exceeded <w AT0>the <w NN1>quota <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01M>
<s n="852"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN2>activists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="853"><w NP0>Chen <w NN1>Wan-chen<c PUN>, <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>pro-independence <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>Nation-Building<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w VVG>hiding<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>law <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w NN1>sedition<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>offence <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>life <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
<s n="854"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>for <w NN2>terms <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w PRP>to <w CRD>3 <w CRD>1/2 <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>sedition<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01N>
<s n="855"><w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chiang <w NN1>Kai-shek <w PRP>in <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w CRD>1947 <w NN1-VVB>massacre
</caption>
<p>
<s n="856"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22-23 <w AT0>an <w AV0>officially <w VVN-AJ0>commissioned <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>1947 <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38741-42<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>divisive <w AJ0>political <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP>until <w AV0>recently <w VVN>banned<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="857"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chiang <w NN1>Kai-shek <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>punish <w AT0>the <w NN2>officials <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w PNP>It <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>insufficient <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>understanding <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="859"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w NN1-VVB>Kuomintang <w NN2>troops <w VVN>brought <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w VVD>massacred <w PRP>between <w CRD>18,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>28,000 <w NN0>people <w VVG>following <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Communist-inspired <w NN1>rebellion <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CRD>1947<c PUN>.
<s n="860"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>riots <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sparked <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w VVG>mishandling <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>trader <w VBD>was <w VVN>beaten <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1-AJ0>official <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taipei<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="861"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Wu <w NN1>Po-hsiung<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>considering <w NN2>demands <w PRP>from <w NN2>victims<w POS>' <w NN2>families <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>apology <w CJC>and <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01P>
<s n="862"><w NN1-AJ0>Halting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>equity <w NN1>investment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="863"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Taiwan <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Benk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w CJC>but <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>inflow <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w NN1>equity <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>threatening <w AT0>the <w NN1>competitiveness <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="864"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w VVD>fell <w CRD>3.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>officially <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>damage <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>year-old <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>liberalization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="865"><w NN2>Critics <w VVN-VVD>ascribed <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>currency <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w CJC>and <w AJ0>high <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVB>account <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w NN1>equity <w NN1>investment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01R>
<s n="866"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN1-VVB>ban
</caption>
<p>
<s n="867"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Bureau <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w PRP>since <w CRD>1949<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01S>
<s n="868"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="869"><w AJ0-VVG>Concluding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>trade <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean-N&ouml;el <w NP0>Jeanneney<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>air <w NN2>links <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>trade <w NN2>ties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taipei<c PUN>.
<s n="870"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frederick <w NP0>Chien <w NP0>Fu<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="871"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Netherlands <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruud <w NP0>Lubbers<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>halted <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;1,500 <w CRD>million <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>submarines <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>breached <w AT0>a <w CRD>1984 <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33036-37<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="872"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="873"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="874"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP>in <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>detention <w NN1>camp
</head>
<p>
<s n="875"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>128 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>arson <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shek <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>detention <w NN1>centre <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w CJS>since <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>began <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David <w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="877"><w PRP>According to <w VVG-AJ0>investigating <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>arson <w NN1>attack <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AJ0>southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hot <w NN1>water<c PUN>.
<s n="878"><w PRP>Despite <w NN2>police <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>inmates <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w PRP-AVP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reinforced <w NN1>gate <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fellow <w NN2>southerners <w VVG>attacking <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>northerners <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>adjacent <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>camp<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN1>riot<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>hut <w VVG>containing <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w NN2>northerners<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire<c PUN>.
<s n="880"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>fired <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJC>further <w NN1>rioting <w CJC>and <w VVD>moved <w CRD>2,500 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN1>detention <w NN2-VVZ>centres <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
<s n="881"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>150 <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>riots<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="882"><w DT0>Some <w NN1>aid <w NN2>workers <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>gang-like <w NN1>violence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>exacerbated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>security-minded <w NN1>approach <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stressed <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w NN1>community <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="883"><w NN2>Others <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NN1>nervousness <w PRP>over <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>repatriation <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>contributory <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38531<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <w NN1>date <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
<s n="884"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w DT0>some <w CRD>36 <w DT0>such <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>returned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="885"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>arson <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>100,000 <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NN1>South-East <w NP0>Asia <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>repatriated <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w DT0>such <w NN2>tragedies <w VBG>being <w VVN>repeated<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>informed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>required <w AJ0>adequate <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w NN1>resettlement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01T>
<s n="887"><w AJ0>Possible <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>army <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>post-1997 <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="888"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>discount <w NN1>participation <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <w NN1>officer <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w POS>'s <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="889"><w AT0>The <w NN1>journal <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hong <w AJ0>Kong-based <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>official <w PNQ>who <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w NN1>Article <w CRD>55 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>post-1997 <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>legislature <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37376<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w NN1>Article <w CRD>55 <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Exco<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>policy-making <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w AV0>automatically <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>Article <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>future <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Executive <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>invite<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>other <w NN2>persons<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Exco <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>responsibility <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Exco <w PRP>after <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="893"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-February <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese-controlled <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NP0>Wen <w NP0>Wei <w NP0>Po<c PUN>, <w VVD>voiced <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Television <w NP0>Hongkong <c PUL>(<w NP0>RTHK<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>deprive <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>post-1997 <w AJ0>Special <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Region <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN1>organization <w TO0>to <w VVI>communicate <w AJ0>official <w NN2>policies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01U>
<s n="894"><w NN1>Selection <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>consultants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="895"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>the <w CRD>40 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Political <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>advise <w PNP>it <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w TO0>to <w VVI>concern <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w VM0>might <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w NN2>executives<c PUN>, <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>politicians <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pro-Chinese <w NN2>sympathizers<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w DPS>its <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="896"><w AT0>The <w NN2>appointments <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Lu <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macao <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38723<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="897"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="898"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="899"><w NN1>Corruption <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>politicians <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Boycott <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <w NN1>debate <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Measures <w PRP>against <w NN2>gangsters <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Increase
</head>
<p>
<s n="900"><w PRP>in <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Tensions <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</p>
<p>
<s n="901"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>increased <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>allegations <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w NN2>figures <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="902"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w NN1>concern <w VBD>was <w VVG>growing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>community <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>toward <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>trade <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>mid-March <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUN>.
<s n="903"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>heavily <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>by-elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VBN>been <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AJ0>safe <w NP0>LDP <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="904"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kaifu <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>string <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>cases <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38558-59<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="905"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>known <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w CJT>that <w NP0>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>varying <w NN2>degrees<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Recruit-Cosmos <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN1>scandal <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36463-64<c PUN>; <w CRD>36589<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="906"><w DPS>His <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>termed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>purification<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w NN2>records <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>well <w VVN>received <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>new <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Recruit-Cosmos <w NN1>scandal <w VHD>had <w VVN>revived <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>lied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <c PUL>(<w NN1>Parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>other<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>unknown<c PUN>, <w NN2>scandals <w VHD>had <w VVN>spread <w AV0>rapidly<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01V>
<s n="907"><w NN2>Charges <w PRP>over <w NP0>Kyowa <w NP0-NN1>Steel <w NN1>Corporation <w NN1>scandal <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Boycott <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <w NN1>debate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="908"><w NP0>Fumio <w NP0>Abe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>faction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>with <w VVG>accepting <w DT0>some <w CRD>80,000,000 <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;600,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bankrupt <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NP0-NN1>Steel <w NN1>Corporation <w PRP>in return for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG-AJ0>awarding <w NN1>construction <w NN2-VVZ>contracts <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PRP>in respect of <w NN1>tourism <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Hokkaido<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="909"><w NP0>Fumio <w NP0>Abe <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w ORD>first <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN2>bribes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38678<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38720-21<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="910"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>bailed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>further <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w DT0>another <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN0>yen <w VBD>were <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="911"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VVN>paid <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w VHD>had <w VVN>found <w DPS>its <w NN1>way <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="912"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>issue <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prolonged <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<w POS>'s <w NN1>deliberation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="913"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDPJ <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>declaring <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w PRP>in support of <w DPS>its <w NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Zenko <w NP0>Suzuki <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1980-82<c PUR>) <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="914"><w NN1-VVB>Debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommence <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Feb <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reluctant <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Suzuki <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jun <w NP0-NN1>Shiozaki<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cross-questioned <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="915"><w NP0>Suzuki<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>retired <w PRP>from <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w NN2>investigators <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w CRD>110,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;880,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kyowa<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>returned <w AT0>the <w NN1>money<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01W>
<s n="916"><w NN2>Arrests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="917"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0>Kyubin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>parcel <w NN1>delivery <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>among <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1-VVB>raid <w VVD>conducted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN2>offices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="918"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VBD>were <w VVG>investigating <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w AVP>out <w CRD>528,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;4,200 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>questionable <w AJ0>unsecured <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NN1>yakuza <c PUL>(<w NN1>gangster<c PUR>) <w NN2>groups <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38721<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="919"><w NP0-NN1>Hiroyasu <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jun <w NP0-NN1>Sataome<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>managing <w NN1>director<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>along with <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Ouchi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>accountant <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>golf <w NN1>course <w NN1>company <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yasuo <w NP0>Matsuzawa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>equipment <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="920"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sums <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NN1>scandal <w VBD>were <w AV0>vastly <w AJC>greater <w CJS>than <w DT0>those <w VVN>paid <w AVP>out <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN1>Cosmos <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>100,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w VBD>were <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>diverted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Inagawa-kai<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w NN1>crime <w NN1>syndicate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
<s n="922"><w AV0>More <w AV0>seriously<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w AV0>both <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AV0>up to <w CRD>40,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w NN2>payments <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><w NP0-NN1>Sagawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kiyoshi <w NP0>Sagawa<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NN1>money <w PRP>to <w CRD>280 <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-NN1>hiring <w NN2>secretaries<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="924"><w NP0>Kakuei <w NP0>Tanaka<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1972-74<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lockheed <w NN1>scandal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>mid-1970s<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NN1>group<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01X>
<s n="925"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>laws <w PRP>on <w NN1>yakuza <w NN2>groups
</caption>
<p>
<s n="926"><w CJS>As <w NN2-VVZ>concerns <w VVN>mounted <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>yakuza <w NN2>groups<w POS>' <w AV0>officially <w VVN-VVD>tolerated <w NN1>dominance <w PRF>of <w NN1>prostitution <w CJC>and <w NN1>gambling<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>adopted <w AJ0>new <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w DPS>their <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="927"><w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w VVN-AJ0>required <w DT0>all <w NN1>yakuza <w NN2>groups <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w CJS>as <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>better <w VVN>supervised<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NN1>practice<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>re-formed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>as <w AJ0>limited <w NN2>companies <w AV0>instead<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLGCA01Y>
<s n="928"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>intruder <w PRP>in <w NP0>Miyazawa <w NN0>headquarters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="929"><w NN2>Shots <w VBD>were <w VVN>fired <w PRP>in <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>party <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>man <w VVD>forced <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w AVP-PRP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>should <w VVI>resign <w AVP-PRP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>record<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-war <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>emperor <w NN1>worship <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>reinstated<c PUN>.
<s n="930"><w AT0>The <w NN1>intruder<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA020></p>
<caption id=HLGCA020>
<s n="931"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>balance <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>United <w NP0>States
</caption>
<p>
<s n="932"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w NN1>trading <w NN2>partners <w VBD>were <w VVN>strained <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>period <w PRP>by <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>rising<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>international <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>markets <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrain <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="933"><w NN2>Figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>seasonally <w VVN-AJ0>adjusted <w NN1-AJ0>surplus <w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w VHD>had <w VVN>quadrupled <w PRP>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;3,840 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w CRD>9.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w CRD>3.8 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>fall <w PRP>in <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="934"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>33 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>purchases <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>vehicles<c PUN>.
<s n="935"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w DPS>its <w NN2>purchases <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>selling <w CRD>0.3 <w NN0>per cent <w DT0>more <w NN2>goods <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="936"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>global <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;78,230 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>&dollar;52,150 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>recorded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="937"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w NN1-VVB>drive <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>industry <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w VVG>slowing <w NN1-VVB>demand <w PRP>on <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VVD>expected <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w TO0>to <w VVI>stabilize <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VVD>progressed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="938"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mild <w NN1>rebuke <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>remarks <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Miyazawa <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>budget <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>work <w NN1>ethic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>speculative <w NN1>greed<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>eroded <w DPS>their <w NN1>competitiveness<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>forgotten <w AVQ>how<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>sweat <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>brow<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="939"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VVD>stopped <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>protest<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>statement <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>remarks <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0>helpful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VVN-VVD>added <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>pressures <w AV0>already <w VVG>mounting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>for <w AJ0>protectionist <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
<s n="940"><w NN1-NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>perennial <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>fundamentally <w AJ0>insoluble <w NN1>problem<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unstoppable <w NN1>world <w NN1-VVB>demand <w PRP>for <w AJ0>superior <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>products<c PUN>.
<s n="941"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w NN1>outrage <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>by <w VVG>attributing <w NP0>America<w POS>'s <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>irresponsibility <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>black <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="942"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VVD>apologized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>remark <w PRP>about <w NP0>America<w POS>'s <w NN1>work <w NN1>ethic<c PUN>.
<s n="943"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w NN1>Shin <w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese <w VHD>had <w VVN>forgotten <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>owed <w DPS>its <w NN1>prosperity <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="944"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="945"><w NN1>NORTH-SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="946"><w NN1>Ratification <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>non-aggression <w NN2>accords
</head>
<p>
<s n="947"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Pyongyang <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19-20<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w DT0>Yon <w NN1-VVB>Hyong <w NN1>Muk <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Chung <w VVD>Won <w NN1-NP0>Shik <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>exchanged <w AJ0>signed <w NN2>copies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>Reconciliation<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Non-aggression <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Denuclearization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>Peninsula<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>accords <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38659-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="948"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>non-aggression <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>accords<c PUN>, <w VVD>ratified <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kim <w UNC>Il <w NP0>Sung <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>raised <w NN2>hopes <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="949"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>Chung<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>voiced <w NN1>suspicion <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>North<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVG>pointing <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN>ratified <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>safeguard <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Authority <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38721<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
<s n="950"><w PNP>He <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1>process <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>progress <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="951"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Seoul <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Service <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1-VVB>accord <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>within <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="952"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w NN2>months <w PRP>away from <w VHG>having <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>capability<c PUN>.
<s n="953"><w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w VHD>had <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w AJ0-AV0>ready <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>taking <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>hide <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w NN2>components <w PRP>from <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="954"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>authorization <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Daewoo <w NN1>conglomerate <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>invest <w AV0>directly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>.
<s n="955"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group<w POS>'s <w NN1>chairman <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="956"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="957"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="958"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NN1>opposition
</head>
<p>
<s n="959"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>placed <w AJC>further <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>during <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="960"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>recommendation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Multi-Party <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>General <w NN2>Elections <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>with <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>party <w NN2>structures <w CJC>and <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="961"><w CRD>Six <w DT0>more <w VBD>were <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>three <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="962"><w AT0>An <w NP0>NLD <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>disqualified <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="963"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>deregistration <w PRF>of <w CRD>17 <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>disqualification <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="964"><w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="965"><w NN1-VVB>Tin <w ZZ0>U<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>for <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA021></p>
<caption id=HLGCA021>
<s n="966"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="967"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commander <w CJS>Than <w NN1-NP0>Nyunt <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="968"><w NP0>Thein <w VVB-NN1>Win <w PRP>as <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA022></p>
<caption id=HLGCA022>
<s n="969"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>offensives <w PRP>against <w NN2>rebels <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>border <w NN1>tension <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand
</caption>
<p>
<s n="970"><w PRP>Throughout <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD>continued <w DPS>its <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>against <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38725<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="971"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NN1>Operation <w NN1>Dragon <w NN1>King <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w CRD>7,000 <w NN2>troops <w VVN-VVD>advanced <w PRP>to <w PRP>within <w CRD>10 <w NN0>km <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Manerplaw<c PUN>, <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Karen <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>KNU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>exiled <w NN2>students <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Coalition <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burma<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>administration <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37915-16<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="972"><w PRP>Despite <w VBG>being <w VVN>outnumbered <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w CJC>or <w CRD>four <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>KNU <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>inflicted <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
<s n="973"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>KNU <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD>lost <w CRD>128 <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w CRD>500 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>KNU <w VVD>lost <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>75 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="974"><w AV0>About <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Manerplaw <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>surrounding <w NN2>villages <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>refugee <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
<s n="975"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD>attacked <w NP0-NN1>KNU <w NN2>strongholds <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Manerplaw<c PUN>, <w VVG>capturing <w NN2>camps <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Yegyaw <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Azin<c PUN>, <w VVG>overrunning <w AT0>an <w NN1>outpost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>KNU <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0>Kawmoora <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>attacking <w NN1-NP0>KNU <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tenasserim <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="976"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>bases <w VBD>were <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>vulnerable <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>occasions <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>crossed <w PRP>into <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
<s n="977"><w DT0>This <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>deterioration <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="978"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yegyaw <w NP0>Thai <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD-AJ0>fired <w NN1>warning <w NN2>shots <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>Myanman <w NN1>unit <w PRF>of <w CRD>100 <w NN2>men <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>crossed <w PRP>into <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>before <w VVG>attacking <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>KNU <w NN1>camp<c PUN>.
<s n="979"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Thai <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander <w VVD>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bridge <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moei <w NP0>River <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>border <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mae <w NN1>Sot<c PUN>.
<s n="980"><w AJ0>Thai <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>feared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bridge <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>Thailand <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w AV0>just <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="981"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>continued <w DPS>its <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1-NP0>Rohingya <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Arakan <w NN1>province <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38725<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w VVG>crossing <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bangladesh <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow<c PUN>.
<s n="982"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>allocating <w NN0>&dollar;1,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>estimated <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>totalled <w AV0>at least <w CRD>100,000 <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVG>crossing <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,000 <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="983"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>thousands <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>verge <w PRF>of <w NN1>starvation <w CJS>because <w NN1>relief <w NN2>efforts <w VBD>were <w AJ0>inadequate<c PUN>.
<s n="984"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>granting <w NN0>&dollar;1,900,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
<s n="985"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>accuse <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN0>media <w PRF>of <w VVG>carrying<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>exaggerated <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>fabricated<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>reports <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Arakan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>crossing <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="986"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Associated <w NN1>Press <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>reported <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN2>sources <w CJS>as <w VVG>claiming <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>rebels <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Arakan <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>starvation <w CJC>or <w NN1>suffocation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preceding <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>75 <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>after <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w VVN-VVD>fired <w PRP>on <w NN2>boats <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
<s n="987"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>York-based <w NN1>organization <w NN2>Lawyers <w VVN>Committed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Myanma <w CRD>thousands <w VVD>remained <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for <w AJ0>long <w NN2>periods <w PRP>under <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>prisoners <w VBG>being <w VVN>tortured<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="988"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="989"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="990"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN1>mission
</head>
<p>
<s n="991"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w VVD-AJ0>passed <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>745 <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>22,000-member <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>UNTAC <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38511<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="992"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w NN0>&dollar;1,900 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>UNTAC <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w CJC>and <w AV0>most <w AJ0>costly <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="993"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>15-month <w NN1>plan <w VVN>recommended <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w CRD>15,900 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w CRD>3,600 <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w CRD>2,400 <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm <w AT0>the <w NN2>combatants <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w CJC>and <w VVB>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>cantonment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>armies<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="994"><w NP0-NN1>UNTAC <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w AJ0>successful<c PUN>, <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD-VVN>stressed<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AJ0>adequate <w NN1>human <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="995"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>held <w NN2-VVZ>concerns <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>since <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>factions <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="996"><w NP0-NN1>UNTAC<w POS>'s <w AV0>newly <w VVN>appointed <w NN1>co-ordinator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yasushi <w NP0-NN1>Akashi<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>competition <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>observers <w VHD>had <w VVN>termed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w NN1-VVB>budget <w AJ0>unrealistic<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>5<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA023></p>
<caption id=HLGCA023>
<s n="997"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>UN <w NN1>helicopter
</caption>
<p>
<s n="998"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Australian <w NP0>UN <w NN1>officer <w VBD>was <w VVN>wounded <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>helicopter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>advance <w NN1>mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w VBD>was <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w NN1>gunfire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w CJS>while <w VVG>flying <w PRP-AVP>over <w NP0>Khmer <w AJ0-NN1>Rouge-controlled <w NN1>territory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom <w NN1>Province<c PUN>.
<s n="999"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>denial <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w VVG>blaming <w AT0>the <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>staging <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA024></p>
<caption id=HLGCA024>
<s n="1000"><w NN1-VVB>Visit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1001"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11-12<c PUN>.
<s n="1002"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>official <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>over <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>signal <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w AV0>twice <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>due to <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38680<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1003"><w NP0>Qian <w VVD>told <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Sihanouk<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w NN2>times<c PUQ>&quot; <w AVP>back <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>emphasized <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
<s n="1005"><w VVG>Alluding <w PRP>to <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>each <w NN1>faction <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DPS>its <w NN1>utmost <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w NN1>reconciliation <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>.
<s n="1006"><w NP0>Qian <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>an <w AJ0>active <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w VVG>rebuilding <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>provide <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>assistance <w TO0>to <w VVI>aid <w NN2>projects <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1007"><w NP0-NN1>Sihanouk <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>pleased <w PRP>with <w NP0>Qian<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>restore <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w NN2>factions <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<c PUN>; <w AV0>previously<c PUN>, <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>backer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>.
<s n="1008"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>ties <w VVD>embodied <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>good-neighbour <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>looked <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w AJ0>friendly <w AJ0>Sino-Cambodian <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1009"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w AV0>also <w VVD>met <w NP0>SNC <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>major <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1010"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1011"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1012"><w NN1>Friendship <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Thailand
</head>
<p>
<s n="1013"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khamtay <w NP0>Siphandon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>from <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1014"><w PNP>He <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun <w VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>a <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>; <w VVB>Khamtay <w AV0>also <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w NP0-NN1>Adulyadej <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thailand <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Thailand <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w NN1>tourism <w PRP>in <w NP0>Laos<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1015"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rapprochement <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38724<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASEAN<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Laos <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w NP0>ASEAN<w POS>'s <w CRD>1976 <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>Amity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <c PUL>(<w NP0>TAC<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38729<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA025></p>
<caption id=HLGCA025>
<s n="1016"><w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1017"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13-15<c PUN>.
<s n="1018"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>cultural<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technological <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1019"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0-NN1>Kaysone<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1020"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1021"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1022"><w NN1-VVB>Visit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1023"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN1-AJ0>official <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Vietnam <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN1>border <w NN1>war <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>from <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1024"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Senior <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>, <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>important <w NN1>event<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1025"><w NP0>Qian <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Manh <w NP0>Cam<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38511<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1026"><w PNP>They <w VVD>signed <w CRD>two <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>improving <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w VVG>removing <w NN1>visa <w NN2>requirements <w PRP>for <w NN2>diplomats <w CJC>and <w NN2>businessmen<c PUN>.
<s n="1027"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w NN2>consulates <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>border <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Paracel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Spratly <w NN2>islands <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>China <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>.
<s n="1028"><w NP0>Qian <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1029"><w CJS>While <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen <w VVD>met <w VDB>Do <w NP0>Muoi<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Linh<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>party <w NN1>adviser <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VDB>Do <w NP0>Muoi<w POS>'s <w NN1>predecessor<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA026></p>
<caption id=HLGCA026>
<s n="1030"><w NP0>US <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w NN1>typhoon <w NN2>victims <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Embargo <w NN1>controversy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1031"><w VVG>Concluding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>envoy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Vessey<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NN1>typhoon <w NN2>victims<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1032"><w NN1-NP0>Vessey <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w VVG>determining <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,500 <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVG>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>ties <w CJC>and <w VVG>lifting <w DPS>its <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w PRP>since <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
<s n="1034"><w AJ0>Local <w NN0>media <w VVD-AJ0>quoted <w NN2>observers <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VVD>opened <w AJ0>new <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>normalizing <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1035"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>US-owned <w NN1>Airbus<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>leased <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN2>Airlines <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w NP0>JES <w NN1>Air <w PRP>for <w NN2>flights <w PRP>between <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>grounded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1036"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>owner<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>United <w NN2>Technologies <w NN1>Corporation<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>an <w NN1>injunction <w PRP>barring <w AT0>the <w NN2>flights <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>US-built <w CJC>or <w AJ0>US-equipped <w NN0>aircraft <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>violate <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="1037"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN2>questions <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1-VVB>charter <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w DT0>several <w NN2>airlines <w VVN>operated <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA027></p>
<caption id=HLGCA027>
<s n="1038"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>zone
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1039"><w NN1>Construction <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>free-trade <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;90,000,000 <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>venture <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN2>partners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="1040"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Tan <w AJ0-NN1>Thuan <w NN1>manufacturing <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>processing <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>built <w AV0>over <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>offer <w AJ0>favourable <w NN1>tax <w NN2>terms <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>import <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>export <w NN1>duty <w NN2>exemptions<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJS>biggest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA028></p>
<caption id=HLGCA028>
<s n="1042"><w NN1>Decentralization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>import-export <w NN2>quotas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1043"><w NN2>Officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>subject to <w DPS>its <w NN1>setting <w NN1-VVB>import <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>export <w NN2>quotas <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1044"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>forestry <w NN1>sector <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w VM0>would <w VVI>set <w AT0>a <w NN1>target <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w NN1>rice <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>quotas <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w NN2>products <w PRP>such as <w NN1-AJ0>rubber <w CJC>and <w NN1>coffee <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>departments<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1045"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1046"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1047"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>alliances <w PRP>in <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<p>
<s n="1048"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>90-day <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVD>began <w AV0>officially <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>expired<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1049"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>78 <w NN2>individuals <w VVD>presented <w DPS>their <w NN1>nomination <w NN2>papers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w CRD>18 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>vice-presidency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>265 <w PRP>for <w CRD>24 <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1050"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NN2>Elections <c PUL>(<w NP0>Comelec<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>200-seat <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>for <w AJ0>provincial<c PUN>, <w AJ0>municipal <w CJC>and <w NN1>district <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1051"><w VVG-AJ0>Campaigning <w NN2>guidelines<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>gifts <w CJC>and <w NN1>propaganda <w NN2>materials <w PRP>such as <w NN2>T-shirts<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>advertising <w AV0>still <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1052"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Comelec <w VHD>had <w VVN>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w CRD>eight <c PUL>(<w PRP>plus <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w AJ0-NN1>running <w NN2>mates<c PUR>)<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ramon<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Monching<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Mitra <w CJC>and <w NP0>Marcelo <w NP0-NN1>Fernan<c PUN>; <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Emilio<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Lito<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Osmena<c PUN>; <w NP0>Eduardo<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Danding<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Cojuangco <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <w NP0>Osmena<c PUN>; <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vic <w NP0-NN1>Magsaysay<c PUN>; <w NP0>Salvador<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Doy<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Laurel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rodolfo <w NP0>Ganzon<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jovito <w NP0>Salonga <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aquilino <w NP0>Pimentel<c PUN>; <w NP0>Joseph<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Erap<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Estrada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vicente <w NP0>Rivera<c PUN>; <w NP0>Miriam <w NP0>Defensor <w NP0>Santiago <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ed <w NP0-NN1>Maranan<c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w DT0>These <w NN2>configurations <w VVD-VVN>reflected <w AJ0-VVG>shifting <w NN2>alliances <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w NN2>figures <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>emergence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>likely <w NN2>candidates <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>background <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38728<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1054"><w NP0>Fernan <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w NN1>House <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0-NN1>Mitra<c PUN>, <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-AJ0>Laban <w NN0>ng <w NN1-NP0>Demokratikong <w NN1-NP0>Pilipino <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Filipino <w NN1>Struggle <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fernan<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Osmena<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cebu<c PUN>, <w VVD>switched <w DPS>his <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Ramos <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>President <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1055"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>boost<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>wings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>divided <w NN1-NP0>Nacionalista <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Juan <w NN1-VVB>Ponce <w NP0>Enrile <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>under <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ferdinand <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>until <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>right<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Arturo <w NP0>Tolentino<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>join <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w NN2>places <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w NN2>slates <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>congressional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1056"><w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Protestant<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>influential <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Catholic<c PUR>) <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cardinal <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Sin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attacked <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Marcos <w NN1-VVB>stooge <w CJC>and <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>preference <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mitra<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>denting <w NP0>Ramos<w POS>' <w AJ0>dwindling <w NN1>support <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
<s n="1057"><w NP0-NN1>Mitra <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ramos <w PRP>to <w NP0>Switzerland <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February<c PUN>, <w VVG>hinting <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>seeking <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1058"><w NP0>Cojuangco<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>cousin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Marcos<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>crony<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>John <w NP0>Osmena <c PUL>(<w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Osmena<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>splinter <w NN1>group <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1059"><w NP0>Outflanking <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cojuangco <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>contender<c PUN>, <w VVG>continuing <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AVP>up <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Marcos <w NN2>bastions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Ilocos <w NN1>province <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cagayan <w NN1>valley<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mindanao <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>crucial <w NP0>Visayas<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w DT0>some <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1060"><w NN1-NP0>Salonga<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>running-mate <w NP0-NN1>Pimentel<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>PDP-Laban <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>traditionally <w NN2>backers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aquino <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>perform <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>party <w NN1>power <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Visayas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Mindanao<c PUN>.
<s n="1061"><w NN1-NP0>Estrada<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>senator<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Defensor <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AJ0>populist <w NN2>outsiders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1062"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Osmena <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Ramos<w POS>' <w AJ0-NN1>running <w NN1>mate <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-VVB>change <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>named <w NP0>Lilia <w NP0>Bautista <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Garrucho<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NP0>Osmena<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>manager<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA029></p>
<caption id=HLGCA029>
<s n="1063"><w NP0-NN1>NPA <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>boycott <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN2>clashes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1064"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Gregorio <w NN1-NP0>Rosal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>communist <w AJ0>New <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPA<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>NPA <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part<c PUN>.
<s n="1065"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>58 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>NPA <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1066"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Malacaang <w NN1>Palace<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>victimization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>innocent <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1067"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w AJ0-VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>550 <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN2>killings <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w CJC>or <w AJ0>government-backed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>others <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>disappeared<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1068"><w AV0>Also <w VVG>alleging <w NN1>rape <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>torture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Amnesty <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02A>
<s n="1069"><w NN1>Austerity <w NN1>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1070"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>balande <w VVG>remaining <w PRP>under <w UNC>&commat;&dollar;382 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>facility <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38012<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w AJ0>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>IMF <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stabilization <w NN2>targets<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1071"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>lending <w NN1>programme <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>under <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN1>tax <w NN2>revenues<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AT0>the <w AJ0>projected <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>P37,700 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,460 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>2.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
<s n="1072"><w AT0>The <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVG>extending <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w VM0>would <w VVI>leave <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortfall <w PRF>of <w UNC>P1,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w NN2>proceeds <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN2>Airlines<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1073"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>its <w VBG>being <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aquino <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>vetoed <w AT0>a <w NN1>provision <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN2>payments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;29,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <c PUL>(<w AV0>currently <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>export <w NN2>earnings<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN1>revenue<c PUN>.
<s n="1074"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>departments <w VBD>were <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AV0>aside <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>budget <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>approval<c PUN>; <w VVG>spending <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>non-infrastructure <w NN2>projects<c PUN>, <w CJS>except <w NN2>schools<c PUN>, <w NN2>hospitals <w CJC>and <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>relief<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>deferred<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1075"><w VVN>Signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-January<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>P308,400 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;11,600 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>earmarked <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>debt-servicing <c PUL>(<w PRP>as against <w CRD>18 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980-85 <w CJC>and <w CRD>39 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-91<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1076"><w CJS>While <w NN2>appropriations <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>expenditure <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>contained <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anticipated <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>rare <w PRF>of <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w PRP>from <w CRD>17.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>2-3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>stagnant <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1077"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest <w NN2>allocations <w VVD>went<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w NN1>size<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>health<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02B>
<s n="1078"><w NN1>Debt <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>following <w AJ0>Bataan <w NN1>compromise
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1079"><w AT0>The <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan <w VVN-VVD>paved <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>with <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>creditors <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>restructure <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;5,300 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w AJ0>commercial-bank <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="1080"><w NN1>Debt <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>for <w NN1>cash <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>discount <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>converted <w PRP>into <w NN1-AJ0>17- <w PRP>to <w AJ0>25-year <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1081"><w NN1>Conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w VVN>helped <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>conversion <w PRP>into <w NN2>bonds <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN2>loans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bataan <w AJ0-NN1>nuclear-power <w NN1>project <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>30194<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1082"><w NP0>Citibank<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>subsidiary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>Citicorp<c PUN>, <w VVN>accused <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN2>senators <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>paying <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Marcos <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w AT0>the <w NN1>syndicate <w PRF>of <w NN2>banks <w DTQ>which <w AV0>partly <w VVD-VVN>financed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bataan <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>tender <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>Bataan <w NN2>loans <w PRP>for <w NN1>conversion<c PUN>.
<s n="1083"><w PRP>In <w NN1>return<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>governor <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Cuisia <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w UNC>US&dollar;344 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>banks<w POS>' <w NN2>loans <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w NN1>bond <w NN1>conversion<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>bank <w AV0>later <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN2>transactions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1084"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>district <w NN1>court <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w PRP>by <w NP0>Westinghouse <w AJ0>Electric <w NN1>Corp.<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>firm <w VVD-VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>used <w NN1>bribery <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bataan <w NN1>power <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VVN-VVD>filed <w PRP>against <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1085"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1086"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1087"><w NN1>Punishment <w PRF>of <w NN2>officers <w PRP>over <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w NN1-VVB>massacre
</head>
<p>
<s n="1088"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>calm <w AJ0>international <w NN1>outrage <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Indonesian-annexed <w NN1>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38579-80<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1089"><w NP0>Edi <w NP0>Sudrajat<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>punished <w CRD>six <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
<s n="1090"><w CRD>Three <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w PRP-AVP>off <w AJ0>active <w NN1>duty <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>.
<s n="1091"><w NN1-NP0>Sudrajat <w VBD>was <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>the <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>military <w NN1>council <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>five <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>investigated <w PRP>for <w NN1>indiscipline<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w VVD>found <w AJ0>guilty <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1093"><w NP0>Sintong <w NP0>Panjaithan<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>9th <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Command <c PUL>(<w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1094"><w VVB>Rudolf <w NP0-NN1>Warouw<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w AJ0>Operational <w NN1>Command <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38677<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>replaced <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1095"><w NP0>Herman <w NP0-NN1>Mantiri <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Theo <w NP0>Syafei <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1096"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>four <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w NP0>Warouw<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy <w CJC>and <w NN1>number <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intelligence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dili<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NN0>Timorese <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1097"><w CRD>Eight <w AJ0>other <w NN2>soldiers <w PRF>of <w AJC>lower <w NN1>rank <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>court-martialled <w PRP>on <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1098"><w AT0>The <w NN2>punishments <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w NN1>donor <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>act <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Investigation <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1099"><w DT0>This <w NN1>report <w VHD>had <w AV0>partially <w VVN>blamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38677<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>its <w NN2>findings <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>February <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w NN1>report <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unacceptable <w CJC>and <w AV0>fatally <w AJ0>flawed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02C>
<s n="1100"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN1-AJ0>offensive
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1101"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Alatas <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w AJ0>new <w NN1>aid <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1102"><w PRP>In <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alatas <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Pronk<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Indonesia <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1-VVB>aid <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>resumed <w PRP>after <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>KPN<w POS>'s <w NN2>findings <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>insist <w PRP>on <w NN1>linkage <w PRP>with <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="1103"><w PRP>In <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK <w NN2>ministers <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN2>killings <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w NN1>justice <w CJC>but <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w PRP>to <w NP0>Alatas <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN2>arms <w NN1>supplier <w PRP>to <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1>aid <w CJC>or <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales<c PUN>.
<s n="1104"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alatas <w VVD>held <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Commissioners <w NP0>Frans <w NP0>Andriessen <w CJC>and <w NP0>Abel <w NP0>Matutes<c PUN>.
<s n="1105"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Tokyo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w VVD>informed <w NP0>Alatas <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>change<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1106"><w PRP>In <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD-AJ0>informed <w NP0>Alatas <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VBD>was <w VVG>studying <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>Amos <w NP0-NN1>Wako<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>arrived <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>.
<s n="1107"><w NP0-NN1>Wako <w VVD>met <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>KPN <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1108"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>colonial <w NN1>ruler <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>UN-sponsored <w AJ0>international <w NN1>delegation <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN1>territory <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>assessment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1109"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Portuguese <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mar&iacute;o <w NP0>Soares <w VHD>had <w VVN>called<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>induce <w NP0>Indonesia <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions <w PRP>on <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1110"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AJ0-VVD>banned <w NN2>journalists <w PRP>from <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>, <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>pre-empt <w NN1>publicity <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>arrival<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lisbon<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>peace <w NN1>ship<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lusitania <w NP0>Expreso<c PUN>, <w VVG>carrying <w DT0>some <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>overseas <w NN0>Timorese <w CJC>and <w NN2>reporters <w VVG>intending <w TO0>to <w VVI>lay <w AT0>a <w NN1>wreath <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w NN1>cemetery <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1>massacre <w VVD>took <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="1111"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Indonesia <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w DPS>its <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters <w VVN-VVD>closed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02D>
<s n="1112"><w NP0>Irian <w NP0>Jaya <w NN1>famine
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1113"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Welfare <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Supardjo <w NP0-NN1>Rustam <w VVD>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>famine <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuriwa<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remote <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Irian <w NP0>Jaya<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w CRD>132 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>weather <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w NN1-AJ0>crop-planting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02E>
<s n="1114"><w NN1>Repatriation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Marauke <w NN2>villagers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1115"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Affairs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w NP0>Marauke<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Aceh <w NN1>Province<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Irian <w NP0>Jaya <w NN1>Deputy <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Sudrajat <w NP0>Nataatmaja <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w CRD>208 <w NP0-NN1>Marauke <w NN2>villagers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w PRP>to <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Aceh <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>GKN<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1116"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w VVD-AJ0>alleged <w NP0>GKN <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w NP0>Imran <w NP0>Hasan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hasbi <w NP0>Abdullah <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1117"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1118"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1119"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0-VVG>restoring <w NN1>service <w PRP>to <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Bougainville
</head>
<p>
<s n="1120"><w AT0>A <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville <w NP0>Island <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>government <w NN2>services <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1121"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Somare <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>confident <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VVI>bring <w AJ0>lasting <w NN1>peace <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1122"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>still <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>chiefs<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>left <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Bougainville <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>area <w AVQ>where <w NN1>government <w NN2>services <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>restored<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1123"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="1124"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NP0>Bougainville <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NN1>BRA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pro-government <w NN2>villages <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Arawa <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w VVD>left <w CRD>five <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>defence <w NN2>forces <w VVB-NN1>patrol <w NN1>boat <w VVD-VVN>exchanged <w NN1>fire <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG>shelling <w AT0>a <w NN1>village <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1126"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1127"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1128"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>recovery <w NN1>plan
</head>
<p>
<s n="1129"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ambitious <w UNC>A&dollar;2,300 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;1,720 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w AJ0>16-month <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVG>spending <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>reactivating <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>lowering <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NN1>mid-1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1130"><w VVN>Launched <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>slogan <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>One <w NN1>Nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Fightback <w NN1>Package<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Liberal-National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w VVN>unveiled <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38675<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blueprint <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>out of <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1131"><w NP0>Keating<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>spending <w NN1>programme <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w AT0>the <w NN1>injection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>money <w PRP>into <w NN1>infrastructure <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w NN1>airport <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w NN2>railways<c PUN>, <w NN2>ports<c PUN>, <w NN2>roads <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>electricity <w NN1>grid <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>vocational <w NN1>training<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w UNC>A&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w NN1>family <w NN1>allowance <w NN1>payment <w VVG>benefiting <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
<s n="1132"><w NN0>Sales <w NN1-VVB>tax <w PRP>on <w AJ0>new <w NN2>cars <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w NN1>demand <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nissan <w VHG>having <w VVN>closed <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>operations <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>special <w NN1>assistance <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>groups <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>wool <w CJC>and <w NN1>wheat <w NN2>farmers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>textile <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="1133"><w UNC>A&dollar;235 <w CRD>million <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>go <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1134"><w TO0>To <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>projected <w UNC>A&dollar;6,800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w UNC>A&dollar;8,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>current-account <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>forecast <w PRP>at <w CRD>3.75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w CRD>4.25 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anticipated <w CRD>1.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="1136"><w NN1>GDP <w VM0>would <w VVI>recover <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>contraction <w CJC>or <w NN1>stagnation <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>by <w CRD>4.75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1137"><w VVG>Announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>spending <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strategy <w PRP>for <w NN1>growth<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>produce <w AT0>an <w AJ0>average <w NN1>GDP <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>post-war <w AJ0-NN1>high <w PRF>of <w CRD>10.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>7.75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w CRD>800,000 <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="1138"><w NN1>Inflation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>account <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VVI>decline <w PRP>by <w CRD>mid-1996<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1139"><w PRP>In <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>consumption <w NN1>tax<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w CRD>three-quarters <w PRF>of <w NN2>taxpayers <w AT0>a <w AJ0>top <w NN1>tax <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>A&dollar;3,400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994-95 <w CJC>and <w UNC>A&dollar;5,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1995-96<c PUN>.
<s n="1140"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>tax <w NN1>system <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>private-sector <w NN1>investment <w VVD>included <w AJ0>accelerated <w NN1>depreciation <w NN2>allowances<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>generous <w NN1>tax <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w NN2>banks<w POS>' <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>debt <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>tax-free <w NN2>bonds <w PRP>for <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1141"><w AJ0>Longer-term <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>loosening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>environmental <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN1>heritage <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>planning <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>mining <w NN2>projects<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w NN1>deregulation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>aviation <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJC>further <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w NN2>rules <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AVP>up <w NN1-VVG>banking <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>competition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1142"><w AT0>The <w NN1>recovery <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w NP0>Keating <w TO0>to <w VVI>heal <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>battle <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Hawke <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Keating<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hawke <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38675<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><w VVN>Attacked <w CJS>as <w AJ0>irresponsible <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w DTQ>which <w VVD>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w NN1>wage <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VVN>marked <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ALP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>Keynesianism <w PRP>after <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberalization <w CJC>and <w NN1>rationalization <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Keating <w VBD>was <w NN1>Treasurer <w PRP>under <w NP0>Hawke<c PUN>.
<s n="1144"><w NP0>Hawke <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1-AJ0>chat-show <w NN1-VVB>host<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02F>
<s n="1145"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1146"><w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>election <w NN1>issue <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>deserting<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJC>later <w NN1>downgrading <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w DT0>former <w NN1>colony <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1147"><w VVG>Defending <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>stance <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>presented <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic <w PRP>by <w CRD>2001<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>patriotic <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AJ0>servile <w NN1>nostalgia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1148"><w DPS>His <w NN2>remarks<c PUN>, <w VVN>downplayed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>an <w NN1>uproar <w PRP>among <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>.
<s n="1149"><w PNP>They <w VVD>followed <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w AJ0-NN1>tabloid <w NN1-VVB>press<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accused <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>insulting <w NP0>Queen <w NP0>Elizabeth <w PRP>during <w DPS>her <w ORD>12th <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>150th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>proclamation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sydney <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1150"><w NP0>Keating <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>breached <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>by <w VVG>putting <w DPS>his <w NN1>arm <w PRP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>Queen<w POS>'s <w NN1>waist<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>curtsey<c PUN>.
<s n="1151"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keating <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w NP0>Australia <w VVB>drop <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>Flag <w NN1>device <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w DT0>own<c PUN>, <w AV0>further <w VVG>fuelling <w AJ0>public <w NN1>debate <w PRP>between <w NN2>republicans <w CJC>and <w NN2>monarchists <w PRP>about <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="1152"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Queen<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>drew <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AJC>smaller <w CJC>and <w AV0>less <w AJ0>enthusiastic <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>response <w CJS>than <w PRP>on <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>occasions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1153"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1154"><w NP0>NEW <w NP0>ZEALAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1155"><w AJ0>Narrow <w NN1>government <w NN1>by-election <w NN1>victory
</head>
<p>
<s n="1156"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w AV0>narrowly <w VVD-VVN>retained <w AT0>the <w NP0>Auckland <w NN1>seat <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Tamaki <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1157"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NP <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>won <w CRD>43 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w CRD>38 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>coalition <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38676<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>campaigned <w PRP>against <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>renationalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>privatized <w NN1>state <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
<s n="1158"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>candidate <w VBD>was <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>into <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1159"><w NN2>Tamaki <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>until <w NP0>December <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Muldoon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975-84<c PUN>.
<s n="1160"><w NP0>Muldoon<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>59 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tamaki <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37781-82<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w DPS>his <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Bolger <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38676<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w NN2>voters <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w DPS>its <w NN2>ways<c PUN>.
<s n="1161"><w AT0>The <w NN1>by-election <w VVD>came <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AJ0>universal <w AJ0>free <w NN1>hospital <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1162"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1163"><w NN1>COMMONWEALTH <w PRF>OF <w AJ0>INDEPENDENT <w NN2>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1164"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1165"><w NN2>Delegations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>with <w AJ0>military <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1166"><w PRP>In <w CRD>nine <w NN2>cases <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>respective <w NN1>state <w NN2>Presidents<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kirgiz <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tajik <w NN2>delegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w VVN-VVD>attended <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02G>
<s n="1167"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1168"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agenda <w VVD>included <w CRD>13 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN2>documents<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strategic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>general <w NN1>purpose <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1169"><w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>chaired <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w PRP>after <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>stormy <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w NN2>documents <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>defining <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VVG>stipulating <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>commander <w VBD>was <w AJ0>subordinate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1170"><w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1171"><w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VM0>would <w VVI>participate <w AV0>proportionally <w PRP>in <w VVG>financing <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>destruction <c PUL>(<w PRP>according to <w AJ0>international <w NN2>agreements<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1172"><w NN1>Member <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>notice<c PUN>.
<s n="1173"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1174"><w DT0>All <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>defence <w NN1>budget <w PRP>into <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>pay <w AJ0>fixed <w NN2>contributions <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>determined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>defence <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVG>undertaking <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w VVG>financing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1176"><w CRD>Eight <w NN2>states <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general-purpose <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1177"><c PUL>(<w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VVD>accepted <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w NN2>reservations<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVG>insisting <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1178"><w AJ0>General-purpose <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DT0>those <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military <w XX0>not <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>participant <w NN2>states <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>, <w AV0>operationally <w VVD-VVN>subordinated <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>consent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1179"><w DT0>This <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>grew <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w VVD-VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN2>armies <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>unified <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1180"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>officers<w POS>' <w NN2>assemblies <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38730<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VVG>calling <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>delegates <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJS>until <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w NN2>servicemen <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>assured<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>adequate <w NN1>level <w PRP>for <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="1181"><w AT0>An <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN2>officers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nezavisimaya <w NN1>gazeta<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>71 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>officers <w VVD-VVN>polled <w AJ0-VVN>favoured <w VVG>restoring <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>state <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN2>borders<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>79 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD-VVN>thought <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deciding <w VVB-NN1>say <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<w POS>' <w NN1>future<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02H>
<s n="1182"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1183"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>agreements <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>summit <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w PRP>on <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>currency <w PRP>for <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w NN2>republics <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>pursued <w PRP>at <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AV0>still <w VVG>leaving <w NN2>republics <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="1184"><w AT0>A <w NN1>document <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>between <w NN2>republics <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
<s n="1185"><w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>executive <w CJC>or <w AJ0>supervisory <w NN2>bodies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w VVN-VVD>reached <w AV0>there<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02J>
<s n="1186"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1187"><w NN1>Friction <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-AV0>high<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Presidents <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>summit <w VVD-VVN>proved <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>false<c PUN>.
<s n="1188"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>published <w NN2>documents <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w DPS>its <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>venture <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>selling <w NN2>ships <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Fleet<c PUN>.
<s n="1189"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>official <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>sales <w VBD>were <w PRF>of <w AJ0>obsolete <w NN2>vessels <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fulfilled <w NN2>contracts <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1190"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>crews <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w CRD>SU-24 <w AJ0>fighter-bomber <w NN2>jets <w PNQ>who <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>oath <w PRF>of <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>defected <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>announced<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>new <w NN2>postings<c PUN>.
<s n="1191"><w AV0>Subsequently<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-range <w NN1>airforce <w NN1>division <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>capacity <w VHD>had <w VVN>put <w PNX>itself <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>jurisdiction<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-range <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>Commander<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1192"><w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Kalugin<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VBN>been <w VVN>reinstated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Kravchuk<w POS>'s <w NN2>orders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1193"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>newspapers <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Republic <w VBD>was <w PRP-CJS>considering <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1194"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb <w CRD>15 <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>united <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1-AJ0>military<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can <w AV0>hardly <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>sustained<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>fear <w VBD>was <w PRF>of <w AJ0>united <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VBG>being <w AV0>effectively <w AV0>under <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="1195"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD>commented <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>officer <w NN0>corps <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unpopular <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w AV0>more <w VVN-AJ0>implemented<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>enhance <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>servicemen <w CJC>and <w NN2>persons <w VVN>discharged <w PRP>from <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>housing <w NN2>provisions <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monthly <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,800 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>for <w NN2>officers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02K>
<s n="1196"><w AJC>Earlier <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1197"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w CRD>five <w NN2>documents <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>matters<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>transit <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>between <w NN2>CIS <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-export <w PRP>to <w ORD>third <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w VVN-VVD>traded <w PRP>between <w NN2>CIS <w VVZ-NN2>states <w PRP>for <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>consumption<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>steep <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>freight <w CJC>and <w NN1>passenger <w NN1>rail <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>, <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w CRD>8.3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>times <w DPS>their <w CRD>end-1991 <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1198"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>participated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-voting <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>delegation <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>plenary <w NN2>powers <w PRP>other than <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>meteorology<c PUN>, <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>electricity <w NN1>production <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ukraine <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVB-NN1>sign <w DT0>these <w NN2>agreements<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1199"><w NP0>Georgia <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NP0>Minsk <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1200"><w DT0>All <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>except <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>successor <w CJC>and <w NN1>guarantor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>credits <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>member-states <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1201"><w AT0>The <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>states <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>in <w NN1>concert <w PRP>on <w NN1>food <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>again <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>food <w VVZ-NN2>credits <w PRP>for <w PNX>itself<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02L>
<s n="1202"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1203"><w AT0>The <w NN2>chairmen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN2>Soviets <c PUL>(<w NN2>parliaments<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>member-states <c PUL>(<w PRP-CJS>except <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1204"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Moldova <w VVD>attended <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN>ratified <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1-VVB>document<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1205"><w NN2>Documents <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w VVG>covering <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w NN2>topics <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
<s n="1206"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>signed <w AJ0-VVD>covered <w AJ0>inter-parliamentary <w NN1>co-operation <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w NN2>discrepancies <w PRP>between <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>; <w AJ0>consultative <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>protocols <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interparliamentary <w NN1>information <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w VVG>drawing <w AVP>up <w AJ0>multilateral <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>acts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1207"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>proposal <w VVD-VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interparliamentary <w NN1>assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>supranational <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
<s n="1208"><w AT0>The <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>consultative <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>parliaments <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>notion<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02M>
<s n="1209"><w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w CJC>and <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>capitals <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1210"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>during <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG-NN1>building <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w NN1>policy <w VVD-VVN>prompted <w AV0>partly <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w NN1>conversion <w NN2>matters <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38792-93<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1211"><w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>US-Turkish <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>on <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Asia <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1212"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w NN2>embassies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1213"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>followed <w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1214"><w NP0>Baker <w VVD>flew <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dushanbe <c PUL>(<w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkmenistan<w POS>'s <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saparmurad <w NP0>Niyazov<c PUN>.
<s n="1215"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>met <w NP0>Tajik <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rakhman <w NP0>Nabiyev<c PUN>.
<s n="1216"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Renaissance <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shodmon <w NP0>Yusupov<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tajikistan <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VHD>had <w VVN>assured <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>regretted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1217"><w NP0>Nabiyev <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w NN1>weapon <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>, <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>to <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w NN2>components<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tajikistan <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>sell <w NN1>uranium <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>production<c PUN>.
<s n="1218"><w VVZ-NN2>Reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tajikistan <w VBD>was <w VVG>selling <w NN1>uranium <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>denied <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tajikistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1219"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>met <w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>improving <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>for <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1220"><w VVB>Abdurahim <w NP0>Pulatov<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Birlik <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>totalitarian <w NN1>regime <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <w PNP>it <w VVZ>continues <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02N>
<s n="1221"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1222"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0-NN1>Snegur<c PUN>.
<s n="1223"><w PNP>He <w VVD>received <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w NP0>Moldova <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w PNP>US <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
<s n="1224"><w NP0>Baker <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gagauz <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>regions <w VM0>would <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>in <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>separatists <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1225"><w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>speeding <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1226"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0>fruitful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1227"><w AV0-AJ0>Only <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w VBI>be <w VVN>left <w PRP>without <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1228"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1229"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1230"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1231"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>France <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="1232"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>included <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1233"><w VVG>Arriving <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w NN1>disarmament <w NN2>issues <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38792-93<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1234"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>tangible <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w NP0>France<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w VVI>donate <w UNC>F3,820 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;704 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>amount <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVZ-NN2>credits <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unblocked<c PUN>.
<s n="1236"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>reception <w VVN>hosted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Chirac<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>plan <w VVD-VVN>failed<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>dictator <w VM0>could <w NN1>surface<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1237"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>high-level <w NN2>consultations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>pledging <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="1238"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN2>chemicals <w NN1-VVB>group<c PUN>, <w NN1>Elf <w NP0>Aquitaine<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>during <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>prospecting <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Volgograd <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saratov <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="1239"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>production-sharing <w NN1>deal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1240"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>stopover <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AV0>en route <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38744<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Partnership <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990s<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>pledged <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence <w NN2>matters<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>would <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w AJ0>18-month <w NN1-VVB>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN1>export <w NN1>credit <w NN1>insurance <w PRP>for <w NN1>business <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>advocate <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1242"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Canadian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney<c PUN>.
<s n="1243"><w NP0-NN1>Mulroney <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Canada <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w NP0>Russia <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN0>&dollar;100 <w CRD>million <w NN1>credit <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w NN2>purchases<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02P>
<s n="1244"><w AJ0>Rival <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1245"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>large <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1246"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>10,000-15,000 <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>rallied <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>building<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
<s n="1247"><w AJ0>Neo-communist <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kremlin<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>marching <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>anti-Yeltsin <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>numbered <w PRP>at <w CRD>50,000<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w AV0>mainly <w PRF>of <w NN2>pensioners<c PUN>, <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>rises <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>hardship<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1249"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w VVD-AJ0>provoked <w NN1>violence <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJS>as <w AV0>about <w CRD>10,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>rallied <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1250"><w NN2>Scuffles <w VVN-VVD>ensued <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w PRP-AVP>through <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w VVB>cordon <w VVG>preventing <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>marching <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>tomb <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unknown <w NN1>soldier<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w TO0>to <w VVI>coincide <w PRP>with <w DTQ>what <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVN>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NP0>Day<c PUN>.
<s n="1252"><w PRP>For <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>renamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Defenders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>unspecified<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>Homeland<c PUN>.
<s n="1253"><w NN2>Speakers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Makashov<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Alksnis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Zhirinovsky<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38273<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1254"><w DT0>All <w VBD>were <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>as <w NN2>conservatives<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1255"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>related <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fatherland <c PUL>(<w NP0>Otchizna<c PUR>) <w NN1>group <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1256"><w VVN>Described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>red <w NN2>patriots<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w CRD>eight <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>ideas <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>promoted <w VBD>were <w VVG>gathering <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02R>
<s n="1257"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>rose <w PRP>in <w NN1>value <w PRP>during <w NP0>February <w PRP>from <w CRD>110 <w PRP>to <w CRD>70 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>.
<s n="1259"><w NN1>Radio <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>enterprises <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>incentive <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquire <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w NN2>goods <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1260"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Economist <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w NN2>enterprises <w VBD>were <w VVG>selling <w NN2>dollars <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN2>amounts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN1>rouble <w NN2>notes <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble<w POS>'s <w NN1>value<c PUN>, <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>pressure <w VM0>could <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>factor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1261"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w VVN>inflated <w PRP>by <w NN2>measures <w VVN>forced <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJC>lower <w NN1>tax <w NN2>revenues <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>non-payment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1262"><w NN1>Value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1>food <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>from <w CRD>28 <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1263"><w NN2>Pensions <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>200 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>550 <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>estimated <w NN1>amount <w VVD-VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>standard <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>living<c PUN>.
<s n="1264"><w VVB>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Shokhin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w DT0>that <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>rises <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>January <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w CRD>300-350 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w CRD>250 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>anticipated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1265"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>adjustments<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1266"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>open <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>revenue<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
<s n="1267"><w NN1>Part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>profit <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>towards <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="1268"><w AT0>An <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>trade <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>function <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>licences <w PRP>to <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation<c PUN>.
<s n="1269"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Aven<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>became <w NN1>minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w VM0>would <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prohibited <w NN2>types <w PRF>of <w NN2>armaments <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>countries <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w VVZ-NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>prohibited<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1270"><w NN1-NP0>Rossiskaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>published <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>on <w AJ0-VVG>accelerating <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w DT0>This <w VVD>elaborated <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>measures <w PRP>for <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1272"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>privatization <w VVD>became <w AJ0-AV0>clear <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Chubais<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w NN1>Property <w NN1>Management <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>implementing <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w NN2>prosecutors <w VBD>were <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>by <w NN1>nomenklatura<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w NN2>officials<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w AJ0>High-ranking <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>rigging <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>advantage<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w DPS>their <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1274"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Agency <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AJC>further <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVG>permitting <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>middleman <w NN2>activities <w PRP>by <w NN2>enterprises <w CJC>or <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1275"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>the <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AV0>administratively <w AJ0>determined <w NN1>distribution <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN2>governments <w VBD>were <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>for <w AJ0>wholesale <w NN2>markets <w PRP>in <w NN2>cities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02S>
<s n="1276"><w NN2>Peasants<w POS>' <w NN1>congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Rutskoi<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>reforms
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1277"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Private <w NN1>Peasant <w NN2>Farms <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN2>Co-operatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3-5<c PUN>.
<s n="1278"><w PRP>As of <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>60,000 <w AJ0>private <w NN2>farms <w VVN>registered <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>4,500 <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="1279"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AJ0>private <w NN2>farms <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN2>difficulties <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w VVG>obtaining <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>poor <w NN0>sales <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN2>networks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1280"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>collective <w CJC>and <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>farms <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>food <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>present <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="1281"><w NP0>Khasbulatov <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>were <w VVG>living <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>satisfactory <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w VVG>experiencing <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>pauperization <w CJC>and <w NN1>lumpenization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Bashmachnikov<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>claimed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>rather than <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN2>farms<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership <w VBD>was <w VVG>destroying <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>farm <w NN1>system
</p>
<p>
<s n="1283"><w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <c PUL>(<w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry<c PUR>) <w VVD>pledged <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>help <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>promising <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>preferential <w NN2>loans<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w NN2>farmers<w POS>' <w NN2>sons <w PRP>from <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation<c PUN>.
<s n="1284"><w PNP>He <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AJ0>private <w NN2>farmers <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN2>firearms <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>crime <w PRP>against <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1285"><w AJ0>Gennady <w NN1-NP0>Burbulis<c PUN>, <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>addressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="1286"><w AT0>The <w NN2>delegates <w VVD>supported <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>co-operative <w NN1>bank <w NN1>network<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w PRF>of <w CRD>6,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1287"><w AV0>Independently <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>Peasant <w NN2>Farmers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Peasants<w POS>' <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>congress <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1288"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVN>demanded <c PUL>(<w PRP>without <w NN1>result<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>government <w NN2>members <w VVB>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="1289"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Peasants<w POS>' <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yury <w NP0-NN1>Chernichenko<c PUN>, <w VVD>read <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>protested <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>collective <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>farm <w NN2>chairmen <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w NN2>commissions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>collective <w NN2>farms<c PUN>.
<s n="1290"><w AT0>The <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>obligatory <w NN1>consignment <w PRF>of <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>farm <w VVB-NN1>produce <w PRP>from <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>farms <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>bankrupting <w AJ0>private <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomenklatura <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1291"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>farm <w NN1>reform <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>sharp <w PRP>over <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
<s n="1292"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>patriotic <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8-9<c PUN>, <w VVG>numbering <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VHD>had <w VVN>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>genocide<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1293"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w DT0>that <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>stocks <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AVP>out <w PRP>within <w CRD>20-40 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="1294"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Material <w NN2>Resources <w VVD>blamed <w DT0>this <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>neighbours<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>fulfil <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02T>
<s n="1295"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1296"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Security <c PUL>(<w NP0>RFMS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38654<c PUN>; <w CRD>38731<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Inter-Republican <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Service<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NP0>KGB <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38654<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VBN>been <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>as <w VBG>being <w AJ0>unconstitutional <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38731<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w NN1>Reorganization <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>RFMS <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1298"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Ministry <c PUL>(<w NP0>Minatom<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
<s n="1299"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Power <w NN1>Engineering <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w PRP>in <w NN2>matters <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>property <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="1300"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decree <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>member-states <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>atomic <w NN1>energy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1301"><w PRP>As of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Economics <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w VBD>was <w VVN>divided <w PRP>into <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="1302"><w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Nechayev <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gaidar<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>deputy<c PUR>) <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1303"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1304"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1305"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany
</head>
<p>
<s n="1306"><w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3-4<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0-NN1>Zlenko <w CJC>and <w NP0>Valery <w NP0-NN1>Kravchenko<c PUN>.
<s n="1307"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kravchuk <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0-AV0>nuclear-free <w PRP>by <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w CRD>220,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1308"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>a <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>resources <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>resettling <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>servicemen <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>by <w CRD>1994 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38354<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>delegation <w AV0>also <w VVD>reiterated <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRP>on <w VVG>servicing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Ukraine <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>dispute <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w CRD>16.37 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>share<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>proposed <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w NN1>repayment <w CJC>and <w VVG>appointing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>manage <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1311"><w AJ0>German <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theo <w NP0>Waigel<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>emphasized <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NN1>preference <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVB-NN1>sign <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>servicing <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1312"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>resettle <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN>deported <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="1313"><w CRD>Five <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>allocated <w TO0>to <w VVI>aid <w NN1>resettlement<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>prerequisites<c PUN>.
<s n="1314"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w NP0>Horst <w NP0>Waffenschmidt<c PUN>, <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1315"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk<w POS>'s <w NN1>offer<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>specifically <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>status <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>snub <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>hesitancy <w PRP>in <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w NP0>Volga <w NN1>republic <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deported <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>population <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>topic <w PRF>of <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bonn <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38730<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1316"><w AJ0>German <w NN2>officials <w VVD>noted <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN2>successes <w PRP>in <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>national <w NN2>minorities <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w VVG>suggesting <w DT0>this <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>example <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02U>
<s n="1317"><w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>government <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1318"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>alter <w AT0>the <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1319"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in addition <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1320"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>with <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>decrees <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>.
<s n="1321"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>private<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>state <w CJC>or <w AJ0>co-operative <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w NN1>land<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1322"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1323"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1324"><w NN2>Deputies <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Vitold <w NN1-NP0>Fokin <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>lethargic <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02V>
<s n="1325"><w NN1-VVB>Dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w NP0>Crimea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1326"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chair <w NP0-NN1>Volodimir <w NP0>Hrynov<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Crimea <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1327"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants <w VVD>recognised <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>demarcate <w NN2>powers <w PRP>between <w NP0>Crimea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Crimea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>status <w PRP>within <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38015<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1328"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>debated <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Crimea <w PRP>in the light of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-examine <w DPS>its <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>in <w CRD>1954 <w PRP>from <w NN1>Russian <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>jurisdiction <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38732<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1329"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w NN2>deputies <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23 <w NN1>decision <w VVD>ran <w PRP>contrary to <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38654<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1975 <w NP0>CSCE <w NP0>Helsinki <w AJ0-NN1>Final <w NN1>Act<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1330"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Crimea<w POS>'s <w NN1>status <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>participation<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in <w CRD>1954<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1331"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>resolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Autonomous <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>Respublika <w NP0>Krym<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1332"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1333"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1334"><w NN1-NP0>Resistence <w PRP>to <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1335"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west <w PRP>in support of <w AJ0>deposed <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1336"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pro-Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="1337"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Guardsmen <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN>dispersed <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG>injuring <w DT0>several <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="1338"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dzhaba <w NP0>Iosseliani<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>pro-Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>provocateurs<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>shot <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>spot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1339"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>established <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sukhumi<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deposed <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w AV0>daily<c PUN>.
<s n="1340"><w NP0>Tbilisi<w POS>'s <w NN1>airport <w VBD>was <w VVN>reopened<c PUN>, <w VVG>putting <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>transportation <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="1341"><w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>disobedience <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>cities <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1342"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>appearance <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>his <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>6 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38731<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Grozny<c PUN>, <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia<c PUN>.
<s n="1343"><w PNP>He <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>junta<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi <w CJC>and <w VVD>vowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>his <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>lawful <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02W>
<s n="1344"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1345"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Tengiz <w NP0>Sigua <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>republic <w CJS>as <w AV0>very <w AJ0>grave<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>shortages <w PRF>of <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>foodstuffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>.
<s n="1346"><w NP0-NN1>Sigua <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>hoping <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>credits <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>trade <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>relieve <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="1347"><w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>observers <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38771<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AT0>no <w NN1>decision <w PRP>about <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1348"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Council <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>restored <w AT0>the <w CRD>1921 <w NN1>Constitution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1349"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1350"><w NP0>AZERBAIJAN/ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1351"><w NN1>Failure <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>initiatives
</head>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w NN1-VVG>Fighting <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>during <w NP0>February <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w CJC>and <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Armenian-inhabited <w NN1>enclave <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="1353"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38745<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>representatives <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w NN1>peace<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>leadership <w VVD-VVN>resisted <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>internationalize<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1354"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>mission <w VBD>was <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Hasanov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>spoke <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1355"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>Raffi <w NN1-NP0>Hovhannesyan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hussein <w NP0>Sadikhov<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>access <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w NN2>deliveries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1357"><w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ayaz <w NP0>Mutalibov <w VVD>failed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w NN2>talks <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Armenian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan<c PUN>.
<s n="1358"><w NP0>Mutalibov <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w CJS>as <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baku<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w DPS>his <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <c PUL>(<w VVG>involving <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>within <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1359"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Vellayati <w VVD>flew <w PRP>into <w NP0>Baku <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>prelude <w PRP>to <w NN1>mediation<c PUN>.
<s n="1360"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Iranian-brokered <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AJ0-NN1>Vellayati <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w PNP>he <w VVD>flew <w AJ0-AV0>direct <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yerevan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1361"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khodzhaly<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Azeri <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>murdered <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<w POS>'s <w VVG-AJ0>fleeing <w AJ0-NN1>Azeri <w NN2>inhabitants<c PUN>.
<s n="1362"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VVD>came <w PRP>in response to <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>shelling <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Stepanakert <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Grad <w NN2-VVZ>rockets <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-VVN>proscribed <w NN2>weapons <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>destruction <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Armenian-populated <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east<c PUN>.
<s n="1363"><w DT0>Several <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>servicemen <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1364"><w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevegny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w NN2>troops <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38655<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1365"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1366"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1367"><w NN2>Demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kaliningrad
</head>
<p>
<s n="1368"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Day <w PRP>in <w CRD>1918<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vytautas <w NP0>Landsbergis <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kaliningrad <w NN1-VVB>oblast <c PUL>(<w NN1>region<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1369"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38771<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Landsbergis <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>troop <w NN1>concentration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kaliningrad<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VVB>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>historical <w NN1>anachronism<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>neighbours<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>threat <w VM0>will <w AV0>always <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w PRP>to <w PNP>us<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1370"><w NP0-NN1>Kalinigrad <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>K&ouml;nigsberg<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Fleet <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AV0>highly <w AJ0-VVD>militarized <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>separated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="1371"><w NP0-NN1>Landsbergis<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kaliningrad <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>border <w NN2>issues<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w NP0-NN1>Landsbergis <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Moscow<w POS>'s <w NN1>World <w NN1>Service <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>in <w NP0>Kaliningrad<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVN>viewed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>survival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>ideology <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>empire<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>always <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w DPS>its <w NN1>influence <w CJC>and <w NN2>possessions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1373"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1374"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1375"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy
</head>
<p>
<s n="1376"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>unveiled <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Acting <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1>Ownership <w NN1>Transformation <w NP0>Tomasz <w NP0-NN1>Gruszecki <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0>Eysmontt<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Office <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN1>element <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w AJ0>tight <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>controls <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1378"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>state-of-the-nation <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w VHD>had <w VVN>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w NN2>achievements <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989-91<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w AJ0>present <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1379"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>policy <w VVD-VVN>shifted <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>away from <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w VVG>aiming <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>recession <w PRP>through <w AJC>greater <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG>boosting <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="1380"><w VVG>Calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w NN1>supply <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>liquidity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eysymontt <w VVD>stressed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>expansion <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>within <w AJ0>well-defined <w NN2>limits<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>NBP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1381"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AJ0-VVD>expected <w NN1>inflation <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w PRP>from <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>40-45 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>to <w PRP>within <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>.
<s n="1382"><w AJC>Tougher <w NN1>wage <w NN2>controls <w VM0>would <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AJ0>real <w NN2>incomes <w PRP>by <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>taxes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>raised <w PRP>on <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>luxury <w NN2>items<c PUN>.
<s n="1383"><w AJ0>Extra <w NN2>funds <w VBD>were <w VVN>earmarked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="1384"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy <w NN1>committee <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w CJS>as <w AV0>too <w AJ0>vague <w CJC>and <w AV0>internally <w AJ0>contradictory<c PUN>.
<s n="1385"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>referred <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1386"><w PRP>As from <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>zloty <w VBD>was <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>basket <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="1387"><w DT0>This <w NN1>devaluation <w VBD>was <w PRP>on top of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regular <w CRD>1.8 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>monthly<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>crawling <w NN1>devaluation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w PRP>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1388"><c PUL>(<w CJS>As <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=Zl13,254.9<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLGCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02X>
<s n="1389"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Karol <w NP0-NN1>Lutkowski <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w NN2-VVZ>fears <w CJT>that <w AJ0-VVG>relaxing <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>controls <w VM0>could <w VVI>refuel <w NN1>hyperinflation <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w CJS>than <w VVN>targeted<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>accepted <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w VVD>approved <w NP0>Andrzej <w NP0-NN1>Olechowski <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLGCA02Y>
<s n="1392"><w NN1-VVB>Visit <w PRF>of <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>delegation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1393"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>an <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Poland <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1394"><w NN1>Debt <w NN1>reduction <w CJC>and <w VVG>rescheduling <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w NN2>conditions <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
<s n="1395"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VM0>would <w VVI>react <w AV0>unfavourably <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lutkowski<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Olszewski <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VBD>were <w VVG>continuing <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>target <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="1396"><w PNP>He <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1397"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany <w ORD>first <w VVN>planned <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>finalized<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>forgiving <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w UNC>DM9,100 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;5,520 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w VVG>setting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>18-year <w NN1>repayment <w NN1>schedule <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA030></p>
<caption id=HLGCA030>
<s n="1398"><w NN1>Resolution <w VVG>declaring <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w AJ0>illegal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1399"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>220 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>38 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>declaring <w AJ0>illegal <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>1981 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>31389-401<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1400"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emotional <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLD<c PUR>) <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>walked <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>insulted <w PRP>by <w NN1>Confederation <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NP0>Poland <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPN<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Leszek <w NP0-NN1>Moczulski<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sejm <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0>Wieslaw <w NP0>Chrzanowski<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Wojciech <w NP0>Jaruzelski<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>before <w VVG>voting <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VM0>should <w VVI>hear <w NN2>explanations <w PRP>from <w PNX>himself <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>colleagues <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>introducing <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="1402"><w NN2>Chrzanowski <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w VVG-AJ0>inviting <w NP0>Jaruzelski <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sejm <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>summoned <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>compensating <w NN0>people <w PRP>for <w NN2>wrongs <w VVN-VVD>inflicted <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>under <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA031></p>
<caption id=HLGCA031>
<s n="1403"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w NN2>generals <w PRP>for <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Popieluszko
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1404"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Under-Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wladyslaw <w NP0>Ciaston<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>department <w NN1>director <w NP0-NN1>Zenon <w NP0>Platek<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0-NN1>Popieluszko <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1984 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33292-93<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1405"><w PRP>Under <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>on <w NN1>suspicion <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>general <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>plead <w AJ0>guilty <w CJS>when <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Warsaw <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1406"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA032></p>
<caption id=HLGCA032>
<s n="1407"><w AJ0>Local <w NN1>government <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1408"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN2>by-elections <w CRD>692 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,053 <w AJ0>contested <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>candidates <w CRD>60 <w VBD>were <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NN2>citizens<w POS>' <w NN2>committees<c PUN>, <w CRD>56 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>nine <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NN0>PC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NP0>Poland <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPN<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA033></p>
<caption id=HLGCA033>
<s n="1410"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1411"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Germany <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w PRP>for <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>.
<s n="1412"><w AT0>The <w NN1>timing <w VM0>would <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1413"><w VVN>Designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN1-VVB>contact <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VVD>reflected <w AJ0>improved <w AJ0>Polish-German <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1414"><w NP0>Genscher <w VBD>was <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coming <w NN2>months<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Krzysztof <w NP0-NN1>Skubiszewski<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Polish-German <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AJ0>inter-parliamentary <w NN2>contacts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>minority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1415"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>intervened <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>up <w AT0>an <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>by <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>extremists <w PRP>at <w NP0>Zgorzelec <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1416"><w PRP>Amidst <w NN2>calls <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Poles<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN1>behaviour <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>provoked <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>with <w AJ0>German <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN2>demonstrators <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1417"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1418"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1419"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>order <w NN1>bill <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1420"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>began <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>order <w NN1>bill <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tough <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w NN2>rioters <w CJC>and <w NN2>looters <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>force <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w CJS>when <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1421"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2>riots <w CJC>and <w NN1>looting <w PRF>of <w NN2>warehouses <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>store <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>.
<s n="1422"><w AT0>The <w NN2>riots <w VHD>had <w VVN>swept <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>during <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>in <w CRD>dozens <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
<s n="1423"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>issued <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissociate <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w NN1>rioting <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>looting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1424"><w AT0>A <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tirana<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <c PUL>(<w NP0>UITUA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>between <w NN1>union <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vilson <w NP0-NN1>Ahmeti<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN2>promises <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>Ahmeti <w CJT>that <w NN2>wages <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>inflation-adjusted <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>social <w NN1>assistance <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>.
<s n="1425"><w NP0>UITUA<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10-11 <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0>Valer <w NP0>Xheka <w TO0>to <w VVI>chair <w DPS>its <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN1>council<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA034></p>
<caption id=HLGCA034>
<s n="1426"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1427"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramiz <w NP0>Alia <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>dissolved <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w VVB>set <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1428"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>finalize <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>faced <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>financing <w CJC>and <w VVG>organizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1429"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>law <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w XX0>not <w AV0>less than <w CRD>140 <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w AV0>previously <w CRD>250<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1430"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>single-member <w NN2>constituencies <w PRF>of <w AV0>approximately <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>candidates <w VVG>requiring <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>ballot <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>second<c PUN>.
<s n="1431"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>deputies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w PRP>on <w NN1>party <w NN2>lists<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>votes <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single-member <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>threshold <w PRF>of <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VVI>qualify <w PRP>for <w DT0>such <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1432"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VBD>were <w DPS>its <w NN2>provisions <w VVG>defining <w AJ0>recognizable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legitimate <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>groups <w PRP>for <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>purposes<c PUN>.
<s n="1433"><w DT0>These <w AV0>effectively <w AJ0-VVN>banned <w NN2>organizations <w VVG>representing <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Omonia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1434"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban <w VBD>was <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w VVG>reminding <w NP0>Albania <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="1435"><w NN1-NP0>Alia<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Catherine <w NP0>Lalumi&egrave;re<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Omonia <w VBD>was <w VVN>excluded <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1436"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>minority<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>nominate <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>candidates <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>Greeks <w VM0>could <w AV0>also <w VVI>stand <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA035></p>
<caption id=HLGCA035>
<s n="1437"><w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>Greeks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1438"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w NN1>statement <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w AJ0>grave <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1439"><w NP0>Greece <w AV0>also <w VVD>lodged <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>protests <w PRP>over <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>Greeks <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>property <w PRP>in <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>raids <w PRP>on <w NN2>villages <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Greek-Albanian <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1440"><w NN2>Albanians <w VHD>had <w VVN>complained <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>torture <w CJC>and <w NN1>harassment <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA036></p>
<caption id=HLGCA036>
<s n="1441"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1442"><w NP0>Albania <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>granting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>most-favoured-nation <w NN1>status <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1443"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1444"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1445"><w NN1>Trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>opposition
</head>
<p>
<s n="1446"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w NP0-NN1>Podkrepa <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Support<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Confederation <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Peace <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38304<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1447"><w NP0-NN1>Podkrepa <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>founding <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1448"><w PRP>At <w DPS>its <w ORD>second <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8-12<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>team<c PUN>.
<s n="1449"><w AT0>The <w NN1>letter <w VVG>announcing <w NP0>Podkrepa<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ASP <w VVD>highlighted <w AJ0>unacceptable <w NN1>government <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w NN2>employers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>abrogation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1450"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>union <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulgaria <c PUL>(<w NP0>CITUB <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>regime<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w PNX>itself <w VVN>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>no-strike <w NN1>pledge<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>applied <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>government <w PRP>under <w NP0>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38583<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1451"><w PNP>It <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w NN1>threat <w PRP>in support of <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NN2>rises <w PRP>in <w NN2>pensions <w CJC>and <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w PRP>in defence of <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1452"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Podkrepa <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Dimitrov <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>CITUB<w POS>'s <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Krustyu <w NP0>Petkov<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>invited<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1453"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w NP0>Petkov <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>wage <w NN1-VVB>freeze <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1454"><w PNP>He <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>stated <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>CITUB <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>undertake <w DT0>any <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>without <w ORD>first <w NN1-AJ0>consulting <w NP0-NN1>Podkrepa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1455"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>CITUB <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Petkov <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>aggressive <w AJ0-NN1>anti-trade <w NN1>unionism<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w NN1>clash <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA037></p>
<caption id=HLGCA037>
<s n="1456"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1457"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>froze <w AT0>the <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN1-VVB>staple <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>measure <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>described <w AV0>as <w AJ0>anti-market <w CJC>but <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>social <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>.
<s n="1458"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>agreed <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>envisaging <w AT0>a <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w CRD>9,100 <w CRD>million <w NN1>leva <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;515 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>4.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>.
<s n="1459"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deficit <w NN1>wold <w VBI>be <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>issuing <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1460"><w AJ0>Various <w NN2>measures <w VVN>connected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w VBD>were <w VVN>enacted <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>privatisation <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>difficulties <w CJC>and <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed<c PUN>, <w VVG>abolishing <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>profits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>permitting <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>enterprises <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1462"><w NN2>Bills <w PRP>on <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>restitution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nationalized <w NN2>properties <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w DT0>former <w NN2>owners <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>approved<c PUN>.
<s n="1463"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>John <w NP0>Wilton<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN1>country <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="1464"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVG>releasing <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN0>&dollar;250 <w CRD>million <w NN1>tranche <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>agreed <w NN1>loan <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA038></p>
<caption id=HLGCA038>
<s n="1465"><w NN2>Figures <w PRP>on <w NN1>name <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w NN2>campaigns <w PRF>of <w CRD>1980s
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1466"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PRP>in answer to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>between <w CRD>1984 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989 <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w CRD>820,000 <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN2>Moslems <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Turks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>changed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>nationalism <w NN2>campaigns <w VVN-VVD>encouraged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime <w PRP>under <w NP0>Todor <w NP0>Zhivkov <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33670<c PUN>; <w CRD>34509-10<c PUN>; <w CRD>35520-21<c PUN>; <w CRD>36305<c PUN>; <w CRD>36662<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA039></p>
<caption id=HLGCA039>
<s n="1467"><w NN1>Party <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>change
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1468"><w NP0>Milan <w NP0>Drenchev<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nikola <w NP0>Petkov <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>BZNS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15-16 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Anastasiya <w NP0>Moser<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>daughter <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>noted <w AJ0>agrarian <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>G. <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Dimitrov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>emigrated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mid <w CRD>1940s<c PUN>.
<s n="1469"><w NN1-NP0>Moser<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w VVD>advocated <w AJ0>close <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03A>
<s n="1470"><w AJ0>Franco-Bulgarian <w NN1>treaty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1471"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Bulgarian-French <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1472"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>high-level <w AJ0>political <w NN2>consultations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>committed <w NP0>France <w PRP>to <w VVG>sponsoring <w AT0>an <w NN1>association <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVG>leading <w AV0>eventually <w PRP>to <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03B>
<s n="1473"><w NN1>Energy <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1474"><w NP0>Bulgaria <w VVD>faced <w AT0>an <w NN1>energy <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>during <w NP0>February <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>faults <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>Kozloduy <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>supplied <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>electricity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1475"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plant <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w CJS>as <w VBG>being<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>very <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>condition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>inspection <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJS>oldest <w NN2>reactors <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shut <w AVP>down <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38350-51<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1476"><w AJ0-VVN>Repeated <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>refitted <w NN1>reactor <w VBD>were <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>faults<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w NN1>insulation <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>pump <w NN2>failures<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>shutdown <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <c PUL>(<w VVG>leaving <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>operational<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>power <w NN2>cuts <w VBD>were <w VVN>introduced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1478"><w AT0>The <w NN2>problems <w VBD>were <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN1>coal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>over <w NN2>supplies <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1479"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>state-owned <w NP0>Burgas <w AJ0>petrochemical <w NN1>company <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w DT0>that <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>supplies <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>exhausted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>resume <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="1480"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w DT0>that <w NN1>energy <w NN2>prices <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1481"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1482"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1483"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN2>proposals
</head>
<p>
<s n="1484"><w AT0>The <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>framework <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>verge <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Councils <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>parliaments<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>text <w VVG>defining <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>federation<c PUN>.
<s n="1485"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVD>threw <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>viability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1486"><w AV0>Popularly <w VVN>called <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Milovy <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>location <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<w POS>'s <w NN2>meetings<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>peoples <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>recognize <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VVB>express <w DPS>our <w NN1>will <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1487"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0>key <w NN2>provisions <w VBD>were <w DT0-CJT>that <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>foreign<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented <w AV0>equally <w PRP>in <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w DT0>each <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AJ0>international <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>concern <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>defined <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>constitution<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w DT0>each <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1488"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Presidium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>it <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>departure <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVD>rejected <w PNP>it <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>delegation <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN2>concessions<c PUN>.
<s n="1489"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>20-member <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w VVN>tied<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>from <w DT0>several <w NN2>parties <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>decision <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>present <w AT0>a <w NN1>bar <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="1490"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>full <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>Presidium <w CJC>and <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w VVB>submit <w DPS>their <w NN2>comments <w CJC>and <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>2<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03C>
<s n="1491"><w NN1>Privatization <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1492"><w AT0>The <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>economy <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>step <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preliminary <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>zero<c PUQ>&quot; <w AVP>round<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN2>investors <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w VVG>placing <w DPS>their <w NN2>vouchers <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>437 <w AV0>officially <w VVN-AJ0>sanctioned <w NN1>investment <w NN2>funds <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38584-85<c PUN>; <w CRD>38734<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1493"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>funds <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>promising <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>returns<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w PRP-AVP>up <w CRD>10 <w NN2>times <w AT0>the <w AJ0>invested <w NN1>value <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>reason <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>citizens <w VVG>choosing <w TO0>to <w VVI>place <w DPS>their <w NN2>investments <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w VVG>exceeding <w NN2>predictions<c PUN>.
<s n="1494"><w NN1>Opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>8,400,000 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>issued <w NN2>vouchers <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>place <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w NN2>funds <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NN2>banks <w CJC>or <w AJ0>private <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1495"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NN1>registration<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>extended <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVD>expired <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1496"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03D>
<s n="1497"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1498"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w VVD-VVN>appointed <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>judges <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brno<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moravian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1499"><w CJS>As <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38018<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>judges <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>from <w NN2>lists <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>parliaments <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w PRP>for <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1500"><w NP0>Ernest <w NP0>Valko<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>judges <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>a <w NN1>recommendation <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>active <w AV0>politically<c PUN>.
<s n="1501"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w AV0>explicitly <w VVN>allowed <w NN2-VVZ>judges <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>felt <w CJT>that <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>in keeping with <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<w POS>'s <w NN1>function <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>rulings<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03E>
<s n="1502"><w NN1>Friendship <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1503"><w NP0>Havel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Chancellor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>goodneighbourliness <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1504"><w VVD>Initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38541<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1505"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>for <w VVG>lacking <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w VVG>annulling <w AT0>the <w CRD>1938 <w NP0>Munich <w NN1>Agreement <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismemberment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>lacking <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>property <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NP0>Sudeten <w NN2>Germans <w VVN-VVD>expelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="1506"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>restitution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>property <w VVN-VVD>seized <w PRP>under <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>rule <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38207<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>specifically <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w NN1>restitution <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sudeten <w NN2>Germans<c PUN>.
<s n="1507"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AT0>the <w AJ0>initialled <w NN1>text <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>without <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1508"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>admitted <w CJT>that <w DT0>several <w NN2>issues <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unresolved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1509"><w AT0>The <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>highlight <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kohl <w PRP>to <w NP0>Prague <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bratislava<c PUN>.
<s n="1510"><w PRP>In <w DT0>both <w NN2>cities <w PNP>he <w VVD>underlined <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0-AV0>early <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1511"><w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>initialled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>applying <w PRP>under <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>rule <w PRP>between <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1512"><w AT0>The <w NN1>text <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>between <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>but <w AV0>never <w VVN>signed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38540-41<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1513"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>passage <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w DT0>neither <w NN1>country <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>permit <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>territories <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w NN1>aggression <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>contracting <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1514"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>contained <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>section <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet-led <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w AT0>the <w NP0>Prague <w NN1>Spring <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968<c PUN>.
<s n="1515"><w AT0>The <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>draft <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>constituting <w AT0>a <w NN1>break <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>wording <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>strengthened <w TO0>to <w VVI>specify<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>definitive <w NN1>break <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>totalitarian <w NN1>past <w VVN-AJ0>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1516"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w AV0>thus <w VVN>contained<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>honest<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>interpretation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1968 <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1517"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1518"><w NP0>HUNGARY-CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1519"><w NN1-VVB>Dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>dam
</head>
<p>
<s n="1520"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Gabcikovo <w AJ0>hydro-electric <w NN1>dam <w NN1>project <w VVN>increased <w PRP>during <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VVD>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w PRP>contrary to <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>wishes<c PUN>.
<s n="1521"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dam <w VBD>was <w VVN>sited <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Danube <w NN1>frontier <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1522"><w AV0>Originally <w VVN>conceived <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>Gabcikovo-Nagym&aacute;ros <w VVB-NN1>project <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w CRD>1977 <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dam <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w CJS>after <w NP0>Hungary <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37048<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1523"><w NN2>Environmentalists <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>project <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>damage <w AT0>the <w NP0>Danube <w NN1>valley <w NN1-VVB>ecosystem<c PUN>.
<s n="1524"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>work <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38351<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1525"><w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marian <w NP0>Calfa <w VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>work <w VM0>would <w VVI>recommence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>C<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>scheme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>the <w NN1>diversion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Danube <w VVZ-NN2>waters<c PUN>.
<s n="1526"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w NN1>construction <w VBD>was <w VVG>costing <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;233,000,000 <w AT0>every <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w VVN>raised <w AV0>inconclusively <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Arpad <w NP0>G&ouml;ncz <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Dubcek<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w PRP>to <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6-7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1528"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>government <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Czechoslovaks <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Danube <w NN1>diversion <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1529"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1530"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1531"><w NN2>Divisions <w PRP>within <w NN2>Smallholders<w POS>' <w NN1>Party
</head>
<p>
<s n="1532"><w PRP>During <w NP0>February <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w NN2>Smallholders<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FKgP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38585<c PUR>) <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>threaten <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>comprised <w NP0>Antall<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NN1>MDF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1533"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NP0>FKgP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jozsef <w NP0-NN1>Torgyan<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>MDF <w VHD>had <w VVN>frustrated <w DPS>its <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>influence <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1534"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>45 <w NN1-NP0>Smallholder <w NN2>deputies <w CRD>33 <c PUL>(<w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gyula <w NP0>Pasztor<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>mini-congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>supporters <w PNQ>who <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Antall <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1535"><w NP0-NN1>Antall <w VVD>asserted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>12-strong <w NN1>minority <w NN1-AJ0>Torgyan <w NN1>faction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>FKgP <w VM0>would <w VVI>decide <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1536"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>its <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Szeged<c PUN>, <w CRD>150 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Budapest<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>4,500 <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03F></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03F>
<s n="1537"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1538"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>Andras <w NP0-NN1>Galszecsy <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03G>
<s n="1539"><w NN1-NP0>Price <w NN1>liberalization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1540"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>abolishing <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w AV0>centrally <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>food <w NN2>prices<c PUN>; <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>all <w AJ0>retail <w NN2>prices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hungary <w VBD>were <w AV0>thus <w VVN>liberalized<c PUN>.
<s n="1541"><w NN2>Prices <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>fixed <w AV0>centrally <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w AJ0>postal <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w NN1>electricity <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>, <w NN1>water <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w NN1>water <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN2>licences<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03H>
<s n="1542"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1543"><w VVB-NN1>Antall <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1544"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>promise <w TO0>to <w VVI>work<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>&hellip; <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>respected<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>prerequisites <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>fulfilled<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>social <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>undertaking <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>take <w AJ0>concrete <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w VVG>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>identity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>minority<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1545"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Geza <w NP0>Jeszenszky <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>.
<s n="1546"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w NP0>Spain <w VVD>declared <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1547"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1548"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1549"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1550"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>for <w CRD>45 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVD>demonstrated <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSF<c PUR>) <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37441<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1551"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUR>) <w VVD>gained <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>saw <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>64.91 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,340 <w AJ0>mayoral <w NN2>posts <w PRP>out of <w CRD>2,951 <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w AV0-AJ0>outright <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AV0>over <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>constituency <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1553"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NSF <w VVD>won <w CRD>764 <w NN2>posts <c PUL>(<w CRD>57.01 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w CRD>100 <c PUL>(<w CRD>7.46 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDUR<c PUR>) <w CRD>117 <c PUL>(<w CRD>8.73 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Agrarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>ADP<c PUR>) <w CRD>70 <c PUL>(<w CRD>5.22 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ultra-nationalist <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RNUP<c PUR>) <w CRD>38 <c PUL>(<w CRD>2.84 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1554"><w PRP>In <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>for <w NN2>councillors<c PUN>, <w CRD>38,946 <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>40,178<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <w VVG>winning <w CRD>15,670 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>40.24 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w CRD>8,088 <c PUL>(<w CRD>20.77 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ADP <w CRD>4,532 <c PUL>(<w CRD>11.64 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>HDUR <w CRD>2,606 <c PUL>(<w CRD>6.69 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>independents <w CRD>2,425 <c PUL>(<w CRD>6.23 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>RNUP <w CRD>1,508 <c PUL>(<w CRD>3.87 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1555"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>deemed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>without <w NN1>widescale <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>cases <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>localities<c PUN>.
<s n="1556"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Tirgu <w NP0>Mures<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>HDUR <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w NN1>mayor <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deemed <w AJ0>ineligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>court<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w AV0>then <w VVD>supported <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>after <w NN2>revelations <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>nomination <w NN2>papers <w VBD>were <w AJ0>irregular<c PUN>.
<s n="1557"><w AT0>No <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sapinta<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maramures <w NN1>county<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disqualified <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVG>standing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>localities <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1559"><w NN1>Run-off <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w CRD>23 <w AVQ>where <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had <w VVN>obtained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1560"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w NN1>second <w NN1>round <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <w VVD>won <w CRD>617 <w AJ0>mayoral <w NN2>posts <c PUL>(<w CRD>39.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>independents <w CRD>468 <c PUL>(<w CRD>30.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w CRD>151 <c PUL>(<w CRD>9.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1561"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN2>mayoralties <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>six <w NN2>sectors <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bucharest <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Crin <w NP0-NN1>Halaicu<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>general <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRP>with <w CRD>56 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>against <w CRD>44 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NP0>NSF <w NN1>opponent<c PUN>.
<s n="1562"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>won <w AT0>the <w NN2>mayoralties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>important <w NN2>cities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brasov<c PUN>, <w NP0>Constanta<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Ploiesti<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sibiu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Arad <c PUL>(<w VHG>having <w VVN>won <w NP0>Timisoara <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>64 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w NP0>Cluj-Napoca <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>RNUP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1564"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJC>further <w NN1-VVG>voting <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03J>
<s n="1565"><w NN1>Disagreement <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRP>over <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>wage
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1566"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theodor <w NP0>Stoloyan <w VVD>met <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Advisory <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Employers<w POS>' <w NN1>Association <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>labour <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>described <w DPS>their <w NN2>talks <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>deadlocked<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>wage <w PRF>of <w CRD>24,000 <w NN2>lei <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=194.967 <w NN2>lei <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unemployed <w PRP>from <w CRD>700,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>2,550,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1567"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>15,000 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>big <w NN1>union <w NN2>confederations <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Advisory <w NN1>Council <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Fratia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alfa <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bucharest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN2>wages <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1568"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w NN2>workers <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w NN2>enterprises <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Galati <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>striking <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>labour <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>settled <w AV0>soon<c PUN>, <w NN1>union <w NN2-VVZ>actions <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>pay <w VM0>would <w VVI>start<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>blocking <w PRF>of <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03K>
<s n="1570"><w NN1>Senate <w NN2>dismissals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1571"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>removed <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w AV0>also <w VVD>held <w AJ0>important <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>requirement <w CJT>that <w NN2>senators <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w AV0>also <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>high <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="1572"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Karoly <w NP0>Kiraly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VVG>voting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38586<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w AJ0>other <w NN1>senator<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VVD-AJ0>left <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats <w AJ0>vacant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>119-seat <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03L>
<s n="1573"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Moldova
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1574"><w NP0-NN1>Mircea <w NP0-NN1>Snegur<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>stopover <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bucharest <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Davos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>.
<s n="1575"><w VVB>Further <w DT0>such <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>during <w DT0>another <w NN1>stopover <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bucharest <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w NP0>Iliescu<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Stolojan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Adrian <w NP0-NN1>Nastase<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>area <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>crossing <w NN2>points <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>in <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1577"><w VVB-NN1>Nastase <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w VVD-AJ0>rejected <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>criticism <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VDG>doing <w DT0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>reunion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>divided <w CJS>when <w NP0>Moldova <w VBD>was <w VVN>annexed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1940<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1578"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>actions <w VBD>were <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>states <w AV0>closer <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>integration<c PUN>.
<s n="1579"><w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03M>
<s n="1580"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1581"><w NP0-NN1>Nastase <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Geza <w NP0>Jeszenszky<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w DT0>both <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1582"><w PNP>They <w VVD>discussed <w VVG-AJ0>improving <w AJ0>Romanian-Hungarian <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>international <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1583"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1584"><w NP0>Antal <w NP0>Annus<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1585"><w NP0>Nicolae <w NP0>Spiroiu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1586"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Open <w NN2>Skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>enabled <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w NN1>surveillance <w NN2>flights <w PRP>over <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03N>
<s n="1587"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1588"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>by <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Kravchenko<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>also <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iliescu<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stolojan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Nastase<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1589"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Spain <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nastase <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Felipe <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w NP0>M&aacute;rquez<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>signed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>fields <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez <w NP0>Ord&oacute;&ntilde;ez<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1590"><w VVB-NN1>Nastase <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1591"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1592"><w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1593"><w AJ0>Imminent <w NN1>dispatch <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force
</head>
<p>
<s n="1594"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>3 <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch <w AV0>there <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>14,000-strong <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38704<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1595"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>this <w NN1>plan <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>including <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>troop <w NN1>dispatch <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w CJS>because <w NP0>Milan <w AJ0>Babic<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Krajina<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>territory <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38685<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>ethnically <w VVN-VVD>mixed <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w VVG>conceding <w AV0>only <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN1>line <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Serbian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1596"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>40 <w NN2>hours <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w NP0>31-Feb. <w CRD>2 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fraught <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>generals<c PUN>, <w NP0>Krajina <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1>Mile <w NP0-NN1>Paspalj<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Babic <w VBD>was <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w NN1>break<c PUN>.
<s n="1597"><w AV0>Later <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w AJ0>Babic <w AV0>again <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>pressure <w CJC>and <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>assault <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Paspalj <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>coerced <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVG>signing<c PUN>.
<s n="1598"><w AV0>However <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Babic <w AJ0-VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>disintegrate <w PRP>under <w AJ0>intensified <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN0>media <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Jovan <w NN1>Raskovic<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Babic <w PRP>from <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1599"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>heard <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>from <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w NP0-NN1>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w CJT>that <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w PNP>him <w NP0>Croatia<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unconditional <w NN1>acceptance<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVB-NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>deploy <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AJ0>special <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Protected <w NN2>Areas<c PUN>.
<s n="1600"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>force <w VM0>would <w VVI>legitimize <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory <w PRP>to <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>insist <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>560-km <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN2>lines <w CJC>and <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1601"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>calling <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>military <w NN1>liaison <w NN2>officers <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNMLO<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>from <w CRD>50 <w PRP>to <w CRD>75<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>stressing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>way <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>prejudge <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1602"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>extra <w CRD>25 <w NP0>UNMLOs <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1603"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>dispatch <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>delayed <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <w NN1>assembly <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Knin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22-23 <w PRP-AVP>on <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave <w VM0>should <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1-VVB>plan <w AV0>unconditionally<c PUN>.
<s n="1604"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>7-8<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1605"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w AT0>a <w AJ0>breakaway <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Glina<c PUN>, <w AJ0>northern <w NP0-NN1>Krajina<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w AV0>unconditionally <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing <w AJ0>full <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w NN2>efforts<c PUN>.
<s n="1606"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Slavonia<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w AJ0-NN1>Serb-populated <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1607"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>his <w AJ0>continuing <w NN2>reservations <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w VVD-VVN>recommended <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>force <w VM0>should <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Slavonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Krajina<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>despatch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unconditional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1609"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cost <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>mandate <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reviewed <w AT0>every <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w NN0>&dollar;400,000,000 <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;635,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1610"><w VVN>Commanded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Satish <w NN1-NP0>Nambiar <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w VVD>included <w NN2>contingents <w PRP>from <w CRD>30 <w NN2>countries <w VVG>including <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w CJS>Although <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03P>
<s n="1612"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Babic <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>breakaway <w NN1-NP0>Krajina <w NN1>assembly
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1613"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>breakaway <w NN1-NP0>Glina <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>dismissed <w AJ0>Babic <w CJS>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina <w CJC>and <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w DPS>his <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>proposal <w CJC>and <w VVD>relieved <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>duties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1614"><w NP0>Goran <w NN1>Hadzic<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Slavonia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w CRD>230 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w NN2>abstentions <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Babic<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Borovo <w NP0>Selo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>assemblies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0-NN1>Krajina<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Region <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Slavonia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slavonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baranja <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Western <w NN1-NP0>Srem<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1615"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Knin <w NN1>assembly <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>function <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w NP0>Paspalj <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w NN2>vice-presidents<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Martic <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Krajina<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>ordered <w AJ0>local <w NN2>militias <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1616"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AJ0>Babic <w VVD>reversed <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <w VBD>was <w AJ0>satisfied <w PRP>with <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w VBD>were <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>guarantees <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>laws <w CJC>and <w NN2>institutions <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>valid <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1617"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>threatened <w CJS>when <w NP0>Osijek <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Vinkovci <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>shell <w NN1>fire <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>JNA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0-NN1>Sibenik <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Adriatic <w NN1>coast <w VBD>was <w VVN>bombarded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1618"><w NP0>Tudjman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w CRD>20,000 <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>reservists<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03R>
<s n="1619"><w NP0>EC <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1620"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>endorsing <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w CJC>but <w VVN-VVD>postponed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>deference <w PRP>to <w NP0>Greece <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1621"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PNP>they <w VVD>urged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN2>concerns <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>peoples <w VVG>living<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inviolable <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>into <w NN1>account<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w AJ0>international <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>close <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>institutions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1622"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>(<w VVN>brokered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Carrington<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5-6<c PUR>) <w VVD>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1623"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>community<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Community <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1624"><w AT0>No <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1625"><w PRP>At <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22-23 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w AV0>broadly <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>external <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>devolve <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>entities <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1626"><w NN1>Tension <w VVD>rose <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>centre <w PRP>at <w NP0>Odzak <w PRP>on <w UNC>Feb.24<c PUN>.
<s n="1627"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w VVD-VVN>damaged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ancient <w AJ0>central <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>in <w NP0>Banja <w NP0>Luca<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03S>
<s n="1628"><w NN1>Future <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>federation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1629"><w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Titograd <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>state <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38703<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1630"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>flag <w CJC>and <w NN1>anthem <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVB>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>form <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="1631"><w NP0>Montenegro <w VVD>decided <w AV0>nevertheless <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>future <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03T>
<s n="1632"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1633"><w NP0>Russia <w VVD>accorded <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1634"><w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w PNX>each other <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="1635"><w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03U>
<s n="1636"><w NN1-VVB>Concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1637"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>York-based <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1-VVB>Watch <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tudjman <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w CJC>and <w VVI>bring <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>executing <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>torturing <w NN2>detainees <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w VVG>destroying <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="1638"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>documented <w DT0>several <w NN2>incidents <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>atrocities <w PRP>in <w NN1>detail<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03V>
<s n="1639"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1640"><w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>steps <w PRP>towards <w NN1>independence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38704<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>from <w NP0>Greece <w DTQ>which <w VVD>felt <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <w VVD>implied <w AT0>a <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>claim <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1641"><w NP0>Macedonian <w NN2>vehicles <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>turned <w AVP>back <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>border <w CJC>and <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Salonika <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUR>) <w VVD>protested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1642"><w NP0>Greece <w AV0>also <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>angrily <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1643"><w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>recognized <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38703<c PUN>; <w CRD>38734<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>amended <w DPS>its <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>by <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w AV0>officially <w VVN-VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1644"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>JNA <w VVD>began <w VVG>pulling <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>JNA <w PRP>on <w VVG>leaving <w NN1>equipment <w AV0>behind<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1645"><w AT0>The <w NN1>republic <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>borders <w PRP>with <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>recalled <w NN2>ambassadors <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>diplomats <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <w NN1>origin <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1646"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Prosperity <c PUL>(<w NP0>PD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>held <w CRD>22 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>120-seat <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>staged <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tetovo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8-10<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1647"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1648"><w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1649"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Haughey <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Succession <w PRF>of <w NP0>Reynolds
</head>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Haughey <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1651"><w NP0>Haughey<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sean <w NP0>Doherty<c PUN>, <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Haughey <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>fully <w VVN>informed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tapping <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>journalists<w POS>' <w NN2>telephones <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>trace <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>leaks<c PUN>.
<s n="1652"><w NP0>Haughey <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w DT0>all <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bugging<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w NP0-NN1>Doherty <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>blame<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NP0>Haughey<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w AVP>out <w AV0>only <w CJS>because <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>telephone-tapping <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>D&aacute;il <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1653"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stated<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Haughey <w VHD>had <w VVN>retained <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>tapes <w PNP>I <w VVD>gave <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>no <w NN1>stage <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w NN1>disapproval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1654"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w AT0>the <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>PD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>without<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1-VVB>step <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w NN1>effectiveness <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1655"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il <w NN0>MPs <w VVD>chose <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Reynolds<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1656"><w NP0>Reynolds<c PUN>, <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Haughey <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>challenge <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38588<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>61 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>contestants<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Woods<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mary <w NP0>O'Rourke<c PUN>, <w VVG>gaining <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>votes <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w NP0>Reynolds <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w CRD>84 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>78 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>D&aacute;il <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w CRD>eight <w PRF>of <w NP0>Haughey<w POS>'s <w CRD>14 <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1658"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>change <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Gerry <w NP0>Collins <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>David <w NP0>Andrews<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>junior <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w CRD>1977 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1979<c PUN>.
<s n="1659"><w NP0-NN1>Bertie <w NP0-NN1>Ahern<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>contest <w TO0>to <w VVI>assure <w NP0>Reynolds <w PRF>of <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1660"><w AJ0>Senior <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>posts <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Padraig <w NP0>Flynn<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>junior <w NN2>ministers <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Reynolds <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maire <w NP0>Geoghegan <w NP0>Quinn <w CJC>and <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03W>
<s n="1661"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1662"><w NP0-NN1>Ahern <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PNP>it <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>pro-jobs <w VVB-NN1>tax <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w NN0>29p <w PRP>to <w NN0>27p <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>punt<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w CRD>52 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>tax <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJC>higher <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>48 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1664"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>measures <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w AJ0>social <w NN1>welfare <w NN1-VVG>spending <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>12.5 <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="1665"><w NN1>Excise <w NN1>duty <w PRP>on <w NN2>cigarettes <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w NN0>16p <w PRP>per <w NN1>packet<c PUN>.
<s n="1666"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>spending <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVG>necessitating <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchequer <w NN1>borrowing <w NN1>requirement <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>forecast <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>by <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1667"><w VVB-NN1>Ahern <w AV0>also <w VVN>paid <w AJ0>special <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>motor <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>1.7 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w NN1>car <w NN1>excise <w NN1>duty <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>9p <w PRP>per <w NN1>gallon <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>vehicle <w NN1>road <w NN1>tax <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03X>
<s n="1668"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w NN1>abortion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1669"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dublin <w VVD>sparked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-year-old <w NN1>girl<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w AJ0>pregnant <w CJS>after <w AV0>allegedly <w VBG>being <w VVN>raped <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>travel <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="1670"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>made <w CRD>three <w NN2>orders<c PUN>: <w CRD>two <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>family <w VVG>procuring <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w VVG>banning <w PNP>her <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>for <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1671"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl<w POS>'s <w NN1>life <w PRP>from <w DPS>her <w AJ0>repeated <w NN2>threats <w PRF>of <w NN1>suicide <w VBD>was <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>certainty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unborn <w NN1>child<w POS>'s <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <w PRP>through <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="1672"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>angry <w NN2>protests <w PRP>outside <w NN1>government <w NN2>buildings <w CJC>and <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dublin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1673"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court<w POS>'s <w NN2>hearings <w VBD>were <w AV0>in private<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>judgment <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harold <w NP0>Whelehan<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>obtained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>injunction <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN2>parents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w PRP>from <w VVG>taking <w PNP>her <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w AT0>The <w NN1>girl <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w PRP>in <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>brought <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>by <w DPS>her <w NN2>parents<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fine <w CJC>or <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>ignored <w AT0>the <w NN1>injunction<c PUN>.
<s n="1675"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>attention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>authorities <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w VVD>contacted <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>DNA <w AJ0>genetic <w NN1>fingerprint <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>aborted <w NN1-AJ0>foetus <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>identity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>rapist<c PUN>.
<s n="1676"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w AV0>then <w VVD>sought <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Prosecutions <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>told <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w NN1>evidence <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>admissible <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>an <w NN1>injunction <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>termination<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1677"><w NP0>Reynolds <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AJ0>cross-party <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VVI>dilute <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>clause <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>avoided <w CJS>if <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1678"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w AJ0>private <w NN1>hearing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1679"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appeal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Constitution<w POS>'s <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unborn <w NN1>child<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w VVN-VVD>guaranteed <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLGCA03Y>
<s n="1680"><w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <w NN1>split
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1681"><w CRD>Six <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w NN0>MPs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1682"><w AT0>The <w CRD>six <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Proinsias <w NP0>De <w NP0>Rossa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>centralism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Leninist <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN2>tactics<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>socialism <w VHD>had <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w NN1>conference <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1683"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <w NN1>conference <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>confirmed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Official <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ceased <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w VVB>time <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Official <w NN1>Sinn F&eacute;in<c PUN>, <w VVD>changed <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1684"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w AV0>always <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>denied <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NP0>IRA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>De <w NP0>Rossa <w VHD>had <w VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w DPS>its <w NN1>shadow <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>a <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="1685"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Rossa <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>breakaway <w NN1>group <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>democratic <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1686"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1687"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1688"><w NN1>Escalation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>violence
</head>
<p>
<s n="1689"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>revenge <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February <w VVD>marked <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1690"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>driver <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outlawed <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Freedom <w NN2>Fighters <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w NN1>north <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1691"><w CRD>Twelve <w NN2>hours <w AV0>later <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Protestant <w NN1>delivery <w NN1>man <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w NP0>Dungannon <w PRP>in <w NN1>County <w NP0>Tyrone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1692"><w AT0>A <w NN1>policeman<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Allen <w NP0>Moore<c PUN>, <w VVD>killed <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>west <w NP0>Belfast <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w NN1>Sinn F&eacute;in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>committed <w NN1>suicide<c PUN>.
<s n="1693"><w DPS>His <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Ballinderry<c PUN>, <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belfast<c PUN>.
<s n="1694"><w AT0>A <w NN1>day <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w NN2>Catholics <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJS>when <w NP0-NN1>UFF <w NN2>gunmen <w VVD>raked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crowded <w NN1>betting <w NN1>shop <w PRP>in <w NN1>south <w NP0>Belfast<c PUN>.
<s n="1695"><w PRP>In <w DPS>their <w NN1>statement <w VVG>claiming <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UFF <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w NN1-VVG>bombing <w PRP>at <w NP0>Teebane <w NN1>Cross <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38738<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1696"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>station <w PRP>at <w NP0>Coalisland<c PUN>; <w DT0>another <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="1697"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Royal <w NP0>Ulster <w NP0>Constabulary <c PUL>(<w NP0>RUC<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>machine <w NN1>gun <w VBD>was <w VVN>recovered<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gun <w NN1>battle <w PRP>between <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<c PUN>.
<s n="1698"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w VBD>was <w NP0>Kevin <w NP0>O'Donnell<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>acquitted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>gun-running <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1699"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>17-year <w AJ0>old <w AJ0-NN1>Protestant <w NN1>man <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NN1>north <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>video <w NN1>club <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>worked<c PUN>.
<s n="1700"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN1>splinter <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organisation<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing<c PUN>.
<s n="1701"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>35-year-old <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>man <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>outside <w AT0>a <w NN1>shop <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA040></p>
<caption id=HLGCA040>
<s n="1702"><w NN1-VVG>Sending <w PRF>of <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>troops
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1703"><w PRP>In response to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>ordered <w AV0>more than <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="1704"><w NN1>Army <w NN2>officers <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0>short-term<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>needed<c PUN>.
<s n="1705"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>troops <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Regiment<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJS>highest <w NN1>level <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970s<c PUN>, <w VVG>standing <w PRP>at <w AV0>more than <w CRD>18,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA041></p>
<caption id=HLGCA041>
<s n="1706"><w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1707"><w NP0>Mary <w NP0>Robinson<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>invitation <w PRF>of <w NN2>women<w POS>'s <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="1708"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1709"><w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Brooke<c PUN>.
<s n="1710"><w AJ0>Unionist <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>against <w DPS>her <w NN1>visit <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Lord <w NN1>Mayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PNP>her <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w DTQ>which <w VVD>laid <w NN1-VVB>claim <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>to <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP>over <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA042></p>
<caption id=HLGCA042>
<s n="1711"><w NP0>Major<w POS>'s <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1712"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w CRD>two <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>at <w NP0>Downing <w NP0>Street <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NP0>Ulster <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>OUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDLP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1713"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w PRP>for <w CRD>16 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1714"><w NP0>Major <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VHD>had <w VVN>produced<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>dialogue<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>effort <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brooke <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1715"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>argued <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reintroduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>internment<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDLP <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>measure <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>alienate <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="1716"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w AV0>only <w NN2>hours <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>police <w VVN-VVD>found <w CJC>and <w VVD>defused <w AT0>an <w NP0>IRA <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>box <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>street <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0>Downing <w NP0>Street<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1717"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <w VVD>met <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>restart <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NN2>assurances <w VBD>were <w VVN>received <w PRP>from <w NP0>Major <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Kinnock<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>basis <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA043></p>
<caption id=HLGCA043>
<s n="1718"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>agent
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1719"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>agent <w PRP>for <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intelligence <w CJC>and <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UDA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Nelson<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>after <w VVG>pleading <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w NN1>conspiracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>murder<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1720"><w PRP>In <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nelson<w POS>'s <w AJ0>guilty <w NN1>plea<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>with <w CRD>15 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w NN1>murder<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nelson <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>UDA <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>offered <w DPS>his <w NN2>services <w PRP>to <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intelligence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
<s n="1722"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prosecution <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nelson <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pivotal <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>collecting <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN2>individuals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UDA <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>UDA <w PRP>to <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intelligence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA044></p>
<caption id=HLGCA044>
<s n="1723"><w NN1>Extradition <w PRF>of <w NP0>IRA <w NN1>member <w PRP>from <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1724"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>returned <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0-NN1>Doherty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast<c PUN>, <w AVQ>whence <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>accused <w NN2>terrorists <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1725"><w NP0-NN1>Doherty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w NN1>army <w NN1>captain <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
<s n="1726"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>extradite <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>convicted <w NN1>criminal <w VVN-VVD>failed <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>crime <w VBD>was <w AJ0>political<c PUN>.
<s n="1727"><w NP0-NN1>Doherty <w VVD>agreed <w AV0>at first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deported <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>alien<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVN-VVD>requested <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="1728"><w DPS>His <w NN1>battle <w PRP>against <w NN1>deportation <w CJC>and <w NN1>extradition <w VBD>was <w VVN>lost <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1729"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1730"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1731"><w NP0>Ashdown <w NN1>incident <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Redundancies <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Fraud <w NN2>cases <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>compensation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1732"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>build-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pending <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVD-VVN>got <w AV0>under way<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paddy <w NP0>Ashdown<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>scrutiny <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>acknowledging <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>years <w AV0>earlier <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>relationship<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <c PUL>(<w VVN>identified <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Patricia <w NP0>Sullivan<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVN>known <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NP0>Howard<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>stressed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>remained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>concern <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVN>involved<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1733"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w NN1>light <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>break-in <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>solicitor <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <w PRP>at <w NN2>premises <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>or <w PRP>with <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>politicians<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>theft <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="1734"><w AT0>An <w NN1>attempt <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w DT0>this <w NN1>document <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sunday <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ashdown <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>gagging<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>injunction <w VVG>preventing <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w PNI>anything <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA045></p>
<caption id=HLGCA045>
<s n="1735"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>redundancies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1736"><w PRP>During <w NP0>February <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>companies <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>contraction <w CJC>and <w NN2>redundancies<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment <c PUL>(<w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>seasonally <w VVN-AJ0>adjusted <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w CRD>9.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVD>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>6.7 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0>earlier <w CJC>and <w CRD>5.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38200<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1737"><w NN2>Doubts <w PRP>about <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>revival <w VBD>were <w VVN>borne <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w NN2>figures <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w VVG>showing <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w VVN>fallen <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>about <w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1738"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AV0>hardest <w VVN>hit <w NN2>industries <w VBD>were <w NN2>motors<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Ford <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vauxhall <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>announced <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w AV0>around <w CRD>300 <w AV0>respectively <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w AV0>mostly <w PRP>from <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w NN1>aerospace<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>BAe <w VVG>announcing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,350 <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>divisions<c PUN>; <w NN1>coal<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>several <w NN1>pit <w NN2>closures <w CJC>or <w NN0>staff <w NN2>reductions <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>prediction <w PRP>by <w NP0>Malcolm <w NP0>Edwards<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal<w POS>'s <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>director<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>corporation <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>slimmed <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AV0>possibly <w AV0>as <w DT0>few <w CJS>as <w CRD>12 <w NN2>pits <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>steel<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w AJ0>British <w NN1-NP0>Steel <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRP>by <w NP0>September <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>huge <w NP0>Ravenscraig <w NN1-VVB>plant <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>around <w CRD>1,200 <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA046></p>
<caption id=HLGCA046>
<s n="1739"><w NN1>Fraud <w NN2>cases
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1740"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w CRD>three <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>trials <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>scale <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>conclusions<c PUN>.
<s n="1741"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN1>length <w CJC>and <w NN1>complexity <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN2>questions <w PRP>as to <w AT0>the <w NN1>appropriateness <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>for <w DT0>such <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1742"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Clowes <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peter <w NP0-NN1>Naylor <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w PRP>for <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Barlow <w NP0>Clowes <w NN1>investment <w NN1>management <w NN1>group <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PRP>up to <w AV0>around <w CRD>18,000 <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AJ0>elderly<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>large <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>savings<c PUN>.
<s n="1743"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>co-defendants <w VBD>were <w VVN>acquitted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>Fraud <w NN1>Office <c PUL>(<w NP0>SFO<c PUR>) <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w NN2>proceedings <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>against <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>men <w PRP>on <w NN1>conspiracy <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w PRP>in respect of <w NP0>Barlow <w NP0>Clowes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w NN2>reports <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>inquiry <c PUL>(<w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ombudsman <c PUL>(<w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1-VVB>date <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exceptional <w NN2>circumstances <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AJ0>ex gratia <w NN2>payments <c PUL>(<w VVG>totalling <w DT0>some <w UNC>&num;150,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>investors <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w NN1>loss<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>stressing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>liability <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1745"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NP0>Guinness <w NN1>trial <w VVG>arising <w PRP>out of <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN1>share <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1985-86 <w NN1>takeover <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Distillers <w NN1>Company <w PRP>by <w NP0>Guinness <w VBD>was <w VVN>ended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deteriorating <w AJ0>physical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mental <w NN1>health <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>defendants<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roger <w NP0>Seelig<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w NP0>Guinness<c PUN>.
<s n="1746"><w NN1-NP0>Seelig <w VBD>was <w VVG>conducting <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Spens <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>banking <w NN1>adviser<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w NN1>conspiracy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>false <w NN1>accounting <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="1747"><w VVB>Counsel <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>SFO <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVZ-NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Seelig <w CJC>and <w NP0>David <w NP0>Mayhew <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>stockbroker<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>trial <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Ward<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>faced <w NN2>charges <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Theft <w NN1>Act <w CRD>1968<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NP0>Guinness <w NN1>trial <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37662<c PUN>; <w CRD>38200<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1750"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>conspiracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>defraud <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>takeover <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Blue <w NN1>Arrow <w NN1>employment <w CJC>and <w NN1>recruitment <w NN1>agency <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AV0>considerably <w AJC>larger <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN1>Manpower<c PUN>.
<s n="1751"><w AT0>The <w NN1>takeover <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN0>&pound;837,000,000 <w AJ0>Blue <w NN1>Arrow <w NN2>rights <w VVB>offer <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1987 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBN>been <w AV0>only <w AV0>partially <w AJ0>successful<c PUN>.
<s n="1752"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>deceive <w AT0>the <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>advisers <w VHD>had <w VVN>undertaken <w AT0>a <w NN1>scheme <w AV0>artificially <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Blue <w NN1>Arrow <w NN2>shares<c PUN>.
<s n="1753"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scheme<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>warehousing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>operation <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w NN1>light <w VHD>had <w PNP>it <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>global <w NN1>equity <w NN1>market <w NN1>crash <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35740-42<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w AJ0>irregular <w NN2>holdings <w AV0>virtually <w AJ0>unsaleable<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w NN2>Charges <w PRP>against <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>defendants <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>formally <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w NN2>verdicts <w PRF>of <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w VBD>were <w VVN>returned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>direction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w PRP>in respect of <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w AJ0>corporate <w NN2>defendants<c PUN>.
<s n="1755"><w AV0>Finally<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>individuals <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>four <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PNP>they <w VVD>received <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>case <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA047></p>
<caption id=HLGCA047>
<s n="1756"><w NP0>BCCI <w NN1>settlement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1757"><w AT0>A <w NN1>settlement <w VBD>was <w VVN>initialled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w NN2>shareholders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NN1>Credit <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NP0>BCCI <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38355<c PUN>; <w CRD>38545<c PUN>; <w CRD>38737<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN2>liquidators<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1758"><w PRP>Under <w DT0>this <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luxembourg <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cayman <w NP0>Islands <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>creditors <w VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w NN2>shareholders <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ruler <w CJC>and <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Dhabi <c PUN>&mdash; <w VM0>would <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;1,700 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AJ0>adjustable <w AVP>up <w CJC>or <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>possible <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN2>creditors <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVB>assume <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>liabilities <w PRF>of <w NP0>BCCI <w NN2-VVZ>branches <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUN>.
<s n="1759"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w NN2>shareholders <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>regulators <w PRP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA048></p>
<caption id=HLGCA048>
<s n="1760"><w NN1>Compensation <w PRP>for <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>infection <w PRP>from <w NN1>blood <w NN2>transfusions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1761"><w NP0>William <w NP0>Waldegrave<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>argument <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>scheme <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>no-fault<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>accidents<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;12,000,000<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>70-80 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>infected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>virus <w NP0>HIV <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Service <w NN1>blood <w NN2>transfusions <w CJC>or <w NN1>tissue <w NN2-VVZ>transfers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
<s n="1762"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w VVI>receive <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>basis <w CJS>as <w AV0>already <w VVD-VVN>existed <w PRP>for <w NN2>haemophiliacs <w AV0>thus <w VVN>infected <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>scheme <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>extended <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1763"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>HIV-infected <w NN1>blood <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38544<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1764"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1765"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1766"><w NN1-NP0>Steel <w NN1>industry <w NN1>wage <w NN1>settlement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1767"><w AT0>A <w NN1>steel <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w VVD>recorded <w CRD>87 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>strike <w NN1>action <w PRP>in support of <w NN1>wage <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>offer <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>wage <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>6.35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w AV0>thus <w VVN>averted<c PUN>.
<s n="1768"><w NN2>Employers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank <w DT0>all <w VVD-VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>settlement <w VM0>could <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>steel <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVN>imitated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w AJC>higher <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1769"><w NN1>Unemployment <w NN0>statistics <w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRP>out of <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,340,000<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>to <w CRD>11.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>partly <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>short-time <w NN1>working <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>.
<s n="1770"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>West <w NP0>Germany <w NN1>unemployment <w VVD>rose <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,870,000 <w CJC>or <w CRD>6.3 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>5.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1771"><w AT0>A <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w NN2>employees<w POS>' <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>strike <w NN1>action <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>claims <w PRP>for <w NN1>salary <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>in excess of <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w VVN>countered <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-off <w NN1>lump <w NN1>sum <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM300 <c PUL>(<w AV0>nearly <w UNC>US&dollar;200<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1772"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>short <w CJC>and <w AJ0>localized <w NN1>warning <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>by <w NN1>bank <w NN2>employees <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>during <w NP0>February<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA049></p>
<caption id=HLGCA049>
<s n="1773"><w NN1-VVB>Tax <w NN2-VVZ>increases
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1774"><w PRP>Despite <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesrat <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>by <w CRD>35 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>33<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w NN1>L&auml;nder <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD <w VVD>participated <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Brandenburg <w CJC>and <w NP0>Berlin <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w VVN>persuaded <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1775"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>from <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVG>compensating <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>one-year <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w NN1>surcharge <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38109<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1776"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>revenue <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>job-creation <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="1777"><w TO0>To <w VVI>obtain <w DT0>this <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bundesrat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>made <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>L&auml;nder <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Land <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN2>funds<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04A>
<s n="1778"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thuringia <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJC>Further <w NN2>investigations <w PRF>of <w NP0>Stasi <w NN2>connections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1779"><w VVB>Josef <w NP0>Duchac <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Thuringia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VVG>following <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>discontent <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime <w PRP>prior to <w NN1>unification<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w NP0>Bernhard <w NP0>Vogel<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rhineland-Palatinate <w CJC>and <w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Hans-Jochen <w NP0>Vogel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1781"><w PRP>After <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Free <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vogel <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVG>securing <w CRD>50 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>as against <w CRD>27 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Gerd <w NP0>Schuchardt<c PUN>.
<s n="1782"><w NP0>Vogel <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>priorities <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w DT0>more <w NN1>investment <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Thuringia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1783"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brandenburg <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN2-VVZ>links <w PRP>between <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>President <w NP0>Manfred <w NP0>Stolpe <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stasi <c PUL>(<w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN2>police<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>Stolpe <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>to <w VHG>having <w VHN>had <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0>clandestine <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stasi <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-unification <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1784"><w NP0-NN1>Stolpe <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w NN2>contacts <w VHD>had <w VVN>harmed <w PNI>anyone<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>undertaken <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w DT0>those <w PNP>he <w VVD>represented <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Evangelical <w NN1>church <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>GDR<c PUN>.
<s n="1785"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>politicians <w VVD-VVN>made <w AJ0>public <w NN2>statements <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0-NN1>Stolpe<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>von <w NP0>Weizs&auml;cker<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1786"><w NP0>Gerhard <w NP0>Riege<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Socialism <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>committed <w NN1>suicide <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>a <w NN1>note <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>face <w NN0>media <w NN1>publicity <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w AJ0>alleged <w NP0>Stasi <w NN2>connections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>GDR<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04B>
<s n="1787"><w NN2>Sentences <w PRP>over <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>local <w NN1>election <w NN2>frauds
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1788"><w NP0>Wolfgang <w NP0>Berghofer<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dresden<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>suspended <w AJ0>one-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>fined <w UNC>DM36,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;23,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36665<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w NP0>Werner <w NP0>Moke<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dresden <w NN1>city <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>(<w NP0>SED<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>fined <w UNC>DM3,600 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;2,300<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1790"><w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Modrow<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dresden <w AJ0>regional <w NP0>SED <w NN1>organization <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>case <w PRP>pending <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1791"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>presiding <w NN1>judge <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJC>higher <w NN2>organs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SED<c PUN>, <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w AV0>clearly <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>falsify <w NN1>election <w NN2-VVZ>returns<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04C>
<s n="1792"><w NN1>Security <w NN2-VVZ>issues<c PUN>: <w NN1>espionage<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Faction <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN1-VVB>guard <w NN2>trials
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1793"><w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Kuron<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>employee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w AJ0>German <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>service <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>D&uuml;sseldorf <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>treason <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>fined <w UNC>DM692,000 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>sum <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>paid <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>government<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>passing <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>information <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>through <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w AJ0>German <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NP0>West <w AJ0>German <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN2>agents <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1794"><w NP0>Monika <w NP0>Helbing<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Faction<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>for <w DPS>her <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>kidnap <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>murder <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hans-Martin <w NP0>Schleyer<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w AJ0>German <w NN1>industrialist <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>28918<c PUN>; <w CRD>28920<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DPS>her <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bank <w NN1>robbery <w PRP>in <w NP0>N&uuml;rnberg <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1795"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w DT0>former <w NN1>GDR <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uwe <w NP0>Hapke <w CJC>and <w NP0>Udo <w NP0>Walter<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w CRD>21 <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>for <w VVG>shooting <w AJ0>dead <w AT0>a <w NN1>refugee<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Schmidt<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w PRP>to <w NP0>West <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1984<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04D>
<s n="1796"><w NP0>Honecker<w POS>'s <w NN1>hospital <w NN2-VVZ>tests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1797"><w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Honecker<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>leader <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>refuge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>sought <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>to <w NN2>relatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chile <w PRP>on <w AJ0>compassionate <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>condition <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>health <w VBD>was <w DT0>such <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VVI>live <w AV0>much <w AV0>longer<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>undergo <w NN2>tests <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>official <w NN2>statements <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w VVD>rejected <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w NN1>cancer <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>infirmities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1>operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned<c PUN>.
<s n="1799"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Honecker <w VM0>should <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>face <w NN2>charges <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38687-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04E>
<s n="1800"><w NN1>Asylum <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1801"><w AJ0>Neo-Nazi <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>hostels <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>applicants <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="1802"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8-9 <w AV0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>two <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>arson <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>15 <w NN0>people <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>eight <w NN2>children<c PUR>) <w VVD>died<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February <w AV0>over <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>applicants <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w VVD>entered <w NP0>Germany <w DT0>each <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AV0>about <w CRD>20,000 <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>total <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>256,112 <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>applicants<c PUN>, <w AV0>chiefly <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w CRD>193,063<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>221,995 <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans<c PUN>.
<s n="1805"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CDU <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>addition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <c PUL>(<w NN1>constitution<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w NN2>applicants <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w VVG>entering <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>persecution<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w DT0>This <w NN1>proposal <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>FDP<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1807"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1808"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1809"><w VVB-NN1>Habash <w NN1>affair
</head>
<p>
<s n="1810"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>outcry <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN2>ministries <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>George <w NP0>Habash<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>.
<s n="1811"><w AT0>The <w NN1>affair <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>embarrassment <w PRP>for <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>survived <w PRP>by <w CRD>28 <w NN2>votes <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w NN1>censure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1812"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Habash <w NN1>affair <w VVD>assumed <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>political <w NN1>significance <w AV0>largely <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Socialist <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>performance<c PUN>.
<s n="1813"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>high <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>levels <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w AJ0>social <w NN1>tension<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Edith <w NP0>Cresson<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w VHD>had <w AV0>unprecedentedly <w AJ0>low <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>ratings<c PUN>.
<s n="1814"><w AT0>The <w NN1>affair <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>seized <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>highlight <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>incompetence <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1815"><w VVB-NN1>Habash<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>suffered <w AT0>a <w NN1>stroke<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>bombings <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34308<c PUN>; <w CRD>35079<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1816"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN2>ministries <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w CJC>or <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w AVP-PRP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>granting <w PNP>him <w NN1>entry<c PUN>.
<s n="1817"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgina <w NP0>Dufoix<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mitterrand<w POS>'s <w AJS>closest <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>resigned<c PUN>.
<s n="1818"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>calls <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>spectrum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Marchand<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1819"><w NN1-NP0>Habash <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w AV0>briefly <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>hospital <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>investigating <w NN1>magistrate <w PRP>about <w AT0>an <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w AJ0>explosive <w NN1>cache <w VVN-VVD>found <w PRP>near <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w CJC>and <w PRP>about <w DT0>several <w NN2>bombings <w CJC>and <w NN2>hijackings<c PUN>.
<s n="1820"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w AJ0>government-appointed <w NN2>doctors <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>ill <w TO0>to <w VVI>answer <w NN2>questions<c PUN>.
<s n="1821"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w PRP>for <w NP0>Damascus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>.
<s n="1822"><c PUL>(<w PNP>He <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>declared <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w NN1-VVB>interview <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AJ0>good <w NN1>health<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1823"><w PRP>With <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VVG-NN1>mounting<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w VVN-VVD>called <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1824"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PNP>he <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>officials <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w VVB-NN1>Habash <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>error <w PRF>of <w NN1>judgement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG>treating <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>routine<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1825"><w PNP>He <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AV0>neither <w PNP>he <w CJC>nor <w NP0>Dumas<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oman <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>informed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w NN1>entry<c PUN>.
<s n="1826"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Habash <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w CJS>because <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w VVG>holding <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="1827"><c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>national <w CJC>or <w AJ0>international <w NN1>arrest <w NN2-VVZ>warrants<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>extradition <w NN2>requests<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1828"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>censure <w NN1>motion <w NN1>debate <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w NN1>centre <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>their <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PRP>out of <w NN1>touch <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>their <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1829"><w PRP>In <w NN1>reply <w NP0-NN1>Cresson <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>for <w VBG>being<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>demolishers<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>damaging <w NP0>France <w PRP>rather than<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>builders<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1830"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w VVD>fell <w CRD>28 <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w VVG>gaining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>577-seat <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>votes <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>needed <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>success<c PUN>, <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>session<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>manoeuvre<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04F>
<s n="1832"><w NN1-AJ0>Near-victory <w PRP>for <w NP0>FN <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nice <w NN1>by-election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1833"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>far-right <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FN<c PUR>) <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nice <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1834"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FN <w NN1>candidate <w VVN-VVD>led <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRP>by <w CRD>50.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>49.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>centre-right <w NN1>candidate <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mainstream <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1835"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1836"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1837"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>unrest
</head>
<p>
<s n="1838"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>crisis <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>head <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>areas <w CJS>as <w NP0>Spain <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>restructure <w DPS>its <w AJ0>loss-making <w NN1>steel<c PUN>, <w NN1>coal<c PUN>, <w NN1>shipbuilding <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sectors <w CJC>and <w VVB>withdraw <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>35,000 <w NN2>jobs <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lost <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mining <w CJC>and <w AJ0>metallurgical <w NN2>industries <w AV0-AJ0>alone <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w NN1>electronics <w CJC>and <w NN2>telecommunications<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w DT0>few <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1840"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Asturias <w VVB-NN1>strike <w NN1>action <w VVD>began <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>mines <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>company <w NP0-NN1>Hunosa <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>employer <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>65,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>ptas <c PUN>&mdash; <w UNC>US&dollar;674 <w CRD>million <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>restructuring <w NN1-VVB>plan <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>6,000 <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>saving <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>15,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>ptas<c PUN>.
<s n="1841"><w VVB-NN1>Protest <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w NN2>miners <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-day <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Barredo <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mieres <w NN1>mine <w PRP>over <w NN1>Christmas <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asturian <w NN1>mining <w NN1>industry <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2-3<c PUN>.
<s n="1842"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>plan <w VBD>was <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Hunosa <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>early <w NN1>retirement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>full <w NN1>pay <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>68 <w CJC>or <w PRP>by <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>job <w NN1>shrinkage<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w CRD>300,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>ptas <w NN1>investment <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w NN2>Asturias <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,800 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRP>with <w AJ0>special <w NN1>regard <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>mining <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="1844"><w AJ0-VVN>Blocked <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVG>opening <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>extending <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1845"><w AT0>The <w CRD>22,000 <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asturian <w NN1>state <w NN1>steel <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w AJ0>auxiliary <w NN2>industries <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w VVD-VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UGT <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Uni&ograve;n <w NP0>General <w NP0>de <w NP0>Trabajadores<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCOO <c PUL>(<w NP0>Confederaci&oacute;n <w NP0>Sindical <w NP0>de <w NP0>Comisiones <w NP0>Obreras<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1846"><w AV0>About <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cartagena <c PUL>(<w NP0>Murcia<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire <w PRP>during <w CRD>five <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>between <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="1847"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrators <w VBD>were <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mining<c PUN>, <w NN1>steel<c PUN>, <w NN1>shipbuilding <w CJC>and <w NN1>fertilizer <w NN2>industries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>expressing <w NN2>fears <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cartagana<w POS>'s <w AJ0>active <w NN1>workforce <w PRF>of <w CRD>60,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1848"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>regions <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Civil <w NN2>Guards <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN2>miners <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>hurt <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>miners <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Le&oacute;n<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>a <w NN1>policeman <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>workers <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>shoe <w NN1>factory <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w NP0>Valencia <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04G>
<s n="1849"><w NN1>Violence <w CJC>and <w NN2>arrests <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>region
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1850"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>remote <w NN1>control <w NN1>bomb <w VVN>placed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Euskadi <w ITJ>ta <w NP0>Askatasuna <c PUL>(<w NN1>ETA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>Homeland <w CJC>and <w NN1>Liberty<c PUR>) <w VVD>exploded <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>bus <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>four <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>passenger <w CJC>and <w VVG>injuring <w CRD>seven <w NN2>passers-by<c PUN>.
<s n="1851"><w DT0>This <w VVD-VVN>followed <w AV0>about <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>ETA-linked <w NN2>arrests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>region <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w NN1>ETA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>violence <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w CJS>as long as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>continues <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>denied <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1852"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w NN1>ETA<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>itinerant <w NN2>commandos<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w CRD>three <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>policeman <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>government <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Barcelona<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bilbao <w CJC>and <w NP0>Valencia<c PUN>.
<s n="1853"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Basques <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w NP0>Bilbao <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>demanding <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04H>
<s n="1854"><w NN1>Dissension <w PRP>within <w NN1>ETA <w PRP>over <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1855"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>document <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w VVD>discovered <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>raid <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NN1>ETA <w VVD>rejected <w NN2>arguments <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle <w VBD>was <w VVN>lost<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>senseless <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>damaging <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>nationalist <w VVD-VVN>left<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>ETA <w VM0>must <w VVI>face <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat<c PUN>.
<s n="1856"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>response <w NN1>ETA <w VVD>reiterated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>attrition <w PRP>against <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>enemy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04J>
<s n="1857"><w NN1>Indication <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w PRF>of <w AJ0>probable <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1858"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Felipe <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w NP0>M&aacute;rquez <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w NN1>newspaper <w NN1-NP0>P&uacute;blico <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VHI>have <w VVN>relinquished <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w ORD>next <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1859"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1860"><w NP0>SWITZERLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1861"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w VVG-NN1>testing <w PRP>on <w NN2>animals
</head>
<p>
<s n="1862"><w NN2>Voters <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>turned <w AVP>down <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>initiative <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AJ0>drastic <w NN2>limits <w PRP>on <w NN2>experiments <w PRP>on <w NN2>animals<c PUN>.
<s n="1863"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w CRD>1,115,963 <w PRP>to <w CRD>865,978<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>only <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>26 <w NN2>cantons <w CJC>and <w NN2>half-cantons <c PUL>(<w NP0>Z&uuml;rich<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bern<c PUN>, <w NP0>Appenzell <w NP0>Innerrhoden<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Grisons<c PUR>) <w VVD>returned <w NN2>majorities <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1864"><w NN1-NP0>Interpharma<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AJ0>pharmaceutical <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>commitment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bio-medical <w NN1>research<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1865"><w NN1>Animal <w NN2>rights <w NN2>campaigners<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>architects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1866"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1867"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1868"><w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament
</head>
<p>
<s n="1869"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Francesco <w NP0>Cossiga <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0>necessary <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35586-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1870"><w PRP>During <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Giulio <w NP0>Andreotti<w POS>'s <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38157<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>conscious <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>approaching <w NN1>election <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>progressively <w VVN>lost <w NN1>cohesion<c PUN>.
<s n="1871"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>related <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38690<c PUN>; <w CRD>38739<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1872"><w AJ0>Major <w NN1>health <w NN1>service <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>completed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>other <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>hurried <w AVP>through<c PUN>.
<s n="1873"><w NN1-NP0>Cossiga<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>by <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>sign <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AV0>hurriedly <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>objecting <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w AJ0>conscienscious <w NN1>objection <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconcile <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>individual <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>duty <w PRF>of <w NN2>citizens <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w DPS>their <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1874"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>impending <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37785-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>consequent <w NN1>foundation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Refoundation <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRC<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38689<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>autonomy <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38021<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>scored <w AJ0>important <w NN2>successes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1875"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>since <w CRD>1948<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>experienced <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>dissent<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w NP0>La <w NP0>Rete <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>Network<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>political <w NN1>force <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38481-82<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1876"><w NP0-NN1>Cossiga<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1948 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>parliamentary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AV0>so <w AV0>closely <w AV0>together<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04K>
<s n="1877"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1-VVB>smear <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Togliatti
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1878"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>weekly <w NN1>news <w NN1>magazine <w NN1>Panorama <w VVD-VVN>published <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w DTQ>what <w VVD>purported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVN>written <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1943 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Palmiro <w NP0>Togliatti<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>intercede <w PRP>with <w NP0>Stalin <w PRP>on behalf of <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="1879"><w NP0>Togliatti<w POS>'s <w AJ0>apparent <w AJ0-NN1>cold <w NN1>indifference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fate <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN2>countrymen <w VVD>shocked <w DT0>many <w CJC>and <w VVD>seemed <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>damage <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>successors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PCI<c PUN>.
<s n="1880"><w AV0>Subsequently<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>correspondent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>daily <w NP0>La <w NP0>Stampa <w VVD>examined <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>original <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>letter<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <w NN2>archives<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>misquoted <w PRP>in <w CRD>12 <w NN2>places<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1881"><w AT0>The <w NN1>controversy <w VVD>aroused <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>emotions <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>27,000 <w NN2>Italians <w VVN>sent <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mussolini <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>perished <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>cold<c PUN>, <w NN1>disease <w CJC>and <w NN1>starvation <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken <w NN1>prisoner<c PUN>.
<s n="1882"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>letter <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NN1>Panorama<c PUN>, <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w AJ0>socialist <w NN0>media <w NN1>baron <w NP0>Silvio <w NP0>Berlusconi<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Togliatti<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>spent <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>prisoners <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN0>people <w PRP>against <w NN1>fascism<c PUN>.
<s n="1883"><w AT0>The <w NN1>text <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w NP0>La <w NP0>Stampa<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>couched <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AJ0>inhumane <w NN2>terms<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04L>
<s n="1884"><w NN1>Retrial <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bologna <w NN1>station <w NN1>bombing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1885"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bologna <w NN1-VVB>appeal <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37624<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>quashed <w AT0>the <w NN2>convictions <w PRF>of <w CRD>13 <w NN2>individuals <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1980 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bologna <w NN1>railway <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>85 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>30522<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1886"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN2>individuals <w VVN>acquitted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bologna <w NN1-VVB>appeal <w NN1>court <w CRD>four <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w PRP>to <w AJ0>lesser <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="1887"><w AT0>The <w CRD>13 <w VBD>were <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1888"><w NP0>MALTA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1889"><w AJ0>Maltese <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="1890"><w AJ0>Maltese <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="1891"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1892"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1893"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NP <w VVD>gained <w CRD>51.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>34 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>Malta <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MLP<c PUR>) <w VVD>gained <w CRD>46.5 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>31 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1894"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NP <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w AV0>slightly <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35214<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1895"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>key <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NP0>Malta<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w DPS>its <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1896"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Nationalist <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Fenech <w NP0>Adami<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>filed <w AT0>an <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37625<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>entry <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>earliest <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="1897"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Karmenu <c PUL>(<w NP0>Carmelo<c PUR>) <w NP0>Mifsud <w NP0-NN1>Bonnici<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w AV0>instead <w VVN-VVD>favoured <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>association <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1898"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w VVG>liberalizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continuous <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>mismanaged <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>finances <w PRP>by <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>debt <w TO0>to <w VVI>double<c PUN>.
<s n="1899"><w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alternative <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>breakaway <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>MLP<c PUN>, <w VVD>stressed <w AJ0>environmental <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1900"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>, <w AV0>traditionally <w AJ0>high <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Maltese <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w CRD>96 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1901"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w AT0>an <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intimidation <w CJC>and <w NN1>violence <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>feature <w PRF>of <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>closely <w VVN>fought<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1902"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NP0>Mifsud <w NP0>Bonnici <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="1903"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>succeeding <w NP0>Dom <w NP0>Mintoff <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33794<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w AV0>then <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04M>
<s n="1904"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1905"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w VVD-VVN>consisted <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>secretaries<c PUN>.
<s n="1906"><w DT0>All <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>retained <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w VVN>renamed<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Guido <w NP0>De <w NP0>Marco<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NP0>Joe <w NP0>Fenech<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1907"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>portfolios <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN2>Arts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>raised <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1908"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1909"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1910"><w NN1>Avalanche <w NN2>deaths
</head>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1,174 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>avalanches <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>mountains <w PRF>of <w NN1>south-east <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="1912"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>villages <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gormec<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sirnak<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Tunekpinar<c PUN>.
<s n="1913"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>100 <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w VBD>were <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>gendarmes <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1914"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>104 <w NN2>bodies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found<c PUN>.
<s n="1915"><w NP0>US <w NN2>helicopters <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Pirinclik <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Diyarbakir <w VVD>assisted <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>taking <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>team <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gormec<c PUN>.
<s n="1916"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w CRD>four <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Seslice <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w DT0>another <w NN1>avalanche<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04N>
<s n="1917"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w NN1>prosecutor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1918"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN1>prosecutor <w NP0-NN1>Yasar <w NP0-NN1>Gunaydin<c PUN>, <w CRD>58<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w PRP>outside <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w CJC>and <w VVD>died <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>.
<s n="1919"><w DPS>His <w NN1>driver <w CJC>and <w NN1>guard <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1920"><w NN2>Newspapers <w VVD-VVN>received <w NN1>phone <w NN2>calls <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NP0>Dev-Sol <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>killing <w AT0>a <w NN1>policeman <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Adana <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1921"><w AT0>An <w NN1>organization <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Party <w NN1>Front <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>.
<s n="1922"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bursa <w VBD>was <w AV0>badly <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>by <w NN2>gunmen<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>driver <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>policeman <w VVD-VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1923"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul<w POS>'s <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>commerce <w NN1>building <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>killed <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w CJC>and <w VVD>injured <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1924"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>movement <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>.
<s n="1925"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PKK <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w DTQ>which <w VVD>caused <w CRD>one <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provocative <w NN1>act <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>counter-guerrilla<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1926"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>motivated <w NN2>killings <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>desk <w PRF>of <w NP0>Halit <w NP0-NN1>Gurgen<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reporter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>far-left <w NP0-NN1>Ikibin-e <w NP0-NN1>Dogru <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Diyarbakir <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1927"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>journalist<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Batman-based <w NN1>correspondent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yeni <w NP0-NN1>Ulke <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1928"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1929"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1930"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="1931"><w AT0>The <w CRD>12 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maastricht<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38657-59<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1932"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>related <w NN2>documents<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>protocols <w CJC>and <w NN2>declarations<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1933"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>parliaments <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>EP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1934"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Netherlands <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruud <w NP0>Lubbers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>now <w VVN>passed <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>return<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1935"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Portuguese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>An&iacute;bal <w NP0>Cavaco <w NP0>Silva<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wise <w NN1>balance <w PRP>between <w NN1>ambition <w CJC>and <w NN1>prudence<c PUN>, <w NN1>idealism <w CJC>and <w NN1>pragmatism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04P>
<s n="1936"><w AJ0>Five-year <w NN1>budget <w NN2>proposals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1937"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>budget <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided<c PUN>, <w AV0>controversially<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NP0>EC <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>from <w UNC>ECU66,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;86,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w UNC>ECU88,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>one-third<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1938"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>funds <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w AJC>poorer <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <w CJS>as <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maastricht <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38658<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1939"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NN1>industry <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>its <w NN1>competitiveness<c PUN>.
<s n="1940"><w VVB-NN1>Support <w PRP>for <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>rise <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>decline <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="1941"><w PRP>In <w VVG>presenting <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-Maastricht <w NN1>era <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>EC <w VM0>must <w VVI>find <w AJ0>new <w NN1>money <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>profile <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>scene<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1942"><w PNP>He <w VVD>added<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>Without <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w NP0>Europe <w VM0>might <w VVI>revert <w PRP>to <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w NN1>continent <w PRF>of <w NN1>fear <w CJC>and <w NN1>apprehension<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLGCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04R>
<s n="1943"><w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <w NN2-VVZ>doubts <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>plans
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1944"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>currency <w VVN-VVD>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1945"><w VVG>Urging <w AJ0>national <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AV0>further <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>concomitant <w PRP>to <w AJ0>successful <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>fulfilment <w PRF>of <w NN1>entry <w NN2>criteria <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>convergence <w PRP>between <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>time <w NN1>frame <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1946"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>these <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>union <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>broadly <w PRP>in <w NN1>line<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN2>recommendations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04S>
<s n="1947"><w NP0>Schengen <w NN1>ratification <w NN2>problems
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1948"><w AT0>The <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>end <w NN1>border <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>among <w DT0>most <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Schengen <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37535<c PUN>; <w CRD>37870<c PUN>; <w CRD>38297<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>thrown <w PRP>into <w NN1>doubt <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>amid <w NP0>Netherlands <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>elements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1949"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Tweede <w NP0>Kamer<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w TO0>to <w VVI>instruct <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reopen <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="1950"><w PRP>Among <w DPS>its <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>body <w TO0>to <w VVI>adjudicate <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>on <w NN1>immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN0>data <w NN1>protection <w PRP>with regard to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>database <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>compiled <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1951"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Germany <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <c PUL>(<w NN1>constitution<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04T>
<s n="1952"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1953"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VVD>signed <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1954"><w AT0>The <w NN2>accords<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>towards <w AJC>closer <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w TO0>to <w VVI>import <w NN2>quotas <w PRP>on <w DT0>some <w NN2>products <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04U>
<s n="1955"><w NP0-NN1>EP <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NN1>tobacco <w NN1>advertising
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1956"><w AT0>The <w NN1>EP <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>voted<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>150 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>123<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>EC-wide <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>tobacco <w NN1>advertising <w PRP>in <w NN2>magazines<c PUN>, <w NN2>newspapers <w CJC>and <w NN2>posters<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>sponsorship <w PRF>of <w NN1>sporting <w NN2>events <w PRP>by <w NN1>tobacco <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>parallel<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>advertising <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>other <w NN2>goods <w VBD>were <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>tobacco <w NN1>brand <w NN1>name<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1957"><w NN1>Advertising <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>inside <w NN2>establishments <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sold <w NN1>tobacco <w NN2>products<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1958"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>legally <w AJ0-VVG>binding<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>qualified <w NN1>majority <w NN1>voting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1959"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>controversial<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>tobacco <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="1961"><w AT0>A <w NN1>television <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>tobacco <w NN1>advertising <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1962"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1963"><w NP0>EFTA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1964"><w NN1>Revision <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC
</head>
<p>
<s n="1965"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-member <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>12-member <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>accord <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>EEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1966"><w AT0>The <w NN1>initialling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38541-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>objections <w VVN>raised <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38691<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECJ<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1967"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>ECJ<c PUN>, <w VVG>defending <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>interpret <w NP0>EC <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NP0>EEA <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>body <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>.
<s n="1968"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>accord <w VVD>dropped <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
<s n="1969"><w PRP>Under <w AJ0>new <w NN2>disputes <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>, <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NN1>competition <w NN2>cases <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>handled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ECJ <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>involved <w NN2>companies <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w NP0>EFTA <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>EFTA <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>concerned <w AV0-AJ0>only <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>companies<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EEA <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NP0>EEA <w AJ0>political <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>either <w NN1>party <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>binding <w NN1>arbitration <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ECJ <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>sole <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>interpretation <w PRF>of <w NP0>EEA <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>courts <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>best <w NN2-VVZ>endeavours<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w DT0>such <w NN2>rulings<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><w CJS>Where <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AJ0>different <w NN2>rules <w VM0>could <w VVI>apply <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w NP0>EFTA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1971"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w VHD>had <w VVN>identified <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>shift <w PRP>in <w NP0>EC <w NN1>mood<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>ascribed <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>realization <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EEA <w VM0>may <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w AJ0>short-lived<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>most <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>countries <w VHB>have <w VVN>applied <w CJC>or <w VBB>are <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1972"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN1>Parliament <w AV0>again <w VVN>requested <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ECJ <w VBB>be <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1973"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AJ0>positive<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1974"><w PRP>After <w DT0>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>required <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>19 <w NP0>EEA <w NN2>parliaments <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1975"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1976"><w NP0>BALTIC <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1977"><w NN1>Troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1978"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w NP0>31-Feb. <w CRD>2 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Council <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38733<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1979"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>delegation <w VBD>was <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic<c PUN>.
<s n="1980"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Latvia <w VVD>concluded <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w CJT>that <w NN2>troops <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Lithuania <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w NP0>Latvia <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="1981"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Estonians<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<w POS>' <w NN1>departure<c PUN>.
<s n="1982"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>side <w VVD>attributed <w DT0>this <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Estonia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38733<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>delegation <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Lennart <w NP0-NN1>Meri <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals <w PRP>from <w NP0>Estonia <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w AV0>already <w VVN>begun <w CJS>when <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1983"><w AT0>No <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals <w VBD>was <w VVN>given<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>difference <w PRP>between <w DT0>these <w AJS>latest <w NN2>agreements <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="1984"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Latvia <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>leaving<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>another <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>schedule <w PRP>for <w NN1>departure <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w NN1>regard <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>welfare <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
<s n="1985"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>side <w VVD>recognized <w NP0>Latvia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w NN2>buildings <w VVN-VVD>erected <w PRP>before <w NP0>June <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1940<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>discuss <w VVG>handing <w AVP>over <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>.
<s n="1986"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="1987"><w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>begin <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>discuss <w VVG>transferring <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1988"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1989"><w AJ0>BLACK <w NN1>SEA <w NN2>COUNTRIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1990"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1991"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w NN2>states <w VVG>bordering <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w VVD>initialled <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Project<c PUN>.
<s n="1992"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>trading <w NN1>zone <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VBN>been <w VVN>mooted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>convening <w DT0>this <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="1993"><w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states <w VVG>joining <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>founder <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>specifically <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>currently <w VHD>had <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1994"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1995"><w AJ0>CARPATHIA-TISZA <w NN1>COMMUNITY
</head>
<p>
<s n="1996"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovakia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w NP0>Carpathia-Tisza <w AJ0>Economic <w AJ0>Working <w NN1>Community <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nyiregyhaza <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alpen-Adria <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38508<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>document <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1997"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1998"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN1>INITIATIVE
</head>
<p>
<s n="1999"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Hexagonale <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>grouping <c PUL>(<w VVG>comprising <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38508<c PUR>) <w VVD>decided <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <w TO0>to <w VVI>rename <w PNX>itself <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Initiative <w PRP>with <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect<c PUN>; <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJC>but <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2000"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2001"><w NP0>CYPRUS
</head>
<p>
<s n="2002"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Greek <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w NP0>Konstantinos <w NP0>Mitsotakis <w CJC>and <w NP0>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<c PUN>, <w AV0>jointly <w VVN-VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-point <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Davos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38795<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments <w VBD>were <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w AV0>together <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cyprus <w NN1-VVB>issue <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2003"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2004"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<p>
<s n="2005"><w NP0>Athanassios <w NP0>Kanellopoulos<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Greece<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>after <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2006"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2007"><w NP0>PORTUGAL
</head>
<p>
<s n="2008"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Sampaio<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Gut&eacute;rres<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2009"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2010"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2011"><w NP0>Washington <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="2012"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Jordanian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>delegations <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38740 <w PRP>for <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>bilaterals <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w CJC>and <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>multilaterals <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2013"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w DT0>little <w NN1>progress <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2014"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Arabs <w VBD>was <w AJ0>tense <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation<c PUN>.
<s n="2015"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>derailed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0-NN1>Musawi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38750<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2016"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>boycott <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0-NN1>Hourani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jamal <w NP0>Shobaki<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>under <w AJ0>six-month <w NN1>detention <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unspecified<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>actions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2017"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VBD>was <w VVN>shaken <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w AJ0>unequivocal <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>coinciding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>provide <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>loan <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w CJS>unless <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building <w VBD>was <w VVN>halted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2018"><w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w NN1>satisfaction <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>representatives <w PNQ>who <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>settlements <w NN1-VVB>issue <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN1>obstruction <w TO0>to <w VVI>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="2019"><w PRP>From <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>strategy <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed <w AV0>largely <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>halting <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2020"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVN>bolstered <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN2>settlements <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2021"><w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>spokeswoman <w NP0-NN1>Hanan <w NP0-NN1>Ashrawi <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>delegation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w NN1>self-rule <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>only <w CJS>after <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>satisfied <w PRP>on <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w AJ0>key <w NN2>points<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2022"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Meridor <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>guarantees <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>interfered <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>negotiators <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>advantage<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2023"><w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levi<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>peace <w VM0>can <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2024"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Palestinians <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>ridiculed <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Palestininan <w NN1>self-rule<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>negotiator <w NP0-NN1>Elyakin <w NP0-NN1>Rubinstein<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2025"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>10-page <w NN1>document <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>contained <w AT0>no <w NN1>offer <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>redeployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
<s n="2026"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VVD>fell <w AV0>far <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Palestinian<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w NN1>autonomy<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>Camp <w NP0>David <w NN2>agreements <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1978 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>29654-69<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2027"><w PNP>They <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="2028"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w VDD>did <w VVI>propose <w CJT>that <w NN2>Palestinians <w VM0>should <w VVI>control <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>justice<c PUN>, <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>taxation<c PUN>, <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN2>offices
</p>
<p>
<s n="2029"><w NN2>Ashrawi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>were <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>perpetuate <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>settlements <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>foster <w NN1>apartheid<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w NN1>head<c PUN>, <w NP0>Haider <w NN1-AJ0>Abdel-Shafi<c PUN>, <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>position <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0>negative <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>endangered <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04V>
<s n="2031"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Jordanian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Lebanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>delegations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2032"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Jordanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>delegations <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="2033"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Salam <w NP0-NN1>Majali<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>divided <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>settlements <w VVB-NN1>issue <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>interpretation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>242<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2034"><w DT0>Little <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>made <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="2035"><w AJ0>Chief <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>delegate <w NP0-NN1>Suhayl <w NP0>Shammas <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lebanon <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VVI>address <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>security <w VVZ-NN2>concerns <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>425<c PUN>.
<s n="2036"><w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>pressed <w PRP>for <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>425 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2037"><w PRP>During <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Muwaffaq <w NP0-NN1>al-Allaf<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>raised <w AV0>immediately <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>242<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>distort <w AT0>the <w NN1>interpretation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>by <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>demand <w AT0>a <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2038"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w NN1-NP0>Allaf <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation<w POS>'s <w NN2>tactics<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>premeditated <w NN1>determination <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w DT0>any <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2039"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>achieved <w AT0>no <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2040"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2041"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2042"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>affairs <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2043"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w NN1>election <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Re-election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shamir <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2044"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2045"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>election <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>necessitated <w CJS>when <w CRD>two <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>ultra-nationalist <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tehiya <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Moledet<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Likud-led <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVG>depriving <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38740<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2046"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVG>defeating <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Sharon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN1>Construction<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2047"><w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>received <w CRD>46.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NP0>Likud<w POS>'s <w UNC>2,800-member <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><w NP0>Levi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sharon <w VVD>received <w CRD>31.2 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>22.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="2049"><w NP0>Sharon <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w NP0>Shamir <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38694<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2050"><w NP0>Levi <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>gathering <w PRF>of <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Herzliya<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04W>
<s n="2051"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rabin <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2052"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>unseated <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>long-time <w NN1-AJ0>rival <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Israel <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w NP0>Rabin <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>to <w NP0>Peres <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>28533<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2054"><w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>polled <w CRD>40.5 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peres <w CRD>34.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>108,000 <w NN1>party <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="2055"><w NP0>Yisrael <w NP0>Qeysar<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Histadrut <w AJ0>national <w NN1>labour <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ora <w NP0>Namir<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NP0>Knesset <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w CRD>5.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2056"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w NP0>Peres <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w NP0>Rabin<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDB>do <w PNI>everything <w TO0>to <w VVI>uphold <w NN1>party <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04X>
<s n="2057"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>coalition <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Weizmann
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w CRD>three <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>Mapam <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NN2>Citizens<w POS>' <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Movement <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Shinui <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NN1>Change <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>front <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2059"><w AJ0>Veteran <w NN1>politician <w NP0-NN1>Ezer <w NP0>Weizmann <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2060"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w DPS>his <w NN1-NP0>Yahad <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>merged <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34770<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLGCA04Y>
<s n="2061"><w NP0>Israel-US <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>loan <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2062"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w NP0>Zalman <w NP0>Shoval <w VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w NN1>loan <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>absorption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>.
<s n="2063"><w CJS>As <w PRP>on <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>occasions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>faltered <w AVP-PRP>over <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>intransigence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2064"><w NP0>Baker <w VVD>restated <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w NN1>formula<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Israel <w VM0>would <w VVI>freeze <w DT0>all <w AJ0>so-called <w NN1>housing <w VVZ>starts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NP0>East <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w CRD>6,000 <w NN2>units <w AV0>already <w PRP>under <w NN1>construction<c PUN>.
<s n="2065"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVG>insisting <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>for <w NN1>dollar<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>guarantees <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN1>money <w VVN-VVD>spent <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-1967 <w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Line <w PRP>for <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>construction<c PUN>.
<s n="2066"><w NP0-NN1>Shoval <w VVD>informed <w NP0-NN1>Baker <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN2>settlements <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUN>.
<s n="2067"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w NN1>construction<c PUN>.
<s n="2068"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN1>line <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>guarantees <w NN1-VVB>issue <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>signal <w PRF>of <w NN1>support<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NP0>June <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="2069"><w VVB-NN1>Labour <w AV0>fully <w VVN-VVD>supported <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w NN1-VVB>freeze<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2070"><w NP0-NN1>Baker <w AV0>formally <w VVD>outlined <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>guarantees <w VVB-NN1>issue <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38780<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>regretted <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0-CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VM0>could <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DT0>any <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>go <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w CJT>that <w NN2>Jews <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>this <w CJC>or <w DT0>that <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Greater <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2072"><w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0-NN1>Moda'i<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>indicated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w PRP>for <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>loan <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA050></p>
<caption id=HLGCA050>
<s n="2073"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2074"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w VVD-VVN>wounded <w CJS>when <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN1>encampment <w DT0>some <w CRD>50 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w AT0>The <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>escaped<c PUN>, <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sleeping <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>with <w NN2>axes<c PUN>, <w NN2>knives <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>pitchfork<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Moshe <w NP0>Arens <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fatah <w AJ0-VVD>affiliated <w AJ0>Black <w NN1>Panther <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="2077"><w PNP>He <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Black <w NN2>Panthers <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>terrorist <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>parallel <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2078"><w NP0>Israel <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>launched <w AJ0>retaliatory <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>raids <w PRP>into <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38750<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA051></p>
<caption id=HLGCA051>
<s n="2079"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2080"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w AV0>formally <w VVN>requested <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>prisoner<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mustapha <w NP0>Akawi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>on <w NN1>suspicion <w PRF>of <w VVG>acting <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2081"><w NN2>Akawi<c PUN>, <w CRD>33<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w PRP>from <w NP0>East <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>remanded <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2082"><w DPS>His <w NN1>death <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hebron <w NN1>prison <w VVD>provoked <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>accusations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tortured <w PRP>to <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="2083"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>autopsy <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>pathologist <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w CJS>whilst <w NP0-NN1>Akawi <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>beaten <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cardiac <w NN1>insufficiency<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>brought <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>heart <w NN1>condition<c PUN>.
<s n="2084"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w NN2>Police <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ronni <w NP0>Milo <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Shin Bet <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>service<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>acted <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>complaints <w CJC>and <w NN2>accusations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA052></p>
<caption id=HLGCA052>
<s n="2085"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Vanuanu <w NN1-VVB>appeal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2086"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Israel <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>technician <w NN1-AJ0>Mordechai <w NN1-NP0>Vanuanu <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w AJ0>18-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38596 <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2087"><w NN1-NP0>Vanuanu <w VBD>was <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>revealing <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>newspaper <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA053></p>
<caption id=HLGCA053>
<s n="2088"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cambodia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2089"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>diplomat <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="2090"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>diplomat <w VVG>serving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>War <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
<s n="2091"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
<s n="2092"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>diplomacy <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>ties <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38741<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2093"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2094"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2095"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>army <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>on <w VVG>firing <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>Palestinians
</head>
<p>
<s n="2096"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>army <w VVD>issued <w AJ0>new <w NN2>orders <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in response to <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>settlers<c PUN>, <w VVG>easing <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN2-VVZ>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w VBD>were <w VVN>authorized <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN1>fire<c PUN>.
<s n="2097"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>spokesman<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>orders <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>fire <w VBD>were <w VVN>clarified <w CJC>and <w VVN>broadened <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w TO0>to <w AV0>properly <w VVI>react <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>danger <w PRP>to <w NN1>life<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2098"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>give <w AJC>further <w NN2>details<c PUN>, <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NN2>soldiers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>saw <w AT0>a <w NN1>Palestinian <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>a <w NN1>firearm<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>knife <w CJC>or <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>lethal <w NN1>weapon <w VM0>might <w AV0>open <w VVI>fire <w PRP>without <w AJC>further <w NN1>warning<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>him<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2099"><w AJ0>Previous <w NN1>standing <w NN2>orders <w VHD>had <w VVN>required <w NN2>troops <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w AT0>a <w NN1>suspect <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>finally <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>legs<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrest <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspect<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2100"><w PRP>Since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>settlers <w VHD>had <w VVN>shot <w CJC>and <w VVN>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>850 <w NN2>Palestinians <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVG>throwing <w NN2>stones<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA054></p>
<caption id=HLGCA054>
<s n="2101"><w NN2>Injuries <w PRP>to <w NN2>Israelis <w PRP>in <w NN1>bomb <w NN2>attacks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2102"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>Israelis <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN2>explosions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli-occupied <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2103"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>Radio<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w CJT>that <w NN2>terrorists <w VHB>have <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>plant <w NN2>bombs <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w VVG>wounding <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w NN2>soldiers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2104"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>tomato <w NN1-VVG>packing <w NN1>plant <w PRP>at <w NP0>Kibbutz <w NP0>Netzarim<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gaza<c PUN>, <w VVG>injuring <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>woman <w VDG>doing <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
<s n="2105"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>, <w PNI>one <w AV0>critically<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJC>later <w NN1>bomb <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exploded <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>searching <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="2106"><w NN1>Responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>bombs <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamas<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA055></p>
<caption id=HLGCA055>
<s n="2107"><w NP0>Arafat<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2108"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Israel <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concentration <w VVZ-NN2>camps <w AJ0>comparable <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Nazis<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>disguised <w PRP>as <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>.
<s n="2109"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>diplomat <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>accusations<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>used<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1-VVB>tear <w NN1>gas<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBZ>is <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zurich<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2110"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>hour-long <w NN1>address<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arafat <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>welcoming <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement <w VVG>linking <w NN1>loan <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>halting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2111"><w VVG>Calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>self-determination<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>reaffirmed <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<w POS>'s <w NN1>call <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>peace <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2>Resolutions <w CRD>242 <w CJC>and <w CRD>338<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2112"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w PRP>unlike <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>podium<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA056></p>
<caption id=HLGCA056>
<s n="2113"><w NN1-VVB>Launch <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <w NP0-NN1>Ba'ath <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2114"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine<c PUN>, <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>by <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w NN1>Radio <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>birth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Ba'ath <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Region<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2115"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w NN1>conference<c PUN>&hellip; <w VBD>was <w VVN>convened <w AV0>somewhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>world <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2116"><w PNP>It <w VVD>named <w NP0>Nasif <w NP0>Awwad <w PRP>as <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2117"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>praised <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>attacked <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>described <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>American <w NN1>imperialism <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>ally<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Zionist <w NN1>entity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>regime <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>Gulf <w NN2>regimes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2118"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>opposed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>suspect <w NN2-VVZ>moves<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN2>Arabs <w VVI>surrender <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Zionist <w NN1>entity <w PRP>through <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVZ>calls <w NN1>peace<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2119"><w PNP>It <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA057></p>
<caption id=HLGCA057>
<s n="2120"><w NN1>Setback <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hamas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2121"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamas <w VVD>lost <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip <w NN2>Engineers<w POS>' <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AJ0>PLO-supported <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>won <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="2122"><w NN2>Nationalists <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVD>defeated <w NP0>Hamas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w AJ0>Medical <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA058></p>
<caption id=HLGCA058>
<s n="2123"><w NN1>Marriage <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arafat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2124"><w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>sources <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w NP0>Arafat <c PUL>(<w CRD>62<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>married <w DPS>his <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w NP0>Suha <w NP0>Tawil <c PUL>(<w CRD>28<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2125"><w NP0>Arafat <w VHD>had <w AV0>always <w VVN>maintained <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>married <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>.
<s n="2126"><w VVB-NN1>Tawil<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Greek <w AJ0>Orthodox <w AJ0-NN1>Christian<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>daughter <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>journalist <w NP0>Raymonda <w NP0>Tawil<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA059></p>
<caption id=HLGCA059>
<s n="2127"><w NN2>Deaths <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jerusalem <w NN1>caf&eacute; <w NN1>disaster
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2128"><w CRD>Twenty-three <w NN2>men <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Jerusalem <w NN1>mayor <w NP0>Teddy <w NP0>Kollek <w VVD>described <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>building <w NN1>disaster <w PRP>in <w AJ0>modern <w NP0>Jerusalem <w NN1>history<c PUQ>&quot; <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Paradise <w NN1>Garden <w NN1>caf&eacute; <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Jerusalem <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="2129"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>accident <w VVD>happened <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>indirect <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>rain <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>snow <w NN2-VVZ>storms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="2130"><w NN2>Police <w VVD-VVN>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w NN1>sabotage<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2131"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2132"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2133"><w NN1-VVB>Visit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="2134"><w PRP>On <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12-14 <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>held <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Halim <w NP0>Khaddam <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Farooq <w NP0>ash-Shar<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VVD>discussed <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2135"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>from <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w CJS>because <w NP0>Syria <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>on <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <w NN1-VVB>request <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>condemned <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>war <w NN1>criminal <w NP0>Alo&iuml;s <w NP0>Brunner <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36414<c PUN>; <w CRD>38695<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2136"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>parties <w VVD>stressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>desire <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>425<c PUN>.
<s n="2137"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dumas <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>disquiet <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>elections <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2138"><w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>announced <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w NP0>Syria <w UNC>F39,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;7,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>problems <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w NP0>France <w PRF>of <w UNC>F1,200 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w NP0>Syria <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>third-largest <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>recipient <c PUL>(<w PRP>after <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w NN1>aid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05A>
<s n="2140"><w NN1-VVB>Visit <w PRF>of <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1-VVB>head <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>safeguards
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2141"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Blix<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>ash-Shar<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Syria<w POS>'s <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN2>safeguards <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>permitting <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w TO0>to <w VVI>inspect <w DT0>all <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria
</p>
<p>
<s n="2142"><w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1969<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>installations<c PUN>.
<s n="2143"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w VVD>withheld <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2144"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>spokesperson <w NP0>David <w NP0>Kyd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>stance <w VVD>left <w NP0>Israel <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>significant <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>country <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>installations <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05B>
<s n="2145"><w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cairo <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Syrian-Egyptian <w NN1>Commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2146"><w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mahmoud <w NP0>Zubi <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7-11<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w AJ0-NN1>Syrian-Egyptian <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="2147"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak<c PUN>.
<s n="2148"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8-9<c PUN>, <w VVG>reaching <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05C>
<s n="2149"><w NP0>US <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terror<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>list
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2150"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VVN-VVD>rejected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>request <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w NN1-VVG>listing <w NN2-VVZ>states <w VVG-AJ0>sponsoring <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>.
<s n="2151"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>vote <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>aid <w CJC>or <w VVZ-NN2>credits <w PRP>from <w AJ0>international <w NN2>institutions <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>contributor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <c PUL>(<w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Libya <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2152"><w NP0>Syria <w VHD>had <w VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>list<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-led <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w VVD>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2153"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2154"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2155"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>ultimatum <w PRP>on <w NN2>weapons
</head>
<p>
<s n="2156"><w NP0>Rolf <w NP0>Ekeus<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w AJ0>special <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21-24 <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>ultimatum <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>regime <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>terms <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>face<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>consequences<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2157"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w DT0>this <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2158"><w NN0>Ekeus <w VVD>stated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w VVG>supplying <w AJ0>full <w NN2>lists <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w NN2>materials<c PUN>, <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>destruction <w CJC>and <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>weapons <w VVG-NN1>monitoring<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Iraq <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>rejected<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2159"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Scud <w NN1>missile <w NN2>materials<c PUN>.
<s n="2160"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>wait <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w PRP>before <w VVG>deciding <w NN1>action<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05D>
<s n="2161"><w NN1-AJ0>Chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2162"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>experts <w VVD>began <w VVG>destroying <w CRD>400 <w NN0>122mm <w NN2>rockets <w VVN>loaded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>nerve <w NN1>agent <w NN1>sarin <w PRP>at <w NP0>Khamisiya<c PUN>.
<s n="2163"><w AT0>The <w NN2>rockets <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>bombing <w NN2>raids <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>destruction <w NN1>site <w PRP>at <w NP0>Muthana<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>45,000 <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>warheads <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>transported<c PUN>.
<s n="2164"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w AV0>there <w PRP>from <w CRD>mid-1992 <w PRP>to <w NN1>mid-1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2165"><w AT0>The <w ORD>10th <w NP0>UN-IAEA <w NN1>inspection <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3-13 <w PRP>into <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>suspected <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w AJ0>underground <w NN1>plutonium <w NN1>facility <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>supplying <w DT0>several <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>warheads <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2166"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>search <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>unsuccessful<c PUN>.
<s n="2167"><w NN1>Intelligence <w NN2>reports <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>reactor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>by <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>built <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>mountains<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05E>
<s n="2168"><w VVB-NN1>Supply <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN2>companies <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2169"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w NN1-VVG>banking <w NN1>committee <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w NN2>investigations <w VVD-VVN>revealed <w CJT>that <w CRD>13 <w NP0>US <w NN2>firms <w VHD>had <w AV0>knowingly <w CJC>or <w AV0>unknowingly <w VVD-VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>an <w NN1>administration <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w NN1>autumn <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>contrary<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2170"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>industry <w AJ0>select <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>told <w CJT>that <w DT0>several <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>known <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacture <w PRF>of <w NN1>propellant <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>super-gun<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British-owned <w NN1>company <w AV0>at least <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w AV0>earlier <w CJS>than <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted<c PUN>.
<s n="2171"><w AT0>The <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>hinted <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>British <w NN2>officials <w VM0>could <w AV0>even <w VHI>have <w VVN>encouraged <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37332<c PUN>; <w CRD>37390-91<c PUN>; <w CRD>37471<c PUN>; <w CRD>38361<c PUN>; <w CRD>38743<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05F>
<s n="2172"><w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kuwait
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2173"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>boundary <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVG>preparing <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>reinstate <w AT0>the <w CRD>1923 <w NN1-VVB>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w VVN>delineated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w CJC>and <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w CRD>1963<c PUN>.
<s n="2174"><w DT0>This <w NN1>border <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w NP0>Kuwait <w DT0>several <w AJ0>new <w NN1>oil <w NN2>wells <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>divide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w ITJ>Umm <w NP0>Qasr<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>port<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05G>
<s n="2175"><w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2176"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VVD>cancelled <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN2>representatives <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5-7 <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;1,600 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w NN2>medicines <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2-VVZ>needs<c PUN>.
<s n="2177"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>conditions <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>proceeds <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>escrow <w NN1-VVB>account <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38742<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05H>
<s n="2178"><w NP0>UN <w VVZ-NN2>sanctions <w NN1>renewal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2179"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>extended <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>60 <w NN2>days <w PRP>on account of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>non-compliance <w PRP>with <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
<s n="2180"><w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>as <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="2181"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w CRD>31,033 <w NN2>children <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>from <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>medicines <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>sanctions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38742<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05J>
<s n="2182"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>casualties <w CJC>and <w NN1>reconstruction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2183"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>8,000 <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>raids <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2184"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w CRD>403 <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Amiriya <w NN1-VVB>shelter <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37984<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>: <w CRD>52 <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w CRD>261 <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w CRD>90 <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2185"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>bombing <w VHD>had <w VVN>damaged <w CRD>84 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>utilities <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>repaired<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>grace <w NN1>period <w PRP>before <w VVG>paying <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-supervised <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>occupation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>needs <w ORD>first<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;194,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconstruction<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05K>
<s n="2187"><w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>reports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2188"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigator <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Max <w NP0>van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Stoel<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>monitoring <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>team<c PUN>.
<s n="2189"><w PNP>He <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN1>detention<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>torture<c PUN>, <w NN1>execution <w CJC>and <w NN2>disappearances<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2190"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>investigator <w NP0>Walter <w NP0>Kaelin <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>torture <w CJC>and <w NN1>summary <w NN2>executions <w PRP>during <w DPS>its <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>.
<s n="2191"><w NN1>Controversy <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>250 <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN2>babies <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
<s n="2192"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>the <w NN1>allegation<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVB-NN1>group <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>Watch <w VVD>rejected <w PNP>it <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37927<c PUN>; <w CRD>38743<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05L>
<s n="2193"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2194"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Kurdistan <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>collapse <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN1>starvation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>blockade <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>cutting <w PRF>of <w NN1>supply <w NN2>lines <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>by <w NN1>snow <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>lorry <w NN1-VVB>strike<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2195"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>smuggling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>oil <w PRP>by <w NN1>lorry <w PRP>through <w NP0>Kurdistan <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2196"><w DT0>This <w NN1>trade <w VHD>had <w VVN>enabled <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>a <w NN1>levy <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2197"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w AT0>a <w NN1>donor <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w NN1>effort <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>.
<s n="2198"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNHCR <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>its <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kurdistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="2199"><w AJ0>Other <w NP0>UN <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>allied <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2200"><w VVB>Massoud <w NP0-NN1>Barzani<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>eight-member <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>secured <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w DT0>that <w AJ0>allied <w NN0>aircraft <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w DPS>their <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="2201"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>mined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>oilfields <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Kirkuk<c PUN>, <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="2202"><w NN2>Barzani <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVG>continuing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05M>
<s n="2203"><w NP0>CIA <w NN1-VVB>visit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Disunity <w PRP>amongst <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2204"><w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Gates<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>CIA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NN2>capitals <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>publicity <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gates <w NN1-VVB>visit <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w VVZ>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>were <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>covert<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>US-backed <w NN2>activities <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>opponents <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2206"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riyadh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0>end-February<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>made <w DT0>little <w NN1-VVB>progress <w PRP>in <w VVG>overcoming <w DPS>their <w NN2>differences <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>or <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>topple <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>.
<s n="2207"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w NP0>Barzani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jalal <w NP0-NN1>Talibani<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2208"><w NN1>Ayatollah <w VVD>Seyyed <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Baqr <w NP0>al-Hakim<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Iranian-based <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SAIRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2209"><w PNP>He <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>council <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w TO0>to <w VVI>focus <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>around <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="2210"><w PNP>He <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Kurds <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2211"><w DT0>This <w NN1>consideration <w VBD>was <w PRF>of <w AJ0>primary <w NN1>importance <w PRP>to <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>allies <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>top <w NN1>priority <w PRP>for <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2212"><w AT0>The <w NP0>February <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>hosted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>role <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shi'ite <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>considered <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ousting <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>priority<c PUN>.
<s n="2213"><w NP0>Egypt <w AV0>also <w VVD>adopted <w DT0>this <w NN1>view<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2214"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allies<w POS>' <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>option <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>removing <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>remained <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>army <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="2215"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>magazine <w NP0>Sada <w NP0>al-Usbu <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVG>involving <w CRD>90 <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="2216"><w VVB>Jasim <w NP0>Ali <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05N>
<s n="2217"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>adviser
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2218"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<w POS>'s <w NN1>son-in-law<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2219"><w NP0>Hussein <w NP0>Kamal <w NP0>Hassan<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w AJ0-VVN>appointed <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2220"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2221"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2222"><w NN1>Inspection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>by <w NP0>IAEA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>team <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>visiting <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>installations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6-13<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>uncover <w DT0>any <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>embarked <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>covert <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="2224"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>blackmail<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>denying <w PNP>it <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>technology<c PUN>.
<s n="2225"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRF>of <w AJ0>double <w NN2>standards <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VVG>demanding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w VBB>be <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>mount <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>inspection <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2226"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>four-man <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Director-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jon <w NP0>Jennekens<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>offered <w AT0>every <w NN1>assistance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ready <w NN1>access<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>research <w NN2>centres <w CJC>and <w NN0>staff <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNI>nothing <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>seen <w VVZ>proves <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>any <w NN1>activity <w AV0>here <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2227"><w AJ0>Western <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>about <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>ambitions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>mounting<c PUN>.
<s n="2228"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w AV0>aggressively <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>bought <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>dollars-worth <w PRF>of <w NN1>equipment <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>producing <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>uranium <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w VVD-VVN>supplied <w PRP>by <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="2229"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w VVB-NN1>visit <w NP0>Argentina <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>cancelling <w AT0>an <w UNC>US&dollar;18 <w CRD>million <w NN1>deal <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>safeguards <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2230"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2231"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2232"><w NN1>Election <w NN2>preparations
</head>
<p>
<s n="2233"><w NN1>Voter <w NN1>registration <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>long-awaited <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2234"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>92,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>polling <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="2235"><w AJ0>Early <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w DT0>few <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVD>knew <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>public <w NN1>information <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>Friday<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2236"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Legal <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ghazi <w VVD-VVN>Obaid <w CJS>as <w NP0>Sammar <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AV0>purely <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>matter<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05P>
<s n="2237"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>pact <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2238"><w AT0>A <w NN1>defence <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>exercises <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>by <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Sabah <w CJS-PRP>As <w NP0-NN1>Salim <w CJS>as <w NP0>Sabah <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>opposite <w NN1>number <w NP0>Tom <w NN1-NP0>King<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2239"><w NP0>Kuwait <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38455<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2240"><w CJS>As <w NP0>Sabah <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w AV0>soon <w VVI>follow<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w VBG>being <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>guarantee <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VBB>be <w PNP>it <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>storage <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN2>articles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Britain <w DTQ>which <w VVB>make <w NN2>stipulations <w PRP>on <w VVG>helping <w TO0>to <w VVI>build<c PUN>, <w VVB>organize <w CJC>and <w VVB>train <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>army<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2241"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>include <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>King <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vickers <w NN1>Challenger <w CRD>2 <w NN2>tanks<c PUN>, <w NP0>GKN <w NN1>Warrior <w AJ0>armoured <w NN1>fighting <w NN2>vehicles <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2242"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2243"><w NP0>SAUDI <w NP0>ARABIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2244"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>fundamentalist <w NN1>dissent
</head>
<p>
<s n="2245"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>sketchy <w CJC>but <w AJ0>persistent <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1-VVB>dissent <w PRP>during <w NP0>December <w CJC>and <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="2246"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>intervened <w AV0>personally <w TO0>to <w VVI>warn <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>radicals <w PRP>against <w DT0>any<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>behaviour<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>any <w NN1>recourse <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN0>means <w PRP>other than <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>dialogue <w VBZ>is <w VVN>excluded<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2247"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>quoted <w AJ0>anonymous <w NN2>officials <w VVG>denying <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fabricated <w NN2>reports <w PRP>about <w NN2>arrests <w CJC>and <w NN2>differences <w PRF>of <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>kingdom<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2248"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arabic-language <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>al-Quds <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Muhammad <w VVB-NN1>ibn <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NN1-VVB>ibn <w NN1-NP0>Jubair <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Abd <w NP0>al-Muhsin <w NN1>al-Ubaykan<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riyadh<c PUN>.
<s n="2249"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>for <w CRD>21 <w NN2>years <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w CJC>and <w NN1>preacher <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>reciter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Koran <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>author <w PRF>of <w NN2>books <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="2250"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>kingdom<w POS>'s <w NN2>policies <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NP0>Friday <w NN1>prayer <w NN2>sermons<c PUN>, <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>put <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>letter <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>clerics <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>theologian<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abdel-Aziz <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Abdullah <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Baz<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-sponsored <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2251"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>clerics <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>40-year-old <w NN1>preacher <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sacked <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w PRP>to <w CRD>80 <w NN2-VVZ>lashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w DPS>his <w NP0>Friday <w NN1>sermon <w TO0>to <w VVI>insult <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN2>women<w POS>'s <w NN1>association<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NN1>Sheikh <w NN1-VVB>bin <w NP0-NN1>Baz<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>ignore <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>smear <w NN1>campaign<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVD>praised <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sharia <w CJC>and <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>spread <w AT0>the <w NN1>message <w PRF>of <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05R>
<s n="2253"><w VVB>Attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w AJ0>imprisoned <w NN1>dissident
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2254"><w NN2>Advertisements <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Herald <w NN1>Tribune<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN2>Times <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVG>purporting <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w CJT>that <w DT0>several <w AJ0>well-known <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w VVG>withdrawing <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1>al-Fassi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2255"><w NN2>Fassi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaigner <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>opponent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1-VVB>arrest <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w NN1>deportation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jordan <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>brother-in-law <w PRF>of <w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother<c PUN>, <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Turki <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Abdul-Aziz<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2257"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Independent<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AT0>the <w NN2>advertisements<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>fraudulent<c PUN>.
<s n="2258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>newspaper <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>reported<c PUN>, <w VVD>contacted <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>views <w AT0>the <w NN2>advertisements <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>express<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>approved <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w VBN>been <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>advertisements<c PUN>.
<s n="2259"><w PNP>It <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elaborate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>well-financed <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w NN1-AJ0>al-Fassi<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2260"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2261"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2262"><w AJ0>Violent <w NN2>protests <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Detentions <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</head>
<p>
<s n="2263"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>assumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AJ0>successive <w NN2>Fridays <w VVD>saw <w AJ0>heightened <w NN1>tension <w CJC>and <w NN2>outbreaks <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>round <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>mosques <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
<s n="2264"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>detain <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>activists <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>imams <c PUL>(<w NN1>prayer <w NN2>leaders<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2265"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>soldier <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sub-machine-gun <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>checkpoint <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Moussa<c PUN>, <w CRD>40 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="2266"><w NN2>Detentions <w PRF>of <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>activists <w CJC>and <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN>begun<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VVG>claiming <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>500 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>attended <w NP0>Friday <w NN2>prayers<c PUN>.
<s n="2267"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w DT0>some <w CRD>50 <w NN2>imams <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>sermons <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w VBD>were <w AJ0>prejudicial <w PRP>to <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>22 <w NN1>prohibition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NN2>mosques <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38703<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2268"><w NP0-NN1>Rabeh <w NP0-NN1>Kebir<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>assumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>principal <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>spokesperson <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abdelkader <w NP0>Hachani <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38703<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="2269"><w VVB>Abdelkader <w NP0-NN1>Moghni<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>imam <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>al-Sunna <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bab <w AJ0>al-Oued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w CJC>and <w AV0>recently <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>government-appointed <w NN1>imam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2270"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7-9 <w DT0>some <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>300 <w VVD-AJ0>wounded <w AV0>nationwide <w PRP>as <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>activists <w CJC>and <w NN2>youths <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>party <w NN1>affiliation <w AJ0-VVD>stoned <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NP0-NN1>Gendamerie <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w VVD>erected <w NN2>barricades <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w NN2>imams<c PUN>.
<s n="2271"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>demonstration <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w VBD>was <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>organizers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2272"><w AJ0>Fierce <w NN1>protest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Batna<c PUN>, <w CRD>300 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>triggered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>imam <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order <w NN2>offences<c PUN>.
<s n="2273"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>protesters <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>protesters <w VVG>seizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN1-VVB>centre <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="2274"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>reported <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w CRD>70 <w AJ0>injured <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>found <w NN2>explosives <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<w POS>'s <w NN2>mosques<c PUN>.
<s n="2275"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>21 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="2276"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>referred <w AV0>obliquely <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>excesses <w CJT>that <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>occurred<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Batna <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w DPS>their <w NN1>repetition <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2277"><w NN2>Scenes <w PRF>of <w NN1>disorder <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>scale <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Laghout<c PUN>, <w NP0>Constantine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tiaret<c PUN>, <w NP0>Medea <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w NN2>disturbances <w VVD>lasted <w CRD>six <w NN2>days<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bourj <w NP0>Menail<c PUN>, <w NN1>Mascara<c PUN>, <w AJ0>various <w NN2>suburbs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2278"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w NN2>protests <w VVN-VVD>shifted <w PRP>to <w NN1>college <w NN2>campuses<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nearby <w NP0-NN1>Blida<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>S&eacute;tif<c PUN>, <w NP0>Annaba<c PUN>, <w NP0>Constantine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Skikda<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2279"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>underground <w NN1>Takfir <w NN1>wa <w NP0-NN1>Hijra <w NN1>group <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>near <w NP0>Blida<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Afghans<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>combatants <w VVN>trained <w PRP>in <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>repair <w NN1>centre <w PRP>near <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1-VVB>harbour <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>one <w NN1>soldier <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>attackers <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2280"><w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NN2>figures <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w VVD-VVN>recorded <w AV0>over <w CRD>50 <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w CRD>100 <w PRP>to <w CRD>200 <w AJ0-VVD>injured<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>150 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJC>and <w CRD>700 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w NP0>HCS <w NN1>member <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Haroun <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>killed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w NN1>gendamerie<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>cited <w CRD>70 <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>500 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2283"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w CJC>and <w VVN>transported <w PRP>by <w NN1>air <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN1>detention <w NN2>camps <w VBG>being <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sahara <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
<s n="2284"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS <w VVD>claimed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w AV0>more than <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention<c PUN>: <w DT0>some <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>sources <w VVD>cited <w CRD>30,000<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>200 <w NN2>mayors <w CJC>and <w CRD>109 <w DT0>former <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sources <w VVD>said <w CRD>14,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05S>
<s n="2285"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2286"><w AT0>A <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VVD>decreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>designate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>areas <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>residence <w PRF>of <w NN2>non-residents<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>detain <w DT0>any <w NN1>adult<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>activity <w VBZ>is <w AV0>clearly <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>constituting <w AT0>a <w NN1>danger <w PRP>to <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order <w CJC>and <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>good <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>services<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2287"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>place <w PRP>for <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJS>unless <w VVN>rescinded <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2288"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>articles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ministry <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w NN1>house <w NN2>arrests<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>issue <w AJ0>exceptional <w NN1>search <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>by <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w NN1>night<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>oblige <w NN2>workers <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AJ0>local <w NN2>councils<c PUN>.
<s n="2289"><w VVG>Presenting <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Boudiaf <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w CJS>provided <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>game<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2290"><w NN2>Passages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>speech <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>attacked<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>robbery<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>trafficking<c PUN>, <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>nepotism<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>former <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>broadcast<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2291"><w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>them <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
<s n="2292"><w VVB>Hocine <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>Front <c PUL>(<w NN2>FFS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>should <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>.
<s n="2293"><w DT0>Those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Abdelhamid <w NN1-NP0>Mehri <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mahfoud <w NP0>Nahnah<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w AJ0-NN1>Islamist <w NP0>Hamas <w NN1-VVB>party<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Bella <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Saadi <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCD<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sharif <w NP0>al-Hashemi <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>stalinist <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Vanguard <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAGS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aligned <w PRP>with <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>currents <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kasdi <w NP0-NN1>Merbah <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>MAJD<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Norredine <w NN1-NP0>Boukrouh <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>Renewal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05T>
<s n="2294"><w NN1>Report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tedjini <w NP0>Haddam<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2295"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>news <w NN2>agencies <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Marchand <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>source <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>carried <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tedjini <w NP0>Haddam <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-member <w NP0>HCS <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Institute <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>mosque<c PUN>.
<s n="2296"><w NN2>Tedjini <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Marchand <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05U>
<s n="2297"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2298"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sid-Ahmed <w NP0-NN1>Ghozali <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>introduced <w CRD>five <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w VVN>identified <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>.
<s n="2299"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ministries <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2300"><w AJ0>Khaled <w NN1-NP0>Nezzar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2301"><w NP0>Larbi <w NP0-NN1>Belkheir <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2302"><w DT0>Former <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>leader <w VVD>Said <w NP0>Guechi <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Professional <w NN1>Training <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Anissa <w NP0-NN1>Benameur<c PUN>.
<s n="2303"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>discreetly <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>summer <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>in <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>leadership <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38364<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2304"><w AT0>An <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>imam <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w CJS>as <w AJ0>sympathetic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sassi <w NP0-NN1>Lamouri<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Benredouane<c PUN>.
<s n="2305"><w AT0>A <w NN1>gesture <w VBD>was <w AV0>similarly <w VVN>made <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>secular <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Nait <w NP0>Djoudi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>FFS <w PRP>from <w CRD>1989 <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <c PUL>(<w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w PRP>in <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>FFS<c PUN>.
<s n="2306"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Housing <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ferouk <w NP0-NN1>Tebbal<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AJ0>major <w NN1>housing <w NN1>construction <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2307"><w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Haroun<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>since <w NP0>January <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="2308"><w DPS>His <w NN1>ministry <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>centre <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>operating <w PRP>under <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2309"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Boudiaf <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-point <w AJ0>economic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>plan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2310"><w NN1>Encouragement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medium-sized <w NN2>businesses <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>purging <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>institutions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sought<c PUN>.
<s n="2311"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Lamouri <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD-VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AJ0>new <w NN2>imams <w PRP>to <w AV0>about <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>9,073 <w NN2>mosques<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w NN2>individuals <w XX0>not <w AJ0>competent <w TO0>to <w VVI>preach<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05V>
<s n="2312"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>credit <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2313"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>bank <w NN1>Cr&eacute;dit <w NN1>lyonnais <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>credit <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>major <w NN2>banks <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w AV0>formally <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2314"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>reprofile<c PUQ>&quot; <w UNC>US&dollar;1,500 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VVG>falling <w AJ0>due <w PRP>between <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>allowing <w AJC>longer <w NN2>periods <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>repayment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>240 <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
<s n="2315"><w NN1>Debt <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>repayment <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>within <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>debt <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>repaid <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJC>longer <w NN1>period <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>within <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2316"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>Algeria <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2317"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2318"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2319"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution
</head>
<p>
<s n="2320"><w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>rejected <w NP0>Libya<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unanimous <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>731 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w VVG>urging <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w VBB>Pan-Am <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>over <w NP0>Lockerbie<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>over <w NP0>Niger <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38743<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2321"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w CJC>and <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>response<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>requests <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>surrender <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w PRP>for <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
<s n="2322"><w NP0>Libya<w POS>'s <w NN1>response<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w VVG>offering <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
<s n="2323"><w NP0>Libya <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVI>offer <w AJ0>full <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AJ0>French <w NN2>investigators<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>question <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AT0>the <w NN1>brother-in-law <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamer <w NP0>al <w NP0>Kadhafi<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>suspected <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NP0>Niger <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
<s n="2324"><w NP0>Kadhafi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>response <w CJS>because <w NP0>France <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>seek <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>suspects <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>conformity <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>infringe <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Libya<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05W>
<s n="2325"><w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>court <w NN1>appearance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lockerbie <w VVZ-NN2>suspects
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2326"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>after <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>routine <w AJ0>investigative <w NN1-VVG>hearing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>judge <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2327"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tripoli <w NN1>courtroom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>suspects<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Baset <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1>al-Megrahi <w CJC>and <w NP0>al-Amin <w NP0>Khalifa <w NP0>Fhimah<c PUN>, <w VVD>disproved <w AJ0>persistent <w NP0>US <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>hidden <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
<s n="2328"><w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Taher <w NP0-NN1>Zawi<c PUN>, <w NN1>councillor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>under <w AJ0>Libyan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>extradition<c PUN>.
<s n="2329"><w AJ0>Criminal <w NN2>proceedings <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>started <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VVN>proved <w AJ0>impossible <w CJS>because <w AV0>neither <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>nor <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>responded <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>requests <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w NN2>copies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>possession<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2330"><w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokesman <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Boucher <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>travesty <w PRF>of <w NN1>justice<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>another <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w NP0>Libya <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w CJC>and <w VVI>evade <w DPS>its <w NN1>responsibility<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05X>
<s n="2331"><w NP0>PLO <w VVB-NN1>claim <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>innocence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2332"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Bassam <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>investigation <w VHD>had <w VVN>produced <w NN1>evidence <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Middle <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>parties<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unconnected <w PRP>with <w NP0>Libya <w VBD>were <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2333"><w CJS>While <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>disclose <w AT0>the <w NN1>identity <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w VM0>would <w VVI>share <w DPS>its <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>with <w NP0>Libya <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w AJ0>international <w NN1>organization <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w AT0>the <w NN1>accuracy <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>information<c PUN>.
<s n="2334"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w NN1>edition <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tunisian <w NN1>magazine <w NP0-NN1>Haqa'iq <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>dossier <w VVN>shown <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Jabril<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Command <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP-GC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2335"><w VVB-NN1>Jabril<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VHN>had <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>backing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>revenge <w NN1-VVB>attack <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>navy <w VHD>had <w VVN>shot <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36169-70<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2336"><w DT0>This <w NN1>claim <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w AV0>diplomatically <w VVN>disowned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2337"><w VVN>Asked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w PRP-AVP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>repeated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1>country <w PRP>other than <w NP0>Libya <w VBD>was <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLGCA05Y>
<s n="2338"><w NN1-VVB>Escape <w PRF>of <w AJ0>key <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>bombing <w NN1-VVB>witness
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2339"><w NN1-AJ0>Congolese <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>admitted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>witness <w VVG>linking <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>over <w NP0>Niger <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w VVN>escaped <w PRP>from <w NN2>police <w NN1>custody <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brazzaville<c PUN>, <w NP0>Congo<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2340"><w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Yanga<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN0>Congolese <w PNQ>who <w VVD>underwent <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN1>training <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>camp <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>youths <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w CJS>before <w AV0>later <w VVG>changing <w DPS>his <w NN1>story<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>officials <w VVB>smuggle <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>the <w NN1>plane<c PUN>.
<s n="2341"><w DPS>His <w NN1>escape <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mysterious<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA060></p>
<caption id=HLGCA060>
<s n="2342"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NP0>IAEA <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2343"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>inspect <w DT0>any <w NN2>sites <w VVN>rumoured <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2344"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>agency<w POS>'s <w NN1>Director-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Blix<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kadhafi <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>an <w AJ0>atomic <w NN1>bomb<c PUN>.
<s n="2345"><w VVB-NN1>Blix<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>uses <w PRF>of <w AJ0>atomic <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Libya<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>one <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet-built <w NP0-NN1>Tajura <w NN1>research <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Tripoli<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shut <w AVP>down <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w CJS>because <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts <w VBD>were <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>available <w CJC>and <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>scientists <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w AV0>there <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2346"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2347"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2348"><w NN1>Rift <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>over <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>spy <w NN1-VVB>ring
</head>
<p>
<s n="2349"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w VVN>strained <w PRP>by <w NN2>differences <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>further <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>citizens <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>spying <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>case <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camp <w NP0>David <w NN1>peace <w VVZ-NN2>accords <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>29654-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2350"><w NP0-NN1>Faris <w NP0-NN1>Subhi <w NP0-NN1>Misrati<c PUN>, <w CRD>41<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>daughter<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fayiqah<c PUN>, <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>flat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Heliopolis<c PUN>, <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>.
<s n="2351"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN2>police <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>false <w NN1>identity <w NN2>papers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discovered <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Misrati <w VHD>had <w VVN>jumped <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>balcony <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape<c PUN>, <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>a <w NN1>leg <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="2352"><w NP0>Misrati<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w NN1-NP0>Majid <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w CJS>while <w VVG>travelling <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>forged <w NN2>papers<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w NP0>David <w NP0>Ovitz<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>furniture <w NN1>importer<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>reports <w VHD>had <w VVN>employed <w NN1-AJ0>Misrati <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>interpreter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2353"><w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Misratis <w VBD>were <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>confused<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w ORD>first <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>Arabs<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>Jews <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>origin<c PUN>; <w ORD>first <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>confessed <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>spying <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mossad <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>service<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w AV0>only <w VVG-AJ0>counterfeiting <w NN2>documents<c PUN>.
<s n="2354"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>sensational <w NN2>reports <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Misrati <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w DPS>his <w AJ0>attractive <w AJ0>young <w NN1>daughter <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>information<c PUN>.
<s n="2355"><w NP0>Egypt<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amr <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Moussa<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>deny <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2356"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w VBD>were <w NN2>spies <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>an <w NN1>apology <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA061></p>
<caption id=HLGCA061>
<s n="2357"><w VVG>Uncovering <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>plot
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2358"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Abdel-Halim <w NP0>Moussa <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>services <w VHD>had <w VVN>uncovered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamentalist <w NN1>group <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>compiling <w AJ0>false <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Egypt <w TO0>to <w VVI>tarnish <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>reputation <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2359"><w NN2>Documents <w VVD>discovered <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Salsabeel <w NN1>computer <w NN1>company <w PRP>in <w NP0>Heliopolis <w VVD>showed<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VBD>was <w VVN>financed <w PRP>from <w AV0>abroad <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>investment <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<c PUN>.
<s n="2360"><w CRD>Three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w NN2>warrants <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2361"><w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN2>newspapers <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w CRD>3 <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>services <w VHD>had <w VVN>foiled <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>sabotage <w NN1-VVB>attempt<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Egyptian <w AJ0-NN1>extremist <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>linked <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sudan <w CJC>and <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2362"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>al-Malat<c PUN>, <w AJ0>assistant <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>guide <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUN>.
<s n="2363"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>Brothers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>more <w AJ0>anxious <w CJS>than <w PNI>anyone <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>welfare <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>citizens <w VVB>adhere <w PRP>to <w AJ0>legal <w NN0>means <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0-VVG>preaching <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>undertake <w NN2>activities <w TO0>to <w VVI>realise <w DPS>their <w NN2>goals<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA062></p>
<caption id=HLGCA062>
<s n="2364"><w NN1>Failure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<w POS>'s <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>status
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2365"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w AV0>originally <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>outlawed <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>since <w CRD>1954<c PUN>.
<s n="2366"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>permit <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>appeal <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council <w PRP>between <w CRD>1954 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2367"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Gamul <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Nasser <w VHD>had <w VVN>dissolved <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alexandria <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="2368"><w DT0>Several <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>executed <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w NN2>others <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="2369"><w VVN>Tolerated <w AV0>once again <w PRP>under <w NP0>President <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Sadat<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>counterweight <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>left<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Brotherhood <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG>operating <w AV0>openly <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>prohibited <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>religion<c PUN>.
<s n="2370"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>cover <w PRF>of <w AJ0>front <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2371"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lawyer <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Brotherhood <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2372"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2373"><w NP0>ECO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2374"><w NN1>Admission <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>members
</head>
<p>
<s n="2375"><w AT0>The <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>independent <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>republics <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECO<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>new <w NN1>significance <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVG>involving <w AV0>only <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w CRD>1965 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>for <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w VVD>reactivated <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>renamed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34499<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2376"><w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVN-AJ0>approved <w PRP>as <w NN2>members <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>.
<s n="2377"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>regime <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>great <w NN1>prominence <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>hosting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>identity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2378"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN2>plans <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>by <w NP0>ECO <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Reza <w NP0-NN1>Salari <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NP0>ECO <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>council <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>harmonization <w PRF>of <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>communications<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>by <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>customs <w NN2>duties <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="2379"><w PRP>To <w AT0>the <w NN1>fury <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cyprus <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>persuaded <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NP0>ECO <w VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w NP0>ECO <w AJ0-NN1>associate <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Cyprus<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2380"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>rift <w VBD>was <w AJ0>apparent <w PRP>between <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>over <w NN1>competition <w PRP>for <w NN1>influence <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>role <w CJC>and <w NN1>shape <w PRF>of <w NP0>ECO<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2381"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>diplomats <w VVD-VVN>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>rivalry<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>diplomat <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>Iranians <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>clearly <w VVG-AJ0>wanting <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w AV0>as <w AJ0>leading<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1>irritation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2382"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Turks <w VVD-VVN>made <w DT0>little <w NN1>secret <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>pleasure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>delegations <w VVD>spoke <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>Turkish <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2383"><w NN2>Statements <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>saw <w NP0>ECO <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w AV0>ultimately <w VVI>embrace <w DT0>some <w CRD>300 <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>Muslims <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w VVB>rival <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w PRP>in <w NN1>importance<c PUN>.
<s n="2384"><w PNP>It <w VVD>saw<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>somewhat <w AJ0>inconsistent <w AJ0>political <w NN1>orientation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>euphemism <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<w POS>'s <w AV0>aggressively <w AJ0>secular <w NN1>stance <w PRP>by <w NN1>comparison <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>obstacle<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2385"><w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>agreeable <w TO0>to <w AV0>strictly <w AJ0>trade-related <w NP0>ECO <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>such as <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>tariffs<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>eager <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AVP-PRP>down <w NP0>ECO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>dimensions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secular <w NN1>model <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2386"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2387"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>SAHARA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2388"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations <w NN1>committee <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NN2>threats <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>unarmed <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>mission <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>jeopardy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w NN1>mismanagement <w CJC>and <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w UNC>US&dollar;58,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2389"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2390"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>ARAB <w NP0>EMIRATES
</head>
<p>
<s n="2391"><w NP0>UAE <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>joined <w AV0>around <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Rapid <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w AV0-AJ0>FAR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>navy <w CJC>and <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>exercise <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22-27<c PUN>; <w VVD>codenamed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Little <w NP0-NN1>Fox<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2392"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2393"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2394"><w ORD>First <w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="2395"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>conferred <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>retreat <w PRP>at <w NP0>Camp <w NP0>David<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maryland<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>era <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2396"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Russia <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2397"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>came <w PRP>within <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>by <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w AJ0>sweeping <w AJ0>new <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="2398"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Star <w NN2>Wars<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>space-based <w AJ0-NN1>anti-missile <w NN1>programme <w PRP>with <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>global <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>an <w NN1>idea <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Bush <w AV0>afterwards <w VVN>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>worth <w VVG>discussing <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>more <w NN1>detail<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2399"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38744-45 <w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN1-NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2400"><w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>arms <w NN1>reduction <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38744<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>reduce <w DT0>each <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>to <w AV0>about <w CRD>4,500<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN2>totals <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Arms <w NN1>Reduction <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>START<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2401"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>urged <w AV0>even <w AJC>deeper <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AV0>perhaps <w CRD>2,500 <w NN2>warheads <w DT0>each<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2402"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>three <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>emphasizing <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w NN1>trust <w CJC>and <w NN1>friendship <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w NN2>relations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVG>containing <w AT0>no <w AJ0>concrete <w AJ0>new <w NN2>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="2403"><w AV0>More <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>discussions <w VBD>were <w VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
<s n="2404"><w CRD>Two <w DT0>more <w NN1>summit <w NN2>meetings <w VBD>were <w VVN>planned <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2405"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w TO0>to <w VVI>warn <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>jeopardized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems<c PUN>; <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>early <w NN1>entry <w PRP>for <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>new <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2406"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>location <w CJC>and <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>arsenal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>moved <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVG>moving <w AJ0>long-range <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>weapons <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w AJ0>complex<c PUN>.
<s n="2407"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>within <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2408"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long-range <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AV0>already <w VVN-VVD>announced <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0-VVG>remaining <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arms <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA063></p>
<caption id=HLGCA063>
<s n="2409"><w NP0-NN1>Baker <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>officials <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w NN1>science <w NN1>research <w NN1>centre
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2410"><w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38771-72<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>included <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>disarmament <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w VVG>dismantling <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>arsenal<c PUN>.
<s n="2411"><w PNP>He <w VVD>discussed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w AT0>the <w AJ0>differing <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>for <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>warheads<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2412"><w NP0-NN1>Baker <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>science <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w NN1>institute<c PUN>, <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>employ <w AJ0>nuclear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>scientists <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="2413"><w NP0>Germany <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>.
<s n="2414"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w UNC>US&dollar;25,000,000<c PUN>; <w VVG-NN1>funding <w AV0>both <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>science <w NN1>centre<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>help <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w CJC>and <w VVG>storing <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>warheads <w AV0>safely<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;400,000,000 <w NN1>fund <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>dismantle <w CJC>and <w VVI>remove <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2415"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN2>rumours <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>unemployed <w CJC>or <w AJ0>impoverished <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>experts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>hired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>proliferation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>expertise<c PUN>.
<s n="2416"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>science <w NN1>centre <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>clearing-house <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w CJC>and <w NN1>funding <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="2417"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>let <w AT0>the <w NN2>scientists <w CJC>and <w NN2>technicians<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>redirect <w DPS>their <w NN2>talents <w PRP>to <w AJ0>non-military <w NN2>endeavours<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2418"><w PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AV0>previously <w AJ0-VVN>closed <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>development <w NN1>laboratory<c PUN>, <w CRD>Chelyabinsk-70<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>scientists <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>outlined <w NN2>suggestions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1-VVB>work <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VDI>do <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2419"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>, <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Mikhailov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w NP0>Komsomolskaya <w NP0>Pravda <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>slightly <w AV0>over <w CRD>100,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>10,000-15,000 <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w CRD>2,000-3,000 <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AJ0>important <w NN1>information <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sophisticated <w NN2>technologies<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2420"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>travel<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVD>held <w AJ0>valuable <w NN1>information<c PUN>.
<s n="2421"><w NP0>Mikhailov <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w PNP>US <w VVB-NN1>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispose <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>stockpiles<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>commonly <w VVN-VVD>cited <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w CRD>27,000 <w NN2>warheads <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w NN1-VVB>estimate<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2422"><w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>officials <w AV0>also <w VVD>began <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>computer <w NN1>centre <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>early <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN1>missile <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA064></p>
<caption id=HLGCA064>
<s n="2423"><w AJ0>Possible <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>technology
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2424"><w AT0>The <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>space-based <w AJ0-NN1>anti- <w NN1>missile <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NN1>SDI<c PUR>) <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>Star <w NN2>Wars<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>project<c PUN>, <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AJ0>advanced <w AJ0>technological <w NN2>developments <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>hire <w NN2>scientists <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>equivalent <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2425"><w PNP>It <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>scientists <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>ahead of <w DPS>their <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>counterparts <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>technologies<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w AJ0>orbiting <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electric <w NN1>propulsion <w NN2>units <w PRP>for <w NN2>rockets<c PUN>.
<s n="2426"><w NN1>SDI <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>want <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN2>prototypes <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>hire <w AV0>about <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>scientists <w CJC>and <w NN2>engineers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA065></p>
<caption id=HLGCA065>
<s n="2427"><w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>by <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2428"><w AT0>The <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AV0>no longer <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w AT0>the <w NN1>maximum <w CRD>512 <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>for <w NN1>deployment <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w CRD>four <w VVD>planned <w NP0-NN1>Trident <w NN2>submarines<c PUN>.
<s n="2429"><w NN2>Authorities <w VVD-VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AV0>exactly <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN2>warheads <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>moderate <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arms <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="2431"><w DT0>This <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>warheads <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>on <w NN2>submarines <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
<s n="2432"><w DPS>His <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38772<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2433"><w NP0>UK <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Tom <w NP0-NN1>King <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>special <w NN2>containers <w CJC>and <w NN2>vehicles <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>Russia <w NN1-VVB>move <w CJC>and <w VVB>dispose <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="2434"><w AT0>The <w NN1>help <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>worth <w AV0>about <w NN0>&pound;10,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;18,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2435"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2436"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2437"><w NP0>US <w NN2>warnings <w PRP>at <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="2438"><w NP0>US <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle <w VVD>warned <w AT0>a <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>security <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8-9 <w DT0>that <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w NN1>trade <w NN2>disputes <w VM0>could <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AJ0>trans-Atlantic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2439"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>at <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w NP0>Munich <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>figures <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Quayle <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>consequences <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>found <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38746<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2440"><w NN1>Resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>problem <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>critical <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>solution <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>achieved <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="2441"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>Republican <w NN2>Senators <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Lugar <c PUL>(<w NP0>Indiana<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>William <w NP0>Cohen <c PUL>(<w NP0>Maine<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>dispute <w VM0>could <w VVI>undermine <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2442"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Quayle <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>any <w NN1>linkage <w PRP>between <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>troop <w NN2>levels <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>reiterated <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>resolving <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
<s n="2443"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>linkage <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>denied <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN2>senators <w TO0>to <w VVI>convey <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w AJ0>European <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA066></p>
<caption id=HLGCA066>
<s n="2444"><w AJ0>Canadian <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Europe
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2445"><w AJ0>Canadian <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Mazankowski <w VVD>announced <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>budget <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Canada <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN1>combat <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>after <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="2446"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <w NN2>cutbacks<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w CRD>1,100 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w CJS>while <w VVG>withdrawing <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>6,600 <w AV0>currently <w VVN>stationed <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2447"><w NP0>NATO <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Manfred <w NP0>W&ouml;rner <w VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>regret <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
<s n="2448"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0>disappointed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA067></p>
<caption id=HLGCA067>
<s n="2449"><w NP0>W&ouml;rner<w POS>'s <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2450"><w NP0>W&ouml;rner <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Kiev<c PUN>, <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22-23 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>from <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24-25 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="2451"><w PNP>He <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>BBC<c PUR>) <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>states <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Conventional <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>apportion <w DPS>their <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w NN1>troop <w NN2>numbers <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<w POS>'s <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>ceiling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2452"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2453"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2454"><w NN1>Restructuring <w PRF>of <w NN1>Secretariat
</head>
<p>
<s n="2455"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>sweeping <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretariat<c PUN>, <w VVG>cutting <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>top <w NN2>departments <w PRP>from <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w AJ0>second-level <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>from <w CRD>48 <w PRP>to <w CRD>32<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2456"><w PRP>In <w NN1>future <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w CRD>one <w AJ0>political <w NN1>department <w VVG>covering <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>James <w NP0>Jonah <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w CRD>one <w AJ0>political <w NN1>department <w VVG>covering <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America<c PUN>, <w NN1>disarmament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Petrovsky <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marrack <w NP0>Goulding <c PUL>(<w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>department <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ji <w NP0-NN1>Chaozhu <c PUL>(<w NP0>China<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>affairs <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Carl-August <w NP0>Fleischhauer <c PUL>(<w NP0>Germany<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>relief <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Eliasson <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sweden<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>vii<c PUR>) <w NN1>information <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Eugeniusz <w NP0>Wyzner <c PUL>(<w NP0>Poland<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>viii<c PUR>) <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dick <w NP0>Thornburgh <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>US <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2457"><w AT0>The <w CRD>eight <w NN1>department <w VVZ-NN2>heads <w DT0>all <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General<c PUN>.
<s n="2458"><w NP0>Jonah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Petrovsky <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Giandomenico <w NP0>Picco <c PUL>(<w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38550<c PUN>; <w CRD>38694<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sotirios <w NP0>Mousouris <c PUL>(<w NP0>Greece<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2459"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>diplomats <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>powers <w VVD>saw <w DT0>these <w NN2>changes <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>necessary <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>adjust <w PRP>to <w AJ0>current <w NN1>world <w NN2>realities <w PRP>by <w VVG>moving <w PRP>away from <w DPS>its <w DT0>former<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>exclusive <w NN1>preoccupation <w PRP>with <w NN1>North-South <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w DT0>more <w NN1>stress <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>conflict-prevention <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>peacekeeping<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2460"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2461"><w NP0-NN1>UNCTAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2462"><w ORD>Eighth <w NN1>session
</head>
<p>
<s n="2463"><w AT0>The <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>full <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>UNCTAD <w CRD>VIII<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cartagena<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8-25<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w AV0>over <w CRD>150 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2464"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w CRD>1987 <w NP0-NN1>UNCTAD <w CRD>VII <w VVD-VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35547-50<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2465"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>theme <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>effort <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AJ0>market-economy <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>changes <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>compete <w AV0>efficiently <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>changed <w AJ0>international <w NN1>climate<c PUN>.
<s n="2466"><w NN1>Debt <w NN1>relief<c PUN>, <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>co-operation <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>important <w NN1>UNCTAD <w NN2-VVZ>concerns<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB-NN1>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>UNCTAD <w CRD>VIII <w VVD>showed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>policy <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>finding <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w AJ0>improving <w NN1>efficiency<c PUN>.
<s n="2467"><w AT0>An <w NN1>UNCTAD <w NN1>report <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>savings <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;75,000 <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>through <w AV0>more <w AJ0>efficient <w NN1>trade <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>computerized <w NN2>customs <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>.
<s n="2468"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>efficiency <w NN1>symposium <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2469"><w AT0>The <w NN1>organization <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VBN>been <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w DPS>their <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w AV0>often <w PRP>for <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>between <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>developed <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2470"><w AJ0>Industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>felt <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>arrangements <w AV0>increasingly <w VBG>being <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>UNCTAD <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>purpose<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2471"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>reform <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>focus <w AV0>more <w PRP>on <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN1>analysis <w CJC>and <w NN1>policy <w NN2>studies<c PUN>.
<s n="2472"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>committees <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NN2>commodities<c PUN>, <w NN1>poverty <w NN1>alleviation<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>service <w NN2>sectors <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>among <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2473"><w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Dadzie<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w CJS>as <w NP0-NN1>UNCTAD <w NN1>Secretary-General <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2474"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>changed <w NN1>emphasis <w VVN>noted <w PRP>at <w NP0>Cartagena <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w NP0>USA <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>exemplified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w NN1>debt <w NN1>relief <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA068></p>
<caption id=HLGCA068>
<s n="2475"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NN2>LDCs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2476"><w NP0>UNCTAD<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AV0>least <w AJ0>developed <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NN2>LDCs<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>countries <w VM0>could <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>international <w NN1>situation <w CJC>and <w AV0>especially <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long-standing <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>permit <w NN2>resources <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>diverted <w PRP>from <w AJ0>military <w NN2>purposes <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>care <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>prospects<c PUN>.
<s n="2477"><w AV0>Almost <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>17,000,000 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>47 <w NN2>countries <w VVN>classified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>as <w NN2>LDCs<c PUN>.
<s n="2478"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>urged <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NN2>LDCs<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w DPS>their <w NN1>debt <w NN1>burden<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>them <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>trade <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2479"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2480"><w NP0>OPEC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2481"><w ORD>Sixth <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>committee <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2482"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12-16<c PUN>.
<s n="2483"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jibril <w NP0>Aminu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>OPEC <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>six-monthly <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26-27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38602<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2484"><w AT0>The <w NP0>February <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>OPEC <w NN2>members <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrain <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w AV0>so as <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>world <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="2485"><w NN1>World <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Arabian <w AJ0-NN1>light <w NN1>grade <w VHD>had <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>by <w AV0>around <w NN0>&dollar;4.50 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AV0>about <w NN0>&dollar;18.50<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>onset <w PRF>of <w NN1>winter <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>hemisphere <w VM0>would <w AV0>normally <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>increased <w NN1-VVB>demand <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVD>shored <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>price<c PUN>.
<s n="2486"><w NP0>OPEC<w POS>'s <w NN1>target <w NN1>reference <w NN1>price<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w NN0>&dollar;21 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel<c PUN>.
<s n="2487"><w NN2>Prices <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;40 <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>paid <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>after <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2488"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w VVG>meeting <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>production <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w CRD>24,200,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NN0>bpd<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>70,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN2>levels <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>25,000,000 <w NN0>bpd <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980<c PUN>.
<s n="2489"><w DT0>This <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w NN2>predictions <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>market <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVB>amount <w PRP>to <w CRD>22,700,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VVG>starting <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2490"><w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela <w VBD>were <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>anxious <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>cut <w AV0>in general <w NN1>production <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
<s n="2491"><w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG>believing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IEA <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w AV0>too <w AJ0>pessimistic <w PRP>about <w AJ0>future <w NN1>demand<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>unofficially <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>production <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>150,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>to <w CRD>8,500,000 <w NN0>bpd <c PUL>(<w PRP>excluding <w CRD>150,000 <w NN0>bpd <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>production <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>zone <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>shared <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2492"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <c PUL>(<w NP0>UAE<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>exceeding <w DPS>their <w NN2>quotas<c PUN>.
<s n="2493"><w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>capacity <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>occupation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>fire <w NN1-VVB>damage<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>producing <w AV0>only <w AV0>about <w CRD>500,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w DPS>its <w NN1>output <w PRP>to <w CRD>900,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJS>as <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>fire-damaged <w NN2>wells <w VVD>came <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NN1>stream<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2494"><w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>barred <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>exporting <w NN1>oil <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="2495"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VVN>turned <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>exports <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN0>bpd <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>permitted <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>revenues <w VBD>were <w VVN>spent <w PRP>on <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38742<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUN>.
<s n="2496"><w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>Oil <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w TO0>to <w VVI>export <w AV0>up to <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2497"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OPEC <w NN2>talks <w VVD>ran <w PRP>into <w AJ0>early <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>from <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NP0>OPEC <w NN2>members <w VM0>should <w VVI>accept <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro rata <w NN1>production <w NN1-VVB>cut <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>calculated <w PRP>in relation to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>output <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>left <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1-VVB>output <w AJ0>undiminished<c PUN>.
<s n="2498"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w NN1>production <w PRP>to <w CRD>22,982,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceiling <w PRF>of <w CRD>7,887,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran <w CRD>3,184,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w CRD>2,244,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Venezuela <w CRD>2,147,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria <w CRD>1,751,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Libya <w CRD>1,395,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia <w CRD>1,374,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait <w CRD>812,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Algeria <w CRD>760,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq <w CRD>505,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar <w CRD>377,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador <w CRD>273,000 <w NN0>bpd <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gabon <w CRD>273,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2499"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w NN1>quota <w NN1>system <w NP0>Qatar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Libya <w VM0>would <w VVI>suffer <w AT0>the <w AJS>heaviest <w AJ0>pro rata <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>, <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>10.24 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>current <w NN2>quotas <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Venezuela <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>their <w NN1>production <w PRP>by <w CRD>9.68 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>9.63 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="2500"><w AT0>The <w AV0>least <w AJ0-VVN>affected <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>sacrifice <w CRD>7.75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>output<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>lose <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>lose <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2501"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>markets <w VVD>viewed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>scepticism<c PUN>, <w VVG>believing <w AT0>the <w NN2>cuts <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unenforceable<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>resumed <w DPS>their <w NN1>fall<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AV0>below <w NN0>&dollar;18 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2502"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2503"><w AJ0>NON-ALIGNED <w NN1>MOVEMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2504"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2505"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Larnaca<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cyprus<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3-4 <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w CRD>54 <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Non-Aligned <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w VVG>defining <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>role <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2506"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>agreement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM <w VM0>should <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="2507"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>proposal <c PUL>(<w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Libya<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w VM0>should <w VVI>become <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w PRP>with <w AJ0>permanent <w NN0>headquarters <c PUL>(<w AV0>preferably <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>proposal <c PUL>(<w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cyprus <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w VVZ-NN2>states<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>incorporate <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>77 <c PUL>(<w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1967 <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVG>numbering <w CRD>130<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2508"><w NN1>Resolution <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>issues <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jakarta <w NN1>summit <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38458-59<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2509"><w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Larnaca <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w CJS>as <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1-VVB>chair <w PRP>with <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
<s n="2510"><w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>official <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>practical <w NN2>duties <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2511"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2512"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2513"><w VVB-NN1>Concern <w AVP-PRP>over <w NN2>arms <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East
</head>
<p>
<s n="2514"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w CJC>and <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Mutual <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Assistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>CMEA<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NP0>Comecon<c PUR>) <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>experience <w AJ0>severe <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>free-market <w NN2>systems<c PUN>, <w NN2>concerns <w VBD>were <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>during <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN2>arms <w VVN>manufactured <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Middle <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in <w NN1>contravention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2515"><w AJ0>German <w NN2>officials <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>freighter<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Godewind<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>bound <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Szczecin <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>for <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>carrying <w CRD>16 <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak-made <w CRD>T-72 <w NN2>tanks <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in <w NN1>contravention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>promise <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w DT0>such <w NN2>transactions<c PUN>.
<s n="2516"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vessel <w VBD>was <w VVN>intercepted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>navy <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>escorted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kiel <w AVQ>where <w DPS>its <w NN1>cargo <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>impounded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2517"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VVD>aroused <w AJ0>official <w NN2>protests <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>tank <w NN1>shipment <w VVD>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>252-tank <w NN1>deal <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovakian <w NN2>authorities <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>constraint <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2518"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w DT0>another <w CRD>12 <w CRD>T-72 <w NN2>tanks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>loaded <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>freighter<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nadia <w ZZ0>J<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>bound <w PRP>from <w NN1-NP0>Szczecin <w PRP>for <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>ran <w AV0>aground <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Saeby <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>tanks <w VBD>were <w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w CRD>46 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>ammunition<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NN1>rise <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN2>protests <w PRP>from <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2519"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AJ0>persistent <w NN2>reports <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN2>arms <w NN2>manufacturers <w VBD>were <w VVG>selling <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>contravention <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="2520"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Prague-based <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Respekt<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>intended <w NN1>recipient <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;1,500 <w NN1-AJ0>million-worth <w PRF>of <w NN2>guns<c PUN>, <w NN2>rifles <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-tank <w NN2>missiles <w AV0>ostensibly <w VBG>being <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2521"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN2>authorities <w VVN-VVD>maintained <w PRP>throughout <w DT0>that <w DT0>all <w DT0>such <w NN2>arms <w NN2>deals <w VBD>were <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>counter<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>represent <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>Army<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>stocks <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w AJ0>newly-manufactured <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="2522"><w PNP>They <w AV0>emphatically <w VVD>denied <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>report <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w CRD>350 <w CRD>T-72 <w NN2>tanks <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2523"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2524"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2525"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>environment
</head>
<p>
<s n="2526"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2527"><w PRP>Among <w DPS>its <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>fees <w PRP>by <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>nations <w PRP>to <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w AJ0>tropical <w NN2>forests<c PUN>, <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>absorption <w NN2>services<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2528"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>fees<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>halting <w NN1>deforestation <w CJS>than <w VVG-NN1>logging <w NN2-VVZ>bans<c PUN>.
<s n="2529"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>employment <w NN1>promotion <w NN2>policies <w PRP>in <w AJ0>tropical <w NN1>forest <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>markets <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2530"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>argued <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w NN2>bans <w PRP>on <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w AJ0>low <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
<s n="2531"><w PNP>It <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NN2>barriers <w TO0>to <w VVI>trade <w VM0>could<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w AJ0>beneficial <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>.
<s n="2532"><w PRP>In support of <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w NN1>farm <w NN2>subsidies <w VM0>would <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w NN1>production <w PRP>from <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>in <w AJC>richer <w NN2>countries <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN1>world <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>farming <w NN2>methods<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>asserted<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>less <w AJ0>polluting<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2533"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2534"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2535"><w NN1>Acceleration <w PRF>of <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>ozone-depleters
</head>
<p>
<s n="2536"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN1>satellite <w NN1>evidence <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>record <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ozone-depleting <w NN2>gases <w VBD>were <w AJ0>present <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>hemisphere<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>12<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w NN2>bans <w PRP>on <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>gases <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1995 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w AV0>earlier <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Montreal <w NN1>Protocol <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37552<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2537"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>stipulated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w NN2>chloroflurocarbons <c PUL>(<w NN2>CFCs <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>ozone <w NN2>destroyers<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>cease <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1995 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w DTQ>which <w VVD>proved <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>essential<c PUN>.
<s n="2538"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>chemicals <w NN1>company <w NP0>ICI <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>stop <w VVG>making <w NN2>CFCs <w PRP>as from <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2539"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Environment <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>meant <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1995 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ozone-depleting <w NN2>substances <w PRP>including <w NN2>CFCs<c PUN>, <w NN2>halons <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>used <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w NN1>fire <w NN2>extinguishers<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>solvents <w NN1>methyl <w NN1>chloroform <w CJC>and <w NN1>carbon <w NN1-VVB>tetrachloride<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLGCA069></p>
<caption id=HLGCA069>
<s n="2540"><w NP0-NN1>Amazon <w NN1>summit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2541"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NP0>Amazon <w NN1>Basin <w NN2-VVZ>states <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guyana <w CJC>and <w NP0>Surinam <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manaus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10-12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w AJ0>UNCED<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="2542"><w PNP>They <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developed <w NN1>world <w PRP>in return for <w VVG>taking <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w DPS>their <w NN2>forests<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2543"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>resources <w VBB>are <w PRP>without <w NN1>doubt <w AT0>the <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>resources <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>exercise <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w PNP>them<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2544"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN2>agreements <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>payments <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NN2>companies <w DTQ>which <w VVD>profited <w PRP>from <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w NN1>plant <w NN2>properties<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2545"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2546"><w AJ0>HUMAN <w NN2>RIGHTS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2547"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN1>rape
</head>
<p>
<s n="2548"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVD>said <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>rape <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>girls <w AV0>as <w AJ0>young <w CJS>as <w CRD>14 <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>global <w NN1>occurrence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2549"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVD-AJ0>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Governments <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>brush <w NN1>rape <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w AV0>aside <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lesser <w NN1>abuse <w CJC>or <w AJ0>isolated <w NN1>act<c PUN>.
<s n="2550"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>rapist <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>agent<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>rape <w VBZ>is <w NN1>torture <w CJC>or <w AJ0-NN1>ill-treatment <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2551"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>abuses <w VBD>were <w AV0>seldom <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w AJ0>thorough <w NN2>investigations <w VBD>were <w AV0>rarely <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w DT0>few <w NN2>perpetrators <w VVN-AJ0>disciplined <w CJC>or <w VVD>prosecuted <w AV0>usually <w VVB>get <w DT0>little <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>slap <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>wrist <w CJC>and <w DT0>most <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w AV0>away <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w AJ0>unchallenged<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2552"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NN2>countries <w CJS-AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w AV0>often <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AJ0>extensive <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVN>held <w AJ0>accountable <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>actions<c PUN>.
<s n="2553"><w PRP>During <w NN1>counterinsurgency <w NN2>operations <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w AV0>sometimes <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>rape <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>abuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>extract <w NN1>information <w PRP>from <w NN2>women <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w TO0>to <w VVI>punish <w NN2>women <w AV0>merely <w PRP>for <w VVG>living <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>areas <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sympathetic <w PRP>to <w NN2>insurgents<c PUN>.
<s n="2554"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cases <w NN2>women <w VBD>were <w VVN>raped <w CJC>or <w AV0>sexually <w VVN>abused <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w NN2>men <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>capture <w CJC>or <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>particular <w AJ0>ethnic <w CJC>or <w AJ0>national <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2555"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2556"><w NN1>WAR <w NN2>CRIMES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2557"><w AJ0>Argentinian <w NN1>disclosure <w PRF>of <w NN2>files <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN2>fugitives
</head>
<p>
<s n="2558"><w AJ0>Argentinian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Menem <w VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG>ordering <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AV0>public <w DPS>its <w NN2>police <w NN2>archives <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>war <w NN2>criminals <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="2559"><w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>members <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>invited <w PRP>to <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires <w TO0>to <w VVI>witness <w AT0>the <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2560"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Manzano<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Domingo <w NP0>Per&oacute;n<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>between <w CRD>1946 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1955<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>Argentinian <w NN2>passports <w PRP>to <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN2>fugitives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>years <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2561"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>files <w VBD>were <w NP0>Josef <w NP0>Mengele<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>superintendent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Auschwitz <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires <w PRP>from <w CRD>1959 <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33759<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>Josef <w NP0-NN1>Schwammberger<c PUN>, <w VVD>extradited <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37899<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>self-styled<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Slovakian <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Socialist<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stefan <w NN1>Polakovic<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVG>writing <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Argentinian <w NN1>publication <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2562"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2563"><w NP0-NN1>IMO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2564"><w NP0>Estonia <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Maritime <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMO<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w CRD>136 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38267<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2565"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2566"><w NP0-NN1>ICRC
</head>
<p>
<s n="2567"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guy <w NP0>Deluz <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w NN1>Director-General <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICRC<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>board<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2568"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2569"><w NN1>WORLD <w AJ0>ECONOMIC <w NN1>FORUM
</head>
<p>
<s n="2570"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Davos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w NP0>30-Feb. <w CRD>4 <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>over <w CRD>30 <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>many <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,000 <w NN1>business <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>academics<c PUN>.
<s n="2571"><w VVG>Expressing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>global <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN2>officials <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w UNC>G-7 <w NN1>summit <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>stalemate <w PRP>on <w NP0>GATT <w NN2-VVZ>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2572"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>meetings <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38786<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>president <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>addressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>gathering<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLH>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 62739 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 913 Kbytes running text, containing about 62739 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLH</idno><idno type="old"> krw203 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7353"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="237"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="131"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="366"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="942"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="225"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2743"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="59534"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7353"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="237"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="131"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="366"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="942"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="225"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2743"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="59534"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w AJ0>White <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change
</head>
<p>
<s n="3"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>whites-only<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>68.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVD-VVN>responded <w AV0>positively <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>question<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>support <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37232<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>through <w NN1>negotiation<c PUN>?<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="4"><w VVG>Announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>result<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VBD>was <w AJ0>triumphant<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>today <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>closed <w AT0>the <w NN1>book <w PRP>on <w NN1>apartheid<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5"><w AT0>The <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB-NN1>vote <w AJ0-VVD>surprised <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>) <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>for <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>with <w AJ0>anti-apartheid <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CP<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w AV0>Particularly <w AJ0>unexpected <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Afrikaner <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w DT0>This <c PUL>(<w NN1>majority<c PUR>) <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>population <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>resistant <w PRP>to <w NN1>change<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>analysts <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>62 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>Afrikaners <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w VVD>voted<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>79 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>English-speakers<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w NP0>NP <w NN2>organizers <w VVD>declared <w PNX>themselves <w AJ0>delighted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>breadth <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="9"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>hailed <w AV0>worldwide<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ruud <w NN2>Lubbers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>beautiful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0-NN1>Babangida <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>sent <w NN2>congratulations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="12"><w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Town <w CJC>and <w NP0>Durban <w VVD>recorded <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>majorities<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pietersburg <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Transvaal <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w PNI>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>15 <w NN2>regions <w TO0>to <w VVI>record <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vote<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA000></p>
<caption id=HLHCA000>
<s n="13"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="14"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NP<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <c PUL>(<w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38750<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="15"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>thrust <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w VVN>designed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Kingdom-based <w NN1>advertising <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Saatchi <w CJC>&amp; <w NP0>Saatchi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>believed <w AT0>the <w NN1>scenario <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>voted<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>no<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w NN2>Voters <w VBD>were <w VVN>told <w CJT>that <w NN2>sanctions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>stepped <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w NN1>crime <w VM0>would <w VVI>escalate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>black <w NN1>population <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>revolt<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>took <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w NN2>successes <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>cricket <w NN1>team <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cricket <w NN1>world <w NN1>cup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Australia <w TO0>to <w VVI>argue <w CJT>that <w PRP>without <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VM0>would <w AV0>once again <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>sporting <w NN1>scene<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>drew <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>note <w VBD>was <w VVN>sounded <w PRP>with <w NN2>advertisements <w VVG>offering <w AT0>a <w NN1>vision <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>harmony <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>prosperity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="19"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w VVG>abhorring <w AT0>the <w NN1>notion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>population <w VVG>deciding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>fate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w NN2>whites <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w PNP>He <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>against <w NN2>blacks <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>herald <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>chaos<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN2>circles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="22"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>steered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>CP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Afrikaner <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>AWB<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Reformed <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>message <w VBD>was <w AJ0>simple<c PUN>: <w VVB-NN1>vote<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SACP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w DT0>This <w NN1>argument <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w NP0>P. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>Botha<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>broke <w NN2>ranks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NP0>NP <w AV0>entirely <w PRP>by <w VVG>urging <w NN2>whites <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>no<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w PNP>He <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w NN1>victim <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>plot <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>process <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>lead <w PNP>us <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NN1>abyss<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>suicide <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA001></p>
<caption id=HLHCA001>
<s n="26"><w VVG-AJ0>Rising <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="27"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>between <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>called<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll<c PUR>) <w AV0>more than <w CRD>270 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w VVG-NN1>monitoring <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w NN1>vigilante <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w NP0>Natal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging <c PUL>(<w NP0>PWV<c PUR>) <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Transvaal<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Service <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Kobie <w NP0>Coetsee <w VBD>were <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>with <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orange <w NP0>Free <w NN1>State <w NN1>University <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bloemfontein<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>AWB<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA002></p>
<caption id=HLHCA002>
<s n="32"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="33"><w VVN>Buoyed <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>moved <w AV0>swiftly <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AJ0>revised <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w VVN>tabled <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0>CODESA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NP0>NP <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-phase <w NN1>transition<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>expanded <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38442<c PUN>; <w CRD>38704-05<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revised <w NN2>proposals <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>transitional <w NN2>councils <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>phase <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>multiracial <w NN2>elections<c PUN>; <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>responsibility <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>with <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>administration <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w DT0>This <w NN1>phase <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multi-person <w NN1>presidency <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitution-drafting <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="38"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>were <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>participants <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>CODESA<c PUN>, <w PRP>except <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Zulu-based <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>welcoming <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AJ0>other <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>believed <w VVD-VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>both <w NN1>player <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>referee<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w AV0>also <w AV0>firmly <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVB>disband <w DPS>its <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Umkhonto <w NP0>we <w NP0>Sizwe <c PUL>(<w NP0>MK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="41"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gerrit <w NP0-NN1>Viljoen<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AJC>further <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>constitution-making <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w AT0>The <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VVI>arise <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>bicameral <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN1>body <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w CJS>as <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN2>minorities <w CJC>and <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>houses <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>veto <w NN2>rights <w PRP>over <w PNX>each other<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w NP0-NN1>Viljoen <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single-chamber <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majoritarian <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>sic<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ran <w PRP>contrary to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>power-sharing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>approach<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="45"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w NN1>majority <w NN1-VVB>rule<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w VVN>involved <w CJC>but <w PRP>because of <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w VM0>will <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w PNP>It <w VVD>made <w NN2>counter-proposals <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>drafted <w CJC>and <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>400-member <w NN1>body <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>one-person-one-vote<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG>using <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PNP>It <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>threshold <w PRP>for <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>should <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>low<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJS>widest <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLHCA003><s n="48"><w NN1>Region <w NN0>%<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>%<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Beaufort <w NP0>West <w CRD>61.6 <w CRD>38.4 <w NP0>Bloemfontein <w CRD>58.6 <w CRD>41.4 <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Town <w CRD>84.9 <w CRD>15.1 <w NP0>Durban <w CRD>85.0 <w CRD>15.0 <w NN1>East <w NP0>London <w CRD>78.3 <w CRD>21.7 <w NP0>George <w CRD>65.4 <w CRD>34.6 <w NP0>Germiston <w CRD>65.4 <w CRD>34.6 <w NP0>Johannesburg <w CRD>78.3 <w CRD>21.7 <w NP0>Kimberley <w CRD>54.5 <w CRD>45.5 <w NP0>Kroonstad <w CRD>51.5 <w CRD>48.5 <w NP0>Pietermaritzburg <w CRD>76.0 <w CRD>24.0 <w NP0>Pietersburg <w CRD>43.0 <w CRD>57.0 <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Elizabeth <w CRD>74.5 <w CRD>25.5 <w NP0>Pretoria <w CRD>57.4 <w CRD>42.6 <w NP0-NN1>Roodepoort <w CRD>52.4 <w CRD>47.6 <w NN1>Turnout<c PUN>: <w UNC>85.08%<c PUN>.
</p>
<caption id=HLHCA003>
<s n="49"><w NN1>Referendum <w NN2>results
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="50"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="51"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election <w NN1>setback <w PRP>for <w NP0>DLP
</head>
<p>
<s n="52"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>) <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humiliating <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>losing <w DPS>its <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Unification <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w AV0>both <w VDD>did <w AV0>better <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="54"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36019-21<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>test <w PRF>of <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>indicator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>likely <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AV0>due <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w NN1>level <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w DPS>its <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Roh <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>minority <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w NN1>party <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37187-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>this <w NN1>merger <w AV0>initially <w VVD-VVN>appeared <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shrewd <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>transforming <w AT0>a <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>commanded <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>disquiet <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>legitimacy<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>exacerbated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>instability <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>feuding <w DTQ>which <w VVD>characterized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>group<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA004></p>
<caption id=HLHCA004>
<s n="58"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="59"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,047 <w NN2>candidates <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>223 <w NN2>independents <w CJC>and <w CRD>824 <w NN1>party <w NN2>representatives <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Election <w NN1>Management <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>CEMC<c PUR>) <w NN1>voter <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>71.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>75.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DLP <w VVD>won <w CRD>38.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w CRD>29.2 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNP <w CRD>17.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="62"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DLP <w VVD>won <w CRD>116 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>237 <w NN2>seats <w VVB>open <w PRP>to <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>entitling <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w CRD>33 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>62 <w NN2>seats <w VVN>awarded <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w DPS>its <w NN1>total <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>299-member <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>to <w CRD>149<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="63"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>DP<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1-AJ0>dissident <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Jung <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Ki <w NP0>Taek<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>97 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>75 <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="64"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UNP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w NP0>Yung<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hyundai <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>conglomerate <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>secured <w CRD>31 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>voting <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>constituency<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vigorous<c PUN>, <w AJ0>centrist<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pro-business <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Roh <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w DPS>its <w NN1>inability <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annualized <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w PRP>By <w VVG>exceeding <w AT0>the <w NN1>threshold <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2-VVZ>seats <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNP <w VBD>was <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>caucus <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>floor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="66"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Reform <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNPR<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>21 <w NN2>independents <w VVN>elected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="67"><w CJS>As <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>voting <w NN2>patterns<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>these <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>a little <w AV0>less <w AJ0>rigid <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DP <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Cholla <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN-VVD>captured <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>heartland<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>any <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kyongsang <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>base <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pusan <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Taegu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roh<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>marginal <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>notably <w NP0>Seoul <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>surrounding <w AJ0-NN1>Kyonggi <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VVD>secured <w AT0>an <w AV0>unexpectedly <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>support<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>won <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>44 <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>16 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA005></p>
<caption id=HLHCA005>
<s n="71"><w NN2>Consequences <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="72"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>by <w VVG>stating<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w VM0>should <w AV0>humbly <w VVI>acknowledge <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>will<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>its <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>imperative <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w VM0>should <w VVI>put <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>discord <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>characterized <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>existence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="74"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>lost <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>majority <w VBD>was <w VVN>overcome <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>secured <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>independents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="75"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>independents <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w VBD>were <w NP0>DLP <w NN2>sympathizers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN1>party <w NN1>endorsement <w PRP>as <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w NN2>observers <w VVD>expected <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>majority <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election<w POS>'s <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w VBD>was <w AV0>less <w AJ0>easy <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in terms of <w DPS>its <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>delicate <w CJC>and <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>explosive <w NN1>balance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>disparate <w NN2>groups <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forged<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="77"><w DT0>Each <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CRD>three <w NP0>DLP <w NN2>factions <w VBD>was <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Roh<c PUN>, <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>heartland <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0-NN1>Kyongsang <w NN1>province <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Taegu<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Pil<c PUN>, <w VVD>suffered <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>defeats <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>power-base <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Taejon <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>surrounding <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NN1-NP0>Chungchong<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AV0>Immediately <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w VVD>became <w AJ0>apparent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>offered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w NN1>co-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="80"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>second-largest <w NP0>DLP <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>, <w VVD>maintained <w DPS>its <w NN1>dominance <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pusan<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>saw <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>candidates <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seoul <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w PRP>As <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>losses <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w PNP>He <w VVD>rejected <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>as <w NP0>DLP <w NN1>executive <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>record <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>cost <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w DPS>its <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>discord<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>faction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>40 <w PRP>to <w CRD>22 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim<w POS>'s <w NN1>ambition <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Roh <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>badly <w VVN>shaken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w AT0>The <w NN1>selection <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NP0>DLP <w NN1>convention <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w NP0>May <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="86"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w NN1>result <w VVD>improved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AJ0>certain <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>showing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w VVD>Yung <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>hinted <w AV0>strongly <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>considering <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA006></p>
<caption id=HLHCA006>
<s n="88"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="89"><w NP0>Roh <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="90"><w DT0>Former <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Sahng <w NP0>Yeon <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Suh <w NP0>Dong <w NP0-NN1>Kwon <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Planning<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w DT0>several <w NN1>Agency <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AV0>illegally <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Dong <w NP0>Ho<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w AV0>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kang <w NP0>Hyon <w NP0-NN1>Wook <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Forestry <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Noh <w VVD>Won <w UNC>Il <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA007></p>
<caption id=HLHCA007>
<s n="92"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="93"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>before <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38820<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="94"><w PRP>In <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>between <w NP0>Kozyrev <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>Sang <w NP0-NN1>Ock<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w VHD>had <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>provide <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w AJ0>offensive <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>consult <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w PRP>during <w AJ0>future <w NN2>discussions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>matters <w PRP>with <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>pledged <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>proved <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38818-19<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w NP0>Lee <w AV0>also <w VVD>requested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VVB>undertake <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>repay <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;1,800 <w CRD>million <w DTQ>which <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w VVN>committed <w PNX>itself <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w NP0>Lee <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;330 <w CRD>million <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>the <w NN2>guarantees <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="98"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="99"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="100"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="101"><w NN1>Intensification <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NN1>south
</head>
<p>
<s n="102"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>military <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>drive <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>hold <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Sudan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w NN2>Troops <w VVN-VVD>advanced <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>garrison <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malakal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Juba<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>future <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Nigeria <w VM0>might <w VVI>succeed <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG-NN1>mediating <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38519<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="104"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>weakened <w AV0>both <w PRP>by <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>divisions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38426<c PUN>; <w CRD>38666<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>meant <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>operate <w PRP>from <w NN2>bases <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w VVG>Taking <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dry <w NN1>season<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VVI>end <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>units <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w AV0>now <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>attacking <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w PRP>from <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ethiopia <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w VVD>cited <w NN2>reports <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>gathering<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gambella<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>AFP <w NN1-VVB>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w VVD>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pochala <c PUL>(<w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w PRP>since <w CRD>1985<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>already<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AV0>categorically <w VVN-VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="109"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Command <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="110"><w NP0>Omar <w NP0>al-Bashir<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w VVD>reiterated <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>denials <w PRF>of <w NN2>reports <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w AJ0>present <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>umbrella <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDA<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>8,000 <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Juba<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>military <w NN1>assistance <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA008></p>
<caption id=HLHCA008>
<s n="113"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>repression <w PRP>against <w NP0>Nuba <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Relocation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khartoum <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="114"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kordofan <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Umar <w NP0>Sulayman <w NP0>Adam<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w AJ0-VVD>denied <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nuba <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nuba <w NN2>mountains <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>state <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AJ0>official <w NN1>repression<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="115"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Africa <w VVB-NN1>Watch <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>detailed <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>steady <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w NN1>attrition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w NN1>community <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>educated <w NN2>classes <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nuba<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>organizations <w AV0>also <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Islamicize<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nuba<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>killings <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>disappearances<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0>government-backed <w NN2>militias<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w VVG-NN1>looting <w PRP>by <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0-NN1>Suna <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>jihad <c PUL>(<w AJ0>holy <w NN1>war<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared <w PRP>in <w NN1>south <w NN1-NP0>Kordofan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="118"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>year <w AV0>up to <w CRD>400,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w NN1>shanty <w NN2>towns <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khartoum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN>relocated <w PRP>to <w NN2>areas <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>shanty-town <w NN2>dwellers <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38666<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khartoum <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>embassies <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>relocation <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="120"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>relocation <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRP>as <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>living <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>on <w NN1>land <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khartoum <w NN2>suburbs <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Karmuta <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mud-brick <w NN2>houses <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>vacated <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>by <w NN2>bulldozers<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Kouchner<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN1>Action<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w VVD>visited <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN0>media <w VVN>called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>displaced <w NN2>locations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>moved<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Omdurman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khartoum <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="123"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="124"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="125"><w NN1>Ceasefire <w NN1>failure
</head>
<p>
<s n="126"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w NP0>James <w NP0>Jonah<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>heading <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-member <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w PNX>himself<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0-VVN>depressed <w TO0>to <w VVI>note <w CJT>that <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>relieve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>starving <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>recklessly <w VVN-VVD>disrupted<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Jonah<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38710<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
<s n="128"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>mission <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>implemented <w AT0>a <w NN1>truce <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w AV0>at least <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>docks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="129"><w NP0>Jonah <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w PRP>in <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatures <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AJ0>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>document <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38755<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w CJS>Although <w CRD>45 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies <w VVN>sent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN2>Children<w POS>'s <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNICEF<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>by <w NN1>air <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>ship <w VVG-NN1>carrying <w NN2-VVZ>supplies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>turned <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>docks <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>due to <w NN1-VVG>shelling<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="131"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>signs <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w VVG>beginning <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>respected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="133"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>mission <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0-NN1>brief<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>requirements <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>future <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>operation <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>create<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>mechanisms <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w PRP-AVP>through <w AJ0>unhindered<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Gallagher<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>consisted <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>personnel <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="136"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="137"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="138"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>rallies
</head>
<p>
<s n="139"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>banned <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>meetings <w AV0>indefinitely <w PRP>after <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>rioting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Daniel <w VVB-NN1>arap <w UNC>Moi <w VVD>warned <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>tolerate <w AT0>no <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>a <w NN0>media <w NN1>clampdown<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="142"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w AV0>at least <w CRD>70 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>142 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>violence <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1963<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Rift <w NN1>Valley<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>clashes <w VVG>involving <w UNC>Moi<w POS>'s <w NN1>minority <w NN1-NP0>Kalenjin <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w AT0>a <w NN1>war <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>for <w VVG>inciting <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w UNC>Moi <w NN1>regime <w VM0>would <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>excuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AT0>an <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVB>delay <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="145"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38707<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>agents provocateurs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w DT0>These <w NN2>suspicions <w VBD>were <w VVN>echoed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN2>bishops<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pastoral <w NN1>letter <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w PNP>it <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>fomenting <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>tensions<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN2>bishops <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w AJ0>political <w NN1>strategy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>involving<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>well-trained <w NN2>arsonists<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>transported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>communists<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA009></p>
<caption id=HLHCA009>
<s n="149"><w NP0>Nairobi <w NN1>rioting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="150"><w NN1>Riot <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w VVD>clubbed <w CRD>four <w NN2>women <w AJ0-NN1>unconscious <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VVD>occurred <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>police <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w NN2>batons <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w NN2>protestors <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>away from <w AT0>a <w NN1>park<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w AV0>About <w CRD>50 <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>52 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi<w POS>'s <w NP0>Uhuru <w NN1>Park <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>denying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>held <w DT0>any <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w DPS>their <w NN1>protest<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w VVG>taking <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w NN1>action <w VVD>sparked <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>women<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00A>
<s n="155"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>from <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>KANU <w NN0>MPs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="156"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>declared <w AJ0>vacant <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>holders <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Kenya <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>KANU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Speaker <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>required <w DT0>all <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>KANU<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members <w VVD>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38661<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="159"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="160"><w NP0>CHAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="161"><w NN1>Reaction <w PRP>to <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt
</head>
<p>
<s n="162"><w VVG>Reacting <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Idris <w NP0-NN1>D&eacute;by <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Mahamat <w NP0-NN1>Saleh <w NP0-NN1>Hamat <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w VVD>asked <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>diplomats <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN0>staff <w VDD>did <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>intervene <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chad<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="163"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>N'Djamena<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w CJS>when<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>men <w PRP>in <w AJ0>military <w NN1>uniform<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NN2>troops <w VVG>moving <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w CRD>Six <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>policeman <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>assailants <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN2>arrests <w VBD>were <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="166"><w NP0-NN1>Saleh <w NP0-NN1>Hamat <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abortive <w NN1>coup <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>culmination <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>insurrectional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>climate <w PRP>in <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>specified <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>residents <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chad <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w NN1>suspicion <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VVN>repatriated<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN1>security <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>four <w AJ0>French <w NN2>citizens <w VVG>working <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>official <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="168"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDHT<c PUR>) <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>incident <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>manufactured<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>indignation <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>robbed <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>killed <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Behidi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w CJC>and <w NP0>LDHT <w NN1>vice-president<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>N'Djamena <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w DTQ>which <w NP0>LDHT <w NN2>sources <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>soldiers <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>D&eacute;by<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Zaghawa <w NN1>clan<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVD>marched <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>D&eacute;by <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Alingue <w NP0-NN1>Bawoyeu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDHT <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>observed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17-18<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00B>
<s n="171"><w NN1-VVG>Sending <w PRF>of <w NN2>reinforcements <w PRP>from <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="172"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>150 <w AJ0>French <w NN2>paratroopers <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>N'Djamena <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w PNP>They <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>forces <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chad<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>reinforced <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38519<c PUN>; <w CRD>38710<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00C></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00C>
<s n="174"><w NN1>Recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="175"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>lead <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>N'Djamena<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lol <w NP0>Mahamat <w NP0>Choua<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPDT<c PUR>) <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Elie <w NP0>Romba<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38519<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="177"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>four <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>recognized<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Alingue <w NN1-NP0>Bawoyeu <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>chair <w CJC>but <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>awaited <w AJ0>official <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Socialism <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chad <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDST<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>president <w NP0-NN1>Ngarbaye <w NP0-NN1>Tombalbaye<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w AJ0>Chadian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Tombalbaye<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>second-in-command <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chad <c PUL>(<w NP0>Frolinat<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahamat <w NP0>Djerma<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Frolinat <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w VBN>been <w VVN>dissolved<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>militants <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w DT0>These <w NN2>claims <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Frolinat <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chad <w NP0>Goukouni <w NP0>Oueddei<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="181"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Herman <w NP0>Cohen <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>representatives <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>D&eacute;by <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>N'Djamena<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w AJ0-VVD>continued <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chad<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00D>
<s n="182"><w NN1>Rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maldom <w NP0>Bada <w NP0>Abbas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="183"><w CJS>When <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Provisional <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>included <w NP0>Maldom <w NP0>Bada <w NP0>Abbas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w NP0>Maldom <w NP0>Bada <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38519<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>inclusion <w AV0>therefore <w VVD>signified <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN1>rehabilitation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="185"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="186"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="187"><w NN1>Census <w NN2>results
</head>
<p>
<s n="188"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>census <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38563<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>recorded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>88,514,501<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>some <w CRD>20,000,000-30,000,000 <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w NN2>figures <w AV0>routinely <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="189"><w NP0>Nigeria <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>populous <w AJ0>African <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w CRD>46,800,000 <w NN0>people<c PUR>) <w VVN>shown <w AV0>as <w AV0>more <w AJ0>populous <w CJS>than <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <c PUL>(<w CRD>41,200,000 <w NN0>people<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w NN2-VVZ>Disputes <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w NN2>populations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>censuses <w VBG>being <w VVN>challenged <w CJC>and <w AV0>ultimately <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="191"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>calculation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>per capita <w NN1>income<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>population <w NN1>total<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;360 <w PRP>rather than <w NN0>US&dollar;250<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00E>
<s n="192"><w NN1>Currency <w NN1>flotation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="193"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>float <w AT0>the <w NN1>naira<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>starting <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>17.8 <w NN1>naira <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>10.6 <w NN1>naira <w AJC>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>week<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>bank <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AV0>more <w AJ0>favourable <w NN2>terms <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rescheduling <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN0>&dollar;34,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>external <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="196"><w AT0>The <w NN1>flotation <w VVD>went <w DT0>some <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>offset <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>management <w VVD>lacked<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>transparency <w CJC>and <w NN1>accountability<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>inconsistencies<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>system<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00F>
<s n="199"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>election <w NN2-VVZ>dates
</caption>
<p>
<s n="200"><w NP0>Humphrey <w NP0>Nwosu<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>brought <w AV0>forward <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w AT0>No <w NN1>change <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38708<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00G>
<s n="203"><w AJ0>Ethnic <w NN1>tension
</caption>
<p>
<s n="204"><w AJ0>Local <w NN0>media <w NN2>sources <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taraba <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Jukun <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Tiv <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups <w PRP>over <w NN1-AJ0>farming <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AV0>up to <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>created <w CRD>30,000 <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="206"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="207"><w NP0>NIGER
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="208"><w NN1>Army <w NN1>mutiny <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="209"><w AJ0>Mutinous <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN-VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w NP0>Niamey<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w NN2>occasions <w PRP>between <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN1>prisoner <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours <w AV0>both <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Salifou<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCR <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Mousa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="210"><w CJS>Although <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w NN1>pay <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w CJC>and <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Maliki <w NP0>Boureima<c PUN>, <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w NN2>Tuaregs <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37703<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN0>barracks <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PNP>them <w DPS>their <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="212"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Niamey <w NN2>residents <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers<w POS>' <w NN2>actions<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Niger <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>USTN<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in defence of <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>observed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>following <w NN1>government <w NN2>pledges <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>political <w NN2>concessions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>mutineers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="214"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Amadou <w NP0-NN1>Cheiffou <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="215"><w PRP>According to <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>France <w AJ0>International <w NN1-NP0>Cheiffou <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>progress <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>hindered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>various <w NN2>obstacles <w PRP>including <w NN2>intrigues <w PRP>by <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unjustified <w NN2>expectations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>included <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>changes <w PRF>of <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Mousa <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior <w PRP>by <w NP0>Daouda <w NP0>Rabiou<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cabinet <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w NP0-NN1>Abdou <w NP0-NN1>Tiousso <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mamame <w NP0>Moussa<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>rank <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="219"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="220"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<caption>
<s n="221"><w NP0>Mali <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="222"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="223"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>lead <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mali <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADEMA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38754<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><w NP0>ADEMA <w VVD>captured <w CRD>76 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>116 <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>; <w CRD>13 <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>reserved <w PRP>for <w NN2>Malians <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="226"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN>contested <w PRP>by <w CRD>14 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>drawing <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>lists <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>issuing <w PRF>of <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>papers<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>concern <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>exceptionally <w AJ0>low <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w AV0>only <w CRD>21.09 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w DT0>both <w NN2>rounds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="229"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w AJC>further <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38754<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>candidates <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w CJS>if <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00H>
<s n="231"><w VVB-NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="232"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN2>Movements <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fronts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azawad<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AV0>almost <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>came <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38709 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w PRP>Under <w DPS>its <w NN2>terms <w NN1>provision <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>affairs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>conferred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tuaregs<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pact <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bamako<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Malian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="236"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="237"><w NP0>MAURITANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="238"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="239"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>rounds <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRDS<c PUR>) <w VVG>winning <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>79 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="240"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRDS <c PUL>(<w VVN>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>sponsorship <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Moaouia <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Taya <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38425<c PUR>) <w CRD>67 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDUN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mauritanian <w NN1>Renewal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PMR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AV0>also <w VVD>recognized <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w VVD>won <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>won <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="242"><w AT0>The <w NN2>polls <w VBD>were <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN2>experiences <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38709<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w PNP>They <w VVD>alleged <w NN1>widescale <w NN1-VVB>vote <w NN1-VVG>rigging <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>lists<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>thus <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>abstention<c PUN>: <w AV0>only <w CRD>38.89 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w CJC>and <w CRD>33.38 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="246"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UFD<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w NP0>President <w NP0>Taya <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>result<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Daddah<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>figure <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w PRP>against <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Taya <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>governing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>fraction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>total <w NN1>isolation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="248"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>French <w NN1>radio <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>boycott <w AJ0>senatorial <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00J>
<s n="249"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>demonstration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="250"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVB-NN1>rally<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w NP0>Africa <w NN1>No. <w CRD>1 <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nouakchott<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demonstration<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRP>in <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mauritanian <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>League <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mauritanian <w NN1>Opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w NN2>Protestors <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>respect <w NN1-AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>condemned <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>discrimination<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="254"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="255"><w NP0>GUINEA-BISSAU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="256"><w NN1>Election <w NN2-VVZ>dates
</head>
<p>
<s n="257"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="259"><w AT0>The <w NN2>dates <w VBD>were <w VVN>fixed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAIGC<c PUR>) <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4-6<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w AV0>also <w VVD>elected <w NP0>Saturnino <w NP0>Costa <w CJS>as <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PAIGC <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Vasco <w NP0-NN1>Cabral<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35491<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="261"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w VVD>gave <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w AT0>A <w NN1>crowd <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>foreign <w NN0>media <w NN2>sources <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>30,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>heard <w NN2>speakers <w VVI>denounce <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>corruption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>PAIGC<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVB>accuse <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>services <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>abuses<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="263"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="264"><w NP0>COTE <w NP0>D'IVOIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="265"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders
</head>
<p>
<s n="266"><w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Gbagbo<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>populaire <w NN1-VVB>ivorien <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>FPI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>private <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>property<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w NP0-NN1>Gbagbo <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>imprisoned <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>disqualify <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="268"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w NN2>events <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>18 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>rally <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38753<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prosecution <w VVD>admitted <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Gbagbo <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>coaccused <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w PNX>themselves <w VVN>committed <w DT0>any <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VVN>committed <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w CRD>Eleven <w AJ0>other <w NN2>defendants <w PRP>including <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>campaigner <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Degni <w NP0-NN1>Segui<c PUN>, <w AJ0>FPI <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Moll&eacute; <w NP0>Moll&eacute; <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Parti <w AJ0-NN1>ivorien <w NN1>travailliste <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>received <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="271"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w NP0>President <w NP0>F&eacute;lix <w NP0>Houphou&euml;t-Boigny <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>yield <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w NP0-NN1>Gbagbo <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>reacting <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>deplored <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unacceptable <w NN1>repression<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="273"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="274"><w NP0>GHANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="275"><w NN1-VVB>Timetable <w PRP>for <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule
</head>
<p>
<s n="276"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Flt. <w NP0>-Lt<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Rawlings<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Provisional <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule <w VVG>culminating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>Fourth <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="278"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>35th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rawlings <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>approval <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sought <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38379-80<c PUN>; <w CRD>38664<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>party <w NN1>politics <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>rejecting <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>prohibition <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="281"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w VBD>were <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ghana <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCDFG<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCDFG <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>complex <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>subjected <w AV0>solely <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNDC <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>down <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CCDFG <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>repressive <w NN2>laws<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w CJC>and <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00K>
<s n="284"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>amnesty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="285"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>reprieve <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>release <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>furtherance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>17 <w NN0>people <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>subversion <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35940-41<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w AT0>An <w NN1>amnesty <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN0>people <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="287"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="288"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="289"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="290"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>since <w CRD>1964 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Cameroon <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Rally <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPDC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w VVD>won <w CRD>88 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>180 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="291"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w AV0>originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38518<c PUN>; <w CRD>38664<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>in response to <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ-NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>polling <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w PRP>With <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w AV0>still <w VVG>voicing <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w NN1>poll <w NN1>date<c PUN>, <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>48 <w AJ0>registered <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w DT0>These <w VVN-VVD>included <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cameroon <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>given <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>abstention<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>noticeable <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w AV0>most <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Dead <w NN2>Cities <w VVB>Campaign<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38379<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w PRP>In <w DT0>these <w NN2>areas <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="297"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDP<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>68 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Peoples <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cameroon <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPC<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>18 <c PUL>(<w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>between <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Ndeh <w NP0>Ntumazah<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>insisted <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>UPC <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Frederic <w NP0>Augustin <w NP0>Kodock<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>urged <w NN1>participation<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDR<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="298"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Biya <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>MDR <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Dakole <w NP0>Diassala<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDR<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPDC<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="299"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="300"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="301"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>referendum <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>timetable
</head>
<p>
<s n="302"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>96 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w AT0>a <w NN1>constitution <w VVG>instituting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>on <w DT0>several <w NN2>occasions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38752-53<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>over <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="304"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSR <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>amendment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>timetable <w AV0>in order <w CJT>that <w NN2>irregularities <w VVN>identified <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>corrected<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>consequently <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w DT0>These <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w AJ0>Senatorial <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>rounds <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38752-53 <w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w NN1>timetable <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="308"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="309"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="310"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="311"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w PRP>with <w CRD>eight <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>for <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>Parliament <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRP>for <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Parties<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lukamba <w NP0>Omokoko<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVB>Land <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w AT0>No <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Youth<c PUN>, <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w VBD>was <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w NP0>Nyamwisi <w NP0-NN1>Movingi <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="316"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="317"><w NP0>UGANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="318"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="319"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yoweri <w NP0>Museveni <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="320"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>recovery <w VVB-NN1>plan <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VVD>merged <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Development <w NN2>Ministries<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Joshua <w NN1>Mayanja-Nkangi <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w NN1>head<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Crispus <w NP0>Kiyonga<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN2>Co-operatives <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Kaijuka <c PUL>(<w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Energy<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NN1>import <w NN1>substitution <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>promotion <w PRF>of <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="322"><w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Eriya <w NP0>Kategaya <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>named <w CJS>as <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Commissar<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w ORD>Third <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Abubakar <w NP0>Mayanja <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="324"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="325"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="326"><w NN1>Protocol <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding
</head>
<p>
<s n="327"><w CRD>Three <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w VVG>signalling <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="328"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Rwandan <w NN1>radio <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJS>if <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>commitments <w VBD>were <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>brief<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiation <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Rwanda <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>convening <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>made <w AJ0>clear <w DPS>their <w NN1>desire <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDR<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CRD>three <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w CRD>six<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00L>
<s n="332"><w AJ0>Ethnic <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="333"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>their <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>cancelled <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kigali <w PRP>against <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w AT0>The <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w NN1>Tutsis <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Hutus <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bugesera <w NN1>region <w VBD>were <w ORD>first <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="335"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dusk-to-dawn <w NN1>curfew<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w VBD>was <w CRD>152<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="336"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="337"><w NP0>BURUNDI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="338"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>referendum <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Coup <w NN1>attempt
</head>
<p>
<s n="339"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AJ0>overwhelming <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>97.05 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="341"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>power <w VBD>was <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>ethnic <w CJC>or <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>prohibited<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="343"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w VVD>inaugurated <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Charter <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37994<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Burundi <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRODEBU<c PUR>) <w VVD>campaigned <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AV0>instead <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VBB>be <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>were <w VVN>known<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="346"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w VVN>counted <w AV0>separately<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>over <w CRD>97 <w NN0>per cent <w VVG>backing <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CRD>30 <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="348"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>stationed <w CRD>15 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bujumbura<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJS>after <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>rally <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>from <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>units<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Adrien <w NP0>Sibomana <w DT0>those <w VVN>involved <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pay <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Baptiste <w NP0>Bagaza <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>overthrown <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35631-32<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w PRP>For <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w NN2>rumours <w VHD>had <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bujumbura <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bagaza <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imprisoned <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w NP0>Isidore <w NP0>Nyaboya <w VBD>was <w AJ0>imminent<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w NN1-NP0>Sibomana <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>suggested <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="352"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="353"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="354"><w NN1>Defection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>officials
</head>
<p>
<s n="355"><w PRP>After <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>speculation<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>) <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="357"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w NP0>UNITA <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>N'Zau <w NP0>Puna <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>da <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Fernandes <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>duties <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w DPS>their <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>secession <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Cabinda <w NN1>enclave<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>reports <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVD>defected<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Portugal <w PRF>of <w VVG>assisting <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="359"><w NP0-NN1>N'Zau <w NP0>Puna<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNITA<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>ranked <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w NP0>UNITA<w POS>'s <w NN1>hierarchy <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>title<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>interior <w NN1>minister<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w NN2>Fernandes<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNITA<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1-VVB>minister<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cabinda <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>role <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w VVG>capturing <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>among <w AJ0>non-Ovimbundu <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>departure <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>left <w NP0>UNITA <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AV0>entirely <w NP0-NN1>Ovimbundu <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="363"><w NP0>N'Zau <w NP0>Puna <w VVD>contacted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>BBC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fernandes <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w NP0>UNITA <w PRP>because of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>mistakes <w CJC>and <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVD>accused <w NP0>UNITA <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>abuses <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>killings <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tito <w NP0>Chingunji<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>UNITA <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wilson <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>disappeared <w AV0>unaccountably<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w NP0>UNITA <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w NN2>abuses <w VHD>had <w VVN>occurred<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>blamed <w NP0>N'Zau <w NP0>Puna<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>disappearances<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w NP0>Fernandes <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>extort <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000,000 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNITA <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>plot <w TO0>to <w VVI>assassinate <w NP0>UNITA <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jonas <w NN1-AJ0>Savimbi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="368"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w VVN>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>explanation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>N'Zau <w NP0>Puna <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fernandes<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w VM0>could <w VVI>derail <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="370"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="371"><w NP0>BOTSWANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="372"><w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>scandal <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>resignations
</head>
<p>
<s n="373"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ketumile <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Quett<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Masire <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peter <w NP0-NN1>Mmusi <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Vice-President <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w CJC>and <w NN2>Lands <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Kwelagobe <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>clear <w CJS>whether <w NP0-NN1>Mmusi <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Botswana <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="375"><w AT0>A <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NN1>Englishman <w NN1-NP0>Kgabo<c PUN>, <w VVG>looking <w PRP>into <w NN1>land <w NN2>allocations <w PRP>in <w NN2>villages <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w NP0-NN1>Gaborone<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Mmusi <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>improper <w NN1>land <w NN2>transfers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>occasions <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>interceded <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>Kwelagobe <w PRP>in <w NN2>decisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>land <w NN1>board<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>credibility <w CJC>and <w NN1>integrity<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w NN1>stake<c PUN>.
<s n="377"><w NP0>Michael <w NP0-NN1>Tshipinare <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Assistant <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w CJC>and <w NN2>Lands <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="378"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w NP0-NN1>Masire <w VVD>named <w NP0>Festus <w NP0>Mogae <w PRP>as <w NN1>Vice-President <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w CJC>and <w NN2>Lands<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mogae <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w VVB>Keatlemang <w NP0>Morake <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="380"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Botswana <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w CJC>and <w NP0>Botswana <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>within <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>demanded <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Mmusi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kwelagobe <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Tshipinare <w VBI>be <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w DT0>all <w AJ0>parastatal <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>repeated <w PRP>by <w NN2>students <w VVG>demonstrating <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Gaborone <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PNQ>who <w VVD>called <w PNP>them <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>over-reaction<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="383"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="384"><w NP0>ZIMBABWE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="385"><w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>Acquisition <w NN1-NP0>Bill
</head>
<p>
<s n="386"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>Land <w NN1>Acquisition <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38751 <w PRP>for <w NN1>introduction<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,500,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>white-owned <w NN1>land <w VVN-VVD>earmarked <w PRP>for <w NN1>redistribution <w PRP>to <w AJ0>black <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="388"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>clauses <w VBD>were <w VVN>dropped <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>committee <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD>violated <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w CRD>One <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>clause <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deleted <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VVD>denied <w NN2>farmers <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w NN1>compensation <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="390"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>farming <w NN1>community <w DTQ>which <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>transform <w AJ0>productive <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>farms <w PRP>into <w NN1>subsistence <w NN2>smallholdings <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VVI>turn <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>food <w NN1>exporter <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>importer<c PUN>.
<s n="391"><w NN1-VVB>Concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w NN2>farmworkers <w PRP>on <w AJ0>acquired <w NN2>farms <w VBD>was <w VVN>voiced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w AJ0>Agricultural <w CJC>and <w NN1>Plantation <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w CRD>50,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>300,000 <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1>priority <w PRP>to <w DT0>such <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>reallocation <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="393"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="394"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="395"><w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="396"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1966<c PUN>, <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously <w AV0>only <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>voiced <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="397"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN2>bishops <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>interrogated <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pastoral <w NN1>letter<c PUN>, <w VVN>termed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>seditious<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>read <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NN2>churches<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w AT0>The <w NN1>letter<c PUN>, <w VVG>Living <w DPS>our <w NN1>Faith<c PUN>, <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gap <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rich <w CJC>and <w AJ0>poor<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VVG>preventing <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>expression<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w AT0>The <w NN1>letter <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>heard <w PRP>by <w CRD>one-quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="400"><w AT0>The <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bishops <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Multi-Party <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFMD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zambia<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zomba <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NN2>protestors <w VVG>responding <w TO0>to <w VVI>UFMD <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="402"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lusaka<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Zambian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19-23<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Malawian <w NN2>exiles <w CJC>and <w NN2>critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Banda <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>met <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Chakufwa <w NP0>Chihana<c PUN>, <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lilongwe-based <w AJ0>Southern <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Co-ordination <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>organize <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Malawi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="404"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>abuses<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Banda <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w AV0>routinely <w VVG-AJ0>torturing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ill-treating <w NN2>prisoners <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN2>arrests<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w DT0>These <w CJC>and <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w AJ0>African <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Foundation <w VBD>were <w AV0>categorically <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="407"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="408"><w NP0>MOZAMBIQUE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="409"><w ORD>Third <w NN1>peace <w NN1>protocol
</head>
<p>
<s n="410"><w PRP>After <w DT0>several <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Mozambique <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Resistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Renamo<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w NN1>Protocol <w NN1>Number <w CRD>3 <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>protocols <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38517<c PUN>; <w CRD>38565<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w CJC>and <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>mediation<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w PRP>as well as <w VVG>enshrining <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>association<c PUN>, <w NN1>expression <w CJC>and <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w CJC>and <w NN1>reintegration <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w CJC>and <w AJ0>displaced <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="413"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>simultaneously <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w NN1>deadline <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>at least <w CRD>35 <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>candidacies <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>signatures<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>voting <w NN1>age <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>expectation <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>members <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>MNR<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>organize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w VVG>determining <w AV0>for example <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>per <w NN1>region<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w NP0>MNR <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>facilities <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN1>work <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>at least <w AT0>every <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="414"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="415"><w NP0>MAURITIUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="416"><w NN1>Republic <w NN1>status
</head>
<p>
<s n="417"><w NP0>Mauritius <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>crown <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w AT0>The <w ORD>last <w NN1>Governor-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Veerasamy <w NP0>Ringadoo<c PUN>, <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="419"><w NN1>Guest <w PRF>of <w NN1>honour <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>celebrations<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>24th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>.
<s n="420"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rao <w VVD>recalled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>cultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>52 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>Mauritians <w VBD>were <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
<s n="421"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>contribution <w PRF>of <w UNC>Rs200,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;7,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indo-Mauritian <w NN1>fund <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>India <w VM0>would <w VVI>play <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Mauritian <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="422"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="423"><w NP0>BURKINA
</head>
<p>
<s n="424"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>77 <w PRP>to <w CRD>107<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="425"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="426"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="427"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>before <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>decrees <w PRP>on <w NN2>regions <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38660<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="428"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="429"><w NP0>MADAGASCAR
</head>
<p>
<s n="430"><w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Henri <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0-NN1>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>health <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Henri <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>; <w NP0>Roger <w NP0>Vony <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="431"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="432"><w NP0>NAMIBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="433"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w NN2>fisheries <w VVB-NN1>patrol <w NN2>boats <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>instructed <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>vessels <w NN1-VVG>fishing <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>200-mile <w AJ0>exclusive <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="434"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="435"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="436"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<p>
<s n="437"><w NN2>Events <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVD>went <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>way <w PRP>towards <w VVG>determining <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>contests <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Republican <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>nominations<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w PRP>With <w NN2>primaries <w CJC>or <w NN2>caucuses <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>28 <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VVN-VVD>altered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>close-quarters <w NN1>politics <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continental <w NN1>sweep <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>campaigning<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w PRF>Of <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>importance <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>clusters <w PRF>of <w NN2>primaries <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>caucuses <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Junior <w NP0>Tuesday<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Super <w NP0>Tuesday<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="440"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republican <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>by <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>journalist <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Buchanan <w VHD>had <w DT0>all <w CJC>but <w VBN>been <w VVN>neutralized<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0-NN1>Ku <w NP0>Klux <w NP0>Klansman <w NP0>David <w NN1>Duke <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>any <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>impact<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>: <w NP0>Nebraska <w NN1>senator <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Kerrey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iowa <w NN1>senator <w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Harkin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NP0>Massachusetts <w NN1>senator <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Tsongas<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>exit <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>straight <w NN1-VVB>fight <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>front-runner<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arkansas <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>maverick <w NN1>outsider<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>California <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLHCA00M><s n="443"><w NN2>Democrats <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Brown <w CRD>8 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w CRD>57 <w CRD>34 <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Tom <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w CRD>2 <w CRD>6 <w CRD>2 <w NN0>Bob <w NP0-NN1>Kerrey <w CRD>5 <w CRD>5 <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Paul <w NN2>Tsongas <w CRD>24 <w CRD>40 <w CRD>26 <w NN2>Republicans <w NP0>Pat <w NP0>Buchanan <w CRD>36 <w CRD>30 <w CRD>30 <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CRD>64 <w CRD>70 <w CRD>67 <ptr target=HLHCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00M>
<s n="444"><w NN1>Percentage <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w NN2>primaries <w NP0>Georgia <w NP0>Maryland <w NP0>Colorado
</caption>
<caption id=HLHCA00N>
<s n="445"><w AJ0>Junior <w NP0>Tuesday <w NN2>contests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="446"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Junior <w NP0>Tuesday<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>contests <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w VVD>included <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maryland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Colorado<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="447"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>won <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republican <w NN2>contests<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN2>margins <w PRF>of <w NN1>victory <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>sufficiently <w AJ0>large <w AV0>either <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>disguise <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sizeable <w NN1>portion <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republicans <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>dissatisfied <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Georgia <w NP0>Buchanan <w VVD>came <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>scored <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire<c PUN>, <w CJS>whilst <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colorado <w CJC>and <w NP0>Maryland<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>hardly <w VVN>campaigned<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>won <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="449"><w PRP>Amongst <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>won <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>sufficiently <w AJ0>large <w NN1>margin <w TO0>to <w VVI>assuage <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>doubts <w VVN>produced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>marital <w NN1>infidelity <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>draft <w NN1>avoidance <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38714<c PUN>; <w CRD>38756<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w AT0>The <w NN2>victories <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tsongas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maryland <w NN1>primary <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>caucuses <w PRP>in <w NP0>Utah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>proved <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Massachusetts <w NN1>senator <w VM0>could <w VVI>win <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>outside <w NP0>New <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w VVG>reinforcing <w DPS>his <w NN1>status <w PRP>as <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>rival <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN1>beneficiary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Junior <w NP0>Tuesday <w VBD>was <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Brown <w PNQ>who <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVD-VVN>won <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>primary <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colorado<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="452"><w CJS>While <w NP0>Brown<w POS>'s <w NN1>victory <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w AJ0>immediate <w VVB>transform <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AJ0>quixotic <w NN1-AJ0>eccentric <w PRP>to <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>contender<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w VVI>establish <w PNP>him <w PRP-AVP>in <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>behind <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tsongas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>ensured <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0-NN1>matching <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w DT0>This <w DT0>latter <w NN1>point <w VBD>was <w PRF>of <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>importance <w CJS>as <w NP0>Brown <w VVD>restricted <w DT0>all <w NN2>donations <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;100 <w CJC>or <w AV0>less<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>underlining <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<w POS>'s <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>conventional <w NP0>US<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>money <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="454"><w VHG>Having <w AJC>earlier <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>crank <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w AV0>disparagingly <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Moonbeam<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w NN1>mysticism <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zen <w NN1>Buddhism <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Brown<w POS>'s <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colorado <w VVD>ensured <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>hearing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>policies <w AJ0>central <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Canadian-style <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0-NN1>flat <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="455"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Junior <w NP0>Tuesday <w VBD>were <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kerrey<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w PRP>After <w VVG>achieving <w AV0>only <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colorado <w CJC>and <w AV0>less <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w AJ0>other <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kerrey <w VVD>cancelled <w DPS>his <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>in <w NP0>Florida <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>reassess<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>achieved <w AJ0>narrow <w NN2>wins <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Minnesota <w CJC>and <w NP0>Idaho <w VVZ>caucuses <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w VVD>stated <w DPS>his <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w AV0>at least <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>Illinois <w CJC>and <w NP0>Michigan <w NN2>primaries<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>support <w VM0>would <w VVI>assist <w PNP>him<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00P>
<s n="458"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kerrey <w PRP>from <w NN1>contest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="459"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Kerrey <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <w NN1>contest<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NN1>regret <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AJ0>great <w NN1>pride<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="460"><w PNP>He <w VVD>cited <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
<s n="461"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VVD>refrained <w PRP>from <w VVG>endorsing <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>retract <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>upon <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VVN>exercised <w AJ0>political <w NN1>hyperbole <w PRP>on <w NN1>occasion <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>called <w PNP>them <w AJ0>unelectable<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w DT0>each <w AJ0-NN1>passing <w NN1>day <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>clear <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>unelectable <w NN1>politician <w VVG-NN1>running <w PRP>for <w NN1>office <w VBZ>is <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="462"><w NP0-NN1>Kerrey<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>good <w NN1>news <w PRP>for <w NP0>Clinton <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>offered <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w VVG>removing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rancorous <w NN1>legacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w NN1-NP0>Kerrey<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>distinguished <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>veteran <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>leg <w PRP>in <w NN1>combat<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>castigated <w NP0>Clinton <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unelectable <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his <w NN1>avoidance <w PRF>of <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="464"><w CJS>If <w NP0>Clinton <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w NP0>Kerrey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VM0>would <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>open <w PNP>him <w AVP>up <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>soft <w NN1>peanut<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w PRP>On <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>his <w NN1>withdrawal <w NP0-NN1>Kerrey <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NP0>Clinton <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w AV0>feverishly <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>certain <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wins <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00R>
<s n="466"><w NP0>March <w CRD>7 <w NN2>contests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="467"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>7 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>primary <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Carolina <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democrat <w VVZ-NN2>caucuses <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wyoming <w CJC>and <w NP0>Arizona<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="468"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>primary <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Carolina <w PRP>with <w CRD>67 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w NN1>share <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>quarters <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AJ0>full <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w NP0>Carolina <w NN1>election <w AV0>also <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0-NN1>Ku <w NP0>Klux <w NP0>Klansman <w NP0>David <w NN1>Duke <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w VVG>winning <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorship <w PRF>of <w NP0>Louisiana <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="471"><w DPS>His <w NN1>achievement <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w PNP>his <w AV0>racially <w AJ0-VVD>oriented <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="472"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w NN1>polling<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buchanan <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>primaries<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w VVG>Emphasising <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>anti-tax<c PUN>, <w AJ0>anti-big <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>America <w ORD>First <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w CJC>and <w NN1>soul <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>lose <w CRD>50 <w NN2>primaries <w PRP>to <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AV0>still <w VVB>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>debate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="474"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w NP0>Carolina <w NN1>primary <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>with <w CRD>63 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w PRP>In <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w AV0>further <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilize <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0>working <w NN1>class <w AJ0>white <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South<c PUN>.
<s n="476"><w NN2>Tsongas <w VVD>scored <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Carolina<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brown <w DT0>each <w VVN-VVD>achieved <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="477"><w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>also <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>caucus <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wyoming<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>victory <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>South<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w NP0>Brown <w VVD>polled <w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NN2>Tsongas <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w AJ0>uncommitted<c PUN>.
<s n="479"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>caucus<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arizona<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tsongas <w VVD>won <w CRD>34 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w CRD>29 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brown <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00S>
<s n="480"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Harkin
</caption>
<p>
<s n="481"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Super <w NP0>Tuesday<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harkin <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>avoided <w VVG>expressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>preference <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w NP0-NN1>Harkin <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nevada <w NN1>caucus<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brown <w PRP>with <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VVN>polled <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NN2>Tsongas <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cast <w PRP>for <w AJ0>uncommitted <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00T>
<s n="483"><w AJ0>Super <w NP0>Tuesday
</caption>
<p>
<s n="484"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>his <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>showings <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buchanan <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>momentum <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w PRP>For <w DT0>this <w NN1>purpose <w AT0>the <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Super <w NP0>Tuesday <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Louisiana <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mississippi<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>embarrass <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>adopted <w NN1>home <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Texas<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><w NN1>Duke <w AV0>also <w VHD>had <w AJ0>high <w NN2>hopes <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Super <w NP0>Tuesday<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>native <w NP0>Louisiana<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>won <w DT0>all <w CRD>eight <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>primaries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN1>table<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="488"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>victory <w VBD>was <w VVN>attenuated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AV0>ever<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w PNP>him <w AV0>marginally <w PRP>behind <w AV0>both <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tsongas<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w AT0>The <w NN1>poll <w AV0>also <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>approval <w NN1>rating <w PRF>of <w CRD>39 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w AV0>ever <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w AJ0>discordant <w NN1>note <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>struck <w PRP>by <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>Republicans <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>unity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="491"><w AJ0>Super <w NP0>Tuesday <w AV0>also <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>Duke<w POS>'s <w NN1>challenge<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w PNP>He <w VVD>achieved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>double <w NN1>figure <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mississippi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>scored <w AT0>a <w AJ0>derisory <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>39 <w NN0>per cent <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>achieved <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN1>contest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="493"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>once again <w VVD-VVN>demonstrated <w DPS>his <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>comprehensively <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tsongas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Massachusetts <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rhode <w NP0>Island <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN1>table<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w DT0>This <w NN1>pattern <w VBD>was <w VVN>repeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>caucuses <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Clinton <w VVG>winning <w PRP>in <w NP0>Missouri <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hawaii<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tsongas <w VVG>securing <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delaware<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="495"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w NP0>Clinton <w VM0>could <w VVI>command <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0>white <w AJ0>working-class <w AJ0>southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>black <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tsongas <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AJ0>middle-class <w NN2>liberals <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>possibly<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mid-western <w AJ0>working-class <w NN2>voters<c PUN>.
<s n="496"><w DT0>This <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w VHD>had <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>consequences <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>commonly <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w AJ0-NN1>constituent <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>united <w PRP>behind <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>candidate <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>regain <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLHCA00U><s n="497"><w VVB>State <w NP0>Brown <w NP0>Clinton <w NP0>Tsongas <w NP0>Bush <w NP0>Buchanan <w NP0>Duke <w NP0>Florida <w CRD>12 <w CRD>51 <w CRD>34 <w CRD>68 <w CRD>32 <w UNC>* <w NP0>Louisiana <w CRD>7 <w CRD>69 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>62 <w CRD>27 <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Massachusetts <w CRD>15 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>66 <w CRD>66 <w CRD>28 <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Mississippi <w CRD>10 <w CRD>73 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>72 <w CRD>17 <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Oklahoma <w CRD>17 <w CRD>71 <w UNC>* <w CRD>70 <w CRD>27 <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Rhode <w NP0>Island <w CRD>19 <w CRD>21 <w CRD>53 <w CRD>63 <w CRD>32 <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Tennessee <w CRD>8 <w CRD>67 <w CRD>19 <w CRD>73 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Texas <w CRD>8 <w CRD>65 <w CRD>19 <w CRD>70 <w CRD>24 <w CRD>3
</p>
<caption id=HLHCA00U>
<s n="498"><w NN1>Percentage <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Super <w NP0>Tuesday <w NN2>primaries <w NN2>Democrats <w NN2>Republicans
</caption>
<p>
<s n="499"><w UNC>*Candidate <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>appear <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ballot<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00V>
<s n="500"><w NN2>Primaries <w PRP>in <w NP0>Illinois <w CJC>and <w NP0>Michigan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="501"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eve-of-poll <w NN1>accusation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brown <w CJT>that <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arkansas <w TO0>to <w VVI>direct <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>business <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<w POS>'s <w NN1>law <w NN1>firm <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>charge <w AV0>furiously <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Clinton <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>front-runner <w VVD>secured <w AJ0>overwhelming <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN2>victories <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>mid-western <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0>Illinois <w CJC>and <w NP0>Michigan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="502"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Illinois <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>scored <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>Tsongas <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>.
<s n="503"><w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>also <w VVD>polled <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Michigan<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Brown <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>Tsongas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="504"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>contest <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>won <w CRD>76 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Illinois<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Michigan <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>scored <w CRD>67 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="506"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Buchanan <w VVD>committed <w PNX>himself <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>accepted <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0-AJ0>only<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>celestial <w NN1>intervention<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VVI>prevent <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRP>from <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="507"><w PRP>In <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w PNP>he <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>alter <w AT0>the <w NN1>style <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>prejudice <w DPS>his <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1>election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00W>
<s n="508"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tsongas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="509"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>in <w NP0>Boston <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tsongas <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="510"><w PNP>He <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Illinois <w CJC>and <w NP0>Michigan <w NN2>results <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NP0>Clinton <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>lead<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>campaign<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>resources <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w NN1-VVB>battle <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN1>primary<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><w TO0>To <w VHI>have <w VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w PRP>under <w DT0>these <w NN2>circumstances <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>spoiler<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>said <w NP0>Tsongas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>agent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-election <w PRF>of <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="512"><w NN2>Tsongas <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>endorse <w DT0>either <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w DPS>his <w CRD>430 <w AJ0>hard-won <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>significant <w CJT>that <w NN2>Tsongas <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w CJS>rather than <w VVI>terminate <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>underlined <w AT0>the <w NN2>doubts <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>now <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>certain <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>amassed <w CRD>947 <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>129 <w VVD-VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brown <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>many <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>beset<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>possibly <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AJC>further <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>scandals<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00X>
<s n="515"><w VVB-NN1>Defeat <w PRP>for <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>in <w NP0>Connecticut <w NN1>primary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="516"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>contest <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tsongas <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Connecticut<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>stumbled <w AV0>badly <w PRP>by <w VVG>losing <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="517"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>margin <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <w VBD>was <w DT0>fewer <w CJS>than <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>votes <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Brown <w VVD>polled <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tsongas <c PUL>(<w PRP>despite <w DPS>his <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w VBD>was <w AJ0>considerable<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w PRP>By <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>the <w NN1>sequence <w PRF>of <w NN2>victories <w PNP>it <w VVD>damaged <w AT0>the <w NN1>aura <w PRF>of <w NN1>invincibility <w VVN>acquired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>since <w AJ0>Super <w NP0>Tuesday<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="519"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Connecticut <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ferocious <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brown <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>character <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w NP0>Brown <w VVD>assailed <w PNP>him <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Slick <w NP0-NN1>Willie<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w AJC>bluffer <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AJ0>American <w NN1>politics <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>lifetime<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>nomination <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>ruin <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VVG>showing <w CJT>that <w CRD>46 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Connecticut <w NN2>votes <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>honesty <w CJC>and <w NN1>integrity <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Brown<w POS>'s <w AJ0>negative <w NN2>tactics <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>effective<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="522"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>contest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Connecticut <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>won <w CRD>67 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>, <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN1>Duke<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AJ0>uncommitted <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="523"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Connecticut <w NN1-VVB>contest <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>defeated <w NP0>Brown <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>Virgin <w NP0>Islands<w POS>' <w NN1>caucus<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLHCA00Y>
<s n="524"><w NP0>Vermont <w VVZ-NN2>caucuses <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Campaign <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York
</caption>
<p>
<s n="525"><w AT0>The <w NN1>month <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w NN2>caucuses <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vermont<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brown <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="526"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>polled <w CRD>88 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Buchanan <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AJ0>uncommitted <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="527"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w NP0>Brown <w VVD>scored <w CRD>46 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>Tsongas <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AJ0>uncommitted <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="528"><w PRP>By <w AJ0-AV0>late <w NP0>March <w AT0>the <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>suffered <w AJC>further <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>from <w NP0>Brown <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>endure <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w NN1>record <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arkansas<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w CJS>Although <w PRP>at <w NN2>times <w PNP>he <w VVD>displayed <w NN2>symptoms <w PRF>of <w NN1>stress <w CJC>and <w NN1>irritation<c PUN>, <w AV0>in general <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AT0>the <w NN1>resilience <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>scandal-ridden <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>boosted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Harkin<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w VHG>Having <w AV0>prematurely <w VVN>begun <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>against <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w PRP>to <w NN1>refocus <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>on <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VVD>attacked <w PRP>for <w VVG>advocating <w AT0>a <w NN1>taxation <w NN1>system <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>favour <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rich<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA010></p>
<caption id=HLHCA010>
<s n="532"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>tax <w NN1>reduction <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w NN1>package
</caption>
<p>
<s n="533"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;77,500 <w CRD>million <w NN1>tax <w NN1>relief <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w NN1>bill <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes <w CJS>after <w NN1>Congress <w VVD-VVN>completed <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w PRP>In <w AV0>so <w VDG>doing <w PNP>he <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>US <w NN1>President <w PRP>since <w NP0>Harry <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Truman <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>spending <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="535"><w PRP>In <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>his <w NN1>veto <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>gathering <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN2>lawmakers <w CJC>and <w NN2>businessmen<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>irresponsibility<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>address <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38711-13<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w PNP>He <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>alternative <w NN1>package <w VVN>offered <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rich <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVB>stimulate <w NN1>growth <w CJC>but <w VVB>stifle <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AJ0>indicative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>their <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>impulse <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>taxes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Foley<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w NN1>conciliation <w PRP>between <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AV0>angrily <w VVD-VVN>characterized <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>partisan <w NN1>speech <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AV0>ever <w VVN>heard <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>guise <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>address<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="538"><w CJS>Since <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>address<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AV0>unusually <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>pace <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w NN1>package <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsive <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>demands <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>shift <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wealthy<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>211 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>189 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w CRD>50 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>44 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w PRP>from <w CRD>31 <w PRP>to <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>placed <w AT0>a <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>surtax <w PRP>on <w NN2>millionaires <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w NN1>tax <w NN1>relief <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>tax <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;300 <w PRP>per <w NN1>child <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w AJC>lower- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>middle-income <w NN1>tax <w NN2>payers<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w CJS>Whereas <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>relief <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>affected <w DT0>some <w CRD>78,000,000 <w NN2>families<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>increases <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>applied <w PRP>to <w AV0>only <w AV0>around <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>couples <w CJC>and <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="541"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w AV0>also <w VVD>incorporated <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>varying <w NN2>degrees <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>anti-recession <w NN2>proposals <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>speech<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>omitted <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;5,000 <w NN1>credit <w PRP>for <w AJ0>first-time <w NN1>home <w NN2>buyers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>costly<c PUN>.
<s n="543"><w NN2>Republicans <w VVD>insisted<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>component <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>generating <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w NN1>industry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA011></p>
<caption id=HLHCA011>
<s n="544"><w NN1>Failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w NN1>veto
</caption>
<p>
<s n="545"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>veto <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>fell <w AV0>considerably <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w VVN>required<c PUN>, <w VVG>failing <w AV0>even <w TO0>to <w VVI>muster <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w CRD>215 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>211<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>52 <w NN2>Democrats <w VVG>joining <w CRD>163 <w NN2>Republicans <w PRP>in <w VVG>voting <w PNP>it <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foregone <w NN1>conclusion<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>House <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>leaders <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>exert <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>colleagues <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>favour <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w VBD>were <w AV0>more <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w VVG>protecting <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>upper-income <w NN2>citizens <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w VVG>providing <w NN1>tax <w NN1>relief <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>middle <w NN1>class<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA012></p>
<caption id=HLHCA012>
<s n="549"><w NN1>Revelation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Rubbergate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>banking <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="550"><w AT0>A <w NN1>banking <w NN1>scandal <w VVN>developed <w PRP>during <w NP0>March <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>300 <w AJ0>current <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>abused <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>bank <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>writing <w NN2>cheques <w DTQ>which <w DPS>their <w NN2>accounts <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w NN2>tax-payers<w POS>' <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VVD>received <w AJ0>intensive <w NN0>media <w NN1>coverage<c PUN>.
<s n="552"><w AJ0>Early <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>results <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w VVG>reinforcing <w AJ0>public <w NN1>cynicism <w CJC>and <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>towards <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>catalyst <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>US <w NN2>legislators <w AJ0>unprecedented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>modern <w NN1>era<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="553"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>cheques <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>in excess of <w AT0>the <w NN2>account-holders<w POS>' <w NN2>funds <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>providing <w AT0>the <w NN2>offenders <w PRP>with <w AJ0>limitless <w CJC>and <w AJ0>interest-free <w NN1>credit<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>resulting <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>outcry <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN0>ethics <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w AT0>The <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w NN1-VVG>voting <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>past <w CJC>and <w AJ0>present <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w VVN>adjudged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>offenders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="556"><w AT0>A <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>legislators <w VVD-VVN>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republicans <w PRP>within <w NN1>Congress <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>encouraged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AJ0>confident <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>offenders <w VBD>were <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>to <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>incompetence <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Democrat-controlled <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>blamed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>shortcomings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="559"><w PRP>Under <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>pressure <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AV0-AJ0>public <w DT0>all <w CRD>355 <w NN2>names <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w CRD>24 <w AJS>worst <w NN2>offenders <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DT0>another <w CRD>277 <w AJ0>current <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w CRD>54 <w DT0>former <w NN2>members<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="560"><w VVG>Following <w DT0>this <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>procession <w PRF>of <w NN2>legislators <w VVD>came <w AV0>forward <w TO0>to <w VVI>acknowledge <w DPS>their <w NN1>guilt <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>list<w POS>'s <w NN1>publication<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>Republicans <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<w POS>'s <w AJ0>outspoken <w NN1>minority <w NN1-VVB>whip<c PUN>, <w NP0>Newt <w NP0>Gingrich<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w AV0>More <w AJ0>embarrassing <w AV0-AJ0>still <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>admission <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>three <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Dick <w NP0>Cheney<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Lynn <w NP0>Martin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Madigan <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>written <w AJ0>uncovered <w NN2>cheques <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>39-month <w NN1>period <c PUL>(<w NP0>July <w NP0>1988-October <w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w VVD>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="563"><w NP0>Cheney <w VVD>declared <w PNX>himself<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>stunned<c PUN>, <w AJ0>angry <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>frustrated<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w DT0>many <w AJ0>other <w NN2>offenders<c PUN>, <w VVD>blamed <w AJ0>dubious <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>practices <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VVG>keeping <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>accurate <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>account <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VVG>keeping <w PNP>him <w AV0>more <w AV0>closely <w VVN>informed <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w AT0>The <w NN1>person <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>160-year-old <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w NN2>Sergeant-at-Arms <w NP0>Jack <w NP0>Russ<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>Ethics <w NN1>Committee<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>manner <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>administered <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w NP0>Russ <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>written <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>uncovered <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>cheques <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w XX0>not <w VHG>having <w AT0>an <w NN1>account <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>ignored <w NN2>auditors<w POS>' <w NN1>advice <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w VVG>abusing <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="566"><w PRP>With <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>offenders <w VVG>claiming <w NN2>mistakes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>records <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>published<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w VVD>came <w AV0>forward <w AV0>voluntarily <w AV0>almost <w AT0>every <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>attorney <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>District <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbia <w VBD>was <w VVG>conducting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>inquiry <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w CJS>whether <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>involved <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>wrongdoing<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w PRP>Amongst <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>charges <w DTQ>which <w NN2>legislators <w VM0>could <w VVI>face <w VBD>were <w NN1>fraud <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>fraud <w NN1>statute <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>District <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbia <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>felony <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>person <w AV0>knowingly <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w AT0>a <w NN1>cheque <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exceeded <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>account <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w NN0>&dollar;100<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w NN1>disclosure <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w NN1>fund <w NN2>laws<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA013></p>
<caption id=HLHCA013>
<s n="570"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>legislation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="571"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w NN1>judiciary <w NN1>subcommittee <w PRP>on <w AJ0>civil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>rights <w VVD>opened <w NN2>hearings <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>bill <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Choice <w NN1>Bill<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w CRD>131 <w NN2>co-sponsors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w CJC>and <w CRD>31 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>prohibited <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>from <w VVG>restricting <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <w TO0>to <w VVI>terminate <w DPS>her <w NN1>pregnancy <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>foetus <w VBD>was <w AJ0>viable <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w DT0>such <w NN1>termination <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w CJC>or <w NN1>health <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>woman<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0-NN1>enshrine <w PRP>into <w NN1>law <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w AV0>already <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>in <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>landmark <w CRD>1973 <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="574"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>undermined <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36809<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>enacted <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2-VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w CJC>or <w VVI>eliminate <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>abortions<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitutionality <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w DT0>such <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pennsylvania<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>every <w NN1>chance <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1973 <w NN1>precedent <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>overturned <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>entirety<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="576"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AV0>emotionally <w VVN-AJ0>charged <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>hearings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Choice <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w VVD>began<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN2>opponents <c PUL>(<w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w NN2>Republicans<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>extend <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>rights <w PRP>beyond <w DT0>those <w AV0>already <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w DT0>This <w NN1>view <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>William <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Barr<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>questioned <w NN1>Congress<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>would <w VVI>impose<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>on <w NN1>demand<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0>right<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVN>become <w NN1>law <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w NN1>President<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA014></p>
<caption id=HLHCA014>
<s n="579"><w NN1>Settlement <w PRF>of <w NN2>claims <w PRP>against <w NP0>Drexel <w NP0>Burnham <w NP0>Lambert
</caption>
<p>
<s n="580"><w NP0>Manhattan <w NN1>District <w NN1>Court <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>Milton <w NP0>Pollack <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>global<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>settlement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>litigation <w NN2-VVZ>suits <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>arisen <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Drexel <w NP0>Burnham <w NP0>Lambert <w NN1>investment <w NN1>bank <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37412-13<c PUN>; <w CRD>37848<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="581"><w AT0>The <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>concluded <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVD>obviated <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>cases <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>heard <w PRP>in <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="582"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>pool <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;1,300 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w PRP>between <w NP0>Drexel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN0>&dollar;85,000,000 <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Drexel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>fixed <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>split <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>litigants <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>discretion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w CJC>and <w NN2>Securities <w NN1-VVB>Exchange <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>pool <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Milken<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>junk <w NN1-VVB>bond<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>department <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>conviction <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37848<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w PRP>In addition to <w AT0>the <w NN0>&dollar;400 <w CRD>million <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>paid <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NP0>SEC <w NN1>disgorgement <w NN1>fund<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>in <w NN2>tranches <w AV0>over <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w AT0>The <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VVI>constitute <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Milken<w POS>'s <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>wealth<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVB>account <w AT0>the <w NN2>assets <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="587"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Deposit <w NN1>Insurance <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDIC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>government <w NN1>claimant<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>task <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w CJS>whether <w NP0>Drexel <w VHD>had <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>savings <w CJC>and <w NN2>loans <w NN2>institutions <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>thrifts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>big <w NN2>customers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="588"><w AT0>A <w DT0>few <w NN2>months <w AV0>later <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in conjunction with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Resolution <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Company <c PUL>(<w NP0>RTC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>overseeing <w AT0>the <w NN2>thrifts <w NN1>rescue <w NN1>effort <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>agency <w VVN>called <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>law <w NN1>firm <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJS>if <w NN2>funds <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>recovered <w PRP>from <w NP0>Drexel<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w AV0>Thereafter <w NP0>FDIC <w CJC>and <w NP0>RTC <w NN1>pressure <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>driving <w NN1>force <w PRP>behind <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Drexel <w NN1>bankruptcy <w NN2>proceedings <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>related <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>litigation<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bankruptcy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>tackled <w ORD>first<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w VVB-NN1>Drexel <w NN2>assets <w VBD>were <w VVN>calculated <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;2,600 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>divide <w DT0>these <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN2>creditors <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>litigants<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w NN1>Attention <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>turned <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>funds <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>recovered <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w NN1-NP0>Drexel <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>notably <w NP0>Milken<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="593"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>portion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>&dollar;1,300 <w CRD>million <w NN1>pool <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>200 <w DT0>former <w NN1-NP0>Drexel <w NN2>employees <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>up <w NN0>&dollar;300 <w NN1>million-worth <w PRF>of <w NN1>partnership <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in return for <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>against <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN0>&dollar;100 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>from <w NN1>insurance <w NN2>carriers <w PRP>under <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w CJC>and <w NN2>officers<w POS>' <w NN1>liability <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="595"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="596"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="597"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>developments
</head>
<p>
<s n="598"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>legislature <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Liberals <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>federation<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>future <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37519-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>precise <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>offer<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="601"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-party <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN2>senators <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>an <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>for <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal-provincial <w NN2>negotiations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>behind <w AJ0>closed <w NN2>doors <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w AV0>Consequently<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>embarked <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>consultation <w VVG>culminating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="604"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>131-page <w NN1>report <w VVD>went <w PRP>beyond <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>redistribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>from <w AJ0>federal <w PRP>to <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG>acknowledging <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inherent <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-government <w PRP>by <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>native <w AJ0-NN1>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN2>populations<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w VVD>recommended <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w XX0>not <w PRP>on <w AJ0>equal <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>representation <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in accordance with <w DT0>each <w NN1>province<w POS>'s <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="606"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee <w VVD>proposed <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>areas <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w NN1>manpower <w NN1>training<c PUN>, <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>, <w NN1>forestry<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>mining<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>housing<c PUN>, <w NN1>recreation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w VVG>Recognizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>distinct <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>French-speaking <w NN1>culture<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>priority <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w NP0>Quebec <w VVZ>feels <w PNX>itself <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w CJC>and <w AJ0>willing <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>family <w AV0>once again<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="608"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>fell <w AJ0>short<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Quebec <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>control <w AV0>over <w CRD>22 <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>jurisdiction <w CJC>and <w AJ0>shared <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="609"><w AT0>The <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1>Accord <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>rebuff <w PRP>by <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>upsurge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Quebec <w VVG-NN1>suffering <w AV0>badly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VHD>had <w VVN>recorded <w AT0>a <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>secession <w PRP>among <w NP0>Quebeckers<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>peak <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w PRP>between <w CRD>50 <w CJC>and <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="611"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NP0-NN1>Parti <w NP0>Qu&eacute;becois <c PUL>(<w NP0>PQ<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Bourassa <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>secession <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w CJS>unless <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>structure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="612"><w NP0>Bourassa <w VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>all-party <w NN1>report <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>disappointing<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unacceptable <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>form<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>sharing <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w DT0>much <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>table<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w VVN>appeared<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0>vague<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>starting <w NN1>point<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Parizeau<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PQ<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>report <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>affront<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w NN1>self-government<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>premiers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w AJ0>special <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><w NP0>Alberta <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Getty <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w NP0>Quebec <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA015></p>
<caption id=HLHCA015>
<s n="618"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN2>Premiers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="619"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>uncertain <w NN1>future <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>increasing <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJC>further <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>Premiers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN2>provinces <w VVD-VVN>met <w TO0>to <w VVI>explore <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w VVG>creating <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informal<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG>eliminating <w NN1>trade <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>between <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="621"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clyde <w NP0>Wells <w PRF>of <w NP0>Newfoundland <w CJC>and <w NN1>Labrador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Cameron <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nova <w NP0>Scotia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joe <w NP0-NN1>Ghiz <w PRF>of <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Edward <w NN1>Island <w CJC>and <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>McKenna <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Brunswick<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w NN2>methods <w PRP>through <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>strategies <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>budgets<c PUN>.
<s n="622"><w CJS>Although <w XX0>not <w AV0>directly <w VVN>connected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>difficulties <w VBG>being <w VVN>experienced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>McKenna <w VVD>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indirect <w NN1>connection <w AVQ-CJS>when<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>speaking <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>seen <w DT0>more <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w CJS>than <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Premier<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="623"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="624"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="625"><w NN1>Blocking <w PRF>of <w NN1>vote <w PRP>over <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Aristide
</head>
<p>
<s n="626"><w NN2>Politicians <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Bertrand <w NP0>Aristide<c PUN>, <w VVN>deposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430<c PUN>; <w CRD>38522-23<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w NN1>walk-out <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w PRP>In <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>senators <w CJC>and <w NN2>deputies <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>55-member <w NN1>quorum <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN>reached <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38758<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="628"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w DT0>Both <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0-NN1>Nerette <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Honorat <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>view <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w NP0>Th&eacute;odore<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w VVG>falling <w AV0>apart <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w AV0>already<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>passing <w AV0>away<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="631"><w AT0>The <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w VVD-VVN>fed <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>MPs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>paid <w PRP>up to <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w DT0>each <w TO0>to <w VVI>disrupt <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reinforced <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>benefited <w DT0>most <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w VBD>were <w VVG>obstructing <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>return<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>politicians <w VHD>had <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>for <w NN2>guarantees <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w NN2>Diplomats <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w PRP>since <w NP0>October <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w UNC>US&dollar;14,000,000 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stolen <w PRP>from <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="634"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>high <w NN1>command<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1>coup <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="636"><w NP0>Raoul <w NP0>C&eacute;dras<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVG>adopting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>restoration<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRP>for <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide<c PUN>.
<s n="637"><w DT0>This <w NN1>stance <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>extremist <w NN2>elements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJS>richest <w CJC>and <w AV0>most <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>families <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>fervent <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="638"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="639"><w NP0>JAMAICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="640"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manley <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="641"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Manley<c PUN>, <w CRD>68<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>ill-health<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w DPS>His <w NN1>resignation <w VVD>took <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>delegates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNP<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w NN1>president <w PNQ>who <w AV0>automatically <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="643"><w NP0>Manley<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>terms <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972-1980 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>state <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w ORD>last <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>market-driven <w NN1>economy <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="645"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNP <w VVD>elected <w NP0>Percival <w NP0>Patterson <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Manley <w PRP>by <w AV0>almost <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-to-one <w NN1>majority <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portia <w NP0>Simpson<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w NP0-NN1>Patterson <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>scandal <w VVG>involving <w NN1>tax <w NN2>waivers <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38670-71<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="647"><w PRP>Prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w NP0>Manley<w POS>'s <w AJ0>heir-apparent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>periods <w PRP>during <w NP0>Manley<w POS>'s <w NN1>illness <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="648"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="649"><w NP0>ANTIGUA <w CJC>AND <w NP0>BARBUDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="650"><w AJ0>Violent <w NN1>unrest <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="651"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NP0>Minister <w NP0>Vere <w NP0>Bird <w NP0>Sr <w PRP>over <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>misappropriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w VVD>spilled <w AVP>over <w PRP>into <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="652"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Bird<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure <w VBD>were <w VVN>dispersed <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w VVG>using <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>rubber <w NN2>bullets<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w NN2>Fires <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>homes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0>Casford <w NP0>Murray <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>high <w NN1>commissioner <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NP0>Ron <w NP0>Saunders<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>treated <w PRP>in <w NN2>police <w NN2>inquiries <w PRP>as <w NN1>arson<c PUN>.
<s n="654"><w AT0>The <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Antigua <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>occasions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VVD-VVN>United <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="656"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Molwyn <w NP0>Joseph <w VVD>predicted <w AT0>a <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w UNC>EC&dollar;81,196 <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>public <w NN1>spending <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more <w AV0>wisely<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="657"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>new <w NN2>taxes <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="658"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="659"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="660"><w NN2>Accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>non-compliance <w PRP>with <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="661"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w DT0>each <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>other <w PRF>of <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>formally <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w CRD>11 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="662"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>denied <w NN1>government <w VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to <w AJ0>appointed <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AJ0>under-reported <w DPS>its <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>troop <w NN2>inventories<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN1>land <w NN2>occupations <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>agrarian <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>border <w NN1>area <w PRP>with <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="663"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1>turn<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>rejected <w NP0>FMLN <w NN2>accusations <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>misleading <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>into <w VVG>believing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>Police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disbanded <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>occupy <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>installations<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>structures <w CJC>and <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>but <w VVG>wearing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>uniform<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>absorbed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Civilian <w NN2>Police <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>from <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG>reaching <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>captured <w NP0>FMLN <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>as <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="666"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w NP0-NN1>Marrack <w NP0>Goulding <w VVD>visited <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12-14 <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>release <w CRD>two <w NN2>combatants <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w AV0>locally <c PUL>(<w CJS>rather than <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>insisted<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>murdering <w CRD>two <w NP0>US <w NN2>advisers <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>helicopter <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37956-57<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="668"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="669"><w NP0>HONDURAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="670"><w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>reform
</head>
<p>
<s n="671"><w NN1>Legislation <w VVG>streamlining <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>laws <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>during <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>amending <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>laws <w CJC>and <w NN2>decrees<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>clarifying <w NN1>land <w NN1>tenure <w NN2>rules <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>pricing <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>credit <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="672"><w PRP>On <w NN1>land <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w CRD>1975 <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>amended <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>for <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN1>redistribution<c PUN>: <w NN1>abandonment <w PRP>for <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <c PUL>(<w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w AJ0>exceptional <w NN2>circumstances<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>holdings <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AV0>generally <w AJ0>high<c PUR>) <w CRD>1975 <w NN2>ceilings<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>2,800 <w NN1>land <w NN1>reform <w NN2>co-operatives <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w NN2>farms <w CJC>and <w VVB>receive <w AJ0-NN1>individual<c PUN>, <w AJ0>negotiable <w NN2>shareholdings<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w NN2>Women <w VBD>were <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w VVN>identified <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>right <w PRP>as <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>land <w NN1>reform <w NN2>beneficiaries<c PUN>.
<s n="675"><w NN2>Critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VVZ>rings <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>knell <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w NN1>redistribution<c PUN>, <w VVG>casting <w PRP>in <w NN1>stone <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing<c PUN>, <w AV0>highly <w VVN-AJ0>polarized <w NN1>tenure <w NN1>structure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="676"><w PRP>On <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w NN2>changes <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>monopoly <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN1>grain <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>tariff <w PRP>on <w AJ0>imported <w NN1>grain<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="677"><w AJ0>Central <w NP0>America <w NN1>Report <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ecological <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w VVG>rejecting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>40-year <w NN1>exploration <w NN1>concession <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>transnational <w NN1>paper <w NN1>concern<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w NN1>Container <w NN1>Corp<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>corporation <w PRP>to <w AJS>deforest <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Mosquitia <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Honduras <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>option <w TO0>to <w VVI>explore <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w NN1>area <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>yield <w AJ0>sufficient <w AJ0>pulpable <w NN1>material<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VHB>have <w VVN>undertaken <w AJ0>various <w NN2>projects <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="680"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="681"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="682"><w AJ0>Municipal <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="683"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>90,000 <w NN2>candidates <w VVD-VVN>contested <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w PRP>for <w CRD>1,024 <w NN2>mayorships<c PUN>, <w CRD>10,000 <w NN1>council <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w CRD>600 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>departmental <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>68 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>15,000,000 <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>.
<s n="685"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bogot&aacute;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>) <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>notable <w NN1>set-back <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>guerrilla <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w CRD>M-19<c PUR>)<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>losing <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w NN1>seat <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w VVG>falling <w PRP>by <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="686"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Lemos <w NP0>Simmons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37312<c PUN>; <w CRD>37484<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Parejo <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35756<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>obtained <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bogot&aacute;<w POS>'s <w NN1>council<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w DT0>Both <w VBD>were <w AJ0>fierce <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>extraditing <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38187<c PUN>; <w CRD>38332<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>guerrillas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="688"><w NN1>Coalition <w NN2>slates <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>mayorships <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>cities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Cali<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>centres <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
<s n="689"><w AV0>Most <w AV0>symbolically<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>candidate <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>Salesian <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Priest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Bernardo <w NP0>Hoyos<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w PRP>in <w NP0>Barranquilla <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>coast <w PRP>with <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>M-19<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>PL <w NN1>faction <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>civic <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AJ0>official <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>patronage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="690"><w PRP>Unlike <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>ELN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Colombia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FARC<c PUR>) <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>declare <w AT0>a <w NN1>truce<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>their <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>sabotage <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reduced <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>areas <w PRP>to <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NN0>people <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w DT0>little <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Bogot&aacute; <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>killed <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w CJC>and <w VVD>injured <w CRD>two <w DT0>more<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <w AT0>a <w AJ0>municipal <w NN1>council <w NN1>candidate <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>registration <w NN1>worker <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA016></p>
<caption id=HLHCA016>
<s n="692"><w NN1>Peace <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="693"><w AT0>A <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>adjourned <w PRP>since <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sim&oacute;n <w NP0>Bol&iacute;var <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guerrilla <w AJ0-VVG>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNGSB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>jointly <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NP0>FARC<c PUN>, <w NP0>ELN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tlaxcala<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w CJC>but <w AV0>quickly <w VVD>broke <w AVP>down <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38187<c PUN>; <w CRD>38283<c PUN>; <w CRD>38333<c PUN>; <w CRD>38387<c PUN>; <w CRD>38433<c PUN>; <w CRD>38570 <w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>talks<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w NN1>delegation <w VBD>was <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Argelino <w NP0>Dur&aacute;n <w NP0-NN1>Quintero<c PUN>, <w CRD>76<c PUN>, <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>EPL <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>captivity <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="695"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CNGSB <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>defined <w DPS>its <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>contained <w AT0>no <w NN2>leaders<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>full <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>persisted <w PRP>with <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>oil <w NN2>installations <w CJC>and <w NN2>townships<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w PRP>In <w NN1>response <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w NP0>Timole&oacute;n <w NP0>G&oacute;mez <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FARC <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nicol&aacute;s <w NP0-NN1>Rodr&iacute;guez <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ELN <w PRP>as <w AJ0>chief <w NN2>negotiators<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>submitted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-point <w AJ0>political <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>stimulating <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>agriculture <w PRP>without <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>shock <w NN1>treatment<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>prescribed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="697"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="698"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="699"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>COPEI <w NN2>ministers
</head>
<p>
<s n="700"><w PRP>Amid <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>calls <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sporadic <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centre-right <w AJ0>Social-Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>COPEI<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>changes <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>created<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>COPEI<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>agreeing <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>demonstrate <w DPS>its <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Venezuelan <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="702"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Humberto <w NP0>Calder&oacute;n <w NP0>Bert&iacute;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>COPEI<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Ignacio <w NP0>Moreno <w NP0>Leon<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Fund<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NP0>COPEI <w NN1>politician <c PUL>(<w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0>Calder&oacute;n <w NP0>Bert&iacute;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petrol<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="704"><w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Pi&ntilde;er&uacute;a <w NP0>Ordaz<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>well-known <w PRP>for <w VVG>speaking <w AVP>out <w PRP>against <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="705"><w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Mendoza <w NP0>Angulo <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <c PUL>(<w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Arminda <w NP0>Quintana<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w PRP>after <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w DPS>her <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>reform <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>ignored<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Vallenilla <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NP0>Teresa <w NP0>Alvanez <w NP0>Barnola <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Family<c PUN>.
<s n="706"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Guevara <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alirio <w NP0>Parra<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA017></p>
<caption id=HLHCA017>
<s n="707"><w NN2>Plans <w PRP>for <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="708"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>stated<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="709"><w AJ0-VVN>Planned <w NN2>reforms <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w VBD>was <w AJ0>independent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>penal <w NN2>systems <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>guarantee <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="710"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>convening <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w DT0>these <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="711"><w DT0>This <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>means <w VVG>turning <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>solution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w AV0>fully <w VVG>exercising <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="712"><w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>speech <w CJT>that <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w NN1>electricity <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w AJ0>domestic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>consumers<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>petrol <w CJC>and <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>foodstuffs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>frozen<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w NN2>medicines <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-AJ0>stabilized<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w NN1>home <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>, <w VVG>housing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>improved<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="713"><w DT0>Those <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3-4 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>totalitarian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>extremist <w NN1>ideology<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w AV0>due <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>introduced <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>silence <w CJC>and <w NN1>persecution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="714"><w PNP>He <w VVD>praised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>players <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>action <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>defending <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>attacked<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NN2>rumours<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>exaggerate <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA018></p>
<caption id=HLHCA018>
<s n="715"><w AJ0>Anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="716"><w NN1>Tension <w CJC>and <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w ORD>second <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVD>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><w NN2>Leaflets<c PUN>, <w NN2>posters <w CJC>and <w NN0>graffiti <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVG>extolling <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez <w NP0>Fr&iacute;as<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w AJ0>public <w NN2>statements <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>San <w NP0>Carlos <w NN1-VVB>garrison <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>seized <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w NN1>ammunition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fort <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tiuna <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="719"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w NN1>access <w CJS>because <w DPS>their <w NN1>leader <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>officer <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>face <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>guards<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="720"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deafening <w NN1>cacerolazo <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>saucepan-hitting<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>heard <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>valley <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>emanating <w PRP>from <w AJ0>middle-class <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>areas <w CJC>and <w NN2>villages <w CJC>and <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w NN1>neighbourhood <w CJC>and <w NN1>student <w NN2>associations<c PUN>.
<s n="721"><w NN2>Police <w VVD>reported <w CRD>eight <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>among <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVG>demanding <w NP0>Perez<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w NN1>Household <w NN2>lights <w VBD>were <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN-VVD>switched <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w AVP>off<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="723"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Caracas <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w CRD>19 <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>students <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w PRP>during <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Merida<c PUN>, <w CRD>600 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caracas <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Teques <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="725"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="726"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="727"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Brazilian <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="728"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>controversial <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Lutzemberger<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="729"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>activist <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37312<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lutzemberger <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>outspoken <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Brazilian <w NN2>institutions <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>believed <w VBD>were <w VVG>contributing <w PRP>to <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Amazon <w NN1>rainforest<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w AV0>Most <w AV0>recently<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>environment <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ibama<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>corrupt<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>woodchoppers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="731"><w DPS>His <w NN1>replacement <w VBD>was <w NN1>Education <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Goldemberg<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>basis<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA019></p>
<caption id=HLHCA019>
<s n="732"><w NN1>Annulment <w PRF>of <w NN1>conviction <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chico <w NP0>Mendes <w NN1>murder <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="733"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conviction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>cattle <w NN1>rancher<c PUN>, <w NP0>Darly <w NP0>Alves<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>planning <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>environmentalist <w NP0>Chico <w NP0>Mendes&lsqb;see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36459<c PUN>; <w CRD>36782<c PUN>; <w CRD>36793<c PUN>; <w CRD>37914<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>annulled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="734"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Tribunal <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>Acre <w AJ0>ruled <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>convict <w NP0>Alves<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VVI>face <w AT0>a <w NN1>retrial<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="735"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="736"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="737"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="738"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Paz <w NP0>Zamora <w VVD>restructured <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>flagging <w NN2>fortunes <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Accord <c PUL>(<w NP0>AP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>divisions <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>student <w NN2-VVZ>protests <w PRP>against <w DPS>its <w AJ0>neo-liberal <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="739"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>AP <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paz<w POS>'s <w AJ0>social <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ADN <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>military <w NN1>ruler <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Banzer <w NP0>Su&aacute;rez<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>party <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>authoritarian<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="741"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle <w CRD>nine <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>positions<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NN2>changes <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0-NN1>Iturralde <w AJ0-NN1>Ballivi&aacute;n <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>heavily <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>border <w VVZ-NN2>disputes <w PRP>with <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Maclean <w NP0>Abaroa<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ADN<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="743"><w AT0>The <w NN2>appointments <w VVD>preserved <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJS>except that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Rueda <w NP0-NN1>Pena <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Majority <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MIR <c PUL>(<w UNC>MIR-NM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Jaime <w VVZ>C&eacute;spedes <w NP0-NN1>Toro <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>six <w NN2>changes <w PRF>of <w NN2>personnel <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>appointments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Quiroga <w NP0>Ram&iacute;rez <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADN<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Campero <w NP0>Prudencio <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIR<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alvaro <w NP0>Rejas <w NP0>Villarroel <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIR<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVG>Mining <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Metallurgy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Aponte <w NP0>Pinto <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADN<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w NP0>Osvaldo <w NP0>Antezana <w NP0>Vaca <w NP0>Diez <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADN<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Campesino <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN0>Livestock<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Dabdoub <w NP0>Arrien <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIR<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Services <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Health<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01A>
<s n="745"><w NN1>Discontent <w PRP>within <w AJ0-NN1>military
</caption>
<p>
<s n="746"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Centre <c PUL>(<w NP0>COB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>union <w NN1>confederation<c PUN>, <w VVD>contacted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1>EFE <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN2>communiqu&eacute;s <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivari&aacute;n <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MMB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>grouping <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>discontented<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>elements <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VBD>were <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w AT0>the <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fellow <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Venezuela <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Venezuela <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJC>higher <w NN2>echelons <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MMB <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>siphoned <w AVP>off<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>satisfy <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>appetites<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuous <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>advisers <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>drug <w NN1>eradication <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>jeopardizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="748"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="749"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="750"><w AJ0>Proposed <w NN2>reforms
</head>
<p>
<s n="751"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1-VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Aylwin <w NP0>Az&oacute;car <w VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>designed <w AV0>further <w TO0>to <w VVI>distance <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PNI>something <w VVN>forbidden <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
<s n="753"><w NP0-NN1>Aylwin <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>apply <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Pinochet <w NP0>Ugarte<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>dictator<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1998<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>re-establish <w PRP>to <w AJ0>future <w NN2>presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chile <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>wish <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>denied<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01B>
<s n="754"><w NN1>Espionage <w NN1>controversy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="755"><w NP0-NN1>Horacio <w NP0-NN1>Toro<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Investigaciones <w AJ0-NN1>plain-clothed <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>compiling <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN2>figures <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>spectrum<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pinochet <w PRP>with <w NN1>business <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disclosure <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Pinochet <w NN1>party <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>dictatorship<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>repeating<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>errors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Toro<w POS>'s <w NN2>activities <w CJC>but <w DT0>few <w NN2>observers <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>acting <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01C>
<s n="758"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>prisoners<w POS>' <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="759"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>26 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>41 <w NN2>prisoners <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w AJ0>political <w NN1>status <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>started <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>character <w CJC>and <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>trials<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="760"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="761"><w NP0>MONTSERRAT
</head>
<p>
<s n="762"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Reuben <w NP0>Meade<c PUN>, <w VVG>presenting <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w UNC>EC&dollar;58,900,000 <w NN1-VVB>package <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992-93 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>featured <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AV0>more <w AJ0>efficient <w NN1>tax <w NN1>collection<c PUN>; <w AT0>no <w AJ0>new <w NN2>taxes <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w CJC>and <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>tax <w NN2>allowances <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w NN2>pensioners <w CJC>and <w NN2>parents<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="763"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="764"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<p>
<s n="765"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>banks <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w CRD>3 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sol <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>strengthened <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="766"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="767"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="768"><w NP0-NN1>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w NN1-VVB>offer
</head>
<p>
<s n="769"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Najibullah <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AJ0-NN1>executive <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>UN-backed <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="770"><w NP0-NN1>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>declaration <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>for <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Benon <w NP0-NN1>Sevan<c PUN>.
<s n="771"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w NN1-AJ0>Sevan <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w NP0>Gulbuddin <w NP0>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>gathering<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="772"><w NP0-NN1>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w NN1>offer <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>government <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>spurned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="773"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w NN1-NP0>Hekmatyar <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Najibullah <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01D>
<s n="774"><w NP0-NN1>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>assistance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="775"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w NP0>Najibullah <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>committed <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>fundamentalism <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01E>
<s n="776"><w AJ0>Ethnic <w NN1>conflict <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Rocket <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Kabul
</caption>
<p>
<s n="777"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w VVD-AJ0>reported <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mazar-i-Sharif<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="778"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w AJ0>local <w NN2>militias <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Uzbek<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajik <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shia <w NP0>Ismaeli <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>units <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NN2>fighters <w VVN>commanded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Masud<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>together <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Pashtun <w NN2>units<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mazar-i-Sharif <w VBD>were <w AJ0>indicative <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>divide <w PRP>between <w NP0>Pashtuns <w CJC>and <w NP0>non-Pashtuns<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>split <w XX0>not <w AV0-AJ0>only <w NP0>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0-NN1>Hezb-e <w NP0-NN1>Watan<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="780"><w AT0>A <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>rocket <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w VVD-VVN>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>21 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mujaheddin <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>rocket <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="782"><w NN1-NP0>Mujaheddin <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>captured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>district <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Samangan<c PUN>, <w VVG>bordering <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="783"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="784"><w NP0-NN1>KIRGIZSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="785"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India
</head>
<p>
<s n="786"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Askar <w NP0>Akayev <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramaswamy <w NP0>Venkataraman <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="787"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD>signed <w CRD>six <w NN2>agreements <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w VVG>looking <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w NN1>agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>science<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>mineral <w NN1>exploration <w NN2-VVZ>ventures <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>.
<s n="789"><w NP0>India <w VVD>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>training <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NN2>students <w PRP>in <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>banking<c PUN>, <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
<s n="790"><w NP0>Akayev <w VVD>took <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispel <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>federation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>states <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w NP0>Akayev <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w VVD>thought <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>federation <w AJ0>impossible<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="792"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="793"><w NP0>TAJIKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="794"><w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>reform <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dushanbe <w NN1>mayor
</head>
<p>
<s n="795"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>land <w NN1>reform <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>lifetime <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>lease <w CJC>and <w VVI>inherit <w NN1>land<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VHD>had <w VVN>described <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AJ0>traditional <w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>farming <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>resettle <w AJ0>deserted <w NN1>mountain <w NN2>villages <w PRP>with <w NN2>workers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>cotton <w NN2>farms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="797"><w VVB>Maksud <w NP0>Ikramov<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>committee <c PUL>(<w NN1>mayor<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dushanbe <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>misusing <w DPS>his <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>bribe-taking<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="798"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Tajikta <w NN1>correspondent <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stripped <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<w POS>'s <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w VVB-NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mirzo <w NP0>Timur <w NP0>Mirzoyev<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="800"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ikramov <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lenin<w POS>'s <w NN1>statue <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>order <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>precipitate <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>faction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38418<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="801"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>Postfactum<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ikramov <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dushanbe <w NN1>city <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NN1>bribery <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="802"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rastokhez <w NN1>movement <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AV0>both <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>for <w VVG>insulting <w AT0>the <w NN1>honour <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rakhman <w NP0>Nabiyev <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VVG>slandering <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>chair <w NP0-NN1>Safarali <w NP0>Kenjayev<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="803"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>active <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w PNP>them <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38771-72<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Baker <w VHD>had <w AV0>tacitly <w VVN>sanctioned <w NN1>repression <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>political <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w NP0>Tajikistan<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>allying <w PNX>itself <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="804"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="805"><w NP0>TURKMENISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="806"><w NN1>Development <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</head>
<p>
<s n="807"><w AT0>The <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Hossein <w NP0>Adeli<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4-5<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>steps <w VBD>were <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NP0>Tehran-Ashkhabad <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>commerce<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="808"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Ovlyakuli <w NP0>Khojakov <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w NN2>experts <w CJC>and <w NN2>students<c PUN>.
<s n="809"><w AT0>The <w NN2>accords <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>signing <w AT0>a <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>memorandum <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>looked <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJC>closer <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>ties<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="810"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="811"><w NP0>UZBEKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="812"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="813"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>by <w NP0>Uzbek <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Abdulhashim <w NP0>Mulatov <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="814"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>trade <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN2>payments <w PRP>in <w AJ0>convertible <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w NN1>cotton <w CJC>and <w NN2>chemicals <w PRP>in return for <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w AJ0>light <w NN1>industry <w NN2>products <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Ikarus <w NN2>buses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="816"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="817"><w VVG>Addressing <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>delegation <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>caused <w NN1>surprise <w CJC>and <w NN1>embarrassment <w PRP>by <w VVG>remarking <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w VM0>will <w VVI>come <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w DT0>all <w VVI>meet <w PRP-AVP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="818"><w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Hikmet <w NP0>Cetin <w VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AJ0>official <w NN2>talks <w AV0>later <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w VM0>would <w VVI>extend <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w PRP>with <w NP0>Uzbekistan<w POS>'s <w NN1>conversion <w PRP>from <w NN1>Cyrillic <w PRP>to <w NN1>Roman <w NN1>script<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN2>banknotes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>printed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministries <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>embassies <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN2-VVZ>interests <w AV0>abroad <w CJS>if <w VVN>requested<c PUN>.
<s n="820"><w AT0>An <w NN1>education <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VM0>would <w VVI>relay <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>television<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01F>
<s n="821"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>discovery
</caption>
<p>
<s n="822"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN>discovered <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN1>field <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fergana <w NN1>valley <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>with <w AV0>up to <w CRD>12,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>per <w NN1>year <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>well <w PRP>above <w DPS>its <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>needs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="823"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="824"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="825"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="826"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>corruption <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>misappropriation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Punjab-based <w NN1>credit <w AJ0>co-operative <w NN2>societies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38438<c PUN>; <w CRD>38533<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD-VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w VVG>absolving <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>wrongdoing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="827"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN2>relatives <w VVD>owned <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>co-operatives <w VVD>implicated <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38438<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Choudhry <w NP0-NN1>Shujat <w NN1>Hussain <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN2>loans <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>repaid<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inquiry<w POS>'s <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>observed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>foundation <w VVZ>exists <w PRP>for <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>family <w VBD>were <w VVG>using <w AJ0>co-operative <w NN2>societies <w PRP>like <w DPS>their <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>account<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVD>exonerated <w NN1-AJ0>Hussain<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01G>
<s n="829"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sind <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Realignment <w PRP>within <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>IDA <w NN1>alliance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="830"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sind <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN1-NP0>Muzaffar <w NN1-AJ0>Hussain <w NN1-NP0>Shah <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sind <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NN1-VVB>Jam <w NP0>Sadiq <w NP0>Ali <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w PRP>after <w AV0>only <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="831"><w NP0-NN1>Shah<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>46-year-old <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<w POS>'s <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="832"><w NP0>Shah<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w VVD>came <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>major <w NN2>realignments <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>IDA<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>constituent <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Mustapha <w NP0-NN1>Jatoi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="833"><w NP0>Jatoi <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>conspiring <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>install <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w NN1-NP0>Masroor <w NN1-NP0>Jatoi <w PRP>as <w NP0>Sind<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w DT0>another <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>sons<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Murtaza <w NP0>Khan <w NP0>Jatoi<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>for <w VVG>contacting <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="835"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>joined <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NP0-NN1>Shah <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rare <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>resisted <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Ministership <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>save <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w NN1>dissolution<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w AT0>The <w NN1>gesture <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>escalating <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>vendetta <w PRP>against <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38338<c PUN>; <w CRD>38393<c PUN>; <w CRD>38683<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="837"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w VVG>following <w DPS>his <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shah <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>curb <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN1>discrimination<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w VVG-AJ0>questioning <w NP0>Shah<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w VVD>grew <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>emerged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Irfanullah <w NP0>Marwat <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>gang-rape <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38683<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>retained <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="839"><w AJ0>Growing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>fundamentalist <w NN1>ally<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>fuelled <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="840"><w NP0>Javed <w NP0>Nasir<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lay <w NN1>preacher<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Inter-Services <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>ISI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="841"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>balancing <w NN1>act<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>both <w TO0>to <w VVI>pacify <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>fundamentalists <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38725-26<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AJC>closer <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>ISI<c PUN>.
<s n="842"><c PUL>(<w PRP>Under <w NP0>Nasir<w POS>'s <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="843"><w NP0>Asad <w NP0>Durrani<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w UNC>p.37652 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0>ISI <w VHD>had <w VVN>developed <w AJ0>sharp <w NN2>differences <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN2>mediators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLHCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01H>
<s n="844"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales
</caption>
<p>
<s n="845"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>defied <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>issuing <w NN2>licences <w PRP>to <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>companies <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="846"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN2>critics<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>licences<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>during <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>violated <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pressler <w NN1>Amendment<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w AJ0>military <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="847"><w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>quoted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>defended <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pressler <w NN1>Amendment <w VVD-VVN>applied <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="848"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w CRD>Mirage-2000 <w NN1>jet <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>worth <w UNC>F8,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;1,434 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01J>
<s n="849"><w NN1-VVB>Halt <w PRF>of <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>bearer <w NN2>bonds
</caption>
<p>
<s n="850"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w VVD>halted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>world-wide <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>bearer <w NN2>certificates<c PUN>.
<s n="851"><w DT0>Some <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>blocked <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>launder <w NN2>drugs <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w NN2>Advertisements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>bonds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>assured <w AJ0>prospective <w NN2>buyers <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>disclose <w DPS>their <w NN2>identities <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="853"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="854"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="855"><w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="856"><w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="857"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>survived <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w AJS>latest <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>initiatives <w VVN-VVD>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38762<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>left <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>surrendering <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>dictates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>voice <w VVB-NN1>vote <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>sweeping <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>detailed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>opening <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>protected <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="859"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD-VVN>envisaged<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w AJ0>free <w NN1>convertibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rupee<c PUN>.
<s n="860"><w NN2>Holders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AV0>up to <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency <w PRP>at <w NN1>market <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w TO0>To <w VVI>curb <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN1>smuggling<c PUN>, <w VVG>returning <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>expatriate <w NN2>Indians <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>import <w CRD>5 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold <w DT0>each<c PUN>, <w VVN>paid <w PRP>for <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>duty<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>currencies <w VVN-VVD>earned <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="862"><w NN2>Customs <w NN2>duties <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>peak <w PRF>of <w CRD>150 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>110 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w PNP>them <w PRP>in line with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-VVG>industrializing <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="863"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD>proposed <w VVG>selling <w AVP-PRP>off <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;1,300 <w CRD>million <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>state-run <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>; <w AJ0-VVG>expanding <w NN1>stock <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>bond <w NN2>markets<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w VVG>rationalizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>tax <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>62 <w PRP>to <w CRD>52 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w VVN-AJ0>projected <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="864"><w AJ0>Deflationary <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992-93 <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>8.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91 <w CJC>and <w CRD>6.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991-92. <w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>ending <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="865"><w CJS>Although <w VVG-AJ0>controlling <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w NN1>priority<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>private <w NN1>lending <w CJC>and <w NN1>enterprise <w PRP>by <w VVG>cutting <w AT0>the <w NN1>floor <w NN1>rate <w PRP>on <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>lending <w PRP>by <w CRD>1 <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w PRP>to <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>last <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w NN1-VVB>rise <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38533<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="866"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVN-AJ0>projected <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992-93 <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w NN1>inflation<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w UNC>Rs1,190,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>spending <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>Rs175,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVG>implying <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>year <w NN1-VVG>running<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38337<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=Rs27.278 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="869"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>moderated <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>railway <w NN1>budget <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38762<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>second-class <w NN1>rail <w NN1>season <w NN2>tickets <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>long-distance <w NN1>sleeper <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>loss <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenue <w PRF>of <w UNC>Rs600,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="870"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>exchange <w CJC>and <w NN1>commodity <w NN2>markets <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>by <w VVG>registering <w AV0-AJ0>early <w VVZ-NN2>falls <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rupee <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold<c PUN>.
<s n="871"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>rupee <w AJ0>depreciated <w PRP>by <w CRD>9.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN2>prices <w VVD>rose <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bombay <w NN1>Stock <w NN1>Exchange<c PUN>.
<s n="872"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN1>bullion <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w VVD-VVN>dropped <w PRP>by <w UNC>Rs100 <w PRP>to <w UNC>Rs4,600 <w PRP>per <w CRD>10 <w NN2>grammes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01K>
<s n="873"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>non-proliferation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Solanki
</caption>
<p>
<s n="874"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NP0>India <w VVD>agreed<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AJ0>high-level <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8-10<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>non-proliferation<c PUN>.
<s n="875"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>J. <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Dixit<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>stressed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>India <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>five-state <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPT <w VVG>involving <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="876"><w NP0>Dixit<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>leak <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w NN1>memo <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VVI>discourage <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>hegemonic <w NN2>aspirations <w PRP>over <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Indian <w NP0>Ocean<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01L>
<s n="877"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-VVB>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="878"><w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Madhavsinh <w NP0-NN1>Solanki <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w PRP>after <w VVG>admitting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>note <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Felber<c PUN>, <w VVG>requesting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w AVP>down <w DPS>its <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w NN2>pay-offs <w PRP>to <w AJ0>high-ranking <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>officials <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>deposited <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>bank <w NN2-VVZ>accounts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN2>armaments <w NN1>company <w UNC>AB <w NP0>Bofors <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35336<c PUN>; <w CRD>35382<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w AT0>The <w NN1>note<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>lawyer <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>acting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>behest <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>middlemen <w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w NN2>pay-offs<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Solanki <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w NN1>while <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Davos<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="880"><w NN2>Solanki <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w AV0>now <w VVB>regret <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVD>handed <w AVP-PRP>over <w DT0>this <w NN1>note<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>neither <w CRD>I <w CJC>nor <w DPS>my <w NN1>ministry <w VVD>instructed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w CJC>or <w VVI>impede <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bofors <w NN1>case<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="881"><w NP0>Solanki<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w NN1>censure <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>almost <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>opposition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w NN1>walk-out <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01M>
<s n="883"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="884"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w VVD>rejected <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>one-sided<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>many <w CRD>hundreds<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w XX0>not <w CRD>thousands<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>in <w NP0>India<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>tortured <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>decade<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="885"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>barred <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>India <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>from <w NN2>sources <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>organizations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AJ0>free <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>liberties <w NN2>bodies <w VBD>were <w AJ0>powerless <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w AJ0>widespread <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>routine<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>police <w VVB-NN1>torture<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>alleged <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>blatant <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>insurgency<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NP0>Punjab<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kashmir <w CJC>and <w NP0>Assam<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>licence <w TO0>to <w VVI>torture <w CJC>and <w VVI>kill<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01N>
<s n="887"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="888"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>70 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP>during <w NP0>March <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Punjab<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>incidents <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>engineers <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>textile <w NN1>factory <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Harkishanpura <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>defied <w NN2>orders <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN2>militants <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP>down <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38762<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="890"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Nagaland <w NN1>State <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>recommendation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Vamuzo<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>caretaker <w CJS>until <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Assam <w NN2>rebels <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Assam <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULFA<c PUR>) <w VVD>resumed <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VVG>following <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakdown <w PRP>in <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="893"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="894"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="895"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>reforms
</head>
<p>
<s n="896"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>rupee <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AV0>partly <w AJ0>convertible<c PUN>.
<s n="897"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>arrangement <w DT0>those <w PRP>in receipt of <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>rate <w VVN>determined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>rupee<w POS>'s <w NN1>value <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>basket <w PRF>of <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>65 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>exchanged <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>open <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="898"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>on <w NN2>imports <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NN1>import <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>40 <w NN2>items<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>consumer <w NN2-VVZ>durables<c PUN>, <w NN2>computers<c PUN>, <w NN2>chemicals<c PUN>, <w NN2>shoes <w CJC>and <w NN1>vegetable <w CJC>and <w NN1>mineral <w NN2>oils<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NN2>countries <w PRP>other than <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="899"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w PRP>apart from <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
<s n="900"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN1>governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harishankher <w NP0-NN1>Tripathi<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>necessitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w NN1>currency <w NN1>regime <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38812<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>directly <w VVI>affect <w NP0>Nepal <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>open <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01P>
<s n="901"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="902"><w NN2>Supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>non-party <w NN1>panchayat <w NN1>system <w VVN-VVD>abandoned <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="903"><w CRD>Two <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w NN1>M. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Koirala <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>half-brother <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kirtinidhi <w NP0>Bista<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="904"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVN-VVD>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>national <w NN1>identity <w CJC>and <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01R>
<s n="905"><w NN1>Influx <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bhutan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="906"><w NP0-NN1>Koirala <w VVD>told <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20,000 <w AJ0>Bhutanese <w NN2>refugees <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nepal <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w DT0>more <w VBD>were <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>200 <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="907"><w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN2>sources <w CJC>and <w AJ0>exiled <w AJ0>Bhutanese <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhutan <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>forcing <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0-NN1>Nepalese <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJ0>Bhutanese <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>religion <w CJC>or <w VVB>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38534<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01S>
<s n="908"><w NN1-NP0>Koirala <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="909"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Girja <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16-31<c PUN>.
<s n="910"><w PRP>In <w VVG>Bejing <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="911"><w NP0-NN1>Koirala <w VVD>described <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>goodwill <w NN1>visit<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w AJ0>friendly <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="912"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="913"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="914"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="915"><w VVG>Strengthening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>line
</head>
<p>
<s n="916"><w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>elder <w NN1>statesman<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>success <w PRP>during <w NP0>March <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN1>line <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>actively <w VVG>promoting <w PRP>since <w AJ0>early <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="917"><w NP0>Deng <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w DPS>his <w AJ0>current <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN2>allies <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w NN2>hardliners<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>CAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w NN2>elders<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>arch-conservative <w NP0>Chen <w NP0-NN1>Yun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="918"><w NP0>Deng <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>incensed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>five <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>zones <c PUL>(<w NP0>SEZs<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w NN2>showcases <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
<s n="919"><w VVN>Accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>key <w NN2>allies<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>travelled <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>SEZs <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w DPS>his <w AJ0>counteroffensive <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38722<c PUN>; <w CRD>38764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="920"><w DPS>His <w NN1>line <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w AJ0>open <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>along with <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>coverage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN0>media <w NN2>organs<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>codified <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>for <w NN1>study <w PRP>among <w NN1>work <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="922"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Document <w NN1>No. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NP0>Deng <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w VVG>adopting <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w CJC>and <w NN1>enterprise <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>CAC<c PUN>.
<s n="924"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w DT0>another<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>critical<c PUN>, <w NN1>document <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>top <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>hardliners<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>Song <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w NN1-VVG>standing <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Renzhi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>ideology <w NN1>head<c PUN>, <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Liqun<c PUN>, <w AJ0>CAC <w NN1>ideologue<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gao <w NP0>Di<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0-NN1>Renmin <w NP0>Ribao<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>He <w NP0>Jingzhe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>Culture <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="925"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>restricted <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AV0>more <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>document <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w NN2>conservatives <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>rein <w AVP>in <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>resurgent <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="926"><w AT0>The <w NN1>politburo <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w DT0>all <w AJ0>official <w NN0>media <w NN2>organs <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>coverage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resultant <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>declared <w AV0>unequivocally <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w VM0>should <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>firmly <w VVN>maintained <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>years<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="927"><w VVG>Reversing <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>line <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>after <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>turmoils<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w VVD>decided <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>left <w NN1>deviationism<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>threat <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01T>
<s n="928"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Xinjiang <w CJC>and <w NP0>Inner <w NP0>Mongolia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="929"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tomur <w NP0-NN1>Dawamat<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Xinjiang <w NP0>Uygur <w AJ0>autonomous <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>upsurge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="930"><w VVB-NN1>Tomur <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>voiced <w AJ0>long-held <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese <w NN2-VVZ>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VM0>would <w VVI>encourage <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w AJ0>restive <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN2>Uygurs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazhaks<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajiks <w CJC>and <w NN2>Uzbeks <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Xinjiang<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="931"><w NP0-NN1>Tomur <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>hostile <w NN2>forces <w AV0>both <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w CJC>and <w AV0>abroad <w VHB>have <w VVN>stepped <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w NN1>infiltration<c PUN>, <w NN1>subversion <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>sabotage<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="932"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>changeable <w AJ0>international <w NN1>situation<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHZ>has <w VVN>affected <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>affecting <w NP0-NN1>Xinjiang<w POS>'s <w AJ0>social <w NN1>stability<c PUN>.
<s n="933"><w AT0>A <w NN1>handful <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN2>splittists <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Xinjiang<c PUN>, <w VVG>colluding <w PRP>with <w AJ0>national <w NN2>splittists <w PRP>outside <w NP0-NN1>Xinjiang<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w VVN>stepped <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w AJ0-VVG>splitting <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="934"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>York-based <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NP0>Asia <w NN1-VVB>Watch <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>against <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Inner <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w NN1>government <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1-VVB>influence <w VVG-NN1>spreading <w PRP>from <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01U>
<s n="935"><w NN1>Decision <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VVB-NN1>Commission <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tibet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="936"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Commission <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tibet<c PUN>.
<s n="937"><w PRP>After <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>debate <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w CRD>27 <w PRP>to <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="938"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="939"><w NN2>Police <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>broken <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lhasa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tibetan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01V><ptr target=HLHCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01V>
<s n="940"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLHCA01W>
<s n="941"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>restrictions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="942"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>most-favoured-nation <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFN<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>status <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>proliferation <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>imbalances<c PUN>.
<s n="943"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>veto <w NN1>message <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>with <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>ultimatum<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>weakened <w NN2-VVZ>ties <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w CJC>and <w AJC>further <w NN1>repression<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="944"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>by <w CRD>59 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>39<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w AV0>less <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w CJS>if <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>veto<c PUN>.
<s n="945"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w PRP>by <w CRD>409 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="946"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w VVD>described <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>veto <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>wise <w NN1>decision <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRF>of <w AJ0>great <w NN1>help <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Sino-US <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01X>
<s n="947"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>pact <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="948"><w NP0-NN1>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>pact <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="949"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>framework <w CJC>and <w AJ0>main <w NN1>direction<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Sino-Russian <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>by <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Lanqing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pyotr <w NP0>Aven<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="950"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrey <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16-18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="951"><w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="952"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Tereshchenko<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24-28<c PUN>.
<s n="953"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam <w NP0>Karimov<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12-14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLHCA01Y>
<s n="954"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>to <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="955"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8-12 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38815 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Qian<w POS>'s <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="956"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NP0>Qian <w VVD>presented <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>instrument <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1968 <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38678<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="957"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>instrument <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>handed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA <w PRP>during <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="958"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Germany <w NP0>Qian <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="959"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="960"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="961"><w NP0>KMT <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VVN-VVD>split <w PRP>on <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>proposal
</head>
<p>
<s n="962"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Kuomintang <c PUL>(<w NP0>KMT<c PUR>) <w VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taipei <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14-16 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="963"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plenum <w VVD>preceded <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>60-day <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="964"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w VVG>implementing <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>instruction <w NN1>being <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>upon <w PRP>before <w CRD>1996<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w VVD-VVN>ended<c PUN>.
<s n="965"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>opposing <w NN2>positions <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged<c PUN>: <w NP0>KMT <w NN2>liberals <w VVD-VVN>advocated <w AJ0-VVN>directed <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>DPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>conservatives <w VVD>supported <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>described <w PRP>in <w NN1>Chinese <w CJS>as <w NN2>wei <w NN1>ren <w NN2>zhi <w NN1-AJ0>xuan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>direct <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>by <w NN1>proxy<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="966"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>campaign <w PRP>as <w NN2>proxies <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>under <w NN1>obligation <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>particular <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="967"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>shortening <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term <w PRP>from <w CRD>six <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>mayors <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taipei <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kaohsiung<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA020></p>
<caption id=HLHCA020>
<s n="968"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN1>activist
</caption>
<p>
<s n="969"><w NP0>Chen <w NN1>Wan-chen<c PUN>, <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>pro-independence <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>Nation-Building<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>46 <w NN2>months<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w NN1>sedition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>Article <w CRD>100 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Criminal <w NN1>Code <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38765 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Chen<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA021></p>
<caption id=HLHCA021>
<s n="970"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="971"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w NP0>Violeta <w UNC>Barrios <w UNC>de <w NP0>Chamorro<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3-7<c PUN>.
<s n="972"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>signed <w CRD>three <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w VVG>covering <w AJ0>diplomatic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>agricultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>fields<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="973"><w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>R. <w NP0>F.<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20-23 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>tour <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>included <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>.
<s n="974"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Botha <w VVD>described <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>friendship<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>precious<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>affirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0>interested<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w AJ0>formal <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="975"><w NP0>Chen <w AT0>Li-an<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0-AJ0>early <w VVB>March <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Lafayette <w NN1>class <w VVZ-NN2>frigates <w PRP>from <w NP0>France <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;4,800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="976"><w NP0>Chen <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VM0>would <w VVI>spend <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>on <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>programmes <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="977"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="978"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="979"><w VVG>Freeing <w PRF>of <w NN2>prices <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>MPRP <w NN1>congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="980"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w AJ0>completed <w DPS>its <w NN1>price <w NN1>deregulation <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>freed <w AV0>most <w AJ0>fixed <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>necessities<c PUN>; <w AV0>only <w NN1>bread <w CJC>and <w NN1>flour <w NN2>prices <w VVD>remained <w VVN-VVD>controlled<c PUN>.
<s n="981"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>add <w PRP>to <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRP>in excess of <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="982"><w NP0>Mongolia <w VVD>opened <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ulan <w NP0>Bator <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>ambitious <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38190<c PUN>; <w CRD>38290<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA022></p>
<caption id=HLHCA022>
<s n="983"><w NP0>MPRP <w NN1>congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="984"><w AT0>The <w ORD>21st <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPRP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ulan <w NP0>Bator <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26-29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="985"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>over <w CRD>600 <w NN2>delegates <w VVG>representing <w DT0>some <w CRD>80,000 <w NN1>party <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>20,000 <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>20th <w NN1>congress <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38008-09<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>history <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>fraternal <w NN1>party <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="987"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Xinhua <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>conversion <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="988"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Doctrine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mean<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Golden <w NN1>Principle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Confucian <w NN1>School<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w NN1>socialism <w CJC>and <w NN1>communism <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>guiding <w NN1>ideology<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="989"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VVD>re-elected <w NP0>Budragchaagiyn <w NP0>Dash-Yondon <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enlarged <w AJ0-NN1>147-member <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA023></p>
<caption id=HLHCA023>
<s n="990"><w AJ0-VVN>Reported <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w NP0>MDP <w PRP>from <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>coalition <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="991"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP<c PUN>, <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="992"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>World <w NN1>News <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mongolia <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>ensuring <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>victory <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA024></p>
<caption id=HLHCA024>
<s n="993"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="994"><w NP0>Dashiyn <w NP0>Byambasuren<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4-8 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>commercial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="995"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>petrol <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="996"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>expected <w NP0>Russia <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>Soviet-Mongolian <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37318<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA025></p>
<caption id=HLHCA025>
<s n="997"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="998"><w NP0-NN1>Byambasuren <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25-26<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>united <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="999"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>topics <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w UNC>DM47,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;28,500,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>loans <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1000"><w NP0>Tserenpilyn <w NP0>Gombosuren<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23-28 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>various <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1001"><w NP0>Radnaasumbereliyn <w NP0>Gonchigdorj<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w NP0>Mongolia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-month <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nepal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Philippines <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1002"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1003"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1004"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN2>advisers <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Sino-British <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1005"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRF>of <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>panel
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1006"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w AV0>formally <w VVN>appointed <w CRD>44 <w NN2>advisers <w PRP>on <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1007"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceremony <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0-NN1>Shangkun <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1-AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1008"><w AT0>The <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>advisers <w VBD>was <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>facilitate <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>understanding<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w AT0>the <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="1009"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>fears <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>advisers <w VM0>would <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>a <w NN1>second<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unelected <w NN1>power-base <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<c PUN>.
<s n="1010"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>narrowness <w PRF>of <w NN1>representation <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>advisers <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>highlight <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN2>misgivings<c PUN>.
<s n="1011"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>advisers <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>long-time <w AJ0>pro-Peking <w NN2>figures <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>confirmed <w NN1>establishment <w NN2>types<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1012"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>representation <w PRP>for <w DT0>either <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>dominant <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Legco<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Democrats <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>Co-operative <w NN1>Resource <w NN1>Centre <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Chinese <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>Alliance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>performed <w AV0>badly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVD>enjoyed <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>representation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA026></p>
<caption id=HLHCA026>
<s n="1013"><w AJ0>Sino-British <w NN2>discussions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1014"><w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w PRP>with <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="1015"><w VVG-NN1>Reporting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NP0-NN1>China <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>speed <w AT0>the <w NN1>work<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Liaison <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>JLG<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>dealt <w PRP>with <w NN2>problems <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>1997 <w NN1-VVB>transfer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1016"><w AT0>The <w NP0>JLG <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>22nd <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24-26<c PUN>.
<s n="1017"><w NN2>Topics <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w VVD-VVN>included <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>privatize <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Television <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38765<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1018"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA027></p>
<caption id=HLHCA027>
<s n="1019"><w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1020"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Hamish <w NP0>Macleod<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NP0>Financial <w NP0-NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w NP0>Macleod <w VVB>forecast <w AT0>a <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w UNC>HK&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>with <w NN1>revenue <w PRF>of <w UNC>HK&dollar;126,200 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>set <w PRP>against <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w UNC>HK&dollar;121,200 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=HK&dollar;7.7461 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1022"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>key <w NN2>features <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>tax <w NN1>rate <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>17.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>closing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN2>loopholes<c PUN>.
<s n="1023"><w NP0>Macleod <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w NN2>liberals <w CJC>and <w NN2>conservatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Legco <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>tax <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w AJ0>middle <w NN1>income <w NN2>earners<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1024"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Lu <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macao <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>contravention <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>post-1997 <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stipulated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>government <w NN1>spending <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>kept <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>limits <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>revenue <w PNP>it <w VVD>raised<c PUN>.
<s n="1025"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Lu<w POS>'s <w NN1>comment <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mistaken <w NN1>belief<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>increases <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Macleod <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1026"><w AV0>Significantly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macleod <w VVD>announced <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>reserves <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand <w PRP>at <w UNC>HK&dollar;71,600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>1997 <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>revert <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1997<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1027"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>this <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w UNC>HK&dollar;91,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w CRD>three <w NN2>times <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w VVN-VVD>promised <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>condition <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>airport
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1028"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1029"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1030"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w NP0>Karen <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Rohingya <w NN2>refugees <w VVB-NN1>issue
</head>
<p>
<s n="1031"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w NP0>Karen <w NN2>rebels <w VVN>based <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>border <w VVN-VVD>escalated <w PRP>during <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="1032"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>often <w VVD>spilled <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Thai <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Myanma <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>commentators <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN1>military <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>capture <w AT0>the <w NP0>Karens<w POS>' <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>bases <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>border <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Manerplaw <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kawmoora<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NP0>Day<c PUN>.
<s n="1034"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>as of <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w DT0>both <w NN2>bases <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>under <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1035"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VVD>captured <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NP0>Sleeping <w NP0>Dog <w NP0>Hill <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Manerplaw<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD>advised <w AJ0>Thai <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>retreat <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>face <w NN1>air <w CJC>and <w NN1>artillery <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="1036"><w NP0>Thailand <w VVD>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>placing <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN2>units <w PRP>on <w AJ0>alert <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>reinforcing <w NN1>troop <w NN2>numbers <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1037"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>Thai <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>forces <w VVD>fought <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>gun <w NN1>battle <w VVG>following <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>incursions<c PUN>.
<s n="1038"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w NN1-AJ0>Thai <w NN2>fighter-bombers <w VVD>attacked <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
<s n="1039"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VVD>came <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>hours <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w NP0>Noonpakdi<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>last <w NN1>warning<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w AJ0-NN1>military <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1040"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>30 <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>offensive<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA028></p>
<caption id=HLHCA028>
<s n="1041"><w NN1-NP0>Rohingya <w NN2>refugees <w VVB-NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1042"><w AJ0>Large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1-NP0>Rohingya <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Arakan <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>in <w NP0>Myanma <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w AVP>over <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>during <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w NN1>persecution <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1043"><w PRP>By <w NP0>mid-March <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>210,000 <w VBD>were <w VVG>living <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>makeshift <w NN2>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w VVG>entering <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>increasing <w AV0-AJ0>daily <w PRP>amid <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>killings<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>forced <w NN2>conscriptions <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>torture <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Arakan <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="1044"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Myanma <w PRP>during <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February <w VHD>had <w VVN>yielded <w DT0>few <w NN2>results <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>government <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>at <w VVG>spurring <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w PRP>into <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>tragedy <w VVG>occurring<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1045"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>government <w VVD>approached <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w VVG>asking <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w VVD>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1046"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Malaysian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Badawi<c PUN>, <w VVD>summoned <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuala <w NP0>Lumpur <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>express <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w NP0>Myanma<w POS>'s <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rohingya <w NN1>minority<c PUN>.
<s n="1047"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Alatas <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w VVG>threatening <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1048"><w AV0>Traditionally<c PUN>, <w NN1>South-east <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>criticize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>, <w VVG>adopting <w AV0>instead <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>engagement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w NP0>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w DT0>any <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASEAN<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA029></p>
<caption id=HLHCA029>
<s n="1049"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1050"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saw <w NP0>Maung<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>mental <w CJC>and <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w VVD>relinquished <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>already <w VVN>given <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38440<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1051"><w AJ0>Gen. <w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Services<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1052"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1053"><w NP0>Myo <w NP0>Nyunt<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yangon <w NN1-VVB>Command<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="1054"><w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1055"><w NN1>Phone <w NN1-NP0>Myint<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>retained <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1056"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry <w NN2>Affairs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>divided <w PRP>into <w CRD>two <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>.
<s n="1057"><w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chit <w NP0>Swe<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Forestry <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="1058"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1059"><w NP0>Myint <w NP0>Aung<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Irrawaddy <w NN1>Division <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-West <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Command<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1060"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1061"><w NP0>Mya <w NP0>Thinn<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arakan <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1-VVB>Command <w CJC>and <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Command<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1062"><w NP0>Aung <w PNP>Ye <w VVB>Kyaw <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Co-operatives<c PUN>.
<s n="1063"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38725<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02A>
<s n="1064"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1065"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>abolished <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>during <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38767 <w PRP>for <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1066"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w EX0>there <w VVD>remained <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Parties <w NN1>Registration <w NN1>Law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1067"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>representative <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>because of <w NN1>health <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1068"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1069"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1070"><w AJ0>Thai <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc="election results">
<caption>
<s n="1071"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1072"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>13 <w NN2>months <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>toppled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0>Choonhaven <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38003-04<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1073"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>360-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJS>as <w VVN>stipulated <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38681<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02B>
<s n="1074"><w NN1-VVB>Conduct <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1075"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>contested <w PRP>by <w CRD>15 <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>seat <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kaset <w NP0>Seri<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruam <w NP0>Palang <w NP0>Mai<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>United <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thong <w NN1>Tin <w NP0-NN1>Kao <w UNC>Na <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Rural <w AJ0-NN1>Progressive<c PUR>)<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1076"><w AJ0>Nationwide <w NN1>turnout <w VVD>averaged <w CRD>59.24 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w VBD>was <w VVN>registered <w PRP>at <w CRD>42 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1077"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0-NN1>military-appointed <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NN1>Poll <w NN1-VVB>Watch<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1078"><w NN1>Poll <w NN1>Watch <w VVD>received <w CRD>274 <w NN2>complaints <w PRF>of <w AJ0>suspected <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>violations<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w VVG>involving <w NN1-AJ0>vote-buying<c PUN>.
<s n="1079"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Poll <w NN1>Watch <w VHD>had <w VVN>driven <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties<w POS>' <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0-NN1>vote-buying <w NN1>network <w AV0>underground <w CJC>and <w AV0>sometimes <w PRP>out of <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="1080"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NN1>Poll <w NN1>Watch <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Thailand <w VVD>involved <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w VVG>rising <w PRP>to <w PRP>between <w CRD>70 <w CJC>and <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Isarn <c PUL>(<w NN1>North-East <w NP0>Thailand<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1081"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VVN>spent <w PRP>between <w CRD>3,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>baht <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;117 <w AJ0-NN1>million-G195 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN2>spenders <w VBG>being <w AJ0>Samakkhi <w NP0-NN1>Tham <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Aspiration <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02C>
<s n="1082"><w NN1>Election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1083"><w AT0>No <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>number <c PUL>(<w CRD>79<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force<w POS>'s <w NN1>prot&eacute;g&eacute; <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Samakkhi <w NP0>Tham<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1084"><w NP0>Samakkhi <w NP0>Tham <w VVD>performed <w AV0>particularly <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Isarn<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AV0>also <w VDD>did <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w NP0>Yongchaiyut<w POS>'s <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Aspiration <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1085"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1086"><w NP0>Chamlong <w NP0>Srimaung<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Palang <w NP0>Dharma <w VVD>performed <w AV0>extremely <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>32 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<w POS>'s <w CRD>35 <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>destroying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-military <w NP0-NN1>Prachakorn <w NP0-NN1>Thai<w POS>'s <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
<s n="1087"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>maintained <w DPS>their <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>26 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>45 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai <w VVD>performed <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN2>regions<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>42 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>83 <w AJ0>central <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1088"><w CRD>Eight <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chatichai <w NN1>government <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ruled<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>unusually <w AJ0>rich<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<w POS>'s <w NN2>Assets <w NN1>Verification <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>AVC<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>contested <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1089"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w VBD>were <w VVN>returned<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pramual <w NP0-NN1>Sabhavasu<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pramarn <w NP0-NN1>Adireksarn<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sanoh <w NP0-NN1>Thienthong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vatana <w NP0>Asavahame<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Montri <w NN1-NP0>Pongpanich<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02D>
<s n="1090"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Senate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1091"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>270-member <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1092"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Constitution <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>censure <w NN2>motions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>royal <w NN2>decrees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1093"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>270 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CRD>116 <w VBD>were <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VBG>being <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="1094"><w NP0>Thailand<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>elite <w VBD>were <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Anand <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military-appointed <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NN2>academics<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w NN2>lawyers<c PUN>, <w NN2>doctors<c PUN>, <w NN2>Moslems <w CJC>and <w NN2>women <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVN>afforded <w AJ0>token <w NN1>representation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02E>
<s n="1096"><w AJ0>Post-election <w NN1>manoeuvring
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1097"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>pro-military <w NN2>parties <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>junta <w TO0>to <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>workable <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w AV0>Together <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w CRD>191 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1099"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN0>headquarters<c PUN>, <w VVD>comprised <w NP0-NN1>Narong <w NN1-NP0>Wongwan <w PRF>of <w NP0>Samakkhi <w NP0>Tham<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Somboon <w NN1-NP0>Rahong <w PRF>of <w NN1>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Montri <w NN1>Pongpanich <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Samak <w NP0-NN1>Sundaravej <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Prachakorn <w NP0-NN1>Thai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Sunthorn <w NP0>Kongsompong<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Kaset <w NP0>Rojananin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>commander<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1100"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w NP0-NN1>Narong <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Rassadorn<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1101"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>pro-democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>alliance <c PUL>(<w AJ0>New <w NN2>Aspirations <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Palang <w NP0>Dharma<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ekkaparb <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w AT0>the <w NN1>credibility <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Narong <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>in the light of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>allegation <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>denied <w AT0>a <w NN1>visa <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991 <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1102"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1103"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1104"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1105"><w NN1>Arrival <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w NN2>personnel <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Debate <w PRP>on <w NN1>funding
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1106"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>co-ordinator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yasushi <w NP0-NN1>Akashi <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38767 <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>UNTAC <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1107"><w NP0>Akashi <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1108"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Anderson<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>component<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1109"><w NP0>UNTAC<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>military <w NN1>contingent<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>850 <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1110"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>battalion<c PUN>.
<s n="1111"><w PRP>According to <w NP0-NN1>Akashi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>22,000-strong <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w NN1>team <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>fully <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1112"><w AT0>The <w NN1>regroupment<c PUN>, <w NN1>cantonment <w CJC>and <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>by <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1113"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>debate <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w NN1>operation <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="1114"><w NN2>Akashi<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>expected <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>UNTAC<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>estimated <w AJ0>total <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;1,900 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1115"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>annual <w VVD-VVN>assessed <w NP0>UN <w NN1>contribution <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w NN1>Japanese <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AV0>only <w CRD>12.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mission<w POS>'s <w NN1>cost<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AJ0>liable <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AV0>over <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1116"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AJ0-NN1>Akashi <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>resettlement <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reconstruction <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>separate <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1117"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC<w POS>'s <w NN1>cost<c PUN>.
<s n="1118"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w NN1>funding <w VM0>might <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w PRP>Before <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>(<w DPS>his <w ORD>first<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Japan <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>request <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>troops <w VVB>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>UNTAC<c PUN>.
<s n="1120"><w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>told <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>enabling <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mission<c PUN>.
<s n="1121"><w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen <w AV0>also <w VVD>visited <w NP0>France <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02F>
<s n="1122"><w NN1-VVB>Start <w PRF>of <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>repatriation <w NN1>programme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1123"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>repatriation <w NN2>programmes <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w AVQ>when <w CRD>527 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>380,000 <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>living <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>camps <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Thai-Cambodian <w NN1>border <w VBD>were <w VVN>transported <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>reception <w NN1>site <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Sisophon<c PUN>.
<s n="1124"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w VVB-NN1>plan <w DT0>all <w NN2>refugees <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>repatriated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02G>
<s n="1125"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>final <w NN1>batch <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1126"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>released <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w CJC>and <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1127"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>present <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w NN1>ceremony<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP-AVP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN2>detentions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02H>
<s n="1128"><w NN1-NP0>Funcinpec <w NN1>congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1129"><w NN1-NP0>Funcinpec<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sihanoukist <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-western <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oddar <w NP0>Meanchey <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27-28<c PUN>.
<s n="1130"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVD-VVN>elected <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0-NN1>Ranariddh <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02J>
<s n="1131"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1132"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>escalated <w DPS>their <w AJ0>military <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>government <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Preah <w NP0-NN1>Vihear<c PUN>.
<s n="1133"><w PRP>Towards <w DT0>this <w NN1>end <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>guerrillas <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN2>highways <w CRD>6 <w CJC>and <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1134"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1136"><w NP0>Anderson <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>deploy <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN2>factions <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="1137"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>SOC <w NN1>government <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>an <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>against <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reopen <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>highways<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02K>
<s n="1138"><w ORD>First <w NN1>MIA <w NN1>search <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1139"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AJ0>Cambodian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>search <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN-VVD>listed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="1140"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>excavation <w NN1>team <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>MIA <w NN1>search <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>unearthed <w DT0>some <w NN2>remains <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>television <w NN2>crews <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1970<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1141"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1142"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1143"><w NN1>Signing <w PRF>of <w NN2>narcotics <w NN1>suppression <w NN1>treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="1144"><w NP0>Laos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Myanma <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NN2>narcotics <w NN1>suppression <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>.
<s n="1145"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w DT0>all <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transit <w CJC>or <w NN1>destination <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>up <w NN2-VVZ>controls <w PRP>on <w NN2>chemicals <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>manufacturing <w NN2>narcotics <w CJC>and <w NN2>hallucinogens<c PUN>.
<s n="1146"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w NN2>narcotics <w PRP>through <w NN2>exchanges <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w NN1>training<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1147"><w AT0>The <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khamtay <w NP0>Siphandon<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Myanma <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24-27<c PUN>.
<s n="1148"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>, <w NP0>U <w NP0>Ohn <w NP0>Gyaw<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2-7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Abuse <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>narcotics <w NN1>suppression<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02L>
<s n="1149"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>US <w NN1>official
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1150"><w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Solomon<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NP0>East <w AJ0>Asian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5-6 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khamtay<c PUN>.
<s n="1151"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Lao <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Khamtay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Solomon <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lao-US <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w VVN>progressed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>ties <w VM0>would <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w VVN>elevated <w PRP>to <w AJ0>ambassadorial <w NN1>level<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02M>
<s n="1152"><w NN1>SPA <w NN1>session <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1153"><w AT0>The <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NN1>SPA<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vientiane<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1154"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SPA <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>projected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>revenue <w PRF>of <w CRD>110,320 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>new <w NN1>kip <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w CRD>205,300 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>new <w NN1>kip <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=704.057 <w AJ0>new <w NN1>kip <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1155"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>apply <w DT0>some <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>revenue <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>expenditure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1156"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1157"><w NP0>MALAYSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1158"><w ITJ>Kedah <w NN1>by-election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1159"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>Barisan <w NP0>Nasional<c PUN>, <w NP0>BN<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jerai <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kedah <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1160"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Parti <w NN1>Islam <w NP0-NN1>SeMalaysia <c PUL>(<w UNC>PAS<c PUR>) <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Malay-dominated <w NN1>north <w VBD>was <w VVG>worrying <w DT0>some <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Malays <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>UMNO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BN<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1161"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1162"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1163"><w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w NN1>disbandment <w PRF>of <w NP0>IGGI
</head>
<p>
<s n="1164"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-AV0>late <w NP0>March <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>link <w PRP>between <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>concerns <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>its <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>disbandment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Netherlands-chaired <w AJ0-NN1>14-member <w NN1>aid <w NN1>consortium<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Inter-Governmental <w NN1>Group <w PRP>on <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>IGGI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1165"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w NN1>Radius <w NP0>Prawiro<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Supervision<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>van <w NP0>den <w NP0>Broek<c PUN>.
<s n="1166"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>letter <w NP0>Prawiro <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Indonesia <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>great <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>forge <w AT0>a <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w PRP>after<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AV0>exceedingly <w AJ0>painful <w AJ0>historical <w NN1>past <w VVG-AJ0>resulting <w PRP>from <w NN2>centuries <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inhuman <w AJ0>colonial <w NN1>subjugation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1167"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>reckless <w NN1>use<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w PRF>of <w NN1>development <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>instrument <w PRF>of <w NN1>intimidation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1168"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1169"><w NP0>Moerdiono<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVD>cited <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<w POS>' <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AJ0>future <w NN1>aid <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>by <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>intimidation<c PUN>.
<s n="1170"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>government <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>regret <w AVP-PRP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>words <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>phrased<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1171"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>aid <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>bureaucracy<c PUN>.
<s n="1172"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>speculated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VM0>might <w VVI>prove <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asset <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Golkar <w NN1>grouping <w PRP>ahead of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1173"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>confident <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>implications<c PUN>.
<s n="1174"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;4,800 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>IGGI <w NN1>commitment <w VBD>was <w UNC>US&dollar;91,000,000 <w AV0>less than <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w NP0>Prawiro <w VVD>invited <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>group <w PRP>for <w NN1>aid <w NN1>co-ordination<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02N>
<s n="1176"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN2>repercussions <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>November <w CRD>12 <w NN1>incident<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1177"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w NN2>events <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>repercussions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38579-80<c PUN>; <w CRD>38677<c PUN>; <w CRD>38769-70<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1178"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>succeeded <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>deterring <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Portuguese<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>peace <w NN1>ship<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lusitania <w NP0>Expreso<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>landing <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="1179"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vessel <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w NP0>Portugal <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>docked <w PRP>in <w NP0>Darwin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>set <w VVB-NN1>sail <w PRP>for <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1180"><w DPS>Its <w CRD>120 <w NN2>passengers<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1-AJ0>Portuguese <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ant&oacute;nio <w NP0>Eanes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w NN2>politicians <w CJC>and <w NN2>reporters <w PRP>from <w CRD>21 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>lay <w AT0>a <w NN1>wreath <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>site <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1-VVB>massacre<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w NN1>cemetery <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili<c PUN>.
<s n="1181"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <w VVD>turned <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w PRP>after <w VVG>coming <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>miles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters<c PUN>.
<s n="1182"><w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>declared <w DPS>its <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters <w VVN-VVD>closed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38769-70<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>deployed <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>warships <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w VVG>entering <w DPS>its <w NN2>waters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1183"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1184"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Araujo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Freitas <w NP0>de <w NP0>Camara<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>subversion<c PUN>.
<s n="1185"><w DT0>Another <w CRD>three <w NP0>Timorese <w VVD>went <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>general <w NN2>crimes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1186"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>movement <w NP0-NN1>Fret&iacute;l&iacute;n <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>second-in-command<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>da <w NP0>Costa<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>escaped <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili<c PUN>.
<s n="1187"><w NP0>Da <w NP0>Costa <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1188"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1189"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1190"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>raids <w PRP>against <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands
</head>
<p>
<s n="1191"><w NN1>Commando <w NN2>units <w PRP>from <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNG<c PUR>) <w VVD>launched <w NN2>raids <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>a <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>storage <w NN1>depot<c PUN>.
<s n="1192"><w AT0>The <w NN2>attacks <w VBD>were <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>depot <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bougainville <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NN1>BRA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NN1>war <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNG <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w AT0>The <w NN2>raids <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>protest <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomons<w POS>' <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Mamaloni<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w PNP>them <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>provocative<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1194"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>tense <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bougainville <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1195"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>close <w AJ0>racial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>connections <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomons<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>geographical <w NN1>proximity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NN1>BRA <w NN2>units <w VHD>had <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>operated <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands<w POS>' <w NN1>territory <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>often <w VVN>received <w AJ0>unofficial <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1196"><w PRP>After <w AV0>initially <w VVG>denying <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNG <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabbie <w NP0>Namaliu<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>apology <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Mamaloni<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1197"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Namaliu <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>disciplinary <w NN1>action <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>regrettable <w NN1>incident<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>assistance <w AV0>allegedly <w VBG>being <w VVN>provided <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomons<c PUN>.
<s n="1198"><w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>raids <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>authorized <w PRP>by <w NN1>field <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>occurrences <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>avoided <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>future <w CJS>if <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>co-operated <w PRP>in <w NN1>border <w NN1>surveillance <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>BRA <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w VVG>using <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands<w POS>' <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1199"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1200"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1201"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>hostage <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>recovery <w NN1>programme
</head>
<p>
<s n="1202"><w NN2>Police <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>raids <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Barnes<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>businessman <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1203"><w NP0>Barnes <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unhurt<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>14 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1204"><w NP0>Barnes<c PUN>, <w NN1>vice-president <w CJC>and <w AJ0>general <w NN1>manager <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Philippine <w AJ0>Geothermal <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>subsidiary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>Oil <w NN1>Company <w PRF>of <w NP0>California <c PUL>(<w NP0>Unocal<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN2>Scorpions<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>breakaway <w NN1>faction <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>communist <w AJ0>New <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1205"><w AT0>The <w NN2>kidnappers <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>a <w NN1>ransom <w PRP>from <w NP0>Unocal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>operated <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant <w PRP>in <w NP0>Laguna <w NN1>Province <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>received <w NN2>demands <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>NPA <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000,000 <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN2>taxes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1206"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>kidnapping <w PRP>for <w NN1>ransom <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>November <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPA <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>executive<c PUN>, <w VVG>releasing <w PNP>him <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w AV0>later <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>ransom<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1207"><w AT0>A <w NN1>second <w NP0>US <w NN1>citizen<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arvey <w NP0>Duane <w VVB>Drown<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cordillera <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>abduction <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>NPA <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1208"><w AT0>The <w NN2>rebels <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w VVB>Drown<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>US <w NN1>Army <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>assisting <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w AJ0-NN1>military <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>counterinsurgency <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>assertion <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
<s n="1209"><w PRP>In <w NN2>negotiations <w VVN-VVD>conducted <w PRP>through <w NN1>church <w NN2>officials <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>NPA <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w VVB>Drown <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VVD>ceased <w NN2>operations <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NN0>barracks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1210"><w AT0>The <w NN2>kidnappings<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>NPA<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>campaign <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w CRD>41 <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>contrary to <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPA <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>spent <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1211"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>accepted<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1>disarray <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN2>splits <w PRP>over <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN1>doctrine <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="1212"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>NPA<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>founding <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Sison<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG>retaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>organisation<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Maoist <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peasant-based <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas <w CJC>and <w VVB>isolate <w AT0>the <w NN2>cities<c PUN>.
<s n="1213"><w NN2>Others <w VBD>were <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>switch <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>emphasis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>cities<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AV0>still <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Philippines-based <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Benito <w NP0>Tiamzon<c PUN>, <w VVD>advocated <w AJC>greater <w NN1>pragmatism<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>gaining <w NN1>power <w PRP>through <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1214"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>NPA <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Capili <w NP0>Reyes<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>apprehended <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>checkpoint <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02P>
<s n="1215"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1216"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0-NN1>Secretary <w NP0>Jesus <w NP0>Estanislao <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VHD>had <w AV0>formally <w VVN>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>plan <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w AJ0>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w VVB>reduce <w AJ0>public <w NN1>spending<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1217"><w AT0>The <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w AT0>a <w NN1>formality <w PRP>following <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w VVD>enabled <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>scheme <w TO0>to <w VVI>restructure <w UNC>US&dollar;5,300 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>facilitated <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN0>&dollar;US80,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;400 <w CRD>million <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NP0>IMF <w NN2-VVZ>credits <w VVN>held <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1218"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w VVG-NN1>lending <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aquino <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>targets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38769<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1219"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1220"><w NN1>NORTH-SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1221"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN2>negotiations <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1222"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>appeared <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>inspections <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1223"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VVN>negotiated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-aggression <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord <w TO0>to <w VVI>prohibit <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula<c PUN>.
<s n="1224"><w DT0>These <w VVD>became <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>signed <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>exchanged <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pyongyang <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38766-67<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1225"><w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>signed <w AJ0>long-delayed <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w VVZ-NN2>accords <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>become <w AJ0>effective <w CJS>until <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>legislature <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unlikely <w TO0>to <w VVI>occur <w PRP>before <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1226"><w CJS>If <w NN1>ratification <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>sites <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>submit <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w AT0>a <w AJ0>precise <w NN1>inventory <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>uranium <w CJC>and <w NN1>plutonium <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>contained<c PUN>.
<s n="1227"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>full <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>inspection <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>earliest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1228"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w VBD>were <w VVG>pressurizing <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>inspections <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>before <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="1229"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>object <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>concern <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>complex <w VVN>located <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yongbyon <w NN1>river<c PUN>, <w CRD>100 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pyongyang<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w CRD>two <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>reactors <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>reprocessing <w NN1>plant<c PUN>.
<s n="1230"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w VVZ>reports <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN2>months <w PRP>away from <w VVG>acquiring <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>capability<c PUN>.
<s n="1231"><w NN1>Concern <w VBD>was <w VVN>heightened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>knowledge <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1970s<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w NN2>Koreans <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>warheads<c PUN>.
<s n="1232"><w AV0>Also<c PUN>, <w PRP>unlike <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>programmes <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>or <w NN1>expertise <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>self-sufficient<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1233"><w PRP>Amidst <w NN2>suspicions <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>prevaricating <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>relocate <w CJC>and <w VVI>conceal <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>governments <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>their <w NN1>demand <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w CJC>and <w NP0>IAEA <w NN2>inspections <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w VM0>May <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1234"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>likely <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>achieving <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>lie <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNCC<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>instrument <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w VVN-VVD>contained <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>denuclearization <w NN1>declaration <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1235"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>the <w NP0>JNCC <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="1236"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>shall <w AV0>jointly <w VVI>make <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w NN2>documents <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>verification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>denuclearization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North-South <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Committee<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>inspections <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>within <w CRD>20 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>documents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1237"><w AT0>The <w NP0>JNCC <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1238"><w CJS>Whereas <w AT0>the <w NN1>South<w POS>'s <w NN1>contribution <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>focused <w PRP>on <w NN1>timing<c PUN>, <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>site <w NN1>selection<c PUN>, <w NN1>inspection <w NN2>procedures <w CJC>and <w AJ0>post-inspection <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>North<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w VVD-VVN>concentrated <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>on <w VVG>achieving <w AJ0>international <w NN2>guarantees <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear-free <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRP>to <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="1239"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>little <w NN1>headway <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02R>
<s n="1240"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>avenues <w PRF>of <w NN1>North-South <w NN1>dialogue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1241"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rising <w NN1>tension <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1-VVB>issue <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>avenues <w PRF>of <w NN1>contact <w VVN>stipulated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>Reconciliation<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Non-aggression<c PUN>, <w NN1>Exchange <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w CJS>as <w VVN>scheduled<c PUN>.
<s n="1242"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>new <w NN2>subcommittees <w DT0>each <w VVD-VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Panmunjom<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVD-VVN>produced <w DT0>any <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North-South <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Subcommittee <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>contained <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1245"><w AT0>The <w NN1>subcommittee <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1246"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North-South <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Subcommittee <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVG>proposing <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>non-aggression <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>.
<s n="1247"><w AT0>The <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>strained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>JNCC<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1249"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North-South <w NN2>Exchanges <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Subcommittee <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w NN2>exchanges <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>for <w NN1>signature <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seoul <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1250"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1251"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1252"><w NN2>Difficulties <w PRF>of <w NP0>Miyazawa <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN2>scandals <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign
</head>
<p>
<s n="1253"><w NN1-VVB>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="1254"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>beleaguered <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w VVN>beset <w PRP>by <w NN2>scandals<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN1>popularity<c PUN>, <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>blow <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Miyagi <w NN1>prefecture <w NN1>by-election<c PUN>.
<s n="1255"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUR>) <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>investment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="1256"><w PNP>It <w VVD>intensified <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>future <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1257"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Miyagi <w NN1>by-election <w NN1>victor <w NP0-NN1>Koki <w NP0-NN1>Hagino<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rengo-no-kai <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>arm <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>labour <w NN1>organization<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>polled <w CRD>396,532 <w NN2>votes <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>393,615 <w NN2>votes <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nobuo <w NP0>Onodera<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>67,378 <w NN2>votes <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hisashi <w NP0>Tsujihata<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1258"><w NN1-NP0>Hagino <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDPJ<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>parties<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1259"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>identical <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w VVN>backed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>victorious <w NP0>Rengo-no-kai <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nara <w NN1>prefecture <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1260"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Miyagi <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w VHD>had <w VVN>expected <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w TO0>to <w VVI>survive <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w AV0>at least <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>252 <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="1261"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1>by-election <w NN2-VVZ>defeats <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AV0>consistently <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>ratings<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>increased <w NN1>pressure <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>from <w DT0>those <w CRD>75 <w NP0>LDP <w NN2>legislators <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w NN1>stake <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1262"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>heading <w PRP>for <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>eager <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w NN1>poll<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02S>
<s n="1263"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN2>scandals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1264"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Miyagi <w NN1>contest <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN2>scandals <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1265"><w AT0>The <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Hagino <w PRP>in <w VVG>exploiting <w AT0>the <w NN2>scandals <w VVB-NN1>issue <w CJS>provided <w AJC>further <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NN1>bribery <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Fumio <w NP0>Abe<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>accepting <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>steel <w NN1>frame <w NN1>manufacturer<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w CJT>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>200 <w NN1>Diet <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w NN2-VVZ>bribes <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>transport <w NN1>firm <w PRP>with <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>connections<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>scandal <w NN2>developments <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38720-21<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1266"><w NP0-NN1>Hiroyasu <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>affiliate <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>affair <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1267"><w AV0>Together <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>associates <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>organising <w CRD>64,500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>improper <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>member <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>linked <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NN1>scandal <w VBD>was <w NN1>Transport <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Keiwa <w NP0>Okuda<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>salary <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>aides <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>paid <w PRP>for <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>transport <w NN1>group <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1269"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVD>progressed <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w VVD-VVN>involved <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
<s n="1270"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>SDPJ <w NN1>legislator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ryoichi <w NP0>Yasutsune<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w PRP>after <w VVG>admitting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>too <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN2>funds <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>remiss <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VVD>admitted <w VVG>receiving <w AT0>a <w CRD>5,000,000 <w NN0>yen <w NN1-VVB>loan <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>firm <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>but <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>repaid <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Upper <w NN1>House<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>caused <w NN1>embarrassment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1272"><w AT0>The <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Daiwa <w NN2>Securities<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN2>securities <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w NN1>stock <w NN1>scandal <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>reignite <w AT0>the <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w NN2>brokers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>major <w NN2>clients <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>root <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>scandals <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38292<c PUN>; <w CRD>38342-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w NP0>Masahiro <w CRD>Dozen <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>after <w NP0>Daiwa <w VVD>reported <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>72,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w NN2>claims <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w AJ0>major <w NN2>clients<c PUN>.
<s n="1274"><w AT0>The <w NN1>loss <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>practice <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NN2>tobashi<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w NN2>brokers <w VVG-AJ0>shifting <w NN1>investment <w NN2>losses <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w NN1>client <w PRP>to <w DT0>another<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w AJ0>favoured <w NN1>client <w PRP>from <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1275"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN1>scandal <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>protracted <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>trials <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AV0>once again <w AT0>a <w AJ0>contemporary <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="1276"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>Takeshi <w NN1-NP0>Kato<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>vice-Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>fine <w PRF>of <w CRD>6,810,000 <w NN0>yen <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG>accepting <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>from <w NN1>Recruit<c PUN>.
<s n="1277"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>person <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>; <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w CRD>eight <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>former <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Takao <w NP0-NN1>Fujinami<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>outstanding<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02T>
<s n="1278"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1279"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>factors <w AV0>widely <w VVN>deemed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>critical <w PRP>to <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w AJ0>short-term <w NN1>survival <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>debate <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>scandals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1281"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN2>hearings <w PRP>in pursuit of <w DPS>its <w NN1>demand <w CJT>that <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Zenko <w NP0>Suzuki <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>state <w NN1>minister <w NP0>Jun <w NN1-NP0>Shiozaki <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>testify <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>their <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>steel <w NN1>frame <w NN1>manufacturer <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NN1>Company<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w AT0>The <w NN1>boycott <w VBD>was <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AV0>both <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w NN1>budget <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1283"><w NP0>Suzuki <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN0>yen <w PRP>from <w NP0>Abe <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>neither <w VVN>declared <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>donation <w CJC>nor <w AV0>as <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>income<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shiozaki <w VVD>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w CRD>20,000,000 <w NN0>yen <w CJC>but <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>bribe<c PUN>.
<s n="1284"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott <w VBD>was <w AV0>again <w VVN>imposed <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>from <w NP0>Fumio <w NP0>Abe <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VBN>been <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1>money <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kyowa <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1285"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NN1>disruption<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w CRD>72,200,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>268 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>211 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=133.926 <w VVB>yen <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1286"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="1287"><w CJS>Even if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>constitution <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w VBD>was <w AJ0>sufficient <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1>law <w PRP>within <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>fate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1288"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>spending <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>lowest <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1289"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>spending <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.78 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>for <w CRD>32 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1290"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w AV0>also <w VVD>included <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mild <w NN1>boost <w PRP>through <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works<c PUN>, <w VVN>funded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>modest <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>borrowing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02U>
<s n="1291"><w NP0>LDP <w NN1>by-election <w NN1>victory
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1292"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>government <w VVD>received <w DT0>another <w NN1>boost <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>won <w CRD>two <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rural <w NN1-NP0>Gunma <w NN1>prefecture <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>one <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ<c PUN>.
<s n="1293"><w NN1>Opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>approval <w NN1>rating <w VHG>having <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w CRD>26.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>32.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w CRD>55.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02V>
<s n="1294"><w NN1>Implementation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w PRP>against <w NN2>gangsters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1295"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>law <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w UNC>90,000-strong <w NN1>yakuza <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>syndicates <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>operation <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1296"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>yakuza <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>3,300 <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>gangs<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJS>largest <w NN2>organizations <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Yamagushi-gumi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Inagawa-kai <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Sumiyoshi-kai <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AV0>almost <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>activity <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>gangs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1297"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VVD-VVN>empowered <w NN2>police <w TO0>to <w VVI>designate <w PRP>as <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>syndicates <w DT0>those <w NN2>organizations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>met <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>criteria<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>convicted <w NN2>felons <w PRP>among <w DPS>their <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="1298"><w AV0>Once <w VVN-VVD>designated<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>syndicate <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AV0>more <w AJ0>vulnerable <w PRP>to <w NN2>police <w NN1>scrutiny<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-violent <w NN1>crime <w PRP>such as <w NN1>extortion<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>loan-sharking<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>drug-dealing <w CJC>and <w NN1>prostitution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02W>
<s n="1299"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1300"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19-22 <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>longstanding <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurile <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>.
<s n="1301"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w NN1>difficulty <w PRF>of <w VVG>resolving <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>tone <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AJ0>positive<c PUN>.
<s n="1302"><w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>honour <w AT0>the <w CRD>1956 <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>territories <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1303"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VM0>would <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w NP0>Yeltsin <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>honour <w AT0>the <w CRD>1956 <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1304"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kunihiko <w NP0-NN1>Saito<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>working-level <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1305"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>11 <w NP0-NN1>Saito <w VVD>restated <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w VM0>would <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>outstanding<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>fruitful <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>positive<c PUN>, <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>serious<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1307"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1308"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w AJ0>pending <w PRP>against <w AV0>about <w CRD>6,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>for <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>activities <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Hossain <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Ershad<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>profiting <w AV0>personally <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1311"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1312"><w NP0>BHUTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1313"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Bhutan <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>expanding <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1314"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1315"><w NP0>BRUNEI
</head>
<p>
<s n="1316"><w NP0>Brunei <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <c PUL>(<w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NP0>Premier <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1317"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1318"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1319"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1320"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>polled <w AV0>only <w CRD>18.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AJ0>metropolitan <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>29.88 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="1321"><w NN1>Lib&eacute;ration <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>These <w NN2>elections <w VVB-NN1>mark <w PRP>without <w NN1>doubt <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mitterrand <w NN2>years<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1322"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VVD>marked <w AT0>a <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NP0>France <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPF <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Gaullist <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>RPR <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Democracy <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w AV0>together <w VVG>polling <w AV0>only <w CRD>33 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>39.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1323"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FN<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen <w VVD>polled <w CRD>13.9 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>nationally <c PUL>(<w CRD>9.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>19.76 <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>heartland <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Provence-Alpes-C&ocirc;te <w NN0>d'Azur<c PUN>.
<s n="1324"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0-NN1>environmentalist <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN2>Greens <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Antoine <w NP0-NN1>Waechter <w CJC>and <w NN1>G&eacute;n&eacute;ration <w NN1-NP0>Ecologie <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1>Environment <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Brice <w NP0>Lalonde<c PUR>) <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>polled <w CRD>13.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1325"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
<s n="1326"><w PRP>At <w NN1>stake <w VBD>were <w CRD>1,671 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>on <w AJ0>metropolitan <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w CRD>22 <w NN2-VVZ>conseils <w VVB-NN1>r&eacute;gionaux <c PUL>(<w AJ0>regional <w NN2>councils<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>158 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>conseils <w VVB-NN1>r&eacute;gionaux<c PUN>.
<s n="1327"><w DT0>These <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34305<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1328"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>68.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1329"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w DT0>several <w NP0>FN <w NN2>rallies <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>feared <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="1330"><w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w PRF>of <w VVG>creating<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w TO0>to <w VVI>intimidate <w NP0>FN <w NN2>supporters<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1331"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Tapie<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Adidas <w NN2>sports <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJC>and <w NN1>owner <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marseilles <w NN1>football <w NN1>club<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VVD>headed <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Energie-Sud<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>list <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w PRP>in <w NP0>Provence-Alpes-C&ocirc;te <w NN0>d'Azur<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>fined <w UNC>F1,500 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;265<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w VVG>calling <w AT0>the <w NP0>FN <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>salauds<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>bastards<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>28<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN2>damages <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>franc <w DT0>each <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NP0>FN <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1332"><w AT0>The <w NN1>PS <w VVD>won <w CRD>24.84 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Provence-Alpes-C&ocirc;te <w NN0>d'Azur<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1333"><w PRP>Towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w VVD>changed <w DPS>its <w NN2>tactics <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>groups <w DTQ>which <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-Le <w NN1>Pen <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1334"><w AT0>The <w NN1>march <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>3,500 <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>100,000 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>march <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38736<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>passed <w AV0>peacefully <w CJS>except that <w AV0>afterwards <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Trotskyist <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Youth<c PUN>, <w VVD>broke <w AV0>away <w CJC>and <w VVD>battled <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVG>preventing <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>a <w NN1>hall <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen <w VBD>was <w VVG>speaking<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1335"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>over <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>students <w AV0>nationwide <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>planned <w NN2>reforms <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>failure <w NN1>rate <w PRP>among <w ORD>first <w NN1>degree <w NN2>students <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w NN2>students <w VVN>maintained <w VM0>would <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>university <w NN1>system <w AV0>more <w AJ0>selective<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02X>
<s n="1336"><w AJ0>Cantonal <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1337"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>cantonal <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w CRD>2,025 <w AJ0>general <w NN2>councillors <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>79 <w AV0>overseas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>last <w AJ0>cantonal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36705<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1338"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>96 <w AJ0>metropolitan <w NN2>d&eacute;partements <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w CRD>20 <c PUL>(<w CRD>26 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w CRD>43 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1339"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w VBD>was <w CRD>70.23 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w VBD>was <w CRD>62.01 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA02Y><gap desc=table> <ptr target=HLHCA030></p>
<caption id=HLHCA02Y>
<s n="1340"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>election <w NN2>results <c PUL>(<w AJ0>metropolitan <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>figures<c PUR>)
</caption>
<caption id=HLHCA030>
<s n="1341"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Soisson
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1342"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <c PUL>(<w AJ0>indirect<c PUR>) <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>presidents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>conseils <w VVB-NN1>r&eacute;gionaux<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w VBD>was <w AJ0>sucessful <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Limousin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1343"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Jean-Pierre <w NP0>Soisson <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Rausch <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Modernization <w CJC>and <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w AV0>respectively <w CJC>and <w DT0>both <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>France-unie<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burgundy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lorraine <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w NP0>FN <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting<c PUN>.
<s n="1344"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w NP0-NN1>Cresson <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Soisson <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NP0>Burgundy <w NN1>post<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Rausch <w VVD>decided <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w DPS>his <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="1345"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0-NN1>Cresson<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1>News <w NN1-VVB>Digest<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLHCA031></p>
<caption id=HLHCA031>
<s n="1346"><w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Renault <w VVZ>works <w PRP>at <w NP0>Billancourt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1347"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Renault <w NN1>car <w NN1>plant <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Seguin <w NN1>island <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Seine <w PRP>at <w NP0>Billancourt<c PUN>, <w NN1>south-west <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>closed <w PRP>after <w CRD>94 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w AT0>an <w NN1>era <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="1348"><w NP0>Renault <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>; <w NN1>production <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w AV0>more <w AJ0>functional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>efficient <w NN2>sites <w PRP>in <w NN1>north-east <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1349"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1350"><w NP0>BELGIUM
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1351"><w AJ0>Belgian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w UNC>**Jean-Luc <w NP0>Dehaene <c PUL>(<w NP0>CVP<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w UNC>**Guy <w NP0-NN1>Co&euml;me <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Enterprises
</p>
<p>
<s n="1354"><w UNC>**Willy <w NP0>Claes <c PUL>(<w NN1>SP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1355"><w UNC>**Melchior <w NP0-NN1>Wathelet <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Maystadt <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="1356"><w UNC>**Philippe <w NP0>Moureaux <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1357"><w UNC>*Jean-Maurice <w NP0-NN1>Dehousse <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Scientific <w NN1>Policy
</p>
<p>
<s n="1358"><w UNC>**Robert <w NN1>Urbain <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1359"><w UNC>*Freddy <w NP0-NN1>Wyllockx <c PUL>(<w NN1>SP<c PUR>) <w NN2>Pensions
</p>
<p>
<s n="1360"><w UNC>**Louis <w NP0-NN1>Tobback <c PUL>(<w NN1>SP<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1361"><w UNC>**Miet <w NP0-NN1>Smet <c PUL>(<w NP0>CVP<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w NN1>Employment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN1>equality <w NN1>policy <w PRP>between <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w NN2>women
</p>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w UNC>*Andr&eacute; <w AJ0>Bourgeois <c PUL>(<w NP0>CVP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>; <w NP0>Small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Medium-sized <w NN2>Enterprises
</p>
<p>
<s n="1363"><w UNC>*Leo <w NP0-NN1>Delcroix <c PUL>(<w NP0>CVP<c PUR>) <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="1364"><w UNC>*Laurette <w NP0-NN1>Onkelinx <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Integration
</p>
<p>
<s n="1365"><w UNC>*Mieke <w NP0>Offeciers-Van <w NP0>De <w NP0>Wiele <c PUL>(<w NP0>CVP<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>Budget
</p>
<p>
<s n="1366"><w UNC>**Eric <w NP0>Derijcke <c PUL>(<w NN1>SP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Co-operation <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w NP0>Claes
</p>
<p>
<s n="1367"><w UNC>* <w AJ0>New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1368"><w UNC>** <w AJ0-VVN>Altered <w CJC>or <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
<s n="1369"><w NN2>Women <w VBB>are <w VVN>denoted <w PRP>by <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA032></p>
<caption id=HLHCA032>
<s n="1370"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1371"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Jean-Luc <w NP0>Dehaene <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in place of <w AJ0>Wilfried <w NN2>Martens<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>for <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>different <w NN2>coalitions<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w NN2>Negotiations <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38589<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>coalition <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1373"><w NN1-NP0>Dehaene<c PUN>, <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Flemish <w AJ0>Christian <w NP0>Socials <c PUL>(<w NP0>CVP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>negotiated <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36047-49<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>expert <w NN1>mediator<c PUN>.
<s n="1374"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Institutional <w NN1>Reform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1375"><w AT0>The <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>CVP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Walloon <w AJ0-NN1>Parti <w AJ0>social <w NN1>chr&eacute;tien <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Flemish <w NP0-NN1>Socialistische <w NP0-NN1>Partij <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>SP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Walloon <w AJ0-NN1>Parti <w NN1>socialiste <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>PS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1376"><w PRP>Between <w PNP>them <w PNP>they <w VVD>commanded <w CRD>120 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>212-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>fell <w AV0>well <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w DT0>any <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA033></p>
<caption id=HLHCA033>
<s n="1377"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>programme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1378"><w VVG>Presenting <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Dehaene <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>priorities <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w VVD>started <w PRP-AVP>under <w NN2>Martens <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38465<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social <w NN1>renovation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>debt <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1379"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>changes <w AJ0>effective <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1380"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRF>of <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w CRD>33 <w NN0>per cent <c PUN>&mdash; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>standard <w NN1>VAT <w NN1>rate <w VVN>raised <w PRP>from <w CRD>19 <w PRP>to <w CRD>19.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1381"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service <w NN1>recruitment <w VVN-AJ0>limited<c PUN>.
<s n="1382"><w PRP>For <w NP0>Belgium <w TO0>to <w VVI>qualify <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<w POS>' <w AJ0>final <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38658<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>current <w CRD>6.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1996<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA034></p>
<caption id=HLHCA034>
<s n="1383"><w AJ0>Anti-racist <w NN1>march
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1384"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-racist <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>between <w CRD>65,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>150,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVG>protesting <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-immigrant <w NN1>rhetoric <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Flemish <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2-VVZ>Vlaams <w VVB-NN1>Blok <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w NN1>ground <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1385"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1386"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1387"><w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w NN1>announcement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1388"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Lamont<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w VVD>presented <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w ORD>third <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="1389"><w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>declared <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w NN1>recovery<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>predicted <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>start <w AV0>slowly <w CJC>but <w VVB>gather <w NN1>pace<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w NN1>change <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>taxation <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN0>&pound;2,000 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>taxable <w NN1>income <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;1,770 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>objective <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>20 <w NN0>pence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>rate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1392"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN2>cuts <w VBD>were <w AJC>lower <w CJS>than <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w VHD>had <w VVN>predicted<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lamont <w VVB>forecast <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>borrowing <w NN1>requirement <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSBR<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991-92 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1992-93 <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>years <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>analysts<c PUN>.
<s n="1393"><w PNP>He <w VVD>estimated <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991-91 <w NN1-NP0>PSBR <w PRP>at <w NN0>&pound;13,800 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w CRD>2.25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1-NP0>PSBR <w PRP>at <w NN0>&pound;28,100 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w CRD>4.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1394"><w NP0>Lamont <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>budget <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>parts<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>expenditure <w NN2>plans <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>statement <w CJC>and <w NN1>revenue <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>detailed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="1395"><w VVG>Adopting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>from <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parts <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>combined<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1396"><w NN1-VVG>Ending <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>speculation<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1397"><w NN1>Parliament <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w VVN>occupied <w AV0>almost <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>incorporated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA035></p>
<caption id=HLHCA035>
<s n="1398"><w NN1>Crisis <w PRP>at <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1399"><w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>insurance <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>during <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>negligence <w CJC>and <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w VVD>instigated <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
<s n="1400"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>out-of-court <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>gave <w CRD>987<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>individuals <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>assets <w VVB-NN1>support <w NN1>underwriting <w PRP>at <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>&pound;116,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>massive <w NN2>losses <w VVN-VVD>sustained <w PRP>in <w NN1>reinsurance <w NN2>contracts <w VVN-VVD>assumed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN2>agents<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w NP0>RHM <w NP0>Outhwaite <w NN1>Underwriting<c PUN>; <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>alleged <w NN1>negligence <w CJC>and <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w NN1>contract <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>underwriters<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>victory <w VVD>encouraged <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>grievances <w PRP>against <w NP0>Lloyd<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>to <w NN1>court <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>sought <w NN1>court <w NN2>injunctions <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN1>drawing <w PRP>from <w NN2>deposits <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w NN2>losses<c PUN>.
<s n="1402"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="1403"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w NN1>settlement <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>coincided <w PRP>with <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w NN2>measures <w VVG>regulating <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1404"><w NP0>Lloyd<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>by <w VVG>appointing <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David <w NP0>Walker<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Securities <w CJC>and <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Board <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>.
<s n="1405"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w NN1>controversy <w VHD>had <w VVN>mounted <w AV0>further <w AV0>still <w CJS>as <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>working <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Lloyd<w VHZ>'s <w VHN>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>advantage <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>trading <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>insurance <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="1406"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN2>Members<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AV0>over <w CRD>9,000<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>circulated <w NN2>figures <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN2>losses <w PRP>at <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w PRP>for <w CRD>1989 <w VM0>could <w VVI>reach <w AV0>almost <w NN0>&pound;1,650 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA036></p>
<caption id=HLHCA036>
<s n="1407"><w NN1>Asylum <w PRP>for <w NN1>refugee
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1408"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>man <w PNQ>who <w VVD>fled <w AJ0>racist <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>well-founded <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w NN1>persecution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUQ>&quot; <w AVQ>where <w VVG-NN1>monitoring <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>racist <w NN2>attacks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38782<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1410"><w PNP>It <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>refugee <w PRP>from <w DT0>another <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1411"><w AT0>The <w NN1>refugee <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NN0>people <w VVG>travelling <w PRP>on <w AJ0>false <w NN2>documents <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w VVD>asked <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w NN1>origin <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA037></p>
<caption id=HLHCA037>
<s n="1412"><w NN1-VVG>Legalizing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>homosexual <w NN1>activity
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1413"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Isle <w PRF>of <w NP0>Man<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Keys<c PUN>, <w VVG>bowing <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w VVD>lifted <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>prohibiting <w AJ0>homosexual <w NN1>sex<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1414"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1415"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1416"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>all-party <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="1417"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>inter-party <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Brooke<c PUN>, <w VVD>resumed <w AV0>briefly <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1418"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>James <w NN2>Molyneaux <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Paisley <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NN1-NP0>Hume <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Alderdice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38738<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1419"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconvene <w VHG>having <w VVN>received <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>from <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Kinnock <w CJT>that <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>basis <w DTQ>whatever <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1420"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>adjourned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w NN2>discussions <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38821<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1421"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1422"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1423"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1424"><w NP0>Gerhard <w NP0>Stoltenberg<c PUN>, <w CRD>63<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="1425"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Volker <w NP0>R&uuml;he<c PUN>, <w CRD>49<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1426"><w NP0>Stoltenberg<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>vehicles <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>use <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>against <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38834<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1427"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>persecution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>population <w PRP>by <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1428"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>equipment <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>belonged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>or <w AJ0>other <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>member-states<c PUN>.
<s n="1429"><w DT0>All <w AJ0>German <w NN2>arms <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w VBD>were <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>15 <w CRD>Leopard-1 <w AJ0>main <w NN1>battle <w NN2>tanks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>supplied <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>bureaucratic <w NN1>error<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>contravention <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>ban <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>on <w AJC>further <w NN2>deliveries <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Leopard <w NN2>tanks <w VVN-VVD>supplied <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1430"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>with <w NN1>indignation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>repeating <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="1431"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Cumhuriyet <w NN1>newspaper <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w NP0>President <w NP0>&Ouml;zal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>since <w NN1>unification <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w AV0>everywhere<c PUN>&hellip; <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NP0>Hitler<w POS>'s <w NP0>Germany <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>ways<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1432"><w NP0>Stoltenberg<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38687<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU<w POS>'s <w AJS>longest-serving <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
<s n="1433"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971-82 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Schleswig-Holstein<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA038></p>
<caption id=HLHCA038>
<s n="1434"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Mecklenburg-West <w NP0>Pomerania <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1435"><w NP0>Alfred <w NP0>Gomolka <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>) <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mecklenburg-West <w NP0>Pomerania <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>main <w NN2>shipyards <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1436"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Berndt <w NN1>Seite<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w NP0>Land <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1437"><w NP0-NN1>Gomolka <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w PRP>after <w VVG>dismissing <w DPS>his <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Ulrich <w VVN-AJ0>Born<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w DPS>his <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="1438"><w CJS>As <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w CRD>two <w NN2>shipyards <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rostock <w NN1>area <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Norwegian <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN1>Kvaerner <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Wismar <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>concern <w NP0>Bremer <w NP0-NN1>Vulkan<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AV0>already <w AV0>much <w VVN-AJ0>reduced <w NN1>workforce <w PRF>of <w CRD>10,300 <w PRP>at <w DT0>these <w NN2>yards <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>to <w CRD>7,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1439"><w NN2>Buyers <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>found <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>two <w NN2>shipyards<c PUN>.
<s n="1440"><w PRP>During <w NP0>March <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>shipbuilding <w NN1>workforce <w PRF>of <w CRD>20,000 <w VHD>had <w VVN>occupied <w NN2>yards <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w DT0>several <w AJ0>different <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1441"><w NN1-NP0>Gomolka <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NP0>Saxony-Anhalt <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Thuringia <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38354<c PUN>; <w CRD>38782<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA039></p>
<caption id=HLHCA039>
<s n="1442"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>developments <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1443"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="1444"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>comprise <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>private <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rainer <w NP0>Eppelmann<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>peace <w NN1>campaigner <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>dissident <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="1445"><w NP0-NN1>Eppelmann <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVB>produce<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>judgment <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>methods<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1446"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alternative <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Forum/Alliance <w CRD>90 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NP0>Brandenburg <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Detlef <w NP0-NN1>Dalk<c PUN>, <w AJ0>committed <w NN1>suicide <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>property <w NN1>restitution <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1447"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Bundestag <w NN1>member<w POS>'s <w NN1>suicide <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38782<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1448"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Gustav <w AV0>Just <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democrat <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brandenburg <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>after <w VVG>admitting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>firing <w NN1>squad <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1941<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1449"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>lawyer <w NP0>Wolfgang <w NP0>Vogel <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NN1>suspicion <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>extorted <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w AV0>at least <w CRD>18 <w NN2>clients <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="1450"><w NP0>Vogel <w VHD>had <w VVN>negotiated <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>34,000 <w NN2>prisoners <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>freedom <w VBD>was <w VVN>bought <w PRP>by <w NP0>West <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>arranged <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>250,000 <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>arranged <w NN1>spy <w NN2>swaps<c PUN>.
<s n="1451"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1452"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Modrow<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SED<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dresden<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Dresden <w PRP>with <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38782<c PUN>; <w CRD>37827<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1453"><w DPS>His <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NP0>Bundestag <w NN1>deputy <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1454"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1455"><w NP0>AUSTRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1456"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="1457"><w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Franz <w NP0>Vranitzky <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w DTQ>which <w VVD>affected <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN2>posts <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SP&Ouml;<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1458"><w VVB>Rudolf <w NP0-NN1>Streicher<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SP&Ouml; <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w AJ0-NN1>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38590<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Klima<c PUN>, <w CRD>44<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1459"><w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Ausserwinkler<c PUN>, <w CRD>35<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Harald <w NP0-NN1>Ettl <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Consumer <w NN1>Protection <w CJC>and <w NN1>Sport<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Brigitte <w NP0>Ederer<c PUN>, <w CRD>36<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Peter <w NP0-NN1>Jankowitsch <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Chancellery<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03A>
<s n="1460"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>within <w NP0-NN1>FP&Ouml;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Austria <c PUL>(<w NP0>FP&Ouml;<c PUR>) <w VVD>backed <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>J&ouml;rg <w NP0>Haider<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w NN1>disagreement <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>precipitated <w NN2>resignations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AV0>more <w AJ0>moderate <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>wing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1462"><w VVB>Georg <w NP0-NN1>Mautner <w NP0-NN1>Markhof<c PUN>, <w CRD>65<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>industrialist<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>FP&Ouml; <w NN1>vice-president <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1463"><w AV0>Shortly <w AV0>afterwards <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FP&Ouml; <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Heide <w NP0>Schmidt<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>FP&Ouml; <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nationalrat <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andreas <w NP0>M&ouml;lzer <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>enjoyed <w NP0>Haider<w POS>'s <w NN1>support<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>swamped<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1464"><w NP0>Norbert <w NP0>Gugerbauer <w VVD>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>FP&Ouml; <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Nationalrat <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w NP0>Haider<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03B>
<s n="1465"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>anti-party<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1466"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Wirtschaftspartei<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>.
<s n="1467"><w VVN>Led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Zumtobel<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>retailer<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>saw <w PNX>itself <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>anti-party<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03C>
<s n="1468"><w NN1>Amendment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-Nazi <w NN1>legislation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1469"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nationalrat <w VVD>voted <w AV0>unanimously <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AJ0>anti-Nazi <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>by <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w NN2>offences <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>crime <w AT0>the <w NN1>denial <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>holocaust<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1470"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>successful <w NN2>prosecutions<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>14 <w PRP>since <w CRD>1980<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="1471"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>FP&Ouml;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w AV0-AJ0>only<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN2>reasons <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>reportedly <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>preferred <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>covered <w NN2>crimes <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AJ0>totalitarian <w NN2>regimes <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Stalinist <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>ones<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1472"><w AT0>The <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Engineers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walter <w NP0>L&uuml;ftl<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>protests <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN2>statements <c PUL>(<w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN1>revue<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Halt<c PUR>) <w VVG>describing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>extermination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>in <w NN1>concentration <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>technically <w AJ0>impossible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03D>
<s n="1473"><w NP0>Waldheim <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1474"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Kurt <w NP0>Waldheim <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Munich<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w NN1>lunch <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bavarian <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>President <w NP0>Max <w NP0-NN1>Streibl<c PUN>.
<s n="1475"><w VVN-AJ0>Elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>amid <w NN1>controversy <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>war <w NN1>record <w CJS>while <w VVG>serving <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w NP0>Waldheim <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>received <w AV0>officially <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Kohl <w PRP>for <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shocking <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>sensitivity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>breaching <w DT0>this <w AV0>de facto <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1476"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1477"><w NP0>SWITZERLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1478"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty
</head>
<p>
<s n="1479"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>St&auml;nderat <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>abolishing <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w NN1>wartime <w NN2>offences<c PUN>.
<s n="1480"><w DT0>This <w NN1>bill <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nationalrat <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1481"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>government <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38447<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1482"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1483"><w NP0>PORTUGAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1484"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1485"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Diamantino <w NP0>Gomes <w NP0>Durao <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Couto <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>student <w NN2-VVZ>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1486"><w AT0>The <w NN2>protests <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>triggered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w VVN-VVD>set <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Access <w NN1-VVB>Test <c PUL>(<w NP0>PGA<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NN1>university <w NN1>entrance <w NN1>examination<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1487"><w NN2>Teenagers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oporto<c PUN>, <w NP0>Figueira <w NP0>da <w NP0>Foz <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Azores <w VVD>joined <w NN2>protests <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>a <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>knowledge <w DTQ>which <w VVD>favoured <w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w AJC>wealthier <w NN2>backgrounds<c PUN>.
<s n="1488"><w NP0-NN1>Durao <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-take <w AT0>the <w NN1>exam <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>controversy <w VHD>had <w VVN>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w NN1>education <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1489"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VVD-VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>education <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>increases <w PRP>by <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03E>
<s n="1490"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>CDS <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1491"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Centre <c PUL>(<w NN2>CDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>chose <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Monteiro <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w NN1>president <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="1492"><w PNP>He <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Diogo <w NP0>Freitas <w VDB>do <w NP0>Amaral<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>polled <w AV0>only <w CRD>4.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>month<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38546<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1493"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1494"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1495"><w VVB-NN1>Ibercorp <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1496"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w NN2>rumours <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>revelations <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>emerge <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mariano <w NP0>Rubio <w NP0>Jim&eacute;nez<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain<w POS>'s <w AJ0>best-known <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>services <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ibercorp<c PUN>.
<s n="1497"><w NP0-NN1>Rubio <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>offered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Solchaga <w VHD>had <w VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1498"><w DPS>His <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>term <w CJS>as <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN1>governor <w VVD>expired <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1499"><w AT0>The <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ibercorp<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manuel <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Concha<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>since <w CRD>1965 <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>handling <w NP0>Rubio<w POS>'s <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>investments<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w DT0>some <w CRD>12,000,000 <w NN2>ptas <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;115,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1500"><w EX0>There <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>contrary to <w AJ0>correct <w NN1>practice<c PUN>, <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>information <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="1501"><w NN1>Attention <w VVD-VVN>focused <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w VVD>called <w NP0>Sistemas <w NP0>Financieros <c PUL>(<w NN1>SF<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Ibercorp<c PUN>.
<s n="1502"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>spring <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>SF <w NN2>shareholders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Rubio <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Boyer<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>protected <w PRP>from <w NN2>losses <w PRP>by means of <w NN1>insider <w NN1>knowledge<c PUN>.
<s n="1503"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain <w VVD>assumed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NP0>Banco <w NP0>Ibercorp<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>bank <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ibercorp<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>difficulties <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>buyer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1504"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Rubio <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="1505"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>revelations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>El <w NP0>Mundo <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PP<c PUR>) <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>.
<s n="1506"><w DT0>Some <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w AV0>as yet <w DT0>another <w NN1>move <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>on-going <w NN1>feud <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>left <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSOE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Alfonso <w NP0>Guerra<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PNQ>who <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Solchaga<w POS>'s <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>.
<s n="1507"><w NP0>Boyer <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Solchaga<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>socialite<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>favoured <w NN1>target <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>left<c PUN>.
<s n="1508"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>mis-dealings <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rubio <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>raised <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN2>issues <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN2>governors <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993 <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>powers <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>determining <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03F></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03F>
<s n="1509"><w AJ0>Catalan <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1510"><w PRP>In <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>parliament <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Catalonia <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordi <w NP0>Pujol <w NP0>Soley <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w DPS>His <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>Convergence <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CiU<c PUR>) <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>135-member <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1512"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36359<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CiU <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>69 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>with <w CRD>45.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1513"><w PNP>It <w AV0>now <w VHD>had <w CRD>71 <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>46.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Catalonia <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>39 <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>27.3 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>42 <w CJC>and <w CRD>29.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1514"><w AT0>The <w AV0>more <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w AJ0-NN1>Catalan <w NN1>Republican <w VVN>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>ERC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Angel <w NP0-NN1>Colom<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>11 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>with <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w CRD>4.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>platform <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w NP0>Catalonia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="1515"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>communist <w AJ0-NN1>Catalan <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0>IC<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats <w PRP>with <w CRD>6.4 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>nine <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>7.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>won <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>six <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>5.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1516"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Centre <c PUL>(<w NN2>CDS<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w CRD>0.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>gain <w NN1>representation <c PUL>(<w CRD>three <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>3.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1517"><w NN1>Voter <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>low<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>54.8 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>59.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1518"><w NN1-NP0>Pujol <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>CiU <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="1519"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w CRD>20 <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>moderate <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>good <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>PSOE<c PUN>.
<s n="1520"><w NP0-NN1>Pujol <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>government <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Catalonia <w VVD>became <w AJ0>autonomous <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03G>
<s n="1521"><w NN1-VVB>Capture <w PRF>of <w NN1>ETA <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1522"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>police <w VVD>captured <w CRD>three <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>commanders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Euzkadi <w ITJ>ta <w NP0>Askatasuna <c PUL>(<w NN1>ETA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1523"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Mugica <w NP0>Garmendia<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN2>ideologues<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alvares <w NP0>Santacristina<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>logistics <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseba <w NP0>Arregui <w NP0>Erostarbe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1524"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>house <w VBD>was <w VVN>stormed <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Bidart<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
<s n="1525"><w NN1-NP0>Mugica <w VBD>was <w VVN>reputed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Marxist <w NN1>Leninist <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>leadership <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AV0>less <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Moreno <w NP0-NN1>Bergaretxe<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>28087<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1526"><w NN1>News <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrests <w VVD-VVN>prompted <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders<w POS>' <w NN1>release <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Sebastian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ordizia<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>a <w NN1>parcel <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>blew <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>retired <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>colonel <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrests<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1528"><w CJS>Since <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>March <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNV<c PUR>) <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>controversially<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>with <w NN1>ETA<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w UNC>Herri <w UNC>Batasuna<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>government <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w PRP>considering <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>with <w AV0>more <w AJ0>moderate <w NN2>elements <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03H>
<s n="1529"><w NN1>Commemoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of <w NN2>Jews
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1530"><w AT0>A <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>at <w NP0>Madrid<w POS>'s <w AJ0>only <w NN1>synagogue <w VVN-VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w CRD>500 <w NN2>years <w CJS>since<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1492<c PUN>, <w NP0>King <w NP0>Ferdinand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Queen <w NP0>Isabella <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN2>Jews <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NN1>conversion <w PRP>to <w NN1>Christianity <w CJC>or <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>under <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="1531"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Carlos <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconciliation <w PRP>before <w AT0>an <w NN1>audience <w PRP>including <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chaim <w NP0-NN1>Herzog<c PUN>.
<s n="1532"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38834<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1533"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1534"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1535"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lima <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>Mafia-style <w NN2>killings
</head>
<p>
<s n="1536"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mafia <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Salvatore <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>MEP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Giulio <w NP0-NN1>Andreotti<c PUN>.
<s n="1537"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN2>campaigns <w VVD-VVN>got <w AV0>under way <w AJ0-NN1>Andreotti <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w CRD>92 <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>governors <w VVG-NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>disrupt <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1538"><w NP0>Lima <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>motorcycle <w DTQ>which <w VVD>approached <w DPS>his <w NN1>car <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mondello<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Palermo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sicily<c PUN>.
<s n="1539"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>) <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palermo <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive<c PUN>.
<s n="1540"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN1-VVB>comment <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>link <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>thus <w VBN>been <w AJ0>important <w PRP>in <w VVG>keeping <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN2>voters <w AV0>solidly <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC<c PUN>.
<s n="1541"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970s <w NP0>Lima <w VHD>had <w AV0>at least <w CRD>four <w NN2>times <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>object <w PRF>of <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>by <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>commissions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>looked <w PRP>into <w DPS>his <w NN2>connections<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>construction <w NN1>sector <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1960s<c PUN>.
<s n="1542"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>always <w VVN>denied <w DT0>any <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>improper <w NN2>dealings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1543"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w AJ0>old <w CJC>and <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Mafia <w NN2>clans<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in spite of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38299-300<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>still <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>influence <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1544"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>councillor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sebastiano <w NP0>Corrado<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Castellamare <w NP0>di <w NP0>Stabia <w PRP>near <w NP0>Naples<c PUN>.
<s n="1545"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w AJ0-NN1>Mafia-style <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camorra<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>health <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="1546"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NP0-NN1>Salvatore <w NP0>Gaglio<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bravante <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSU<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>PSI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03J>
<s n="1547"><w NN2>Arrests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>Mafiosi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1548"><w AT0>The <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w CRD>26 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Palermo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Modena <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w VVD>came <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>operation <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>up <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>network <w VVN>operated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>.
<s n="1549"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w VVD>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>with <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>implicate<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>Giovanni <w UNC>Lo <w NP0-NN1>Cascio <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Corleonesi <w NN1>clan <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>.
<s n="1550"><w ITJ>Lo <w NP0>Cascio <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>established <w NN2-VVZ>links <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Venzuelan <w NN1>drug <w NN2>cartels<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ulrich <w NP0>Bahl<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>businessman <w PNQ>who <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN2>months <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>passing <w AJ0>forged <w NN2>banknotes<c PUN>.
<s n="1551"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VHD>had <w VVN>involved <w VVG-NN1>laundering <w NN2>profits <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>currency <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN2>arms<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03K>
<s n="1552"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Milan <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activist
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1553"><w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Chiesa <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>used <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prestigious <w AJ0>charitable <w NN1>institution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pio <w NP0>Albergo <w NP0>Trivulzio<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN0>people<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>home<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>profit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>tune <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;9,650,000<c PUN>, <w AV0>partly <w PRP>by <w VVG>directing <w NN1>business <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Milan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>firm <w PRF>of <w NN2>undertakers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>director <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fellow <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>activist<c PUN>.
<s n="1554"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Chiesa <w VBD>was <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>director <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Bettino <w NP0-NN1>Craxi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AJ0>quick <w TO0>to <w VVI>expel <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>illicit <w NN2>dealings<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03L>
<s n="1555"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w NN1>member
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1556"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Junzo <w NP0>Okudaira <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w AV0>in absentia <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG>planting <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>five <w NN0>people <w PRP>outside <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen<w POS>'s <w NN1>club <w PRP>in <w NP0>Naples <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35989<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1557"><w NN1-NP0>Okudaira <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AV0>at large <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w AJ0>underground <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1558"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1559"><w NP0>SAN <w NP0>MARINO
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1560"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Marino <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN1>State
</caption>
<gap desc="list of names">
<caption>
<s n="1561"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDCS<c PUR>) <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PDCS <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDP <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>PCS<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>outmoded<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1564"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1565"><w NN2>CIS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1566"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>debt <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1567"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w NN1>achievement <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1568"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w CRD>six <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VVD>sent <w AJ0>plenipotentiary <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-plenipotentiary <w NN1>representative<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w VVB>Tengiz <w NP0>Sigua<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>attended <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1570"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <c PUL>(<w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUR>) <w NN1>memorandum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>responsibility <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>frozen <c PUL>(<w PRP>except for <w AT0>a <w UNC>Can&dollar;50,000,000 <w NN1>credit <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>by <w NP0>Canada <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>preferring <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DPS>its <w CRD>16.37 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w NN0>&dollar;84,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>debt <w AV0>independently<c PUN>.
<s n="1571"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>invited <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>CIS <w VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w NN1>repayment <w NN2>mechanisms<c PUN>; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>attended<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>by <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>memorandum <c PUL>(<w DPS>their <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w VBG>being <w AJ0>minimal<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1572"><w PNP>It <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w VVN>softened <w DPS>its <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>should <w VVI>assume <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Vitold <w NP0-NN1>Fokin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ukraine <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jean-Claude <w NP0>Trichet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1573"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1-NP0>Vneshekonombank <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Bank <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38581<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>independent <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>CIS <w VVB-NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>administer <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="1574"><w AT0>An <w NN1-AJ0>Interstate <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0>other <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w PRP>in <w NN1>rotation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w NN1>repayment<c PUN>.
<s n="1575"><w NN2>Decisions <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VVD>appended <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>detailing <w DPS>its <w NN2>objections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1577"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Fokin <w VVD>announced <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w NN1>memorandum<c PUN>, <w VVG>defending <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>concessions <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Vneshekonombank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1578"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>agreements <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>pension <w NN1>provision<c PUN>, <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>tax <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>servicing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="1579"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w NN1>banking<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN2>banks <w PRP>in <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinforced <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w AT0>a <w AJ0>co-ordinated <w NN1>finance <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1580"><w AT0>A <w NN1>body <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN2>prices <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>a <w AJ0>restricted <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>for <w NN1>price <w NN1>regulation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>inter-state <w NN2>deliveries<c PUN>.
<s n="1581"><w AT0>The <w NN2>republics <w VVD-VVN>failed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w PRP>for <w NN1>railway <w NN1>transport <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ukraine <w VVG>objecting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>resembled <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>Railway <w NN1>Ministry<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>links<c PUN>.
<s n="1582"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>.
<s n="1583"><w NN2>States <w DTQ>which <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>consider <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>necessary <w VM0>could <w VVI>conclude <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>zone<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03M>
<s n="1584"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1585"><w NN2>CIS <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1586"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agenda <w VVD>included <w CRD>21 <w NN2>items<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>grouped <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>issues<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="1587"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>frank <w CJC>and <w AJ0>abrasive <w NN1>attitude <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>collapse <w PNP>he <w AV0>apparently <w VVD>regarded <w CJS>as <w AJ0>imminent<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>combative <w NN1>response <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>basis <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1588"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>members <w VVB>bar <w NP0>Turkmenistan <c PUL>(<w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>(<w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1589"><w CJS>As <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia <w VHD>had <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="1590"><w VVB-NN1>Uzbek <w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>chaired <w AT0>the <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1591"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>put <w AV0>forward <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w VVG>making <w DT0>all <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>successors <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w VVG>dividing <w DPS>its <w NN1>property <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>between <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PRP>in proportion to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>original <w NN1>contribution<c PUN>.
<s n="1592"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>.
<s n="1593"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>successors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1594"><w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>internationally <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN0>seep. <w CRD>38656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1595"><w AT0>A <w NN1>commission <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1596"><w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Samsonov <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Yury <w NP0>Maksimov <w PRP>as <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w NN1>commander <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1597"><w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Semenov <w PRP>as <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>forces <w NN1>commander<c PUN>.
<s n="1598"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w VVG>financing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w AVP>on <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27-28<c PUN>.
<s n="1599"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1600"><w AT0>The <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w CRD>eight <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38771<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1601"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38732<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>decided<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1602"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w NN1>participant <w NN2-VVZ>states <w VVN-AJ0>accepted <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>sign<c PUR>) <w NN2>motions <w VVN>tabled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>on <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w NN2>CIS <w VVG>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w PRP>for <w VVG>preventing <w CJC>and <w VVG>settling <w NN2>conflicts <w VVG>arising <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN1>territory<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w CJC>or <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>between <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>action <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NN2>disputes <w CJC>and <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>.
<s n="1603"><w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03N>
<s n="1604"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1605"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>temporarily <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>portfolio <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
<s n="1606"><w NN2>Proposals <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Army <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>prepared<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>transferred <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w VVG>serving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mongolia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Transcaucasus <w AJ0>military <w NN1>district <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caspian <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>flotilla <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>jurisdiction<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03P>
<s n="1609"><w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1610"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>guard <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN2>numbers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>subordinate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>decree <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>material <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>pay <w NN2>rises <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>housing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1612"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1-NP0>Presidium <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>recall <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN2>servicemen <w PRP>from <w NN2>republics <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVG>establishing <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Transcaucasus <w AJ0>military <w NN1>district <w CJC>and <w NP0>Caspian <w NN1>flotilla<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1613"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1614"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w NN1>number <w CRD>90,000-100,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w AV0>Nearly <w AV0>twice <w DT0>that <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03R>
<s n="1616"><w NN1-VVB>Transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ukraine
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1617"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was <w VVG>suspending <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w NN1>doubt <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="1618"><w PNP>He <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>stockpiled <w CJS>rather than <w VVN-AJ0>dismantled <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>guarantee <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVB-NN1>fall <w PRP>into <w AJ0>undesirable <w NN2>hands<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1619"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dismantled <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1994 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38655<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1620"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>might <w VVI>construct <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>for <w VVG>dismantling <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1621"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD-VVN>provoked <w NN1-VVB>anger <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>confusion <w VVN-VVD>ensued <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VHD>had <w VVN>reversed <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>deadline <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>observed<c PUN>; <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>officials <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>identical <w NN2>assurances <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1622"><w DT0>This<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kiev <w NN1>summit <w PNP>he <w VVD>denied <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>conversation <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03S>
<s n="1623"><w AJ0>Suspended <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pravda
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1624"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NN1>organ <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pravda<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>suspending <w NN1>publication <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="1625"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Pressa <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pravda<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>publishing <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper<w POS>'s <w NN2>debts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1626"><w NP0>Pravda <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w AV0>temporarily <w PRP>by <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38418<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1627"><w AV0>Thereafter<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>circulation <w VVG-AJ0>collapsing<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="1628"><w NN2>Directors <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pressa<w POS>'s <w NN1>printing <w VVZ>works <w PRP>in <w CRD>18 <w NN2>towns <w VHD>had <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Press <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Mass <w NN0>Media<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0>Poltoranin<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>warning <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>difficulties<c PUN>, <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN2>newspapers <w VM0>would <w VVI>cease <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>regions <w CJS>unless <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03T>
<s n="1629"><w NN1>Broadcasting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1630"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0>Yakovlev<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w NN1>company <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>formation <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38655<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVG>proposing <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN1>company <w VBB>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1631"><w NP0>Yakovlev <w VVD>noted <w NN1>confusion <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w CJC>and <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w NN1>company <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>perception <w PRF>of <w NN2>programmes <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>biased <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1632"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w NN1>company <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w NN1>transmission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>members <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>decisions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1633"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kiev <w NN1>summit <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w VVD>reached <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>using <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <c PUL>(<w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AT0>the <w NN2>requirements <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>single <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>information <w NN1>space<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1634"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1635"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1636"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="1637"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>a <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Treaty <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w CRD>18 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>republics <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w VVG>delimiting <w NN2>powers <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="1638"><w DT0>All <w CRD>18 <w VHD>had <w VVN>initialled <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>signature <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Baskhkortostan <w VM0>would <w VVI>sign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1639"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>central <w NN2>bodies <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP>over <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1640"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w AV0>jointly <w VVI>control <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w NN1>taxation <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>self-administration<c PUN>.
<s n="1641"><w PRP>In <w DT0>all <w AJ0>other <w NN2>respects<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VBD>were <w VVN>given<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>state <w NN1>power <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1642"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>participants <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>ties<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1643"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Treaty <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>body<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>opening <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1644"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Treaty <w VVD>defined <w AT0>the <w NN1>demarcation <w PRF>of <w NN2>powers <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN2>republics <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>component <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1645"><w AT0>The <w AJC>smaller <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>units <w VHD>had <w VVN>initialled <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1646"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>autonomous <w UNC>oblasti <c PUL>(<w NN2>regions<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>upgraded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN1>republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>Adygey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gorny <w NP0>Altai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Karachai-Circassia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Khakassia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w CRD>20 <w PRP>in <w DT0>all<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03U>
<s n="1647"><w NN1>Refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1648"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w VVN>refused <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>initial <w CJC>or <w VVB>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1649"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>self-government <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>posing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
<s n="1650"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>gained <w AT0>a <w CRD>61.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote <c PUL>(<w CRD>81.6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>asked <w CJS>whether <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w VM0>should <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>builds <w DPS>its <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>basis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>from <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>question <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>.
<s n="1652"><w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>4,000,000 <w VVD>included <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w NN2>non-Tatars<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1653"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w NP0>Tatarstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>oil <w NN1>production <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w CRD>600,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w XX0>not <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>secession <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1654"><w AJ0>Tatar <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mintimer <w NP0>Shaymiyev <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w CJS>as <w VVZ-NN2>equals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1655"><w NN2>Demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12-14 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sochi <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chechen <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>recommended <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1656"><w AJ0-NN1>Chechen <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dzhakhar <w NP0>Dudayev <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>oil-producing <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Bashkortostan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite <w PRP>in defence of <w DPS>their <w NN2>interests <w PRP>against <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>law <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w VVD>envisaged <w VVG>forming <w AT0>an <w NN1>Ingush <w NN1>republic <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>splitting <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>independence-seeking <w NP0-NN1>Chechenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ingushetia <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1658"><w AT0>A <w NN1>state <w NN1>commission <w VM0>would <w VVI>examine <w NN1>border <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Cossack <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chechen <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Dudayev <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>.
<s n="1660"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Grozny<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VVD-VVN>declared<c PUN>.
<s n="1661"><w AT0>The <w NN1>military <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>remained <w AJ0>neutral<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03V>
<s n="1662"><w AJ0>German <w NN1>statehood
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decree <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21 <w AJ0-VVD>envisaged <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>rehabilitate <w AT0>the <w NN1>statehood <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Germans <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
<s n="1664"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>stage<c PUN>, <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>national <w NN2>districts <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Volgograd <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saratov <w NN1-VVB>oblast<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>without <w VVG>impinging <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>population<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03W>
<s n="1665"><w AJ0>Attempted <w NN1>revival <w PRF>of <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>body
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1666"><w AT0>An <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>defunct <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>farce <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w CRD>217 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>original <w CRD>2,250 <w NN2>deputies <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>for <w CRD>50 <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>by <w NN1>candlelight <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>venue <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="1667"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1668"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>body <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36401<c PUN>; <w CRD>36512-13<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1669"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>dissolved <w PNX>itself <w CJS>when <w AJ0>new <w NN1>union <w NN2>structures <w VBD>were <w VVN>created <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38415<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w VVN>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-person <w NN1>presidium<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Alksnis<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Makashov <w CJC>and <w NN1>historian <w NP0>Roy <w NP0>Medvedev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sazhi <w NP0>Umalatova<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gorbachev <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37903<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w AV0>About <w CRD>15 <w NN2>resolutions <w VVD-VVN>declared<c PUN>, <w AV0>inter alia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States<c PUN>.
<s n="1672"><w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Lukyanov<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VVD>sent <w DPS>his <w NN2>greetings <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1673"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w VVD-VVN>attracted <w AV0>about <w CRD>70,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w PNQ>who <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demonstration <w VHD>had <w AV0>at first <w VBN>been <w VVN>banned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>city <w NN1>soviet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03X>
<s n="1675"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1676"><w AT0>An <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>500 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;625 <w CRD>million <w NN1>line <w PRF>of <w NN1>credit <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>products <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>since <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w AV0-AJ0>alone<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Deutsche <w NP0-NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NP0>Luxembourg <w NN1>subsidiary <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>lead <w NN1>bank <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>consortium <w VVG>providing <w AT0>the <w NN1>credit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1677"><w AT0>The <w NN1>delay <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Vneshekonombank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1-VVB>bank<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38581<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1678"><w AT0>A <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>1,250 <w CRD>million <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>blocked<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0>EC <w NN2-VVZ>conditions <w CJT>that <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>republics <w DTQ>which <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>borrow <w VVB>submit <w PRP>to <w NN1>court <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w NN1>default <w PRP>on <w NN1>repayment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLHCA03Y>
<s n="1679"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>reforms
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1680"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w VVD>ordered <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>version <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1681"><w AT0>The <w NN1>freeing <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>target <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1682"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w CRD>108,310 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w CRD>555,600 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>quarter<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>245,340 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w NN1>deficit <w CJC>and <w CRD>2,103,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1683"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w NN1>deficit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>about <w CRD>80,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AT0>a <w CRD>12,200 <w CRD>million <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>surplus<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN1>spending <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>cuts <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter<c PUN>.
<s n="1684"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVG>predicting <w AT0>a <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1685"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Shokhin<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w PRP>from <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>near <w NN1>doubling <w PRF>of <w NN1>pension <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
<s n="1686"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w NN1>price <w NN2>ceilings <w PRP>on <w NN1>bread<c PUN>, <w NN1>milk <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>staples<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>encouraged <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrations <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN2>savings <w PRP>on <w NN1>food <w NN2>subsidies <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1687"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w NN0>Statistics <w VVD-VVN>issued <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>quoted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Television <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>showing <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VVD>received <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>minimum <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>income<c PUN>.
<s n="1688"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
<s n="1689"><w NN1>Economy <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Nechayev <w VVD>reported <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NN1>production <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>by <w CRD>12.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="1690"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Labour <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ILO<c PUR>) <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>slump <w PRP>in <w NN1>production <w VM0>would <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>15,000,000 <w NN2>jobs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lost <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA040></p>
<caption id=HLHCA040>
<s n="1691"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1692"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Norway <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>7-8<c PUN>, <w VVG>signing <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0-NN1>Thorvald <w NP0>Stoltenberg<c PUN>.
<s n="1693"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uffe <w NP0>Ellemann-Jensen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Copenhagen<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w NP0>Greenland<c PUN>.
<s n="1694"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Denmark <w VVD>included <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kaliningrad <w NN2>regions <w PNQ>who <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w NN1>tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1695"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Norway <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w NP0>Belgium <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NACC<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVG>meeting <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38841<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1696"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>initialled <w AT0>a <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hikmet <w NP0>Cetin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1697"><w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Francesco <w NP0>Cossiga <w VVD>began <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1698"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>topics <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8-18 <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nechayev<c PUN>.
<s n="1700"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>from <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1701"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1702"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1703"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shevardnadze
</head>
<p>
<s n="1704"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>native <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>for <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1705"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>flight <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38731-32<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>transferred <w DPS>its <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN>created <w NN1-VVB>State <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1706"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>body <w VVD>comprised <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w PRP>including <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w NN1>minority <w NN2>groups <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w NN2>odds <w PRP>with <w NP0>Tbilisi <w PRP>during <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<w POS>'s <w NN1>tenure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>presidium <w VVD>included <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dzhaba <w NP0>Iosseliani <c PUL>(<w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mkhedrioni <w NN0>militia <w NN1>commander <w AJ0>instrumental <w PRP>in <w VVG>toppling <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tengiz <w NP0>Sigua <c PUL>(<w AV0>hitherto <w VVG>acting <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tengiz <w NP0>Kitovani <c PUL>(<w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1708"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w DT0>some <w CRD>70 <w AJ0>pro-Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Groznyy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chechen <w NP0>Ingushetia <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1709"><w PNP>They <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>declaring <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>bloody <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w VBD>were <w VVN>started <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN1>party <w NN2>bureaucrats<c PUN>, <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>mafia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>gangs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1710"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>character <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w AJ0>bloody <w NN2>events<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>bloody <w NN1>putsch<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>anarchy <w CJC>and <w NN1>destabilization <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>obvious <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w AV0>now<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA041></p>
<caption id=HLHCA041>
<s n="1711"><w NN1>Security <w NN1>situation <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NN1>west
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1712"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>until <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1713"><w NN2>Outbreaks <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>March <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>supporters <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>positions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w NN1>south <w PRP>around <w NP0>Zugdidi <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Poti<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1714"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>banned <w DT0>all <w NN2>rallies <w CJC>and <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sukhumi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abkhazia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38774<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1715"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Zugdidi <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN0>headquarters <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>three <w NN2>policemen<c PUN>.
<s n="1716"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>helicopter <w VVG>transporting <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Guards <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>near <w NP0>Zugdidi <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>occupants <w VVN>taken <w NN1>hostage<c PUN>.
<s n="1717"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w CRD>six <w NN2>militiamen <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>detachment<c PUN>.
<s n="1718"><w AT0>A <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zugdidi <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>freed <w AV0>over <w CRD>40 <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgiy <w NP0-NN1>Karkarashvili<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1719"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w NP0-NN1>Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>supporters <w VVD>seized <w CRD>four <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Georgia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Tsalendzhikha<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Khobi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abasha<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Senaki<c PUN>.
<s n="1720"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>groups <w AT0>an <w NN1>ultimatum <w TO0>to <w VVI>lay <w AVP>down <w DPS>their <w NN2>arms <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN1>transport <w NN2>routes<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w PRP>By <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w NP0-NN1>Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>retreat <w CJS>although <w NN2>railways <w CJC>and <w NN2>roads <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>blocked<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA042></p>
<caption id=HLHCA042>
<s n="1722"><w NN1>Situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1723"><w PRP>In <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRP>within <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN1>fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ossetian <w NN2>separatists<c PUN>.
<s n="1724"><w PRP>Across <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRP>within <w NP0>Russia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>volunteers<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladikavkaz<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>daily <w NP0>Sakartvelos <w NN1>Respublika <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>protect <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>borders<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>these<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>volunteers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>unarmed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>travelled <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w NN1>helicopter <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Tskhinvali<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Ossetian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1725"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>unit <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Russian <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AJ0>Soviet<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Troops <w AV0>still <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tskhinvali <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>volunteers<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>mount <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>villages<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AV0>there<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN2>Georgians <w CJC>and <w NN2>Ossetians<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>from <w VVG>drawing <w PNX>one another <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1726"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>reached <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Georgian <w CJC>and <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Ossetian <w NN2>officials <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vladikavkaz<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA043></p>
<caption id=HLHCA043>
<s n="1727"><w NN1>Recognition <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1728"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>recognized <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
<s n="1729"><w NP0>US <w NN1>recognition <w VVN-VVD>followed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Georgia <w AV0>also <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38841<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NP0>Georgia <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>republic <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38842<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA044></p>
<caption id=HLHCA044>
<s n="1730"><w NN1>Application <w PRP>for <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>membership <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w NN2>taxes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1731"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Georgia <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVD>met <w AT0>an <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="1732"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>already<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>fund<c PUN>&hellip; <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w CJC>and <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1733"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>activity<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia <w VVN-VVD>abolished <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>registration <w NN1>tax <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w NN2>customs <w NN1>duty <w VVN>levied <w PRP>on <w AJ0>exported <w NN2>goods <w PRP>in <w NN1>transit<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>import <w NN1>tax<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1734"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1735"><w NP0>AZERBAIJAN/ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1736"><w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>dispute
</head>
<p>
<s n="1737"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w AJ0-NN1>Armenian-populated <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>within <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>intensified <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>during <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="1738"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ascendancy <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>forces <w PRP>within <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Armenian <w AJ0>military <w NN2>gains <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ayaz <w NP0>Mutalibov<c PUN>.
<s n="1739"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>mediation <w NN2>efforts <w VVD>began <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VM0>could <w VVI>spread<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1740"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Armenian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w VVD>described <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>affair<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1741"><w NP0>Armenia <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP>on <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w AV0>thus <w VVG>reversing <w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37664<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AV0>however<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>any <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1742"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>(<w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38657<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>council<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA045></p>
<caption id=HLHCA045>
<s n="1743"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>conflict
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1744"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Azeri-populated <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Khojali <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>10,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26-27 <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w CRD>1,000 <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>decreed <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>mourning<c PUN>.
<s n="1745"><w NP0>Armenia <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports <w VBD>were <w VVN>exaggerated <w TO0>to <w VVI>divert <w NN1>attention <w PRP>from <w AJ0>large-scale <w AJ0-NN1>Azeri <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.
<s n="1746"><w PNP>It <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN0>militia <w VHD>had <w VVN>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>convoy <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w NN1>Khojali <w PRP>to <w NN1>Agdam <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>town <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>border<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Armenians <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>part <w VVD-VVN>reported <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>villages <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Azeri <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Kazanchi <w VVG-AJ0>resulting <w PRP>in <w CRD>27 <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4-5<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>shooting <w AVP>down <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>helicopter <w VVG>evacuating <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yerevan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>17 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w AT0>A <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Azeri <w NN2>forces <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Askeran<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w VBD>was <w VVN>broken <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1750"><w NP0-NN1>Agdam <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Azeri-held <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shusha <w VBD>was <w VVN>surrounded<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA046></p>
<caption id=HLHCA046>
<s n="1751"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>troops
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1752"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Armenia-Azerbaijan <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>weaponry <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed<c PUN>.
<s n="1753"><w PRP>By <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w NN2>helicopters <w VHD>had <w VVN>evacuated <w AT0>the <w ORD>366th <w AJ0>motorised <w NN0>infantry <w NN1-VVB>regiment <w PRP>from <w NP0>Stepanakert <w PRP>to <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1754"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>Izvestiya <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NN2>defections <w PRP>to <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w CJC>and <w NN2>desertions <w VHD>had <w VVN>reduced <w AT0>the <w UNC>1,800-strong <w NN1-VVB>regiment <w PRP>to <w CRD>300-350 <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="1755"><w AT0>The <w ORD>7th <w CJC>and <w ORD>4th <w NN2>Armies <w VVD>remained <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="1756"><w CRD>Ten <w NN2>officers <w VVN>taken <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN0>militia <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>arms <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN2>officers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1757"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Transcaucasus <w NN1>region<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA047></p>
<caption id=HLHCA047>
<s n="1758"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1759"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mutalibov <w VVD>resigned<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-night <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
<s n="1760"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AJ0>Azeri <w NN2-VVZ>lives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>.
<s n="1761"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yagub <w NP0>Mamedov<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>President <c PUL>(<w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>announced <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>7<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1762"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gasan <w NP0>Gasanov <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVN>given <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Hasanov <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38774<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>requested <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>relieved <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1763"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mamedov <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Rakhim <w NP0>Gasiyev <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1764"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>APF<c PUR>) <w NP0>Ebulfez <w NP0>Echibey <w PRP>for <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><w AT0>The <w NP0>APF <w VVD>held <w AV0>only <w CRD>30 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>350 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>comprised <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w DT0>half <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>APF<c PUN>.
<s n="1766"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>APF <w VBD>was <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA048></p>
<caption id=HLHCA048>
<s n="1767"><w AJ0>Turkish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>involvement <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1768"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN2>CIS <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Hikmet <w NP0>Cetin <w VVD>requested <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
<s n="1769"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia <w VVD>accused <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w AJ0>neutral<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <w VVD>unveiled <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1770"><w AJ0>Turkish <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w VVG>suggesting <w AT0>a <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w NN1>export <w NN1>route <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1771"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Iran <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AT0>an <w NN2>arms <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1772"><w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w AJ0>suspicious <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w NN2>aims <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticised <w DPS>its <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>.
<s n="1773"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w VVG>envisaging <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1774"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0-NN1>Va'ezi<c PUN>, <w VVG>supervising <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1775"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRF>of <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>the <w AJ0>week-old <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>shelling <w NN1-NP0>Stepanakert <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA049></p>
<caption id=HLHCA049>
<s n="1776"><w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1777"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38841<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>10 <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>.
<s n="1778"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSCE <w AJ0>current <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jiri <w NP0-NN1>Dienstbier<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baku<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1779"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w VVG>recognizing <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>but <w VVG>proposing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w NN1>self-determination<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w NN1>Peace <w NN2>talks <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>minute<c PUN>.
<s n="1781"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>summit <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>parallel <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1782"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NACC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1783"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w VVD>obtained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>ceasefire <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>an <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1784"><w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w NP0-NN1>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1785"><w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38842<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04A>
<s n="1786"><w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1787"><w NN1>Fuel <w NN2>shortages <w VVN-VVD>led <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>.
<s n="1788"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>rail <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>intentionally <w VVG>delaying<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>oil <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w NN1>Gas <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>via <w NP0>Georgia <w VBD>were <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>energy <w NN2-VVZ>needs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1790"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1791"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1792"><w NN1-NP0>Rukh <w NN1>congress
</head>
<p>
<s n="1793"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>movement <w NN1-NP0>Rukh<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>ignored <w NP0>Rukh<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1794"><w AT0>The <w NN1>movement <w VVD>avoided <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>chair <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Drach<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Rukh <w AJ0>political <w NN1>council <w NP0>Mykhailo <w NP0>Horyn<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vyacheslav <w NP0>Chornovil<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0-NN1>Drach <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w AT0>a <w NN1>faction <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1795"><w VVB-NN1>Chornovil<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>soviet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lvov <w NN1-VVB>oblast <c PUL>(<w NN1>region<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04B>
<s n="1796"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1797"><w AT0>The <w NN1>signing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>Hungarian-Ukrainian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NN2>Lajos <w NN1>F&uuml;r <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJS>as <w AJ0>important <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unclear <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet-Hungarian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38687<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>extended <w PRP>to <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>states<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04C>
<s n="1799"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>Tyumen <w NN1>region <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Oil <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkmenistan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1800"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Siberian <w AJ0-NN1>oil-producing <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tyumen <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VVI>obtain <w CRD>4,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>foodstuffs <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w CRD>110 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN2>pipes<c PUN>.
<s n="1801"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38732<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJC>later <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="1802"><w NN2-VVZ>Cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>oil <w NN1-VVB>supply <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>were <w VVG>jeopardizing <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>spring <w NN1>sowing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>farmers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w NN2-VVZ>supplies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1>gas <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>price<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vitold <w NP0-NN1>Fokin<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>proposed <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVZ>supplies <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>pending <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>price <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1805"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dispute <w VVD>concerned <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>transportation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>on top of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>25-fold <w NN1>rise <w PRP>on <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>retaliate <w PRP>by <w VVG>closing <w AT0>the <w NN2>pipelines <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory <w VVG>transporting <w NP0>Turkmen <w NN1-VVB>gas <w PRP>to <w ORD>third <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04D>
<s n="1807"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1808"><w PRP>From <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NN2>roubles <w VBD>were <w AV0>no longer <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>for <w NN1>cash <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NN2>coupons <w CJC>or <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>in <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>.
<s n="1809"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>plan <w VVG>envisaging <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>currency <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>its <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>criticized<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1810"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Volodimir <w NP0-NN1>Lanavoi <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AJ0>added <w NN1>executive <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1811"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w AJ0-VVD>offered <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>business <w VBD>was <w VVN>impeded <w PRP>by <w NN1>bureaucracy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>business <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1812"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Volodimir <w NP0-NN1>Matvienko<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vadim <w NP0-NN1>Hetman <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1813"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1814"><w NP0-NN1>BYELARUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1815"><w NN1-VVB>Pressure <w PRP>for <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1816"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Byelarussian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>Front<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>March <w VVG>collecting <w AT0>the <w CRD>350,000 <w NN2>signatures <w VVN>needed <w PRP>by <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1817"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social <w NN1>tension <w CJC>and <w NN1>confrontation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG>blaming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>drop <w PRP>in <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1818"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland
</p>
<p>
<s n="1819"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS>though <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Krzysztof <w NP0-NN1>Skubiszewski <w PRP>for <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Petr <w NP0-NN1>Kravchenko <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1820"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>exchanged<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>education <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w VVN-VVD>allowed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Polish-language <w NN2>schools <w PRP>in <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Polish-speaking <w NN1>minority <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1821"><w AT0>A <w NN1>trade <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1822"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1823"><w NP0>MOLDOVA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1824"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>over <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>conflict
</head>
<p>
<s n="1825"><w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0>Snegur <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w CJC>and <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>rule <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>motherland<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w NN2>skirmishes <w CJC>and <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>republic <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>formation <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37723<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1826"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>in <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>during <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,200 <w NN2>refugees <c PUL>(<w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian<c PUR>) <w VVG-AJ0>fleeing <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NP0>Odessa <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1827"><w AT0>A <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1828"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w NN1>Russian- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian-populated<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unhappy <w PRP>at <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>saw <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>drawing <w AV0>closer <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>imposing <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>language <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1829"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <w VBD>was <w AJ0>important <w AV0>economically <w PRP>for <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>energy <w NN2>supplies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38417<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1830"><w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>advisers <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>zone <w VBB>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Moldovan <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>language <w VBI>be <w VVN>delayed <w AV0>there <w PRP>until <w CRD>2000<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1832"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-VVB>decree <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dnestr<c PUR>) <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>including <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>guarantor <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>citizens<w POS>' <w NN1>safety<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1833"><w NN1>Fighting <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>to <w NN1>number <w CRD>1,000<c PUN>, <w VVD>attacked <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>police <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1-2 <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>blockaded <w NN2>roads <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Dubossary<c PUN>.
<s n="1834"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Smirnov<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>republic <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38657<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew <w CJC>and <w NN1>conscription<c PUN>.
<s n="1835"><w AJ0>Cossack <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>began <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1836"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>confusion <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Army <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1837"><w NN2>Bases <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w NN1>attack <w PRP>from <w NN2>civilians <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>initial <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>neutral <w VBD>were <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VVB>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>reality<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="1838"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>passed <w CRD>four <w NN2>laws <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w VVD>became <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><w NP0>Moldova <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>undertake <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>placing <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN1>control<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1840"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>during <w NP0>March <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1841"><w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Pyankov<c PUN>, <w VVD>discussed <w DTQ>which <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="1842"><w VVB-NN1>Snegur <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w VVD-VVN>protested <w PRP>to <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w PRP>about <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w NN1>airspace<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>airforce<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>requested <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>non-interference <w PRF>of <w NN2>servicemen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1844"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>ceasefires <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>conciliation <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>short-lived<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04E>
<s n="1845"><w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>involvement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1846"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>mobilized <w DPS>its <w NN1>border <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w DPS>its <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>threatened<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>retaliatory <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w NN2>Cossacks <w VVG>travelling <w PRP>through <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1847"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w VVD>denied <w AT0>a <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>television <w NN1-VVB>report <w CJT>that <w NN2>Romanians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1848"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Presidents <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w NN2>events <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>protested <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Cossack <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1849"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w PNP>he <w VVD>offered<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>escalation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1850"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1851"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1852"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1853"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gediminas <w NP0>Vagnorius <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1854"><w PRP>Under <w DT0>this <w NN1>agreement <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>energy <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w NN1>meat<c PUN>, <w NN1>milk <w CJC>and <w NN1>dairy <w NN2>products <w CJC>and <w AJ0>manufactured <w NN2>goods <w PRP>such as <w NN1>television <w NN2>parts<c PUN>, <w AJ0>integrated <w NN2>systems <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>black <w NN2>boxes <w PRP>for <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04F>
<s n="1855"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1856"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>government <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w DT0>all <w NN2>textbooks <w VVN>printed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>in particular <w VVN-AJ0>affected <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>schools <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>using <w NN1>history <w NN2>books <w VVN>printed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><w NP0>Poland <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w NP0>Strasbourg <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>300,000-strong <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1858"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>extended <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>rule <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vilnius <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Salcininkai <w AJ0>local <w NN2>regions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38419<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w VVG>fixing <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>councils <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1859"><w AV0>Again <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>complained <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Krzystof <w NP0-NN1>Skubiszewski <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Algirdas <w NP0>Saudargas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>.
<s n="1860"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>said <w AV0>only <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>frank<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>views<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04G>
<s n="1861"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1862"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Vytautas <w NP0>Landsbergis <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4-9 <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>.
<s n="1863"><w NN2>Issues <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w VVN-VVD>included <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>exchanges<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1864"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1865"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1866"><w NP0>DP <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory
</head>
<p>
<s n="1867"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1868"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DP<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Berisha<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>outside <w NN2>personalities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1869"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DP <w VVD>secured <w CRD>62 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>with <w CRD>92 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>140 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>90 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>100 <w NN2>seats <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>constituencies <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38775<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1870"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SPA <w VVD>won <w CRD>38 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>with <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>seats <w VBG>being <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w CJC>and <w CRD>32 <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>40 <w NN2>seats <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
<s n="1871"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w VVD>won <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected<c PUN>.
<s n="1872"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NP0-NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>HRU<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>two <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RP<c PUR>) <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="1873"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38106<c PUN>; <w CRD>38160<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1874"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>HRU <w VVD>drew <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>community <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>400,000 <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>Albanians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>.
<s n="1875"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Omonia <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>represented <w DPS>their <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>barred <w PRP>from <w VVG>presenting <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1876"><w PRP>From <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>administration <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <c PUL>(<w NN1>SPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1877"><w PRP>Since <w AV0>then <w NP0>Albania <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-party <w NN1>administration <w PRP>pending <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1878"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>disintegrating<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VHD>had <w VVN>emphasized <w PRP>during <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w AV0>best <w VVN>placed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AJC>further <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="1879"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w CJT>that <w NP0>Berisha <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>second-in-command <w NP0>Gramoz <w NP0>Pashko <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w PRP>to <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w VBN>been <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>hopeful <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>longer <w NN1-VVB>term <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w CRD>600,000 <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>Americans<c PUN>, <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1880"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Berisha <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>presenting <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w CRD>100 <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>, <w PRP>except for <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>SPA-appointed <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramiz <w NP0>Alia<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>since <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1881"><w NN1-NP0>Berisha<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>47-year-old <w NN1>cardiologist<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>SPA<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AV0>never <w VVG>holding <w DT0>any <w AJ0>important <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1882"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>swiftly <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w NN1>prominence <w PRP>during <w NN1>student <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tirana <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w NN1>month <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37924<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN1>figure <w PRP>for <w NN1>voter <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,600,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AV0>just <w AV0>over <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>registered <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1884"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w VVN>watched <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-strong <w NN1>observer <w NN1>committee <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1885"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alia <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04H>
<s n="1886"><w NN1>Food <w NN2>supplies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1887"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>weeks <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>scenes <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>near-anarchy <w CJS>as <w NN1>food <w VBD>was <w VVN>looted <w PRP>from <w NN2>factories <w CJC>and <w NN2>warehouses <w CJC>and <w NN2>robbers <w VVD-VVN>held <w AVP>up <w NN2>cars <w PRP>on <w NN1>country <w NN2>roads<c PUN>.
<s n="1888"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>countryside <w NN2>farmers <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>claim <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w AJ0>state-owned<c PUN>.
<s n="1889"><w NN1>Inflation <w VVD>reached <w NN2>levels <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>mines <w CJC>and <w NN2>bakeries <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w DT0>few <w NN2>concerns <w VVG>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>workers <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>arrive <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w CJC>or <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials <w VBD>were <w VVG>lacking<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w NN2>Warehouses <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>looted <w AV0-AJ0>daily <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1-5 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Librazhdi<c PUN>.
<s n="1891"><w AJ0>Other <w DT0>such <w NN2>incidents <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>at <w NP0>Pecinje <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>a <w NN1>youth <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>policeman <w VVD>died<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pogradec <c PUL>(<w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tirana<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VVD>suffocated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>looting <w NN1>crowd <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>attacked <w NN2>shops <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>textile <w NN1>factory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w PRP>at <w NP0>Louchnje<c PUN>.
<s n="1892"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NN2>D&uuml;rres <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w NN2>police <w AV0>again <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>disperse <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>emigrating<c PUN>.
<s n="1893"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Tirana <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w CRD>two <w NN2>schools <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>hospital <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>looted<c PUN>.
<s n="1894"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order <w NN1>bill <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38775<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1895"><w NN1>Food <w NN1>aid <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>military <w NN2>lorries<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w NN1>Operation <w NN1>Pelican <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38351<c PUN>; <w CRD>38400<c PUN>; <w CRD>38448<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04J>
<s n="1896"><w NN2>Tensions <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Greece
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1897"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w VBD>was <w VVN>summoned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>a <w NN1>complaint <w PRP>concerning <w NN2>pamphlets <w PRP>in <w NN1>Greek <w VVG>expressing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>chauvinist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nationalist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>sentiments <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>distributed <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>.
<s n="1898"><w AT0>The <w NN2>pamphlets <w VHD>had <w AV0>explicitly <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>influence <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1899"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>government <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DT0>any <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>dissociated <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Metropolitan <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Konitsa <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>archbishop <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>Albanians <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1900"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w CRD>two <w NN2>Albanians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>crossed <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>into <w NP0>Greece <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AT0>a <w NN1>scuffle<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>chase<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Filiaton <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1901"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Albanian <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Greek <w AJ0>military <w NN1>patrol <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kalpaqi <w PRP>near <w NP0>Ioaninna<c PUN>.
<s n="1902"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tirana<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>mistreatment<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>would-be <w NN2>migrants <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38690<c PUN>; <w CRD>38775<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1903"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1904"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1905"><w NN1>De-communization <w NN1>bill <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Anti-government <w NN2>rallies
</head>
<p>
<s n="1906"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>De-communization<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Sasho <w NP0>Stoyanov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>member <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>drafting<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>nomenklatura <w CJC>and <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN2>agents<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1907"><w PRP>In <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev<c PUN>.
<s n="1908"><w NP0>Zhelev <w VVD>maintained <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVN-AJ0>approved<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>a <w NN1>restriction <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>freedoms <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w NN1>association <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
<s n="1909"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w NP0>BSP <w NN1>property <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38686<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1910"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>solution <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Stoyan <w NP0>Ganev <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zhelev <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Service<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1911"><w NP0>Ganev <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>angered <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>documents <w VVN-VVD>leaked <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>smear <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>services <w PRP>by <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w CJS>as <w AV0>at present<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1912"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Ganev <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>ministry <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>dismissing <w AV0>about <w CRD>200 <w NN2>diplomats<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>consulation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="1913"><w DT0>Those <w VVN-AJ0>connected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w VVN>needed<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1914"><w NN2>Pensioners<w POS>'<c PUN>, <w AJ0>disabled <w CJC>and <w NN1>war <w NN2>veterans<w POS>' <w NN2>associations <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>on <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>allowances <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>.
<s n="1915"><w AT0>The <w NN2>organizers <w VHD>had <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>denied <w NN1>government <w NN2>accusations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>protest <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>heighten <w AJ0>political <w NN2>tensions<c PUN>.
<s n="1916"><w AV0>About <w CRD>20,000 <w NP0>BSP <w NN2>supporters <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w NP0-NN1>March <w CRD>21-22<c PUN>.
<s n="1917"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>spokespersons <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>free-market <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>violence <w PRP>against <w NP0>BSP <w NN2>members<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04K>
<s n="1918"><w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>privatization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1919"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w NN1>legislation <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0>earlier <w TO0>to <w VVI>liberalize <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>land<c PUN>.
<s n="1920"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN2>amendments <w DT0>all <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>co-operatives <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w NN2>foreigners <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>land <w PRP>in <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w NN2>shareholders <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN2>Bulgarians <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38776<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04L>
<s n="1921"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1922"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w DT0>much <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Kostov <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PRP>in accordance with <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>recommendations<c PUN>.
<s n="1923"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>high <w NN1>priority <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>attracting <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w PRF>of <w CRD>65 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>anticipated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1924"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>consumption <w VVN>orientated<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w VVG>constituting <w AT0>a <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w NN1>government <w NN2>agencies <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1925"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Kostov <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w CJC>and <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="1926"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>told <w NN2>journalists <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>stipulated<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>pre-conditions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>tranche <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>major <w NN1>re-structuring <w NN1>loan <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>land <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>amended<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04M>
<s n="1927"><w NP0>Dimitrov<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1928"><w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things <w VVD>discussed <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1929"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>.
<s n="1930"><w AJ0-VVG>Visiting <w AJ0>various <w NP0>US <w NN2>cities <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NP0>March <w CRD>1-10 <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>hoping <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w NP0>US <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>.
<s n="1931"><w PNP>He <w VVD>met <w NP0>IMF <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>secured <w DT0>some <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN2>grants <w PRP>for <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AJ0>educational <w NN2>grants <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04N>
<s n="1932"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1933"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VM0>would <w VVI>sign <w AT0>a <w AJ0>technical <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>between <w NP0>March <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1934"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VVI>cover <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>spheres <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38734<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1935"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NP0-NN1>Dimitur <w NP0>Ludzhev <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ankara <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w CRD>1917<c PUN>.
<s n="1936"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>low-level <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>incursions <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>vessels <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>.
<s n="1937"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>seaman <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>hospital <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>patrol <w NN2>boats <w VHD>had <w VVN>fired <w PRP>at <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>boats<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>ramming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>boat<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1938"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1939"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1940"><w NN1-VVG>Calling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1941"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>presidium <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>.
<s n="1942"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Slovak <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Councils <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1943"><w AT0>The <w ORD>last <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37542-43<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NN2>deputies <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>mandate <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>framework<c PUN>.
<s n="1944"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>negotiations <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38776<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Dagmar <w NP0>Buresova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Frantisek <w NP0>Miklosko<c PUN>, <w NN2>chairs <w AV0>respectively <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>, <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>adjourned <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04P>
<s n="1945"><w NN1>Anniversary <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>founding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>state
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1946"><w NP0>March <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>53rd <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>founding <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1-VVB>state <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w VVD>attended <w AVP-PRP>by <w AV0>over <w CRD>3,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1947"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NP0>Slovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>period <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>flag <w VBD>was <w VVN>burnt <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>occasions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1948"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN2>parties <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>.
<s n="1949"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel <w VVD-AJ0>commended <w NN2>Slovaks <w PNQ>who <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>rally <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>thus <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w NN1>stand <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1950"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>parliament <w VVN-VVD>rejected <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>time <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w VVG>proclaiming <w NP0>Slovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04R>
<s n="1951"><w NN1>Investigation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Meciar
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1952"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>police <w VVD>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Meciar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>(<w NN2>MDS <w CJC>or <w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1953"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>parliament<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>committee <w VVD>alleged <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w VBD>was <w VVN>registered <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <w CJC>or <w NP0>StB <w PRP>from <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>removed <w AJ0>incriminating <w NN1>evidence <w CJC>and <w VVN>promoted <w AJ0>loyal <w DT0>former <w NN2>agents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>after <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1954"><w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Public <w PRP>Against <w NN1>violence <w NN1>movement <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>PAV <w CJC>or <w NP0>VPN<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN1>office <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37543<c PUN>; <w CRD>38161<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04S>
<s n="1955"><w NN1-VVB>Party <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1956"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>7 <w AT0>a <w NN1>faction <w VVN-VVD>split <w PRP>away from <w NP0>Slovakia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>deciding <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w AV0>separately <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SCDM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1957"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SCDM <w NN1>faction <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>left-wing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN1>platform<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>split <w VVD>showed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>nationalism <w VVG>pervading <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1958"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SCDM <w VBD>was <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Klepac<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Viliam <w NP0-NN1>Oberhauser<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1959"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Dubcek<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1968<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Prague <w NN1>Spring<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Dubcek <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>PAV <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38351<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>joining <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w NN1-NP0>Meciar<w POS>'s <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>nationalistic <w NN2>MDS<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1961"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union-Public <w PRP>Against <w NN1>Violence <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU-PAV<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>use <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38541<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w VVG>dropping<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>PAV<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>so that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w AV0>henceforth <w AV0>simply <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04T>
<s n="1962"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Prosecutor <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w NN2>investigations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1963"><w NP0>Havel <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Ivan <w NN1-AJ0>Gasparovic <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Prosecutor <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w DPS>his <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
<s n="1964"><w AJ0>Centre-right <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>now <w VVD>dissolved <w NP0>StB <w NN1>security <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
<s n="1965"><w NP0-NN1>Gasparovic <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>prosecutor <w NP0>Martin <w NP0-NN1>Lauko<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1966"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Events <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>(<w CJS>when <w NN1>student <w NN2>protests <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>crushed <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37026<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37737 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>report<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN2>citizens <w VVB-NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>files <w VVN-VVD>kept <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>StB<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04U>
<s n="1967"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Rude <w NN1>Pravo <w NN1>editor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1968"><w VVB>Zdenek <w NP0-NN1>Porybny<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>editor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Rude <w NN1-NP0>Pravo <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>organ <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>relaunched <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>newspaper <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>in connection with <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>proceedings <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w PRP>for <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>business <w NN1>practice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1969"><w NN1-NP0>Porybny<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0>Florenc <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>party-owned <w CJC>and <w AV0>latterly <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>company <w DTQ>which <w VVD>published <w AJ0>Rude <w NN1-NP0>Pravo<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>founded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint-stock <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Borgis<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>then <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AJ0>Rude <w NN1>Pravo<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>gained <w UNC>Kr&lt;24,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;800,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w PNX>himself <w CJC>and <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04V>
<s n="1971"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1972"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jiri <w NP0-NN1>Dienstbier <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>President <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors <w CJC>and <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38841<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1973"><w NP0-NN1>Dienstbier <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20-23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1974"><w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37969<c PUN>; <w CRD>38469<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1975"><w NP0>Catherine <w NP0>Lalumi&egrave;re<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRP>about<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>deficiencies <w CJC>and <w NN2>loopholes<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Screening <w NN1>Law <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38541<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Labour <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ILO<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w CJC>or <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1976"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1977"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1978"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w NN2>communists
</head>
<p>
<s n="1979"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w VVD-AJ0>ruled <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38585<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>allowed <w NN2>prosecutions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>crimes <w VVN>committed <w PRP>between <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1944<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>(<w AV0>notably <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>postwar <w NN2>purges <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>repression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1956 <w NN1>uprising<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reasons <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1980"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Arpad <w NP0>G&ouml;ncz<c PUN>, <w PNX>himself <w VVN-AJ0>imprisoned <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w CRD>1956 <w NN1>uprising<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w CJC>and <w VVD>referred <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>vague<c PUN>, <w AJ0>ambiguous <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unreliable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1981"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>laws <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>crime<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>afterwards<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVB-NN1>state <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>individual<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>considered <w AJ0>guilty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1982"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w AV0>as <w AJ0>representing <w CJS>as <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>setback <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0-NN1>Antall<c PUN>.
<s n="1983"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDF <w CJC>or <w NN1>MDF<c PUR>) <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>morally <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04W>
<s n="1984"><w NP0-NN1>Bill <w VVG>annulling <w DT0>former <w AJ0>political <w NN1>sentencing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1985"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orsz&aacute;gg&uuml;l&eacute;s <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>or <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>declaring <w AJ0>null <w CJC>and <w AJ0>void <w NN2>sentences <w AV0>previously <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>committed <w PRP>between <w CRD>1963 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1986"><w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Istvan <w NP0>Balsai <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>moral <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>compensation <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unlawful <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04X>
<s n="1987"><w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>programme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1988"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Property <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NN1>SPA<c PUR>) <w VVD>launched <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38479 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w NN1>flagship <w NN1-VVB>state <w VVZ-NN2>concerns<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1989"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w NN2>assets <w VVN>affected <w VBD>were <w PRP>worth <w CRD>25,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>forints <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=89.5858 <w NN2>forints<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>1.9 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>times <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>phase<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1990"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w NN2>bills <w VBD>were <w VVN>presented <w VVG-NN1>covering <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>handling <w CJC>and <w NN1>utilization <w PRF>of <w NN2>undertakings <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>public <w NN2>concerns<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale<c PUN>, <w NN1>utilization <w CJC>and <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets <w AV0>temporarily <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>ownership <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>outdated <w NN2>decrees <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN2>assets<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLHCA04Y>
<s n="1991"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1992"><w NP0>Hungary<w POS>'s <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Uzbekistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38811<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38828<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>followed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bashkiria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Komi <w NN1>republic <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w VBG>being <w PRP>within <w NP0>Russia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1993"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Russia<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1994"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1995"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1996"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="1997"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>relaxed <w AT0>the <w NN1>monetarist <w NN2>controls <w VVN>implemented <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>out of <w NN1>recession <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>investing <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w CJC>and <w VVG>boosting <w NN2>imports <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38774-75<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w PRP>by <w CRD>171 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>138 <w PRP>with <w CRD>38 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1998"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>rejection <w VVD>came <w AVP>about <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Confederation <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NP0>Poland <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPN<c PUR>) <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>rigorous<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>KLD<c PUR>) <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>tough <w AV0>enough<c PUN>.
<s n="1999"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Olszewski <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVB>resign <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>debated <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2000"><w VVG>Describing <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>programme<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>broaden <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38685-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2001"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>current <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>comprised <w NN2>independents <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<w POS>'s <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>CA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2002"><w PRP>During <w NP0>March <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>KLD<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Krzysztof <w NP0>Bielecki <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>preceded <w AJ0-NN1>Olszewzski <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>UD <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Mazowiecki <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>preceded <w NP0>Bielecki<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA050></p>
<caption id=HLHCA050>
<s n="2003"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2004"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>65,550,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;4,500 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2005"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VVD-VVN>doubled <w NN1>council <w NN1-VVG>housing <w NN2>rents<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>reduced <w NN1>state <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>on <w NN1>coal<c PUN>, <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w NN1>electricity <w CJC>and <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w VVB>cut <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="2006"><w AJ0>Old <w NN1>age <w CJC>and <w NN1>disability <w NN2>pensions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2>payments <w AV0>no longer <w VVN-AJ0>linked <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2007"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>conditionally <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Andrzej <w NP0-NN1>Olechowski <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>.
<s n="2008"><w NN2>Olechowski <w VVD>needed <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>renegotiate <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;1,600 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>facility <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38162<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>performance <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w CJC>and <w NN1>expansion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>credit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2009"><w CJS>Although <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUR>) <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>a <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>stringent <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognise <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>retaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>confidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2010"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>situation <w VM0>might<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>lead <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>to <w NN1>hyperinflation<c PUN>, <w VVB>obliterate <w AT0>the <w NN2>achievements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VVB>plunge <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>into <w AV0>even <w AJC>greater <w NN1>recession<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2011"><w PNP>It <w VVD>proposed <w VVG>withdrawing <w NN1>coal <w NN2>subsidies <w CJC>and <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>a <w CRD>100-150 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1>alcohol<c PUN>, <w NN1>tobacco <w CJC>and <w NN1>petrol <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>sales <w NN1-VVB>tax <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w AV0-AJ0>still <w AJ0>untaxed <w NN2>goods<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA051></p>
<caption id=HLHCA051>
<s n="2012"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2013"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Gronkiewicz-Waltz <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0>non-party<c PUR>) <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="2014"><w AT0>The <w NN1>post <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>vacant <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38449<c PUN>; <w CRD>38399<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gronkiewicz-Waltz<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA052></p>
<caption id=HLHCA052>
<s n="2015"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2016"><w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Stanski <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPN<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>7 <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Romuald <w NP0-NN1>Szeremietiew <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>upon <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2017"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2018"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2019"><w NP0>NSF <w NN1>convention
</head>
<p>
<s n="2020"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSF<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bucharest <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27-29<c PUN>.
<s n="2021"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NSF <w NN1>leader <w NN1-NP0>Petre <w NN1-NP0>Roman <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38450<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>free-market <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVN>entitled<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>future <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>today<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>802 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>1,268 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VVG>marking <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>true<c PUN>, <w AJ0>clean <w CJC>and <w AJ0>clear-cut <w NN1>break <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2022"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <w NN1-NP0>Roman<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>old-guard<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>NSF <w NN2>members <w PRP>including <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu<c PUN>.
<s n="2023"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>movement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVD>appeared<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old-style <w AJ0>Leninist <w NN1>party<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Western-style <w NN1>party <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w AJ0>political <w NN1>platform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2024"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w VVG>selecting <w AT0>an <w NP0>NSF <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AV0>as yet <w AJ0>unannounced<c PUR>) <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>resolved <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>emerged <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1>candidate <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w NN1-NP0>Roman<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2025"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>members <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>NSF-Dec. <w CRD>22 <w NN1>Group<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ceausescu<w POS>'s <w NN1>overthrow <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="2026"><w PNP>They <w VVD>accused <w NN1>Roman <w PRF>of <w VVG>introducing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>tension <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>elitist <w NN1>spirit<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>election <w NN2>losses <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38777-78<c PUN>; <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA053></p>
<caption id=HLHCA053>
<s n="2027"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2028"><w NN1>Run-off <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w CRD>8 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2029"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Rompress <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w CRD>33.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>polls <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>24.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NSF <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w ORD>first <w PRP>in <w CRD>28 <w NN2>counties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDUR<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2031"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w NN1-NP0>Roman <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <w NN2>losses <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>cities<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>thus <w AV0>far <w VVN>borne <w AT0>the <w NN1>brunt <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>restructuring<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA054></p>
<caption id=HLHCA054>
<s n="2032"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2033"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w NN1>surveillance <w NN2>flights <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>airspace<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="2034"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>delegation <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>1 <w AJ0-VVD>discussed <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>armies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2035"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0-VVN>strained<c PUN>.
<s n="2036"><w NN2>Protests <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Hungarians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AV0>variously <w VVN>estimated <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>involving <w CRD>6,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN1>Hungarian-language <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
<s n="2037"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesperson <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Simion <w NN1-VVB>Pop<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w AV0>home <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>pro-Hungarian <w NN2>feelings<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>simply <w VBN>been <w VVN>retired <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2038"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2039"><w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2040"><w NN2-VVZ>Moves <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>independence <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Ethnic <w NN1>violence
</head>
<p>
<s n="2041"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disintegration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>proceeded <w AV0>further <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>with <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>moves <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>towards <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="2042"><w NN1>Fighting <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w AJ0-NN1>Moslem <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>irregulars <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNA<c PUR>) <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>irregulars <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w AV0>ethnically <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>republic <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w DTQ>which <w VVD>mirrored <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serbs <w CJC>and <w NN2>Croats <w VVG>following <w NP0>Croatia<w POS>'s <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA055></p>
<caption id=HLHCA055>
<s n="2043"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2044"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>99.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN1-VVG>voting <w VVN>opted <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="2045"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>63 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2046"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>31 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w DPS>their <w NN1>preference <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>referendums <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w PRP>within <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="2047"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadzic<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><c PUL>(<w NN2>Moslems <w VVD-VVN>formed <w DT0>some <w CRD>44 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w CJC>and <w NN2>Croats <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2049"><w VVG>Holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38703-04<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2050"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w VVD-VVN>proclaimed <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2051"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serbs <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems <w AV0>in particular <w VVN>increased <w AV0>sharply<c PUN>.
<s n="2052"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>surrounding <w NN2>areas <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-western <w NN1>region <w PRP>around <w NP0>Bosanski <w NP0>Brod <c PUL>(<w AV0>mainly <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serbs <w CJC>and <w NN2>Croats<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>communities <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tension<c PUN>.
<s n="2054"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>calm <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>warned <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>violence <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>lives <w PRP>in <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="2055"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w NP0-NN1>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w AV0>also <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2056"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>division <w PRP>into <w CRD>three <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>units <w PRP>along <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>lines<c PUN>.
<s n="2057"><w AT0>The <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w NN1>unit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>absolute <w CJC>or <w AJ0>relative <w NN1>majority<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>municipality<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>acknowledged<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w AV0>primarily <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>defusing <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>tensions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concrete <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>accommodate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>aspirations <w PRF>of <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>, <w NP0>Serbs <w CJC>and <w NN2>Croats<c PUN>.
<s n="2059"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>worked <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="2060"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>case <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w CJS>because <w AV0>very <w DT0>few <w NN2>areas <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AV0>exclusively <w VVN>inhabited <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>communities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2061"><w NN2>Differences <w PRF>of <w NN1>interpretation <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>within <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>as <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>violence <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>escalate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2062"><w NP0>Serb <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>in particular <w VVD-VVN>declared <w DPS>their <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="2063"><w AT0>The <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Moslem<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Izetbegovic<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>along <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>lines <w AV0-AJ0>alone <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unitary <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="2064"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w VVG>collaborating <w PRP>with <w AJ0>extreme <w NP0>Serb <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croat <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2065"><w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>division <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>possible <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>mixed<c PUN>.
<s n="2066"><w VVN>Asked <w AVQ>why <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>replied <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>isolated <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>mediators <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w PRP>on <w NN1>acceptance <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w PRP>for <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>main <w NN1>objective<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2067"><w NP0>Serb <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w VVD-VVN>proclaimed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w DPS>its <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>all-Serb <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2068"><w PRP>Towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NN1>violence <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AV0>sharply<c PUN>.
<s n="2069"><w NN1>Fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>concentrated <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosanski <w NP0-NN1>Brod <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Neum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
<s n="2070"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>clashes <w VBD>were <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>, <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>Croats<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AVP>in <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosanski <w NP0>Brod<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA056></p>
<caption id=HLHCA056>
<s n="2072"><w ORD>First <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2073"><w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2074"><w NN1>Satish <w NN1-NP0>Nambiar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNIPROFOR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>advance <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>peace-keeping <w NN1>force <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38778<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2075"><w AJ0>Military<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>reconnaissance <w NN2>experts <w AV0>immediately <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>14,000-strong <w NN1-VVB>force <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-protected <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Eastern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Slavonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Krajina<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Serb-held <w NN2>enclaves <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2076"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>government <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>UNIPROFOR<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deteriorating <w NN1>security <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>border <w NN2>areas<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA057></p>
<caption id=HLHCA057>
<s n="2077"><w NN1>Ceasefire <w NN2>violations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2078"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38703<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>broken <w PRP>on <w DT0>several <w NN2>occasions <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2079"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>incident <w CRD>seven <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Osijek <w PRP>during <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w UNC>JNA/Serbian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croat <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2080"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>days <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations <w VVN>increased <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="2081"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dalmatia <w PRP>on <w DT0>several <w NN2>occasions <w PRP>between <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w CRD>24<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA058><ptr target=HLHCA059></p>
<caption id=HLHCA058>
<s n="2082"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<caption id=HLHCA059>
<s n="2083"><w NP0>Serbia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2084"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>staged <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>on <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN2>days <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9-12<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>.
<s n="2085"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w AJS>largest <w VVB-NN1>rally <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vuk <w NN1>Draskovic<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>disobedience<c PUN>.
<s n="2086"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>10-11 <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>by <w NN2>students <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w AJ0>free <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2087"><w AT0>The <w NN2>protesters <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milosevic <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w NP0>Serbia <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unnecessary <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w NP0>Croatia <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>successful <w PRP>in <w AJ0>military <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w NN1>ruin<c PUN>, <w VVB>cut <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>cost <w AV0>over <w CRD>6,000 <w NN2>lives<c PUN>.
<s n="2088"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostilities <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>turnouts <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN2>organizers <w VHD>had <w VVN>hoped<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05A>
<s n="2089"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2090"><w NP0>Macedonia <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w NN1>independence <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2091"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVN>noted <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>ceremony <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w NN2>facilities <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment <w VHD>had <w VVN>proceeded <w PRP>without <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
<s n="2092"><w AT0>The <w NN1>process <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>in <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w VVG>handing <w AVP>over <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2>crossings <w PRP>to <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN>formed <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2093"><w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05B>
<s n="2094"><w NP0>Montenegro
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2095"><w NN2>Montenegrins <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w VVD>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w AJ0-VVG>remaining <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="2096"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>96 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVN-VVD>opted <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>status quo<c PUN>.
<s n="2097"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>66 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Albanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>minorities <w AV0>largely <w VVG>boycotting <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="2098"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2099"><w AT0>The <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Titograd<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinstate <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w AJ0>old <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Podgorica<c PUN>.
<s n="2100"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>renamed <w PRP>in <w NN1>honour <w PRF>of <w NP0>Josip <w NP0>Broz <w NP0>Tito<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>leader <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05C>
<s n="2101"><w NN1>Devaluation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2102"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>dinar <w VBD>was <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>rate <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM1.00=85 <w NN2>dinars <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>major <w NN1>devaluation <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38704<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2103"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2104"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2105"><w NN2>Air-raids <w PRP>into <w NP0>Iraq
</head>
<p>
<s n="2106"><w NN1>Bombing <w NN2>raids <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>bases <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1-2<c PUN>, <w CRD>9-11 <w CJC>and <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="2107"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38403<c PUN>; <w CRD>38547<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VVD>took <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>into <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>attacked <w NN2>bases <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>guerrillas <w VBD>were <w VVG>operating<c PUN>.
<s n="2108"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>accounts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>raids <w VVD-VVN>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2>buildings <w VBD>were <w VVN>targeted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>denied <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2109"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<w POS>'s <w NN2>raids<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sadako <w NP0-NN1>Ogato<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>village <w CRD>30 <w NN0>km <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="2110"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w NN1>statio <w VVN>operated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DPK<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>raids <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>deaths <c PUN>&mdash;<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kijik <w AV0-AJ0>alone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2111"><w NP0>DPK <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Masoud <w NP0-NN1>Barzani <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NP0>DPK <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w TO0>to <w VVI>lodge <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2112"><w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>television <w VVD-VVN>described <w AT0>a <w NN1>raid <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NP0>PKK <w NN1>camp<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>13 <w NN2>tents<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>8-9 <w NN0>km <w PRP>inside <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2113"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>camp <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>20 <w NN2>tents <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJC>further <w NN1>air <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2114"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>28 <w NN2>guerrillas <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w CJS>when <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>helicopters <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NP0>PKK <w NN1-VVB>base <w PRP>near <w NP0>Genc<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1-NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2115"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>repeated <w AJ0-NN1>flagrant <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN0>aircraft<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05D>
<s n="2116"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year <w NN2>clashes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2117"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>upsurge <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Kurdish-populated <w NN2>areas <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AV0>even <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>celebrations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nevros<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="2118"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w NP0-NN1>March <w CRD>21-22 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>towns <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year <w VBD>was <w VVN>observed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2119"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Cizre<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Nusaybin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yuksekova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Van <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Sirnak<c PUN>.
<s n="2120"><w PRP>In <w NP0-NN1>Cizre <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>battle <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN2>streets <w PRP>between <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>youths <w VVG>using <w NN1>assault <w NN2>rifles <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="2121"><w PRP>At <w NP0>Sirnak <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AJ0>house-to-house <w NN2>searches<c PUN>, <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>.
<s n="2122"><w NN2>Officials <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
<s n="2123"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NN2>curfews <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Cizre<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sirnak<c PUN>, <w NP0>Idil <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Silopi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2124"><w PRP>In <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>retaliatory <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>towns<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>extreme <w AJ0-VVD>left <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol <w NN1>organization <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>bus <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>two <w NN2>employees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w VVD>linked <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="2125"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>demonstrators <w AV0>abroad <w VVD-VVN>demonstrated <w AV0>outside<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w VVD-VVN>attacked<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>embassies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oslo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stockholm<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hague<c PUN>, <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bonn <w CJC>and <w NP0>London <w PRP>between <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="2126"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w VVG-NN1>sending <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2127"><w AV0>Increasingly <w AJ0>open <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>press <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>issue <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN1>problem <w VVG>facing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2128"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>appeared <w AV0-AJ0>far <w PRP>from <w VBG>being <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>measures <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w PRP>on <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38592<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2129"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w CRD>49 <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>mainly <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>exclusively <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Populists <c PUL>(<w NP0>SHP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HEP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w VVG-NN1>bringing <w TO0>to <w VVI>account <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN1>torture <w CJC>and <w NN2>assassinations<c PUN>.
<s n="2130"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DT0>much <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="2131"><w AT0>The <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05E>
<s n="2132"><w VVG-NN1>Mining <w NN1>disaster <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Earthquake
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2133"><w AT0>An <w NN1>explosion <w CJC>and <w NN1>fire <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>265 <w NN2>mineworkers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Incirharmani <w NN1>coal-mine <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kozlu <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>coast <c PUL>(<w CRD>180 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ankara<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2134"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w DT0>another <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>fire <w VVD>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>search <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>150 <w AJ0>missing <w NN2>men <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w AVP>off <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>mine <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>sealed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2135"><w AT0>The <w NN1>explosion<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>mining <w NN1>history<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>ignition <w PRF>of <w NN1>methane <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w CRD>20 <w NN2>seconds <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>levels <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>mine<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>foiling <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sophisticated <w NN1>alarm <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w AV0>About <w CRD>700 <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>working <w PRP>at <w CRD>three <w NN1-VVB>pit <w NN2>levels <w AV0>up to <w CRD>560 <w NN2>metres <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w CRD>2 <w NN0>sq km <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="2137"><w AJ0>Thick <w NN1-VVB>smoke <w CJC>and <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>monoxide <w VVD>prevented <w NN2>rescuers <w PRP>from <w VVG>reaching <w AJ0>trapped <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="2138"><w AV0>Later <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VBZ>Turk-Is <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Genel <w VBZ>Maden-Is <w VVN>challenged <w AT0>the <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w NN2>events <w DTQ>which <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>surge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>methane <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>negligence <w VBD>was <w AV0>probably <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w AJC>Later <w CRD>43 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>distributing <w NN2>leaflets <w DTQ>which <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-run <w NN1>Coal <w NN1>Enterprise <w NN1-VVG>mining <w NN1>company <w PRP>for <w NN1>negligence<c PUN>.
<s n="2140"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1945 <w CRD>107 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kozlu <w NN2>mines <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>disasters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2141"><w AT0>An <w NN1>earthquake <w VVG>measuring <w CRD>6.2 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Richter <w NN1>scale <w VVD>struck <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Erzincan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1-NP0>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>up to <w CRD>500 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="2142"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>80,000 <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>145,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w AJ0>homeless<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2143"><w AV0>About <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w VBD>was <w VVN>destroyed <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>buildings<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>school<c PUN>, <w NN2>apartments <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>hospital <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
<s n="2144"><w AJ0>Swiss<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Danish<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Belgian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>relief <w NN2>teams <w VVN-VVD>assisted <w PRP>in <w VVG>searching <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>rubble <w CJC>or <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>operation <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2145"><w AT0>The <w NN1>quake <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>tremor <w NN1>Erzincan <w VHD>had <w VVN>known <w PRP>since <w CRD>1939<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w NN1>earthquake <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>30,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05F>
<s n="2146"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>synagogue <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>diplomat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2147"><w AT0>A <w NN1>passer-by <w VBD>was <w VVN>wounded <w CJS>when <w CRD>two <w NN2>grenades <w VBD>were <w VVN>thrown <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Neve <w NP0-NN1>Shalom <w NN1>synagogue<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="2148"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NP0>Sephardi <w NN1>foundation <w VBD>were <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>in <w NN1>commemoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>500th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Jews<w POS>' <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38823 <w PRP>for <w NN1>commemoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>from <w NP0>Spain<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2149"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>attackers <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w VVD-VVN>escaped<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>said <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="2150"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>synagogue <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1986 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>21 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Nidal <w NN1>group <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35136<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2151"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>unknown <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revenge <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRO<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>7 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ehud <w NP0>Saha<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>chief <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>embassy <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="2152"><w AT0>A <w NN1>caller <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRO <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>newspaper <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>car-bomb <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenge <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>airforce <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0>Musawi<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NP0>Hezbollah <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38750<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2153"><w NP0>Iran <w VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NP0>Istanbul <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iran-bound <w NN1>cargo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Maleas<c PUN>, <w VVD>impounded <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38740<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>confiscated<c PUN>.
<s n="2154"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Office <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2155"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2156"><w NN1>COUNCIL <w PRF>OF <w NP0>BALTIC <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2157"><w AJ0>Inaugural <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2158"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Baltic <w AJ0>littoral <w NN2>states <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Copenhagen<c PUN>, <w NP0>Denmark<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5-6 <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baltic <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2159"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>German-Danish <w NN1>initiative <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AV0>together <w NP0>Denmark<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>.
<s n="2160"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>aim <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>community <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1>assistance <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>transform <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>into <w NN1>free-market <w NN2>societies<c PUN>.
<s n="2161"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w NP0>Uffe <w NP0>Ellemann-Jensen <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>closely <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>European <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="2162"><w PNP>He <w VVD>foresaw <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>region <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>region <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>co-operation <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w NN2>linkages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>non-member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2163"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38786<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2164"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ellemann-Jensen <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>duplicate <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>security <w NN2>matters <w VVD>fell <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2165"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AV0>annually<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w CRD>2-3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05G>
<s n="2166"><w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2167"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Madigan <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>allocate <w PRP>to <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>republics <w AJC>further <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2168"><w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VHD>had <w DT0>each <w VVN>received <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>grain <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2169"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2170"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2171"><w AJ0>Finnish <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership
</head>
<p>
<s n="2172"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Finland <w VVD>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2173"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Eduskunta <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w AV0>earlier <w DT0>that <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w CRD>108 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>55 <w PRP>with <w CRD>32 <w NN2>abstentions <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w AJ0>absent<c PUN>.
<s n="2174"><w PRP>Outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w NN1-VVG>building <w AV0>around <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>Finns <w VVD-VVN>staged <w NN2>protests<c PUN>; <w NN2>farmers <w VBD>were <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>lose <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>.
<s n="2175"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mauno <w NP0>Koivisto <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>best <w VVG>exercising <w DPS>our <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>choice <w PRP>by <w VVG>applying <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2176"><w NP0>Finland <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-member <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>Austria <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36822<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sweden <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38353<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2177"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w NN2>applications <w PRP>from <w NP0>Norway <w CJC>and <w NP0>Switzerland <w VM0>could <w VVI>follow <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2178"><w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w NP0>April <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>application <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>stalled <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>opinion <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37133<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2179"><w NP0>Cyprus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Malta <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37625<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2180"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>institutional <w NN2>changes <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>needed <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w DPS>its <w NN1>membership <w AV0>significantly<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05H>
<s n="2181"><w NN2>Proposals <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992/93 <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2182"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>proposed <w VVG>carrying <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w CRD>1992/93 <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991/92 <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>measures <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38022-23<c PUN>; <w CRD>38202<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2183"><w NP0>Ray <w NP0>MacSharry<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commissioner <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN2>Ministers <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <w CJS>as <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38022-23<c PUN>; <w CRD>38352-53<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2184"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2185"><w NP0>EFTA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2186"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia
</head>
<p>
<s n="2187"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="2188"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>EFTA <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>declarations <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37535<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2189"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>covered <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>processed <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN0>fish<c PUN>.
<s n="2190"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w PRP>in <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>products <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="2191"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w NP0>EFTA <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w AV0>immediately <w VVI>abolish <w NN1>trade <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>goods <w VVN-VVD>covered <w PRP>except for <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VM0>would <w VVI>abolish <w PNP>them <w AVP-PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="2192"><w NP0>Czechoslovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>countries <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for <w AV0>almost <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2193"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>similar <w NP0>EFTA <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38691<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2194"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2195"><w AJ0>ORTHODOX <w NN1>CHURCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2196"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vatican
</head>
<p>
<s n="2197"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN2>Churches <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14-15 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w NN1>Patriarch <w NN1-NP0>Bartholemew <w PNQ>who <w PRP>as <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Constantinople <c PUL>(<w PRP>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38547<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>first <w PRP>among <w NN2>equals<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Christianity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
<s n="2198"><w NN2>Divisions <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Orthodox <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN2>Churches <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>growing<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Rome <w PRF>of <w VVG>seeking <w NN2-VVZ>converts <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2199"><w NP0>Pope <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w CRD>II <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AJ0>new <w NN2>dioceses <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w CRD>six <w AJ0>apostolic <w NN2>administrators <c PUL>(<w CRD>five <w NN2>bishops <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>archbishop<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2200"><w NP0>Aleksi <w CRD>II<c PUN>, <w NN1>Patriarch <w PRF>of <w DT0>All <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>expansionism<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w NP0>Pope <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w CRD>II<w POS>'s <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>Synod <w PRP>on <w NP0>Europe <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>November-December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38691<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2201"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2-3 <w PRP>between <w NN2>envoys <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>Patriarchate <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w DPS>their <w NN2>differences <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>armistice<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2202"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Uniate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Eastern <w NN1>rite <w NN1>Catholic<c PUR>) <w NN1>Church <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>contention<c PUN>.
<s n="2203"><w VVN>Subsumed <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-legalized <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38104-05<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2204"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>hierarchy <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w PRF>of <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN1>Uniate <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restitution <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>8<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05J>
<s n="2206"><w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>Patriarch
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2207"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>removed <w NN1>Patriarch <w NN1>Maxim <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Faiths <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Patriarch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>Othodox <w NN1>Church <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971 <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>legitimate<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>procedure <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>observed<c PUN>.
<s n="2209"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>BTA <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUR>) <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>cited <w PRP>in <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1>Patriarch <w NN1>Maxim <w VHD>had <w VVN>collaborated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>services <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2210"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2211"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN1>INITIATIVE
</head>
<p>
<s n="2212"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>20-21 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Klagenfurt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <w VVD>elected <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AJ0>present<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w NN2>members <w PRP>with <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w NN1>renaming <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hexagonale <w NN1>grouping <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38786<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2213"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2214"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<p>
<s n="2215"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w NP0>Mikis <w NP0-NN1>Theodorakis <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>party <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-seat <w NN1>majority<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Economy <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Epthymios <w NN1-NP0>Christodoulou<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Stefanos <w NP0>Manos<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2216"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2217"><w NP0>LIECHTENSTEIN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2218"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14-15 <w CRD>71.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>referendums <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>64.7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VVD>reversed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>motion <w VVN-VVD>defeated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2219"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2220"><w NP0>MALTA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2221"><w NP0>Karmenu <w NP0>Mifsud <w NP0>Bonnici <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Malta <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w DPS>its <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38784<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>proposed <w NP0>George <w NP0>Vella <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2222"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2223"><w NP0>NETHERLANDS
</head>
<p>
<s n="2224"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Nijmegen <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13-14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <c PUL>(<w NP0>PvdA<c PUR>) <w VVD>elected <w NP0>Felix <w NP0>Rottenberg<c PUN>, <w CRD>34<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ruud <w NP0-NN1>Vreeman<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>vice-chair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2225"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>service <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disbanded <w PRP>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegitimate <w NN1>espionage <w CJC>and <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2226"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2227"><w NP0>SWEDEN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2228"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>employee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>KGB <c PUL>(<w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN1>committee<c PUR>) <w VVD>declared <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>diplomat <w NP0-NN1>Raoul <w NP0>Wallenberg<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>enabled <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>Jews <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w NN1>deportation <w PRP>to <w NN1>concentration <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VVD>disappeared <w PRP>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>military <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>in <w CRD>1945<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>prison <w NN1>interrogation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37162<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2229"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2230"><w NP0-NN1>VISEGRAD <w CRD>THREE
</head>
<p>
<s n="2231"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VVD>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN0>barracks<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <w PRP>along <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>lines <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w NN1>dialogue <w CJC>and <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVB>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2232"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2233"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2234"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Levi<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</head>
<p>
<s n="2235"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w NP0>Likud<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1-2 <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ranked <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="2236"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VVD-VVN>proved <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>disaster <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levi <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
<s n="2237"><w NP0>Levi <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>challenged <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38787<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2238"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NP0>Likud <w NN2>elections <w VVD>left <w NP0>Levi <w ORD>fourth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>list<c PUN>, <w PRP>behind <w NP0>Shamir<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Moshe <w NP0>Arens <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN1>Construction <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Sharon<c PUN>.
<s n="2239"><w AJ0>Careful <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shamir-Arens <w NN1>camp <w CJC>and <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sharon <w AV0>also <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w NP0>Levi<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
<s n="2240"><w AV0>So <w AJ0>shocking <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w NP0>Levi<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters <w AV0>openly <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Likud <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
<s n="2241"><w NP0>Levi<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w NN1>base <w VBD>was <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>large <w NP0>Sephardi <w NN1>community <c PUL>(<w NN2>members <w CJC>or <w NN2>descendants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Jews <w PNQ>who <w VVD>settled <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal <w CJC>and <w AV0>latterly <w PRP>in <w NN1>north <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w PRP>as opposed to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Askhenazi <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0-NN1>Yiddish-speaking <w NN2>Jews<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shamir-Arens-Sharon <w NN1>collaboration <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>by <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Ashkenazi <w NN2>bosses<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2242"><w AT0>The <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>disastrous <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>split <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Likud <w VVD>increased <w AV0>considerably <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Levi <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Herzliya<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05K>
<s n="2243"><w NN1>Legislation <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2244"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Knesset <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="2245"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>applicable <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05L>
<s n="2246"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w VVB>Begin
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2247"><w VVB-NN1>Menachem <w VVB>Begin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w CRD>1977 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>78<c PUN>.
<s n="2248"><w VVB>Begin <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2249"><w PRP>Under <w DPS>his <w NN1>premiership <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w VVD>ceded <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sinai <w NN1>peninsula <w CJC>and <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2250"><w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w NN1>world <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>paid <w NN1>tribute <w TO0>to <w VVI>Begin <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>buried <w PRP>alongside <w NN2>fellow-fighters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Irgun <w NP0-NN1>Zva'i <w NP0-NN1>Leumi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>group <w PNP>he <w VVD>commanded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1940s<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05M>
<s n="2251"><w NN1>Assassination <w PRF>of <w NN1>diplomat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Argentina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w VVB>Ehud <w NP0>Sadan<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>diplomat<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w DPS>his <w AJ0>booby-trapped <w NN1>car <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="2253"><w AJ0>Anonymous <w NN1>telephone <w NN2>calls <w VVD>claimed <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AJ0>various <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Islamic <w NP0-NN1>Jihad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hezbollah<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenge <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0-NN1>Musawi <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38750<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2254"><w AT0>A <w NN1>car <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires<c PUN>, <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>28 <w NN0>people <c PUL>(<w CRD>24 <w NP0>Argentineans <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>Israelis<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w AV0>over <w CRD>200 <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="2255"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w AJ0>Islamic <w NP0-NN1>Jihad <w VVD-VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w VVG-NN1>claiming <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bomb<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>planted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>suicide <w NN1>bomber<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>named <w PRP>as <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Yasser<c PUN>.
<s n="2257"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenge <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Musawi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2258"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Levi <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>Those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>sent <w PNP>them <w VBB>are <w VVN>destined <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>painful <w NN1>punishment<c PUN>.
<s n="2259"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VM0>will <w VVI>decide <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>manner <w TO0>to <w VVI>avenge <w AT0>the <w NN1>blood <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-VVN>fallen<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2260"><w CRD>Five <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05N>
<s n="2261"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN2>Arabs <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv <w VVG-AJ0>stabbing <w NN1>attack
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2262"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>citizens <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38787<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2263"><w NP0>Ya'acov <w NP0>Terner<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w NN1>cell<c PUN>.
<s n="2264"><w PRP>According to <w NP0-NN1>Terner <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w VHD>had <w VVN>confessed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2265"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Palestinian <w VVD>stabbed <w CRD>two <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w CRD>20 <w NN2>others <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="2266"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assailant <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="2267"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Purim<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>holiday <w AVQ-CJS>when <w NN2>revellers <w VVN>dressed <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NN2>costumes <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>played <w NN2>pranks<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>injured <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w VVN>believed <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>practical <w NN1>joke<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05P>
<s n="2268"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abie <w NP0>Nathan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2269"><w AJ0>Veteran <w NN1>peace <w NN1>campaigner <w NP0>Abie <w NP0>Nathan <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w PRP>after <w VVG>serving <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>18-month <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w VVG>meeting <w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05R>
<s n="2270"><w NN1>Deterioration <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2271"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>during <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2272"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AV0>effectively <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>withdrawn <w DPS>their <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>loan <w VVZ>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AJ0>immigrant <w NN1>absorbtion <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>persistent <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w VVG>linking <w AT0>the <w NN2>loans <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>cessation <w PRF>of <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>construction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2273"><w AT0>The <w NN1>month <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>controversy <w DTQ>which <w AV0>further <w VVD>soured <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="2274"><w AT0>An <w NN1>article <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ed <w NP0>Koch<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>8 <w VVD-AJ0>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>obscene <w NN2>remarks <w PRP>about <w NP0>US <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="2275"><w NP0>Baker <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Koch<w POS>'s <w NN2>allegations <w AV0>only <w VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2276"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NN2>senators <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>drafting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Aid <w NN1-NP0>Bill<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>formula <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>loan <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="2277"><w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Leahy <c PUL>(<w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>subcommittee <w VVG>preparing <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w NN1>legislation<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>proposed <w VVG>giving <w NP0>Israel <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>loan <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w NN1>conditional <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>halting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2278"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>offer <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>concessions<c PUN>.
<s n="2279"><w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pre-agreed <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>houses <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>construction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w UNC>US&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN2>guarantees <w AV0>immediately <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w UNC>US&dollar;9,700 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>staggered <w AV0>over <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2280"><w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>responded <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w AV0>never <w VVI>accept <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w TO0>to <w VVI>freeze <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w NP0>Shamir <w AV0>pointedly <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>receiving <w AJ0>large <w NN2>offers <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2282"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Arens <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-March<c PUN>.
<s n="2283"><w DPS>His <w NN1>visit <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w ORD>third <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2284"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVD-VVN>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>mount <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>.
<s n="2285"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>visiting <w NP0>US <w NN1>army <w NN1>team <w VVD>began <w VVG>inspecting <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>Patriot <w NN1>missile <w NN2>sites<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2286"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2287"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2288"><w NP0>Hamas <w NN1>election <w NN1>success <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>intifada
</head>
<p>
<s n="2289"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2290"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hamas-backed <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>bloc <w VVD>won <w CRD>10 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>11 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ramallah <w CJC>and <w AJ0>al-Bira <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>.
<s n="2291"><w AJ0>Nationalist <w NN2>candidates <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<w POS>'s <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2292"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>1,200 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>regarded <w CJS>as <w AJ0>important <w CJS>since <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chambers <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w AJ0>professional <w NN2>associations <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>practice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38788 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Gaza <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2293"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>outbreaks <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fatah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hamas <w CJC>and <w PRP>between <w NP0>Fatah <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>DFLP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VVD>died<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2294"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>intifada-related <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>at least <w CRD>15 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
<s n="2295"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>International <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>at <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>declining<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1-VVG>shooting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>targeted <w NN2>activists<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>undercover <w NN2>units<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>increasing<c PUN>.
<s n="2296"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Faisal <w NP0>al-Husseini <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AV0>summarily <w VVG-AJ0>executing <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2297"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>search <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>arrest <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Jenin <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11-12<c PUN>.
<s n="2298"><w CRD>One <w NN1>Palestinian <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w VVD-VVN>wounded <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="2299"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>sealed <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>19-22 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>Israelis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jaffa <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2300"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>action <w VVD>prevented <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>from <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="2301"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>killed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>man <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ramallah <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>upsurge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>intifada-related <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="2302"><w AT0>The <w ORD>16th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0>Land <w NP0>Day <c PUL>(<w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>passed <w AVP>off <w AV0>peacefully <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2303"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2304"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2305"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="2306"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>drop <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>pound <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w VVD>sent <w NN2>prices <w VVG-AJ0>soaring <w CJC>and <w VVD>provoked <w NN2>outbursts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>discontent <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Umar <w NP0-NN1>Karami<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2307"><w AT0>The <w UNC>Banque <w UNC>du <w NP0>Liban <c PUL>(<w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>draw <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>reserves <w TO0>to <w VVI>prop <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>pound <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="2308"><w DT0>This <w NN1>move <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w VVG>driving <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=L&pound;992.561<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2309"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>formed <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="2310"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>bread <w CJC>and <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w VVG>aiming <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>raising <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>on <w NN1>alcohol<c PUN>, <w NN2>cigarettes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>imported <w NN2>goods<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05S>
<s n="2311"><w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2312"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;461 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>aid <w NN1-VVB>package <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Lebanon<w POS>'s <w NN1>reconstruction <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="2313"><w NN1-VVB>Aid <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>German <w NN2>hostages <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2314"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>confirmed <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NN1-VVB>state <w AV0>most <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>reconstruction<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>comprised <w UNC>US&dollar;240 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>export <w NN2-VVZ>credits<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;94 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>concessionary <w NN2>loans<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;64 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN2>grants <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;63 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>mixed <w NN2>credits<c PUN>.
<s n="2315"><w AT0>The <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Al-Fadl <w NP0>Chalak<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Reconstruction <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDR<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05T>
<s n="2316"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>by <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2317"><w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Nasrallah<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0-NN1>Musawi <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hezbollah <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38750<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2318"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Nasrallah <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>organization <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>kidnap <w NN2>Westerners <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Musawi <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="2319"><w NP0>Hezbollah<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>divine <w NN2>incentives<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w NN1>revenge<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2320"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w DPS>its <w NN1>struggle<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w DPS>our <w NN1>homeland <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05U>
<s n="2321"><w NN1>Re-election <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Berri <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Amal <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2322"><w NP0>Nabi <w NP0-NN1>Berri <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shia <w NP0>Amal <w NN1>movement <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05V>
<s n="2323"><w NN1>War <w NN2>casualties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2324"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>figures <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>between <w CRD>1975 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0-VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>as <w CRD>144,240<c PUN>; <w CRD>17,415 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>disappeared <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>197,500 <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2325"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2326"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2327"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>developments
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2328"><w VVG>Rescheduling <w NN1>agreement <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Standby <w NN1>credit <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2329"><w NP0-NN1>Ziyad <w NP0>Fariz<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jordan<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;7,200 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2330"><w VVB-NN1>Fariz <w CJS>provided <w AT0>no <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>amounts <w VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w VVD>provided <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>repayment <w NN1>period <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>grace <w PRP>for <w AJ0>official <w NN1>debt <w AV0>originally <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>repayment <w PRP>between <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NN1>mid-1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2331"><w AJ0>Government-backed <w NN2>loans <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>repaid <w AV0>over <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eight-year <w NN1>grace <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2332"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Basil <w NP0>Jardana <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>London <w NN1>Club<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>creditors <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2333"><w AT0>The <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w VVG>rescheduling <w NN2>debts <w AJ0>payable <w PRP>between <w CRD>mid-1991 <w CJC>and <w NN1>mid-1993<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w DT0>some <w NN1>progress <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
<s n="2334"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>economist<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>Fahed <w NP0-NN1>Fanek<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>Club <w NN2>creditors <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w UNC>US&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>grace<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2335"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>credit <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w VVG>authorizing <w NN2>drawings <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w NP0>SDR <w CRD>44,400,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;61,100,000<c PUR>) <w AV0>over <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05W>
<s n="2336"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein<w POS>'s <w NN1>tour <w PRP>to <w NN1>North <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Europe
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2337"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iceland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2338"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05X>
<s n="2339"><w NN1>Resolution <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w NN1>alcohol
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2340"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w VVG>recommending <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>consumption<c PUN>, <w NN1>sale <w CJC>and <w NN1>manufacture <w PRF>of <w NN1>alcohol<c PUN>.
<s n="2341"><w VVN>Supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>34 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="2342"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>International <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>movement <w VHD>had <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>score <w AT0>a <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>victory <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>solid <w AJ0>secular <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jordan <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w AV0>actually <w VVI>exist<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2343"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2344"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2345"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w NP0>Assad
</head>
<p>
<s n="2346"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="2347"><w NP0>Assad<w POS>'s <w NN1>continuation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38695<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2348"><w NP0>Assad <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>oath-taking <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="2349"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w NP0>Assad <w VVD>lauded <w AT0>the <w NN2>achievements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Ba'ath-dominated <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="2350"><w NP0>Assad <w AV0>also <w VVD>hinted <w PRP>at <w AJC>further <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>, <w VVG>promising <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2351"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w NP0>Assad <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>harsh <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="2352"><w PNP>He <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>strip <w NN2>Arabs <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>military <w NN1>strength <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>demands <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2353"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Assad<w POS>'s <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>virulent <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2354"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>cited <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>subtle <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>resumption <w PRP>in <w AJ0>postal <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>television<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>broadcast <w NP0>Baghdad <w NN1>weather <w NN2>forecasts<c PUN>.
<s n="2355"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>contended <w CJT>that <w NP0>Syria<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Damascus-based <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>deteriorated <w AV0>sharply<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLHCA05Y>
<s n="2356"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2357"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Harbah<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>600<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NP0>Assad<w POS>'s <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="2358"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>2,800 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38695<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>confirmation <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>freed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA060></p>
<caption id=HLHCA060>
<s n="2359"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>by <w NP0>Assad
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2360"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Assad <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17-18 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38788 <w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mahmoud <w NP0>Zubi<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2361"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVD-VVN>focused <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="2362"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>attended <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>talks <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Assad <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Syria <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>adhere <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>contended<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>bound <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w DTQ>which <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w NN1>peace<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2363"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w AV0>both <w NP0>Assad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mubarak <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>opposed <w DT0>any <w AJ0>renewed <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>; <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Egypt <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VVN>committed <w NN1-AJ0>ground <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-led <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ousted <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2364"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w VVD>described <w NP0>Assad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mubarak<w POS>'s <w NN2>comments <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>signal<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AJC>further <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA061></p>
<caption id=HLHCA061>
<s n="2365"><w NN1>Signing <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>safeguards
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2366"><w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w NN2>accords <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>sites <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38788 <w PRP>for <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>IAEA <w NN2>officials <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2367"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Hayat <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>assembly <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>reactors <w PRP>from <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2368"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2369"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2370"><w ORD>Fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="2371"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Jordanian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>delegations <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38786<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2372"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>round <w AT0>no <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved<c PUN>.
<s n="2373"><w AT0>The <w NN2>delegations <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AVQ-CJS>when <w CJC>or <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>should <w VVI>resume<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2374"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVN-VVD>expanded <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>self-government <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w PRP>by <w PNP>them <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38740<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2375"><w AT0>The <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>16-page <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>legislature <w TO0>to <w VVI>govern <w AT0>a <w AJ0>demilitarized <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.
<s n="2376"><w AV0>Predictably<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>negotiator <w NP0-NN1>Elyakin <w NP0>Rubinstein<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w NN1-VVB>name<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2377"><w PRP>Before <w VVG>concluding <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN2>negotiators <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>five <w NN2>delegations <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>.
<s n="2378"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegations <w TO0>to <w VVI>focus <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>negotiating <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
<s n="2379"><w NP0-NN1>Baker <w AV0>also <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>posturing<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2380"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2381"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2382"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Scud <w NN2>missiles
</head>
<p>
<s n="2383"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>ballistics <w NN2>experts <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>begun <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>destroying <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN1>missile <w NN1-VVB>repair <w CJC>and <w NN1>production <w NN2>facilities<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1-NP0>Scud <w NN1>missile <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2384"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disclosure <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Derek <w NP0>Boothby<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>35-member <w NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="2385"><w PNP>It <w VVD>followed <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>acceptance <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>directive <w VVG>demanding <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVB>submit <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>installations <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2386"><w AJ0-VVG>Revealing <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJS>latest <w NN2>assurances <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rolf <w NP0>Ekeus<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w AJ0>special <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>satisfied <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>undertakings <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>Iraqis <w VBB>are <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRF>of<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>capabilities<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>previously <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2387"><w NN0>Ekeus <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>conceded<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>final <w CJC>and <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>disclosure<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>ballistic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>programmes <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w VVG>destroying <w AV0>up to <w CRD>800 <w NN2>missiles <w XX0>not <w AV0>previously <w VVN>declared <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>verified <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Boothby <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="2388"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>questions <w AV0>still <w VVN>remained <w PRP>about <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>short- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>long-range <w NN1>missile <w NN2>capabilities <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38742-43<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2389"><w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>bow <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1>pressure <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>robust <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>policies <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tariq <w NP0>Aziz<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2390"><w NP0-NN1>Aziz <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>providing <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>bargain <w AVP>over <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>independence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>and<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DPS>its <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>freedom<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2391"><w VVG>Claiming <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>equipment<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>diverted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>use<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aziz <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>industries <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>benefit <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2392"><c PUL>(<w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w NP0>Iraq <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>consequences<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>after <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>experts <w VBD>were <w VVN>refused <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w NP0-NN1>Scud <w NN1>missile <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w PRF>of <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>industry <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38788<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2393"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aziz <w PRP>by <w VVG>reiterating <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN>complied <w AV0>fully <w CJC>and <w AV0>unconditionally<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>resolutions <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>must <w AV0>immediately <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>actions <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>regard<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2394"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>gesture<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>hopes <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>goodwill <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>matched <w PRP>by <w NN2>deeds<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2395"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN1>speculation <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>plans <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Western <w NN2-VVZ>allies <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NN1>compliance <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>after <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>carrier <w NP0>America <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>signal<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2396"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>parliamentary <w AJ0>select <w NN1>committee <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VBD>was <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacture <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>super-gun<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37390-91<c PUN>; <w CRD>37471<c PUN>; <w CRD>38361<c PUN>; <w CRD>38743<c PUN>; <w CRD>38788<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2397"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>dismissed <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>suggestions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deliberate <w NN1>cover-up <w PRP>by <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w CJC>or <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38788<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA062></p>
<caption id=HLHCA062>
<s n="2398"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2399"><w AT0>A <w ORD>sixth <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38788<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w PRP>after <w VVG>overseeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>460 <w VVG-AJ0>leaking <w NN0>122mm <w NN2>rockets <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN2>munitions <w VVB-NN1>site <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khamisiya<c PUN>, <w CRD>300 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baghdad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>fifth <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38548<c PUN>; <w CRD>38598<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2400"><w AT0>The <w NN1>team <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Michel <w VVZ>Desgranges <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>postponed <w DPS>its <w NN1>departure <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>additional <w AJ0-NN1>leaking <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>rockets<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA063></p>
<caption id=HLHCA063>
<s n="2401"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>destruction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2402"><w NP0>Iraq <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>demolish<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>facilities<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Al-Atheer <w NN1>site<c PUN>, <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baghdad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>IAEA <w VVZ>remains <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>core <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>facility <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>special <w NN2>processes <w VVN>needed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w NN1>manufacturing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2403"><w AT0>The <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>IAEA <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20-25<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unfair<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>negotiator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khalid <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Sa'id<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>argued <w PRP>against <w NP0>Al-Atheer<w POS>'s <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>conceived <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>facility <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG-NN1>operating <w PRP>as <w DT0>such<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2404"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>significance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VBD>was <w VVG>offering<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>better <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>IAEA <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA064></p>
<caption id=HLHCA064>
<s n="2405"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2406"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>limited <w NN2>quantities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>oil <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>purposes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38742<c PUN>; <w CRD>38788-89<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26-28<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>ended <w PRP>amid <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>differences <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2407"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>optimism <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0-NN1>Amir <w NN1>al-Anbari<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>side<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Giandomenico <w NP0>Picco<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>severely <w VVN>constrained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2>resolutions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>oil <w NN2-VVZ>exports <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38406<c PUN>; <w CRD>38452<c PUN>; <w CRD>38548<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2408"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>21,772 <w NN2>Iraqis<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>8,081 <w VBD>were <w NN2>children <w AV0>under <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>supplies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38696<c PUN>; <w CRD>38742<c PUN>; <w CRD>38789<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA065></p>
<caption id=HLHCA065>
<s n="2409"><w NN1>Condemnation <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2410"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHRC<c PUR>) <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>gravest <w NN1>nature<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>torture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>executions<c PUN>.
<s n="2411"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>UNHRC <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38789<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <c PUL>(<w NP0>Iraq<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>16 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2412"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>department <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w CJC>and <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA066></p>
<caption id=HLHCA066>
<s n="2413"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>autonomy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2414"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Massoud <w NP0-NN1>Barzani<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>assured <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0>Western <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2415"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VM0>would <w VVI>supply <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>at <w AJ0>low <w NN2>prices <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Kurdish-controlled <w NN2>areas <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>a <w AJ0>government-imposed <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38548<c PUN>; <w CRD>38598<c PUN>; <w CRD>38743<c PUN>; <w CRD>38789<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2416"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>an <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>KDP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>embargo <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2417"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w VVG>condemning <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>siege <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2418"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>foreigners <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <w VBB>are <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA067></p>
<caption id=HLHCA067>
<s n="2419"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>War <w NN1-VVB>damage <w NN1-VVB>estimate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2420"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>no <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="2421"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w CJS>as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38211 <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>wrongly <w VVN>given <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38072<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>special <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reconstruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>social<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2422"><w NN1>War <w NN1-VVB>damage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>sector <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN2>Minerals <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Industrialization<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2423"><w NP0>Ammir <w NP0>Hammoudi <w NP0>al <w NP0>Saadi<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA068></p>
<caption id=HLHCA068>
<s n="2424"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baghdad <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2425"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Hamzah <w NP0>al-Zubaydi <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NP0>Baghdad <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>capital <w PRP>since <w CRD>1938<c PUN>.
<s n="2426"><w VVN>Planned <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>between <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>80 <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2427"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2428"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2429"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w NN2>representatives
</head>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21 <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w CRD>15 <w NN0>staff <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2431"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ICRC <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VVD>denied <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ICRC <w NN2>delegates <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN2>limits <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>competence <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN2>conventions<c PUN>.
<s n="2432"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>supplied <w NN1>information <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>torture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>abuses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2433"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICRC<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PRP>to <w NN1>completion <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w PNQ>who <w AV0>still <w VVD>remained <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-Iraq <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2434"><w DT0>These <w AJ0>final <w NN2>exchanges <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mundhiriya <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w VVB>go <w AV0>ahead <w CJS>as <w VVN>scheduled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2435"><w AT0>The <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w AV0>therefore <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w AJ0-NN1>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>conservatives <w VVD-VVN>maintained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>exerted <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ICRC <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>5,000 <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>prisoners <w PNQ>who <w DT0>some <w VVD>believed <w VHD>had <w VVN>survived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>locate <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>numbers<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>supervising <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2436"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Yazdi<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0>Friday <w NN2>prayers <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w VVD>mentioned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>access <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w NN2>delegates <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>prisons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>competent <w NN1>team <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>work<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>hue<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2437"><w NN2>Observers <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>associated <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>eyes <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>tensions <w CJS>because <w NP0>Switzerland <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRP>to <w NP0>France <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zeyal <w NP0>Sarhadi<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>suspected <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shapour <w NP0-NN1>Bakhtiar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37409<c PUN>; <w CRD>38697<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA069></p>
<caption id=HLHCA069>
<s n="2438"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>purchases
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2439"><w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w NN1>attention<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>magazine <w NN1>Stern <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w VVD-AJ0>cited <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>sources <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>obtained <w CRD>two <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>warheads <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>medium-range <w NN1>delivery <w NN1>system <w PRP>from <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>.
<s n="2440"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>warheads <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w NN2>models <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>armaments<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w NP0>Iran <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>codes <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2441"><w AJC>Earlier <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>purchases <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>denied <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AT0>The <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yuliy <w NP0>Vorontsov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>denials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="2442"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN2>claims <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVB-NN1>press <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>recruit <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>scientists <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06A>
<s n="2443"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2444"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>henceforth <w VVI>represent <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="2445"><w NP0>Algeria<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>deteriorated <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>deny <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>victory <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38702-703<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>activists<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2446"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2447"><w NP0>SAUDI <w NP0>ARABIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2448"><w VVB-NN1>Decree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council
</head>
<p>
<s n="2449"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRP>within <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>majlis <w NN1>ash-shoura<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w CRD>60 <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2450"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decree <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>fulfilment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>injunction <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>umma <c PUL>(<w NN1>community <w PRF>of <w NN2>believers<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>engage <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>consultations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2451"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>founded <w PRP>on <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w NP0>God<w POS>'s <w NN2>bonds <w CJC>and <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>sources <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>jurisprudence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2452"><w DPS>Its <w CRD>60 <w NN2>members <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>every <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w PRP>from <w PRP>amongst <w NN2>scholars <w CJC>and <w NN2>men <w PRF>of <w NN1>knowledge <w CJC>and <w NN1>expertise<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2453"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decree <w VVD>defined <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>express <w NN2>opinions<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>plan <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AJ0>annual <w NN2>reports <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w AJ0>international <w NN2>laws <w CJC>and <w NN2>treaties <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>interpretation <w PRF>of <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2454"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>salaried <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>combine <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>government <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>with <w NN1>company <w NN2>directorships <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>unless <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AJ0>special <w NN1>permission <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06B>
<s n="2455"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2456"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>decrees <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w VVD>provided <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2457"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>written <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w VVG>decreeing <w CJT>that <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>hereditary <w NN1>monarchy <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>citizens <w VBB>are <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Holy <w NN1>Quran <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prophet<w POS>'s <w NN1>tradition<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2458"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders<c PUN>.
<s n="2459"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>property<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>protected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>taxes <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>imposed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>justice <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w VVZ>arises<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2460"><w AT0>The <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>protects <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NP0-NN1>Sharia<c PUN>,<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>provides <w NN1>job <w NN2>opportunities <w PRP>for <w PNQ>whoever <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>working<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2461"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w TO0>to <w VVI>legislate<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>both <w NN1>employer <w CJC>and <w NN1>employee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2462"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>defined <w AT0>the <w NN2>duties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Amir <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<w POS>'s <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="2463"><w PNP>He <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>accountable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>head <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>council <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AV0>less than <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>learning<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>experience<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>competence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>public<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2464"><w AT0>The <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NN1>learning <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>every <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2465"><w AT0>The <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>body <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>promised <w PRP>since <w AV0>at least <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="2466"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>hailed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cautious <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>move <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>government <w PRP>towards <w VVG>modifying <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarchy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>until <w AV0>then <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w NN1>theory <w AV0>at least <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>absolute<c PUN>.
<s n="2467"><w AT0>The <w NN2>decrees <w VVD>trod <w AT0>a <w NN1>line <w PRP>between <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>sentiment <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>community <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2468"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>Al-Siyasa <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>prevailing <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>suitable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>Islam <w VVD>favoured<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>openness <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruler <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>subjects<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>free <w NN2>elections<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>suitable <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2469"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>10-16 <w DT0>some <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN2>women <w VBD>were <w AJ0>disappointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>no <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2470"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2471"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2472"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>anticipating <w NN2>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="2473"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AJ0>approved <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748 <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>by <w VVG>handing <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing <w NN2-VVZ>suspects <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38743<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w NN2>member-states <w VM0>would <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2474"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN-VVD>anticipated <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w VVN-VVD>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>denial <w PRF>of <w NN1>airport <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN0>aircraft <w VVG>flying <w PRP>to <w CJC>or <w PRP>from <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w CJS>except <w PRP>in <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w AJ0>urgent <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>need<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>withholding <w PRF>of <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>insurance <w CJC>or <w NN1>maintenance <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w NN0>aircraft <w NN2>components <w PRP>from <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>withholding <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>or <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>police <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>military <w NN2>advisers <w AV0>currently <w VVG>advising <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN0>staff <w NN2>levels <w PRP>at <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>missions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVZ>moves <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>Airlines<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>denial <w PRF>of <w NN1>entry<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN1>expulsion<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN2>Libyans <w VVN-VVD>expelled <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>excluded <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states <w PRP>due to <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2475"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sanctions <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>include<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>other <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2476"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJC>broader <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>sponsorship <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>noting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>&hellip; <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2477"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Libya <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>renounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>methods<c PUN>.
<s n="2478"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NN1>closing <w PRF>of <w NN2>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN2-VVZ>groups <w PRP>from <w AJ0>various <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN1>training<c PUN>.
<s n="2479"><w PRP>Like <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>urged <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>incident <w PRP>over <w NP0>Chad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38599<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2480"><w CRD>Five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>15 <w NN1>Council <w NN2>members <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>abstained <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>10 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2481"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>lobbying <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w VVG>preceding <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w VVG>offending <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>sensibilities <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>feast-day <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laila <w NP0-NN1>al-Qadr<c PUN>.
<s n="2482"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>occasions <w VBG>being <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Rhodesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06C>
<s n="2483"><w AJ0>Alternative <w NN2>proposals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2484"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>on-going <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2485"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Sweden <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>request <w VVD-VVN>made <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>via <w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Baset <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1>al-Megrahi <w CJC>and <w NP0>al-Amin <w NP0>Khalifa <w NP0>Fhimah<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>.
<s n="2486"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Bishari<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-AV0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>suspects <w PRP>for <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2487"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-March <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0-NN1>Mubarak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VM0>should <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>.
<s n="2488"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>ground<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>possibly <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>.
<s n="2489"><w NP0>Stephen <w NP0>Mitchell<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>lawyer <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>UK <w NN1>television <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Cyprus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>or <w NP0>Italy <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>as <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>ground <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>trial<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06D>
<s n="2490"><w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>application <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hague <w NN1>Court
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2491"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Libya <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hague <c PUL>(<w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>arm <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>asking <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w AJ0-VVG>escalating<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2492"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w AT0>the <w NP0>ICJ <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>open <w NN2>hearings <w PRP>on <w NP0>Libya<w POS>'s <w NN1>application <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>interpretation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1971 <w NP0>Montreal <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Suppression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Unlawful <w NN2>Acts <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Safety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Aviation<c PUN>.
<s n="2493"><w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ICJ <w NN1>Court <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>enjoin<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>from <w VVG>taking <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>calculated <w TO0>to <w VVI>compel <w CJC>and <w VVI>coerce<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>into <w VVG>surrendering <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="2494"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>representative <w NP0>Edwin <w NP0>Williamson <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>hearing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>application <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>short-circuit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w DT0>all <w NN2-VVZ>links<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>Libya <w CJC>and <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2495"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26-27<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICJ <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AT0>the <w NN2>hearings <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06E>
<s n="2496"><w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>intervention
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2497"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>League <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>produced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acceptable <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>: <w AJ0-NN1>al-Megrahi <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Fhimah <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w ORD>first <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w PRP>through <w NP0>UN <w NN2>channels <w VVB>deliver <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>judicial <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <w AV0>then <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tripoli <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>handover<c PUN>.
<s n="2498"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>suspended <w DPS>their <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>volte-face <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Libya <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w AVP>over<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2499"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2500"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2501"><w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w NP0>FIS <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>councils
</head>
<p>
<s n="2502"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Appeal<c PUN>.
<s n="2503"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lawyer <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdenour <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Yahya<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2504"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>petition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2505"><w NP0>Larbi <w NP0-NN1>Belkheir <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2506"><w NP0-NN1>Belkheir <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>multiple <w NN2>violations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things <w VVD>forbade <w DT0>any <w NN1>party <w VVD-VVN>created <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>religion <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36834<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2507"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VVD>gave <w NN1>rise <w PRP>to <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Constantine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Jenis <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jechan <c PUL>(<w VVG-AJ0>resulting <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w VBG>being <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>injured<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2508"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dissolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>Front <c PUL>(<w NN2>FFS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Bella<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2509"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdelhamid <w NP0-NN1>Mehri<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>banning <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>solve <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>major <w NN2>problems <w VVG>facing <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>change<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>channel <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>advantage<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>well-rooted <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>movement <w DTQ>which <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>into <w NN1>account <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>way <w CJC>or <w DT0>another<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2510"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>municipal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>councils<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w VM0>would <w VVI>affect <w CRD>397 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>1,541 <w NN2>municipalities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w CRD>48 <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2511"><w AV0>Newly <w VVN>created<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>delegations<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dissolved <w NN2>councils<c PUN>.
<s n="2512"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>hold <w PRP>over <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>853 <w NN2>municipalities <w CJC>and <w CRD>32 <w NN2>provinces <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37549-50<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06F>
<s n="2513"><w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NN2>figures <w PRP>on <w NN2>detentions <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Releases
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2514"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>hastened <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>detentions <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>mid-January<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>attracted <w AJ0>concerned <w NN1>comment <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w AJ0>Algerian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2515"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Larbi <w NP0-NN1>Belkheir <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>6,786 <w NN0>people <w VVN>interned <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>February <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>camps <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
<s n="2516"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>two <w NN2>camps <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>set <w AVP>up <w AV0>further <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tamanrasset <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w NN2>detainees<w POS>' <w NN2>families <w VVD-VVN>heard <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>600 <w NN2>prisoners <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>transferred <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="2517"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>2,217 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w DT0>half <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="2518"><w NP0-NN1>Belkheir <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>103 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>figure <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38790<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>414 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="2519"><w PRF>Of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed<c PUN>, <w CRD>31 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>or <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="2520"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN2>detentions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2521"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>150 <w NN2>detainees <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Reggane <w NN1>camp <c PUL>(<w CRD>1,600 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>holy <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w NN1>Ramadan <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2522"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>releases <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ouargla <w CJC>and <w NP0>In-Salah<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2523"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w VBD>was <w NP0>Rabeh <w NP0-NN1>Kebir<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations <w NN1>committee <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38703<c PUN>; <w CRD>38790<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2524"><w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Yahya <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>LADH<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Kebir <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1>court <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06G>
<s n="2525"><w NN1>Death <w NN2>sentences
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2526"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>organization <w VBD>were <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tlemcen<c PUN>.
<s n="2527"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>carrying <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Tlemcen <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>guard <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w NN2>explosives <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>.
<s n="2528"><w DT0>Little <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NP0>Hezbollah<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>name <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06H>
<s n="2529"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>subsidies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2530"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w NN2>subsidies <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>from <w CRD>16 <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>commodities<c PUN>, <w AV0>i.e. <w DT0>all <w PRP>except for <w NN1>semolina<c PUN>, <w NN1>flour<c PUN>, <w NN1>milk <w CJC>and <w NN1>bread<c PUN>.
<s n="2531"><w AT0>No <w NN2>details <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>published <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w NN1-VVB>plan <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2532"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2533"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2534"><w AJ0>Alleged <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>plot
</head>
<p>
<s n="2535"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1-VVB>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1-VVB>plot <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>uncovered <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="2536"><w DPS>Its <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w CRD>three <w NN2>executives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Salsabil <w NN1>computer <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w PRP>under <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>.
<s n="2537"><w NN2>Police <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN2>records <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>plot <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVB>create <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>countries <w PRP>including <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2538"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>their <w NN1>lawyer <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15 <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="2539"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>unspecified <w AJ0>international <w NN2>agencies <w PRP>with <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>with respect to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="2540"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Salsabil <w NN1>company <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>supplied <w AJ0>false <w NN0>statistics <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2541"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Abdel-Halim <w NP0>Moussa <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>told <w NN2>journalists <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>university <w NN2>professors<c PUN>, <w NN2>politicians <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>educational <w NN2>organizations <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>influential <w PRP>in <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VBD>were <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>plot<c PUN>.
<s n="2542"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Prosecution <w NN1>Office <w VBD>was <w VVG>completing <w DPS>its <w NN2>investigations<c PUN>.
<s n="2543"><w AT0>The <c PUL>(<w AJ0>unnamed<c PUR>) <w NN1>organization <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conspiracy <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>directed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w CRD>75 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>mount <w AT0>a <w AJ0>money-laundering <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="2544"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>25 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06J>
<s n="2545"><w AJ0>Alleged <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w AJ0-NN1>spy-ring <w NN1>case
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2546"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w AV0>in camera<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>judges <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w PRF>of <w NP0>Heliopolis<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Cairo <w NN1>suburb<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>remand <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>defendants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>spy <w NN1>case <w PRP>for <w CRD>45 <w NN2>days <w PRP>pending <w AJC>further <w NN2>investigations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38792<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2547"><w AT0>An <w NN1>opponent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saadeddine <w NP0>Chazli<c PUN>, <w CRD>70<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14 <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>from <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1970s<c PUN>.
<s n="2548"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>1983 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>absence<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>labour <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>revealing <w NN1>information <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>harm <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06K>
<s n="2549"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NN1>policeman
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2550"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>150 <w NN2>sympathizers <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Fayoum<c PUN>.
<s n="2551"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>security <w NN1>service <w NN1>officer <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>machine-gunned <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Fayoum <w NN1>town <c PUL>(<w AV0>about <w CRD>100 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cairo<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w AJ0>local <w NN2>tensions <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD-AJ0>dated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year <w VHD>had <w VVN>flared <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="2552"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>press <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>various <w NN2>names <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>group <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>involved<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2553"><w AJ0>Sporadic <w NN1>tension <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>between <w NN2>Moslems <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Coptic <w NN2>Christians<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>clash <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asyut <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w AJ0-VVD>injured<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06L>
<s n="2554"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>fundamentalism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>intolerance <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mubarak
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2555"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>feast-day <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Lailat <w NP0-NN1>al-Qadr<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w VVD>made <w AV0>more <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>criticism <w CJS>than <w AV0>previously <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>fanaticism<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>strayed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>correct <w NN2>teachings <w PRF>of <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>fanaticism<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w AT0>an <w NN1>allusion <w PRP>to <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Coptic <w NN2>Christians<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2556"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>intellectual <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>incompatible <w PRP>with <w AJ0>true <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>thinking<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w AJ0>indirect <w NN1>allusion <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>phenomenon <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>investment <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w VHD>had <w VVN>attracted <w AT0>the <w NN2>savings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w NN2>investors<c PUN>.
<s n="2557"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>mishandling <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socialist <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>.
<s n="2558"><w VVB-NN1>Mubarak <w AV0>thus <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w DT0>those<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w AV0>falsely <w VVB>use <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>logo <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w NN2>acts<c PUN>;<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN1>religion <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w VVZ>becomes <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2559"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2560"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2561"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>balance <w PRP>between <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>bodies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2562"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2563"><w NP0>TUNISIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2564"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>unit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>created <w AV0>within <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN2>Ministries<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>following <w AVP>up <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<w POS>' <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sphere <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>alleged <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>routine <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>torture<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2565"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2566"><w NP0>CSCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2567"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Open <w NN2>Skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="2568"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24-26 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>meeting <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38745<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2569"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w VVD>increased <w PRP>to <w CRD>51 <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2570"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>initiate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>follow-up <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny-Karabakh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38827-28<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2571"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w NN2>delegates <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>signed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2572"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>capability<c PUN>.
<s n="2573"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>general <w NN1>agreement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>political <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>as yet <w AJ0>undecided <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>other <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1-VVB>Treat <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VM0>should <w VVI>provide <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NN2>others<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2574"><w AT0>The <w NN1>blueprint <w PRP>for <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<w POS>'s <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN2>crises <w CJC>and <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>worked <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-month <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>culminate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06M></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06M>
<s n="2575"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>treaty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2576"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>ministers <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>regulating <w NN1>reconnaissance <w NN2>flights <w PRP>over <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2577"><w VVN>Known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>heralded <w PRP>as <w ORD>first <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>post-Cold-War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2578"><w AT0>The <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w ORD>first <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Eisenhower <w PRP>in <w CRD>1955<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2579"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>resurrected <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36642-44<c PUN>; <w CRD>37112<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>enhancing <w NN1>trust <w CJC>and <w NN1>building <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>between <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRP>as well as <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>monitoring <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>arms-control <w CJC>and <w NN1>disarmament <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>.
<s n="2580"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN2>countries <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37259-60<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VVD>stalled <w PRP>because of <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>disintegration<c PUN>.
<s n="2581"><w NN2>Negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2582"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>outlined <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN2>quotas <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>agreed <w NN1>technology <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NN2>cameras<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>video <w NN2>cameras<c PUN>, <w AJ0>infra-red <w NN1>scanning <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>all-weather <w NN1>radar<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1-AJ0>signatory <w NN2>countries <w PRP>to <w AV0>overfly <w PRP>at <w CRD>72 <w NN2>hours<w POS>' <w NN1-VVB>notice <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>reconnaissance <w NN2>purposes<c PUN>.
<s n="2583"><w DT0>Any <w NN1>information <w VVN-VVD>gained <w PRP>from <w AJ0>aerial <w NN1>surveillance <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN1>signatory <w NN2>countries <w PRP>on <w NN1>request<c PUN>.
<s n="2584"><w AT0>A <w NN1>commission <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AV0>annually <w TO0>to <w VVI>reallocate <w NN1>flight <w NN2>quotas <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>questions <w CJC>and <w NN2>improvements<c PUN>.
<s n="2585"><w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>defunct <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w VM0>would <w VVD>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VVD>took <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2586"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies <w NN1>treaty <w VM0>would <w VVI>offer <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>movements <w PRP>for <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>satellite <w NN1>capability<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN0>means <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w DT0>such <w NN1>intelligence <w PRP>on <w PNX>each other <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06N></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06N>
<s n="2587"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2588"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>countries <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
<s n="2589"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w AJ0>technical <w NN0>data <w PRP>on <w AJ0>new <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>systems<c PUN>, <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>mobilization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>activities <w VVG>involving <w AV0>more than <w CRD>400,000 <w NN2>troops <w CJC>or <w CRD>900 <w NN2>tanks <w AV0>more than <w AV0>once <w AT0>every <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2590"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2591"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2592"><w NP0-NN1>NACC <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2593"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NACC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>security <w NN1>forum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38600<c PUN>, <w CRD>38699<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>second <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2594"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgia <w VBD>were <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>as <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2595"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>exchanges <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny-Karabakh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38827-28<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w VVZ-NN2>concerns <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>post-Cold-War <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>conversion <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w NN2>industries <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>use<c PUN>.
<s n="2596"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>lasting <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>through <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>, <w NN1>partnership <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2597"><w AJ0>Particular <w NN1>attention <w VBD>was <w VVN>paid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w NN1>significance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2598"><w DT0>Several <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>representatives <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>NATO <w VM0>could <w VVI>lend <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1>support <w CJC>or <w AV0-AJ0>even <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w CJS>if <w VVN>needed <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w DPS>our <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>words <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dutch <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>van <w NP0>den <w NP0>Broek<c PUN>.
<s n="2599"><w PNP>He <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>NATO <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w VM0>could <w VVI>act <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>aegis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>exhausted <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN2>mechanisms<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06P></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06P>
<s n="2600"><w AJC>W&ouml;rner <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2601"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manfred <w NP0>W&ouml;rner<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w PRP>between <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="2602"><w PNP>He <w VVD>held <w NN2>meetings <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>kind <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2603"><w PRP>Throughout <w DPS>his <w NN1>tour <w PNP>he <w VVD>reiterated <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>pledge <w CJT>that <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>vacuum<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2604"><w PNP>He <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VM0>would <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>stabilizing <w NN1>influence<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>security <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees <w CJC>or <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2605"><w NP0>W&ouml;rner <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2606"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2607"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2608"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w NP0>NPT
</head>
<p>
<s n="2609"><w NP0-NN1>China <w AV0>formally <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2610"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>major <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>prohibition <w CJC>and <w AJ0>thorough <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2611"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>advocated<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>encouraged <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>proliferation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>work <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>disarmament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2612"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>22787-90<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2613"><w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38314<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06R></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06R>
<s n="2614"><w NP0>Baker-Kozyrev <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2615"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>disarmament <w NN2>issues <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38792-93<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2616"><w PNP>They <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w AV0>both <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>stockpiles<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w NN2>types <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>speed <w PRF>of <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2617"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w AJ0>concluding <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w NP0-NN1>Baker <w VVD>affirmed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN2>requirements<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Arms <w NN1>Reduction <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>START<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2618"><w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VVD>worked <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>friends <w CJC>and <w NN2>allies <w VVG>standing <w PRP-AVP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>barricade <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w CJT>that <w VVD>beset <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2619"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>speedier <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>multiple-warhead <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIRV<c PUR>) <w NN2>missiles <w CJS>than <w VBD>was <w VVN>envisaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w AJ0>possible <w AV0>even <w DPS>their <w NN1>elimination <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>side <w VVD>preferred <w AT0>a <w AJC>longer <w NN1>time-scale <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>assessment <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>perceived <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>defence <w NN2-VVZ>needs<c PUN>.
<s n="2620"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJC>further <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN1>summit <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2621"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2622"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2623"><w NN1>Arrival <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NP0>Scuds <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran
</head>
<p>
<s n="2624"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>cargo <w NN1>ship<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Hung <w NP0>Ho<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>docked <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bandar <w NP0>Abbas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Strait <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hormuz<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>evaded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>threatened <w NN1>interception <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>navy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Persian <w NN1>Gulf<c PUN>.
<s n="2625"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vessel<c PUN>, <w VVN>monitored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>navy <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>departure <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>February <w PRP>from <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <c PUL>(<w CJS>while <w VVN>docked <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore<c PUR>) <w VVN>given <w DPS>its <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>destination <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Equatorial <w NP0>Guinea<c PUN>.
<s n="2626"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>Scud-C <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>for <w NN1>delivery <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>or <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>claim <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>as <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>intereference <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>shipping<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2627"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Scud-C <w NN1>missile<c PUN>, <w VVN>built <w PRP>in <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet-designed <w NP0>Scud-B <w NN1>missile <c PUL>(<w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>500 <w NN0>km<c PUN>.
<s n="2628"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CRD>24 <w NN2>Scud-Cs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>by <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>agreed <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>150<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2629"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVN>authorized <w AV0>both <w PRP>by <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w VVZ-NN2>sanctions <w TO0>to <w VVI>intercept <w NN1>shipping <w VVN>destined <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>divert <w NN2>shipments <w VVN-VVD>bound <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>or <w NP0>Syria <w CJS>because <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w NN2>signatories <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Missile <w NN1>Technology <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Regime<c PUN>.
<s n="2630"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>aim <w PRP>in <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>intercept <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Hung <w NP0>Ho <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w TO0>to <w VVI>underscore <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>position <w PRP>against <w NN1>missile <w NN1>proliferation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2631"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>week <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>shipments <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>aboard <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>ships<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>Scud-Cs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>surface-to-surface <w NN2>missiles <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Chinese <w CRD>M-9s<c PUN>.
<s n="2632"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>long-range <w NN2>missiles <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>concern <w PRP>over <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38819<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06S></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06S>
<s n="2633"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN1>missile <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2634"><w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Hung <w NP0>Ho<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>deny <w NN2>charges <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>transferred <w NP0>US <w NN1>Patriot <w NN1>missile <w NN1>technology <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>in defiance of <w NN2>controls <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="2635"><w NP0>US <w NN2>inspectors <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN2>claims <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-AJ0>Department-commissioned <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rand <w NN1>Corporation<c PUR>) <w VVD>finished <w DPS>their <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w CJC>but <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>comment <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>results<c PUN>.
<s n="2636"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Rand <w NN1>Corporation<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>back <w NN1>door <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>acquisition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>technology<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06T></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06T>
<s n="2637"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>trade <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2638"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dominant <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1-VVB>share <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stockholm <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Research <w NN1>Institute <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SIPRI<c PUR>) <w VVD>stated <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2639"><w NP0>SIPRI <w AV0>also <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Asia <w VHD>had <w VVN>overtaken <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="2640"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN2>reports <w VVN-VVD>pointed <w PRP>to <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>arms <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w DT0>this <w NN1>market <w TO0>to <w VVI>compensate <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2641"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Department <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w NN1>Aviation <w NN1>Electronics <w NN1>Industry <w VVD-VVN>paid <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000,000 <w AJ0>fine <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>export <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRF>of <w AJ0>defence-related <w NN2>products <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>under <w NN1>licence <w PRP>from <w NP0>US <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2642"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>halted <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NP0>NATO <w NN1-VVB>ally <w NN1-NP0>Turkey <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>repression <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>minority <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2643"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2644"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2645"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>members
</head>
<p>
<s n="2646"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w PRP>from <w CRD>eight <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w NP0>San <w NP0>Marino<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN1>membership <w PRP>to <w CRD>175<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2647"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w AT0>the <w NN2>applications <w PRP>during <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="2648"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRP>except <w NP0>Georgia <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w NP0>UN <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="2649"><w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>members <w PRP>since <w CRD>1945<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w VVN-VVD>joined <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38744<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w VVG>joining <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2 <w VBD>were <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2650"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2651"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2652"><w NP0>Uruguay <w AJ0>Round <w NN1>deadlock
</head>
<p>
<s n="2653"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w VVD>remained <w VVN>blocked <w PRP>by <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>offer <w PRP>on <w NN1>farm <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>rules<c PUN>.
<s n="2654"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>obstacle <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>exports <w CJC>and <w NN1>farm <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>exempt <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN1>service <w NN2>sectors <w PRP>from <w AJC>freer <w NN1>trade <w NN2>rules <w VVD-VVN>added <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2655"><w PRP>Under <w AJ0>planned <w NN2>reforms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>in <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>income <w NN1>support <w NN2>payments <w PRP>for <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>compensate <w AV0>in part <w PRP>for <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>.
<s n="2656"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>side <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>wanted <w DT0>these <w NN2>payments <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w PRP>like <w AJ0>other <w NN1>farm <w NN2-VVZ>supports<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reduced <w AV0>accordingly<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w NP0>GATT<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NP0>Uruguay <w AVP>Round<c PUN>.
<s n="2657"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>side <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVG>showing <w AJC>greater <w NN1>flexibility <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>new <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>to <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>President <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>.
<s n="2658"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>offer<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>content<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Delors <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2659"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>major <w NN2>disagreements <w VVD-VVN>remained<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2660"><w NN2>Disagreements <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP-AVP>over <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>for <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>farm <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>price <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRF>of <w NN1>cereal <w NN2>substitutes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2661"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w NP0>GATT <w NN2-VVZ>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="2662"><w PRP>After <w VVG>missing <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>deadline <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN1>target <w VVZ-NN2>dates <w PRP>for <w VVG>completing <w AT0>the <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w NN2>negotiators <w VBD>were <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Dunkel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38746<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2663"><w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>said <w PRP>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21-22 <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w NN2>leaders <w DT0>all <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="2664"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>compromise <w CJC>but <w VVD>gave <w AT0>no <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>new <w NN1>breakthrough<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2665"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>spokesman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marlin <w NP0>Fitzwater<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>collapse<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w AVP>Round<c PUN>.
<s n="2666"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>after <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>between <w NP0>Dunkel <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN2>officials<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06U></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06U>
<s n="2667"><w NP0>US <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>exempt <w NN1>service <w NN2>sectors
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2668"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w NN2>exemptions <w PRP>from <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN2>rules <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w AJ0>key <w NN1>service <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>: <w AJ0>maritime <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w NN1>air <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>telecommunications<c PUN>.
<s n="2669"><w NP0>EC <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w AJ0-VVN>endangered <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2670"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>exemptions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>, <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>most-favoured-nation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>trade <w NN2>partners <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>.
<s n="2671"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>GATT<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rufus <w NP0>Yerxa<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>the <w NN2>exemptions <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>nations <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w DPS>their <w NN2>markets <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>adequate <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>a <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>accord<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06V></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06V>
<s n="2672"><w NP0>GATT <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>policies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2673"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>secretariat <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN2>policies <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unusual <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="2674"><w PNP>It <w VVD>contrasted <w NP0>US <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>accords <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AJC>freer <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="2675"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>Concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>erosion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>basic <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>principles <w PRP>by <w NN1>regionalism<c PUN>, <w NN1>bilateralism<c PUN>, <w NN1>unilateralism <w CJC>or <w AJ0>various <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>managed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>trade <w VBZ>is <w VVG>increasing<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="2676"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>arrangement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAFTA<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38761<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>discussing <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Americas<c PUN>.
<s n="2677"><w NP0>GATT <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AJ0>preferential <w NN2>agreements <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>far-reaching <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2678"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2679"><w NN2>COMMODITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2680"><w AJ0-AV0>Sharp <w NN1-VVB>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN1>price
</head>
<p>
<s n="2681"><w AT0>The <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJS>lowest <w NN1>level <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;336 <w PRP>per <w NN1>troy <w NN1>ounce <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>bullion <w NN1>market <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AV0>over <w NN0>&dollar;800 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2682"><w NN2>Experts <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>short-term <w NN2>factors<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>usual <w AJ0>seasonal <w NN1>slump <c PUL>(<w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>peak <w NN1>consumption <w PRP>at <w NN1>Christmas <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year<c PUR>) <w VVN>combined <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>holy <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w NN1>Ramadan <c PUL>(<w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>trading <w VBD>was <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN-AJ0>subdued <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Middle <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>countries<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>selling <w PRP>by <w AJ0>central <w NN2>banks <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN2>imports <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w NN2>importers<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2683"><w AJ0>Longer-term <w NN2>factors <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN1>price <w VBD>were <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>demand <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prolonged <w NN1>recession <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>slowdown <w PRP>in <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>switch <w PRP>by <w NN2>investors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN1>market <w PRP>to <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVB>reduce <w NN2>supplies <c PUL>(<w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>producer<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06W></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06W>
<s n="2684"><w NP0>US <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>ISO
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2685"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Sugar <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ISO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w AV0>together <w DT0>all <w AJ0>major <w NN2>producers <w CJC>and <w NN2>consumers <w PRF>of <w NN1>sugar<c PUN>.
<s n="2686"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w CJS>after <w AJ0>other <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>US <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>ISO<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>redefinition <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>study <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w PRP>with <w AJ0>price-stabilizing <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2687"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>provisions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBB>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Sugar <w NN1>Agreement <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w PRP>under <w NN1>renegotiation<c PUN>.
<s n="2688"><w PRP>AT <w NP0>US <w NN1>insistence <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>stripped <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>provisions <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2689"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2690"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2691"><w VVZ>CITES <w NN1-VVG>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2692"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>114 <w NN2>governments <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w CRD>1975 <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Trade <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Endangered <w NN0>Species <w PRF>of <w AJ0>wild <w NN0>fauna <w CJC>and <w NN0>flora <c PUL>(<w VVZ>CITES<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w AJ0>triennial <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>2-13 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kyoto<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>meeting <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36988-89<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2693"><w NN1>Ivory <w NN1>trade <w NN1-VVB>ban<c PUN>.
<s n="2694"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>African <w NN1>elephant <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>classified <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>endangered <w NN0>species <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w VVZ>CITES <w NN1>Appendix <w CRD>I <w VVB-NN1>list<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w DT0>that <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>species <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>products <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>banned<c PUN>.
<s n="2695"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Botswana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malawi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Namibia<c PUN>, <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>elephant <w NN2>herds <w VBD>were <w AJ0>healthy <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>growing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>manage <w PNP>them <w PRP>through<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>utilization<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>regulated <w NN1>trading <w PRP>in <w NN1>ivory <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>products <w PRP>from <w AV0>legally <w VVN>culled <w NN2>elephants<c PUN>.
<s n="2696"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kyoto <w NN1>session <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0>African <w NN2>representatives <w VVD>advanced <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>formula<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>regulated <w NN1>trade <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w PRP>with <w NN1>reclassification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w NN1>elephant <w PRP>to <w NN1>Appendix <w CRD>II<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w VVG-NN1>selling <w NN1>elephant <w NN2-VVZ>hides <w CJC>and <w NN1>meat<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>zero <w NN1>quota <c PUL>(<w PRP>until <w CRD>1994<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN1>ivory<c PUN>.
<s n="2697"><w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w PRP>including <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>uncertainty<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VVD>supported <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w NN2>elephants <c PUL>(<w PRP>as for <w NN2>rhinoceroses<c PUN>, <w NN2>cheetahs <w CJC>and <w NN2>leopards<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2698"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w AV0>vocally <w AJ0>hostile <w PRP>to <w VVG>allowing <w DT0>any <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>merely <w VVI>provoke <w AT0>an <w NN1>upsurge <w PRP>in <w VVG>poaching <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>effectively <w VBI>be <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w AT0>the <w NN1>origin <w PRF>of <w NN2>products <w VVN-VVD>offered <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="2699"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0>African <w NN2>delegations <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>their <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN2>complaints <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>conservation <w NN1>imperialism<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN2>warnings <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>confer <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>governments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w VVG>remaining <w AV0>within <w VVZ>CITES<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2700"><w NN1>Protection <w PRP>for <w AJ0>black <w NN1>bear<c PUN>.
<s n="2701"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>government <w AV0>successfully <w VVN-VVD>sponsored <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w VVG>originating <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NN1>conservationist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>list <w AT0>the <w AJ0>black <w NN1>bear <w PRP>in <w NN1>Appendix <w CRD>II <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVB-NN1>limit <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN1>bear <w NN1-VVB>gall <w NN2>bladders <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NN0>rhino <w NN1>horn <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>exotic <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w AJ0>oriental <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>medicine<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2702"><w NP0>Major <w VVG-NN1>importing <w NN2>countries <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVZ>CITES <w NN2>signatories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2703"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NN1>bluefin <w NN0>tuna<c PUN>.
<s n="2704"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w NN1>fishing <w PRP>for <w NN1>bluefin <w NN0>tuna <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west <w NP0>Atlantic<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN2>catches <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Atlantic<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2705"><w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>consumed <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>catch <w PRF>of <w CRD>38,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>joined <w PRP>with <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w NN1>bluefin <w NN0>tuna <w VBD>were <w VVN>caught <w PRP>for <w NN1>sport<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>in <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w NN2>stocks <w VBD>were <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>monitored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w NN1>Conservation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN0>Tuna<c PUN>.
<s n="2706"><w VVB-NN1>Catch <w NN2>reductions <w VBD>were <w VVN>promised<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2707"><w AJ0>Dutch <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w CRD>two <w AJ0>tropical <w NN1>hardwood <w NN1>tree <w NN0>species <w AVP>under <w VVZ>CITES <w NN1>listing <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>angry <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>response <w CJT>that <w VVZ>CITES<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>tool <w PRP>to <w NN1>straitjacket <w AJ0>international <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN1>timber<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Tropical <w NN1>Timber <w NN1>Organization <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2708"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>listed <w CRD>135 <w NN2>infractions <w PRF>of <w VVZ>CITES <w NN1>trade <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989-91<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w DT0>half <w VVG>involving <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2709"><w AV0>Altogether <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,500 <w NN1>animal <w NN0>species <w CJC>and <w CRD>35,000 <w NN2>plants <w VBD>were <w VVN>listed <w AV0>either <w PRP>in <w NN1>Appendix <w CRD>I <w CJC>or <w NN1>Appendix <w CRD>II<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kyoto <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>added <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>45 <w CJC>and <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>upgrading <w PRF>of <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>35 <w NN0>species <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Appendix <w CRD>1 <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
<s n="2710"><w AT0>The <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Swiss-based <w NN1>secretariat <w CJC>and <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <ptr target=HLHCA06X></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06X>
<s n="2711"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>accidents
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2712"><w AT0>A <w NN1>radiation <w NN1>leak <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sosnovyy <w NP0-NN1>Bor<c PUN>, <w CRD>90 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="2713"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VVD>rated <w CRD>two <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>seven-point <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>accidents <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>slight <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>radiation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>surrounding <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>threaten <w AJ0>human <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN2>experts<c PUN>.
<s n="2714"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leak <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>steam <w VVG>escaping <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>channel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>core <w PRF>of <w NN1>reactor <w NN1>number <w CRD>three <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ruptured <w NN1>seal<c PUN>.
<s n="2715"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reactor <w VBD>was <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RBMK <w NN1>type <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w CJS>as <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>at <w NP0>Chernobyl <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34460-62<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2716"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>electrical <w NN1>fire <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>shut-down <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>power <w NN1>unit <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Balakovo <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w CRD>900 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2717"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fire <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>wiring <w AJ0>short <w NN1>circuit<c PUN>.
<s n="2718"><w AT0>No <w NN1>radiation <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA06Y></p>
<caption id=HLHCA06Y>
<s n="2719"><w NN1>Abrogation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hungary <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gabcikovo <w NN1-VVB>dam <w NN1>treaty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2720"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>abrogate <w AT0>the <w CRD>1977 <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VVG>governing <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Gabcikovo-Nagym&aacute;ros <w VVB-NN1>dam <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Danube <w NN1>river <w NN1>frontier <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2721"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Hungary<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w NN2>developments <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38777<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLHCA070></p>
<caption id=HLHCA070>
<s n="2722"><w NP0>US <w NN1>reversal <w PRP>on <w NN1>vehicle <w NN1>pollution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2723"><w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VM0>would <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AV0>originally <w VVN>suggested<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>compel <w NN1>vehicle <w NN2>manufacturers <w TO0>to <w VVI>install <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>new <w NN2>models <w NN2>canisters <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>trap <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>vapours <w PRP>during <w VVG>refuelling<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>increased <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="2724"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w NN1>service <w NN2>stations <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>install <w NN1>vapour <w NN2-VVZ>traps <w AV0>directly <w PRP>on to <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>pumps<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2725"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2726"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2727"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>NASA <w NN1-VVB>head <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>space <w NN1>agency
</head>
<p>
<s n="2728"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>named <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0-NN1>Goldin <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Aeronautics <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Space <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>NASA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in place of <w AJ0-NN1>Rear <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="2729"><w NP0>Richard <w NP0>H. <w AV0>Truly <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2730"><w NP0>Adml.
<s n="2731"><w AV0>Truly<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>astronaut<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37437<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>deemed <w AV0>insufficiently <w AJ0>cost-effective <w CJS>when <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN1-VVG>launching <w NN2>systems<c PUN>.
<s n="2732"><w NN1-NP0>Goldin <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w NP0>TRW<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NP0>US <w NN1>defence <w NN1>concern<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <w VBN>been <w AJ0>general <w NN1>manager <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>space <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w NN1>division<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2733"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>13 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>RKA<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="2734"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agency <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>directed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yuri <w NP0>Koptev<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w AJ0-NN1>complex <w NP0>VPK<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w CRD>150 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="2735"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>budget <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2736"><w CJS>After <w AV0>over <w CRD>300 <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w NN1>space <w AT0>the <w NN1>cosmonaut <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Krikalyov <w VVD>returned <w AV0>safely <w PRP>to <w NN1>earth <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mir <w NN1>space <w NN1>station <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>since <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="2737"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Soyuz <w CRD>TM-13 <w NN1>flight <w DTQ>which <w VVD>relieved <w PNP>him <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>demise <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2738"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2739"><w NP0-NN1>ICRC
</head>
<p>
<s n="2740"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <w VVD-AJ0>elected <w NP0>Peter <w VVZ>Fuchs <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Director-General <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Guy <w NP0>Deluz <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38795<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2741"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2742"><w NP0>IMF
</head>
<p>
<s n="2743"><w NN1-NP0>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>file <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w NP0>March <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VBD>was <w PRP>near to <w VVG>finalizing <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership <w PRP>for <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
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<bncDoc id=HLJ>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 61433 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 896 Kbytes running text, containing about 61433 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLJ</idno><idno type="old"> krw204 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. 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PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7225"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="269"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="126"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="350"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="950"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="257"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2752"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="58212"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7225"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="269"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="126"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="350"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="950"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="257"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2752"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="58212"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>coup
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w VVD-AJ0>seized <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>army-backed <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w VVG>suspending <w DT0>those <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w VVD-VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>convince <w AT0>a <w AJ0>visiting <w AJ0-NN1>fact-finding <w NN1>mission <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>intent<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>plebiscite <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>pledged <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD-AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>previously <w AJ0-VVN>scheduled <w AJ0>municipal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Congress <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>beyond <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w CRD>1995<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>set <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="7"><w DT0>These <w NN2>pledges <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w ORD>First <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Maximo <w NP0>San <w NP0>Rom&aacute;n <w NP0>C&aacute;ceres<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>symbolically <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>President<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in front of <w CRD>200 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deposed <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w PNP>He <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constitutional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>role <w PRP>from <w ORD>Second <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>assumed <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>absence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="9"><w NP0>San <w NP0>Rom&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0-NN1>Cambio <w CRD>90 <w NN1>party <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>traitor<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>challenged <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>rejected<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="11"><w PRP>In response to <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constitutional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Fujimori <w NN1>government <w AJ0-VVN>authorized <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w VVN-AJ0>dismissed <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>officials <w PNQ>who <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>relinquish <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w CJC>or <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w AVP>up <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w VVD>performed <w NN2>duties <w CJC>or <w VVD>issued <w NN2>orders <w PRP>without <w AJ0>due <w NN1>authorization<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w DT0>This <w AJS>latest <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>informed <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sign <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>succumbing <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN2>pressures<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>MacLean<c PUN>, <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w PNP>his <w AV0>internationally <w AJ0-VVN>respected <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Bolo&ntilde;a <w NP0>Bohr<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w AJ0>International <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w NP0-NN1>Bolo&ntilde;a <w CJT>that <w PRP-CJS>notwithstanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>creditable <w NN1>performance <w PRP>in <w VVG>meeting <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>targets<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="14"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bolo&ntilde;a <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Blacker <w NP0>Miller<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJS>bitterest <w NN2>critics<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>learned <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VHD>had <w VVN>persuaded <w NP0-NN1>Bolo&ntilde;a <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below <w PRP>for <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA000></p>
<caption id=HLJCA000>
<s n="15"><w NN1>Organization <w CJC>and <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup
</caption>
<p>
<s n="16"><w AT0>The <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w NN1>coup <w VBD>was <w AV0>meticulously <w VVN>planned <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRP>by <w AJ0>military <w NN2>advisers <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>chief <w PRP>among <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>was <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Vladimiro <w NP0>Montesinos<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>little-known <w NN1>figure<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w PNP>It <w VVD>came <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>surprise <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reopening <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority<c PUR>) <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w NN1>recess<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="18"><w AT0>The <w NN1>style <w CJC>and <w NN1>ease <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w VVD>gave <w NN1>credence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>in keeping with <w DPS>his <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>main <w NN1>purpose <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>root <w AVP>out <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>restricted <w DPS>its <w NN2>actions <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>seizing <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>buildings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>placing <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>politicians <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>released<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>APRA<c PUR>) <w DT0>former <w NN1>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Abel <w NP0>Salinas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>August&iacute;n <w NP0>Mantilla<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>APRA <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Negreiros<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="19"><w AT0>The <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>tanks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>at <w AJ0>key <w NN2>intersections<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AJ0>minimal <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>to <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>life <w CJC>and <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>no <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>four <w AJ0>major <w NN1>bomb <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>between <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>port <w NP0-NN1>Callao <w VVD>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w CRD>dozens <w AV0>more<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protest <w NN1>march <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>1,000 <w NN1>construction <w NN2>workers <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w AV0>However <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w AV0>under <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>military <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0>abnormal <w NN2>disturbances <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="22"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN2>restrictions <w VBD>were <w VVN>imposed <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w AV0>quickly <w VVN>lifted<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>weekly <w AJ0>current <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>magazine <w NP0>Caretas <w VBD>was <w VVN>closed <w AVP>down <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NN2>commentators <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>inferring <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w VBD>was <w NP0-NN1>APRA<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>APRA <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>recently <w VVN>cleared <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>angered <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38718<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>fuelled <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VBD>was <w AJ0>APRA-dominated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="24"><w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w VVD>went <w AV0>underground <w CJC>and <w VVD>issued <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>resistance<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VVD>found <w AV0>little <w VVB-NN1>echo <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>confidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>public<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>contention <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w VBD>were <w AJ0>corrupt <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVG>obstructing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w VVD>pronounced <w PNX>itself <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w CJS>while <w VVG>conceding <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>eradicate <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>drug-trafficking <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA001></p>
<caption id=HLJCA001>
<s n="27"><w NN1-VVB>Issue <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>decrees<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN2>judges
</caption>
<p>
<s n="28"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>act <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w AJ0>self-styled <w AJ0>national <w NN1>emergency <w CJC>and <w NN1>reconstruction <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>decrees<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>formalized <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w VVD>set <w AT0>an <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>normalization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="29"><w AT0>The <w NN2>decrees <w VVD>authorized <w AT0>a <w NN1>crack-down <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN2-VVZ>judges<c PUN>, <w CRD>13 <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>12<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>provisional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>134 <w NN2-VVZ>judges <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lima <w CJC>and <w NP0>Callao <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Comptroller <w NP0>General <w NP0>Luz <w UNC>Aurea <w NP0>Saenz <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Herminia <w NP0>Drago <w NP0>Correa<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>approved <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>drastic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>drugs <w NN1-VVB>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>increasing <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>leniency <w VVN>shown <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>suspects <w VHD>had <w AV0>especially <w VVN>alienated <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>circuit <w NN2>judges <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>habitually <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w NN2>threats <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>or <w VBD>were <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>accepted <w NN2-VVZ>bribes <w PRP>from <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>police <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VVI>move <w AV0>quickly <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Castro <w NP0>Castro <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>900 <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>inmates <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AJ0>no-go <w NN2>areas <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w NN1>status<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA002></p>
<caption id=HLJCA002>
<s n="37"><w NN2>Resignations <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="38"><w PRP>In response to <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minster<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alfonso <w UNC>de <w UNC>los <w NN2>Heros <w NP0>Perez <w NP0>Alba<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-AJ0>resigned <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>M&eacute;ndez <w NP0>Jurado<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Ernesto <w NP0>Denegri <w NP0-NN1>Cornejo<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez <w NP0>Alv&aacute;rez<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Su&aacute;rez <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="40"><w NN2>Fujimori <w VVD>named <w NP0>Oscar <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Puente <w NP0>Raygada<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Blacker <w NP0>Miller<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Camet <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>V&iacute;ctor <w NP0>Joy <w NN1>Way<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA003></p>
<caption id=HLJCA003>
<s n="43"><w NP0>OAS <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>response
</caption>
<p>
<s n="44"><w AT0>An <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>OAS <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>deeply <w VVD-VVN>deplored<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN1>action <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w NN1-VVB>position <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38522<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>decided <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w NP0>Blacker <w NP0>Miller<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w AV0>then <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w AV0>formally <c PUL>(<w CJS>whereas <w NP0>San <w NP0>Rom&aacute;n <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>hearing<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>adequate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="46"><w AT0>An <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>delegation <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Peru <w CJC>and <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w UNC>non <w NN1>committal <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVD>suspended <w UNC>US&dollar;320,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w CJC>but <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>anti-drugs <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w NP0>Venezuela <w VVD>suspended <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w NP0>Colombia <w VVD>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>links<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rio <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bolivian<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Chilean<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Honduran <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Jamaican <w NN2>governments <w PRP>in <w VVG>expressing <w DPS>their <w AJS>deepest <w NN1>concern<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w NP0>Argentina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNI>none <w VVD>withdrew <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Fujimori <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Roman <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="50"><w NP0>Spain <w VVD>froze <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>froze <w UNC>US&dollar;110,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w NP0>Japan <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w UNC>US&dollar;527,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w VVG>fuelling <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VHD>had <w VVN>cleared <w DPS>his <w NN1>coup <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA004></p>
<caption id=HLJCA004>
<s n="53"><w NN1>Army <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso
</caption>
<p>
<s n="54"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>clash <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJC>broader <w NN1>mandate <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Marxist <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVG>Shining <w NN1>Path<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w VVD-VVN>moved <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Raucana <w NN1>shanty <w NN1>town <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w VVN>run <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>model<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Sendero <w NN1>development<c PUN>; <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w DT0>more <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w NP0-NN1>Raucana<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Valent&iacute;n <w NP0>Capcha <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>critics <w VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w NN1>violence <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VVI>escalate<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sendero<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VVN>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>provoke <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w PNX>itself <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>force <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>repressive <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA005></p>
<caption id=HLJCA005>
<s n="57"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft
</caption>
<p>
<s n="58"><w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>jet <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unarmed <w NP0>US <w CRD>C-130 <w NN1>transport <w NN1>plane <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>ocean<c PUN>, <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w AV0>on board<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>person <w VBD>was <w VVN>sucked <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>damaged <w NN1>plane <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w PRP>at <w NP0>Tara<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,000 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="59"><w NN2>Fujimori<c PUN>, <w VVG>justifying <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>C-130<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PNP>US <w AJ0-NN1>anti-drug <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0-NN1>Huallaga <w NP0-NN1>Valley <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>coca<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>carried <w AT0>no <w NN2>markings <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w AJ0>visual <w NN2>warnings<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>decrees<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w VHD>had <w NP0>ben <w VVN>assigned <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w NN2>airstrips <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0-NN1>Huallaga<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>shoot <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN0>aircraft <w DTQ>which <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>identify <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w VVG>denying <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>, <w AV0>en route <w PRP>to <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1>course<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="62"><w NP0>ASIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="63"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="64"><w NN1-VVB>Fall <w PRF>of <w NP0>Najibullah <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>regime
</head>
<p>
<s n="65"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>14 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>guerrillas <w AV0>finally <w VVD-VVN>toppled <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet-backed <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w AT0>The <w NN1>creation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>upheavals <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>beset <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>ousting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarchy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>turmoil<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>simmering <w AJ0>ethnic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>religious <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>rivalries <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>erupt <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>regime <w VVN>rendered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>dominance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Pashtun <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVG>raising <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>concerns <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>Pashtun <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>powerful<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>northern-based <w NP0>Tajik<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbek <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJC>smaller <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>victory <w AV0>also <w VHD>had <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>implications<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VVG>bordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA006></p>
<caption id=HLJCA006>
<s n="70"><w NN2>Events <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w NP0>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w NN1>removal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="71"><w AT0>A <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VHD>had <w VVN>presaged <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Kabul-based <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="72"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Najibullah <w AV0>formally <w VVN>announced <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>to <w AV0>further <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>interim<c PUN>, <w AJ0>all-party <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38811<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>for <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Benon <w NP0-NN1>Sevan<c PUN>, <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>established <w AT0>an <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w CJS>Given that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>direction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w AV0>in general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sevan<w POS>'s <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>deadline <w VVD>prompted <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>factions <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w DPS>their <w NN2>positions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="75"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AV0>swiftly <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>capture <w PRP>by <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mazar-i-Sharif <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>strongholds<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>dominant <w AJ0>military <w NN1>figure <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>assault <w VBD>was <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Masud<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>commander <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>banner <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burhanuddin <w NP0>Rabbani<w POS>'s <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1-NP0>Jamiat-i <w NN1-NP0>Islami<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>peaceful<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Masud <w VVG>arranging <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>alliances <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN0>militia <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w AJ0>non-Pashtun <w NN1>minority <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w CJS>As <w NP0>Masud<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>closed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>east<c PUN>, <w VVG>encountering <w AJ0>little <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w VVG>making <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>alliances <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>from <w NP0>Gulbuddin <w NP0>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NN1>rival<c PUN>, <w AJ0>hardline <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w VVD>closed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w NN1>east<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w PRP>By <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <w AV0>both <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>poised <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>diplomatic <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN1-NP0>Sevan <w VBD>was <w VVG>making <w AJ0>desperate <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>broker <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA007></p>
<caption id=HLJCA007>
<s n="80"><w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Najibullah
</caption>
<p>
<s n="81"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Najibullah <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NN1>power <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0-NN1>Hezb-e <w NP0-NN1>Watan<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w AJ0>military <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low-key <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG>reaching <w NP0>Kabul <w NN1>airport <w PRP>by <w NN2>troops <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>Uzbek <w NN0>militia <w NN1>leader <w AV0>previously <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Pashtun <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>switched <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Masud<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w ITJ>Najibullah <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>refuge <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sevan<w POS>'s <w NP0>UN <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>remained <w PRP>as of <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="84"><w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kabul <w NN1>regime <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w AVQ-CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Chief<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Babrak <w NP0>Karmal <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>changed <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hezb-e <w NP0-NN1>Watan <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1987 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w CJS-AVQ>When <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>forces <w VVD>completed <w DPS>their <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w NN2>commentators <w VVN-VVD>predicated <w NP0>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>downfall<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>survive <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="87"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Gholam <w NP0>Faruq <w NP0-NN1>Yaqubi<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w AJ0>committed <w NN1>suicide <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w PRP>after <w NN1>learning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w NN1>downfall<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="88"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w VBD>was <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0-VVG>confusing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w NP0>Najibullah<w POS>'s <w NN1>removal<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w ITJ>Najibullah <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>basis <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abdorrahim <w NP0-NN1>Hatef<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>Vice-Presidents<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>real <w NN1>power <w VVD>fell <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kabul <w NN1>garrison<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nabi <w NP0-NN1>Azimi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tajik<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hezb-e <w NP0-NN1>Watan<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Najibullah<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NP0>Farid <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Mazdak<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tajik <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="92"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>such <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>cosmetic<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>fate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VVN-VVD>rested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w NP0>Masud <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w AJ0-VVG>Leading <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Abdol <w NP0>Wakil<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>entered <w PRP>into <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>transition<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w VVB>Masud <w AJ0>assured <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>attack <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Hekmatyar <w VVD>insisted <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>surrender <w CJC>and <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>an <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w DT0>both <w NN2>groups <w VVD>began <w VVG>infiltrating <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>key <w NN2>locations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="96"><w PRP>Throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Najibullah <w VVD>caused <w AV0>most <w AJ0>local <w NN2>militias <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w DT0>all <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AV0>either <w VVB>surrender <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVB>enter <w PRP>into <w AJ0>power-sharing <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>units<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>towns <w VVD>fell <w AV0>peacefully <w PRP>into <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>hands<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVG-NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w AV0>ethnically <w VVN-AJ0>rooted<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w VVI>break <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w AT0>The <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Najibullah <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>prompted <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w VVG>moving <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA008></p>
<caption id=HLJCA008>
<s n="99"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>power <w NN1-VVB>transfer <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="100"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>initiated <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>broker <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0-NN1>Mian <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>organized <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peshawar <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w AJ0>Initial <w NN2>discussions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>fruitless<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-stage <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="103"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>51-member <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>IJC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-month <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>government <w PRP>after <w CRD>four <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w ITJ>Seghbatullah <w NP0>Mujjaddedi<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w NP0>Jebha-i-Nejat-i-Melli <w NP0>Afghanistan <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>IJC<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>included <w CRD>30 <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>field <w NN2>commanders<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN2>clergymen <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN2>intellectuals<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>IJC <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>portfolios <w VBD>were <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AJ0>various <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>to <w NP0>Masud<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w VVB-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>position <w PRP>after <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJ0>military <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian-based <w AJ0>Shi'ite <w NN2>factions <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>withheld <w DPS>their <w NN1>support<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA009></p>
<caption id=HLJCA009>
<s n="109"><w NN1>Entry <w PRF>of <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>forces <w PRP>into <w NP0>Kabul <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>Fighting <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Masud <w NN2>factions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="110"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w NP0>Masud<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w VVD>entered <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>six-member <w NP0>Kabul <w NN1>City <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>IJC <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peshawar<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>allied <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>with <w NP0>Masud<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>Pashtun <w NN2>hardliners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Raz <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Paktin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="113"><w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Aslam <w NP0-NN1>Watanjar<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>rival <w NN2>factions <w VVD>began <w AV0>almost <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Masud<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w AV0>quickly <w VVG>gaining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>hand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="115"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VVG>involving <w NN2>tanks<c PUN>, <w NN1>artillery <w CJC>and <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>ceasefire <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NN2>fighters <w VBD>were <w VVN>ejected <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>stronghold<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w PRP>After <w VVG>losing <w AT0>the <w NN1>battle <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hekmatyar <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>commanders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ustad <w NP0>Farid<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rabbani<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00A>
<s n="119"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>State
</caption>
<p>
<s n="120"><w NN1>Power <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan <w NN1>government <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>IJC <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w NP0>Mujjaddedi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>travelled <w AV0>overland <w PRP>from <w NP0>Peshawar <w PRP>along with <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>other <w NN1>IJC <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w AT0>The <w NN2>reins <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w VBD>were <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Abdol <w AJ0-VVD>Wahed <w NN1-NP0>Sorabi<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN2>Vice-Presidents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="123"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w PRP>except <w NP0>Najibullah<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="125"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="126"><w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>FORMER <w AJ0>YUGOSLAV <w NN2>REPUBLICS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="127"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>state
</head>
<p>
<s n="128"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Serbia <c PUL>(<w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vojvodina<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w DT0>This <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="130"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w CJS>after<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>questions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>negotiated<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>denied <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w PRP>within <w NP0>Croatia<c PUR>) <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>as <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>own <w NN1>mother <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="132"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <c PUL>(<w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>73 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Montenegrin <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>assemblies <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w PRP>In <w NN1>draft <w VVB-NN1>form <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN2>principles <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38833<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="134"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>President <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>together <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sovereign <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>equality <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>member <w NN2>republics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VHD>had <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w NN2>issues <w XX0>not <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>competence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNA<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>comprise <w AV0>only <w VVB>FRY <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>Army <w VM0>would <w VVI>operate <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="139"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>law <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>, <w VVN>concentrated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vojvodina <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VVD>distanced <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>, <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution<w POS>'s <w NN1>omission <w PRF>of <w AJ0>collective <w AJ0>political <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w VVD>pressed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w VVB>Bujar <w NP0-NN1>Bukoshi<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Albanian<c PUR>) <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Berisha<c PUN>, <w VVD>welcomed <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>demand <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>right <w PRP>for <w NN1>self <w NN1>determination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Albanians <w PRP>in <w AJ0>ex-Yugoslavia<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLJCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00B>
<s n="142"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>reactions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="143"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w VVG>proclaiming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>except for <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>non-aligned <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="144"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Greek <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Constantine <w NP0>Mitsotakis<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serbia <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w VVG>delaying <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>independence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38779 <w CJC>and <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="146"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>preceded <w AT0>a <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>debate <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>exclusion <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>welcoming <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w DPS>its <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>stressing <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>thereby <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>laid <w NN1-VVB>claim <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>representation <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>its <w AJ0>non-aligned <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>guided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<w POS>'s <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>Charter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Europe <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37838<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLJCA00C></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00C>
<s n="149"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="150"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NBY<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w NN1-VVG>rescheduling <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>debts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>totalled <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w AV0>once again <w VVD-VVN>devalued <w AT0>the <w NN1>dinar<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRP>by <w CRD>57 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>rate <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deutschmark <w AJ0>falling <w PRP>from <w UNC>DM1.00=85 <w NN2>dinars <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM1.00=200 <w NN2>dinars <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>devaluations <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38704<c PUN>; <w CRD>38833<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dinar <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>official <w NN1>currency <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN2>republics <w PRP>except <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38513<c PUN>; <w CRD>38685<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="153"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VHD>had <w AV0>conditionally <w VVN>ended <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Serbia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>imposition <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38559<c PUN>; <w CRD>38684<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>warned <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>even <w AT0>a <w NN1>severing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>abated <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00D>
<s n="154"><w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="155"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38832<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>350 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>420,000 <w AJ0>left <w AJ0>homeless<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w AJ0>EC-sponsored <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>EC-backed <w NN2>ceasefires<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w DPS>its <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00E>
<s n="158"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="159"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luxembourg <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>reversal <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w PRP>In <w NN1>response <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ethnic <w NP0>Serbs <w PNQ>who <w VVD>feared <w NN1>separation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Serbia <w AJ0>proper<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NP0>Feb. <w NP0>29-March <w CRD>2 <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38832<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="162"><w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="163"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>president <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jure <w NP0>Pelivan <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w VVN>submitted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>appointing <w PNP>him <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Minister-designate <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>radically <w AJ0-VVN>restructured <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00F>
<s n="164"><w NN1>Course <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="165"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w UNC>7,000-strong <w NN1>peace <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w VBD>was <w VVN>fired <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w NN2>snipers <w PRP>from <w AV0>inside <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<w POS>'s <w NN2>hotels<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN>stormed <w PRP>by <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="166"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>stage <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0-NN1>Mostar <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Visegrad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Foca<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w NN1>Air <w NN1>force <w NN2>jets <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>towns <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Bosnia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w NN1>Fighting <w VVN-VVD>worsened <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bosnian-Serb <w NN1>border <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Croatia <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>corridor <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosanska <w NP0>Krajina <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NP0>Serb <w NN1>enclave <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w NP0>Serb <w NN2>forces <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zvornik<c PUN>, <w NP0>Srebrenica <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Bratunac <w PRP>near <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>districts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w DT0>Most <w AJ0>main <w NN2>roads <w VBD>were <w VVN>cut<c PUN>, <w VVG>creating <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w VVG>Fighting <w AV0>also <w VVB>set <w AJ0>alight <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w NN1>refinery <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosanski <w NP0-NN1>Brod <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian-Croatian <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="172"><w NP0>Sarajevo <w PNX>itself <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>artillery <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Serbs <w VBD>were <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>in <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>counter-attacks <w VVN-VVD>followed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>hospitals <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2>monitors<w POS>' <w NN0>headquarters <w VVG>coming <w PRP>under <w NN1>fire<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>EC-brokered <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>within <w NN2>hours <w CJS>as <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w VVD-VVN>resumed<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>bombardment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w VVD>intensified <w AV0>thereafter<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00G>
<s n="176"><w NN2>Attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>arrangements <w CJC>and <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="177"><w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Carrington<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w VVD>brokered <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN>broken <w PRP>within <w NN2>hours <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>national <w NN2>parties<c PUN>: <w NP0>President <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Moslem<c PUR>) <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadzic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>Mate <w NN1>Boban <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDZ<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38832<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>map<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="180"><w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w AJ0-NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>their <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w NN1-VVB>accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38832<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN2>republics <w AV0>formerly <w VVG>comprising <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w DPS>their <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>links<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="182"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>truce <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12 <w VVD>brokered <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w NN1>envoy <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Cutilheiro <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VBN>been <w VVN>ignored<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w NP0>EC <w NN2>negotiators <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>, <w VVG>acting <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w AJ0>Blagoje <w NN1>Adzic<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>envoy <w NP0-NN1>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00H>
<s n="186"><w NP0-NN1>JNA <w NN1>involvement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="187"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>consistently <w VVN-VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>participant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>JNA<w POS>'s <w NN1>role<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>irregular <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN0>militia<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>presidency <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accused <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>irregulars <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>JNA <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="190"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>intensified <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>due to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>disseminated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tanjug <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w AV0>virtually <w VVN>declared <w NN1>war <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00J>
<s n="192"><w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="193"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>recommended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Serb-populated <w NN2>areas <w PRP>within <w NP0>Croatia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38778<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;26,000,000 <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>estimated <w NN1>cost<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>negotiated <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w AV0>generally <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w NN2>violations <w CJC>and <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>side<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>intensify <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="195"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Great <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slavonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baranja <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Western <w NN1-NP0>Srem <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>statute <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w VVG>incorporating <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>unit <w PRP>within <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38685<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00K>
<s n="196"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="197"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VVD>recognized <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VDD>did <w AV0>so <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w VVG>recognizing <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>recognized <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w VVD-AJ0>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NP0>Croatia <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w DPS>its <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Holocaust<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w NP0>China <w VVD>recognized <w DT0>both <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w NP0>France <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>confirming <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w NP0>Slovenia<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00L>
<s n="202"><w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="203"><w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Franjo <w NP0>Greguric <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w PNI>None <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>named <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="205"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ivan <w NN1>Vekic<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sabor <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w DPS>His <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Jarnjak<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN-VVD>served <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Vladimir <w NN1>Pavletic <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>over <w NN2>schoolbooks <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>name <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother <w NN1>country <w PRP>as <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00M>
<s n="208"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Slovenian <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="209"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovene <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w VVB>Lojze <w NP0>Peterle <w VVD>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>devote <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w NN1-VVB>work <c PUL>(<w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>126 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w CRD>208 <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NP0>Janez <w NP0>Drnovsek<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Minister-designate<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w NP0-NN1>Drnovsek <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w PRP>within <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="213"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DEMOS <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Opposition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w AV0>initially <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37381<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>to <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>dissolved <w PNX>itself <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38685<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>split <w PRP>into <w NN1-AJ0>conservative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NN2>Peasants<w POS>'<c PUR>) <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>early <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w PRP>With <w CRD>27 <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>little <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>cumbersome <w CJC>and <w AJ0>inefficient<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>faced <w NN1>criticism <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>slowness <w PRP>in <w VVG>implementing <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marko <w NP0>Voljc<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="219"><w NP0>Peterle <c PUL>(<w VVN>born <w PRP>in <w CRD>1948<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <w PRP-CJS>since <w NN1>autumn <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w AV0>Latterly<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w VBG>being <w AV0>more <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVG>restoring <w NN1>dignity <w PRP>to <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG>strengthening <w NP0>Slovenia<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>Catholic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>traditions <w CJS>than <w PRP>about <w VVG>solving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>rule <w CJC>and <w NN1>independence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00N>
<s n="221"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="222"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN>delayed<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Kiro <w NP0>Gligorov<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luxembourg <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Greece <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>abusing <w DPS>its <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NP0>EC <w NN1>member<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w VVG>recognizing <w NP0>Macedonia <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>parliament <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>denar<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-year <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>coupon <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM1.00=360 <w NN2>denars<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="225"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w NP0>Macedonia <w VVD>recognized <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Macedonia-Slovenia <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38833<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="228"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Skopje <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>population <w VBB>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>nation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w NN2>Albanians <w VHG>having <w VVN>proclaimed <w DPS>their <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ilirida <w PRP>in <w NN1>north-west <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN2>enlistments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>army <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>Albanians <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>obey <w AT0>the <w NN1>call-up<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="231"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="232"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="233"><w NN2>MPs<w POS>' <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w NP0>ANC <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals
</head>
<p>
<s n="234"><w CRD>Five <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPs<c PUR>) <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>future <w VVB-NN1>sit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whites-only <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w CJS>as <w NN2>independents <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w VVN>registered <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>delight <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN-VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>tricameral <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>regarded <w CJS>as <w AV0>essentially <w AJ0>racist<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="236"><w NP0>David <w NP0>Dalling<c PUN>, <w NP0>DP <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>whip<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>van <w NP0>Eck<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jannie <w NP0>Momberg<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Cronje <w CJC>and <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Haswell <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle<c PUN>&hellip; <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NN1>racism<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>distrust<c PUN>, <w NN1>minority <w NN2>fears <w CJC>and <w NN1>poverty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVG>acting<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>white <w NN2>constituents <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>politically <w VVN-VVD>disenfranchised<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN0>MPs <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w VVG>formalizing <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>long-standing <w NN1>relationship <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VVN>earned <w PNP>them <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>respect<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w VVG>underlining <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0>truly <w AJ0>non-racial <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00P>
<s n="239"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="240"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w VVB-NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>made <w AJ0>new<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>detailed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w NN1>table <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0>CODESA<c PUR>) <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="241"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NP <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w DPS>its <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-chamber <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38798<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>propose <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w VVB>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>suggested <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>power <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>council <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>legislature <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38422<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>proposal <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>rotate <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-monthly <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="244"><w AT0>A <w NN1>key <w NN1>change <w PRP>to <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>council <w VBB>be <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w DT0>Each <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>nominate <w CRD>one <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w VM0>would <w VVI>comprise <w DT0>those <w NN2>candidates <c PUL>(<w PRP>between <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w PRP>in <w NN1>number<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VVD>obtained <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>specify <w AT0>the <w NN1>length <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>council<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>indicated <w DPS>his <w NN1>desire <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>body <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>years <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38798<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="247"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>were <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>spectrum<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AV0>firmly <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w DTQ>which <w VVD>described <w PNP>them <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>perpetuate <w AJ0>white <w NN1>rule <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>delay <w AJ0>true <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>said<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>evident <w CJT>that <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w AV0>really <w VVB>seek <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>incumbency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w AV0>even <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>loses <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="250"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>objections <w VBD>were <w VVN>voiced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w AJ0-VVD>Reformed <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VVI>confer <w NN1>power <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w AJ0>back <w NN1>door<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00R>
<s n="252"><w NP0>CP <w NN1>movement <w PRP>towards <w NN2>negotiations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="253"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>its <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>all-white <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38798<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CP<c PUR>) <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>caucus <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>white <w NN1>state <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>volkstaat<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>volkstaat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>CODESA <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38705<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CP <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w VVG>entering <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CODESA <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AV0>seemingly <w AJ0>contradictory <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Koos <w NP0>van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Merwe<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>enthusiastic <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CP <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>on <w AJ0>disciplinary <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00S>
<s n="257"><w NN2>Calls <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w NN1>force
</caption>
<p>
<s n="258"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>abdicated <w DPS>its <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>black <w NN2>townships<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="259"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alexandra <w NN1>township<c PUN>, <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Johannesburg<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AV0>over <w CRD>30 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>2,600 <w VVD>made <w AJ0>homeless <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>preceding <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>placing <w DT0>this <w NN1>demand <w AV0>urgently <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>approaching <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>dispatching <w NN2>monitors <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>nerve-centres<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Transvaal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Natal <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="261"><w NP0>Mandela<w POS>'s <w NN1>call <w VBD>was <w VVN>echoed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>anti-apartheid <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VVD>held <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>summit <w PRP>on <w NN1>violence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Johannesburg <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AV0>together <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PAC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azanian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>AZAPO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Inkatha<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>monitoring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00T>
<s n="264"><w NN1>Death <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w NN2>police <w NN1>officer
</caption>
<p>
<s n="265"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w NP0>Pietermaritzburg <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>judge <w VVN>sentenced <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>station <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mitchell<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>after <w VVG>finding <w PNP>him <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>murdering <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>black <w NN2>mourners <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>funeral <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>conviction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>white <w NN2>police <w NN1>officer <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w DT0>such <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>special <w NN2>police <w NN2>constables <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w AJ0>15-year <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w AT0>The <w NN1>judge <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NN2>police <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>ranks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>cover-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00U>
<s n="269"><w NP0>Winnie <w NP0>Mandela
</caption>
<p>
<s n="270"><w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>separating <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w NP0>Winnie<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w CRD>34 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>marriage<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>tensions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w NN2>differences <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>midst <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>about <w NP0>Winnie <w NP0>Mandela<w POS>'s <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>youth<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Stompie<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Moeketsi <w NP0>Seipei<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38179<c PUN>; <w CRD>38324 <w PRP>for <w DPS>her <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>kidnap<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Soweto <w NN1>doctor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abubaker <w NP0-NN1>Asvat<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="273"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w NP0>Winnie <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>department <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w DPS>Her <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>out of <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>false <w NN2>allegations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w PNP>her<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00V>
<s n="275"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="276"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Barend <w UNC>du <w NP0-NN1>Plessis <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>retire <w PRP>from <w NN1>politics <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VBD>was <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>about <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w UNC>Du <w NP0-NN1>Plessis<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w CJS>as <w AJ0>heir-apparent <w PRP>to <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>retiring <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-AJ0>exhausted<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w DPS>His <w NN1>departure <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>portrayed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00W>
<s n="279"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="280"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>African <w NN2>states <w VVN-VVD>improved <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="281"><w VVB-NN1>State <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w VBD>were <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>21-gun <w NN1>salute <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>national <w NN1>anthem <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>critic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>said <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w VVD>showed <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>moving <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fold<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida <w VVD>heaped <w NN1-VVB>praise <w PRP>on <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<c PUN>, <w VVG>comparing <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>anti-apartheid <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>including <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>, <w NP0>Archbishop <w NP0-NN1>Desmond <w NP0-NN1>Tutu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Biko<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Black <w NN1>Consciousness <w NN1>Movement <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>police <w NN1>custody <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>28663<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w PNP>He <w VVD>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>delight <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>at last <w PNI>someone <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w NN1>business<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w DPS>their <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>vision <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>built <w PRP-AVP>around <w NN1>Nigerian-South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>enhance <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>continent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="286"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VVD-VVN>produced <w DT0>few <w AJ0>concrete <w NN2>results <w PRP>in terms of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>agreements <w CJC>or <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>encounter <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>potential <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>fruitful <w NN1>relationship<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="287"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Seychelles <w VVD>established <w AJ0>consular <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Djibouti <w VVD>lifted <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>trade <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>travel <w NN2>restrictions <w CJS>whilst <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>African <w NN1>country <c PUL>(<w PRP>after <w NP0>Malawi<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w NN2>ambassadors<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Zambia <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>taking <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w NN1>tourism <w VVZ-NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="291"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>oil <w NN1>embargo <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>as well as <w DT0>all <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>bans <w PRP>on <w NN1-VVG>sporting<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>links<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="292"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="293"><w NP0>NAMIBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="294"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="295"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Sam <w NP0>Nujoma <w VVD>reshuffled <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38087-88 <w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>changes<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="296"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Otto <w NP0>Herrigel<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gerhard <w NP0>Hanekom<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Water <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w DT0>former <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NP0>Industry <w NP0>Anton <w NP0>von <w NP0>Wietersheim <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w NP0>Hanekom<w POS>'s <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>drought <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w NP0-NN1>Hanekom<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w VVD>ensured <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>representation <w PRF>of <w NN2>German-speakers<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Kabelwa <w NP0>Kabajani<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>Communication<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Marco <w NP0>Hausiku<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Lands<c PUN>, <w NN1>Resettlement <w CJC>and <w NN1>Rehabilitation<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>exchanged <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="300"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="301"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="302"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>date <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="303"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="304"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lopo <w NP0>Fortunato <w NP0>Ferreira <w VDB>do <w NP0-NN1>Nascimento<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Ant&oacute;nio <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>Kassoma<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w NP0-NN1>Kassoma<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Brandao<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Ramos <w NP0>da <w NP0>Cruz <w VVD>moved <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN2>Fisheries <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>de <w NP0>Fatima <w NP0>Jardim<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cuanza <w NP0-NN1>Sul <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w NP0>Norberto <w NP0>Fernandes <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="309"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w VDB>do <w NP0-NN1>Nascimento <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal <w TO0>to <w VVI>hasten <w NN1>election <w NN2>preparations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00X>
<s n="310"><w NN2>Accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>accord <w NN2>violations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="311"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w NN1>speech <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38180<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>barbaric <w CJC>and <w AJ0>gratuitous <w NN1>violence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>UNITA <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w AV0>still <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="312"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>accusations <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>N'Zau <w NP0>Puna <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>defected <w PRP>from <w NP0>UNITA <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38803<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w AJ0>local <w NN0>media <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>reported <w NN2>claims <w PRP>by <w NP0>N'zau <w NP0>Puna <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>20,000 <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w VVN>hidden <w PRP>near <w NP0>Licua<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>mobilized <w VM0>should <w NP0>UNITA <w VVI>lose <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w NP0>UNITA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>confined <w DPS>their <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NN1>assembly <w NN2-VVZ>points<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLJCA00Y>
<s n="315"><w NN1>Execution <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup <w NN2>plotters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="316"><w VVG>Responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Renewal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>plotters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1977 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>28489<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>listed <w VBD>were <w NP0>Nito <w NP0>Alves<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bakalof<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0-NN1>Fortunato <w CJC>and <w NP0>M'bala <w NP0-NN1>Neto<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w AT0>No <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w NN1>execution<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>held <w AT0>no <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA010></p>
<caption id=HLJCA010>
<s n="320"><w NN1>Devaluation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="321"><w AT0>The <w NN0>kwanza <w VBD>was <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>time <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38561<c PUN>; <w CRD>38666<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w PRP>With <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>at <w CRD>550 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>kwanzas <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w CRD>69 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w NN2>Consumers <w VBD>were <w VVN>assured <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>mean <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>prices <w PRP>except for <w NN2>fuels<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="324"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="325"><w NP0>MOZAMBIQUE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="326"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>expenditure <w NN2-VVZ>cuts
</head>
<p>
<s n="327"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>investment <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>overall <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>investment <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJS>heaviest <w NN2>cuts <w VVN-VVD>expected <w PRP>in <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>mining <w CJC>and <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="328"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991-92 <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AV0>almost <w UNC>US&dollar;345,000,000<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w NN1>Investment <w PRP>in <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>mining<c PUN>, <w NN1>water <w NN1-VVB>supply <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>administration <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>between <w CRD>40 <w CJC>and <w CRD>64 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="330"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w NN2>figures <w DTQ>which <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>0.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>projected <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w CRD>4.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w AT0>The <w NN1>standard <w PRF>of <w NN1>living <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>declined<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>private <w NN1>consumption <w VHG>having <w VVN>decreased <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w CRD>4.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w CJS>Although <w VVG>acknowledging <w CJT>that <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1-VVB>programme <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AJ0>continual <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>decline<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>nonetheless <w AJ0>disappointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>performance<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w PNP>It <w VVD>attributed <w DT0>this <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prevailing <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w AJ0>climatic <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>to <w NN2>deficiencies <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>apparatus<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA011></p>
<caption id=HLJCA011>
<s n="334"><w NN1>Reinstatement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="335"><w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Ant&oacute;nio <w VVD>resumed <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38377<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>dropped<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="336"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="337"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="338"><w NN1>Harassment <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition
</head>
<p>
<s n="339"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVB-NN1>record <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>took <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrest <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>campaigner<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chakufwa <w NP0>Chihana<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>expel <w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>John <w NP0>Roche<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Roman <w NN1-AJ0>Catholic <w NP0>bishop-elect <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mzimba<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="340"><w NN1-NP0>Chihana<c PUN>, <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Co-ordination <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SATUCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Malawi <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38804<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>at <w NP0>Lilongwe <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w AV0>Together <w PRP>with <w CRD>five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>SATUCC <w NN0>staff <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>sedition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="342"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NN1>security <w NN2>officials <w VVD>interrupted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Good <w NP0>Friday <w NN1>service <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>Roche <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>expulsion <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Irish-born <w NN1>bishop <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malawi <w PRP>for <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Lenten <w AJ0>pastoral <w NN1>letter <w DTQ>which <w VVD>condemned <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>abuses <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w CRD>24 <w NN2>hours <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA012></p>
<caption id=HLJCA012>
<s n="345"><w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament
</caption>
<p>
<s n="346"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Banda <w VVD>dissolved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>or <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Zambia-based <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Multi-Party <w NN1>Democracy <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>date <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="348"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="349"><w NP0>BURUNDI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="350"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="351"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Buyoya <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>relinquished <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>reassignment <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>to <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVD>altered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>; <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w VVN>identified <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJS>as <w NP0>Hutus<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Ngeze<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLJCA013><s n="353"><w NP0>Adrien <w NP0>Sibomana <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<caption id=HLJCA013>
<s n="354"><w AJ0-NN1>Principal <w NP0>Burundi <w NN2>ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="355"><w UNC>*Libere <w VVB>Bararunyeretse <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation
</p>
<p>
<s n="356"><w UNC>**Fran&ccedil;ois <w VVB-NN1>Ngeze <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government
</p>
<p>
<s n="357"><w UNC>**Lt. <w NN1>-Col<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w NP0>Leonidas <w NP0>Maregarege <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Jumaine <w NP0>Hussein <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN0>Livestock <w NP0>Gabriel <w NP0>Toyi <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development <w NP0>Gerard <w NP0>Niyibigira <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Astere <w NP0-NN1>Girukwigomba <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry
</p>
<p>
<s n="359"><w UNC>*Altered <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="360"><w UNC>**New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w NN2>Women <w VBB>are <w VVN>denoted <w PRP>by <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA014></p>
<caption id=HLJCA014>
<s n="362"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="363"><w NP0>Cyprien <w NP0>Mbonimpa<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Kazatsa<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38803<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>plotted <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on behalf of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Baptiste <w NP0>Bagaza<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mbonimpa <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Buyoya <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w NN1-AJ0>Hutus <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="366"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="367"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="368"><w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="369"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Juv&eacute;nal <w NP0>Habyarimana <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Dismas <w VVB-NN1>Nsengiyaremye <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><w PNP>He <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Sylvestre <w NP0>Nsanzimana <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38662<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="371"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD>instructed <w NP0-NN1>Nsengiyaremye<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>period <w PRP>before <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w DT0>These<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="373"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nsengiyaremye <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w AJ0>19-member <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w AT0>The <w NN2>portfolios <w VBD>were <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>according to <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w AT0>The <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>ruling <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDR<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="376"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nsanzimana <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Adviser <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>special <w NN2>missions <w PRP>as well as <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Enoch <w NP0>Ruhigira<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Director <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA015></p>
<caption id=HLJCA015>
<s n="377"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>retirement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Habyarimana
</caption>
<p>
<s n="378"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Habyarimana <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>retirement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w PRP>as well as <w VHG>having <w VVN>reached <w AT0>the <w AJ0>statutory <w NN1>retirement <w NN1>age<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>preventing <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>from <w VVG>joining <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLJCA016><s n="380"><w NP0>Dismas <w NP0>Nsengiyaremye <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDR<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Boniface <w NP0>Ngulinzaira <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDR<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<caption id=HLJCA016>
<s n="381"><w AJ0-NN1>Principal <w NP0>Rwanda <w NN2>ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="382"><w UNC>*Faustin <w NP0>Munyazesa <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Communal <w NN1>Development <w NP0>Stanislas <w NP0>Mbonampeka <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>) <w NN1>Justice
</p>
<p>
<s n="383"><w UNC>**James <w NP0>Gasana <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRND<c PUR>) <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Marc <w NP0>Rugenera <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSD<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="384"><w UNC>*No <w NN1-VVB>change<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="385"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="386"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="387"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="388"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="389"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>instructions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Nguza <w NP0>Karl-I-Bond <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38706<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG>disregarding <w NP0>Nguza<w POS>'s <w NN1>order <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>refrain <w PRP>from <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVD>adopted <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AV0>Most <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Monsengwo <w NP0>Pasinya <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38662 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="391"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0>official <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w PRP>from <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1-NP0>Seko<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>unusually <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>confident <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AJ0>peaceful <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>change<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA017></p>
<caption id=HLJCA017>
<s n="392"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="393"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Mokuba <w NP0>Bokulo <w NP0>Mena<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Institutional <w NN2>Reforms <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>after <w VVG>disagreeing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA018></p>
<caption id=HLJCA018>
<s n="394"><w NN1-VVB>Cash <w NN1>shortage
</caption>
<p>
<s n="395"><w DT0>All <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks <w VBD>were <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w NN1>cash <w NN2>withdrawals <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN2>banknotes<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><w NN2>Withdrawals <w VBD>were <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w NN2>amounts <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;10 <w CJC>and <w NN0>US&dollar;15<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w PRP>With <w NN1>inflation <w VVG-NN1>running <w PRP>at <w CRD>16,500 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>denomination <w NN1>note <w PRF>of <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>za&iuml;res <w PRP>worth <w AV0>well <w AV0>under <w CRD>one <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>, <w NN2>banknotes <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VBG>being <w VVN>weighed <w CJS>rather than <w VVN>counted<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA019></p>
<caption id=HLJCA019>
<s n="398"><w NN1>Death <w NN2>sentences
</caption>
<p>
<s n="399"><w AT0>The <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>War <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w VVD>handed <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>on <w CRD>16 <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>tried <w PRP>by <w NN1>court <w AJ0>martial <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rebellion <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38706<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w AT0>The <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="401"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="402"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="403"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="404"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Biya <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w NP0>Simon <w NP0>Achidi <w NP0>Achu<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1>Anglophone <w NN1>politician <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>under <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ahmadou <w NP0-NN1>Ahidjo <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972-75 <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="406"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>remained <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Biya<w POS>'s <w NP0>Cameroon <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDPC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN2>reports <w VVN>identified <w CRD>25 <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NP0>RDPC <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>were <w VVN>retained<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>posts <w VBD>were <w VVN>created<c PUN>; <w AV0>thus <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Owana<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>portfolio <w VVD>included <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Marcel <w NP0>Niat-Njifenjou <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="410"><w NP0-NN1>Dakole <w NP0>Daissala<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38802<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MRD<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NP0>RDPC<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w CRD>88 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>180-seat <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01A>
<s n="412"><w AJ0-NN1>Principal <w NP0>Cameroon <w NN2>ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="413"><w UNC>*Simon <w NP0>Achidi <w NP0>Achu <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="414"><w UNC>*Marcel <w NP0>Niat-Njifenjou <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w NN2>Mines <w NN1>Water <w NN2>Resources <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy
</p>
<p>
<s n="415"><w UNC>**Joseph <w NP0-NN1>Owana <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Esso <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w NP0>Gilbert <w AJ0-NN1>Andze-Tsoungui <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration <w NP0>Edouard <w NP0>Akame <w NP0-NN1>Mfoumou <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Delegate <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Jacques-Roger <w NP0>Booh-Booh <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Douala <w NP0-NN1>Moutome <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals <w NP0>Justin <w NP0>Ndioroa <w NP0-NN1>Yombo <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Moussa <w NP0>Tchouta <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Development
</p>
<p>
<s n="416"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="417"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="418"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="419"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="420"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="421"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7-8 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w CRD>Five <w PRP>on <w NP0>Liberia <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>.
<s n="422"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AV0>together <w NP0>Amos <w NP0>Sawyer<c PUN>, <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>F&eacute;lix <w NP0>Houphou&euml;t-Boigny <w PRF>of <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdou <w NN1-NP0>Diouf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Blaise <w NN1-NP0>Compaore <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burkina<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w NP0>Nigeria <w VBD>was <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Augustus <w NP0-NN1>Aikhomu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="424"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Committee <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord <w VVG>reaffirming <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>Yammoussoukro <w CRD>IV <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38518<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w AV0>Thus <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>zone <w VVD>policed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taylor<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>observers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="427"><w NP0>Taylor <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>troops <w VBG>being <w VVN>disarmed <w CJS>while <w PNP>they <w VVD>remained <w PRP-AVP>under <w NN1>attack <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>ULIMO <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>Doe<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN2>talks <w VVD>began<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Taylor <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w PRP>to <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVN>unbalanced <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unsatisfactory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w PNP>He <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRP>under <w DPS>his <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>abandonment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>force <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>command<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="430"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Taylor <w VVD>reversed <w DPS>his <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="431"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>within <w CRD>72 <w NN2>hours <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>troops <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w CRD>3 <w NN0>km <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>move <w VVD>came <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>NPFL <w NN1>conference <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>enforcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yammoussoukro <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>as <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w NP0>ECOMOG <w VVD>began <w VVG>deploying <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>areas <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="434"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="435"><w NP0>MAURITANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="436"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="437"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Moaouia <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0-NN1>Taya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0-NN1>Boubaker<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="438"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRDS<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Taya <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38802<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFD<c PUR>) <w VVD>commented<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN2>faces <w VHB>have <w VVN>resurfaced<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="440"><w DT0>This <w VVZ>means <w AT0>a <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w NN1>ruin<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="441"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UFD <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Equipment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Lamar <w VHD>had <w VVN>ceased <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UFD<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01B>
<s n="442"><w AJ0>Principal <w AJ0>Mauritanian <w NN2>ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="443"><w UNC>**Sidi <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Boubaker <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="444"><w UNC>**Mohammed <w NP0>Abdrahmane <w NP0>Abou <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Moine <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation
</p>
<p>
<s n="445"><w UNC>**Col<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0-NN1>Minnih <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="447"><w UNC>*Sow <w NP0>Adema <w NP0>Samba <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Hasni <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Didi <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w AJ0>Kan <w NN1-NP0>Acheikh <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="448"><w UNC>**Mohammed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Michel <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Ghanahallah <w NN2>Fisheries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Maritime <w NN1>Economy
</p>
<p>
<s n="449"><w UNC>*No <w NN1-VVB>change<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="450"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="451"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="452"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="453"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="454"><w NN1>Alpha <w NP0-NN1>Oumar <w NP0-NN1>Konare<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mali <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADEMA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>69.01 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><w VVB-NN1>Konare<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>teacher<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>figures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>uprising <w DTQ>which <w VVD>toppled <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Moussa <w NP0-NN1>Traor&eacute; <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38083-84<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w DPS>His <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38801<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="457"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12 <c PUL>(<w DPS>his <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w CRD>44.95 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Konare <w VBD>was <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>a <w NN1>run-off <w PRP>against <w NP0>Tieoule <w NP0>Mamadou <w NP0-NN1>Konate<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w AJ0>Union-African <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Rally <c PUL>(<w NP0>US-RDA<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>won <w CRD>14.51 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><w AT0>The <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates <w VVN-VVD>eliminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w VVD>included <w NP0>Mountaga <w AJ0>Tall<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNID<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>11.41 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="459"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>rounds <w VBD>were <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>low <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>20.87 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVG>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="460"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NP0>Konare<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>campaign <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>promotion <w PRF>of <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>forces <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Traor&eacute; <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01C>
<s n="461"><w NN1>Exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war
</caption>
<p>
<s n="462"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>news <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN2>Movements <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fronts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azawad<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gao<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="463"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prisoner <w NN1>exchange <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN2>rebels <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38801-02 <w PRP>for <w NN2>negotiations<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="464"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pact <w VBD>was <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>broker <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>representatives <w VBD>was <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Amadou <w NP0>Toumani <w NP0-NN1>Tour&eacute;<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Konare<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="466"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="467"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="468"><w NN1>Fuel <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="469"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>official <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w ORD>13th <w AJS>largest <w NN1>producer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>imported <w CRD>45,000,000 <w NN2>litres <w PRF>of <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>products <w PRP>from <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w AT0>The <w NN2>imports<c PUN>, <w VVG>costing <w UNC>US&dollar;9,000,000<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w DT0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>needs <w PRP>for <w AV0>less than <w CRD>two <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="471"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nigerian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1>Corporation <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w CRD>8,000,000 <w NN2>litres <w PRF>of <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>products <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>imported <w AV0-AJ0>daily<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="472"><w NN1>Petrol <w NN2>shortages <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>spread <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lagos <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>areas <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w AT0>The <w NN2>shortages <w VBD>were <w AV0>partly <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>at <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>refineries <w DTQ>which <w VVD>helped <w VVI>process <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,700,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil <w VVN>produced <w PRP>per <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><w AT0>The <w UNC>Warri <w NN1>refinery <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>cut <w NN1>output <w PRP>to <w CRD>80,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1>power <w NN1>supply <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Harcourt <w NN1>refinery <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disrupted <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>routine <w NN1>maintenance <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w NN2>Shortages <w VBD>were <w VVN>exacerbated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>smuggling <w PRF>of <w NN1>petrol <w PRP>to <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Benin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cameroon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Niger <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN1>hoarding<c PUN>.
<s n="476"><w NN2>Consumers <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>stockpile <w NN1>fuel <w CJS>as <w NN2>fears <w VVD>grew <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w VVG-NN1>smuggling <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>subsidies <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRP>from <w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;0.5 <w AT0>a <w NN1>litre <w PRP>to <w PNI>something <w AV0>nearer <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01D>
<s n="477"><w NN2>Claims <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>abuses
</caption>
<p>
<s n="478"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Nigerian <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDHR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w AV0>routinely <w VVN>tortured <w NN2>suspects <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AV0>at least <w CRD>27 <w NN1>summary <w NN2>executions <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="479"><w AT0>An <w AV0>equally <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w NN1>group <w NP0>Africa <w NN1-VVB>Watch<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="480"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>29-page <w NN1>report <w NP0>Africa <w NN1>Watch <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0-NN1>Babangida <w PRF>of <w VVG>regarding <w PNX>itself <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>denying <w NN1>justice <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>critics<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w PNP>It <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>trials <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>views<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="482"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>closed <w AT0>the <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w NP0>Africa <w NP0>Concord <w NN1>magazine <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>ran <w AT0>the <w NN1>headline<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHZ>Has <w NP0-NN1>Babangida <w VVN>given <w AVP>up<c PUN>?<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w AT0>The <w NN2>publishers <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>undermining <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="484"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="485"><w NP0>SIERRA <w NP0>LEONE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="486"><w NN1>Report <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup
</head>
<p>
<s n="487"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Saidu <w NP0-NN1>Momoh <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN1-NP0>Guinea <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w CJS>after <w AJ0>mutinous <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Valentine <w NP0>Strasser<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Provisional <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="489"><w AT0>The <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay <w NN2>arrears <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>improved <w AJ0>military <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w PNP>They <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>poverty <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deplorable <w NN1>life<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="491"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="492"><w NP0>SAO <w NP0-NN1>TOM&Eacute; <w CJC>AND <w NP0-NN1>PRINCIPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="493"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="494"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Trovoada <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Lima <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w NP0>Daio <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37949<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>invited <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convergence <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCD<c PUR>) <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PCD <w PNX>itself <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="496"><w NP0-NN1>Trovoada <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>under <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Daio <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w AV0>publicly <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>7,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>converged <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w NN2>Demonstrators <w VVD>held <w NP0>Daio <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>programme <w NP0-NN1>Daio <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="499"><w CJS>While <w XX0>not <w VVG>criticizing <w NP0>Daio<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w NP0>Trovoada <w VVD>cited <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN2>institutions <w TO0>to <w VVI>function <w AV0>properly<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>impossibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w PNP>He <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="501"><w NP0-NN1>Daio<w POS>'s <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>place <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>executive <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>PCD <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leader <w AV0>promptly <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>call <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="502"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="503"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="504"><w AJ0>Electoral <w NN2>arrangements
</head>
<p>
<s n="505"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>calendar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38754 <w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>timetable<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sought <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w VVG>coinciding <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>; <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>rounds <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w NP0>July <w CRD>5<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="507"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>official <w NN1>reason <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="508"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>schedule <w AT0>the <w NN2>premises <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w VBD>were <w AV0>briefly <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w PNP>They <w VVB>broadcast <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>reaffirming <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>democratization <w CJC>and <w VVG>denouncing <w AT0>the <w NN2>delays <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="510"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NN2>funds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Rally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Togolese <w NN0>People <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPT<c PUR>) <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="511"><w VVG>Following <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>debate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w VVG>raising <w PRP>from <w CRD>40 <w PRP>to <w CRD>45 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>age <w PRP>for <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="512"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amendment <w AV0>also <w VVD>specified <w CJT>that <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>or <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Kokou <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>born <w PRP>in <w CRD>1948<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>from <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01E>
<s n="514"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eyadema <w NN1>regime
</caption>
<p>
<s n="515"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w PRP>by <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w NP0-NN1>Eyadema <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>powers <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38379<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>Amnesty<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Eyadema <w VVD>grew<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="517"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="518"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="519"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>strike
</head>
<p>
<s n="520"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>163 <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2-3<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w AT0>The <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38800<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="522"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VVI>deal <w AV0>firmly <w PRP>with <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="523"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w AV0>most <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w NN1>commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1>transport <w VBD>were <w VVN>disrupted <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>both <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN2>batons<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>tear <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>live <w NN1>ammunition <w TO0>to <w VVI>disperse <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>youths <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w NN2>roadblocks <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>stoned <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>burned <w NN2>cars <w PRP>in <w NN1>shanty <w NN2>towns <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="525"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>rallies <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01F>
<s n="526"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="527"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Kenya <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38800<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>on <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>FORD<c PUN>.
<s n="528"><w VVG>Rejecting <w DT0>such <w NN2>accusations<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w VVD>made <w NN2>counter-claims <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>clashes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>instigated <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Daniel <w VVB-NN1>arap <w UNC>Moi<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>news <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>10,000 <w VVD>made <w AJ0>homeless <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="530"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="531"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="532"><w NN1-VVB>Fall <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>towns <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces
</head>
<p>
<s n="533"><w AT0>The <w NN1>capture <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Pochala <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVD>enabled <w PNP>them <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kongor <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Bor<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Garang <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Torit <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kapoeta<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Equatoria <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="535"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>anticipated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>rains <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w VM0>would <w VVI>slow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Bor<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NP0>SPLA <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>armed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>artillery <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA<w POS>'s <w AJC>lighter <w NN2>arms<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w VVB-NN1>Yirol<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bor <c PUL>(<w PRP>under <w NP0>SPLA <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1985<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Pibor <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><w NN1-NP0>Mongalla<c PUN>, <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bor<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>column <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w DTQ>which <w VVD>moved <w AV0>south-eastwards <w PRP>from <w NP0>Juba <w VBD>was <w VVN>contained <w PRP>by <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ngangala<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AV0>southwards <w PRP>from <w NP0>Wau <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Tambura<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="540"><w NN1-NP0>Garang <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>push <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VBN>been <w VVN>halted <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><w VVG>Referring <w PRP>to <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2>dissidents <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nasir <w NN1>group <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38426<c PUN>; <w CRD>38666<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN2>towns <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w DT0>those<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVB>depend <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>&hellip; <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w VVN>defected <w CJC>and <w VVN>chosen <w AT0>the <w NN1>camp <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Bashir<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01G>
<s n="542"><w NN1>Threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="543"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AJ0>intensified <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>agencies <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>compelled <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w AJ0-VVD>concerned<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="545"><w NN2>Personnel <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Operation <w NN1>Life-Line <w NP0>Sudan <w NN1>programme <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w PRP>by <w VVG>fighting <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NN1-NP0>Bor <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>some <w CRD>6,000 <w AJ0>malnourished <w NN2>children <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>fed <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>distribution <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w AT0>The <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Life-Line <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNICEF <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>participating<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>cut <w AJ0>airborne <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN2>southerners<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>260,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>depended <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w NN1>road <w CJC>or <w NN1>river<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="548"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>March <w PRP>on <w NN2>flights <w VVG>bringing <w NP0>UN <w NN1>food <w NN1>relief <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w NN2>Flights <w VBD>were <w VVN>authorized <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nasir<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wau <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Akobo<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w AT0>an <w NP0>SPLA <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>towns <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nasir <w NN1>group <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Garang<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w AV0>almost <w CRD>150,000 <w NN2>villagers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>displaced <w NN2>persons <w VBD>were <w PRP>without <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="551"><w PRP>By <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>from <w NP0>Khartoum <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>capital <w NN1-NP0>Abuja <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01H>
<s n="552"><w NN1>Report <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="553"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>retired <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="554"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD-VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>government <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>plotters <w VHD>had <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinstall <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jaafer <w NP0-NN1>al-Nemery <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Cairo-based <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>umbrella <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>known <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>plot <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Nemery <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Garang<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>February <w VVD>reported <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38754<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLJCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01J>
<s n="556"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>killings
</caption>
<p>
<s n="557"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>forces <w VVN>allied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nasir <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2>dissidents <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>massacred <w AV0>over <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Bor <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w AV0>southwards<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><w AJ0>Isolated <w NN1>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VHD>had <w VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJC>Nuer <w NN1>tribe<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>victims <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dinka <w NN1>tribe<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Garang <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="559"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1-VVB>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>credibility<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN2>denials <w PRF>of <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>abuses <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w NN1>Amnesty <w VVD-VVN>claimed<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>torture <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>detainees <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>specially <w VVN-VVD>adapted <w NN2>houses <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ghost <w NN2>houses<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="560"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="561"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="562"><w NN1>Ceasefire <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="563"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPRDF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Oromo <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>OLF<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>brokered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eritrea<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="564"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EPRDF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>OLF <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>atmosphere <w AJ0>conducive <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w DPS>their <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w NN2>problems <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>manner<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>confine <w DT0>all <w DPS>their <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to <w NN1>camp <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w DT0>all <w NN2>hostilities <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="566"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>OLF <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>an <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w CRD>25 <w NN1-NP0>OLF <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Weter <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>pro-OLF <w NN1>radio <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Oromo <w NN1>Liberation <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>EPRDF <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w CRD>200 <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w CRD>300 <w NN2>others <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>OLF <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>Harerge <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w VVB>AFP <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>126 <w NN1-NP0>OLF <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18 <w PRP>during <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>EPRDF <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mechara <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mechata<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01K>
<s n="570"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Eritrea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="571"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eritrea <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w XX0>not <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w NN2>Eritreans <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w ITJ>yes <w CJC>or <w ITJ>no <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>question<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>wish <w NP0>Eritrea <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>country<c PUN>?<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="573"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>five-member <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01L>
<s n="574"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNHCR <w NN2>efforts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="575"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>relief <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NP0>Ethiopia <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agency <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>15 <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ethiopia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>seven <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="577"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="578"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="579"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN1>initiative
</head>
<p>
<s n="580"><w AT0>An <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>relieve <w NN1>starvation <w CJC>and <w VVB>restore <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="581"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispatch <w CRD>50 <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38800<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>deferred <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>soldiers <w TO0>to <w VVI>escort <w NN1>food <w NN2>convoys<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><w PNP>It <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NN1>side <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w CJS>before <w NN2>troops <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w ITJ>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>guards <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>sending <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="584"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NN1>relief <w NN2>agencies <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w VVB>Save <w AT0>The <w NN2>Children <w VVB-NN1>Fund <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w NN1>famine <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AVP>about <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>plummet <w PRP>into <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>death <w PRP>from <w NN1>malnutrition<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01M>
<s n="586"><w NN1-VVB>Escape <w PRF>of <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0-NN1>Barre
</caption>
<p>
<s n="587"><w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0>Barre <w VVD>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kenya <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>USC<c PUR>) <w VVD>captured <w AT0>the <w AJ0>south-western <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Garbaharrey <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>living <w PRP>since <w VBG>being <w VVN>ousted <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37946-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="588"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>USC <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18 <w VVD>repulsed <w AT0>an <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>by <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0>Barre<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNF<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w PNP>it <w PRP>within <w CRD>30 <w NN0>km <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>pursued <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0-NN1>Barre <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,200 <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w AJ0>Kenyan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="590"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="591"><w AJ0>SOUTHERN <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="592"><w NN2-VVZ>Moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>relieve <w NN1>famine
</head>
<p>
<s n="593"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pretoria <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Co-ordination <w NN1>Conference <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADCC<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>project <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>importation <w CJC>and <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN1>grain<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>droughts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w DT0>this <w NN1>century <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38755<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>marked <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SADCC <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w AV0>economically<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="595"><w NP0>Zimbabwe <w VVD>relaxed <w DPS>its <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w VVG>collaborating <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w VVD>joined <w NP0>Botswana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malawi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mozambique <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zambia <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>starvation<c PUN>.
<s n="596"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w DT0>these <w CRD>five <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>grain <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrive <w PRP>at <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>ports<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="597"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="598"><w NN1>HORN <w PRF>OF <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="599"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="600"><w AT0>A <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w AJ0>active <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Horn <w PRF>of <w NP0>Africa <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8-9 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="601"><w VVG>Calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>peace<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>issued <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>guidelines <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>body <w TO0>to <w VVI>formulate <w CJC>and <w VVI>implement <w NN1>aid <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>estimates <w CRD>23,000,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk <w PRP>from <w NN1>starvation <w CJC>and <w NN1>disease<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="604"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="605"><w NP0>CILSS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="606"><w NN1>Summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="607"><w AT0>The <w ORD>10th <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>states <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Permanent <w AJ0>Inter-state <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w NN1>Drought <w NN1>Control <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sahel <c PUL>(<w NP0>CILSS<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10-11 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Ouagadougou<c PUN>, <w NP0>Burkina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="608"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>redress <w CJC>and <w NN1>recovery <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><w PRP>To <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>minister <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ICDCS <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>drafting <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w PRP>for <w NN1>submission <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>in part <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>demand <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>CILSS <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="611"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>elected <w NP0>President <w NP0>Blaise <w NN1-NP0>Compaore <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burkina <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>conference <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Alberto <w VDB>do <w NP0>Rosario<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>CILSS <w NN1>minister <w NN1>co-ordinator<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>Praia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="613"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="614"><w NP0>COMOROS
</head>
<p>
<s n="615"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AV0>under way <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>24 <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Moheli <w NN1>island<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w PRP>with <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>schedule <w VVG>commencing <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN1>island <w NN2>governors <w CJC>and <w NN1>town <w NN2>councillors <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="616"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="617"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<p>
<s n="618"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>criticized <w CJS>as <w AJ0>inadequate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>committee <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD-AJ0>Gouled <w NP0-NN1>Aptidon <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38711<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w VVD>retained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>executive <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="619"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="620"><w AT0>THE <w NP0>GAMBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="621"><w AJ0>Provisional <w NN2>results <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Dawda <w NP0>Jawara<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w AV0>at least <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>poll<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>36-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRP>from <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>counted<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>20 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Convention <w NN1>Party <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gambia <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>candidates <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="622"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="623"><w NP0>GHANA
</head>
<p>
<s n="624"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w CRD>1982 <w VVB-NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="625"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="626"><w NP0>MAURITANIA-SENEGAL
</head>
<p>
<s n="627"><w NP0>Mauritania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Senegal <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>; <w NN2>ties <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>broken <w PRP>by <w NP0>Senegal <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1989 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w AV0>steadily <w VVN>deteriorated <w CJS-PRP>since <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36579-80<c PUN>; <w CRD>36840<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="628"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="629"><w NP0>SEYCHELLES
</head>
<p>
<s n="630"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>James <w NP0>Mancham<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ousted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>France-Albert <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="631"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="632"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="633"><w NN1>Rioting <w VVG>following <w NN2>acquittals <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rodney <w NN1-NP0>King <w NN1>case
</head>
<p>
<s n="634"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>rioting <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w PRP>after <w CRD>four <w AJ0>white <w NN2>officers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>Police <w NN1>Department <c PUL>(<w NP0>LAPD<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN>acquitted <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>assaulted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>motorist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rodney <w NP0-NN1>King<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w AT0>The <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>King <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>videotaped <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>amateur <w NN1>cameraman<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>footage <w VVD>showed <w PNP>him <w VVG>receiving <w CRD>56 <w NN1>baton <w NN2-VVZ>blows <w CJC>and <w VBG>being <w AV0>brutally <w VVN>kicked <w PRP>by <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="636"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>publicity <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w AJ0>symbolic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>institutionalized <w NN1>racism <w CJC>and <w NN1>brutality <w VVN>alleged <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>LAPD <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38091<c PUN>; <w CRD>38139<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38329-30<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="637"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VVD>began <w PRP>amid <w NN1>controversy <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presiding <w NN1>judge<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stanley <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Weisberg<c PUN>, <w VVD>chose <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AT0>the <w NN1>venue <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ventura <w NN1>County<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AV0>almost <w AV0>exclusively <w AJ0>white <w NN1>area <w VVN>inhabited <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>disproportionately <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>jury <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>women <w VVD>contained <w CRD>one <w AJ0>Hispanic <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>Asian-American<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>included <w AT0>no <w NN2>blacks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="639"><w AT0>The <w NN1>videotape <w CJS>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>centrepiece <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w CRD>55 <w NN2>witnesses<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w CJC>or <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w PRF>Of <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>importance <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>testimony <w PRF>of <w NN1>Officer <w NP0>Theodore <w NP0>J. <w NP0>Briseno<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>defended <w AV0>separately <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w CRD>three <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w NP0-NN1>Briseno <w VVD>testified <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>officers <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Powell <w CJC>and <w NP0>Timothy <w NN1-VVB>Wind <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>King<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>defendant<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sgt. <w NP0>Stacey <w NP0>C. <w NP0>Koon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>officer <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>mishandled <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w NP0-NN1>Briseno <w VVD>stated<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>It <w VVD>looked <w CJS>like <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>just <w VVG>hitting <w PNP>him <w AV0>everywhere<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>thing <w VBD>was <w PRP>out of <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0-AV0>wrong<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="645"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>prosecution <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w VVN>dwelt <w PRP>upon <w NP0-NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>behaviour <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>intoxicated <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w NN2>police <w VVZ-NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>speeding <w NN1>car <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>cast <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>thin <w AJ0>blue <w NN1>line<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>between <w AJ0>law-abiding <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>jungle<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="646"><w AT0>The <w NN1>jury <w VVD>began <w VVG>deliberating <w PRP>upon <w DPS>its <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="647"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w PNP>it <w VVD>acquitted <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>acquitted <w NP0>Powell <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>delivered <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>blows <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>one <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>count <w PRP>upon <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>undecided<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="648"><w PRP>Within <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>verdicts <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>looting <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>scale <w XX0>not <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>Watts <w NN2>riots <w PRF>of <w CRD>1965<c PUN>.
<s n="649"><w NN2>Motorists <w VBD>were <w VVN>dragged <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>beaten<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>shops <w CJC>and <w NN2>properties <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>looted <w CJC>and <w VVN>burnt<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w PRP>With <w NN2>police <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>keeping <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low <w NN1>profile<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>night<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Wilson <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>, <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>in <w NN2>reinforcements <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>California <w NN1>Highway <w NN1-VVB>Patrol<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>calm <w CJC>and <w NN1>tolerance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>spread <w PRP>into <w AJ0>new <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>outbreaks <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Francisco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Atlanta<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tampa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dallas <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="654"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w AV0>over <w CRD>30 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w CRD>hundreds <w VVD>injured <w CJC>or <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01N><ptr target=HLJCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01N>
<s n="655"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<caption id=HLJCA01P>
<s n="656"><w NN2>Primaries <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere
</caption>
<p>
<s n="657"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN1>runner <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w NN2>primaries <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wisconsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kansas <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-binding <w NN1>contest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minnesota<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w PRP>In <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w PNP>he <w VVD>recovered <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN2>defeats <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w NN1>outsider <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alaska <w NN1>caucus <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN1>Brown <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>33 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="659"><w AV0>Once again <w VVG>demonstrating <w AT0>the <w NN1>resilience <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>characteristic <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>campaigned <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>even <w VVD>chose <w PNP>it <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>venue <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN1>speech <w PRP>since <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="660"><w VVG>Accusing <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRF>of <w VVG>pursing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>reactive<c PUN>, <w AJ0>rudderless <w CJC>and <w AJ0>erratic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>committed <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w VVG>maintaining <w AJ0>close <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>repudiated <w NN1>protectionism<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="661"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>detach <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>black <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brown <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVN>nominated<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>invite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>populist <w NN1>leader <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Jesse <w NP0>Jackson <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN1>nominee<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>the <w NN1>hostility <w PRF>of <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>community <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1984 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>labelled <w NP0>Jackson <w CJS>as <w AJ0>anti-Semitic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="663"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1-VVB>contest <w AV0>comfortably<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>saw <w NP0>Brown <w VVN-AJ0>beaten <w PRP>into <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>by <w NP0>Paul <w NN2>Tsongas <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>primary <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>contests <w VVN-VVD>held <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w AV0>easily <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01R>
<s n="665"><w NN2>Contests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Virginia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pennsylvania
</caption>
<p>
<s n="666"><w AT0>The <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w NN2>results <w VVD>gave <w NP0>Clinton <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>1,264 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>2,145 <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>assure <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w CJS>While <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>race <w VM0>might <w AV0>well <w VVI>remain <w AV0>technically <w AJ0>undecided <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>primaries <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>resurgence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>dampening <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brokered <w NN1>convention <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>certain <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Arkansas <w NN1>Governor <w VM0>would <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="668"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>concerning<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>character<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>issues <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>assailed <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>various <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>private <w NN1>life <w CJC>and <w NN1>judgment <c PUN>&mdash; <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>April <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>Democrats <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>inevitability <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>nomination <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w VVG>closing <w NN2>ranks <w PRP>around <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="669"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>secured <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>AFL-CIO<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>labour <w NN1>confederation<c PUN>.
<s n="670"><w AT0>The <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NN1>Lane <w NP0-NN1>Kirkland<c PUN>, <w VVD>persuaded <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>35-member <w NN1>executive <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w DT0>several <w AJ0>erstwhile <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brown <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="671"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>achieved <w AJC>further <w NN2>successes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>contests <w VVN>staged <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Virginia <w NN1>caucus <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11-13<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>won <w CRD>52 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w AJ0>uncommitted <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w NN2>primaries <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>received <w CRD>56 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Brown <w CJC>and <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>Tsongas<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>contest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>received <w CRD>77 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pat <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01S>
<s n="675"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NN1>contest <w PRP>by <w NN1>Duke
</caption>
<p>
<s n="676"><w NP0>David <w NN1>Duke<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0-NN1>Ku <w NP0-NN1>Klux <w NP0-NN1>Klansman<c PUN>, <w VVD>abandoned <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w NN1>Duke <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w NN1>difficulty <w PRP>in <w VVG>getting <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w AV0>Even <w CJS>where <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w VBD>was <w AJC>smaller <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>anticipated<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLJCA01T><s n="679"><w NP0>Brown <w NP0>Clinton <w NP0>Tsongas <w NP0>Buchanan <w NP0>Bush <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w CRD>26 <w CRD>41 <w CRD>29 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Wisconsin <w CRD>35 <w CRD>38 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>17 <w CRD>77 <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Kansas <w CRD>13 <w CRD>51 <w CRD>15 <w CRD>15 <w CRD>62 <w CRD>16 <w UNC>Minnesota* <w CRD>32 <w CRD>33 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>25 <w CRD>68 <w CRD>3
</p>
<caption id=HLJCA01T>
<s n="680"><w NN2>Results <w PRF>of <w NN2>primaries <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w NN2>Democrats <w NN2>Republicans <w AJ0>Uncommitted
</caption>
<p>
<s n="681"><w UNC>*Non-binding <w NN1-VVB>contest<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01U>
<s n="682"><w NN1>Implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>in <w NP0>California
</caption>
<p>
<s n="683"><w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Alton <w NP0>Harris<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>convicted <w NN1>murderer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>executed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>gas <w NN1>chamber <w PRP>at <w NP0>San <w NP0>Quentin <w NN1-NP0>State <w NN1>Prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>execution <w PRP>in <w NP0>California <w PRP>for <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>amidst <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>wrangling <w CJC>and <w NN1>confusion<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>context <w DTQ>which <w VVD>fuelled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>divisive <w AJ0>national <w NN1>debate <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="685"><w NP0>Harris <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>teenage <w NN2>boys <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Diego <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>steal <w DPS>their <w NN1>car <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bank <w NN1>robbery<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w CJS>Although <w DPS>his <w NN1>crime <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>callous <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>after <w VVG>killing <w AT0>the <w NN2>boys <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>consumed <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>half-eaten <w NN1>lunch <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence <w VHD>had <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>for <w NN1>clemency <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0>Harris <w VBD>was <w AV0>mentally <w AJ0>unfit <w PRP>for <w NN1>execution<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AJ0>foetal-alcohol <w NN1>syndrome <w CJC>and <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>childhood <w NN1>abuse<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w PRP>After <w VVG>exhausting <w AT0>the <w NN2>appeals <w VVB-NN1>process<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>execution <w NN1>date <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Harris <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>arranged <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>California<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pete <w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>advocate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty<c PUN>, <w VVD>refused <w NN1>clemency<c PUN>.
<s n="689"><w VVB-NN1>State <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>appeals <w VBD>were <w VVN>filed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w NP0>Harris<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>prosecution <w NN1-VVB>witness<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>fired <w AT0>the <w NN2>shots <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w AT0>the <w NN2>boys<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="691"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>District <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>Marilyn <w NN1>Hall <w NP0>Patel <w VVD>granted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1>stay <w PRF>of <w NN1>execution <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w NN1>hearing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gas <w NN1>chamber <w VVD>violated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>prohibition <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cruel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unusual <w NN1>punishment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><c PUL>(<w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>36 <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>states <w DTQ>which <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w AJ0>used <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>alleged<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>take <w CRD>12 <w NN2>minutes <w CJC>or <w AV0>more <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w AT0>a <w AJ0>condemned <w NN1>prisoner<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="693"><w NP0>Patel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>temporary <w AJ0-NN1>restraining <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>9th <w NP0>US <w NN1>Circuit <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VVD>rejected <w CRD>two <w AJC>further <w NN2>appeals <w CJC>but <w VVD>granted <w CRD>two <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>stays <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim <w PRP>regarding <w NP0>Harris<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitutionality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gas <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>.
<s n="695"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>stays <w VBD>were <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w NN2-VVZ>Judges <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>9th <w NN1>Circuit <w VVD>issued <w CRD>two <w AV0>further <w VVZ-NN2>stays <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w CJS>after <w NP0>Harris <w VHD>had <w AV0>actually <w VBN>been <w VVN>strapped <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>gas <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><w DT0>This <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>stay <w VBD>was <w VVN>overturned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>by <w CRD>seven <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD-VVN>prohibited <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>by <w AJC>lower <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><w NP0>Harris <w VBD>was <w AV0>duly <w VVN>executed<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>pronounced <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>at <w CRD>6.21 <w AV0>a.m. <w AJ0>local <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w NN2>hours <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="699"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VVD>drew <w AJ0>international <w NN1>attention <w XX0>not <w AV0>simply <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Harris<w POS>'s <w AJ0>mental <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>because of <w NP0>California<w POS>'s <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>on <w NN1>death <w NN1-VVB>row <c PUL>(<w CRD>328 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Harris<c PUN>, <w PRP>out of <w CRD>2,588 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>tradition <w PRF>of <w NN1>liberalism<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>169 <w NN2>executions <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w VVZ>states <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w VBD>was <w VVN>restored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>Southern <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Arizona <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>execution <w PRP>for <w CRD>29 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>execution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delaware <w PRP>since <w CRD>1946 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01V>
<s n="701"><w NP0>Noriega <w NN1>trial <w NN1>verdict
</caption>
<p>
<s n="702"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>four-and-a-half <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>deliberation <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-month <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>jury <w PRP>in <w NP0>Miami <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w VVD>found <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Noriega<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Panamanian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>dictator<c PUN>, <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>on <w CRD>eight <w PRP>out of <w CRD>10 <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>money-laundering <w CJC>and <w NN1>racketeering<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>victory <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>drug <w NN2>lords<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w NP0>Noriega<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>attorney <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Rubino<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>promising <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN2>appeals<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>case<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG>treating <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w DT0>such<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w VHD>had <w VVN>instructed <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w DT0>any <w AJ0>political <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="704"><w NP0>Rubino <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w VVN-VVD>projected <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>world <w NN1>policeman<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>imposing <w DPS>its <w NN1>will <w PRP>upon <w AJ0>so-called <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN2>nations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Panama <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Noriega <w VBD>was <w VVN>seized <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w VVN>flown <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37112-13<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="705"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w NP0>Noriega<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal <w VM0>would <w VVI>question <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w VVG>trying <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVN>taken <w PRP>into <w NN1>custody <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>invasion <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>prisoner <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="706"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Schumer<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Congressional <w NN1>sub-committee <w PRP>on <w NN1>crime <w CJC>and <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>justice<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w VVG>capturing <w NP0>Noriega <c PUL>(<w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>at least <w UNC>US&dollar;164,000,000<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVG>putting <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <c PUL>(<w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;20,000,000<c PUR>) <w VVD>paled <w PRP>in <w NN1>comparison <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN2>costs<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>in <w NN1>plea <w NN1>bargaining <w VVZ-NN2>deals <w PRP>with <w NN2>scores <w PRF>of <w AJ0>convicted <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>convicted <w NN2>criminals <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w DPS>its <w NN1>case <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38429<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w PRP>In return for <w NN1>testimony<c PUN>, <w CRD>29 <w NN2>convicts <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>life-without-parole <w NN2>sentences <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,109 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>prison <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>six <w NN2>informants <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>witness <w NN1>protection <w NN1>programme <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AJ0>living <w NN2>expenses <w VVN-VVD>paid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01W>
<s n="708"><w NN1>Nature <w PRF>of <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="709"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prosecution<c PUN>, <w VVG>relying <w AV0>heavily <w PRP>on <w NN1>hearsay <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>from <w AJ0>convicted <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w AT0>a <w NN1>link <w PRP>between <w NP0>Noriega <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1-NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things <w CJT>that <w NP0>Noriega <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cuba <w TO0>to <w VVI>mediate <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1-NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w PNP>It <w VVD>rested <w DPS>its <w NN1>case <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="711"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>cross-examining <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Agency <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w VVD>presented <w DPS>its <w NN1>case <w PRP>between <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay <w PRP>due to <w NN1>heart <w NN1-VVB>bypass <w NN1>surgery <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0>William <w NP0-NN1>Hoeveler<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w NP0>Rubino<c PUN>, <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>client <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>vendetta <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>classified <w NN1>government <w NN2>documents<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w CJC>or <w AJ0>covert <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Noriega<c PUN>.
<s n="713"><w VVB-NN1>Judge <w NP0-NN1>Hoeveler <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN>overruled <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>State <w NN1>department <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rubino<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w DT0>such <w NN2>documents <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38429<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="714"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AV0>virtually <w PRP>without <w NN1>exception <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w VVN>prevented <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>irrelevance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>common <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>indictment<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Noriega <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP-AVP>by <w CJC>and <w VVD>worked <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CJC>and <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="715"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>hearing <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w VVD>disagreed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>indictment <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury<c PUN>; <w NP0>Noriega<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>only <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>witness <w NN1-VVB>stand<c PUN>, <w AV0>successfully <w VVD-VVN>contested <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>indictment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>informant<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>convicted <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1>drug-trafficker<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boris <w NP0-NN1>Olarte<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01X>
<s n="716"><w NN1>Disclosure <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Rubbergate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>House <w NN2>members
</caption>
<p>
<s n="717"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN0>ethics <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w NN1>disclosure<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>banking <w NN1>scandal <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>dubbed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Rubbergate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>affair <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38807<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="718"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disclosure <w VVD>came <w CRD>211 <w NN2>days <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Accounting <w NN1>Office <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN2>overdrafts <w VVB>run <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
<s n="719"><w PNP>It <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>303 <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>written <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w AJ0-VVD>uncovered <w NN1>cheque <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>39-month <w NN1>period <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="720"><w AT0>A <w NN1>list <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>published <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>22 <w AJS>worst<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>abusers<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>run <w NN1-VVB>account <w NN2>deficits <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exceeded <w DPS>their <w ORD>next <w NN1>month<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>for <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>an <w NN1>account <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="721"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>lists <w AV0>together <w VVD>included <w CRD>205 <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w CRD>119 <w NN2>Republicans <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>269 <w NN2>names <w VBD>were <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>56 <w VBD>were <w DT0>former <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="723"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Foley<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Wright<c PUN>, <w NN1>Majority <w NN1>Leader <w NP0>Dick <w NP0>Gephardt<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>(<w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Madigan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Cheney<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lynn <w NP0>Martin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jack <w NP0>Kemp<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="724"><w AT0>The <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>lists <w VVD-VVN>fuelled <w NN2>expressions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>disgust <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>intensify <w AT0>the <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w AJ0>incumbent <w NN2>politicians <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>evidenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>illustrated <w PRP>in <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>term <w VVZ-NN2>limits <w PRP>for <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w NN1>state <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>exploited <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>portray <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>Congress <w CJS>as <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>sabotaging <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>policy <w NN2>initiatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="727"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disclosure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>lists <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>complaints<c PUN>.
<s n="728"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN2>lists <w PRP>for <w VVG>giving <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>uncovered <w NN2>cheques<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>omitting <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>overdrafts<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>names <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>lists <w AV0>also <w VVD>complained<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>overdrafts <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>product <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>chronic <w NN1>inefficiency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>slack <w NN1-VVG>accounting <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLJCA01Y>
<s n="730"><w AJC>Further <w UNC>S&amp;L <w NN2>developments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Keating
</caption>
<p>
<s n="731"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>a <w NN1>measure <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>provided <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w UNC>US&dollar;17,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Resolution <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Corp<c PUN>.
<s n="732"><c PUL>(<w NP0>RTC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w VVD-VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>stricken <w NN2>Savings <w CJC>and <w NN2>Loans <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>298 <w PRP>to <w CRD>125<c PUN>, <w VVD>defied <w AT0>the <w NN2>wishes <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="734"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NP0>RTC <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AJ0>insolvent <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>liquidate <w PNP>them <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>lack <w AT0>the <w NN1>funding <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>compensate <w NN2>depositors<c PUN>.
<s n="735"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AJ0>indicative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>concern <w VVD-VVN>felt <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>faced <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>anger <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>enormous <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>S&amp;L <w NN1-VVB>rescue <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>exceeded <w NN0>&dollar;88,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="736"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1989 <w AV0>almost <w CRD>700 <w UNC>S&amp;Ls <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>RTC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA020></p>
<caption id=HLJCA020>
<s n="737"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w UNC>S&amp;L <w CJC>and <w NN1>banking <w NN2>regulations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="738"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VVD>issued <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>after <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>eased <w VVG-NN1>lending <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>real <w NN1>estate <w CJC>and <w VVD>permitted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>well-capitalized<c PUQ>&quot; <w UNC>S&amp;Ls <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN2>branches <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>.
<s n="739"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>development <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>statement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w VM0>can <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>wait <w PRP>for <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>act<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>inter-state <w NN1>banking<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="740"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>rules <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w CJT>that <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w UNC>S&amp;Ls <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AV0>conservatively <w VVN>underwritten <w NN2>loans <w PRP>for <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pre-sold <w NN2>homes<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>.
<s n="741"><w AV0>Also<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>threshold <w PRP>for <w VVG>requiring <w AJ0>licensed <w NN2>appraisals <w PRP>on <w NN2>loans <w VVN>secured <w PRP>by <w AJ0>real <w NN1>estate <w VBD>was <w VVN>raised <w PRP>from <w NN0>&dollar;50,000 <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;100,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA021></p>
<caption id=HLJCA021>
<s n="742"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Keating
</caption>
<p>
<s n="743"><w AT0>The <w NN1>man <w PNQ>who <w VVD>came <w TO0>to <w VVI>personify <w AT0>the <w NN1>recklessness <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>S&amp;L <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Keating <w NP0>Jr<c PUN>, <w CRD>68<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>fined <w NN0>&dollar;250,000<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>, <w VVD>handed <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w AJ0>Superior <w NN1>Court <w NN1-VVB>Judge <w NN1-VVB>Lance <w NP0>A. <w NP0-NN1>Ito<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>maximum <w VVN>permitted<c PUN>.
<s n="745"><w NP0>Keating<w POS>'s <w NN1>lawyer <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Keating <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>denied <w NN1-VVB>bail <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>flight <w NN1>risk<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="746"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NP0>Keating<w POS>'s <w AJ0>California-based <w NP0>Lincoln <w UNC>S&amp;L <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37405<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>expensive <w AJ0>single <w NN2>failures<c PUN>, <w VVG>costing <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>taxpayer <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;2,600 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>with <w CRD>five <w NN2>Senators<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>faced <w AT0>an <w NN0>ethics <w NN1>inquiry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38568<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="748"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Keating <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Californian <w NN1>state <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w CRD>17 <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w NN1>fraud <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38669<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w NN1>racketeering <w CJC>and <w NN1>conspiracy <w VVZ>counts <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA022><ptr target=HLJCA023></p>
<caption id=HLJCA022>
<s n="750"><w NN1>Abortion
</caption>
<caption id=HLJCA023>
<s n="751"><w AJ0>Large <w NN1>pro-choice <w NN1>demonstration <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pennsylvanian <w AJ0>anti-abortion <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="752"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>500,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="753"><w AT0>The <w NN1>march <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organisation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Women <c PUL>(<w AV0>NOW<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>illustrate <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="754"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>newly-established <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>majority <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>beginning <w AT0>a <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>beleaguered <w CRD>1973 <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>precedent <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>right<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="755"><w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>weakened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Webster <w PRP>v. <w AJ0>Reproductive <w NN2>Services <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36809-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2-VVZ>states <w AJC>greater <w NN1>latitude <w PRP>in <w VVG>restricting <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pennsylvania <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38714-15<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w CRD>five <w AJ0>key <w NN2>provisions
</p>
<p>
<s n="757"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NN1>Solicitor <w NP0>General <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>W. <w NP0>Starr <w VVD>filed <w AT0>a <w NN1>brief <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>its <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pennsylvanian <w NN1>law <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>overturn <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>innocent <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>or <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>womb<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>compelling <w NN1>interest <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w VM0>can <w VVI>advance<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>stated <w NP0-NN1>Starr<c PUN>.
<s n="759"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>In <w DPS>our <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w VVG>protecting <w AJ0>foetal <w NN1>life <w PRP>throughout <w NN1>pregnancy<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>matter<c PUN>, <w VVZ>outweighs <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman<w POS>'s <w NN1>liberty <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="760"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>heard <w AJ0>oral <w NN2>arguments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w NN1>law <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Planned <w NN1>Parenthood <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Southeastern <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Casey<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="761"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w CRD>mid-1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>its <w NN1>summer <w NN1>recess<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA024></p>
<caption id=HLJCA024>
<s n="762"><w VVG>Striking <w AVP>down <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guam <w NN1>law <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Renewed <w NN2>protests <w PRP>outside <w NN2>clinics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="763"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>abortion-related <w NN2>developments <w PRP>during <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>9th <w NP0>US <w NN1>Circuit <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals <w VVD-VVN>struck <w AVP>down <w AT0>a <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>anti-abortion <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guam&lsqb;seep. <w CRD>37310<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w VVG>Using <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>starting <w NN1>point<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Guam <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>draconian <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-abortionist <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>enacted <w AV0>anywhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>clearly <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="766"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>began <w DPS>its <w NN2>deliberations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pennsylvanian <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0-NN1>anti-abortionist <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NN1>Operation <w NN1-VVB>Rescue<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>picket <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>clinic <w PRP>in <w NP0>Buffalo<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>.
<s n="767"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>picket<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CJS>lest <w CRD>150 <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>breach <w NN2>police <w NN2>lines <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>clinic<c PUN>.
<s n="768"><w NN1>Operation <w NN1>Rescue <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>pickets <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>clinics <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wichita<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kansas<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38383<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA025></p>
<caption id=HLJCA025>
<s n="769"><w NN1>Conviction <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Gotti
</caption>
<p>
<s n="770"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>verdict <w VVN>hailed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>prosecutors <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia <w PRP>since <w DT0>that <w PRP>against <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Capone <w PRP>in <w CRD>1931<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>court <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w NN1>instance <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w AJ0>convicted <w NP0>John <w NP0>Gotti<c PUN>, <w AV0>reputedly <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NP0-NN1>Gambino<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>family<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w CRD>13 <w NN2-VVZ>counts <w PRP>including <w NN1>murder<c PUN>, <w NN1>conspiracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>murder<c PUN>, <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>gambling<c PUN>, <w NN1>loan <w VVG-NN1>sharking<c PUN>, <w VVG>obstructing <w NN1>justice<c PUN>, <w VVG>bribing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="771"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conviction <w VVD>followed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>11-hour <w NN1>deliberation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-week <w NN1>trial <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>trial <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38715<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w NN2>Gotti <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>occasions <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>for <w VVG>conspiring <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>Gotti <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AT0>a <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w NN0>&dollar;60,000 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>acquitted <w DT0>each <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="773"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formidable <w NN1>quantity <w PRF>of <w NN1>prosecution <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>six <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w AV0>secretly <w VVD-VVN>recorded <w NP0>FBI <w NN2>tapes <w CJC>and <w CRD>38 <w NN2>witnesses<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Gotti<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>trusted <w NN1>friend<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salvatore<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Sammy <w NP0>Bull<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Gravano<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest-ranking <w NN1>Mafia <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w AV0>ever <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Gravano <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>to <w VHG>having <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w CRD>19 <w NN2>murders<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w VVN>committed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>orders <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gotti<c PUN>.
<s n="775"><w PNP>He <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gotti <w VBD>were <w AJ0>present <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>Gambino <w NN1>family <w NN1>boss<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Big <w NP0>Paul<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Castellano <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>bodyguard <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manhattan<c PUN>.
<s n="776"><w AV0>Shortly <w AV0>afterwards <w NP0>Gotti <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>as <w NP0>Castellano<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
<s n="777"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defence <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w NN1-NP0>Gravano <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>serial <w NN1>killer<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>habitual <w NN1>liar <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>evade <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>by <w VVG>striking <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="778"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>witness<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w CRD>five <w NN2>others <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>Gotti <w VBD>were <w VVN>disqualified <w PRP>from <w VVG>appearing <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presiding <w NN1>judge<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w DT0>This<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>jurors <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury<w POS>'s <w NN2>deliberations <w VVD>began <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>convictions<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>prevented <w NN1-AJ0>Gotti <w PRP>from <w VBG>being <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AV0>either <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w CJC>or <w ORD>second <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="781"><w NP0>Gotti <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="782"><w DPS>His <w NN1>co-defendant<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frank<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Frankie <w NP0>Locs<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Locascio<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w NN1>racketeering<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>acquitted <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>count <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>gambling<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>men <w VVD>stated <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>against <w DPS>their <w NN2>convictions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="784"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="785"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="786"><w NN1>Tightening <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo
</head>
<p>
<s n="787"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>issued <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>order <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18 <w AJ0-VVG>closing <w NP0>US <w NN2>ports <w PRP>to <w NN2>ships <w VVN-VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w DT0>This <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>anti-Castro <w NN2>broadcasts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Florida-based <w NN1>TV <w NP0>Mart&iacute;<c PUN>, <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>exiles <w CJC>and <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="789"><w AT0>The <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="790"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>estimates<c PUN>, <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w VM0>would <w VVI>total <w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;65,000,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>only <w AV0>about <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w VVN-VVD>received <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>figure<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w PRP>Among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>privations<c PUN>, <w NN1>energy <w NN1>rationing <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Havana<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="792"><w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>radio <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>tightening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>.
<s n="793"><w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Salgado<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ecuadorian <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>US <w AJ0-VVG>governing <w NN2>circles <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>modified <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>least <w DPS>their <w AJ0>imperial <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NN1-VVB>dream <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unipolar <w NN1>world <w VVN>rooted <w PRP>in <w NN1>subjugation <w CJC>and <w NN1>slavery<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="794"><w NN1>Reaction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>varied<c PUN>.
<s n="795"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>anti-Castro <w NN1>lobby <w VVN-VVD>pushed <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bipartisan <w NN1>bill <w AV0>currently <w PRP-CJS>before <w NN1>Congress <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>prevent <w AJ0>foreign-based <w NN2>subsidiaries <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>companies <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>trading <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN1>trade <w VHD>had <w AV0>more than <w VVN>doubled <w PRP>between <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w UNC>US&dollar;705,000,000<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>US <w NN2>firms <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>capitalize <w PRP>on <w NP0>Cuba<w POS>'s <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>partners<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="797"><w NP0>Ernest <w NP0>Corrado<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Institute <w PRF>of <w NN1>Merchant <w NN1>Shipping<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJC>tighter <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NN1>shipping <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>insane<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVG>interfering <w PRP>with <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>inviting <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA026></p>
<caption id=HLJCA026>
<s n="798"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="799"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>ambassadorial <w NN1>level <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="800"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="801"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="802"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="803"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>army-backed <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>installed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fr.
<s n="804"><w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Bertrand <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430<c PUN>; <w CRD>38522-23<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="805"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>, <w CRD>seven <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Gracia <w NP0>Jean<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>personality <w NN2-VVZ>clashes<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Honorat<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="806"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Honorat <w NN1>regime <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrest <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>US-sponsored <w NP0>Washington <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Aristide<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38758<c PUN>; <w CRD>38808<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="807"><w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Th&eacute;odore<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>designated <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>minister <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NN2>Haitians <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w DPS>its <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Raoul <w NP0>C&eacute;dras<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>ostensibly <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>stability<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="808"><w NP0>C&eacute;dras<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>invitation<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AV0>also <w PRP>to <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Port-au-Prince<c PUN>, <w NP0>Evans <w NP0>Paul<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w VVG>hiding<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>pure <w NN1>demagogy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="809"><w AJ0>Congressional <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>supported <w AV0>instead <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>arbitrate<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>branches <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLJCA027><s n="810"><w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Honorat <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Serge <w NP0>Charles <w NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<caption id=HLJCA027>
<s n="811"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>provisional <w NP0>Haiti <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="812"><w UNC>**Jean-Robert <w VVB>Simonise <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Worship <w NP0>Serge <w NP0>Cotel <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Beaulieu <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="813"><w UNC>**Joseph <w NP0-NN1>Desir <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education
</p>
<p>
<s n="814"><w UNC>**Greger <w NP0>Jean-Louis <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Population
</p>
<p>
<s n="815"><w UNC>*Marc-Henri <w NP0>Rousseau <w NP0>Francois <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Baker <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0-NN1>Evariste <w NP0-NN1>Midy <w NN1>Planning<c PUN>, <w AJ0>External <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>administration <w NP0-NN1>Gerarde <w NP0-NN1>Bissainthe <w NN1>Information<c PUN>, <w NN1>Co-ordination <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Jacquelin <w NP0>Montalvo <w NP0>Despeignes <w NN1>Minster <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio <w NP0>Guy <w NP0>Francis <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="816"><w UNC>*No <w NN1-VVB>change<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="817"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="818"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="819"><w NP0>ST <w NP0>LUCIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="820"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="821"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UWP<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Compton<c PUN>, <w CRD>66<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w AJ0>consecutive <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="822"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1-NP0>UWP<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>since <w CRD>1964 <w PRP>except for <w CRD>1979-82<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>six <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Saint <w NP0>Lucia <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLP<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Julian <w NP0-NN1>Hunte<c PUN>.
<s n="823"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLP<c PUR>) <w VVD>received <w AV0>only <w CRD>97 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>constituency <w PNP>it <w VVD>contested<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="824"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35187-88<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UWP <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>nine <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLP <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NP0>SLP <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w NP0>Neville <w NP0>Cenac<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVD>defected <w CJC>and <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>Compton <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="825"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AJ0>fit <w TO0>to <w VVI>manage <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLP <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>style <w PRF>of <w NP0>Compton<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w NN2>critics <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>benevolent <w NN1>dictator<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>practised <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>art <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>clientist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w NP0>Compton <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>victory <w VBD>was <w AJ0>important <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Windward <w NP0>Islands <w NN1-VVB>group <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Dominica<c PUN>, <w NP0>Grenada<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>St <w NP0>Vincent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Grenadines<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="828"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="829"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="830"><w NP0>Guadalajara <w NN1>explosion
</head>
<p>
<s n="831"><w AT0>A <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>explosions <w VVN-VVD>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>injured <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>others <w CJC>and <w VVD>destroyed <w CRD>30 <w NN2>blocks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>working <w NN1>class <w NP0-NN1>Reforma <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guadalajara<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jalisco<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="832"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>District<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ignacio <w NN2>Morales <w NP0-NN1>Lechuga<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w CRD>72 <w NN2>hours <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Gortari <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>the <w NN2>culprits<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w PNP>he <w VVD>attributed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>executives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company <c PUL>(<w NP0>PEMEX<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guadalajara<c PUN>, <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Dau <w UNC>Flores <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>temporarily<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jalisco <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aristeo <w NP0>Mej&iacute;as<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>local <w NN1>water <w NN1>company <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="834"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>fatal <w NN2>blasts<c PUN>, <w NN2>Morales <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AJ0>large <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN1>petrol <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ruptured <w NN1>PEMEX <w NN1>pipeline <w CJC>and <w AJ0>lesser <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>volatile <w NN1>solvent <w NN1>hexane<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>leaked <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>sewers<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w PNP>He <w VVD>rejected <w NP0>PEMEX<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-VVG>leaking <w NN1>hexane <w NN1>gas <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>privately <w VVD-VVN>owned <w UNC>La <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>cooking <w NN1>oil <w NN1>factory <w VBD>was <w AV0>primarily <w TO0>to <w VVI>blame<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w NN2>Days <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>explosions <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w NN1>company <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>smell <w PRF>of <w NN1>gas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>district<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>an <w NN1>evacuation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="837"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="838"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="839"><w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>guarantees
</head>
<p>
<s n="840"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Pi&ntilde;er&uacute;a <w NP0>Ordaz <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>guarantees <w VVN>suspended <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="841"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>civic <w NN1-VVB>strike<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AV0>chiefly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w DT0>most <w NN2>schools <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>closed <w CJC>but <w DT0>little <w NN1>disruption <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN2>cities <w CJC>and <w NN2>towns <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="842"><w NN2>Protesters <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>liberties<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>troops <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>fired <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w TO0>to <w VVI>disperse <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w AJ0>south-western <w NN2>districts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>rioting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>Valencia<c PUN>, <w CRD>80 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="844"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>procession <w PRF>of <w NN1>silence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>proceeded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Caracas <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dispersed <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w VVG>using <w NN1>water <w NN0>cannon<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>tear <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w NN1>birdshot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="845"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>units <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas <w TO0>to <w VVI>disperse <w NN2>students <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NN2>policemen <w VVG>striking <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1-VVB>pay <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Andean <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Merida<c PUN>.
<s n="846"><w AT0>No <w NN2>arrests <w CJC>or <w NN2>injuries <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA028></p>
<caption id=HLJCA028>
<s n="847"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>governor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="848"><w VVB>Miguel <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ruth <w NP0>de <w NP0>Krivoy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>woman <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w VVB-NN1>Rodr&iacute;guez<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>unpopular <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>stepped <w AVP>down <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AV0>currently <w AJ0>beleaguered <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA029></p>
<caption id=HLJCA029>
<s n="850"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>rebels
</caption>
<p>
<s n="851"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>42 <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN1>course <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>psychological <w NN1>re-adaption<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w DPS>their <w AJ0>military <w NN2>careers<c PUN>.
<s n="853"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>47 <w NN2>ringleaders<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez <w NP0>Fr&iacute;as<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="854"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="855"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="856"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</head>
<p>
<s n="857"><w PRP>In accordance with <w NN2>powers <w VVD-VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN-VVD>enacted <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38332<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w VVG>placing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>country <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>energy <w NN1>shortage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="858"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>persistence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>drought<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRP>on <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
<s n="859"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>drought <w PRP>on <w NP0>El <w NP0>Ni&ntilde;o<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warm <w NN1>ocean <w NN1>current <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w VVG>sweeping <w AVP>in <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1-VVB>coast <w AT0>every <w DT0>few <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AJ0>wide <w NN2>fluctuations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>weather<c PUN>.
<s n="860"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>other <w NN2>observers <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>rainfall <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>accelerated <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tropical <w NN2>forests<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w NN2>Critics <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>blamed <w NN1>energy <w NN2>shortages <w PRP>on <w NN1>mismanagement <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>electricity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>generating <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w VVG>pointing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>invest <w PRP>in <w NN1>coal <w AJ0-VVG>generating <w NN1>power <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w ORD>first <w VVD>became <w AJ0>evident<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><w AJ0>Generating <w NN1>company <w NN2>managers <w VHD>had <w AV0>merely <w VVN>allowed <w NN1>water <w NN2>levels <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>drought <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VVI>end<c PUN>; <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w VDD>did <w PNP>they <w VVI>admit <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1-VVG>rationing <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>costing <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;330,000 <w DT0>each <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="863"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="864"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="865"><w NP0>Major <w NP0>Cabinet <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="866"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello <w VVD>completed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>removing <w PRP>from <w PNP>his <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconstruction <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w DT0>several <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>scandals<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w DT0>Several <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w PRP>in <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>broaden <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="869"><w AT0>The <w NN1>centre-left <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brazil <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSDB<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>resisted <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN2>overtures <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="870"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>important <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>unpopular <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="871"><w DT0>This <w VVD>left <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>option <w CJS>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFL<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>either <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN2>difficulties <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>pose <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w NN1>legislation <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ambitious <w CJC>and <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="872"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>, <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>equivalent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>shock<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN0>staff <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="873"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jarbas <w NN1-NP0>Passarinho<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>put <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="874"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w PNQ>whom <w NP0>Collor <w VVD>retained <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN2>portfolios <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marc&iacute;lio <w NP0>Marques <w NP0>Moreira<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>identified <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>IMF-approved <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="875"><w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Gros <w VVD>remained <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>retained <w VBD>were <w VVN>judged <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w PRF>of <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>questions <w VBD>were <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>asked <w PRP>about <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Fiuza<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Minister <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w VVG>prohibiting <w NN2>donations <w PRP>to <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w VVG>receiving <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN1>Banking <w NN1>Federation <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w DPS>his <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="877"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>gift <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>jet <w NN1-VVB>ski <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>construction <w NN1>company <w VVG>seeking <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="878"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>success <w PRP>for <w NP0>Collor <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>by <w NP0>H&eacute;lio <w NP0>Jaguaribe<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSDB <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w NN1-NP0>Afonso <w NN1>Camargo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN2>Workers <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PTB<c PUR>) <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NP0>Celso <w NP0-NN1>Lafer<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="880"><w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>dismissed <w CJC>and <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN2>scandals <w VBD>was <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>Leoni <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w DPS>his <w NN1>influence <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>oil <w NN1-AJ0>firm <w NN2>P&Eacute;TROBRAS <w PRP>for <w NN2>companies <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>friends<c PUN>.
<s n="881"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Elizer <w NP0>Batista<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="882"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w PRP>under <w NN2>police <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ant&ocirc;nio <w NP0>Rog&eacute;rio <w NP0>Magri <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38720<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="883"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Federal <w NN2>Police<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romeu <w NP0>Tuma<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>police <w AV0>allegedly <w PRP>for <w VVG>favouring <w NN2>smugglers <w VVG>shipping <w NN1>coffee <w PRP>into <w NP0>Paraguay<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>.
<s n="884"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>complained <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w NN2>resources <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>against <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02A>
<s n="885"><w NN1>Army <w NN1>unrest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="886"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>relief <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>takeover<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="887"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>EFE <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w NN1>division <w NN2>generals<c PUN>, <w CRD>19 <w NN2>colonels <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>brigadier<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNX>themselves <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Guararapes <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>identical<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>seized <w NN1>power <w PRP>with <w NN1>army <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="888"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w DT0>another <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>wage <w NN1>increase <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38526 <w PRP>for <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>increase<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02B>
<s n="889"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="890"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AV0>locally <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0-NN1>15-point <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>stabilize <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>without<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>shocks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w AJ0-NN1>sectoral <w NN2>agreements <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w NN1>inflation <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUR>) <w CJS>while <w AJ0>stimulating <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>preserving <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w AT0>The <w NN1>programme <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fundamental<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>adjustment <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>deregulation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="892"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1>car <w NN2>manufacturers <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>agreement <w AVQ>whereby <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN2>cars <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>market <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>wage <w NN2>increases <w VVN>tied <w PRP>to <w AJ0>monthly <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>pledges <w PRF>of <w NN1>job <w NN1>security<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02C>
<s n="893"><w NN1>Debt <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="894"><w PRP>Despite <w NN1>failure <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>debt <w NN1-VVG>restructuring <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>creditors <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moreira <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>club <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>western <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w UNC>US&dollar;11,000 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>government-to-government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>debt <w AV0>over <w CRD>14 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w AT0>The <w NN2>creditors<w POS>' <w NN1>approval <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w UNC>US&dollar;4,100 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w VBG>being <w VVN>repaid <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="896"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>constitutionally <w VVN>bound <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>vigorously <w VVI>criticize <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AJ0>excessive <w AJ0>social <w NN1>cost <w VVN-VVD>implied <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-payment <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLJCA02D><s n="897"><w NP0-NN1>Celso <w NP0-NN1>Lafer <c PUL>(<w NN1>ind<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="898"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Marcilio <w NP0>Marques <w NP0>Moreira <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Economy <w NP0>C&eacute;lio <w NP0>Borja <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Marcus <w NP0>Vinicius <w NP0>Patrini <w NP0>de <w NP0>Morais <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>) <w NN2>Mines <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy <w NP0-NN1>Afonso <w NP0-NN1>Camargo <c PUL>(<w NP0>PTB<c PUR>) <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Melao <w NP0>Neto <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFL<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Administration <w NP0-NN1>Reinhold <w NP0>Stephanes <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w NP0>Angelo <w NP0>Calmon <w NP0>de <w NP0>S&aacute; <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Development <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Caberera <w NP0>Filho <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN1-VVB>Reform <w NP0>Adib <w NP0>Jatene <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Goldemberg <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NN1>Environment <w NP0>S&eacute;rgio <w NP0>Rouanet <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Fiuza <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NP0>H&eacute;lio <w NP0>Jaguaribe <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology <w NP0>Eliezer <w NP0>Batista <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Tinoco <w NP0>Ribeiro <w NP0>Gomes <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Army <w NP0>Adm.
<s n="899"><w NP0>Mario <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w UNC>Flores <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Navy <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="900"><w NP0>S&oacute;crates <w NP0>da <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Monteiro <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Bornhausen <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Ind<c PUR>) <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government <w NP0>Bernhard <w NP0-NN1>Rajman <w NN1>Sport <w NP0>Marcos <w NP0>Coimbra <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency
</p>
<caption id=HLJCA02D>
<s n="901"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN1>government
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="902"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="903"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="904"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>junta <w NN1>member
</head>
<p>
<s n="905"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Mendoza <w NP0>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>carabinero <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>police <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta <w PRP>from <w CRD>1973 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>dictatorship <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Pinochet <w NP0>Ugarte<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w PRP>by <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>kidnapping <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="906"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>mutilated <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN2>teachers<w POS>' <w NN1>union <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>fellow <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NN2>carabineros <c PUL>(<w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>police<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mendoza <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33842<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="907"><w NN2>Investigations <w VBD>were <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>for <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>reopened <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w AVQ>when <w DT0>another <w NN1>judge <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>Dicomcar <w NN2>police <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>directorate <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="908"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mendoza <w VBD>were <w CRD>15 <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>retired <w CJC>and <w VVG>serving <w NN2>carabineros <w CJC>and <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Estay <w NP0-NN1>Reyno<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1-AJ0>communist <w VVD-AJ0>turned <w NN2>police <w NN1>collaborator<c PUN>.
<s n="909"><w PNI>None <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>murders<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02E>
<s n="910"><w NN1>Warning <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pinochet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="911"><w NP0>Pinochet<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Alywin <w NP0-NN1>Az&oacute;car <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AJ0-AV0>prior <w NN1-VVB>notice <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>trips <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="912"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Borja <w NP0>Cevallos <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ecuador <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pinochet<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>country <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0>welcome<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="913"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Pinochet <w AV0>reportedly <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w VVG>serving <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ecuadorian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>social <w NN1>centre <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w VVD>met <w AJ0>retired <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="914"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="915"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="916"><w NN1>Debt <w NN2>agreements
</head>
<p>
<s n="917"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Domingo <w NP0>Cavallo <w VVD>secured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>refinancing <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>400 <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1>Citicorp <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="918"><w NP0>Argentina <w AV0>thus <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brady <w NN1-VVB>Plan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w VVN>devised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Nicolas <w NP0>Brady <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w NN2>burdens <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36541-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="919"><w VVD>Finalized <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Inter-American <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NN1>IDB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>affected <w AJ0>medium-term <w NN1>debt <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;23,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>plus <w NN0>&dollar;8,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>overdue <w NN1>interest<c PUN>.
<s n="920"><w NP0>Argentina <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w NN1>lump <w NN1>sum <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>cash <w PRP>towards <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>interest <w NN2>arrears <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;70,000,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <w PRP>in <w NN1>interest <w NN2>payments <w AV0>thereafter<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>repay <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w UNC>US&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>via <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>bonds <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>purchased <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><w AT0>The <w NN2>banks <w VBD>were <w AV0>then <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w VVG>exchanging <w AJ0>medium-term <w NN1>debt <w AV0>either <w PRP>for <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>30-year <w NN2>bonds <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>face <w NN1>value <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VVG>rising <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>stages <w PRP>from <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN2>years <w CRD>seven <w PRP>to <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-month <w NN1>interest <w NN1-VVB>guarantee<c PUN>; <w CJC>or <w PRP>for <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>30-year <w NN2>bonds <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>discounted <w NN1>face <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w VVG-NN1>carrying <w NN1>interest <w PRP>at <w CRD>13/16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w AJ0>inter-bank <w AJ0>offered <w NN1>rate <c PUL>(<w NP0>Libor<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVG>carrying <w NN1>collateral <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="922"><w PRP>In <w NN1>sum<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0-AJ0>overall <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;61,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="923"><w PRP>In <w NN1>anticipation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>bank <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>, <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>credit <w PRP>under <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>for <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>authorizing <w NN1>drawing <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR2,149,250,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;2,948 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>reduced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>1,445 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>84 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02F>
<s n="924"><w NN1>Unification <w PRF>of <w NN1>union <w NN2>federations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="925"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>after <w CRD>1/2 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN2>divisions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>pro-government <w NP0>San-Mart&iacute;n <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Peronist <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <c PUL>(<w NP0>CGT<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>reunited <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>radical <w NN1>Azopardo <w NN1>wing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="926"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CGT <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN1>union <w NN1>confederation <w VVG>representing <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,500,000 <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="927"><w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Ubaldini<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CGT <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Azopardo <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>heavily <w VVN-AJ0>defeated <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38434<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="928"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>wings <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>transformation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>society <w CJC>but <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="929"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="930"><w NP0>BERMUDA
</head>
<p>
<s n="931"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Secretary <w CJC>and <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>government <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lords<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Waddington<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bermuda <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NN1>summer<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="932"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="933"><w NP0>JAMAICA
</head>
<p>
<s n="934"><w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Manley<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNP<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38808<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AVP>up <w DPS>his <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="935"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="936"><w NP0>ST <w NP0>CHRISTOPHER <w CJC>AND <w NP0-NN1>NEVIS
</head>
<p>
<s n="937"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Powell <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sydney <w NP0>Morris<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN1>Community <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Utilities<c PUN>.
<s n="938"><w NP0>Powell<w POS>'s <w NN2>portfolios <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w AVP>on <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>by <w NP0>Constance <w NP0>Mitcham<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Fitzroy <w NP0>Jones<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>.
<s n="939"><w NP0>Powell<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Basseterre<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strained <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Powell <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Kennedy <w NP0>Alphonse <w NP0>Simmonds <w PRP>over <w DT0>several <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="940"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="941"><w NP0>GRENADA
</head>
<p>
<s n="942"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0>George <w NP0>Brizan<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minster <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>retaining <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Production <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tillman <w NP0>Thomas <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minster <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Utilities <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0>Minister <w NP0>Phinsley <w NP0>St <w NP0>Louis<c PUN>.
<s n="943"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>Brathwaite <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>Planning <w PRP>from <w NP0>Brizan <w CJC>and <w VVD>passed <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>Information <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>to <w NP0>Carlyle <w VVB>Glean<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Sport<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="944"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="945"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="946"><w NP0>NPC <w NN1>session
</head>
<p>
<s n="947"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPC <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w NP0>20-April <w CRD>3 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38145 <w PRP>for <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>session <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>March-April <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="948"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0>political <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>elder <w NN1>statesman<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w AT0>a <w NN1>drive <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AV0>more <w AJ0>fundamental <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38813-14<c PUN>; <w CRD>38764<c PUN>; <w CRD>38722<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="949"><w NP0>Deng <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VDD>did <w DPS>his <w NN1>arch-conservative <w VVI>rival <w NP0>Chen <w NP0-NN1>Yun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="950"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NPC <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>work <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w CRD>Three <w NN2>Gorges <w VVB-NN1>dam <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN2>women<w POS>'s <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>interests<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02G>
<s n="951"><w NN1>Government <w NN1-VVB>work <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="952"><w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>work <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="953"><w PRP>Throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w NP0>Li<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
<s n="954"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>newspaper <w ITJ>Ta <w NP0>Kung <w NP0-NN1>Pao <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPC <w NN1>presidium <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AJ0>rapid <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>added <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>dangers <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leftism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="955"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>humiliating <w NN1>rebuke<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NP0>Li<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="956"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w NP0>Li<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>revised <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>moment <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PNP>it <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0-NN1>Dengist <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="957"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>assessment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w VVD>contended <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>studiously <w VVN-VVD>avoided <w NN1>over-commitment <w PRP>to <w DT0>either <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>split <w PRP>between <w NN2>hardliners <w CJC>and <w NN2>reformists<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="958"><w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>support <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governors <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="959"><w VVG>Giving <w AJ0>cautious <w NN1>backing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Dengist <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN-VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>stability <w VBD>was <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>prerequisite <w PRP>for <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>watch <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w AJ0>ideological <w NN1>trend <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>bourgeois <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>,<c PUN>&hellip; <w AV0>otherwise <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>consequences<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="960"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cautious <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>growth <w NN1>target <w CJS>as <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AJ0>double-digit <w NN1>expansion <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
<s n="961"><w NP0>Li <w AV0>also <w AV0>pointedly <w VVD>gave <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>to <w NN1>leftist <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>policies <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Deng<c PUN>, <w VVG>endorsing <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>service <w NN2>networks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ideological <w NN1>education <w NN2-VVZ>campaigns <w PRP>in <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="962"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="963"><w NP0>Li <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VVD>acknowledged <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>subject <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>pretext <w PRP>for <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02H>
<s n="964"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="965"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>report <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wang <w AJ0-NN1>Bingqian<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21 <w VVD>revealed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w CRD>21,100 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>8,760 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="966"><w VVN>Calculated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>international <w NN2>standards <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>borrowing<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>58,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=5.5053 <w NN0>yuan <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="967"><w NP0>Wang <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>on <w AJ0>various <w NN2>factors<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>flooding <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>afflicted <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38339<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="968"><w VVB-NN1>Support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>loss-making <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>drain <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>over <w CRD>50,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan <w VVN>spent <w PRP>on <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="969"><w NP0>Wang <w VVB>forecast <w AT0>a <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>391,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w CRD>8.6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>expenditures <w PRP>to <w CRD>411,900 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan<c PUN>.
<s n="970"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>discipline <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>expenditure <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="971"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>37,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02J>
<s n="972"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>Gorges <w VVB-NN1>dam <w NN1>project
</caption>
<p>
<s n="973"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPC <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>Three <w NN2>Gorges <w VVB>dam <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yangtze <w NN1>river <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NN1-NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="974"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dam <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w AV0>ever <w VVN>built<c PUN>, <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w CRD>600 <w AJ0>km-long <w NN1>reservoir<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>displacing <w AV0>around <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>cost <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>57,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan<c PUN>.
<s n="975"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>issue <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>for <w NN2>years <w PRP>because of <w NN2>worries <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>consequences <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>.
<s n="976"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposal <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,767 <w PRP>to <w CRD>177<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>644 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02K>
<s n="977"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin
</caption>
<p>
<s n="978"><w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6-10<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="979"><w NP0>Jiang<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>CCP <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02L>
<s n="980"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>details <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>prisoner
</caption>
<p>
<s n="981"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-AJ0>disclosed <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>best-known <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wei <w NP0-NN1>Jingsheng<c PUN>.
<s n="982"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Beijing <w NN1>Spring <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978-79 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>Wall<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wei <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979 <w CJC>and <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>30495-96<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="983"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NP0>Wei <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>reform-through-labour<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>farm <w PRP>near <w NP0>Tangshan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unclear<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w NN1>guilt<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02M>
<s n="984"><w NN1>Flooding
</caption>
<p>
<s n="985"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Jiangxi <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Hunan <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w CJC>and <w NP0>Guangdong <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>floods<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w NN2>Officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jiangxi <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>floods <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>over <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w VVN>affected <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>volunteers <w VVG>working <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="987"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="988"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="989"><w NN2>Protests <w PRP>over <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVB-NN1>issue
</head>
<p>
<s n="990"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN2>arrangements <w VVD-VVN>dominated <w NN2>events <w PRP>during <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="991"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Kuomintang <c PUL>(<w NP0>KMT<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>by <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38814<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="992"><w NP0>KMT <w NN2>liberals <w VVD>supported <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>conservatives <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complicated <w NN1>proxy <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="993"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>DPP<c PUR>) <w VVD>backed <w AJ0-AV0>direct <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19-21 <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>organized <w AJ0>large <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taipei <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands<c PUN>.
<s n="994"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>prevented <w NN1>DPP <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w VVG>entering <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taipei <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02N>
<s n="995"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w VVB-NN1>review
</caption>
<p>
<s n="996"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>KMT <w NN1>spokesman <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>revise <w NN2>laws <w VVG>restricting <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>freedoms<c PUN>.
<s n="997"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>changes <w VM0>would <w VVI>affect <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>covering <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>travel<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>draconian <w NN1>sedition <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="998"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="999"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1000"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>governor
</head>
<p>
<s n="1001"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Patten<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>his <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>seat <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38869<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Wilson <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1002"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>high-ranking <w AJ0>British <w NN1>politician <w AV0>ever <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorship<c PUN>, <w NP0>Patten <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>managing <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1003"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>administrators <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VHD>had <w VVN>welcomed <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>because of <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DPS>his<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>close <w NN2>connections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>politicians <w AV0>also <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cautious <w NN1>welcome <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
<s n="1005"><w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Lee<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Democrats <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>politician <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>receptive <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>will <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>diplomat<c PUN>.
<s n="1006"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AJ0>pro-Chinese <w NN2>politicians <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJT>that <w NP0>Patten <w VM0>might <w VVI>give <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>British <w NN1>business <w NN2>interests<c PUN>.
<s n="1007"><w NP0>Chen <w NP0>Ziyang<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macao <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>favourable <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>favourable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>smooth <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02P>
<s n="1008"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>blacklist<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1009"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NP0>Sunday <w NN1-VVB>Express <w NN1>newspaper <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>compiled <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>blacklist<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>residents <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>targeted <w PRP>for <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>by <w NP0>China <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>resumed <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1010"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>blacklist<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>British <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>officials <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w NP0>Feng <w NP0-NN1>Baosheng<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>defected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-March<c PUN>.
<s n="1011"><w VVB-NN1>Feng <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>.
<s n="1012"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tao <w NP0>Siju<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>denying <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>blacklist<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w VVI>admit <w DT0>that <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>residents <w VBD>was <w VVN>collected <w PRP>by <w NN2>agents <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>ministry <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NP0>China <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="1013"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Tao<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>post-1997 <w NN1>policy <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w AV0>leniently <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>residents <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02R>
<s n="1014"><w NN2>Results <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w NN1-VVB>riot <w NN1>inquiry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1015"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>riots <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>detention <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVD>blamed <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>police <w VVG-NN1>handling<c PUN>.
<s n="1016"><w AT0>The <w NN2>riots <w VHD>had <w VVN>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shek <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>detention <w NN1>centre <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>injury <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>119 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38765<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1017"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Kempster<c PUN>, <w VVD>found <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>swiftly <w VVN>seized <w CJC>or <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1018"><w NP0-NN1>Kempster <w VVD>made <w CRD>13 <w NN2>recommendations <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02S>
<s n="1019"><w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>ICJ <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1020"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Geneva-based <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w NN2>Jurists <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICJ<c PUR>) <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w AV0>severely <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>denying <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>residents <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1984 <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Declaration <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33656-57<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>consult <w AT0>the <w NN2>residents <w PRP>about <w DPS>their <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>argued<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>obligation <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w PNP>them <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>abode <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>or <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1022"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>damning <w NN1>litany <w PRF>of <w AJ0>broken <w NN2>promises <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>mixed <w NN2>opportunities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>expressed <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w NN1>protection <w VVN-VVD>offered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w POS>'s <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>legislature <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-1997 <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>by <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37248<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02T>
<s n="1023"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <w PRP>by <w NP0>Legco
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1024"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Legco<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>by <w CRD>36 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38815 <w PRP>for <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamish <w NP0>Macleod<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>alleviate <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w AJC>lower <w CJC>and <w AJ0>middle-income <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1025"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1026"><w NP0>NORTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1027"><w NN1>Celebration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung<w POS>'s <w ORD>80th <w NN1>birthday <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1-VVB>accord
</head>
<p>
<s n="1028"><w DT0>Several <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>guests<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w PNP>them <w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0-NN1>Shangkun <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Sihanouk<c PUN>, <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>80th <w NN1>birthday <w NN2>celebrations <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kim <w UNC>Il <w NP0>Sung<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>longest-serving <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1029"><w CRD>Hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>marshalled <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>celebration <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>personality <w NN1>cult <w VVN>constructed <w PRP>around <w NP0>Kim <w CJS>since <w PNP>he <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1030"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>opening <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>occasion <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN2>Times <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>improved <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pyongyang<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>as <w AV0>quickly <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1031"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>evangelist<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Billy <w NP0>Graham<c PUN>, <w VVD>granted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>audience <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>verbal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kim <w PRP>from <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1032"><w TO0>To <w VVI>mark <w DPS>his <w NN1>birthday<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>added <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>titles <w AT0>the <w NN1>designation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Generalissimo<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Chong <w UNC>Il<c PUN>, <w CRD>50<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elevated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1>Marshal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w NN1>Marshal <w ITJ>Oh <w NP0>Jin <w NP0>Wu<c PUN>, <w CRD>75<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02U>
<s n="1033"><w NN1>Ratification <w PRF>of <w NP0>IAEA <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN1-VVB>accord
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1034"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w VVD>ratified <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN2>accords <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38721<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1035"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>neutralize <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>alleged <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>television <w VVD>screened <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>video <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w VVG>showing <w CRD>three <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>reactors<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>kW <w NN1>pilot <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Yongbyon<c PUN>, <w CRD>100 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pyongyang<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>50,000 <w NN0>kW <w NN1>reactor <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>mid-1990s <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>200,000 <w NN0>kW <w NN1>reactor <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>commissioned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1990s<c PUN>.
<s n="1036"><w AJ0>Western <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>experts<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>built <w CJC>or <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>constructing <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>reprocessing <w NN1>facility <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>producing <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>plutonium<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NN1>surprise <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN1>satellite <w NN2>photographs <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>shown <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>reactors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1037"><w NP0>Choi <w NP0>Chong-Sun<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Ministry<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>bureau<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>possessed <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>reprocessing <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reprocessing <w NN1>cycle<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>study<c PUN>.
<s n="1038"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NN2>plans <w VBD>were <w VVG>proceeding <w TO0>to <w VVI>import <w CRD>four <w AJ0>new <w NN2>reactors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN1>installation <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sinpo<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sited <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1039"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AT0>an <w NN1>inventory <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w CRD>90 <w NN2>days <w TO0>to <w VVI>disclose <w NN1>construction <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
<s n="1040"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>official <w NN2>assurances<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>doubts <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>schedule <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>met<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02V>
<s n="1041"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1042"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38819<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>stalemate<c PUN>.
<s n="1043"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w PRF>of <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>JNCC <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>denuclearization <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w VVG>exempting <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>installations <w PRP>from <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02W>
<s n="1044"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1045"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AV0>both <w NN1>income <w CJC>and <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>at <w CRD>39,500,920,000 <w VVD>won<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>6.6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>income <w CJC>and <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>expenditure <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=0.9725 <w VVN>won <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1046"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>fell<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>allocated <w CRD>11.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>expenditure <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>12.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1047"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1048"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1049"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1050"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NN1>approval <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Emergency <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1051"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>Diet <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w AT0>a <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVG>starting <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>curtailment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>spending<c PUN>.
<s n="1052"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VHD>had <w VVN>stated <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w NN1>proposal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38820<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>total <w NN1>government <w NN2>outlays <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>2.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>72,220,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen<c PUN>, <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w AJ0-VVG>worsening <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>climate<c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w VVG>spending <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN0>works <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>4.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>aid <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>7.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>952,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1054"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>voted <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Upper <w NN1>House<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1055"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>running <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>tried <w CJC>and <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1056"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>secured <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>demoralized <w NN1>business <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1057"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>government-funded <w NN1>construction <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>funded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>special <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>reinforcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>structure<c PUN>.
<s n="1058"><w NN1>Interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>0.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVN>fell <w PRP>by <w DT0>another <w CRD>0.75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w VVG>falling <w PRP>to <w CRD>3.75 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02X>
<s n="1059"><w NN1>Stock <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>slump
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1060"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>moves <w VDD>did <w DT0>little<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN2>prices <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w PRP>during <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1061"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nikkei <w AJ0-NN1>Average <w NN1>index<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>indicator <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>exchange<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w CRD>17,500<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>22,000 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>peak <w PRF>of <w CRD>40,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1062"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>loss <w PRP>in <w NN1>market <w NN1>capitalization <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>period <w VHD>had <w VVN>exceeded <w CRD>300,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w NP0>US <w NN0>&dollar;2,000,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1063"><w AT0>The <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w NN1>crisis <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>large <w NN1>measure <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-viable <w AJ0>corporate <w NN2>debts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>steep <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>high <w NN1>property <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w NN2>companies <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>over-borrowed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
<s n="1064"><w AT0>The <w NN1>slump <w PRP>in <w NN1>stock <w NN2>prices <w VVB>put <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>creditor <w NN2-VVZ>banks <w PRP>under <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>pressure <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w AV0>simultaneously <w VVD-VVN>eroded <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>capital <w NN2>bases<c PUN>.
<s n="1065"><w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w VHD>had <w AV0>traditionally <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w DPS>their <w NN1>share <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NN2>reserves <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain<c PUN>.
<s n="1066"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>share <w NN2>prices <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>obliged <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>new <w NN1>lending<c PUN>.
<s n="1067"><w DT0>This <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VHD>had <w VVN>exerted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upward <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w NN1>bank <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLJCA02Y>
<s n="1068"><w AJ0>Sexual <w NN1>harassment <w NN1>ruling
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1069"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>harassment <w VBD>was <w VVN>handed <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w PRP>in <w NP0>Fukuoka <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>publishing <w NN1>company <w VHD>had <w VVN>violated <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>female <w NN1>employee <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>felt <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w DPS>her <w NN1>job <w PRP>after <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>alcoholism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>promiscuity <w PRP>against <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1070"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w CJS>as <w AJ0>significant <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan <w CJS>because <w AJ0>verbal <w NN1>harassment <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>widespread<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>previously <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>actual <w NN2>assaults <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>legally <w VVN>construed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>comprising <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>harassment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA030></p>
<caption id=HLJCA030>
<s n="1071"><w NN1-VVG>Stabbing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yamamura
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1072"><w NP0-NN1>Shinjuro <w NP0>Yamamura<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>budget <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>stabbed <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12 <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>daughter<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>psychiatric <w NN1>condition<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA031></p>
<caption id=HLJCA031>
<s n="1073"><w NN1-VVB>Progress <w PRP>on <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1074"><w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>solution <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-standing <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>islands <w VVN>known <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>Kuriles<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>, <w VVN>situated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Hokkaido<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1075"><w AT0>The <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>Kurile <w NN2>islands <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>territories <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>occupied <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>chain <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War <w PRP>in <w CRD>1945<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1076"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>withhold <w AJ0>final <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intended <w UNC>US&dollar;24,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w NN1>loan <w NN1>package <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1077"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38148<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1078"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AJ0>vigorous <w AJ0>local <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>47,000 <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>citizens <c PUL>(<w CRD>20,000 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AJ0>precious <w NN2>metals <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AJ0>rich <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1079"><w NP0-NN1>Watanabe<w POS>'s <w NN1>initiative <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Shikoton <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>islets <w AV0>collectively <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Habomai<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>temporary <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>rights <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w DT0>more <w AJ0>populous <w NN2>islands <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0-NN1>Etorofu <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kunashiri <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>their <w VBG>being <w VVN>handed <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="1080"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>built <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19-22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38820<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1>symposium <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>academics <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>type<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w PRP>without <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>.
<s n="1081"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>side <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w CRD>1956 <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1-VVB>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>islands<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>rejected <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="1082"><w NN1-NP0>Watanabe <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1083"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w NN1>scheme <w VVG>allowing <w NN2>citizens <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>islands <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>exchange <w NN2-VVZ>visits <w PRP>without <w VVG>obtaining <w NN2>visas<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1084"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1085"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1086"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan
</head>
<p>
<s n="1087"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>formally <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38816-17<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>strengthened <w PRP>during <w NP0>April <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
<s n="1088"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>express <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38817 <w PRP>for <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0-NN1>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1089"><w NN2>Officials <w VBD>were <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN2>officials <w VVB-NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>territory <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1090"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>all-party <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yasushi <w NP0-NN1>Akashi<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w NN1>access <w CJS-PRP>until <w NP0>UN <w NN2>peacekeepers <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>troops <w CJC>or <w NN2>supplies <w VBD>were <w VVG>crossing <w PRP>into <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
<s n="1091"><w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>radio <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVB>broadcast <w NN2>reports <w PRP>during <w NP0>April <w VVG>detailing <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>troop <w CJC>and <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Akashi <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>rule <w AVP>out <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>action <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>begin <w VVG>co-operating<c PUN>.
<s n="1093"><w NN2>Akashi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>intransigence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>decisive <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w AVQ-CJS>when <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w NN2>factions <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>assemble <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>cantonments <w CJC>and <w VVB>surrender <w DPS>their <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1094"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1-NP0>UNTAC <w VVD>opened <w CRD>three <w NN2>checkpoints <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian-Vietnamese <w NN1>border <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>named <w CRD>five <w NN2>areas <w DTQ>which <w NP0>UN <w NN1>inspection <w NN2>teams <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>welcome <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter<c PUN>.
<s n="1096"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>territory <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>two <w NN2>sites <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>commander <w ITJ>Ta <w NP0>Mok<w POS>'s <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Anlong <w NP0-NN1>Veng <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA032></p>
<caption id=HLJCA032>
<s n="1097"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Signing <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>covenants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1098"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18-20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1099"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>urged <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1100"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVN-VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Covenant <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Civil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Covenant <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Cultural <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>.
<s n="1101"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>covenants <w AT0>the <w NN2>factions <w VBD>were <w VVN>bound <w PRP>by <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>uphold <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination<c PUN>, <w AJ0>free <w NN1>association <w CJC>and <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1102"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-AJ0>chief<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dennis <w NP0>McNamara<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>covenants <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pragmatic <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>act<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA033></p>
<caption id=HLJCA033>
<s n="1103"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Sihanouk
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1104"><w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0>Sihanouk<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cambodia<w POS>'s <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7-15 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15-17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1105"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Prince <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NP0>SNC <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hun <w NP0>Sen<c PUN>, <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOC<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Son <w NP0-NN1>Sann<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmer <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
<s n="1106"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w NP0-NN1>Sihanouk <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w AT0>a <w NN1>gift <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;1,800,000 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA034></p>
<caption id=HLJCA034>
<s n="1107"><w NP0>SOC <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1108"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>SOC <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1109"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="1110"><w VVB>Im <w NP0-NN1>Chhunlim<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Yos <w NN1>Son <w PRP>as <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NP0>Dit <w NP0-NN1>Munty<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>SOC <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Press<c PUN>; <w VVB>Hang <w NP0-NN1>Chuon<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w VDB>Do <w NP0>Sohan <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Koy <w NP0>Buntha <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>War <w NN2>Invalids<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1111"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>an <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-AJ0>relieved <w NP0-NN1>Heng <w NP0-NN1>Samrin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>SOC <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>state <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="1112"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chea <w NP0>Sim<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>SOC <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="1113"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w NP0-NN1>Heng <w NP0-NN1>Samrin <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>resign <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>Chair<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1114"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1115"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1116"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1117"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38680 <w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1118"><w PNP>It <w VVD>comprised <w CRD>148 <w NN2>articles<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unrevised <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>document <w AV0>radically <w VVD-VVN>altered <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>structure <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>enshrined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>market-orientated <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>undertaken <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>mid-1980s<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>ensuring <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPV<c PUR>) <w VVD>retained <w DPS>its <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>political <w NN1>role<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1120"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1121"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>11th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>prolonged <w PRP>by <w AJ0>heated <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1122"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>organizing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w VVG>electing <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>an <w NN1>addendum <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38680 <w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w ORD>10th <w NN1>session<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA035></p>
<caption id=HLJCA035>
<s n="1123"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>provisions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1124"><w NN1>Executive <w CJC>and <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>old <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>presidency<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1126"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>established <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security<c PUN>.
<s n="1127"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>with <w AJ0>enhanced <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="1128"><w AT0>The <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>enhanced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1129"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CPV <w VVD>remained<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>society<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>guide <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>prohibited <w PRP>from <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>day-to-day <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1130"><w NN2>Guarantees <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>freedoms <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>explicit <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN2>citizens <w TO0>to <w VVI>engage <w PRP>in <w AJ0>private <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="1131"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VVD-VVN>dropped <w NN2>references <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w NN2>wars <w PRP>against <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>outlining <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stressed <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA036></p>
<caption id=HLJCA036>
<s n="1132"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1133"><w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Solomon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>East <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>worth <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;3,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1134"><w PRP>In <w NN1>return<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vietnam <w VM0>would <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>search <w PRP>for <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN-VVD>listed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1135"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Mai <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Solomon <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>deviate <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>four-point <w NN1>path <w PRP>to <w NN1>normalization <w VVN-VVD>outlined <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38149<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1136"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NN2>telecommunications <w VVZ>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="1137"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in response to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>positive <w NN2>steps<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MIA <w NN1-VVB>issue <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1138"><w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>launched <w DPS>their <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>search <w PRP>for <w NN2>MIAs <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1139"><w AT0>The <w NN1>search <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>17th <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN2>operations <w VVD>started <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w VVD>began <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>senators<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA037></p>
<caption id=HLJCA037>
<s n="1140"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1141"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Malaysian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamed<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19-14 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Senior <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1142"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>promoting <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><w NN2>Agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Malaysian <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>aid<c PUN>; <w NP0>Malaysia <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>rubber <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1144"><w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Senior <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23-27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1145"><w NP0>Australia <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-year <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;100 <w CRD>million <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1146"><w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w AV0>officially <w VVN>re-opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Friendship <w NN1>Pass <w NN1>border <w VVG-NN1>crossing <w PRP>between <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>Guangxi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w NP0>Lang <w NN1>Son <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>.
<s n="1147"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>normalized <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38574<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1148"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN1>chair <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Quang <w NP0>Dao <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19-25<c PUN>.
<s n="1149"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0-NN1>Dao <w VVD>requested <w NP0>Japan <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
<s n="1150"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>reassess <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>assistance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1151"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1152"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1153"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1154"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1155"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>loose <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w AJ0>pro-military <w NN2>parties <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1-AJ0>force-backed <w NP0-NN1>Samakkhi <w NP0>Tham <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38816<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1156"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>coalition<w POS>'s <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>premier<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Samakkhi <w NP0-NN1>Tham <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Narong <w NP0-NN1>Wongwan<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>lost <w NN1>credibility <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w AJ0>suspected <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1157"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>denied <w AT0>a <w NN1>visa <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Narong <w PRP>because of <w NN2>suspicions <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w NN1>heroin <w NN1>trading<c PUN>.
<s n="1158"><w AV0>Initially <w NP0>Narong <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bangkok <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w DPS>their <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>main <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>member <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Somboon <w NP0>Rahong<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership<c PUN>.
<s n="1160"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Somboon<w POS>'s <w NN1>reluctance <w AV0>perhaps <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>former <w NN2>activities <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN2>Airports <w NN2>Authorities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dubious <w AJ0>duty-free <w NN1>business <w NN2-VVZ>deals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1161"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Narong <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Somboon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Suchinda <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership<c PUN>.
<s n="1162"><w DPS>His <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>reluctance <w VVD>stemmed <w AV0>partly <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w VVG-AJ0>vowing <w AV0>never <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="1163"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>formally <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w PRP>after <w VVG>resigning <w DPS>his <w AJ0>military <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
<s n="1164"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w NP0>Noonpakdi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1165"><w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Kaset <w NP0>Rojanani<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>C.-in-C.<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA038></p>
<caption id=HLJCA038>
<s n="1166"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w PRP>against <w NP0>Suchinda
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1167"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>50,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>in support of <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w NP0>Suchinda<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-elected <w NN1>soldier<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VVI>turn <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>politician<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1168"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures <w PNQ>who <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>crowd <w VBD>was <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Aspiration <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w NP0-NN1>Yongchaiyut <w PNQ>who <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN0>people <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>continue <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w CJS>until <w NP0>Suchinda <w VVZ>resigns<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>inside <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1169"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w VBD>was <w VVN>cut <w AJ0-AV0>short <w CJS>after <w NP0>Suchinda <w VBD>was <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>barrage <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA039></p>
<caption id=HLJCA039>
<s n="1170"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>junta
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1171"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1172"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>swearing <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>dissolved<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1173"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>rivalry <w PRP>for <w NN2>places <w PRP>between <w NP0>Samakkhi <w NP0>Tham <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai<c PUN>.
<s n="1174"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>included <w DT0>many <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chatichai <w AJ0-NN1>Choonhaven <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Suchinda <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN1>junta <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>overthrown <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>48 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CRD>11 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>investigated <w PRP>for <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military-appointed <w NN1>Asset <w NN1>Verification <w NN1>Committee <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1176"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CRD>16 <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>vice-ministers <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Samakkhi <w NP0-NN1>Tham <c PUL>(<w NP0>ST<c PUR>) <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CRD>16 <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>CT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>SAP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NP0>Prachakorn <w NP0>Thai <c PUL>(<w UNC>PT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1-NP0>Rassadorn <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1177"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>members <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0>Suchinda<c PUN>, <w AJ0>non-party <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1178"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1179"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1180"><w NN1>Replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Saw <w NP0>Maung
</head>
<p>
<s n="1181"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saw <w NP0>Maung <w VVD>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1182"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Gen. <w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>second-ranking <w NP0>SLORC <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
<s n="1183"><w VVD>Saw <w NP0>Maung <w VHD>had <w VVN>relinquished <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>to <w NP0>U <w NP0>Ohn <w NP0-NN1>Gaw <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1184"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w VVD>Saw <w NP0>Maung<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>chaired <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD-VVN>assumed <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w CRD>1998<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mental <w NN1>breakdown<c PUN>.
<s n="1185"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>removing <w VVD>Saw <w NP0>Maung <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>specialist <w NN2>doctors<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>health <w VHD>had <w VVN>deteriorated <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>stage<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inevitable <w NN1>rest <w VBZ>is <w VVN>needed <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1186"><w PRP>Despite <w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe<w POS>'s <w NN1>promotion<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>regard <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1187"><w NP0-NN1>Khin <w NP0-NN1>Nyunt<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>chief <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>junta<w POS>'s <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="1188"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w VVD>quoted <w CRD>one <w NN1>analyst <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>love <w VVD-VVN>lost<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>between <w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Khin <w NP0-NN1>Nyunt<c PUN>.
<s n="1189"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVN>described <w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>old <w NN1>school<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN2>commanders <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>resented <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>brash<c PUN>, <w VVG>swashbuckling <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Khin <w NP0-NN1>Nyunt <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>coterie <w PRF>of <w AJC>younger <w NN2>officers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1190"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w DT0>that <w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NN1>Saw <w VVD>Maung<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w CJS>Than <w NP0>Shwe <w AV0>also <w VVN>replaced <w NN1>Saw <w VVN-VVD>Maung <w PRP>as <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03A>
<s n="1191"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1192"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w NN1>Saw <w NP0>Maung<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>initiatives <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>improving <w DPS>its <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>international <w NN1>image<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>releasing <w DT0>all <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1194"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>within <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>lay <w AVP>down <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>principles <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w AJ0>firm <w NN1>constitution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1195"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>a <w NN1>restriction <w NN1>order <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0>U <w NN1>Nu <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w VVG>following <w DPS>his <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>parallel <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37123-24<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1196"><w NN1>Restriction <w NN2>orders <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AJ0>U <w NN1>Nu<w POS>'s <w NN2>associates<c PUN>.
<s n="1197"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>week <w AV0>over <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>bodyguards <w CJC>and <w NN2>assistants <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>figure <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1198"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0-NN1>Kyi <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w NN2>visits <w PRP>from <w DPS>her <w NN1>family<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03B>
<s n="1199"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>on <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rohingya <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1200"><w NP0>U <w NP0>Ohn <w NP0>Gyaw <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Bangladeshi <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>A. <w NP0>S. <w NN1>M. <w NP0-NN1>Mustafizur <w NP0>Rahman<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rohingya <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38725<c PUN>; <w CRD>38767<c PUN>; <w CRD>38815-16<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1201"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>200,000 <w NP0-NN1>Rohingya <w NN2>Moslems <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>crossed <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>from <w NP0>Myanma<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Arakan <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="1202"><w AT0>The <w NN1>repatriation <w NN1>operation <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1203"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFP<c PUR>) <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rohingyas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rohingya <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>Organization <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Arakan <w NP0>Rohingya <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0>acceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>guarantees <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>returning <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1204"><w NN1-NP0>Rohingya <w NN2>Moslems <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>during <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1205"><w AT0>An <w NN1>AFP <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVG>crossing <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bangladesh <w AT0>every <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w CRD>205,698<c PUN>.
<s n="1206"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Bangladesh <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVG>dying <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>diarrhoea<c PUN>, <w AJ0>acute <w AJ0>respiratory <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w AJ0>gastric <w CJC>and <w AJ0>gynaecological <w NN2>diseases<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1207"><w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Eliasson<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w PRP>Under <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>relief<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Myanma <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Myanma-Bangladesh <w NN1>border <w NN1>region <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2-4<c PUN>.
<s n="1208"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Myanma <w NN1>radio <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w NN2>villagers <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Eliasson <w DT0>all <w AJ0-VVN>denied <w NN2>stories <w PRF>of <w NN1>persecution <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1209"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>AFP <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVG>alleging <w NN1>murder<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>rape <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w NN2>villages <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>secretly <w VVN>slipped <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>diplomats <w VVG-AJ0>accompanying <w NP0-NN1>Eliasson<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1210"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>Press <w NN1>Trust <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>PTI<c PUR>) <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w AV0>up to <w CRD>36 <w NP0>Rohingyas <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Maungdaw<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Arakan <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="1211"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w VVN>killed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>celebrating <w NN1>Id <w NN1-NP0>al-Fitr<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03C>
<s n="1212"><w NN1-VVB>End <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>offensive <w PRP>against <w NP0>Karens
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1213"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>military <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>suspended<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>its <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>against <w NP0>Karen <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sake <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1214"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>offensive <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>capturing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Karen <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Manerplaw <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Thailand <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38725<c PUN>; <w CRD>38767<c PUN>; <w CRD>38815<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1215"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<w POS>'s <w NN1>suspension <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karen <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1216"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1217"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1218"><w CRD>1993 <w NN1>aid
</head>
<p>
<s n="1219"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>consortium <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23-24<c PUN>.
<s n="1220"><w NN2>Pledges <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;2,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CRD>1992/1993 <c PUL>(<w AV0>just <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>requested <w NN0>&dollar;2,360 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>two-pronged <w NN1>development <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>, <w VVD>centred <w AVP-PRP>around <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>social <w NN1>action <w NN1>programme <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>alleviate <w NN1>poverty<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w VVG>emphasizing <w AJ0>accelerated <w NN1>growth <w PRP>through <w NN1>privatization <w CJC>and <w NN1>deregulation<c PUN>.
<s n="1221"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>strategy <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>.
<s n="1222"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;1,500 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>absorbed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w NN1>service <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1223"><w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991/92 <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>ending <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>5.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>inflation <w VHD>had <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>from <w CRD>12.5 <w PRP>to <w CRD>9.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NN2>exports <w VBD>were <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>8.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990/91 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>about <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w CRD>4.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1224"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aid <w NN1>consortium <w VHD>had <w VVN>encouraged <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w AJC>lower <w NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <c PUL>(<w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VVI>account <w PRP>for <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1225"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>analysts<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>reluctance <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>coupled <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>viable <w NN1>development <w NN2>projects<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>in excess of <w UNC>US&dollar;9,000 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>earmarked <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>undisbursed<c PUN>.
<s n="1226"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;2,480 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w VVN-VVD>pledged <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CRD>1991/1992<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w UNC>US&dollar;1,700 <w CRD>million <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>received<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1227"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1228"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1229"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1230"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1231"><w AT0>The <w ORD>79th <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Tirupati <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14-16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1232"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plenum <w VVD>demonstrated <w AT0>the <w NN1>dominance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>present <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="1233"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plenum <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>party <w NN2>policies <w PRP>under <w NP0>Rao <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>marked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>distinct <w NN1>move <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nehru <w NN1>model <w PRF>of <w NN1>socialism <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>free-market <w NN1>capitalist <w VVD-VVN>mixed <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1234"><w VVG>Continuing <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>democratization <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>950 <w NN2>members <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Tirupati <w NN1>plenum <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>rank <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>file<c PUN>, <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w NN1>party <w NN2>posts <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>elective <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>decision-making <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w AJ0>working <w NN1>committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>CWC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><w NP0>Rao<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AV0>most <w AJ0>obvious <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Sharad <w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Resources <w VVB>Arjun <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gandhi <w NN1>family <w VBD>were <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>all <w VVD-VVN>defeated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03D>
<s n="1236"><w NP0>Punjab <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1237"><w DT0>All <w CRD>five <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>stood <w AJ0>unopposed <w PRP>in <w NN1>biennial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Punjab <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1238"><w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w VVD>held <w CRD>115 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>237 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w AJ0>vacant<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03E>
<s n="1239"><w AJ0>All-party <w NN1>mediation <w PRP>over <w NP0>Ayodhya <w NN1>dispute
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1240"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>36-member <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Integration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NIC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ram <w NN1>Janmabhoomi-Babri <w NP0>Masjid <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>temple-mosque<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ayodhya <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37964<c PUN>; <w CRD>38391<c PUN>; <w CRD>38532<c PUN>; <w CRD>38682<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w AT0>The <w NN1>delegation <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>inability <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w AV0>fully <w PRP>to <w AJ0>various <w NN2>queries <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1242"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1-AJ0>Hindu-backed <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>) <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>BJP <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kalyan <w NP0>Singh <w VHD>had <w VVN>invited <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-party <w NN1>delegation <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NN1>site <w PRP>after <w VVG>coming <w PRP>under <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>violating <w NN1>court <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>plot<c PUN>.
<s n="1243"><w DPS>His <w NN1>government <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN2>temples <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>demolished <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w NN1>land <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>tourist <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w PRP>In <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w AT0>the <w AVP-PRP>UP <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w NN1>union <w NN1>Home <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>S. <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Chavan<c PUN>, <w NP0>BJP <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0>all-party <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>instead <w VVN-VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NP0>BJP <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ayodhya <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03F><ptr target=HLJCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03F>
<s n="1245"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLJCA03G>
<s n="1246"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1247"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22-24 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w NP0>Asia <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thailand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03H>
<s n="1248"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1249"><w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w AJ0>key <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w PRP>including <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Cheney<c PUN>.
<s n="1250"><w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>improved <w AV0>considerably<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>exercises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Indian <w NP0>Ocean <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03J>
<s n="1251"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1252"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Manmohan <w NP0>Singh <w VVD>headed <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7-10<c PUN>, <w VVG>seeking <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>development <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>.
<s n="1253"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Tsutomu <w NP0>Hata<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>assured <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>India <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>funding <w NN1>facility <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03K>
<s n="1254"><w NP0>UEA <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1255"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Zaid <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w NN1>al-Nahayan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>milestone <w PRP>in <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03L><ptr target=HLJCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03L>
<s n="1256"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLJCA03M>
<s n="1257"><w NN1>Crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagaland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1258"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nagaland<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1259"><w NN1>State <w NN1>Governor <w NN1>M. <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Thomas <w VHD>had <w VVN>dissolved <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nagaland <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38813<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Vamuzo <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1260"><w NP0>Thomas <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>replaced <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>governor <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Assam <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Loknath <w NP0>Mishra<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03N>
<s n="1261"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Manipur
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1262"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w NN1>state <w NN1>Governor <w NP0>C. <w NP0>Panigrahi <w VVD>invited <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Manipur<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38727<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1263"><w NP0>R. <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Dorendra <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>specified <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="1264"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Manipur <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPP<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>week-long <w AJ0>political <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03P>
<s n="1265"><w NN1>Violence <w PRP>in <w NN2>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1266"><w VVB-NN1>Bihar<c PUN>.
<s n="1267"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w NN2>police <w VVN-VVD>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>six <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Maoist <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Centre <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>caste <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w NP0>Assam<c PUN>.
<s n="1269"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>140 <w NN2>activists <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Assam <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULFA<c PUR>) <w VVD>surrendered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1270"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN2>personnel <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w VVD-VVN>suspected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>anti-talks <w NN1>faction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ULFA<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>incident <w VVG>involving <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ULFA <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38683<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1272"><w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>suspected <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>separatists <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>clashes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>local <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>security <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>militants<c PUN>; <w AJ0>official <w NN2>reports <w VVN-VVD>placed <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>at <w CRD>20 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w CRD>22 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ikhwan-e <w NN1-NP0>Muslimeen <w CJC>and <w VVB>Hizbul <w AJ0>Muslimeen <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1274"><w NP0>Punjab<c PUN>.
<s n="1275"><w PRP>In <w DT0>several <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3-4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>21 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="1276"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amritsar <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN2>militants <w VVN-VVD>surrendered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>to <w CRD>200 <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>surrenders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Amritsar <w NN1>region <w PRP>since <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1277"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1278"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1279"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>unrest
</head>
<p>
<s n="1280"><w AT0>A <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>unrest <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>12 <w NN0>people <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-day <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kathmandu<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1281"><w NN2>Police <w VVN-VVD>fired <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CJC>and <w VVG>injuring <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>bystanders<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>set <w NN1>fire <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Royal <w NP0>Nepal <w NN2>Airlines <w NN1-VVB>fuel <w NN1>depot <w CJC>and <w AJ0>smashed <w NN1>street <w NN2>lamps<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>telephone <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>vehicles <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w NP0>Kathmandu <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Patan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1282"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>closed <w AVP>down <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w NN2>schools <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>universities<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>United <w NP0>Nepal <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>increases <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>doubled <w NN1>food <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>, <w VVD>trebled <w NN1>electricity <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>severe <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>drought<c PUN>, <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w PRP>by <w CRD>62 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1283"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AJ0>corrupt <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <w DTQ>which <w VVD>benefited <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>India <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w NP0>Nepal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38681-82<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1284"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>protest <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>2,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="1285"><w AJ0>Separate <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNCP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nepal <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NCP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kathmandu <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w VVD>drew <w CRD>8,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>activists <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>despite <w AT0>an <w AJ0>11-hour <w NN1>curfew <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>covered <w NP0-NN1>Patan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Lalitpur<c PUN>.
<s n="1286"><w NN2>Effigies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Girija <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala <w VBD>were <w VVN>burned<c PUN>.
<s n="1287"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>demonstration <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000 <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>activists <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12 <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Koirala <w AV0>either <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w VVB>pay <w AJ0>adequate <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1288"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west<c PUN>, <w NP0>Koirala<w POS>'s <w NN1>motorcade <w VBD>was <w VVN>stoned <w PRP>by <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN0>staff <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="1289"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>free <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>32 <w NN2>years <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38193<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVG>promising <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>now <w VVD>faced <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1290"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1291"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1292"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>villages
</head>
<p>
<s n="1293"><w AT0>A <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRF>of <w CRD>115 <w VBD>was <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28-29 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN1>Tiger <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>village <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1-NP0>Polonnaruwa <w NN1>district <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>equally <w AJ0>bloody <w NN1>reprisal <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>villagers<c PUN>.
<s n="1294"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NN1>army <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>killed <w CRD>50 <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>to <w AV0>over <w CRD>600 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w AJ0>military <w AJ0-NN1>offensive <w AV0>under way <w PRP>since <w NP0>mid-March <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Mullaittivu <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Mannar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1295"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>found <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deserted <w NN1>LTTE <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Mullaittivu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w AV0>routinely <w VVD-VVN>tortured <w DT0>those <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w DT0>such <w NN2>camps <w VVG>housing <w AV0>over <w CRD>6,000 <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1296"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>incidents <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Buddhist <w NN2>monks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0-NN1>Tamil-held <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jaffna<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>underlined <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Buddhist <w AJ0-NN1>government-backed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>peace <w NN1>initiative<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w VVD>rejected <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombo<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>11 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>bus <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Ampara <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>ambushes <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Trincomalee <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Batticaloa <w AVQ-CJS>where <w CRD>20 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="1298"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Mannar<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>rebel <w NN1-VVB>ambush<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03R>
<s n="1299"><w NN1>Incident <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>trawlers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1300"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>denial <w PRF>of <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>navy <w VHD>had <w VVN>shot <w PRP>at <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>trawlers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>prawn-catching <w NN1>area <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w CRD>16<c PUN>; <w CRD>seven <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
<s n="1301"><w AT0>The <w NN1>navy <w VDD>did <w VVI>acknowledge<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>returned <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>boat <w PRP>off <w NN1>Point <w NP0>Pedro <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>exploded <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>implication <w NN1>being <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>contained <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN1>ammunition <w CJC>or <w AJ0>explosive <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1302"><w AT0>The <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>India <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Industries <w NP0>Ranil <w NP0-NN1>Wickremasingh<c PUN>.
<s n="1303"><w PRP>In <w DT0>all <w CRD>13,116 <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>in <w NP0>January-March<c PUN>.
<s n="1304"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rao-Wickremasingh <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w NN1>leader <w NN1-AJ0>Velupillai <w NN1-NP0>Prabhakaran <w PRP>to <w NN1>justice <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38175<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>request <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w VVD>planned <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>assassinations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>clampdown <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>activities <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1305"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1306"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1307"><w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1308"><w NN1>Presentation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>final <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w NN1-VVB>massacre
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indonesia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NN0>Timorese <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>soldiers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38579-80<c PUN>; <w CRD>38677<c PUN>; <w CRD>38769-70<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w AJ0>Portuguese <w NN1>Radio <w AJ0>International <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AJ0>identical <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>reacted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>with <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>force <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38677<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03S>
<s n="1311"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1312"><w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21-24<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>visit <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1313"><w DPS>His <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w PRP>as opposed to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>destination <w VBD>was <w AJ0>controversial <w PRP>in the light of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w NP0>Indonesia<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>record<c PUN>.
<s n="1314"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>most <w NN2>analysts<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VVD>underlined <w NP0>Keating<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>shift <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>external <w NN1>focus <w PRP>towards <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1315"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Alatas <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Benny <w NP0-NN1>Murdani<c PUN>.
<s n="1316"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Keating <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Suharto <w VVD>signed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AJ0>double <w NN1>taxation<c PUN>, <w NN2>fisheries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>extradition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>regular<c PUN>, <w AJ0>two-yearly <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>.
<s n="1317"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Murdani<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keating <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>defence <w VVZ-NN2>links <w PRP>between <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03T>
<s n="1318"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>aid <w NN1>forum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1319"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w CJC>and <w VVI>chair <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>aid <w NN1>consultation <w NN1>forum<c PUN>.
<s n="1320"><w NP0>Indonesia <w VHD>had <w VVN>dissolved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>forum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Inter-Governmental <w NN1>Group <w PRP>on <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>IGGI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>after <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>chaired <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>IGGI<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>tool <w PRP>for <w VVG>interfering <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="1321"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>forum <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-July<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1322"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1323"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1324"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>by-election <w NN1-VVB>defeat
</head>
<p>
<s n="1325"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humiliating <w NN1>by-election <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wills<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inner-city <w NN1>constituency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Melbourne<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w AJ0>vacant <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>retirement <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1-VVB>ALP <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Hawke<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1326"><w NP0>Hawke<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating<c PUN>, <w VVD>campaigned <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wills<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>seat <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>Rules <w NN1>football <w NN1-VVB>coach<c PUN>, <w NP0>Phil <w NP0>Cleary<c PUN>, <w VVG>running <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>independent<c PUN>.
<s n="1327"><w NP0-NN1>Cleary <w VVD>secured <w CRD>34 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>preference <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>29 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ALP <c PUL>(<w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AV0>almost <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1990<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Liberals <c PUL>(<w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1328"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>creation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1949 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Wills <w NN1>constituency <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-ALP <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1329"><w NP0>Wills <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>disproportionately <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>recession <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment <c PUL>(<w AV0>almost <w CRD>20,000 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>140,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1330"><w NN1-NP0>Cleary<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>populist <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>formerly <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>ALP <w NN1>supporter<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>campaigned <w PRP>against <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w VBD>were <w AV0>too <w AJ0-VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w NN1>free-market <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="1331"><w PNP>He <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>endorsement <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hawke<c PUN>, <w AV0>much <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>chagrin <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>ALP <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>described <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personable<c PUN>, <w AJ0>articulate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presentable <w NN1>candidate<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VVD>offered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>alternative <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03U>
<s n="1332"><w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bond<w POS>'s <w NN1>bankruptcy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1333"><w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Bond<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>flamboyant <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>entrepreneur <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37250<c PUN>; <w CRD>37717<c PUN>; <w CRD>37877<c PUN>; <w CRD>37920<c PUN>; <w CRD>38642<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>declared <w AJ0-NN1>bankrupt <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sydney <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1334"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD-VVN>appointed <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Ramsay<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>accountant<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>trustee<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>directed <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>recover <w DT0>any <w NN2>assets <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bond <w NN1>estate<c PUN>.
<s n="1335"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bond <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>banking <w NN1>syndicate <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bond <w VBD>was <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>loan <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;194,600,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1336"><w PRP>In addition to <w NN1>bankruptcy <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bond <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>in <w NP0>Perth <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>Securities <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>into <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1337"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1338"><w NP0-NN1>KIRGIZSTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1339"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Askar <w NP0>Akayev<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5-9<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w NP0>President <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>von <w NP0>Weizs&auml;cker<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>between <w NP0>Rhineland-Palatinate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chuy <w NN1>oblast <c PUL>(<w NN1>region<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w CRD>two <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>districts <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Chuy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1340"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1341"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<p>
<s n="1342"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0-NN1>Phomvihane <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laos <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>goodwill <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w PRP>to <w NP0>May <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1343"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1344"><w NP0>TURKMENISTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1345"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Suparmurad <w NP0>Niyazov <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd<c PUR>) <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>signing <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>cultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>scientific <w NN2>fields <w CJC>and <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1346"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1347"><w NP0>UZBEKISTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1348"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11-13<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>pilgrimage <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mecca <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>visited <w NP0>Medina<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1349"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1350"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1351"><w NP0>UK <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w UNC>*Included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Party <w PRP>with <w CRD>0.51 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w CRD>0.26 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1353"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>; <w DT0>those <w PRP>at <w NN1>dissolution <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN1>Deputy <w NN2>Chairmen <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ways <w CJC>and <w NN0>Means <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Labour <w NN2>MPs <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>as <w NN2>independents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1354"><w UNC>**The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milton <w NP0>Keynes <w NN1>constituency <w PRP>into <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><w AV0>Regionally<c PUN>, <w NN1>Plaid <w NN1-NP0>Cymru <w VVD>got <w CRD>9.0 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wales<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNP <w VVD>got <w CRD>21.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>unionist <w NN2>parties <w AV0>together <w VVD>got <w CRD>50.2 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>52 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDLP <w CRD>23.5 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>21.1<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>Sinn F&eacute;in <w CRD>10.0 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>11.4<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w NN1-VVB>Source<c PUN>: <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Office<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03V>
<s n="1357"><w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1358"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>instance <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w ORD>19th <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="1359"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Conservative <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>majority <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>stood <w PRP>at <w PRP>from <w CRD>88 <w AVQ>when <w NN1>parliament <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38821<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1360"><w DT0>Most <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VHD>had <w VVN>predicted <w AT0>a <w AV0>closely <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AV0>generally <w VVG>giving <w AJ0>Labour <w AT0>a <w NN1>lead<c PUN>.
<s n="1361"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35256-88<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w CRD>Nine <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w VVD>lost <w DPS>their <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD-PNI>one <w PRP>with <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>party <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Patten<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lost <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bath <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38862<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1363"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <w NN1>chairmanship <w VBD>was <w VVN>assumed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Fowler <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1364"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>77.73 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>73.21 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CRD>33,145,074 <w AJ0>valid <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w VVN>cast<c PUN>.
<s n="1365"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w AJ0>included <w CRD>60 <w NN2>women <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>44 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>140 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>MPs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03W>
<s n="1366"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1367"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>key <w NN1>issue <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w NN1>taxation<c PUN>.
<s n="1368"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38821<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Labour <w VVD>published <w DPS>its <w DT0>own<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>shadow <w NN1>budget<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1369"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Conservatives <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w AV0>strongly<c PUN>, <w VVG>focusing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>proposed <w AJ0>additional <w AJC>higher <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AJ0>taxable <w NN2>incomes <w AV0>over <w NN0>&pound;36,375 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN0>&pound;21,060 <w NN1>ceiling <w PRP>for <w NN2>employees<w POS>' <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>national <w NN1>insurance <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>marginal <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>taxation <w PRP>on <w AJC>higher <w NN2>incomes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CRD>59 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1370"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w PRP>from <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>for <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1371"><w NN1>Labour <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Service <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>considerable <w NN0>media <w NN1>debate <w VVD>arose <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>party <w AJ0>political <w NN1>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w VVG>featuring <w AT0>the <w NN1>plight <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>young <w NN1>girl <w VVG>needing <w NN1-AJ0>specialist <w NN1>hospital <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w AT0>The <w NN1>controversy <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>accuracy <w PRF>of <w NN1>broadcast<w POS>'s <w NN2>claims<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>revelation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl<w POS>'s <w NN1>identity <c PUL>(<w NP0>Jennifer <w NP0>Bennett<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>attitudes <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1373"><w DT0>Another <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AJC>greater <w NN2>powers <w PRP>for <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
<s n="1374"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Conservatives <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w NN1>independence <w CJC>or <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>devolution<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Scottish <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNP<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>favoured<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>separately <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w AJ0>Scottish <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1375"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>much <w NN0>media <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>hung <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>no <w NN1>party <w VVD>held <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="1376"><w AV0>Both <w NN2>Conservatives <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Labour <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>as to <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>eventuality<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w NP0>Paddy <w NP0>Ashdown<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>linked <w DT0>any <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03X>
<s n="1378"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1379"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Major <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>.
<s n="1380"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w AJ0-NN1>22-member <w NN1>Cabinet <w AV0>only <w CRD>seven <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w VVD>retained <w AJ0>unchanged <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
<s n="1381"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AV0>newly <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w NN2>women<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLJCA03Y>
<s n="1382"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NN1>Speaker
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1383"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1951 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>contest <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Weatherill <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>MP <w PRP>since <w CRD>1964 <w CJC>and <w NN1>Speaker <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1384"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Brooke <c PUL>(<w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>initially <w VVN-AJ0>proposed <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w VVG>favouring <w NP0>Betty <w NP0>Boothroyd <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>MP <w PRP>since <w CRD>1973 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>Speaker <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>372 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>238<c PUN>.
<s n="1385"><w VVB-NN1>Boothroyd <w AV0>thus <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>woman <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1386"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Conservative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN2>strengths <w VVN-VVD>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>334 <w CJC>and <w CRD>269 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>majority <w AV0>still <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA040></p>
<caption id=HLJCA040>
<s n="1387"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kinnock<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1388"><w NN1>Labour<w POS>'s <w NN1>defeat <w VVD>led <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Kinnock <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w CJS>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>practicable<c PUN>; <w NP0>Roy <w NP0>Hattersley <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>stand <w AVP>down <w PRP>as <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1389"><w NP0>Kinnock <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w AJ0>supporting <w NN1>press <w VHZ>has <w VVN>enabled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AV0>yet <w AV0>again <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>party <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w VVN>secured <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w PNX>itself <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>record<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>programme <w CJC>or <w DPS>its <w NN1>character<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1390"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <w VVD>agreed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>conference <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>contenders <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w CJS>when <w NN2>nominations <w VVD>closed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w VBD>were <w NP0>John <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Smith <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>shadow <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bryan <w NP0>Gould <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>shadow <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Secretary<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLJCA041><s n="1392"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w ORD>First <w NN1>Lord <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Mackay <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Clashfern <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Lamont <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Clarke <w NP0>Home <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Heseltine <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Board <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NP0>John <w NP0>MacGregor <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Transport <w NP0>Malcolm <w NP0-NN1>Rifkind <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Wakeham <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Privy <w NN1-VVB>Seal <w CJC>and <w NN1>Leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lords <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>Newton <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w NN1>Leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w NP0>John <w NP0>Gummer <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN2>Fisheries <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food
</p>
<caption id=HLJCA041>
<s n="1393"><w NP0>UK <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1394"><w UNC>*Michael <w NP0>Howard <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment <w NP0>David <w NP0>Hunt <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NP0>Wales <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Lilley <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security <w NP0>William <w NP0>Waldegrave <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Duchy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lancaster <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Lang <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NP0>Scotland <w NP0>David <w NP0>Mellor <w UNC>**Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Heritage
</p>
<p>
<s n="1395"><w UNC>**Sir <w NP0>Peter <w NP0-NN1>Mayhew <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland
</p>
<p>
<s n="1396"><w UNC>**John <w NP0>Patten <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Education
</p>
<p>
<s n="1397"><w UNC>**Virginia <w NP0>Bottomley <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Health
</p>
<p>
<s n="1398"><w UNC>**Gillian <w NP0>Shephard <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Employment
</p>
<p>
<s n="1399"><w UNC>**Michael <w NP0>Portillo <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury
</p>
<p>
<s n="1400"><w UNC>*Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1401"><w UNC>**New <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1402"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1403"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1404"><w NN1>City <w PRF>of <w NP0>London <w NN1-VVB>bomb
</head>
<p>
<s n="1405"><w CRD>Three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>90 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>City <w PRF>of <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1406"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>) <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38019-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1407"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>45-kg <w NN1>bomb <w VVN>planted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>van <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>at <w CRD>9.25 <w AV0>p.m. <w PRP>outside <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1>office <w NN0>staff <w VBD>were <w VVG>celebrating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1408"><w PNP>It <w VVD>caused <w NN0>&pound;1,500 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w AV0>at least <w CRD>35 <w NN2>buildings<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>warning <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>received <w AV0>about <w CRD>30 <w NN2>minutes <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>explosion <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>caller <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>deliberately <w AJ0>misleading<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>location <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1410"><w AT0>A <w NN1>man <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w PRP>with <w NN1>conspiracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w NN2>explosions <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w NN2>explosives <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms<c PUN>.
<s n="1411"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w CJS>after <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Terrorist <w NN1>Squad <w VVD>discovered <w CRD>45 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w AJ0>explosive <w NP0-NN1>Semtex <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w CRD>AK-47 <w NP0>Kalashnikov <w NN1>assault <w NN2-VVZ>rifles <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w NN1>west <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1412"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1413"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1414"><w AJ0>Inconclusive <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1415"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>31,760,000 <w NN2>Italians <c PUL>(<w CRD>67 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>47,400,000 <w NN1>electorate<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5-6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>select <w AT0>the <w CRD>630 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>315 <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1416"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>) <w VVD>polled <w AV0>under <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1946<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>with <w CRD>29.7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>206 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="1417"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Socialists <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w AV0>generally <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w NN1>redesignation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PSU<c PUR>) <w VVD>secured <w AV0>only <w CRD>13.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>92 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1418"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>16.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>107 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w DPS>its <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w VVN-VVD>figured <w AV0>prominently <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1419"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-Fascist <w NP0-NN1>Movimento <w NP0>Sociale <w NP0>Italiano-Destra <w UNC>Nazionale <c PUL>(<w NP0>MSI-DN<c PUR>) <w VVD>slipped <w AVP>back <w PRP>from <w CRD>5.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>to <w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>giving <w PNP>it <w CRD>34 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in spite of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w NP0>Alessandra <w NP0>Mussolini<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>28-year-old <w NN1>granddaughter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Benito <w NP0>Mussolini<c PUN>, <w VVD>stood <w AV0>successfully <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>MSI-DN <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NP0>Naples <w NN1>stronghold<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1420"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VVD>suggested <w AT0>an <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>fragmented <w AJ0>political <w NN1>scene<c PUN>, <w VVG>confirming <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League <w CJC>and <w VVG>providing <w AJC>further <w NN1>evidence <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>following <w AVP>on <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>erosion <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>power-sharing <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUN>.
<s n="1421"><w PNP>It <w VVD>made <w AJ0>unlikely <w AT0>the <w NN1>resurrection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>four-party <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC<c PUN>, <w NN1>PSI<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>Liberals <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLI<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSDI<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA042></p>
<caption id=HLJCA042>
<s n="1422"><w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1423"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>election <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revised <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38299-300<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1424"><w VVG>Applying <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy <w VBD>was <w VVN>divided <w PRP>into <w NN2>constituencies <w VVG>returning <w AJ0>varying <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>with <w CRD>54 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Val <w NP0>d'Aosta <w PRP>with <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="1425"><w NN2>Voters <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>preference <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>spell <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>chosen <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w CJS>rather than <w VVI>mark <w AT0>a <w NN1>box<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w CRD>Sixteen <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>; <w AV0>about <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>different <w NN2>parties <w CJC>or <w NN2>groupings <w VHD>had <w VVN>put <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1427"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w AV0>apparently <w VVN-VVD>tolerated <w AJ0>dubious <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>methods <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NN1>corruption <w VBD>was <w AJ0>rife <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN1>Mafia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>was <w AJ0>strong<c PUN>.
<s n="1428"><w AT0>The <w NN1>PSI<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>showing <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>adversely <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38824<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA043></p>
<caption id=HLJCA043>
<s n="1429"><w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJC>Smaller <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1430"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>resisted <w NN2>exhortations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w NN1>hierarchy <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>united <w NN1>vote<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>meaning <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>CD<c PUN>.
<s n="1431"><w DT0>Many <w DT0>former <w NN1>CD <w NN2>voters <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>voted <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>core <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>won <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>.
<s n="1432"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>system <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>subsidies <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>held<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>largely <w VVN>funded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="1433"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38591<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1434"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>apparent <w NN2>beneficiaries <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>system <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sicily-based <w NP0>La <w NP0>Rete <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Network<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-Mafia <w NN1>platform <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Palermo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sicily<c PUN>.
<s n="1435"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w AT0>the <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Refoundation <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>secured <w CRD>5.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PRP>in spite of <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>theory <w VVD-VVN>persisted<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA044></p>
<caption id=HLJCA044>
<s n="1436"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>session
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1437"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>session <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>negotiated <w AVP-PRP>over <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>fill <w AT0>the <w NN2>posts <w PRF>of <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="1438"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Giovanni <w NP0-NN1>Spadolini <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w NP0-NN1>Nilde <w NP0-NN1>Iotti<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0>Luigi <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA045></p>
<caption id=HLJCA045>
<s n="1439"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Andreotti <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cossiga
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1440"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Giulio <w NP0>Andreotti<c PUN>, <w CRD>73<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1441"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Francesco <w NP0>Cossiga<c PUN>, <w CRD>63<c PUN>, <w PNX>himself <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>live <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w VBD>was <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1442"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>45-minute <w NN1>speech <w NP0-NN1>Cossiga <w VVD>spoke <w AV0>disparagingly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>informal <w NN2>deals <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w VVN>prevailed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>politics <w CJC>and <w AJ0>concrete <w NN2>programmes<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="1443"><w PNP>He <w VVD>told <w NN2>Italians <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>your <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disastrous <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>situation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Maastrich <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>prominence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bad <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>society<c PUN>, <w AJ0>public <w NN1-VVB>disservice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>institutional <w NN1>paralysis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1444"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cossiga<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w AV0>often <w VBN>been <w VVN>strained<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>dated <w NP0>April <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1445"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w CRD>15 <w NN2>days <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>date <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
<s n="1446"><w NN2>Spadolini<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AV0>provisionally <w VVN-VVD>assumed <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w DPS>its <w NN2>functions <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w PNI>one <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed<c PUN>.
<s n="1447"><w AT0>The <w NN1>task <w PRF>of <w VVG>appointing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VM0>would <w VVI>fall <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cossiga<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA046></p>
<caption id=HLJCA046>
<s n="1448"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0>De <w NP0-NN1>Benedetti
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1449"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Banco <w NP0>Ambrosiano <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>close <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Carlo <w NP0>De <w NP0>Benedetti<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Olivetti <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>holding <w NN1>company <w NN1-NP0>CIR <c PUL>(<w UNC>Compagnie <w NP0>Industriali <w NN1>Riunite<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1450"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Benedetti <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>vice-president <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>shareholder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Banco <w NP0-NN1>Ambrosiano <w PRP>from <w NP0>November <w CRD>1981 <w PRP>to <w NP0>January <w CRD>1982<c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w VVG>ceding <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>to <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Calvi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w VVN>hanged <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1982 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>32083<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1451"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>De <w NP0>Benedetti <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>acquitted <w PRF>of <w NN1>extortion<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>charges <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38114<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>stake <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1982<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>before <w DPS>its <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1452"><w NN2>Sentences <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>19 <w NN2>years <w VBD>were <w VVN>pronounced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w AJ0-NN1>three-judge <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan <w PRP>on <w CRD>32 <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ambrosiano <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1453"><w NP0-NN1>Licio <w NP0-NN1>Gelli<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w UNC>P2 <w AJ0>masonic <w NN1>lodge<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>assistant <w NP0>Umberto <w NP0>Ortolani <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w AJS>longest <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w CRD>19 <w NN2>years <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1454"><w NN2>Others <w VVN>sentenced <w VVD>included <w NP0>Giuseppe <w NP0>Ciarrapico<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Andreotti<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Anna <w NP0>Bonomi <w NP0-NN1>Bolchini<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN0>Milanese <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
<s n="1455"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>appeal<c PUN>.
<s n="1456"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLJCA047><s n="1457"><w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w NN1>Senate <w CRD>1992 <w CRD>1987 <w CRD>1992 <w CRD>1992 <w CRD>1987 <w NP0>DC <w CRD>206 <w CRD>234 <w CRD>107 <w CRD>29.7 <w CRD>34.3 <w UNC>PDS* <w CRD>107 <w CRD>177 <w CRD>64 <w CRD>16.1 <w CRD>26.6 <w NP0-NN1>PSU <w CRD>92 <w CRD>94 <w CRD>49 <w CRD>13.6 <w CRD>14.3 <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>League <w CRD>55 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>25 <w CRD>8.7 <w CRD>0.5 <w NP0>PRC <w CRD>35<c PUN>! <w CRD>20 <w CRD>5.6<c PUN>!
<s n="1458"><w NP0-NN1>MSI-DN <w CRD>34 <w CRD>35 <w CRD>16 <w CRD>5.4 <w CRD>5.9 <w NP0>PRI <w CRD>27 <w CRD>21 <w CRD>10 <w CRD>4.4 <w CRD>3.7 <w NP0>PLI <w CRD>17 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>2.8 <w CRD>2.1 <w NP0>PSDI <w CRD>16 <w CRD>17 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>2.7 <w CRD>3.0 <w NP0>Lista <w NP0>Verde <w CRD>16 <w CRD>13 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>2.8 <w CRD>2.5 <w NP0>La <w NP0>Rete <w CRD>12<c PUN>! <w CRD>3 <w CRD>1.0<c PUN>!
<s n="1459"><w NN2>Others <w CRD>13 <w CRD>27 <w CRD>10 <w CRD>6.3 <w CRD>7.1
</p>
<caption id=HLJCA047>
<s n="1460"><w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>election <w VVZ-NN2>results <w NN2>Seats <w NN1>Percentage <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w UNC>*PCI <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1462"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1463"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1464"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers
</caption>
<caption>
<s n="1465"><c PUL>(<w VVN>announced <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUR>)
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1466"><w UNC>**Pierre <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="1467"><w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>State
</p>
<p>
<s n="1468"><w UNC>**Jack <w NP0>Lang <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1469"><w UNC>**Michel <w NP0-NN1>Delebarre <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Reform
</p>
<p>
<s n="1470"><w NN2>Ministers
</p>
<p>
<s n="1471"><w UNC>*Michel <w NP0>Vauzelle <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>Justice
</p>
<p>
<s n="1472"><w UNC>**Paul <w NP0>Quil&egrave;s <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Joxe <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="1473"><w UNC>**Michel <w NP0-NN1>Sapin <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="1474"><w UNC>***Michel <w NP0-NN1>Charasse <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>Budget
</p>
<p>
<s n="1475"><w UNC>*S&eacute;gol&egrave;ne <w AJ0>Royal <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w NN1>Environment
</p>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w UNC>**Jean-Louis <w NP0-NN1>Bianco <w NN1>Equipment<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Housing
</p>
<p>
<s n="1477"><w UNC>***Dominique <w NP0>Strauss-Kahn <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Martine <w NP0>Aubry <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Employment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Vocational <w NN1>Training <w NP0>Louis <w NP0>Mermaz <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry
</p>
<p>
<s n="1478"><w UNC>*Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Teulade <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Integration
</p>
<p>
<s n="1479"><w UNC>***Bernard <w NP0>Kouchner <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN1>Action
</p>
<p>
<s n="1480"><w UNC>*Bernard <w NP0-NN1>Tapie <w NN2>Towns <w NP0>Louis <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pensec <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Overseas <w NN2>Departments <w CJC>and <w NN2>Territories
</p>
<p>
<s n="1481"><w UNC>**Hubert <w NP0>Curien <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>Research <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Space
</p>
<p>
<s n="1482"><w UNC>*Emile <w NP0-NN1>Zuccarelli <c PUL>(<w NN1>MRG<c PUR>) <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w NP0>Fr&eacute;d&eacute;rique <w NP0-NN1>Bredin <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports
</p>
<p>
<s n="1483"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1484"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1485"><w UNC>***Outgoing <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w VVD-VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w UNC>=Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AJ0>unaltered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
<s n="1486"><w NN2>Women <w VBB>are <w VVN>indicated <w PRP>by <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1487"><w NN1>MRG <c PUN>&mdash; <w UNC>Mouvement <w UNC>des <w VVB-NN1>radicaux <w NP0>de <w AJ0>gauche<c PUN>.
<s n="1488"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>in addition <w CRD>six <w NP0>Ministers-Delegate <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN2>Secretaries <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA048></p>
<caption id=HLJCA048>
<s n="1489"><w NN1>Replacement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1490"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cantonal <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38820-21<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>led <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN2>fortunes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1491"><w NN1-NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Budget<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Edith <w NP0>Cresson<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VHD>had <w VVN>appointed <w UNC>10&lt;P7M <w UNC>=&dollar;E1/2 <w UNC>= <w NN2>months <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="1492"><w NN1-NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>quintessence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>professionalism<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>paragon <w PRF>of <w NN1>gravity<c PUN>, <w NN1>moderation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>great <w NN1>experience<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w VVN>Born <w PRP>in <w CRD>1925 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0-NN1>immigrant <w NN1>father<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>self-taught <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>fought <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="1494"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>long-standing <w NP0>Mitterrand <w NN1>ally<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>worked <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w PRP>from <w CRD>1981 <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Solidarity <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982-84<c PUN>.
<s n="1495"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1984-86 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Budget<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w PNP>he <w VVD>resumed <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1496"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sapin<c PUN>, <w CRD>39<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>indicating <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1497"><w NN1-NP0>Tapie<c PUN>, <w CRD>49<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mitterrand<w POS>'s <w NN1>instigation <w PRP>in <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>performance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38820<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1498"><w AV0>Overall <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w NN1>faction <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Fabius <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w NN1>PS <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>strengthened <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lionel <w NP0-NN1>Jospin<c PUN>.
<s n="1499"><w NN1-NP0>Jospin <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>cabinet<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w CRD>five <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>(<w CRD>four <w NN1>PS <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brice <w NP0-NN1>Lalonde <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NN1>G&eacute;n&eacute;ration <w NP0-NN1>Ecologie<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA049></p>
<caption id=HLJCA049>
<s n="1500"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>programme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1501"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VVD>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>priority <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w NN1>unemployment<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w CRD>9.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="1502"><w AT0>The <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>rigour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>stability<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>kept <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>nevertheless <w VBI>be <w VVN>maintained<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1503"><w NN1>Ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maastricht <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38785<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NP0>France <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>create <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>without <w VVG-NN1>undoing <w NP0>France<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>changed <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1505"><w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN2>tests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38890<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1506"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>18.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38297<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1507"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Joxe <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>army <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w CRD>280,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>220,000 <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>by <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="1508"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN2>cuts <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>affect <w CRD>16,000 <w AJ0>national <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>, <w CRD>8,000 <w NN2>professionals <w CJC>and <w CRD>4,750 <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>combat <w NN0>aircraft <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>450 <w PRP>to <w CRD>400 <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w NN2>bases <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>closed<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>regrouped <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ports <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Toulon <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brest <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlantic<c PUN>.
<s n="1509"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>cuts <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38365<c PUN>; <w CRD>37685<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1510"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Lang<c PUN>, <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVD>modified <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>university <w NN1>reform <w NN2>proposals <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor <w NN1-NP0>Jospin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38471<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w NN2>Students <w VHD>had <w AV0>in particular <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>selection <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>for <w NN1>university <w NN1>entrance<c PUN>.
<s n="1512"><c PUL>(<w AV0>Currently <w NN2>students <w VVG>gaining <w AT0>a <w NN1>baccalaur&eacute;at <w VBD>were <w VVN>guaranteed <w AT0>a <w NN1>university <w NN1-VVB>place<c PUN>; <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w VVD-VVN>dropped <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1513"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>worked <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w NN1>university <w NN0>staff <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04A>
<s n="1514"><w NN1>Corruption
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1515"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Yves <w NP0>Chalier<c PUN>, <w NN1>chef <w NP0>de <w NN1>cabinet <w PRP>under <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1-NP0>Nucci<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>assize <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Carrefour <w UNC>du <w NN1>d&eacute;veloppement <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37684<c PUN>; <w CRD>36706<c PUN>; <w CRD>35126<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1516"><w NP0>Chalier <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things <w PRF>of <w VVG>misappropriating <w UNC>F&lt;T <w UNC>=26,984,176 <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>appropriate <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>F&lt;T <w UNC>=9,928,740<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1>forgery <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w NN1>trust<c PUN>.
<s n="1517"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w CRD>one <w NN1>franc <w AJ0>symbolic <w AJ0>fine <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Nucci <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>amnestied <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37684<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w UNC>F21,534,298 <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1518"><c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=F&lt;T5.602 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLJCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04B>
<s n="1519"><w NP0>La <w NP0>Cinq
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1520"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w NP0>Paris <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>court <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>liquidation <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1-VVB>channel <w NP0>La <w NP0>Cinq<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>filed <w PRP>for <w NN1>bankruptcy <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1521"><w PNP>It <w VVD>became <w AJ0>apparent <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN2>rescuers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>found <w PRP>for <w NP0>La <w NP0>Cinq<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>stage <w VHD>had <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w AV0>nearly <w UNC>F&lt;T <w UNC>=4,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN0>media <w NN1>magnate <w NP0>Silvio <w NP0>Berlusconi <w VVD>abandoned <w DPS>his <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1522"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>broadcast <w PRP>by <w NP0>La <w NP0>Cinq <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04C>
<s n="1523"><w NN1>Compensation <w PRP>for <w NN1>infection <w PRP>by <w AJ0>HIV-contaminated <w NN1>blood
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1524"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>haemophiliac <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>contracted <w NN1>AIDS <w PRP>from <w NN1>blood <w NN2-VVZ>supplies <w VVN>infected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>virus <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>related <w NN1>scandal <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38544<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1525"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>examined <w DPS>his <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>space <w PRF>of <w NN1>time<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1526"><w PNP>It <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w UNC>F&lt;T <w UNC>=150,000 <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>family <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w UNC>F&lt;T <w UNC>=30,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04D>
<s n="1527"><w NP0>Paris <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN2>trials
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1528"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>assize <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w VVD>sentenced <w CRD>two <w NN2>Tunisians <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>Moroccans <w PRP>for <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bombing <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>between <w NP0>December <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w NP0>September <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>13 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>303 <w AJ0>injured <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34308<c PUN>; <w CRD>35079<c PUN>; <w CRD>35524<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1529"><w NP0>Fouard <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Salah<c PUN>, <w CRD>34<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tunisia <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Iranian <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>militant<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w AT0>a <w NN1>life <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w PRP>without <w NN1>parole <w PRP>for <w VVG>masterminding <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="1530"><w VVB>Hassam <w NP0>Aroua<c PUN>, <w CRD>38<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Tunisian <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>driver<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Agnaou<c PUN>, <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN1>student<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>received <w NN1>life <w NN2>sentences <w CJS>while <w NP0>Abdelhamid <w NP0-NN1>Badaoui<c PUN>, <w CRD>33<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Moroccan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>turned <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>20-year <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1531"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1532"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1533"><w NP0>Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<p>
<s n="1534"><w UNC>*SSW <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>South <w NP0>Schleswig <w NN2>Voters<w POS>' <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>minority <w NN1>party <w VVN-VVD>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>requirement <w PRF>of <w VVG>winning <w AV0>at least <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
<s n="1535"><w NN1>Turnout <w CRD>71.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04E>
<s n="1536"><w AJ0>Major <w NN2>setbacks <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kohl <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1537"><w PRP>During <w NP0>April <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shaken <w PRP>by <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NP0-NN1>L&auml;nd <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>state<c PUR>) <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>resentment <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w AT0>the <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Free <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w CRD>23 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04F>
<s n="1538"><w NN1>State <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1539"><w PRP>In <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg <w CJC>and <w NP0>Schleswig-Holstein<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJS>largest <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VVD>performed <w AV0-AJ0>poorly<c PUN>.
<s n="1540"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>gained <w NN1>representation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN1>L&auml;nder<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <c PUL>(<w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Franz <w NP0>Sch&ouml;nhuber<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>DVU<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gerhard <w NP0>Frey<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Schleswig-Holstein<c PUN>.
<s n="1541"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>entry <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>DVU <w PRP>into <w NP0>Bremen <w NN1>parliament <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38447<c PUN>.
<s n="1542"><w PRP>For <w CRD>1988 <w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg <w CJC>and <w NP0>Schleswig-Holstein <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36044-45<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1543"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>impinged <w PRP>upon <w NN2>issues <w PRP>such as <w NN1-VVG>housing<c PUN>, <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="1544"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>256,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w NN1>asylum <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>121,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0-AV0>alone<c PUN>, <w CRD>35,059 <w AJ0-VVD>sought <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>.
<s n="1545"><c PUL>(<w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>in addition <w CRD>222,000 <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans <w PNQ>who <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1546"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>January-March <w CRD>1992 <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>600<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2-VVZ>acts <w AJ0>hostile <w PRP>to <w NN2>foreigners<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fourfold <w NN1>increase <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1547"><w VVB-NN1>Support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>parties <w VBD>was <w AJS>strongest <w PRP>among <w NN1-AJ0>city-dwelling<c PUN>, <w AJ0>working-class <w NN2>men <w AV0>under <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1548"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>described <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>defeat<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w AJS>richest <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>lost <w AT0>the <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1549"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unclear <w DTQ>what <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>coalition <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>attempted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Erwin <w NP0>Teufel <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Lothar <w NP0-NN1>Sp&auml;th <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w NN2>contracts <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37966<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1550"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Schleswig-Holstein<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NP0>SPD <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w NN1>chancellor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bj&ouml;rn <w NP0>Engholm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN-VVD>retained <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04G>
<s n="1551"><w AJ0>Public-sector <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w AJ0>Public-sector <w NN2>workers <w VVD>began <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sector <w PRP>since <w CRD>1974 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>after <w NN2>employers <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mediating <w NN1>panel<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>wage <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>failed<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>conditions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1553"><w NN2>Unions <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers<w POS>'<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>final <w NN1>offer<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w CRD>4.8 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>equivalent <w PRP>to <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w VVN>stuck <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN1>claim <w PRP>for <w CRD>9.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1554"><w AJ0>Balloted <w NN2>workers <w PRP>from <w CRD>six <w NN2>unions <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>being <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>&Ouml;TV <w NN1>union <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Monika <w NP0>Wulf-Mathies<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w PRP>in favour of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="1555"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>transport <w VBD>was <w AV0>initially <w AV0>most <w VVN-AJ0>affected <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AJ0>postal <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>refuse <w NN1>collection <w CJC>and <w NN1>hospital <w NN2>services <w VBD>were <w VVN>disrupted <w PRP>in <w NN2>cities <w CJC>and <w NN2>towns <w PRP>across <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1556"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1>cut <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>top <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w CJC>and <w VVD>pledged <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>period <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w PRF>of <w CRD>1994<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1557"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>wage <w NN1-VVB>freeze <w PRP>for <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38888 <w PRP>for <w NN1>pressure <w VVN-VVD>exerted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>public <w NN1>spending <w CJC>and <w NN1>borrowing <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lowered <w PRP>across <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1559"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w NN1>action <w VVN-VVD>spread <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w PRP>with <w NN1>lightning <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>by <w CRD>130,000 <w NN1>metal <w CJC>and <w NN1>engineering <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1560"><w NP0>IG <w NP0>Metall <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w AJ0>region-by-region <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>sector <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4 <w CJC>but <w NN2>employers <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>9.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase<c PUN>, <w VVG>offering <w AV0>instead <w CRD>3.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1561"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>February <w NP0>IG <w NP0>Metall <w NN2>steelworkers<w POS>' <w NN1>pay <w NN1>settlement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38782<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
<s n="1562"><w NN1>Banking <w NN2>stoppages <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1-VVB>increase<c PUN>, <w VVD>backdated <w PRP>to <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>applicable <w PRP>for <w CRD>13 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-off <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM&lt;T <w UNC>=350 <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>in addition to <w PNI>one <w AV0>already <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March <w CRD>95,000 <w NN1>coal <w NN2>workers <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w NN2>rises <w PRF>of <w CRD>4.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-off <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM&lt;T <w UNC>=200 <w PRP>per <w NN1>worker<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04H>
<s n="1564"><w NP0>Genscher<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1565"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Genscher <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>18th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1566"><w NP0>Genscher<c PUN>, <w CRD>65<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w NN1>heart <w NN2>problems <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w DPS>his <w NN1>move <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>right <w CJC>and <w AJ0>necessary<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1567"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>March <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1568"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w NN1>Construction <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Irmgard <w NP0>Adam-Schwaetzer<c PUN>, <w CRD>50<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>Genscher<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>her <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w PRP>by <w NP0>FDP <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>deputies <w PNQ>who <w VVD>voted <w CRD>63 <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Kinkel<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w VVB-NN1>Kinkel<c PUN>, <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>under <w NP0>Genscher <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>transferring <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974 <w PRP>before <w VVG>moving <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1-VVB>service <w NP0>BND <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>.
<s n="1570"><w PNP>He <w VVD>became <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w CJC>and <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>initially <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w CJC>but <w PRP>within <w NN2>months <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>FDP <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1571"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Gerda <w NP0>Hasselfeldt <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1572"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w PNP>hers <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>for <w NN1>espionage<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>reshuffle <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN1>News <w NN1-VVB>Digest<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLJCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04J>
<s n="1574"><w NP0>RAF <w VVB-NN1>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w NN2>attacks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1575"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extremist <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Faction <c PUL>(<w NP0>RAF<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>cease <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>longest-serving <w NP0>RAF <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w NP0>Kinkel <w VHD>had <w VVN>encouraged <w AT0>the <w NP0>RAF <w TO0>to <w VVI>lay <w AVP>down <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>for <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1577"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RAF <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w CRD>32 <w NN2>murders <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>being <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Detlev <w NP0>Rohwedder<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Treuhand <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>agency <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38155<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1578"><w AT0>The <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NP0>RAF <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38476<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>RAF <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>core <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w PRP>to <w NN1>number <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CRD>20-30 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1579"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1580"><w NP0>FINLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1581"><w NN1>Austerity <w NN2>measures <w CJC>and <w NN2>protests
</head>
<p>
<s n="1582"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>calm <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>an <w NN1>outflow <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>a <w NN1>devaluation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>expenditure <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w UNC>FM10,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w AV0>about <w CRD>2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1583"><w AT0>The <w NN2>cuts <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>state-sector <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w NN1>child <w NN2>benefits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1584"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rolf <w NP0>Kullberg <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Finland <c PUL>(<w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>) <w PRP>after <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1585"><w NP0>Finland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>by <w CRD>6.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>in part <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NP0>Finland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>devalued <w AT0>the <w NN0>markka <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38587<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1586"><w NP0>Kullberg <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sirkka <w NP0>H&auml;m&auml;l&auml;inen<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>.
<s n="1587"><w PNP>She <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w NN1>management <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w PRP>for <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1588"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w DT0>some <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>.
<s n="1589"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NP0>Eeva <w NP0-NN1>Kuuskoski <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jorma <w NP0-NN1>Huuhtanen<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1590"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1591"><w NP0>SWEDEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1592"><w AJ0>Revised <w NN1>finance <w NN1>bill
</head>
<p>
<s n="1593"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>finance <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992/93 <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>101,800 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <c PUL>(<w VVG>representing <w CRD>6.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w CRD>70,800 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w AJ0-VVN>expected <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992/93 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38737<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1594"><c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=5.9581 <w NN2>kronor <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>April <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1595"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>30,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>in addition to <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w CRD>27,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w AV0>already <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w CRD>14,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w VVN-AJ0>given <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38737 <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>spending <w NN1>cut<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1596"><w NN1>Welfare <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w AV0>most <w AJ0-VVN>affected<c PUN>.
<s n="1597"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lowered <w PRP>from <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>; <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>on <w NN1>electricity <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>for <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>use <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>dioxide <w NN2>emissions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>to <w CRD>0.32 <w NN2>kronor <w PRP>per <w NN1>kilogramme <w PRF>of <w NN1>emission <w PRP>except for <w NN1>industry <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CRD>0.08 <w NN2>kronor <w PRP>per <w NN1>kilogramme<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1598"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1599"><w NP0>BELGIUM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1600"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="1601"><w AT0>The <w NN1>centre-left <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jean-Luc <w NP0>Dehaene<c PUN>, <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38821<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>presented <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1602"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38589<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w AJ0>political <w NN1>uncertainty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1603"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w UNC>BF1,634,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w NN1>income <w PRF>of <w UNC>BF1,279,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=BF33.9878 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1604"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w AV0>roughly <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>reduced <w AJ0>social <w NN2>benefits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04K>
<s n="1605"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1606"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVD>began <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dialogue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>communities<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w AV0>jointly <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0-NN1>Schiltz <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Flemish <w NP0-NN1>Volksunie <w CJC>and <w NP0>G&eacute;rard <w NP0-NN1>Deprez <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>francophone <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w VVN-AJ0>Scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dialogue <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>parliaments <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>competencies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>francophone <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN2>executives<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NP0>Vlaams <w NP0>Bloc <w CJC>and <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ultra-liberal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ROSSEM<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VVN>performed <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1609"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1610"><w NP0>NETHERLANDS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1611"><w NN1-NP0>Euthanasia <w NN1>debate
</head>
<p>
<s n="1612"><w PRP>During <w NP0>April <w NN1>parliament <w VVN-VVD>debated <w CJC>and <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>directive <w VVG>detailing <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>reporting <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN1>euthanasia <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NN1>person<w POS>'s <w NN1>life <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w CJC>or <w DPS>her <w NN1>request<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AJ0>permissible<c PUN>.
<s n="1613"><w AT0>The <w NN1>directive <w AV0>also <w VVD>covered <w VVG-AJ0>assisting <w NN2>patients <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>intervention <w TO0>to <w VVI>terminate <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w PNI>someone <w AJ0>unable <w CJC>or <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>express <w DPS>his <w CJC>or <w DPS>her <w NN2>wishes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1614"><w NN1-NP0>Euthanasia <w AV0>technically <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>offence <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years <w PRP>under <w NN1>Article <w CRD>293 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>code<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>practised <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1970s<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>such <w NN2>actions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>upheld <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1984 <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <w CRD>1986<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w AJ0>Dutch <w AJ0>Medical <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>KNMG<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>on <w NN1>euthanasia<c PUN>.
<s n="1616"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Remmelink <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD>published <w DPS>its <w NN2>conclusions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG>calculating <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>annually <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,700 <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>euthanasia <w CJC>or <w VVG>assisting <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NN2>patients<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>intervention <w TO0>to <w VVI>terminate <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w NN2>patients <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>express <w DPS>their <w NN2>wishes<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1617"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1618"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1619"><w NN1-VVB>Capture <w PRF>of <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>leader
</head>
<p>
<s n="1620"><w AT0>A <w NN1>month <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>commanders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Euzkadi <w ITJ>ta <w NP0>Askatasuna <c PUL>(<w NN1>ETA<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38823-24<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sabino <w NP0>Euba <w NP0>Zenaruzabeitia<c PUN>, <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>suspected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>ETA<w POS>'s <w NN1>treasurer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w PRP>at <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>de <w NP0>Gaulle <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w AV0>en route <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
<s n="1621"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>extradited <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Lorenzo <w NP0>Lasa <w NP0>Michelena<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Txikierdi<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>served <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w NN1>prison <w CJC>and <w VVD>faced <w DT0>several <w NN1-VVB>murder <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04L>
<s n="1622"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>in <w AJ0>contaminated <w NN1>cooking <w NN1>oil <w NN1>affair
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1623"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>on <w CRD>13 <w NN0>people <w VVD>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>marketing <w VVD>adulterated <w VVG-NN1>cooking <w NN1>oil <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w CRD>600 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>made <w AV0>over <w CRD>25,000 <w AJ0>ill<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>seriously <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36668<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1624"><w NN2>Sentences <w VBD>were <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>72 <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w CRD>260 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="1625"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Benegoechea<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>importer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w CRD>77 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>distributor <w NP0-NN1>Ram&oacute;n <w NP0>Ferrero <w NP0>L&oacute;pez<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w CRD>65 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1626"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>others <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w NN1>parole <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>trial <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVN>imprisoned<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04M>
<s n="1627"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>Expo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1628"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Seville <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w NP0>King <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Carlos<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w AV0>over <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>VIPs <w PRP>amidst <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>exhibition <c PUL>(<w NN1>Expo<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1629"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w NN2>police <w AV0>forcibly <w VVD>broke <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Unmask <w CRD>92 <w NN2>Descenmascaremos <w VVB-NN1>el <w CRD>92 <w NN1>Movement <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>Expo <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>theme <w PRF>of <w VVG>celebrating <w AT0>the <w ORD>500th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbus<w POS>'s <w NN1>voyage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Americas<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1630"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1631"><w NP0>ANDORRA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1632"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1633"><w PRP>In <w NN1-VVG>polling <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AJ0>reformist <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0>Ribas <w NP0-NN1>Reig <w VVD>won <w CRD>17 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w CRD>28 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Valleys <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37135<c PUN>; <w CRD>37198<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1634"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>voting <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>28 <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>decided<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>; <w CRD>82 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>8,592-strong <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <c PUL>(<w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w NP0>Andorra<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>60,000 <w VBG>being <w NN2>foreigners <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVN>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1635"><w NP0>Ribas <w NN1-NP0>Reig <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w AVQ>when <w NN2>conservatives <w VVD>blocked <w DPS>his <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>reforms <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w NN1>constitution <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>legalize <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>guarantee <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="1636"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament<w POS>'s <w AJ0>principal <w NN1>task <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1637"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1638"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1639"><w NN1-VVB>Vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence
</head>
<p>
<s n="1640"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Constantine <w NP0>Mitsotakis <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w DT0>all <w CRD>152 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>ND<c PUR>) <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>supported <w DPS>their <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="1641"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Panhellenic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pasok<c PUR>) <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w NN1>company <w NN2>directors <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Crete <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>former <w NP0>Pasok <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andreas <w NP0>Papandreou <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38739<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1642"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mitsotakis <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>dismissed <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Antonis <w NP0>Samaras <w CJC>and <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PNX>himself <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1643"><w PNP>He <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Samaras <w PRF>of <w VVG>taking <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>line <w PRP>in <w NP0>Greece<w POS>'s <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38779<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1644"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w NP0>Samaras<w POS>'s <w NN2>views<c PUN>.
<s n="1645"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>reversed <w DPS>his <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>position <w CJT>that <w NP0>Greece <w VM0>would <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>prefix <w TO0>to <w VVI>distinguish <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1646"><w PNP>He <w AV0>now <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Macedonia <w VM0>should <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>different <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="1647"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38703-04<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04N>
<s n="1648"><w NP0>Pasok <w NN1>by-election <w NN1>victory
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1649"><w NP0>Pasok <w VVD>secured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>convincing <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Athens <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>district <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1650"><w CJS>While <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ND<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>KKE-Exterior<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>parties <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pasok <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>challengers<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>turned <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pasok <w NN1>description <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1651"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1652"><w NP0>CYPRUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1653"><w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1654"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>750 <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVD>reaffirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>bicommunal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bizonal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>federation <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>two <w NN2>communities <w PRP>with <w AJ0>equal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1655"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>unlikely <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w PRP>for <w AV0>much <w AJC>longer <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cyprus <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>scale<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1656"><w NP0>Sweden <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w VVN>withdrawn <w DPS>its <w NN1>contingent <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cyprus <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFICYP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>now <w VVD>numbered <w CRD>2,100 <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Denmark <w VVD>hoped <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>likewise<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04P>
<s n="1657"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicos <w NP0>Sampson
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1658"><w NP0>Nicos <w NP0>Sampson<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short-lived <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w CRD>1974<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>conditionally <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cyprus <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>release <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1994 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38450<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1659"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1660"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1661"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>developments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>deputies
</head>
<p>
<s n="1662"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>deputies <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SHP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>True <w NN1>Path <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DYP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1663"><w AT0>The <w NN2>deputies <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>resigning <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DPS>its <w NN2>promises<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with regard to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1664"><w AT0>The <w CRD>14 <w AJ0-VVD>continued <w CJS>as <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP <w PRP>with <w CRD>72 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>two-party <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w CRD>250<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>450-seat <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1665"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HEP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP <w NN1>ticket <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>six <w VVD>remained <w PRP>on <w NN1>government <w NN2>benches<c PUN>.
<s n="1666"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN0>MPs <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38739<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLJCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04R>
<s n="1667"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>criticism <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Visits <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mitterrand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hurd
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1668"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0>&Ouml;zal <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>recently <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w DTQ>which <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scale <w CJC>and <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>severity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>actions <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="1669"><w NP0>&Ouml;zal <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unacceptable <w CJC>and <w VVG>amounting <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesperson <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>protest <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN2>civilians <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38833-34<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>over <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN2>vehicles <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w AV0>Early <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>week <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>envoys <w VVD>lodged <w AT0>the <w NN1>protest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1672"><w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PNQ>who <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>.
<s n="1673"><w PRP>In <w NN1>press <w NN2>interviews <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>with <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w PNP>He <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>blind<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>violence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>terrorists<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>law <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>respected <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>repression<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>avoided<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1675"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w CRD>five <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>emphasized <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>growth <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mitterrand <w NN1>government <w VVD>re-opened <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="1676"><w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Turkish<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>association<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AJ0>desirable <c PUL>(<w PRP>in spite of <w NN2>problems <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Greek-Turkish <w NN2>relations<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1677"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN2>goals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>press <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>purely <w AJ0>demographic <w NN2>considerations<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>precluded <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>from <w AJ0>early <w NN1>passage <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="1678"><w NP0>Turkey <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35137<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1679"><w NP0>UK <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21-22 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Matutes <w NN1-VVB>plan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w NN1>development <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w NN1>basin<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1680"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Mitterrand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hurd <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>airborne <w AJ0>multinational <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUR>) <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38690<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04S>
<s n="1681"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Raids <w PRP>over <w NP0>Iraq
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1682"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ismet <w NP0-NN1>Sezgin <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad<c PUN>.
<s n="1683"><w PNP>They <w VVD>signed <w CRD>two <w NN2>protocols <w DTQ>which <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>a <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>security <w NN1>protocol <w VVN-VVD>directed <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Syria <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1684"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>agreement <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w AJ0-VVD>condemned<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>activity <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.
<s n="1685"><w NN1>Security <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>frontier <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>strengthened <w CJC>and <w NN1>information <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>capture <w PRF>of <w NN2>criminals <w CJC>and <w NN2>deserters <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>exchanged<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1686"><w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>claimed <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>10,000 <w AJ0>trained <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK<c PUN>, <w CRD>7,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>based <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian-controlled <w NN1-NP0>Bekaa <w NN1>valley <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>or <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="1687"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>raids <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>against <w NP0>PKK <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>: <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Durji <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Hakhurk <w NN2>valleys<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>10-20 <w NN0>km <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>bombed <w PRP>by <w NN2>planes <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Diyarbakir <w CJC>and <w NP0>Malatya<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04T>
<s n="1688"><w NN1>Operation <w PRP>against <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Violence <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1689"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN1>gun <w NN2>battles <w VVG>lasting <w CRD>eight <w NN2>hours <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w CJS>after <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>police <w VVD>surrounded <w CRD>seven <w NN2>safe-houses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>extreme-left <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0-NN1>Left<c PUR>) <w NN1>group <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul<c PUN>.
<s n="1690"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>women <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="1691"><w AT0>The <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Istanbul<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hayri <w NP0-NN1>Kozakcioglu<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Sinan <w NP0-NN1>Kukul<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol <w NN1>commander <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>escaped <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bayram <w NP0>Pasha <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1692"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>tip-off <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dursun <w NP0>Karatas<c PUN>.
<s n="1693"><w PRP>According to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w DT0>some <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol <w NN2>fighters <w VHD>had <w VVN>trained <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bekaa <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38833<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1694"><w NN2>Incidents <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w NN1>operation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>army <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16-17 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Mardin<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>four <w AJ0>government-sponsored <w NN1>village <w NN2>guards <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN1>officer <w VBD>were <w VVN>kidnapped<c PUN>: <w CRD>33 <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>fighters <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="1695"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>18-19 <w AV0>over <w CRD>40 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>villages <w PRF>of <w NP0>Birik<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kuziriv<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Cizre <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tepel <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bismil <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>prompting <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>rally <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Diyarbakir <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="1696"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>eight <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1697"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1698"><w NN2>CIS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1699"><w NN1>Co-ordination <w NN2>agreements
</head>
<p>
<s n="1700"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interparliamentary <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>between <w CRD>seven <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VBD>was <w VVN>published<c PUN>.
<s n="1701"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>parliaments <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1702"><w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>institution <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN2>matters <w CJC>and <w VVB>consider <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN2>documents <w PRF>of <w AJ0>common <w NN1>interest<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1703"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>send <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>biannual <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN2>Soviets <w PRF>of <w NN2>states <w NN1-VVB>party <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>Councils <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1704"><w CRD>Nine <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w PRP>except <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w NN1>meeting <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1705"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>customs <w NN2>services <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN2>duties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>on <w NN2>cargoes <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
<s n="1706"><w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w DT0>this <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>threats <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>treated <w PRP>as <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1707"><w AT0>The <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN2>trades <w NN1>union <w NN2>bodies <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>All-Union <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions<c PUN>; <w AJ0>ruling <w NN2>bodies <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected<c PUN>.
<s n="1708"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Confederation <w VM0>would <w VVI>function <w CJS>while <w VVG>guaranteeing <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>constituent <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04U>
<s n="1709"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pravda
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1710"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>Pravda <w VVD>reappeared <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>because of <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1711"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>published <w CRD>three <w NN2>times <w AJ0-AV0>weekly<c PUN>.
<s n="1712"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>publication <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>due <w AV0>partly <w TO0>to <w VVI>aid <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>funds <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04V>
<s n="1713"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>affairs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1714"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Collegium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w VVB-NN1>Command <w VVN>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>command <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>from <w VVG>participating <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>structures <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w VVG>selling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w NN1>ordnance <w PRP>through <w AJ0>military <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1715"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baku <w VVG>allocating <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caspian <w NN1>flotilla <w PRP>to <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="1716"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>flotilla<w POS>'s <w NN1>property <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>shape <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>navy<c PUN>.
<s n="1717"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>half <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w PRP>following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04W><ptr target=HLJCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04W>
<s n="1718"><w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<caption id=HLJCA04X>
<s n="1719"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>economy <w NN1>structure
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1720"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kirgizstan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22-23<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w NN2>Documents <w VVG>creating <w NN2>structures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>economy <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w PRP>excepting <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>.
<s n="1722"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w AJ0>interstate <w NN1>investment <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>banking <w NN2>mechanisms <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>pricing <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1723"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w NN1>enforcement <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w VVG>acting <w PRP>against <w NN1>drug <w VVG-NN1>dealing <w CJC>and <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1724"><w AT0>The <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w NN2>structures <w VVG>supplanting <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w NN2>proponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VHD>had <w VVN>decreased <w PRP>because of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38875<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1725"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w NN2>armies <w CJC>and <w VVG>concluding <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>pact<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLJCA04Y>
<s n="1726"><w AJ0>Turkish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>visits
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1727"><w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>toured <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1728"><w VVG>Beginning <w DPS>his <w NN1>tour <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>independence <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38657<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1729"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>television <w NN1>channel <w NN1-VVG>broadcasting <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>language <w NN2>programmes <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1730"><w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>admitted <w AV0>openly <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>deflect <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>by <w VVG>using <w NN1>television <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>tool <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="1731"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>broadcasts <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>Latin <w NN1>alphabet <w NN2>subtitles<c PUN>.
<s n="1732"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>bar <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUR>) <w VVD>spoke <w NN1>Turkish<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>currently <w VVD>wrote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Cyrillic <w NN1>alphabet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1733"><w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>offered <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2-VVZ>credits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>soft <w NN2>loans <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>signed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w NN1>aviation<c PUN>, <w NN1>energy <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>banking <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>help <w PRP>for <w AJ0>small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medium-scale <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="1734"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>solution <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>found <w PRP>to <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>just <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1735"><w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Farooq <w NP0>ash-Shar<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>headed <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w VVG>visiting <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1736"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w CRD>six <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>discussions <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1737"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>delegation <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1738"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kirgizstan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22-23<c PUN>.
<s n="1739"><w NN2>Documents <w VVG>creating <w NN2>structures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>economy <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w PRP>excepting <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>.
<s n="1740"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w AJ0>interstate <w NN1>investment <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>banking <w NN2>mechanisms <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>pricing <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1741"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w NN1>enforcement <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w VVG>acting <w PRP>against <w NN1>drug <w VVG-NN1>dealing <w CJC>and <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1742"><w AT0>The <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w NN2>structures <w VVG>supplanting <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w NN2>proponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VHD>had <w VVN>decreased <w PRP>because of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38875<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1743"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w NN2>armies <w CJC>and <w VVG>concluding <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>pact<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1744"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1745"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1746"><w NN1>Confrontation <w PRP>between <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w AT0>The <w ORD>Sixth <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1748"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37322<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>misleadingly <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>legislature <w VVN>elected <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>out of <w NN1>step <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>realities <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>demise <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1750"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>opening <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w NP0-NN1>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>election <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>warned <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies <w CJT>that <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w AV0>no longer <w AT0>the <w NN1>excuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>Union <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>influence <w DPS>its <w NN2>deliberations<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>represented<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>emphasised<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1751"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>issues <w VVG>facing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>were <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1752"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>challenged <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w AJ0>young <w NN2>economists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>personnel <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>days <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1753"><w DT0>This <w NN1>challenge <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w DPS>its <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>warn <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>aid <w VVN>offered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38888<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>jeopardized<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w AT0>A <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>day <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w VBD>was <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>defeated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1755"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>placate <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>anti-reform <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VVD>opened<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>thrust <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w CJC>but <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>.
<s n="1756"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vasily <w NP0>Barchuk<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1757"><w NP0>Sergei <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>State <w NN1>Counsellor <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="1758"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned<c PUN>, <w VVD>risked <w VBG>being <w VVN>diminished <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>deprive <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>powers <w CJS>as <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>felt <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>useful <w VVG-AJ0>working <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1759"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w TO0>to <w VVI>deprive <w CRD>four <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Titkin<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>mandate <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVD>occupied <w NN1>government <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1760"><w NP0>Shakhrai<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1761"><w AJ0>Gennady <w NN1-NP0>Burbulis<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>request<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1762"><w PNP>He <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <w CJC>and <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0-VVG>co-ordinating <w NN1>policy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA050></p>
<caption id=HLJCA050>
<s n="1763"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>blocs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w AT0>An <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AV0>together <w AV0>about <w CRD>4,000 <w NP0>Yeltsin <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>Congress <w PNP>he <w VVD>expected <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>retreat <w PRP>from <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="1766"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>preference <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1767"><w AT0>A <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>protocol <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pro-reform <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>legislature <w VVN>elected <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies<c PUR>) <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>began<c PUN>.
<s n="1768"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PNX>itself <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>bloc<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w AV0>both <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA051></p>
<caption id=HLJCA051>
<s n="1769"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1770"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w VVG>lasting <w AV0>over <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>detailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>to <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="1771"><w PNP>He <w VVD>praised <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>regions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38825-26<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>trust <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1772"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>miscalculations<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1773"><w AT0>The <w NP0>January <w NN1-VVB>price <w NN2>rises <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38730-31<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>expected <w CJC>and <w AJ0>painful<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PNP>them <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>logical <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0>Ryzhkov <w CJC>and <w NP0>Valentin <w NP0>Pavlov<c PUN>.
<s n="1774"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>softening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w NN2>industries<c PUN>, <w NN2>investments <w PRP>in <w NN1>agriculture <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>grants <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>conversion <w NN1>project<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1775"><w NN1-AJ0>Pre-empting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>praised <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Fifth <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w PNP>him <w AJ0-AV0>extra <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>warned <w PRF>of <w NN1>chaos <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>removed<c PUN>.
<s n="1776"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veiled <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>warning <w CJT>that<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>your <w NN1>support <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>argument <w PRP>against <w NN2>accusations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies<w POS>' <w NN1>body <w VHZ>has <w VVN>outlived <w DPS>its <w NN1>usefulness<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA052></p>
<caption id=HLJCA052>
<s n="1777"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>after <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Eventual <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>declaration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1778"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>sensation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVN>provoked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1779"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJC>higher <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>Fifth <w NN1>Congress <w VHG>having <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NN2>ministers<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PNX>himself <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1781"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w NN1>statement <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VM0>would <w VVI>ruin <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVB>jeopardize <w AJ0>promised <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w VVB>deprive <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>make<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w AV0>purely <w AJ0>symbolic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1782"><w AT0>A <w NN1>motion <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVG>allowing <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w DPS>its <w NN1>composition <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>defeated<c PUN>.
<s n="1783"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tight <w NN1>schedule <w PRP>on <w VVG>changing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w VVG>appointing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1784"><w AT0>The <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>walked <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NP0>Khasbulatov<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>lads<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>blackmail <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="1785"><w NP0>Khasbulatov <w AV0>later <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w TO0>to <w VVI>apologize <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>caused <w NN1>offence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1786"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVN>urged <w PRP>by <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w CRD>578 <w PRP>to <w CRD>203 <c PUL>(<w CRD>64 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>conciliatory<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>on <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1787"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1788"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Declaration <w VVD>altered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>radical <w NN2>transformations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN1>alteration <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w PRP>regarding <w AJ0>governmental <w NN2>structures <w VM0>would <w AV0>effectively <w VVI>require <w NP0>Yeltsin <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRP>instead of <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA053></p>
<caption id=HLJCA053>
<s n="1790"><w NN1>Acceptance <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Official <w NN1>state <w NN1>name <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>membership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1791"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>amended <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>general <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w VVG>giving<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1792"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>664 <w PRP>to <w CRD>139 <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>72 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w DT0>this <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w AJC>further <w NN1>work <w VBB>be <w VDN>done <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBB>be <w VVN>published <w TO0>to <w VVI>widen <w NN1>debate <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w VVN>resubmitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1793"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>871 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w PRP>with <w CRD>30 <w NN2>abstentions <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Russia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1794"><w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRP>within <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>protested <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1795"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>superseded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>759 <w PRP>to <w CRD>77 <w PRP>with <w CRD>30 <w NN2>abstentions <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Russia<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>original <w NN1>name <w NN1-VVB>change <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38656<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1796"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>584 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>158 <w PRP>with <w CRD>136 <w NN2>abstentions <w TO0>to <w VVI>affirm <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1797"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>debate <w AT0>a <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in the light of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38078-80<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>defeated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA054></p>
<caption id=HLJCA054>
<s n="1798"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>closing <w NN1>speech <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Call <w PRP>for <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>land <w NN1>ownership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1799"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>closing <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>resolved <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VHD>had <w PNP>it <w VVN>endorsed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1800"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>criticised <w AJ0>ill-prepared <w NN2>speeches <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>damaged <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1801"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>identified <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>composition <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>weighted <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN2>conservatives<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>land<c PUN>.
<s n="1802"><w AT0>A <w NN1>survey <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>clause <w VHD>had <w AJ0>vested <w NN2>interests <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>ran <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>farms <w CJC>or <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w NN1-VVG>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w PRP>in <w NN1>conversation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VVI>alter <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w AV0>accordingly<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>organize <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>signatures <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>petition <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA055></p>
<caption id=HLJCA055>
<s n="1805"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1806"><w NN1>Petrol <w NN2>prices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>were <w VVN>deregulated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w VVG>allowing <w NN2>prices <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>factor <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>five <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1807"><w AT0>The <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>deregulate <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices <w PRP>before <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>economies <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>fuel <w PNP>they <w VVD>received <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w AV0>instead <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w PRP>at <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1808"><w NN2>Figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN0>Statistics <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>national <w NN1>income <w VVD>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1809"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w CRD>15,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN1>extraction<c PUN>.
<s n="1810"><w NN1>Food <w NN2>prices <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>risen <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>average <w PRP>by <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>during <w CRD>one <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1811"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVG>summarizing <w NN2>interviews <w PRP>with <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tight <w NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w NN1>budget <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1812"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN2>credits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2>provisions <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1813"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w AV0>about <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <c PUL>(<w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>30-40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w AV0>below <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>energy <w NN2>prices <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w NN1>parity <w PRP>with <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA056></p>
<caption id=HLJCA056>
<s n="1814"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1815"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>newly-formed <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1816"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1817"><w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kokoshin <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>think-tank<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada <w NN1>Institute<c PUN>.
<s n="1818"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w NN1>Defence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>State <w NN1>Counsellor <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Konstantin <w NP0>Kobets <w VVD-VVN>released <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1819"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decree <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w VVD>initiated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>spring <w NN1>conscription <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>units <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>jurisdiction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1820"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>units <c PUL>(<w NN1>railway <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>construction <w NN2>units<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>without <w NN2>recruits<c PUN>, <w AV0>partly <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>deferred <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w NN1>sickness<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1821"><w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN2>conscripts <w PRP>to <w NN2>forces <w PRP>outside <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w NN2>regions <w PRP>within <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w DT0>some <w NN2>conscripts <w PRP>to <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA057></p>
<caption id=HLJCA057>
<s n="1822"><w NN1>Espionage <w NN2>cases
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1823"><w AT0>The <w NN1>expulsion <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>diplomats <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>five <w NN2>Belgians <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>espionage <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w NN2>others <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>still-active <w NN1>espionage <w NN1-VVB>ring <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>information <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>use<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>operated <w PRP>since <w CRD>1967<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1824"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Belgian <w NN1>electronics <w NN1>engineer <w VVD>named <w NP0>Alain <w NP0>Brienne <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w PRP>with <w NN1>espionage <w PRP>on behalf of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1825"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>passed <w NN1>information <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brussels <w NN1-VVB>ring<c PUN>.
<s n="1826"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>three <w NN2>journalists <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>attach&eacute; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA058><ptr target=HLJCA059></p>
<caption id=HLJCA058>
<s n="1827"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<caption id=HLJCA059>
<s n="1828"><w AJ0>Attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chechnia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1829"><w NN2>Casualties <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Grozny<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chechnia <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>forces <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dzhakhar <w NP0>Dudayev <w VVD>retook <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting <w NN1>centre<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>briefly <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="1830"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VBD>was <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dudayev<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Chechnia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1831"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Dudayev <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>manipulated <w AT0>the <w NN1>revolt<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>instigated <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>coup<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1832"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>decreed <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>all <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1833"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechnia <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1>information <w NN1>space <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Chechnia <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1834"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Dudayev <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1835"><w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Gromov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VVI>vacate <w NP0-NN1>Chechnia <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>security <w NN1>basis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1836"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nezavisimaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Dudayev <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>hoping <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJS>rather than <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>recently <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>heavily <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN2>speeches<c PUN>.
<s n="1837"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>proclamation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chechen <w NN1>republic<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05A>
<s n="1838"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karachai-Cherkessia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1839"><w AT0>The <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Karachai-Cherkessia <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <w PRP>on <w VVG>preserving <w AT0>the <w NN1>unity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>realization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Stalinist <w NN2>purges<w POS>'<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1840"><w PRP>On <w NN1-AJ0>average <w AV0>over <w CRD>78 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>status quo<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w VVN-VVD>varied <w PRP>from <w CRD>29 <w PRP>to <w CRD>95 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>depending on <w AT0>the <w NN1>nationality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w AJ0>different <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1841"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0-NN1>Karachai <w NN1>republic <w VHD>had <w VVN>existed <w PRP>until <w NP0>November <w CRD>1943<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>All-National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Karachai <w NN0>People <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>restoration<c PUN>.
<s n="1842"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Karachai <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN0>people<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>deported <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Caucasus <w PRP>under <w NP0>Stalin<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05B>
<s n="1843"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romanov <w NN1>heir
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1844"><w NP0>Grand <w NP0>Duke <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Romanov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exiled <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>heir <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>throne<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w NP0>Izvestiya <w VVD>described <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1845"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>buried <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w NN1-VVB>vault <w PRP>in <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN2>authorities <w VHG>having <w VVN>reversed <w DPS>their <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>buried <w PRP>in <w NP0>St. <w NP0>Petersburg<c PUN>.
<s n="1846"><w VVN>Born <w PRP>in <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1917<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1847"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1848"><w NP0>ARMENIA/AZERBAIJAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1849"><w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>conflict
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1850"><w NN1-VVB>Fire <w PRP>at <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>depot
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1851"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>8-9 <w AT0>a <w NN1>fire <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>depot <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>army <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yerevan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Armenia<c PUR>) <w VVD>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>damage <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>weaponry <w VVD-VVN>stored <w AV0>there <w VVD>exploded<c PUN>.
<s n="1852"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>firefighting <w NN0>aircraft <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>.
<s n="1853"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>army <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>extremists <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>depot<c PUN>, <w NN2>others <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>army <w PNX>itself <w PRF>of <w VVG>destroying <w NN1>weaponry <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>remove<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>decree <w VVG>evacuating <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Transcaucasus <w NN1>region <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38827<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1854"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w VVD>curtailed <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Greece <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="1855"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>casualties <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w VVG>living <w AV0>nearby <w VBD>were <w VVN>evacuated<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1-AJ0>chemical <w CJC>or <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VBD>were <w VVN>stored <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>depot<c PUN>.
<s n="1856"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN2>estimates <w VVD>valued <w AT0>the <w NN2>losses <w PRP>at <w AV0>up to <w CRD>50,000,000 <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1857"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>men <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>military <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>depot <w PRP>near <w NP0>Baku <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8<c PUN>; <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05C>
<s n="1858"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>fighting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1859"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38828<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1860"><w VVB-NN1>Stepanakert <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>enclave <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>shelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Shusha <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1861"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>towns <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>shelled <w CJC>or <w VVD>stormed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1862"><w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>villages <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>under <w NN1>attack <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>helicopter <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05D>
<s n="1863"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>peace <w NN2>efforts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1864"><w NN1>Shuttle <w NN2>missions <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0>Va'ezi <w VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w VVG>earning <w NN1-VVB>praise <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Czechoslovakian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jiri <w NP0-NN1>Dienstbier<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w POS>'s <w NN1>envoy<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38828<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1865"><w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w PRP>in <w VVG>arranging <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AJ0-NN1>Azerbaijani<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Armenian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1866"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05E>
<s n="1867"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mkrtchyan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1868"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Artur <w NP0>Mkrtchyan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38733<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1869"><w AJ0>Initial <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>involvement <w VBD>were <w VVN>countered <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Presidium <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w VVG>calling <w DPS>his <w NN1>death<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>accident<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05F>
<s n="1870"><w NN1>Power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1871"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>acting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yagub <w NP0>Mamedov <w VHD>had <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gasan <w NP0>Gasanov <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w NP0>Gasanov<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Feirus <w NP0>Mustafayev<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1872"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>Cabinet <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>submitted <w DPS>their <w NN2>resignations<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Mamedov <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>persuaded <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1873"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>radio <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shusha <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Agdam <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
<s n="1874"><w AT0>The <w NN2>disturbances <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38827-28<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1875"><w DT0>Former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ayaz <w NP0>Mutalibov <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>losses <w VVN>sustained <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Khojali <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38827<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>exaggerated <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w PNP>him<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05G>
<s n="1876"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1877"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>parliament <w VVN-VVD>refused <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN2>debates <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>threats <w PRP>from <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ter-Petrosyan <w CJT-DT0>that <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w VM0>would <w VVI>jeopardize <w AT0>the <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1878"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w DT0>that <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gagik <w NP0-NN1>Arutyunyan<c PUN>.
<s n="1879"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Paruyr <w NP0-NN1>Ayrykyan<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Self-Determination <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w AV0>as <w AJ0-NN1>invalid <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>inherited <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1880"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1881"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1882"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Security <w NN1>situation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CJS>than <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12-13<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1884"><w NP0>Genscher <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w UNC>DM10,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN1>package <w CJC>and <w AJ0>additional <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>official <w NN0>statistics<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>World <w NN1>Service <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>real <w NN2>incomes <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w CRD>four-fifths <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>were <w VVG>living <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN1>poverty <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1885"><w NP0>Georgia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1886"><w AT0>A <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania <w VBD>was <w VVN>initialled <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1887"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="1888"><w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38826-27<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>completely <w VVB>solve<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>forces <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05H>
<s n="1889"><w VVZ-NN2>Reverses <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>supporters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VVD>repelled <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>deposed <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Poti <w CJC>and <w VVD>regained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>towns <w PRP>including <w NP0>Zugdidi<c PUN>.
<s n="1891"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>13 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1892"><w NN2>Troops <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>blocked <w AV0>about <w CRD>2,000 <w NP0-NN1>Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>supporters <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>march <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Kutaisi <w TO0>to <w VVI>proclaim <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
<s n="1893"><w AT0>The <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>month <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38827<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1894"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w DT0>that <w NN1>conscription <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>army <w NN1-VVG>numbering <w CRD>20,000 <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1895"><w AT0>The <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w PRP>under <w AJ0>central <w NN1>command <w VM0>would <w VVI>mean <w AT0>the <w NN1>disbanding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>irregular <w AJ0>military <w NN2>formations <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mkhedrioni <w NN0>militia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38731<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05J>
<s n="1896"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1897"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>shelling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Ossetian <w NN1>capital <w NN1>Tskhinvali <w PRP>during <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1898"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>attributed <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Torez <w NP0>Kolumbegov<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reintegrated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>reintegration <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38731-32<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1899"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w VVN>exacerbated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reported <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Russian <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AJ0>Soviet<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w NN1>protection <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>nationalists<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1900"><w AT0>A <w NN1>state <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w AJ0>inter-ethnic <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Kavsadze <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1901"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>special <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1902"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1903"><w NP0>MOLDOVA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1904"><w AJ0>Quadrilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>over <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic
</head>
<p>
<s n="1905"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38828-29<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Bendery <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Russian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>left <w AV0>up to <w CRD>18 <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1906"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kishinev<c PUN>, <w VVD>brokered <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w NN2>recommendations <w PRP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation<c PUN>.
<s n="1907"><w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1908"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38841<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>experts<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministries <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w PRP>to <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w VHD>had <w VVN>prepared <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1909"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1-AJ0>quadrilateral <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="1910"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>160-strong <w NN1>commission <w VM0>would <w VVI>represent <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>meetings <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>held <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>between <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>.
<s n="1912"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>reunification <w VHD>had <w VVN>sparked <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1913"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Smirnov <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38657 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>election<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w DT0>that <w NN1>reunification <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w AV0>already <w VVN>begun<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federative <w NN1>structure <w PRP>with <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>separatism<c PUN>.
<s n="1914"><w AT0>A <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>extended <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1915"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>decreed <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>C.-in-C.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>.
<s n="1916"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unlawful<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>accords <w VHD>had <w VVN>transferred <w AT0>the <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left <w NN1>bank <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>republic<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w XX0>not <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1917"><w AT0>The <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VVD>issued <w AT0>an <w NN1>ultimatum <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>order <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AJ0>alert <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>subside<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1918"><w NP0>Moldova <w VVD>protested <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>interference<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VVD>visited <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1919"><w AV0>Later<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38875<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AV0>strongly <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN1>speech <w VVG>proposing <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VVB>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>republic <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VVB>become <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1920"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN2>Soviets <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>regions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Gagauz <w CJC>and <w VVB>Dnestr <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>sent <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1921"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w NN2>skirmishes <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VBG>being <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>republic <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w VVD>ended <w AV0>inconclusively<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1922"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1923"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1924"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>issues
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1925"><w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1926"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>Odessa <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>twice <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed<c PUN>.
<s n="1927"><w AT0>The <w NN2>delegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>chairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN2>Soviets<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1928"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet <w VHD>had <w VVN>flared <w AVP>up <w AV0>again <w CJS>when <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk<w POS>'s <w NN1>decree <w VVG>transferring <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>jurisdiction <w DT0>all <w AJ0>military <w NN2>formations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>navy<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>answered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w VVG>transferring <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Fleet <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1929"><w AJ0>Unsuccessful <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sevastopol <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w VVD>ended<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>Radio<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>disagreements<c PUN>.
<s n="1930"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>decrees <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>after <w NN1>telephone <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1931"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dispute <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w DTQ>what <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet <w VM0>should <w VVI>become <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1932"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>should <w VVI>become <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>building <w CJC>and <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>fleet <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>borne <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1933"><w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>angered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>remarks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet <w VM0>should <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>or <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05K>
<s n="1934"><w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1935"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dismantled<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
<s n="1936"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>resumed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1937"><w NP0>Konstantin <w NP0>Morozov <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>resumption <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1938"><w AT0>The <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w VVB-NN1>decree <w VVG>subordinating <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Fleet <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w AV0>also <w VVB>put <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>territory <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w VVB-NN1>command <w PRP>until <w DPS>their <w NN1>dismantlement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1939"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kravchuk <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>conscripts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>effected <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN2>officers <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1940"><w NP0>Morozov <w VVD>requested <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w NN2>administrations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1941"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1942"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1943"><w NP0-NN1>Berisha<w POS>'s <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1944"><w VVB>Ramiz <w NP0>Alia <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1945"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>140-member <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w CRD>96 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>35 <c PUL>(<w CRD>two <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w NN1-AJ0>minimum <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>) <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Berisha<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
<s n="1946"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w CJC>and <w NP0>Berisha <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1947"><w NN1-NP0>Alia<c PUN>, <w CRD>66<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>communist <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w ORD>last <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w AVP>over <w NN1>power <w PRP>upon <w NP0>Enver <w NP0>Hoxha<w POS>'s <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
<s n="1948"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w AV0>still <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>later <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>SPA<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w NP0-NN1>Alia <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>renamed <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38160<c PUN>; <w CRD>38208<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1949"><w NP0-NN1>Alia <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w AJ0>neutral <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="1950"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DP <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Office <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w VVD-AJ0>denied <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Berisha <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w NP0>Alia<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Alia <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>immunity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>return<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1951"><w NP0>Alexander <w NP0-NN1>Meksi <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>DP-controlled <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1952"><w DT0>All <w PRP>except <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>were <w NP0>DP <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1953"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w DT0>each <w VVD-AJ0>allocated <w CRD>one <w NN1>ministry <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1954"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Mining <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy <w NN2>Resources <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>intellectuals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1955"><w NP0>Meksi <w VBD>was <w PRP>by <w NN1>profession <w AT0>a <w NN1>construction <w NN1>engineer <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>restorer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>medieval <w NN1>architecture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1956"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>some <w AJ0>weak <w NN2>points <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1957"><w AT0>The <w NN2>possibilities <w PRF>of <w NN1>selection <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>ended<c PUN>.
<s n="1958"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AJ0>experienced <w NN0>people<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>in <w NN2>fields <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNI>everything <w VBD>was <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>for <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>successive <w NN2>years<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1959"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vilson <w NP0>Ahmeti<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>submitted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>non-party <w NN1>government <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramiz <w NP0>Alia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05L>
<s n="1960"><w NN2>Proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1961"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1962"><w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>SPA<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VVD>abstained <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1963"><w AJ0>Widespread <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>farmland<c PUN>, <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w NN1>housing <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>restrictions <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w AJ0>retail <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wholesale <w NN2>prices <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reformed <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w NN2>functions <w AV0>clearly <w VVN-AJ0>distinguished <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1964"><w PRP>In <w VVG>presenting <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Meksi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>freeing <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2>prices <w VM0>would <w VVI>ease <w NN2>scarcities<c PUN>.
<s n="1965"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w AJ0>private <w NN1>initiative<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1966"><w NN2>Meksi <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>outlined <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>educational <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w PRP>above <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="1967"><w DT0>This <w NN1>problem<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVD>included<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>private <w NN2>firms <w CJC>and <w NN2>persons <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dubious <w NN1>nature<c PUN>,<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN2>pioneers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>speculation <w CJC>and <w NN1>criminality<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05M>
<s n="1968"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>presidents <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>DP
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1969"><w NP0>Pjeter <w NP0-NN1>Arbnori<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><w AT0>A <w NN1>writer <w CJC>and <w NN1>poet<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w NN2>camps<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1971"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Edouard <w NP0-NN1>Selami<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>30-year-old <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NP0>DP <w VVZ-NN2>delegates <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0-NN1>Berisha <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05N>
<s n="1972"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1973"><w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Tirana <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1974"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>Berisha<c PUN>, <w NP0>Meksi <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1975"><w NP0>Genscher <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Albania <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VVI>receive <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1976"><w NP0-NN1>Berisha <w VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w NP0>Genscher <w CJT>that <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>needs <w VBD>were <w PRP>for <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w NN1>agriculture <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>help <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>solving <w NN1>transport <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="1977"><w NN2>Discussions <w VHD>had <w VVN>included<c PUN>, <w NP0>Berisha <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w NN1>logic <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Milosevic <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>circles <w PRP>in <w VVG>solving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05P>
<s n="1978"><w NN2>Deaths <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>border
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1979"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>representative <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>six <w AJ0>young <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w NN2>children<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslavian <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian-Yugoslav <w NN1>border <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="1980"><w PNP>He <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>premeditated <w NN2>murders<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tropoje<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kukes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pogradec <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unarmed <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>migrants<c PUN>.
<s n="1981"><w CRD>Ten <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>incidents <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLJCA05R><s n="1982"><w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Meksi <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Rexhep <w NP0>Uka <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food <w NP0-NN1>Bashkim <w NP0-NN1>Kopliku <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Order <w NP0-NN1>Vullnet <w NP0-NN1>Ademi <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w NP0>Genc <w NP0>Ruli <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Economy <w NP0>Alfred <w NP0>Sarreqi <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVD>Kudred <w NP0>Cela <c PUL>(<w NN1>ind<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1983"><w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Safet <w NP0>Xhulali <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Defence <w NP0-NN1>Abdyl <w NP0>Xhaja <c PUL>(<w NN1>ind<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1984"><w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Mining <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy <w NN2>Resources <w NP0>Artan <w NP0>Hoxha <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w NP0>Fatos <w NP0>Bitincka <c PUL>(<w NP0>RP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NP0-NN1>Ilir <w NP0-NN1>Manushi <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Construction <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w NP0>Tritan <w NP0>Shehu <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection <w NP0-NN1>Ylli <w NP0-NN1>Vejsiu <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Dhimiter <w NN1-NP0>Anagnosti <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports <w NP0>Osman <w NP0>Shehu <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Tourism <w NP0-NN1>Dashamir <w NP0>Shehu <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Emigration <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Assistance <w NN1>Ind. <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>independent
</p>
<caption id=HLJCA05R>
<s n="1985"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1986"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1987"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1988"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>measures
</head>
<p>
<s n="1989"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38830<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1990"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>plank <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>policy <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>freeing <w NN2>prices <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>under <w NN1>attack <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="1991"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulgaria <c PUL>(<w NP0>CITUB<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Podkrepa <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>Support<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Confederation <w VVD>walked <w PRP>out of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w PNP>it <w PRF>of <w VVG>presenting <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>fait accompli <w PRP>over <w NN1>price <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1992"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>staged <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN2>prices <w VBD>was <w VVN>envisaged<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>projected <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NN2>necessities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>minimum <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NN1>farm <w VVB-NN1>produce <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>monopoly <w NN1>purchasing<c PUN>.
<s n="1993"><w AT0>The <w NN2>trades <w NN1>union <w NN2>confederations <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w NN2>consultations <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w VVG-AJ0>adopting <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>crucial <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>pressing <w NN2>problems <w PRP>because of <w AV0>artificially <w VVN>created <w AJ0>procedural <w NN2>obstacles<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1994"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>miners <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NP0>Podkrepa<c PUN>.
<s n="1995"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>strike <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AVP>off<c PUN>, <w VVG>becoming<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>token <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-point <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>overdue <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05S>
<s n="1996"><w NN1>Property <w NN1>restitution <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1997"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w AJ0-VVG>restoring <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w CJC>and <w NN1>property <w VVN-VVD>nationalized <w PRP>during <w CRD>1947-62 <w PRP>by <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1998"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1999"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38776<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2000"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="2001"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VVD-VVN>received <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>with <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2002"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>to <w NN2>employees <w VVG>buying <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w NN2>creditors <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>shares <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>debt-for-equity <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="2003"><w DT0>All <w NN2>participants <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w AT0>the <w NN1>origin <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="2004"><w NN2>Owners <w PRF>of <w NN2>companies <w VVN-VVD>nationalized <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946-62 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJC>larger <w NN2>companies <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prior <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>subscribe <w PRP>for <w NN2>shares<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05T>
<s n="2005"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2006"><w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="2007"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VVD-VVN>contained <w NN2>clauses <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Czechoslovakian <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05U>
<s n="2008"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w ORD>third <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2009"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>split <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agrarian <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="2010"><w DT0>Those <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nikola <w NP0>Petkov <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>BZNS<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w CJS>after <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BZNS <w VVD>split <w AVP>off <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>party <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38539<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>now <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>separate <w NP0>BZNS <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF<c PUN>.
<s n="2011"><w AV0>Consequently<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VHD>had <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN2>Parties<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BZNS-E<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>BZNS <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w PRP>under <w NP0>Anastasiya <w NP0>Moser <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38776<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>BZNS <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2012"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2013"><w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AJC>further <w NN1-VVB>term
</head>
<p>
<s n="2014"><w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN1>President <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>term <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>President <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>cost<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJC>but <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>towards <w VVG>pushing <w PRP-AVP>through <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>values<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2015"><w PNP>He <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>state <w PRP>for <w DT0>both <w NN2>nations<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>rapid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>transformation <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>continued<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2016"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN2>refinements <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="2017"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>poll <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>within <w CRD>14 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w CJS>if <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VVD-VVN>won <w AV0>at least <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="2018"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sufficient<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>achieved <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>repeated <w PRP>with <w AJ0>new <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05V>
<s n="2019"><w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>property <w NN1>restitution <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2020"><w AT0>The <w NN1>parliament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>restitution <w NN1>law <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w VVN>confiscated <w PRP>between <w CRD>1945 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1948<c PUN>.
<s n="2021"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>25,000 <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>affected<c PUN>.
<s n="2022"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>legislation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>restitution <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w VVD>expropriated <w PRP>after <w CRD>1948 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38207<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05W>
<s n="2023"><w NN1-VVB>Tax <w NN2>reforms
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2024"><w PRP>During <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>reforms <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2025"><w DT0>These <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="2026"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>VAT <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w AJ0>average <w NN1>price <w NN2>rises <w PRF>of <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>transformation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2027"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maximum <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>47 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>corporation <w NN1>tax <w PRF>of <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2028"><w AJ0>Real <w NN1>estate <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w NN1>inheritance <w CJC>and <w NN1>gift <w NN2>taxes <w CJC>and <w NN1>environment <w NN2>taxes <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in place of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>system <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>profits <w NN2>taxes<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>levied <w PRP>on <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>industry <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w NN1>turnover <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05X>
<s n="2029"><w NP0>IMF <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>arrangement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2030"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w CRD>236,000,000 <w AJ0>special <w NN1>drawing <w NN2>rights <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;322,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="2031"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>previous <w UNC>SDR1,250.8 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>credit <w VHD>had <w VVN>covered <w AT0>the <w CRD>14 <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38468-69<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2032"><w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejoined <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLJCA05Y>
<s n="2033"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2034"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w NP0>Havel <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVN-VVD>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38777<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2035"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>preamble <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>inadmissibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unjustified <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2036"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VVG>settling <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>issues <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <c PUL>(<w VVN>completed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2037"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>real <w NN1>estate <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceeds <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0-AV0>good <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>damage <w VDN>done <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w NN2>sites <w PRP>as well as <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>housing <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>returning <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2038"><w PRP>After <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>10 <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>debate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>144 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>33 <w PRP>with <w CRD>47 <w NN2>abstentions <w AT0>the <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38777<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2039"><w NP0>Havel <w VVD>paid <w AJ0>official <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21-28 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJC>further <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>.
<s n="2040"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>waive <w NN1-VVB>import <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w PRP>on <w DT0>many <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN2>imports <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>consisted <w AV0>primarily <w PRF>of <w NN2>hops <w CJC>and <w NN1>glass<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2041"><w PRP>In <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>promoting <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w CJS>as <w VBD>were <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>double <w NN1>taxation <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2042"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w AV0>respectively <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>.
<s n="2043"><w DT0>These <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>training <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>in <w VVG>modernizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="2044"><w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marian <w NP0>Calfa <w VVD>met <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2045"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2046"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2047"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="2048"><w AJ0>Jaan <w NN1-NP0>Manitski<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Swedish-born <w NN1>businessman <w PRP>with <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Lennart <w NP0-NN1>Meri<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>resignation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2049"><w NN2>Meri <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>dismissed <w CRD>two <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>without <w VVG>consulting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="2050"><w NN2>Manitski<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>panel <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>experts <w VVG>advising <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <c PUL>(<w PRP>like <w NP0-NN1>Meri<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>parallel<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pre-war <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>descendants <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38420<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA060></p>
<caption id=HLJCA060>
<s n="2051"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>law <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Citizenship <w NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2052"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Riigikogu<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>Estonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUR>) <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>adopted<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w NN2>non-citizens <w NN1-AJ0>resident <w PRP>in <w NP0>Estonia <w VM0>could <w VVI>vote <w CJC>or <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2054"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>law <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w NN1>citizenship <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>enfranchised<c PUN>.
<s n="2055"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>stringent <w NN1>language <w NN2>qualifications <w PRP>for <w NN1>citizenship <w NN2>applications<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Estonia <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDME<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2056"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispel <w NN1>confusion <w PRP>by <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w AT0>a <w NN1>certificate <w PRF>of <w NN1>language <w NN1>proficiency <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w AV0>up to <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRP>after <w VVG>applying <w PRP>for <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
<s n="2057"><w AT0>The <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w NN2>holders <w PRF>of <w NN2>posts <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>citizenship <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>or <w NP0>June <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38420<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2059"><w AT0>A <w NN1>clause <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>current <w NN2>citizens <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>.
<s n="2060"><w DT0>This <w VM0>could <w VVI>debar <w PRP-AVP>over <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVG>voting<c PUN>, <w CJS>since<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pre-war <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>descendants <w VBD>were <w AV0>automatically <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long <w NN1>application <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>for <w NN2>others <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>in <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2061"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2062"><w NP0>LATVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2063"><w NN1>Citizenship <w NN1>issue
</head>
<p>
<s n="2064"><w AT0>The <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>for <w VVG>granting <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>citizenship <w VVD>flared <w AVP>up <w AV0>again <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>President <w NP0>Anatolijs <w NP0>Gorbunovs <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VBB>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>controversy <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38585<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2065"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VVI>decide <w NN1>residence <w CJC>and <w NN1>language <w NN2>qualifications<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pre-1940 <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>descendants <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="2066"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w VVD>compared <w AT0>the <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>franchise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38798<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2067"><w AT0>The <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VBD>was <w CRD>48.2 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>non-ethnic <w AJ0>Latvian<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA061></p>
<caption id=HLJCA061>
<s n="2068"><w NN1>Language <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2069"><w NN2>Amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>language <w NN1>law <w VBD>were <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Russian-speaking <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="2070"><w AT0>The <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVG>acknowledging <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN2>minorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>their <w NN1>mother <w NN1>tongue<c PUN>, <w AJ0>guaranteed <w NN1>education <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latvian<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NN2>institutes <w PRF>of <w AJC>higher <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>instruction <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>year <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latvian <w AV0>only<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w NN1>Language <w NN1-VVG>testing <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>employees <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>both <w VVB-NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>sectors <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2072"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2073"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2074"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vytautas <w NN1-NP0>Landsbergis<c PUN>, <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gediminas <w NP0>Vagnorius<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dictatorial <w NN1>work <w NN1>style<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>placing <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w VVG>asking <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AJ0>ministerial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>functions<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w NP0-NN1>Vagnorius <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>an <w NN1>explanation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2077"><w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vytautas <w NN1-NP0>Pakalniskis <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Elvyra <w NP0>Kunceviciene <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2078"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Vagnorius <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>revised<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w CRD>30-50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants<c PUN>.
<s n="2079"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>version <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w NN2>reasons <w PRF>of <w NN1>efficiency <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Vagnorius <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>links <w CJC>and <w NN1>obstruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>policy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA062></p>
<caption id=HLJCA062>
<s n="2080"><w NN2>Accusations <w PRF>of <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>KGB
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2081"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lithuania<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>70 <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1-NP0>Virgilijus <w NN1-NP0>Cepaitis<c PUN>.
<s n="2082"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>25 <w NP0-NN1>Cepaitis <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w VHG>having<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>deliberately <w VVN>co-operated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN1>committee<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>accusation <w ORD>first <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2083"><w AT0>The <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Cepaitis<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="2084"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Kaunas <w NN1>branch <w VVD>renamed <w PNX>itself <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>Union <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2085"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>inquiry <w VVN>determined <w CJT>that <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Kazimiera <w NP0>Prunskiene <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>knowingly <w VVN>collaborated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2086"><w NP0-NN1>Prunskiene <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w AV0>merely <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <w AT0>an <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>visits<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA063></p>
<caption id=HLJCA063>
<s n="2087"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2088"><w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="2089"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>touched <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>statement <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2090"><w PRP>On <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lithuania <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stanislas <w NP0>Shushkevich<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>joke<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Byelarussian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2091"><w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Chaus<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>making <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP>on <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2092"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2093"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2094"><w ORD>Second <w NN1>Compensation <w NN1>Law
</head>
<p>
<s n="2095"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orsz&aacute;ggy&uuml;l&eacute;s <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>Compensation <w NN1>Law <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>state-caused <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w NN1>property <w PRP>between <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1939<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1949<c PUN>.
<s n="2096"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38161<c PUN>; <w CRD>38304-05<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w ORD>First <w NN1>Compensation <w NN1>Law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>expropriated <w NN1>property<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>under <w DT0>both <w NN2>laws <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>calculated <w CJS>as if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>claim <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>law<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLJCA064></p>
<caption id=HLJCA064>
<s n="2097"><w NN1>Legislation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants<w POS>' <w NN1>neutrality
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2098"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orsz&aacute;ggy&uuml;l&eacute;s <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>neutrality <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants<c PUN>.
<s n="2099"><w PNP>It <w VVD>stipulated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>neutrality <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>by <w VVG>banning <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w VVG>accepting <w NN1>party <w AJ0>political <w NN2>positions <w CJC>or <w VVG>speaking <w AV0>publicly <w PRP>on behalf of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA065></p>
<caption id=HLJCA065>
<s n="2100"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>demonstration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2101"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w DT0>some <w CRD>15,000-20,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>attended <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orsz&aacute;ggy&uuml;l&eacute;s <w NN1-VVG>building <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w VVD>organized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jozsef <w NP0-NN1>Torgyan<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rump <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w NN2>Smallholders<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FKgP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38777 <w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w VVD>split <w PRP>within <w NN1>party<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2102"><w NP0-NN1>Torgyan <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>betrayed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-communist <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>demonstrators <w AV0>also <w VVD>protested <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>high <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA066></p>
<caption id=HLJCA066>
<s n="2103"><w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unprofitable <w NN1>state <w NN2-VVZ>concerns
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2104"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w NN1>bankruptcy <w NN1>legislation <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w VVG-AJ0>obliging <w DT0>all <w AJ0>unprofitable <w NN2>concerns <w TO0>to <w VVI>close<c PUN>.
<s n="2105"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>18 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>state-controlled <w NN2>companies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>file <w PRP>for <w NN1>bankruptcy <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>debts<c PUN>.
<s n="2106"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>affected <w VBD>were <w NN1>coal <w NN2>mines <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRP>around <w NP0>P&eacute;cs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>metallurgical <w NN0>works <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ozd<c PUN>, <w CRD>120 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Budapest<c PUN>.
<s n="2107"><w NN1>Unemployment <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>from <w CRD>80,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>400,000 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>500,000 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2108"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2109"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2110"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>controversy <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany
</head>
<p>
<s n="2111"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Parys<c PUN>, <w VVG>highlighting <w AT0>a <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2112"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w NN2>Parys <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers <w CJT>that <w NN2>politicians <w VBD>were <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN2>intrigues<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>offering <w NN2>officers <w NN1>promotion <w PRP>in return for <w DPS>their <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="2113"><w NN2>Parys<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>put <w PNX>himself <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>resignation <w NN1-VVB>offer<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Olszewski <w VVD>gave <w PNP>him <w NN1>leave <w PRF>of <w NN1>absence<c PUN>, <w VVG>appointing <w NP0-NN1>Romuald <w NP0-NN1>Szeremietiew<c PUN>, <w NP0>Parys<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2114"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w NP0>Parys<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>given <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Chancellery<c PUN>.
<s n="2115"><w PNP>It <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>investigative <w NN1>commission <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2116"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>daily <w NP0>Nowy <w NP0-NN1>Swiat <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1>contingency <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>security <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elaborated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN0>staff<c PUN>.
<s n="2117"><w AJ0>Jerzy <w NN1-NP0>Milewski<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Office <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Chancellery<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w NN1>discussion <w NN2>documents<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w NN2>plans <w VVD>existed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2118"><w AT0>The <w NN1>confrontation <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ambiguity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>about <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>security <w VVD>lay <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>or <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="2119"><w NN2>Parys<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>provoked <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>by <w VVG>forcing <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vice-Adml<c PUN>.
<s n="2120"><w VVB>Piotr <w NP0-NN1>Kolodziejczyk<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>from <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38735<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>without <w VVG>consulting <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="2121"><w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Poland<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVD-VVN>settled <w AT0>the <w NN1>relation <w PRP>between <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>professional <w AJ0>military <w NN2>matters<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA067></p>
<caption id=HLJCA067>
<s n="2122"><w NN1>Coalition <w NN2>negotiations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w AJ0>Unsuccessful <w NN2>attempts <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w TO0>to <w VVI>broaden <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w AJC>stronger <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>push <w PRP-AVP>through <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w NN2>proposals <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2124"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>KLD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPG<c PUR>) <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>10-party <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w AJ0-VVG>governing <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="2125"><w NN2>Talks <w VVD>broke <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w CJS>when <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w CRD>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2126"><w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>said <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-party <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="2127"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AV0>widely <w VVN>read <w NP0>Gazeta <w NP0>Wyborcza <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w AJ0>scathing <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Walesa <w DTQ>which <w VVD>implied <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
<s n="2128"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>hinted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>mentioned <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2129"><w NP0>Artur <w NP0>Balazs<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w PRP>because of <w NN2>differences <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>Olszewski <w PRP>over <w VVG>widening <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA068></p>
<caption id=HLJCA068>
<s n="2130"><w NN1>Constitution <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2131"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>313 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>47 <w PRP>with <w CRD>14 <w NN2>abstentions <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for <w VVG>adopting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="2132"><w AT0>The <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w CJS>once <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2133"><w DT0>This <w VVD-VVN>accommodated <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VBB>be <w VVN>decided <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>vote <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>spelled <w AVP>out<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA069></p>
<caption id=HLJCA069>
<s n="2134"><w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2135"><w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w PRP>to <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38306<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w NP0>Walesa <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Krzysztof <w NP0-NN1>Skubiszewski <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Andrzej <w NP0-NN1>Olechowski<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2137"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>welcoming <w NN1>speech <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>President <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>von <w NP0>Weizs&auml;cker <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NN2>interests<c PUN>.
<s n="2138"><w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>suggested <w PRP>to <w AJ0>German <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gerhard <w NP0>Stoltenberg <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>Committee <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w NP0>NATO <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w TO0>to <w VVI>aid <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w AT0>The <w NN1>suggestion <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN1>embarrassment<c PUN>, <w CJS>as<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>consultation <w CJC>and <w NP0>Walesa <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2140"><w NP0>Walesa <w AV0>also <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bavaria<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>laid <w AT0>a <w NN1>wreath <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dachau <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NP0>Berlin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>left <w PRP>via <w NP0>Frankfurt-an-der-Oder <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w NN2>delays <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN2>crossings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2141"><w CJS>When <w VVG>meeting <w AJ0>German <w NN2>businessmen<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walesa <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>.
<s n="2142"><w NP0>Germany <w VBD>was <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w CRD>52 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2143"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>potential <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>noted <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w NN2>funds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>climate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>instability <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06A>
<s n="2144"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2145"><w NN2>Olszewski <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Olechowski<c PUN>.
<s n="2146"><w PRP>After <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Cheney<c PUN>, <w NP0>Olszewski <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>encouraged <w PRP>by <w NN2>assurances <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investments<c PUN>.
<s n="2147"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Poland <w VBD>was <w VVN>hampered <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06B>
<s n="2148"><w NN1>Debt <w VVG>rescheduling <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>bank <w NN1>failure
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2149"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w VVD>concluded <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club <w PRF>of <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>countries <w PRP>during <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>debt <w NN1>reduction <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38107<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2150"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Katowice <w AJ0-NN1>Commercial <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Credit <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AJ0>bankrupt<c PUN>.
<s n="2151"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>owners <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Art-B <w NN1>company <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38399<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>owe <w CRD>6,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>zlotys <c PUL>(<w NN0>&dollar;430 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>NBP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2152"><w NN2>Observers <w VVN-VVD>linked <w AT0>the <w NN1>bankruptcy <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AV0>recently <w VVN>appointed <w NP0>NBP <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Gronkiewicz-Waltz<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2153"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2154"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2155"><w NN2>Sentences <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w NN1>politburo <w NN2>members <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Party <w NN2>alignments
</head>
<p>
<s n="2156"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>rulings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>on <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>on <w NN1>manslaughter <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>uprising <w PRP>in <w NP0>Timisoara<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>changed <w PRP>to <w NN1>complicity <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVD>attempted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>aggravated <w NN1>murder<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>16 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w VBD>were <w VVN>handed <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="2157"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38687<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2158"><w NP0>Ion <w NP0-NN1>Totu<c PUN>, <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>propaganda <w PRP>under <w NP0>Ceausescu<c PUN>, <w VVD>hanged <w PNX>himself <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>after <w NN1>learning <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>16-year <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2159"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN1>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="2160"><w NP0>Iulian <w NP0-NN1>Vlad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Securitate <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN2>police<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>instead <w VVG>increasing <w DPS>his <w NN1>prison <w NN1>term <w PRP>from <w CRD>nine <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution<c PUN>.
<s n="2161"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w VVN>amended <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>genocide<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>aggravated <w NN1>murder<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2162"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w AV0>meanwhile<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Ceausescu<w POS>'s <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nicu <w NP0>Ceausescu<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>.
<s n="2163"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VBD>was <w VVG>supporting <w DPS>his <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>suffering<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>life-threatening<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>diseases <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>treated <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="2164"><w NP0>Ceausescu <w VBD>was <w VVG>serving <w CRD>16 <w NN2>years <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>manslaughter<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2165"><w AT0>An <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prosecutor <w NN1>General <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>aggravated <w NN1>murder<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06C>
<s n="2166"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>party <w NN2>alignments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2167"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLP<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>alliance <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2168"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>dissent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>party <w NN2>lists<c PUN>.
<s n="2169"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLP <w VM0>might <w VVI>form <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>formed<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLP<c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2170"><w AT0>The <w NN1>split <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSF<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w VVN>formalized <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>NSF-22 <w NP0>December <w NN1>group <c PUL>(<w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>founding <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVG>electing <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>leadership <w AT0>a <w AJ0>25-strong <w AJ0>provisional <w AJ0>national <w NN1>council <w CJC>and <w VVG>adopting <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w CRD>NSF-22 <w NP0>December <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social-democratic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2171"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Petre <w NN1>Roman <w VVN-VVD>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>executive <w NN1>bureau <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w CRD>NSF-22 <w NP0>December <w NN1-VVB>branch<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>exist <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w AT0>an <w NN1>intention<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06D>
<s n="2172"><w NN1>Run-off <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2173"><w PRP>In <w NN1>voting <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>counties <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <w VVD>won <w CRD>88 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>217 <w AJ0>available <w NN2>seats<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>won <w CRD>51 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Agrarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="2174"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Cluj <w NN1>county<c PUN>, <w PRP>out of <w CRD>45 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nationalist <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w CRD>14 <w NN2>seats<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDUR<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>9 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06E>
<s n="2175"><w NN1-VVB>Visit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-King
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2176"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>25-27 <w DT0>former <w NP0>King <w NP0>Michael <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w CRD>1945 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2177"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>Easter <w NN2>celebrations <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church<c PUN>.
<s n="2178"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarchy<c PUN>.
<s n="2179"><w NP0>Michael <w VVD>attended <w NN1>Easter <w NN1-NP0>Mass <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bucharest<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>visited <w NN1>family <w NN2>tombs <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>monastery <w PRP>in <w NP0>Curtea <w NP0>de <w VVZ>Arges <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>.
<s n="2180"><w AT0>The <w NN1>King<c PUN>, <w VVG>visiting <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>citizen<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>reticent <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w AV0>only <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>.
<s n="2181"><w DPS>His <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>television<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06F>
<s n="2182"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2183"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bucharest <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Friendly <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Partnership <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2184"><w AJ0>Similar <w PRP>to <w NN2>agreements <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>provided <w AJ0-VVG>binding <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w UNC>100,000-strong <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2185"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bucharest <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NP0>Horst <w NP0>Waffenschmidt<c PUN>, <w AJ0>German <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VHD>had <w VVN>pledged <w UNC>DM20,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2186"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
<s n="2187"><w PNP>It <w VVD>included <w AJ0>mutual <w AV0>most <w AJ0>favoured <w NN1>nation <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2188"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2189"><w NP0>EBRD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2190"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>meeting <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Accession <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>republics
</head>
<p>
<s n="2191"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>EBRD<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>.
<s n="2192"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>year <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w NN1>funding <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>ECU621,000,000 <w PRP>for <w CRD>20 <w NN2>projects <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>ECU2,100 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NN1>investment <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <c PUL>(<w UNC>ECU1=US&dollar;1.24065 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2193"><w DT0>Several <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN2>governments <w VBD>were <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EBRD<w POS>'s <w NN1>performance<c PUN>.
<s n="2194"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>So <w AV0>far <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EBRD <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0>marginal<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2195"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EBRD<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>founding <w NN1>charter <w VVD>defined <w DPS>its <w NN1>role <w CJS>as <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>market-rate <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w NN1>equity <w NN2>investments<c PUN>.
<s n="2196"><w PNP>It <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>lending <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
<s n="2197"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>Brady <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>EBRD<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Attali<c PUN>, <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VBB>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>loans <w PRP>at <w AJ0>concessionary <w NN2>rates <w PRP>for <w VVG>restructuring <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w AJS>poorest <w NN2>economies <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conversion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>factories <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>use<c PUN>.
<s n="2198"><w NP0>Brady<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2199"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>emphasis <w AT0>the <w NN2>governors<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13-14 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceiling <w PRF>of <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>bank <w NN1-VVG>lending <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w VVG-AJ0>corresponding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w VVG-NN1>holding <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>EBRD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AV0>up to <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EBRD<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>lending <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2200"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w NN2>governors <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w NP0>EBRD <w NN1>membership <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States<c PUN>.
<s n="2201"><w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>assume <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>shareholding<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>amounts <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>.
<s n="2202"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>republics <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>EBRD <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2203"><w PRP>As of <w NP0>mid-May <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova <w VHD>had <w VVN>completed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN2>formalities <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2204"><w NP0>Georgia <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>left <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2206"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2207"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2208"><w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Committee
</head>
<p>
<s n="2209"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <c PUL>(<w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>.
<s n="2210"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>adjustments <w VVN>needed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>association <w NN2>agreements <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38680<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2211"><w AT0>The <w CRD>Three <w VBD>were <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>trilateral <w AJ0-NN1>free-trade <w NN1>zone <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2212"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2213"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2214"><w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>ratification <w NN1>timetable
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="2215"><w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2216"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>EP<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>226 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>62 <w PRP>with <w CRD>31 <w NN2>abstentions <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w VVG>approving <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>by <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w PNP>it <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="2217"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38657-59<c PUN>; <w CRD>38785<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
<s n="2218"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Belgian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>parliaments <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w NN1-NP0>EP <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2219"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>months <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>summit <w NN2>complications <w VHD>had <w VVN>arisen <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w PRP>because of <w NN2>uncertainties <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w AJ0>general <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>; <w NP0>Belgium <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w DPS>its <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2220"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Germany <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>needed <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>gained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesrat <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD <w VVD>held <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="2221"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NP0>SPD <w NN2>threats <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>, <w NP0>SPD <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>desire <w PRP>for <w NN2>improvements <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>preclude <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="2222"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Land <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>state<c PUR>) <w NN2>governments <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w VVD>demanded <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w VVG>reinforcing <w DPS>their <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w NP0>EC <w NN1>decision-making <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w PRP>In <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w PRP>before <w NN1>ratification <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>permit <w NP0>EC <w NN1>regulation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NP0>EC <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>visa <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>residents <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2224"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>accordingly <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>adding <w CRD>two <w NN2>paragraphs <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1958 <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="2225"><w DT0>This <w NN1>revision <w ORD>first <w AJ0>required <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="2226"><w AV0>Secondly<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w VVG>sitting <w AV0>jointly <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>congress<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Versailles <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>revision <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="2227"><w AV0>Alternatively <w AT0>the <w NN1>revision <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>congress<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2228"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Denmark<c PUN>, <w NN2>referendums <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06G>
<s n="2229"><w AJ0>Portuguese <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w NN1>ERM
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2230"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Portuguese <w NN1>escudo <w AJ0>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <c PUL>(<w UNC>ERM<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>system <c PUL>(<w NP0>EMS<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2231"><w AT0>The <w NN1>escudo <w VBD>was <w VVN>fixed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>178.735 <w NN2>escudos <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>ECU<c PUN>.
<s n="2232"><w DT0>This <w VVD-VVN>corresponded <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>notional <w NN1>rate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>ECU <w NN1>currency <w NN1>basket<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>currencies <w AV0>thus <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0>unchanged<c PUN>.
<s n="2233"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>table <w PRF>of <w NN2>rates <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN0>ECU <w NN1>realignment<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN1>sterling <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37782<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2234"><w AT0>The <w NN1>escudo <w AJ0-VVD>entered <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>band<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>fluctuate <w PRP>by <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w DT0>either <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>peseta <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>pound <w NN1>sterling<c PUN>.
<s n="2235"><w AT0>The <w NN2>currencies <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>band<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>fluctuation <w CRD>2.25 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>up <w CJC>or <w AVP>down<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN0>drachma <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06H>
<s n="2236"><w NN1>Realignment <w PRP>among <w NP0-NN1>EP <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2237"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>32-strong <w NP0>UK <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>group <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>EP <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPP<c PUR>) <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w DPS>its <w NN2>numbers <w PRP>to <w CRD>162 <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>180 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Socialists.The <w NN2>Conservatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>EPP <w NN1>group <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>European <w NN2>elections <w CJC>but <w AJ0>protracted <w NN2>negotiations <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>Belgian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Netherlands <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <w NN1>scepticism <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2238"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2239"><w NP0>BALTIC <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2240"><w NN1>Co-operation <w NN2-VVZ>moves
</head>
<p>
<s n="2241"><w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>undertook <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2242"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tallinn<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVN>signed <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>trade <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>urging <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>import-export <w NN2>tariffs<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>abolishing <w AV0>practically <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>visa <w NN1>regime <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJC>further <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2243"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>also <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AJ0>monthly <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN2>currencies <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2244"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riga<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>covering <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>disasters<c PUN>.
<s n="2245"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w DT0>each <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>Interior <w NN2>Ministries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AJ0>Russian <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>language <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2246"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2247"><w NP0>DENMARK
</head>
<p>
<s n="2248"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vejle<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jutland<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>since <w CRD>1982<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>elected <w NP0>Poul <w NP0>Nyrup <w NP0>Rasmussen <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>chair<c PUN>; <w NP0>Rasmussen <w VVD>won <w CRD>359 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w CRD>187 <w VVB>cast <w PRP>for <w NP0>Svend <w NP0>Auken<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>chair <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2249"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2250"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2251"><w NN1>Imposition <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w AJ0>Mandatory <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748 <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38839<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2253"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748 <w PRP>for <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>731 <c PUL>(<w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38743<c PUN>; <w CRD>38791<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2254"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>governments <w AV0>directly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Libya <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>watched <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>concern <w AT0>the <w NN1>response <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NP0>UN <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJS>as <w NN2>sanctions <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="2255"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>air <w NN1>traffic <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya <w VBD>was <w VVN>halted<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>land <w NN2>routes<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>through <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-AV0>open<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>oil <w NN1>producer<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>mentioned <w AV0>directly <w PRP>in <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2257"><w AV0>Both <w CJS-PRP>before <w CJC>and <w PRP>after <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w NN2>attempts <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>mediation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>increasingly <w VVN>viewed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w VVG>centring <w PRP-AVP>on <w CJS>whether <w NP0>Libya <w VM0>would <w VVI>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>extradite <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am <w NN1>airliner <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38599 <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>extradite <w AJ0>other <w NN2>Libyans<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2258"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w PRP>in spite of <w AJ0>various <w NN2>declarations <w VVG>emanating <w PRP>from <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>as to <w NN2>circumstances <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w VVZ-NN2>suspects<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Baset <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1>al-Megrahi <w CJC>and <w NP0>al-Amin <w NP0>Khalifa <w NP0>Fhimah <w VM0>might <w VVI>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>hearing <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06J>
<s n="2259"><w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>mediation <w NN2>efforts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2260"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<w POS>'s <w AJ0>inconclusive <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>broker <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>solution <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0-NN1>Mubarak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco <w VVD>played <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>roles<c PUN>.
<s n="2261"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w VVD>deplored <w AT0>the <w NN1>passing <w PRF>of <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748 <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>solution <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>avoid<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>consequences<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2262"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-AJ0>Arab <w NN1>League <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38839<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-member <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>solutions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
<s n="2263"><w PNP>It <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mauritanian <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Algeria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
<s n="2264"><w NN2>Expectations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>week <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>government <w VM0>might <w VVI>hand <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVB>pre-empt <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w PRF>of <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>disappointed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2265"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>government <w AV0>instead <w VVN>emphasized <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>731<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w VM0>should <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Charter<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hague <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICJ<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2266"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICJ <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>suspects <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>disposal<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2267"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>spokesman <w NP0>Marlin <w NP0>Fitzwater <w VHD>had <w AV0>meanwhile <c PUL>(<w PRP>according to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>26<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sufficient <w PRP>for <w NP0>Libya <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>; <w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>in <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>731 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AJ0>ICJ <w NN1>verdict <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06K>
<s n="2268"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w CJC>and <w NN2>expulsions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2269"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>protesters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tripoli <w VVD>succeeded <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>entering <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN1>embassy <w CJC>and <w VVD>burned <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Venezuelan <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Diego <w NP0>Arria<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w NP0>March<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2270"><w NN2>Stones <w VBD>were <w VVN>thrown <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN2>embassies <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN2>embassies <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belgium <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2271"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>ties <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="2272"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tripoli<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>two <w AJ0>British <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>embassy <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AJ0>British <w NN2>interests<c PUN>.
<s n="2273"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w NN2>countries <w VVG>expelling <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>diplomats<c PUN>.
<s n="2274"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w AV0>more than <w CRD>10 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>notified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>authorities <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>within <w CRD>14 <w NN2>days<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06L>
<s n="2275"><w AJ0-NN1>Final <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>demands
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2276"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>said <w PRP>with reference to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>option <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w VVN>excluded <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w VVN>planned<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2277"><w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Petrovsky<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tripoli <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy<c PUN>.
<s n="2278"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>presented <w CRD>five <w NN2>demands<c PUN>; <w CJS>if <w NP0>Libya <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>demands <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>forestalled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2279"><w PRP>According to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>sources<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>cited <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>apart from <w VVG>handing <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN2>subjects<c PUN>, <w NP0>Libya <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>asked <w PRP>by <w NP0>Petrovsky <w PRP>to <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVB>provide <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>written <w NN1>renunciation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVB>close <w CRD>five <w NN1>training <w NN2>camps <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Nidal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>groups<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVB>extradite <w AT0>an <w NN1>individual <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w VVB-NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>cruise <w NN1>ship <w NN1>City <w PRF>of <w NN2>Poros<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2280"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>seven-member <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w VVD>forwarded <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>from <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>authorities <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>object <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVG>placing <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>disposal<c PUN>, <w PRP>via <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w CJS>as <w VVG-NN1>meaning <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>acceptable<c PUN>.
<s n="2283"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJC>earlier <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>a <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>country <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38839<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2284"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>committee <w VVD>met <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rabat<c PUN>, <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748 <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed <w CJS>while <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>solutions <w VBD>were <w VVN>examined<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06M></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06M>
<s n="2285"><w NN1>Verdict <w PRF>of <w NP0>ICJ
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2286"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>sanctions <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ICJ <w VVD>delivered <w DPS>its <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w VVN>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38839<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2287"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ICJ <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>questions<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>submission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w AV0>therefore <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG>taking <w DT0>any <w AJ0-VVG>restraining<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>provisional <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sought <w PRP>by <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2288"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>submission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICJ <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w CJS>since <w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w VVN>complied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Montreal <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w CRD>1971 <c PUL>(<w VVG>concerning <w NN2>actions <w VVG>threatening <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>aviation<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>obligation <w TO0>to <w VVI>desist <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>force <w CJC>or <w NN2>threats<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya <w CJC>and <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Libya<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2289"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ICJ <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w VVD-AJ0>cited <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748 <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>submission <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICJ<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>parties <w PRP>with respect to <w DT0>that <w NN1>resolution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>prevail <w PRP>over <w DPS>their <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>under <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>international <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2290"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>ICJ <w AV0>also <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>clarify <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRF>of <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>in <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>731 <w PRP>by <w VVG>referring <w AVP>back <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="2291"><w DT0>This <w NN1>declaration <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38599<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>must <w VVI>surrender <w PRP>for <w NN1>trial<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>accept <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>officials<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>disclose <w DT0>all <w PNP>it <w VVZ>knows <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>crime<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVB>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>providing <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>witnesses<c PUN>, <w NN2>documents <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>pay <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>compensation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2292"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ICJ <w NN2>judges <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w DT0>many <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVG>prohibiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>majority <w NN1>agreement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>UN <w NN2>Resolutions <w VBD>were <w PRP>in accordance with <w NN1>Chapter <w CRD>VII <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Charter <c PUL>(<w NN2>Articles <w CRD>39 <w PRP>to <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>action <w PRP>with respect to <w NN2>threats <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace<c PUN>, <w NN2>breaches <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>aggression<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w AV0>therefore <w VBI>be <w VVN>complied <w PRP>with<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06N></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06N>
<s n="2293"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2294"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NP0>Libya <w VVZ-NN2>sanctions <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w DT0>any <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>flights <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Libya <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2295"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ICJ <w NN1>ruling <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Lagwell<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>lawyer <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suggested <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>television <w NN1>network <w NN1-NP0>ABC <w CJT>that <w CJS>if<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>just <w NN1>trial <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>with <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>guarantees<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>acceptable <w NN2>settings <w PRP>for <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2296"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamer <w NP0>al <w NP0>Kadhafi<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mubarak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>army <w AJ0>regional <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Barrani<c PUN>, <w CRD>150 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0>Marsa <w NP0-NN1>Matrouh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Egypt<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w NN1>coast<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2297"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Bashari <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>embargo <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>children<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w AV0>otherwise <w VHI>have <w VVN>received <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>treatment <w AV0>abroad <w CJC>or <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deprived <w PRF>of <w NN2>vaccines <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>imported<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2298"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28-29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w VVG>noting <w PRP>with <w NN1>approval <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w VVN>condemned <w AJ0>international <w NN1>terrorism <w CJC>and <w VVD>accepted <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>731<c PUN>.
<s n="2299"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w NN2>differences <w PRP>between <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sudan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVG>pushing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>intransigent <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w VVZ-NN2>states <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>spoke <w AVP>out <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>international <w NN1>legitimacy<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w PRP>according to <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Monte <w NP0>Carlo <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2300"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2301"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2302"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council
</head>
<p>
<s n="2303"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>60 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2304"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>body <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>suspended <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2305"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>majlis <w NN2>al-istishari<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>HCS <w NN1-VVB>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2306"><w VVN>Composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>individuals <w VVN>equipped <w TO0>to <w VVI>advance <w NN2>opinions <w PRP>on <w NP0>HCS <w NN2>proposals <w CJC>and <w PRP>without <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>party <w AJ0>political <w NN2>allegiances<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="2307"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>mandate <w VM0>would <w VVI>extend <w PRP>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2308"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w NP0>Redha <w NP0>Malek <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w PRP>under <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boumedienne<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2309"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVG>Monitoring <w NN1>Centre<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Abderezzak <w NP0>Barra <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38791<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2310"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Centre <w VBD>was <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w CRD>26 <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>initiate <w NN2>actions <w AVQ-CJS>when <w NN2>contraventions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VBB>are <w VVN>noticed <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>attention<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06P></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06P>
<s n="2311"><w NN2>Charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>leadership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2312"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>12 <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abassi <w NP0-NN1>Madani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Belhadj<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>charged <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Blida <w PRP>with <w VVG>inciting <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>rebellion <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>sabotage<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>militias<c PUN>.
<s n="2313"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w DT0>both <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Blida<c PUN>, <w CRD>50 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>.
<s n="2314"><w AJ0>Undisclosed <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>against <w CRD>five <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>imprisoned <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2315"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w AT0>an <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>absence <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="2316"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>documents <w AJ0>harmful <w PRP>to <w AJ0>national <w NN2>interests<c PUN>.
<s n="2317"><w VVN>Detained <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>freed <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>slipped <w NN1-VVB>bail<c PUN>.
<s n="2318"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w DT0>another <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdelkader <w NP0-NN1>Hachani<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>accusation <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>preventive <w NN1>detention<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>incitement<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>to <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2319"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>against <w DPS>its <w NN1>dissolution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>decreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38840<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2320"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2321"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2322"><w NN1>Violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza
</head>
<p>
<s n="2323"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>80 <w VVD-VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN1>border <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rafah <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2324"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>began <w CJS>when <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN2>Eagles <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>group <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>grenade <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN1>observation <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="2325"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w VVD>escaped <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN2>police <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2326"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w AV0>unanimously <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>at <w NP0>Rafah<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Israel <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1949 <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2327"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>Palestinian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>collaborators<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hamas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>3<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06R></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06R>
<s n="2328"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>reopening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bir <w NP0>Zeit <w NN1>university
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2329"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Bir <w NP0>Zeit <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ramallah <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reopen <w AV0>gradually<c PUN>.
<s n="2330"><w AT0>The <w NN1>university <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>intifada-related <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>on <w NN1>campus<c PUN>.
<s n="2331"><w DT0>All <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>higher-learning <w NN2>institutions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reopened <w PRP>after <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>various <w NN2>times <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w VVD>started<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06S></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06S>
<s n="2332"><w NN1-VVB>Crash <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arafat<w POS>'s <w NN0>aircraft
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2333"><w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>chair<c PUN>, <w VVD>survived <w CJS>when <w DPS>his <w AJ0>private <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1-AJ0>crash-landed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>sandstorm <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="2334"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>15 <w NN0>people <w AV0>on board<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w VVD>died <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w VBD>were <w AV0>critically <w VVN>injured<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2335"><w AT0>The <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>undiscovered <w PRP>for <w CRD>15 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
<s n="2336"><w NN1>Speculation <w PRP>during <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w NP0>Arafat <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w AJ0>focused <w NN1>attention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>obvious <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>for <w NP0>Arafat <w PRP>as <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="2337"><w PRP>With <w NN1>confirmation <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>survival <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w VVD>took <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets<c PUN>, <w VVG>chanting<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Arafat <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>alive<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2338"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2339"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2340"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Levi<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</head>
<p>
<s n="2341"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Likud <w VBD>was <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>averted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>induced <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>his <w NP0>March <w CRD>29 <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38835<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2342"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Levi <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>heal <w AT0>the <w NN1>wound<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VHD>had <w VVN>exposed <w AJ0>deep <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2343"><w NP0>Levi<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>support <w NN1>base <w VBD>was <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>large <w NP0>Sephardi <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humiliating <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AJ0>internal <w NP0>Likud <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
<s n="2344"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w AT0>the <w NP0>Levi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shamir <w NN2>camps <w VVN>entered <w PRP>into <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AV0>eventually <w VVG-AJ0>resulting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w NN1-VVB>compromise<c PUN>.
<s n="2345"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>triumph <w PRP>for <w NP0>Levi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>guarantee <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>future <w AJ0-NN1>Likud-led <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>written <w NN1>assurance <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VM0>would <w VVI>receive <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>representation <w PRP>within <w NP0>Likud <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Knesset <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w NN2>committees <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06T></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06T>
<s n="2346"><w NN2>Elections <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Labour <w NN2>candidates <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2347"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VVD>held <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w TO0>to <w VVI>select <w CJC>and <w VVI>rank <w DPS>its <w NN1>election <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2348"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NP0>Likud <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AV0>only <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>voted<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100,000 <w AJ0>Labour <w NN2>members <w VVB>cast <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="2349"><w CJS>As <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>expected<c PUN>, <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shimon <w NP0>Peres<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w NP0>Rabin <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VVD>emerged <w CJS-PRP>as <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w ORD>second <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
<s n="2350"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <w VVN>selected <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>young <w CJC>and <w VVB>doveish<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2351"><w PRP>In <w DT0>another <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN1>development <w NP0>Likud <w NN2>sources <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>reserve <w AJ0>safe <w NN2>slots<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NP0>Knesset <w PRP>for <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Modai<w POS>'s <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="2352"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Modai <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN2>Liberals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2353"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1-AJ0>dissident <w NP0>Nathan <w NP0>Sharansky<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>emigrated <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34187-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2354"><w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Golan<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>association <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>Revival<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06U></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06U>
<s n="2355"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>abuses
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2356"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NN1-NP0>B'Tselem <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>allowing <w NN1>security <w NN2>personnel <w AV0>routinely <w TO0>to <w VVI>torture <w AJ0>Palestinian <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
<s n="2357"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>5,000 <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>25,000 <w VVN-AJ0>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tortured<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2358"><w PRP>During <w NP0>April <w NN2>accusations <w VBD>were <w VVN>levelled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>IDF<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVG>operating <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shoot-to-kill<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>activists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>undercover <w NN1>army <w NN2>squads <w AV0>deliberately <w VVG-AJ0>executing <w AJ0>street-level <w NN2>activists<c PUN>.
<s n="2359"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-April <w NN2>newspapers <w VVD-VVN>published <w NN2>interviews <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>couple <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>witnessed <w AJ0>non-uniformed <w NN2>soldiers <w VVG>shooting <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>youths <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Dura<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06V></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06V>
<s n="2360"><w NP0>IMF <w AJ0>compensatory <w NN1>financing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2361"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>drawing <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel <w AJ0-NN1>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>SDR&lt;T <w UNC>=178,640,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;243 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>compensatory <w CJC>and <w NN1>contingency <w NN1-VVG>financing <w NN1>facility<c PUN>.
<s n="2362"><w AT0>The <w NN1>drawing <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortfall <w PRP>in <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>from <w NN2>exports <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91 <w AJ0>attributable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>uncertainty <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06W></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06W>
<s n="2363"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2364"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>during <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="2365"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>15 <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2366"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Guyana <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="2367"><w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Angola <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="2368"><w NP0>Israel <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Authority <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nigeria <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2369"><w VVB>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17-20 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Shamir<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2370"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2371"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2372"><w ORD>Fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="2373"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Lebanese<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Jordanian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>delegations <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27-30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38837<c PUN>; <w CRD>38786 <w PRP>for <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w NP0>February-March<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2374"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w NN2>sets <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>finished <w AJ0>procedural <w NN2>details <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>begun <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN2>issues<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2375"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>went <w AVP>on<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>still <w VVZ>seems <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way <w AVP>off<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2376"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli-Palestinian <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>tabled <w AT0>a <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>permit <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>health <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="2377"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>completely <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>side<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>fell <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>aspirations <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>from <w NP0>Israel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38837 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>self-government <w NN1>proposal <w VVN-VVD>tabled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2378"><w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria <w VVD>made <w DT0>little <w NN1>headway <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights<c PUN>.
<s n="2379"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>negotiations <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRP>following <w NP0>Syria<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NN1-VVB>travel <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>community <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2380"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jordan <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>after <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>confederation<c PUN>.
<s n="2381"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w NN2>rights <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jordan <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Yarmouk <w NN2>rivers<c PUN>.
<s n="2382"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>focused <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2383"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w NN1>date <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set<c PUN>.
<s n="2384"><w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>venue <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2385"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2386"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2387"><w NP0>Assad<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1-VVB>tour <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>issues
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2388"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Assad <w PRP>to <w NP0>GCC <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2389"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>namely <w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUR>) <w PRP>between <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="2390"><w NP0>Assad <w AV0>rarely <w VVN-VVD>made <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>visits <w CJC>and <w NN2>commentators <w VVN-VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NN1>tour <w CJS>as <w AJ0>significant<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2391"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>tour <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w AV0>specifically <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38883<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJC>broader <w NN1>purpose <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>united <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>front <w PRP>in <w AJ0>future <w NN2>dealings <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2392"><w NP0>Assad<w POS>'s <w AJ0>other <w NN1>goal <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w VVZ>states <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38116-17<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2393"><w NN1>Implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stalled <w PRP>by <w NN1>hesitancy <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>stationing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Syrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf<c PUN>.
<s n="2394"><w NP0>Assad <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>disappointed <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w NN2>signatories <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w PRP>in <w NP0>Qatar <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>May<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06X></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06X>
<s n="2395"><w AJ0-VVN>Reported <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2396"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Herald <w NN1>Tribune <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>4-5 <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2397"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>York-based <w NN2>Lawyers<w POS>' <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VHD>had <w VVN>obtained <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>17 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>vague <w CJC>and <w AV0>broadly <w VVD-AJ0>worded <w NN2>offences<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w CRD>1965 <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>decree <w DTQ>which <w VVD>outlawed <w NN2>actions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>opposing <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>goals <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVG>advocating <w DT0>any <w AJ0>disorderly <w NN2>acts <w CJC>or <w VVG>publishing <w AJ0>false <w NN1>news <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>causing <w NN1>disorder<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2398"><w AT0>The <w CRD>17 <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Freedoms <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w NN2>leaflets <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w NN1>referendum <w DTQ>which <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>approval <w PRP>to <w NP0>Assad<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38695<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA06Y></p>
<caption id=HLJCA06Y>
<s n="2399"><w NN1>Ending <w PRF>of <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>travel <w PRP>for <w NN2>Jews
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2400"><w NP0>Syria <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>travel <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>4,500-strong <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
<s n="2401"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w VVG>coinciding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38885<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2402"><w NN2>Jews <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>as <w AJ0>complete <w NN2>families<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>post <w NN2>bonds <w PRF>of <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>person <w CJS>when <w VVG>going <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="2403"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>restrictions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NN2>Jews <w VVG>buying <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>selling <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="2404"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>Jews <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>banned <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>travelling <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2405"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Eli <w AJ0>Swed <w CJC>and <w NP0>Selim <w VVD-AJ0>Swed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="2406"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w PRP>after <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2407"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2408"><w NP0>YEMEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2409"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia
</head>
<p>
<s n="2410"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Information <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Amakal <w NP0>Alim <w NP0>Susawa <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yemen <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>written <w NN1>offer <w PRP>to <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>for <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>four <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>oil <w NN2>companies <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>trespassing <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2411"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>sources <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0-NN1>San'aa<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>cited <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1-VVB>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yemen <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>protested <w PRP>to <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>over <w AJ0>military <w NN2>movements <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN2>forces <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yemen <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>border <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w AV0>clearly <w VVN>delineated<c PUN>.
<s n="2412"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taif <w PRF>of <w CRD>1934 <w NP0>Yemen <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Saudis <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Assir<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Najrane <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jizzane <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>.
<s n="2413"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>renewed <w PRP>for <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974 <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>oppose <w NN1>renewal <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="2414"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>oil <w NN2>companies <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w NN1>exploration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>permission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unified <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>government <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2415"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Saudi <w AJ0>Arabian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yemen <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>adviser <w VBD>were <w VVN>rescued <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>sources <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>for <w CRD>18 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
<s n="2416"><w DPS>Their <w AJ0>armed <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>captor <w VHD>had <w VVN>hoped <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;1,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>ransom<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA070></p>
<caption id=HLJCA070>
<s n="2417"><w NN1>Violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>San'aa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2418"><w AT0>A <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w VVD>shook <w NP0>San'aa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aden <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>21 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>football <w NN2>supporters <w VVN>assembled <w PRP>in <w NP0>San'aa <w TO0>to <w VVI>watch <w NN2>teams <w PRP>from <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Yemen <w NN1-VVB>play <w NN2>teams <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
<s n="2419"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>two <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="2420"><w NN2>Sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>press <w VVN-VVD>linked <w AT0>the <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>to <w NN1>agitation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1-VVB>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN2>Reforms <c PUL>(<w NP0>YRR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2421"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Wasi <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Sallam <w VBD>was <w VVN>injured <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w PRP>by <w NN2>gunmen <w PNQ>who <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>car <w PRP>in <w NP0>San'aa<c PUN>.
<s n="2422"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Yemen <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>YSP<c PUR>) <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>cadres<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Loutf <w NP0>Massoud<c PUN>, <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taez <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mouslah <w NN1>al-Shahwani<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>shot <w PRP>in <w NP0>San'aa <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA071></p>
<caption id=HLJCA071>
<s n="2423"><w NN1-NP0>Polygamy <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2424"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>status <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>legalized <w NN1>polygamy <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Yemen<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2425"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2426"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2427"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>complex
</head>
<p>
<s n="2428"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w TO0>to <w VVI>demolish <w AT0>the <w NP0>Al-Atheer <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-AJ0>complex <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2429"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN2>buildings <w CJC>and <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>at <w NP0>Al-Atheer <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>.
<s n="2430"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>building<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN2>explosives <w VVG>testing <w NN1>bunker<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>filled <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>concrete<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2431"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>this <w NN1>progress <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>team <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w AJ0>full <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w DT0>any <w NN1-AJ0>potential <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>revival<c PUN>.
<s n="2432"><w PRP>During <w DPS>their <w NP0>April <w NN1-VVB>visit <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>11th <w NN1>inspection<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w NN2>inspectors <w VVD-VVN>sought <w NN1>information <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>source <w PRP>for <w NN2>supplies <w PRF>of <w CRD>100 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>maraging <w NN1>steel<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>alloy <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>enrichment <w NN2-VVZ>centrifuges<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>fibre <w NN2>rotors<c PUN>, <w NN1>equipment <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>in <w NN1>enrichment<c PUN>.
<s n="2433"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment <w NN2>suppliers<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>technicians <w PNQ>who <w VVD>helped <w VVI>establish <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA072></p>
<caption id=HLJCA072>
<s n="2434"><w AJ0>Alleged <w NN1>trading <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2435"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Herald <w NN1>Tribune <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w VHD>had <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>diverted <w NN1>food <w VVN-VVD>purchased <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;5,500 <w CRD>million <w NN1>aid <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w VVD>exchanged <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Soviet-made <w NN2>arms <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>technology <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>confidential <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>document <w VVN-AJ0>dated <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2436"><w AV0>In addition <w VVB-NN1>aid <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>by <w CRD>1989 <w VBD>was <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&dollar;1,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>per <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w NN1>loan <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>channelled <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlanta <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian-owned <w NP0-NN1>Banca <w UNC>Nazionale <w UNC>del <w NP0-NN1>Lavoro<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>multi-million <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>fraud <w VVG>involving <w NN2>arms <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37425-26<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2437"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w NN1>programme <w PRP>in spite of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Lavoro <w NN1>scandal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>suspicions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2438"><w NN1>Controversy <w VBD>was <w AJ0>current <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>aid <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2439"><w AT0>An <w NN1>official <w VVN-VVD>quoted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w VVD-VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>present<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>invasion<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>administration <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG-AJ0>funnelling <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w NN1>intelligence <w NN0>data <w CJC>and <w AJ0>advanced <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>technology<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA073></p>
<caption id=HLJCA073>
<s n="2440"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>border <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2441"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>officially <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinstate <w AT0>the <w CRD>1923 <w NN1-VVB>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NP0>Kuwait <w CRD>six <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>oilfields <w CJC>and <w VVG>dividing <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w ITJ>Umm <w VVB>Qasr <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38788<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2442"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>border <w NN1>commission <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w AV0>once <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2443"><w AJ0>London-based <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w NP0>UN <w NN1>approval <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>new <w NN1>border <w VM0>would <w VVI>sow <w AT0>the <w NN2>seeds <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN2-VVZ>disputes <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA074></p>
<caption id=HLJCA074>
<s n="2444"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>deployment <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Military <w NN2>moves <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Kurdish<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>haven<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2445"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>incursion <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>dissidents <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38887<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w VVD>resumed <w NN1>air <w NN2>patrols <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2446"><w VVG-AJ0>Deploying <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>flights <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>36th <w NN1>parallel <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>haven<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>area<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Iraqis <w AV0>also <w VVN>built <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <w DPS>their <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN1>ground <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AJ0>surface-to-air <w NN2>missiles <w CJC>and <w NN1>radar <w NN1-AJ0>tracking <w NN1>equipment <w VVD-VVN>directed <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>36th <w NN1>parallel<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>capitalize <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN1>inaction <w PRP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>skirmishes<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds<c PUN>.
<s n="2447"><w PNP>They <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>pulled <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>warning <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA075></p>
<caption id=HLJCA075>
<s n="2448"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2449"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NN1>cohesion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>eight-party <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>postponed <w AV0>twice <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w PRP>to <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP>to <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA076></p>
<caption id=HLJCA076>
<s n="2450"><w VVN-AJ0>Reported <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>moves <w PRP>against <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Shias
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2451"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w CJC>and <w NP0>London <w VVD>accused <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w VVG>stepping <w AVP>up <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Shia <w NN2>strongholds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>marshlands <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April<c PUN>.
<s n="2452"><w AJ0>London-based <w NN2>dissidents <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJ0-NN1>offensive <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2453"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Tehran-based <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SAIRI<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>repulsed <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Amara <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Nasiriyah<c PUN>.
<s n="2454"><w VVG>Fighting <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>occurred <w PRP>in <w NP0>Basra<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Shia <w NN1>revolt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38081-82<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2455"><w NP0>SAIRI<w POS>'s <w NN1>head<c PUN>, <w NN1>Ayatollah <w VVD>Seyyed <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Baqr <w NP0>al-Hakim<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w NP0>Jalal <w NP0-NN1>Talabani<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA077></p>
<caption id=HLJCA077>
<s n="2456"><w NP0>Vatican <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>mission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2457"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican<w POS>'s <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w NN1>organization <w ITJ>Cor <w NP0>Unum <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="2458"><w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Tariq <w NP0>Aziz <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>team <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>raising <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-mandated <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2459"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2460"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2461"><w ORD>First <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="2462"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Majlis <w NN1>ash-shoura <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>council<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="2463"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>moderate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>current <w VVN-AJ0>associated <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Rafsanjani<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>favoured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN1>screening <w DTQ>which <w VVD>eliminated <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prospective <w NN2>candidates <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2464"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>voting <w CRD>133 <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AV0>sufficiently <w AJ0>large <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <c PUL>(<w AV0>at least <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>270-member <w NN1>Majlis<c PUN>.
<s n="2465"><w PRF>Of <w DT0>these <w CRD>133 <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Majlis <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>55 <w VBD>were <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>candidates <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>align <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2466"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>constituencies <w VBD>were <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN2>ones <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tehran <w NN1>constituency <w VBG>being <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extreme <w NN1>example<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>voters <w VBG>being <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>name <w CRD>30 <w NN2>candidates <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>choice<c PUN>.
<s n="2467"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>constituencies <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>preserve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>four <w VVD-AJ0>recognized <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>minorities <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Zoroastrians<c PUN>, <w NN2>Jews<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Assyrian <w NN2>Christians <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>Christians <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w AV0>together <w VHD>had <w CRD>21 <w NN2>candidates <w VVG>standing <w PRP>for <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="2468"><w PRP>Out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>196 <w NN2>constituencies <w AV0>nationwide<c PUN>, <w CRD>193 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>16<c PUR>) <w DT0>some <w CJC>or <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>winning <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2469"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>election <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>revolution <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>ones <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1980<c PUN>, <w NP0>May <w CRD>1984 <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="2470"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w CRD>19,000,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>65 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>eligible<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted<c PUN>.
<s n="2471"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>constituencies <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w DPS>their <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>8<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>round<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>with <w DT0>most <w NN2>votes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>declared <w VVN-AJ0>elected<c PUN>, <w CJS>even if <w PNP>they <w VVD>received <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN-AJ0>required <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2472"><w CJS>Although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>technically <w AT0>no <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>commentators <w VVN>identified <w CRD>two <w AJ0>major <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
<s n="2473"><w AT0>The <w NN2>followers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rafsanjani<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberalization <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>openness <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>exterior <w VBD>were <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Farsi <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rouhanyat <c PUL>(<w AV0>sometimes <w VVN>described <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Combatant <w NN2>Clergy <w NN1>Association<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2474"><w DT0>Those <w NN2>clerics <w CJC>and <w NN2>politicians <w VVG>remaining <w AV0>closer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rhetoric <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0>post-revolutionary <w NN2>years <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>emphasizing <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Zionism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>, <w AJ0>centralized <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>subsidies <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w AJC>poorer <w NN2>classes <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rouhanyoun <c PUL>(<w VVN>translated <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Combatant <w NP0-NN1>Ulema <w NN1>Association<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2475"><w DT0>This<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>radical<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VVN>ceased <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>predominant <w NN1>voice <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>institutions <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Guardians <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NN2>Experts <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>command <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Majlis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2476"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>four <w NN2>women <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Majlis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>a <w NN2>women <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AT0>a <w NN1>constituency <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Tehran <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>holy <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mashad<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2477"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>women <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>went <w AVP>through <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA078></p>
<caption id=HLJCA078>
<s n="2478"><w AJ0>Pre-election <w NN1>screening <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2479"><w AJ0>Prospective <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>screened <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>committees <w VVD-VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>selected<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>trustees<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2480"><w DT0>These <w NN2>committees <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>created <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="2481"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Rouhanyoun <w NN1>faction <w VVN-VVD>protested <w CJS-PRP>as <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,100 <w AJ0>prospective <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>eliminated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>committees <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>meet <w AJ0>minimum <w AJ0>educational <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
<s n="2482"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w AV0>that <w CRD>2,876 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>as <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>52 <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2483"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRP>since <w CRD>1961 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>FMI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mehdi <w NP0>Bazargan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUN>.
<s n="2484"><w CRD>Eight <w AJ0>FMI <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w CRD>108 <w NN2>prisoners <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>freed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA079></p>
<caption id=HLJCA079>
<s n="2485"><w NN1>Bombing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mojahedin <w NN1>base
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2486"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w AJ0>week-long <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w VVD-VVN>got <w AV0>under way<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>base <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exiled <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mojahedin-e <w NP0>Khalq <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Combatants<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Ashraf<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>airforce <w NN2>bombers <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2487"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Ashraf <w NN1>base <w VBD>was <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Khalis<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>70 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baghdad <w CJC>and <w CRD>90 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-Iraq <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="2488"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Massoud <w NP0>Rajavi<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Mojahadin-e <w NP0>Khalq<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w VVN>operated <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>permission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2489"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>NLA <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>virtually <w VVN>integrated <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>unit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w CRD>3,000 <w AJ0>well-trained <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="2490"><w AJ0>Anti-aircraft <w NN1>artillery <w VVD-VVN>shot <w AVP-PRP>down <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w VVD>captured <w CRD>two <w NN2>crewmen<c PUN>.
<s n="2491"><w AT0>The <w NN2>planes <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>used <w NN1-VVB>cluster <w NN2>bombs <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>strafed <w NN2>roads <w CJC>and <w NN2>buildings<c PUN>.
<s n="2492"><w NN2>Rajavi <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2493"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>raid <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>villages <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Qasr-e-Shirin <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>four<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>tribesmen<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2494"><w AT0>The <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w NN1>raid <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>territory <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>truce <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>ended <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-Iraq <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1988<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w AJ0-VVN>closed <w PRP>since <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="2495"><w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>complaint <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>raids<c PUN>.
<s n="2496"><w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w VVD>denounced<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>toleration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>mercenaries<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VM0>should <w VVI>stop <w VVG>supporting <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w AV0>inside <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="2497"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Baghdad <w VBD>was <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2498"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Mojahadin-e <w NP0>Khalq <w VVD>protested <w PRP>outside <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>embassies <w PRP>in <w CRD>eight <w NN1>west <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canberra<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
<s n="2499"><w VVB-NN1>Damage <w PRP>to <w NN2>embassies <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>severe <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn <w CJC>and <w NP0>Stockholm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w CRD>five <w NN2>Iranians <w VVN-VVD>occupied <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07A></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07A>
<s n="2500"><w NN1>Take-over <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa <w NN1>island
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2501"><w PRP-AVP>On <w CJC>or <w PRP>around <w NP0>April <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>moved <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>base <w PRP>on <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa <w NN1>island <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>school<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w NN1>station <w CJC>and <w NN1>desalination <w NN1>plant<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2502"><w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa <w NN1>island<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w AV0>almost <w AV0>mid-way <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>coast <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sharjah<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Emir <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sharjah <w PRP>until <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
<s n="2503"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w CJC>and <w NP0>UAE <w NN2>governments <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>allowing <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>to <w NN1>station <w NN2>troops <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="2504"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1971 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>administered <w AV0>jointly <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>offshore <w NN1>oil <w NN2>revenues <w VVN-VVD>shared <w PRP>between <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rulers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sharjah <w NN1-VVB>emirate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2505"><w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0-NN1>Vellayati <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>expel <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>residents <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<c PUN>.
<s n="2506"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Iranian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>expatriate <w NN2>workers <w PRP>from <w NP0>non-UAE <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>compelled <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave<c PUN>.
<s n="2507"><w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>700 <w NP0>UAE <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2508"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UAE <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>reacted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low-key <w NN1>manner <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>takeover<c PUN>, <w VVG>coming <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w VVG>hoping <w PRP>for <w AJ0>improved <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
<s n="2509"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>islands <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1971 <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Large <w NP0-NN1>Tunb <w CJC>and <w NP0>Small <w NP0>Tunb<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>uninhabited<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07B></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07B>
<s n="2510"><w NN1>Execution <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bahai
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2511"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>300,000-strong <w AJ0-NN1>Bahai <w NN1>community <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran <w VVD>notified <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1-NP0>Bahai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bahman <w NP0-NN1>Samandari<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>52-year-old <w NN1>economist<c PUN>.
<s n="2512"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-AJ0>Bahai <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>executed <w PRP>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2513"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2514"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<p>
<s n="2515"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Amr <w NP0>Moussa <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NP0>States <w PRF>of <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration<c PUN>; <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w AV0>both <w NP0>Tunisia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Algeria <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zine <w NP0>al-Abidine <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Ali <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2516"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2517"><w NP0>JORDAN<c PUN>:
</head>
<p>
<s n="2518"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w VVG>repealing <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN2>regulations <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>1967 <w AJ0>Arab-Israeli <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38359<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVN>abolished <w DT0>all <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>; <w DT0>all <w NN1>security <w NN2>offences<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>espionage <w CJC>and <w NN1>treason<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w PRP>by <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2519"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2520"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<p>
<s n="2521"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>forces <w PRP>during <w DPS>their <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38308<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2522"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2523"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2524"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w NP0-NN1>Noubir <w NP0-NN1>Amaoui<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDT<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1-VVG>grouping <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Popular <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>USFP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDT <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Casablanca <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>El <w NP0>Pa&iacute;s <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2525"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2526"><w NP0>SAUDI <w NP0>ARABIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2527"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>by <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990s <w PRF>of <w AJ0>US-supplied <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bangladesh <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>Times <w VHD>had <w VVN>alleged<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2528"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2529"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>SAHARA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2530"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Pakistani <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sahabzada <w NP0>Yaqub <w NP0>Khan <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Mission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara <c PUL>(<w NP0>Minurso<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NN2>Johannes <w VVB>Manz<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>resignation <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38692-93<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2531"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2532"><w NP0>IMF <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2533"><w NN1-VVB>Spring <w NN2>meetings <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>Backing <w PRP>for <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</head>
<p>
<s n="2534"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26-28<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>backing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>took <w AJ0>rigorous <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>privatize <w CJC>and <w VVI>stabilize <w DPS>their <w NN2>economies<c PUN>.
<s n="2535"><w AT0>The <w NN2>funds <w VVD-VVN>earmarked <w VVN-VVD>included <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>stabilization <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>package <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>total <w UNC>US&dollar;24,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2536"><w NP0>IMF <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Camdessus <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>need <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2537"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NN2>loans<c PUN>, <w NN2>investments <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>funding <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investors<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07C></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07C>
<s n="2538"><w NN1>Membership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2539"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <c PUL>(<w PRP>except for <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>status <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>pending<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2540"><w NP0>Lithuania <w VBD>was <w VVN>admitted <w AV0>formally <w PRP>to <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>157th <w NN1>member <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="2541"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20-22 <w CJT>that <w NN2>applications <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>filed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2542"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>governors <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>approved <w NN1>membership <w PRP>for <w CRD>13 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07D></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07D>
<s n="2543"><w CRD>G-10 <w NN1>activation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>Borrow
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2544"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Ten<c PUN>, <w AV0>actually <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>nations <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w PRP>plus <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden <w CJC>and <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>paved <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>stabilization <w NN1>fund <w PRP>by <w VVG>agreeing <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>activate <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN2>Arrangements <w TO0>to <w VVI>Borrow <c PUL>(<w NP0>GAB<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2545"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>special <w NN1>facility<c PUN>, <w AV0>initially <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AJ0>effective <w CRD>1962 <w CJC>and <w VVG>enabling <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>lend <w NN2>reserves <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AJ0>balance-of-payment <w NN2>problems <w AV0>so <w AJ0>serious <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>threaten <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="2546"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w PRP>since <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>became <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>added <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN1>world <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2547"><w AT0>The <w NN1>stabilization <w NN1>fund <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>reserve <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>parity <w CJS>if <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w VVD>took <w AJ0>effective <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07E></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07E>
<s n="2548"><w NN1>Requirement <w PRP>for <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>market <w NN2>economies <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2549"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>aid <w VBD>was <w AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VVG>pressing <w AV0>ahead <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN1>market <w NN2>economies <w CJC>and <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>prescribed <w NN2>measures <w PRP>for <w NN1>stabilization<c PUN>.
<s n="2550"><w AT0>The <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>framework <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>market <w NN2>economies<c PUN>.
<s n="2551"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>, <w VVG>curbing <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>growth <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w VVG>limiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2552"><w NP0>IMF <w NN2>officials <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>calmly <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>let <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VVI>dictate <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="2553"><w NP0-NN1>Camdessus <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHZ>has <w AV0>perfectly <w VVN>understood <w AT0>the <w NN2>methods <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w AV0>never <w VVN>dictated<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>programmes <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w AJ0-VVD>concerned<c PUN>.
<s n="2554"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>meetings <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>brief <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>policies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07F></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07F>
<s n="2555"><w AJ0>Expected <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVG-NN1>lending <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2556"><w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>making <w NN1>loan <w NN2>commitments <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;4,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w CRD>1994 <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="2557"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>phase<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w VVG>starting <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w NN2>loans <w PRP>worth <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;2,500 <w CRD>million <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="2558"><w AJC>Later <w NN2>funds <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w VVG>reshaping <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>production <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>.
<s n="2559"><w AV0>About <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>loans <w VBD>were <w VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AV0>by far <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07G></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07G>
<s n="2560"><w NP0>IMF <w VVZ>reports <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2561"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VVD-AJ0>released <w NN2>studies <w VVG>showing <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w VVN-VVD>called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>grim <w NN1>prognosis<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>economies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>republics <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>.
<s n="2562"><w VVG>Citing <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>republics<w POS>' <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w NN2>shortages <w PRF>of <w NN1>energy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>inflationary <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>studies <w VVD-VVN>predicted <w AJ0-AV0>sharp <w NN2-VVZ>falls <w PRP>in <w NN1>output<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07H></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07H>
<s n="2563"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Outlook
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2564"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Outlook <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>scaled <w AVP>back <w DPS>its <w NN1>forecast <w PRF>of <w NN1>world <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>predicted <w AJC>stronger <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2565"><w PNP>It <w VVD>projected <w AJ0>global <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>at <w CRD>1.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2566"><w PRP>In <w NN2>forecasts <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VHD>had <w VVN>predicted <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2567"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0>new <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>total <w NN1>growth <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w CRD>3.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2568"><w NN2>Figures <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>fall<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>0.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2569"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>pointed <w PRP>to <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>output <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07J></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07J>
<s n="2570"><w UNC>G-7 <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2571"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>after <w DPS>their <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>.
<s n="2572"><w AJ0>Sharp <w NN2>exchanges <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN2>officials <w PRP>over <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>explicitly <w VVN-VVD>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2573"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>David <w NP0>Mulford <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w VVN>run <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w VVG>financing <w AJ0>German <w NN1>unification<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>comments <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theo <w NP0>Waigel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2574"><w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>urged <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>both <w AJ0>German <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
<s n="2575"><w PRP>In <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>few <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>references <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>yen<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>contributing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2576"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w AJ0>large <w NN2>surpluses <w CJC>and <w AJ0>declining <w NN1>growth <w VBD>were <w VVN>urged <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>demand<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2577"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2578"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2579"><w NP0>Uruguay <w AJ0>Round <w NN1>impasse
</head>
<p>
<s n="2580"><w AJ0>Top-level <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>over <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>exports <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>blocking <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade <w NN1>order<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>protracted <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2581"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>President <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors <w AV0>both <w VVN-AJ0>expressed <w NN1-VVB>hope <w CJC>and <w NN1>commitment<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>reported <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN1>progress<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="2582"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Urabandai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kozo <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>urgency <w PRF>of <w VVG>resolving <w AT0>the <w NN1>impasse<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w DT0>any <w NN1>breakthrough<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2583"><w AT0>The <w NP0>GATT <w NP0>Uruguay <w AJ0>Round <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w VVD-VVN>deadlocked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US-EC <w NN1-VVB>dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>subsidies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>supports <w PRP>for <w NN1>farm <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="2584"><w NP0>GATT <w NN1>Director-General <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Dunkel <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w NP0>mid-April <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>target <w VVZ-NN2>dates <w PRP>for <w VVG>completing <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2585"><w PRP>After <w AV0>more than <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>difficulties <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP-AVP>on <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>under <w NP0>GATT <w NN2-VVZ>rules <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w NN2>farmers <w TO0>to <w VVI>compensate <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN2>subsidies <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Common <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>Policy<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>grain <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NP0>EC <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>for <w NN2>limits <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w PRF>of <w NN1>cereal <w NN2>substitutes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2586"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>contentious <w NN2>issues <w VVD>involved <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>exempt <w AJ0>key <w NN1>service <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1-VVG>shipping <w CJC>and <w NN2>telecommunications<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AJC>freer <w NN1>trade <w NN2>rules<c PUN>.
<s n="2587"><w PRP>In <w DT0>many <w NN2>fields<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVG>awaiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN1>farm <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2588"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bush-Delors <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>twice-yearly <w NP0>US-EC <w NN2>summits<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>included <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Anibal <w NP0>Cavaco <w NP0>Silva <w PRF>of <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>current <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
<s n="2589"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>said <w AV0>afterward <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ideas<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward<c PUN>.
<s n="2590"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w NP0>Delors <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w PRP>at <w NN1>stake <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>failure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2591"><w PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>near <w NP0>London<w POS>'s <w NP0>Heathrow <w NN1>Airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVD>kept <w AJ0>secret <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>narrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>gap <w PRP>between <w PNP>them<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07K></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07K>
<s n="2592"><w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2593"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>16 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w VVN>sent <w AJ0>confidential <w NN2>letters <w PRP>to <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w DPS>their <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w AJ0>Round <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2594"><w NN1-NP0>Watanabe <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN1>Representative <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Negotiations <w NP0>Carla <w NP0>Hills <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Frans <w NP0>Andriessen<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>over <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w NN2>exemptions <w PRP>for <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>tariff <w NN2>reductions <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>supposed <w TO0>to <w AVP-PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07L></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07L>
<s n="2595"><w NP0>GATT <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2596"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w NN1>world <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>slowed <w AVP>down <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJ0>successive <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w NP0>GATT<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="2597"><w VVN>Measured <w PRP>by <w NN1>volume <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>increase <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest <w NN1>increase <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>measured <w PRP>by <w NN1>value <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CRD>1.5 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest <w NN1>increase <w PRP>since <w CRD>1985<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2598"><w NN1>Trade <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVG>growing <w AV0>faster <w CJS>than <w NN1>output<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2599"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVD>overtook <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>exporter <w PRF>of <w NN1>merchandise<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>merchandise <w NN1>importer<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany <w ORD>second <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>categories<c PUN>.
<s n="2600"><w AT0>The <w AJS>highest <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>trade <w NN1>growth <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="2601"><w AJ0>Sharp <w NN2-VVZ>falls <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>both <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w CJC>and <w NN2>imports <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>for <w AJ0>eastern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2602"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2603"><w NP0>OPEC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2604"><w NN1>Oil <w NN2>ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2605"><w NN1>Oil <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>output <w NN2>levels <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>price <w NN2>targets<c PUN>.
<s n="2606"><w VVN>Held <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AV0>unexpectedly <w AJ0>firm <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>15 <w NN1>quota <w NN1>decision <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38794<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AJ0>brief <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>uncontroversial<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w PRP>with <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>output <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w CRD>22,982,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NN0>bpd<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2607"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>full <w NN1>summer <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w VM0>would <w VVI>review <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w NN1>policy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2608"><w AT0>The <w NN1>marker <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brent <w AJ0-NN1>light <w NN1>crude <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w PRP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;19 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>OPEC <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN1>basket <w PRF>of <w AJ0>crude <w NN2>oils <w VVD>averaged <w NN0>&dollar;17.73 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w AV0>immediately <w VVG>preceding <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="2609"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AV0>well <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>target <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;21<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>success <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w NN1>production <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w AV0>in particular <w VHG>having <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>a <w AJC>lower <w NN1>quota <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w CRD>7,887,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2610"><w NN1>Market <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>buoyant<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN1-NP0>Subroto <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w AJ0>satisfied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="2611"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w AV0>nevertheless <w VBN>been <w DT0>some <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>overproduction <w PRP>against <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>country <w NN2>quotas<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>3,400,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w CRD>3,184,000<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w CRD>812,000 <w NN0>bpd <w NN1>quota <w VVD-VVN>reflected <w AV0>artificially <w AJ0>low <w NN1>output <w NN2>levels <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>production <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2612"><w NP0>OPEC<w POS>'s <w AJ0-AV0>overall <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>production <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>23,200,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0-NN1>Subroto<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>some <w NN1>industry <w NN2>estimates <w VVB>put <w PNP>it <w AJC>nearer <w CRD>23,500,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2613"><w PRP>In <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>anticipated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w AJC>lower <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>quota<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w CRD>22,000,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w NN2>prices <w PRP>up to <w AJC>nearer <w NN0>&dollar;25 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel<c PUN>.
<s n="2614"><c PUL>(<w NN1>Industry <w NN2>analysts <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN2>prices <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>level <w VBD>were <w AJ0-AV0>likely <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short <w NN1>term <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w NP0>Libya <w VVD>withdrew <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN2>sanctions <w VVB-NN1>issue <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38883 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>but <w VVD>conceded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>trend <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w VBD>was <w AV0>upwards<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2615"><w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>resistant <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN2>restrictions <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>output<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07M></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07M>
<s n="2616"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>non-OPEC <w NN2>producers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2617"><w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>country <w NN2>representatives <w VVD>met <w DPS>their <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>from <w CRD>12 <w NP0>non-OPEC <w NN1>oil <w VVG>producing <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NN1>NOPEC <w NN1>group<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>president <w NP0>Jibril <w NP0>Aminu <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>common <w NN2>positions <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w AJ0>UNCED<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2618"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2619"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2620"><w AJ0>East-West <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2621"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w NN2>States <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="2622"><w AT0>The <w NN1>gathering<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind<c PUN>, <w VVD>paralleled <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAC<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38698<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2623"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manfred <w NP0>W&ouml;rner<c PUN>, <w VVD>commented <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w NN1>defence <w NN2>ministers <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>sense <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War <w NN1>confrontation <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w NN1>partnership <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>table <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>remarkable <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>event<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2624"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>similar <w AJ0>East-West <w NN2>gatherings<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>deepen <w DPS>our <w NN1>relationship<c PUN>, <w VVB>enhance <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w VVB>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>evolving <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Europe <w NN1>whole <w CJC>and <w AJ0>free<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2625"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>measures <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>understanding <w CJC>and <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>among <w PNP>us<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>practical <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>defence-related <w NN2>matters <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>profound <w NN1>transformation <w CJC>and <w NN1>transition<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2626"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>erstwhile <w AJ0>East-West <w NN2>adversaries <w VVD-VVN>agreed<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>defence <w NN1>planning<c PUN>, <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>training <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>exercises<c PUN>.
<s n="2627"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>reorganize <w DPS>their <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AV0>specifically <w TO0>to <w VVI>advise <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NN2>democracies<c PUN>, <w AJ0>practical <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w NN2>methods <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>clean-up <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w NN2>installations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2628"><w DT0>All <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AJC>further <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>troop <w NN2>levels<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>formalized <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>(<w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w UNC>CFE-1A<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37838<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2629"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>safe<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w CJC>and <w AJ0>reliable <w NN1>control<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arsenals<c PUN>.
<s n="2630"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>fate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>arsenal<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismantle <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="2631"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38878<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2632"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regular <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>participating <w NN2>countries <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>10<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07N></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07N>
<s n="2633"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>commander <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2634"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2635"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Shalikashvili <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Allied <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Galvin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>post <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2636"><w NP0>Shalikashvili <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>assistant <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Powell<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>population <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2637"><w PRP>Like <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Shalikashvili <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>become <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2638"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Field <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Vincent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
<s n="2639"><w PNP>He <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vigleik <w NN1-NP0>Eide <w PRF>of <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>.
<s n="2640"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2641"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Jeremy <w NP0>MacKenzie <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>newly-created <w AJ0>Rapid <w NN1>Reaction <w NN0>Corps <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>ARRC <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38170-71<c PUN>; <w CRD>38216<c PUN>; <w CRD>38313<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07P></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07P>
<s n="2642"><w AJ0>Permanent <w NN1>fleet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mediterranean
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2643"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO <w VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>fleet <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean<c PUN>.
<s n="2644"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN2>emergencies <w CJC>and <w NN2>crises <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>instability <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="2645"><w AV0>Hitherto <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mediterranean <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ad hoc <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2646"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>fleet<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Naples<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>comprise <w CRD>six <w NN2>vessels <c PUL>(<w NN2-VVZ>frigates <w CJC>and <w NN2>destroyers<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2647"><w NN2>Vessels <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>exercises<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07R></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07R>
<s n="2648"><w NN1>Accession <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>NAC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2649"><w NP0>Georgia <w VBD>was <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<w POS>'s <w ORD>36th <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
<s n="2650"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>NAC<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38698<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2651"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2652"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2653"><w NN2>CIS <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>over <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="2654"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>republics <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w CJC>and <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Arms <w NN1>Reduction <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>START<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2655"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>republics <w VBD>was <w VVG>delaying <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <c PUL>(<w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w CRD>START-II<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2656"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concluding <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>essential <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBI>be <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>successor <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AV0>otherwise <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>geostrategic <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2657"><w PNP>He <w AV0>therefore <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>three <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>regard<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>delegate <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>future <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="2658"><w DT0>This <w NN1>suggestion <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>.
<s n="2659"><w CJS>Although <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Zlenko<c PUN>, <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ukraine <w AV0>eventually <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear-free <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>republics<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w CJC>and <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2660"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>submit <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>for <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2661"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2662"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2663"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w VVZ>exports <w NN1-VVB>commission
</head>
<p>
<s n="2664"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AT0>an <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>export <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>regulate <w CJC>and <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w NN1>material <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacture <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>hardware <w CJC>or <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>weapons <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>.
<s n="2665"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Export <w NN1>Control<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>organizations <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w NN2>arms <w VVZ-NN2>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="2666"><w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07S></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07S>
<s n="2667"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unauthorized <w AJ0-NN1>US-Israeli <w NN2>arms <w VVZ-NN2>deals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2668"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>1 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>major <w NN1>recipient<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w VHD>had <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>systematic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>pattern<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN1>re-exporting <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2669"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>department<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>inspector-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sherman <w NP0>Funk<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>name <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>recognized <w CJC>and <w VVD>acknowledged <w AV0>in private <w PRP>by <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2670"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVN>referred <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>classified <w NN1>annex<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2671"><w PNP>It <w VVD>recommended <w AJ0>disciplinary <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>department<w POS>'s <w NN1>bureau <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political-military <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN2>violations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2672"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>denied <w AV0>categorically <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>sold <w NP0>US <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w ORD>third <w NN2>countries <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>requisite <w NP0>US <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w NN1>retraction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2673"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>related <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN1>intelligence <w VVZ>reports <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>Patriot <w NN1>missile <w NN1>technology <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>from <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38842<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>proven<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2674"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2675"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2676"><w NN2>Divisions <w PRP>over <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="2677"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w AJ0>UNCED<c PUN>, <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>Prepcom <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w NN1>success <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w AJ0>proper<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2678"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w DT0>any <w AJ0>clear <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>on <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>treaties <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w NN1>climate <w NN1-VVB>change <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>safeguard <w NN0>species <w NN1>diversity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>North<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South<c PUN>.
<s n="2679"><w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w NN2>groups <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>failure<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NP0>North<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN2>accords<c PUN>.
<s n="2680"><w AJ0>Particular <w NN1>criticism <w VBD>was <w VVN>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>firm <w NN1>schedule <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>binding <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>carbon <w NN2>emissions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2681"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>agreed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>strategy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>carbon <w NN2>emissions <w PRP>to <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>levels <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>.
<s n="2682"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>near <w NN1>doubling <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w PRP-AVP>over <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>phased <w AVP>in<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2683"><w NN1>Environment <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w CRD>54 <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pre-UNCED <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26-28 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuala <w NP0>Lumpur<c PUN>.
<s n="2684"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>30-point <w NN1>plan <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>fund <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>security <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07T></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07T>
<s n="2685"><w NP0>UK <w NN1>carbon <w NN2>emissions <w NN1>reduction <w NN1>date
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2686"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Howard<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>target <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>stabilizing <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>dioxide <w NN2>emissions <w PRP>at <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>levels <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w AV0>forward <w PRP>from <w CRD>2005 <w PRP>to <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>bringing <w PNP>it <w PRP>into line with <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>position<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07U></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07U>
<s n="2687"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arms <w NN2>tests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2688"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>suspending <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVG>testing <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>towards <w VVG>halting <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>proliferation<c PUN>.
<s n="2689"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Piere <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VVD>possessed <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w TO0>to <w VVI>make<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>balanced <w NN2>reductions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>arsenals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2690"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1966 <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>detonated <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>atmospheric <w CJC>and <w AJ0>underground <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>tests <w PRP>at <w NP0>Fangataufa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mururoa <w VVZ>atolls <w PRP>in <w NP0>French <w NP0-NN1>Polynesia<c PUN>.
<s n="2691"><w AT0>The <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>cost <w AV0>around <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w AV0>per annum<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>sum <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>upkeep <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>test <w NN2>atolls <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>support <w NN1>centre <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Tahiti<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,000 <w NN0>km <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>west<c PUN>.
<s n="2692"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VHD>had <w VVN>attracted <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>criticism <w AV0>both <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pacific <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AJ0>international <w NN1>environmentalist <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="2693"><w NN2>Attempts <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greenpeace <w TO0>to <w VVI>impede <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>sinking <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>flagship <w NN1>Rainbow <w NN1>Warrior <w PRP>in <w NP0>Auckland <w NN1-VVB>harbour <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>French <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>service <w NN2>agents <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33852-53<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07V></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07V>
<s n="2694"><w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w NN1>log <w NN2-VVZ>exports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2695"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>raw <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>sawn <w NN1>timber <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>conserve <w NN2>forests<c PUN>.
<s n="2696"><w NN1-VVB>Export <w VVZ-NN2>permits <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="2697"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>instructed <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w NN1>industry <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NN1>coal <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>to <w NN1>wood <w CJC>or <w NN1>charcoal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07W></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07W>
<s n="2698"><w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>environment <w NN1>convention <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2699"><w AT0>A <w NN1>convention <w PRP>on <w VVG>combating <w NN1>pollution <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bucharest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21-22<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>littoral <w NN2>states <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>along with <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="2700"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w NP0>UN <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07X></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07X>
<s n="2701"><w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2702"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Neue <w NP0>Z&uuml;rcher <w NP0>Zeitung <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sweden <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="2703"><w NN2>Signatories <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>protecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Baltic <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>as regards <w NN1>rubbish <w NN1>disposal <w CJC>and <w NN1>storage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>waste<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA07Y></p>
<caption id=HLJCA07Y>
<s n="2704"><w NP0>Amsterdam <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>cars
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2705"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Amsterdam <w NN1>City <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>53 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN1-VVG>voting <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w NN2>vans <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="2706"><w PRP>After <w DT0>some <w NN1>hesitation <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>low <w NN1>turnout <c PUL>(<w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2707"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w NN2>vehicles <w VVG>carrying <w NN2>invalids <w CJC>or <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>services <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="2708"><w AT0>A <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w AJ0>subsidized <w NN1>cargo <w NN2-VVZ>barges <w CJC>and <w NN1>water <w NN2>taxis <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN2>canals <w TO0>to <w VVI>compensate<c PUN>.
<s n="2709"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposal <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>alleviate <w AJ0>growing <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w NN1>congestion <w CJC>and <w NN1>pollution<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2710"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2711"><w NP0>WHO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2712"><w AJ0>Annual <w AJ0>statistical <w NN1>report
</head>
<p>
<s n="2713"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization<w POS>'s <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>statistical <w NN1>report <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>tracked <w AT0>the <w NN2>trends <w PRP>for <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>fatal <w NN2>diseases <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>immunization <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>up <w DT0>some <w AJ0>contrasting <w NN1>health <w NN2>trends <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w NN1>North <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2714"><w NN1>Life <w NN1>expectancy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VVD-AJ0>averaged <w CRD>52.6 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w CRD>72.8 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2715"><w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w NN1>longevity <c PUL>(<w CRD>82.5 <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w CRD>76.2 <w PRP>for <w NN2>men<c PUR>) <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>rated <w AV0>respectively <w ORD>16th <w PRP>for <w NN2>women <c PUL>(<w CRD>78.6<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w ORD>23rd <w PRP>for <w NN2>men <c PUL>(<w CRD>71.6<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2716"><w CRD>Under-five <w NN1>mortality <w VVD>fell <w PRP>from <w CRD>13,500,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>to <w CRD>12,900,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>principally <w PRP>due to <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN0>measles <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>880,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2717"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AJ0>attributable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>worldwide <w NN1>vaccination <w NN1>programme <w ORD>first <w VVN>launched <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974 <w PRP>against <w NN1>tetanus<c PUN>, <w NN0>measles<c PUN>, <w NN1>diphtheria<c PUN>, <w NN1>whooping <w NN1>cough<c PUN>, <w NN1>polio <w CJC>and <w NN1>tuberculosis<c PUN>.
<s n="2718"><w AT0>The <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>child <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VBD>were <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>diaorrhea-related <c PUL>(<w CRD>3,000,000<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0>acute <w AJ0>respiratory <w NN2>infections <c PUL>(<w CRD>2,800,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2719"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>tropical <w NN2>diseases <w NN1>leishmaniasis <w VBD>was <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJS>fastest-spreading <w AJ0-NN1>parasite-inflicted <w NN1>infection<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVG>affecting <w CRD>12,000,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w CRD>80 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>200 <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w NN1>bilharzia <w CJC>and <w AV0>over <w CRD>2,000 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>exposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w NN1>malaria<c PUN>.
<s n="2720"><w AJ0>Guinea-worm <w NN1>infestation<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>dramatically <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>under <w CRD>3,000,000 <w AJ0>current <w NN2>sufferers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>disease <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w VVN>eradicated <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>countries <w PRP>including <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2721"><w AJ0>Cardio-vascular <w NN1>disease <c PUL>(<w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>deaths <w AV0>worldwide<c PUR>) <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>South <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developed <w NN1>world <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>deaths <w VBD>were <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w NN1>heart <w NN2>attacks <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>strokes<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>trend <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>downward<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2722"><w NN1>AIDS <w NN2>cases <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w CRD>end-1991 <w VBD>were <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>42 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>446,681<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>by <w NP0>WHO <w CJS>as <w AV0>actually <w VVG>exceeding <w CRD>1,500,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2723"><w NN2>Cases <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w CRD>157 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2724"><w NP0>Uganda <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>incidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>AIDS <w NN2>cases <w AJ0>proportional <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2725"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2726"><w NN1>WAR <w NN2>CRIMES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2727"><w VVG>Dropping <w PRF>of <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Touvier
</head>
<p>
<s n="2728"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Paris <w VVZ-NN2>appeals <w NN1>court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Touvier<c PUN>, <w CRD>77<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>wartime <w NP0>Vichy <w NN1>regime <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milice <c PUL>(<w AJ0>pro-Nazi <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN0>militia<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lyon <w PRP>in <w CRD>1943-44<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w CRD>five <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w NN1>humanity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2729"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>charge<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>in <w CRD>1944<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>crime <w PRP>against <w NN1>humanity <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>methodical <w NN1>extermination <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w AV0>therefore <w VVD>fell <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>20-year <w NN1>statute <w PRF>of <w NN2>limitations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ordinary<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2730"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court<w POS>'s <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>decision <c PUL>(<w PRP>against <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prosecutor-General <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>finding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vichy <w NN1>regime <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>never <w VVN>planned <w CJC>and <w VVN>practised <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consistent <w AJ0>anti-semitic <w NN1>ideology<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>no <w NN1>time<c PUN>&hellip; <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w PRF>of <w VVG>imposing <w DT0>any <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>domination <w CJC>or <w AJ0>conquering <w NN1>ideology<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w AJ0>important <w NN2>implications <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>Bousquet <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Papon <w NN2>cases <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37019<c PUN>; <w CRD>37899<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2731"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>resistance <w NN1>fighter<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-AJ0>wounded<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>rehabilitate <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vichy <w NN1>regime <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sly<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2732"><w NP0-NN1>Touvier <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w AV0>in absentia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1947 <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>pardoned <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
<s n="2733"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>charges <w PRP>for <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w NN1>humanity <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37899<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>following <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37019<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2734"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38367<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2735"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>close <w NN1-AJ0>associate <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Barbie <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>for <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w NN1>humanity <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35417<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38459<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLJCA080></p>
<caption id=HLJCA080>
<s n="2736"><w NN1>Confirmation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mengele<w POS>'s <w NN1>death
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2737"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>state <w NN1>prosecutor<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w NN2>tests <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>bones <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brazil <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979 <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <c PUL>(<w VVN-VVD>discovered <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33759<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Josef <w NP0>Mengele<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Angel <w PRF>of <w NN1>Death<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>held <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w CRD>400,000 <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Auschwitz <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2738"><w NN2>Scientists <w VVD>compared <w AT0>the <w NN1>body<w POS>'s <w AJ0>genetic <w NN2>profiles <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mengele<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w CJC>and <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>established<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>certainty<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>without <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>certainty<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w NP0>Josef <w NP0>Mengele<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2739"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2740"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2741"><w AJ0>Cosmic <w NN2>ripples
</head>
<p>
<s n="2742"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>discoveries <w PRF>of <w NN1>science<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cosmic <w NN1>Background <w NN1>Explorer <c PUL>(<w NP0>COBE<c PUR>) <w NN1>satellite <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Aeronautics <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Space <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>NASA<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>discovered <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>wispy <w NN2>clouds <w PRF>of <w NN1>matter <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>ripples<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>distance <w PRF>of <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>15,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>light <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>known <w NN1>universe<c PUN>.
<s n="2743"><w DT0>These<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cosmic <w NN2>ripples<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>stretch <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>far <w CJS>as <w CRD>59 <w CRD>billion <w CRD>trillion <w NN2>miles <w PRP>in <w NN1>space <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>calculated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w AV0>only <w CRD>300,000 <w NN2>years <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Big <w NN1>Bang<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>event <w DTQ>which <w NN2>scientists <w VVB>believe <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w NN1>space <w CJC>and <w NN1>time<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2744"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>explaining <w AVQ>why <w NN1>radiation <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>spread <w AVP>out <w AV0>uniformly <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>the <w AJ0>newborn <w NN1>universe <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>produced <w NN2>impurities<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>primeval <w NN2>seeds<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>gravitational <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>attracted <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN1>matter <w TO0>to <w VVI>clump <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w NN2>galaxies<c PUN>, <w NN2>clusters <w PRF>of <w NN2>galaxies <w CJC>and <w NN2>stars<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2745"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>evidence <w VVN>collected <w PRP>by <w NP0>COBE <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>theory <w CJT>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>universe <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dark <w NN1>matter<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NN2>scientists <w VHD>had <w VVN>inferred <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w AV0>directly <w VVN>detected<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2746"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2747"><w NP0>UNDP
</head>
<p>
<s n="2748"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Report <w CRD>1992 <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>doubling <w PRF>of <w NN1>income <w NN2>disparities <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years <w VHD>had <w VVN>enabled<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>richest <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w TO0>to <w VVI>become<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>&hellip; <w AV0>at least <w CRD>150 <w NN2>times <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJS>poorest <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2749"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2750"><w NP0-NN1>UNFPA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2751"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>World <w NN1>Population <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN1>Population <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNFPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>projected <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>97,000,000 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>ten <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2752"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VVI>mean <w CRD>6,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w CRD>1998<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>2038<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>5,480 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLK>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 60670 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 890 Kbytes running text, containing about 60670 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLK</idno><idno type="old"> krw205 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7192"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="237"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="143"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="409"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="966"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="229"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2745"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="57588"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7192"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="237"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="143"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="409"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="966"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="229"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2745"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="57588"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2-VVZ>riots
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w PRP>Between <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Californian <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w VVD>experienced <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NP0>US <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>58 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w CRD>4,000 <w AJ0>injured <w CJC>and <w CRD>12,000 <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>; <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w NN1>million-worth <w PRF>of <w NN1>damage <w VBD>was <w VVN>inflicted<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>precise <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>lives <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>riots<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>coroner<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dead <w VBD>was <w CRD>58<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN1>department <w VVD>calculated <w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w PRP>at <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>coroner<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>riot-related<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="8"><w AT0>The <w NN1>catalyst <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rioting <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-white <w NN1>jury <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquit <w CRD>four <w NN2>officers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>Police <w NN1>Department <c PUL>(<w NP0>LAPD<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>beating <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rodney <w NP0-NN1>King<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>motorist <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stopped <w PRP>for <w NN1>traffic <w NN2>violations<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w AT0>The <w NN1>savagery <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treatment <w VVN>meted <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w NN1-NP0>King <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w PRP>on <w NN1>videotape <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>amateur <w NN1>cameraman <w CJC>and <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>extensively <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NN1>news <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>acquittal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>disbelief <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>anger <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38856<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="11"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rioting <w VVD>began <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>junction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Florence <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Normandie <w NN2>Avenues <w PRP>in <w AJ0>south-central <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>rapidly <w VVN>spread <w PRP>to <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prosperous <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VVD>remained <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>unaffected<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AV0>Initially <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w VBD>was <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>interracial <w NN1>mob <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>white <w CJC>and <w AJ0>hispanic <w NN2>motorists <w VBG>being <w VVN>dragged <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>vehicles <w CJC>and <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>by <w AJ0>black <w NN2>gangs<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w AV0>Increasingly<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>pattern <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances <w VVD>became <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>looting <w CJC>and <w NN1>arson<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w CJS>Although <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>black<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>looters <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>races<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w NN2>Shops <w CJC>and <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DT0>those <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w NN2>Asians<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>looted <w CJC>and <w VVN>burnt<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w PRP>In <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w NN2>looters <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>shop-owners <w NN1-AJ0>intent <w PRP>upon <w VVG>defending <w DPS>their <w NN2>properties<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>community <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>, <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>shop-owners <w VVD>organized <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>in defence of <w DPS>their <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA000></p>
<caption id=HLKCA000>
<s n="18"><w NN0>Data <w PRP>on <w NN1>riot <w NN2>deaths
</caption>
<p>
<s n="19"><w NN1>Gender<c PUN>: <w NN1-AJ0>Male <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Female <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w AJ0>Racial <w NN1>type<c PUN>: <w AJ0>black <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AJ0>hispanic <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>caucasian <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Asian <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unknown <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w NN1-VVB>Cause <w PRF>of <w NN1>death<c PUN>: <w NN1>gunshot <w CRD>41<c PUN>, <w NN1>traffic <w NN1>accident <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>arson-related <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVG>beating <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVG>stabbing <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AJ0-AV0>natural <w NN2-VVZ>causes <w CRD>1<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA001></p>
<caption id=HLKCA001>
<s n="22"><w NN1>Response <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities
</caption>
<p>
<s n="23"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>LAPD <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1>confusion<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w NN2>Police <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Darryl <w NP0>Gates <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>criticized <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>retrospect<c PUN>, <w VVD>admitted <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>mistake<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w AV0>Initially <w VVN>withdrawn <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>regrouped <w CJC>and <w VVD>reinforced<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVD>remained <w AV0>entirely <w AJ0>absent <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst-affected <w NN2>areas <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w PRP>At <w CRD>8.45 <w AV0>p.m. <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>escalate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mayor <w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Bradley <w VVD>contacted <w NP0>California <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Pete <w NP0>Wilson <w TO0>to <w VVI>request <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w AT0>A <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>remained <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>ineffective<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wilson <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>live <w NN1>television <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>fires <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>burning<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>cases <w NN2>firefighters <w VBD>were <w VVN>attacked <w CJS>while <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PNP>them <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="29"><w CJS>As <w NN1>news <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>riots <w VVD>broke <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>calm <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w VM0>would <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>charges <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>acquitted <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w PNP>He <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>verdict <w CJS>as <w VHG>having<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>left <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>frustration <w CJC>and <w NN1>anguish<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w AV0>Later <w PNP>he <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>revulsion <w CJC>and <w NN1>pain<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>street <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w VVG>condemning <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>mob <w NN1>brutality<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>sickeningly <w AJ0>sad<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="32"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w CJC>and <w NN2>nights <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NP0>US <w NN2>cities <c PUN>&mdash; <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Francisco <c PUL>(<w NP0>California<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Seattle <c PUL>(<w NP0>Washington<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eugene <c PUL>(<w NP0>Oregon<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>San <w NP0>Jose <c PUL>(<w NP0>California<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Las <w NP0>Vegas <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nevada<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Madison <c PUL>(<w NP0>Wisconsin<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Birmingham <c PUL>(<w NP0>Alabama<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tampa <c PUL>(<w NP0>Florida<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Atlanta <c PUL>(<w NP0>Georgia<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>military <w NN1>operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>conducted <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassert <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>10,000 <w NP0>US <w NN1>Army <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Guardsmen <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w DT0>These <w VVN-VVD>included <w CRD>6,000 <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>Marines<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>brigade <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,500 <w NN2>infantrymen <w PRP>with <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>vehicles<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,000 <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>law <w NN1>enforcement <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>special <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>teams<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1-VVB>patrol<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Bureau <w PRF>of <w NN1>Investigation <c PUL>(<w NP0>FBI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w VVD>began <w VVG>patrolling <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>riots <w VBD>were <w VVG>losing <w DPS>their <w NN1>momentum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AJ0>overwhelming <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w NN2>disturbances <w VBD>were <w AV0>quickly <w VVN>quelled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="37"><w AT0>The <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Wilson <w VVD>ordered <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>units <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w AV0>home <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>task <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>rebuilding <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA002></p>
<caption id=HLKCA002>
<s n="39"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Retrial <w NN1>order <w PRP>for <w NP0>Powell
</caption>
<p>
<s n="40"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7-8 <w TO0>to <w VVI>survey <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rioting <w CJC>and <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>occasion <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;19,000,000 <w NN1-AJ0>anti-drug <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-gang <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst-affected <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN2>ideas <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Jack <w NP0>Kemp <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>conservative<c PUN>, <w AJ0>market-orientated <w NN1>approach <w PRP>to <w AJ0>inner-city <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w AJ0>ghetto-enterprise <w NN2>zones <w PRP>with <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0-AV0>low<c PUN>, <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>; <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>reform<c PUN>; <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>housing<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJC>greater <w NN1>choice <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>education <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="42"><w AJ0>Superior <w NN1>Court <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>Stanley <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Weisberg<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>presided <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>assailant<c PUN>, <w NN1>Officer <w NP0>Laurence <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Powell<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>retried <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>felony <w NN1>assault <w NN1>charge<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>acquitted <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>count <w PRF>of <w NN1>assault <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w PRF>of <w VVG>filing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>false <w NN2>police <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>charge <w CJT>that <w NP0>Powell <w VHD>had <w VVN>abused <w DPS>his <w NN1>authority <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w CJS>If <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>charge <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>face <w AT0>a <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="45"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="46"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="47"><w AJ0>Anti-Suchinda <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w NN1>army <w NN1>crackdown <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Suchinda
</head>
<p>
<s n="48"><w AJ0>Massive <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w AJ0>military <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-May<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unrest <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumipol <w NP0>Adulyadej <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Suchinda <w VVD>resigned <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA003></p>
<caption id=HLKCA003>
<s n="50"><w AJ0>Growing <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Suchinda<w POS>'s <w NN1>premiership <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Chamlong<w POS>'s <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="51"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>army <w NN1>commander <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38865<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inconclusive <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>weak<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pro-military <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN1>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai <w CJC>and <w NP0>Samakkhi <w NP0>Tham <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38816<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Suchinda<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-elected <w NN1>soldier<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38865<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="54"><w NP0>Chamlong <w NP0>Srimaung<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0-NN1>Palang <w NP0>Dharma<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w PRP>to <w AJ0-AV0>fast <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w CJS>unless <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w VVD>resigned<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="55"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w NN1>hunger <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NP0>Suchinda<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNI>none <w VBD>were <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong<w POS>'s <w NN1>stature<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NN1>governor<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong <w VBD>was <w AV0>deeply <w VVN>respected <w PRP>because of <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>his <w AJ0>uncompromising <w NN1>piety <w CJC>and <w NN1>idealism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w NN1-NP0>Chamlong <w VVD>seated <w PNX>himself <w PRP>outside <w NN1>Government <w NN1>House <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5-6 <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VVN-VVD>congregated <w PRP>around <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="59"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PNX>itself <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Suchinda <w VVD>delivered <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>noisily <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>statement <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>denunciation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong <w CJC>and <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Aspiration <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>NAP<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w NP0-NN1>Yongchaiyut<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w DT0>That <w NN1>evening <w DT0>some <w CRD>70,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVG>ignoring <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>order <w VVG-AJ0>halting <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w VVD>joined <w AT0>a <w AV0>visibly <w VVN>weakened <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sanam <w NP0-NN1>Luang <w NN1>parade <w NN1>ground <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong <w VVD>led <w DT0>another <w AJ0>large <w NN1>rally <w PRP>at <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>Monument<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w DT0>some <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>came <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>clashing <w PRP>with <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA004></p>
<caption id=HLKCA004>
<s n="63"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Government <w VVG-NN1>backtracking <w CJC>and <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="64"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arthit <w NP0-NN1>Urairat<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>revisions<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w PNI>one <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>bar <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-elected <w NN1>person<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Suchinda<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="65"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>changes <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appointed <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>military-dominated<c PUR>) <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w NN1>Speaker <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>Speaker <w PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>enhancement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="66"><w PRP>In response to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w NN1>Chamlong <w VVN>called <w PRP-AVP>off <w DPS>his <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w VVG>resigning <w CJS>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Palang <w NP0>Dharma<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w AT0>a <w NN1>halt <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-Suchinda <w NN2>rallies<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>resumed <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="68"><w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>accept <w NN1>parliament<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w CJS>even if <w PNP>it <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>backtrack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>become <w AJ0>effective <w CJS>once <w NP0>Suchinda <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w DPS>his <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA005></p>
<caption id=HLKCA005>
<s n="70"><w NN1>Army <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w NN2>demonstrators
</caption>
<p>
<s n="71"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong <w VVD>denounced <w NP0>Suchinda <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>dictator <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sanam <w NP0>Luang <w NP0>Square <w VVD>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>150,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVG>attending <w VBD>were <w AJ0>middle <w NN1>class<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRF>of <w CRD>1973 <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>deposed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>dictatorship <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>26209-10<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>witnessed <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Thammasat <w NN1>University <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w AV0>later <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>28102-03<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="73"><w CJS>Although <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>depose <w NP0>Suchinda<c PUN>, <w NN1>violence <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>march <w PRP>on <w NN1>Government <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w NN2>Police <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w NN2>barricades <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN2>marchers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>began <w VVG>burning <w NN2>cars<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>by <w VVG>declaring <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w AJ0>surrounding <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>banned<c PUN>, <w NN2>restrictions <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>schools <w VVD-VVN>closed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="77"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VVG>manning <w NN2>barricades <w VBD>were <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NN1>army <w NN2>paratroopers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>with <w NN1>machine <w NN2>guns<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>they <w VVD>fired <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN2>demonstrators <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w NN1-NP0>Chamlong <w CJC>and <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w NN1>army <w NN2>camps<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>motorcycle <w NN2>gangs<c PUN>, <w VVD>gathered <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN-VVD>attacked <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>burned <w NN2>buildings <w CJC>and <w NN2>cars<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>opening <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unknown <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w PRP>By <w AV0>early <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>morning <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>seal <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w AJ0>Large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w VVN>trapped <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Hotel<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w VVN>filled <w PRP>with <w NN2>journalists <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w NN2>Troops <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>hotel <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>arrested <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="85"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>government <w VVZ>figures <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>17-19 <w NN2>riots <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w CRD>50<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>most <w AJ0>other <w NN2>estimates <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w PRP>at <w AV0>well <w AV0>over <w CRD>100<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="86"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>speech <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Suchinda <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thailand <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>added<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>but <w AJ0>indirect <w NN1>insinuation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NP0>CPT <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w DT0>That <w NN1>evening <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VBD>was <w AJ0>tense<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0-NN1>Ramkhamhaeng <w NN1>University<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>from <w CRD>9 <w AV0>p.m <w PRP>to <w CRD>4 <w AV0>a.m.<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN1>rioting <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>shooting <w VVD-AJ0>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w NN2>rumours <w VVD>swept <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impending <w NN1>coup <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>moderate <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA006></p>
<caption id=HLKCA006>
<s n="91"><w NN1>Intervention <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>King <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Suchinda
</caption>
<p>
<s n="92"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w AV0>personally <w VVN>intervened <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVG>summoning <w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Chamlong <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>televised <w AJ0>live<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w VVN>Accompanied <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJS>closest <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>, <w NN1>foermer <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Prem <w NP0>Tinsulanonda <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sanya <w NP0>Dharmasakdi<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="94"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Suchinda <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Chamlong <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>freed<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w VVB-NN1>Chamlong<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>seated <w PRP>beside <w NP0>Suchinda<c PUN>, <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w NN2>protestors <w TO0>to <w VVI>refrain <w PRP>from <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="97"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>protestors <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="98"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG>granting <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w DT0>This <w AJ0-VVD>angered <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Suchinda <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AJ0>accountable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="100"><w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>regretted <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>occurred <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>premiership<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>five-party <w NN1>coalition <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Meechai <w NP0>Ruchuphan<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>533 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w PNI>none<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>nine <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>readings <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>opposition-backed <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w AJ0>final <w NN1>reading <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="104"><w PRP>At <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>under <w NP0-NN1>Meechai <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="105"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="106"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="107"><w NN1>Assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Falcone <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="108"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0-NN1>anti-Mafia <w NN1-VVB>judge<c PUN>, <w NP0>Giovanni <w NP0-NN1>Falcone <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>shocked <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w CJC>and <w VVD>galvanized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>into <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Francesco <w NP0>Cossiga<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <c PUL>(<w NN1>CD<c PUR>) <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0>Luigi <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA007></p>
<caption id=HLKCA007>
<s n="109"><w NN1-VVB>Deadlock <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>for <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="110"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Cossiga <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>5-6 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38869-70<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w PRP>without <w PNI>anyone <w VVN-AJ0>authorized <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>inter-party <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>on <w PNQ>who <w VM0>should <w VVI>fill <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>secured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w CRD>15 <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>between <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>1,014-member <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w DTQ>which <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w CRD>630 <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>315 <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>senators<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN1>life <w NN2>senators <w CJC>and <w CRD>58 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>councils<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>three <w VVZ>rounds <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w VBD>was <w VVN>required<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereafter <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="113"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN1>procedure <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>fist-fight <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w CJS>when <w NN2>deputies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-fascist <w NP0-NN1>Movimento <w NP0>Sociale <w NP0>Italiano <c PUL>(<w NP0>MSI-DN<c PUR>) <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w VBG>being<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>thieves<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>ballots <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>discovered <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>voters <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w AV0>twice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38870<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w NN2>regulations <w VM0>should <w AV0>immediately <w VBI>be <w VVN>amended<c PUN>; <w NN2>deputies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>handed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>voting <w NN1-VVB>slip <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>entered <w AT0>a <w AV0>specially <w VVN-AJ0>constructed <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN1>booth<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w ORD>11th <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w ORD>19th <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>League<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gianfranco <w NP0>Miglio<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>poll <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VVG>underscoring <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w CRD>80 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA008></p>
<caption id=HLKCA008>
<s n="116"><w NP0>Forlani<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="117"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Arnaldo <w NP0>Forlani <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w NN2>Forlani<c PUN>, <w CRD>66<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w VVN>withdrawn <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP-CJS>after <w AV0>up to <w CRD>60 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w VVG>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>many <w NP0-NN1>DC <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth<c PUN>, <w ORD>sixth <w CJC>and <w ORD>seventh <w NN2-VVZ>rounds<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA009></p>
<caption id=HLKCA009>
<s n="119"><w NN1>Assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Falcone
</caption>
<p>
<s n="120"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w NP0-NN1>Falcone <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>killed <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w NP0>Franca <w NP0>Morvillo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>examining <w NN1>magistrate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>bodyguards<c PUN>; <w CRD>13 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w VVB-NN1>Falcone<c PUN>, <w CRD>53<c PUN>, <w PNX>himself <w AT0>a <w NN1>Sicilian<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="122"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w VVG>containing <w CRD>2,200 <w NN0>lb <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>explosive <w VBD>was <w VVN>detonated <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>irrigation <w NN1>canal <w CJS>as <w NP0>Falcone<w POS>'s <w NN1>car <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cars <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>convoy<c PUR>) <w VVD>passed <w PRP-AVP>over <w PNP>it <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>motorway <w VVG>leading <w PRP>away from <w NP0>Punta <w NP0>Raisi <w NN1>airport <w AV0>about <w CRD>5 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0>Palermo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sicily<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="123"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w NN2>reports <w VVD>emerged <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Falcone <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>working <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w NP0>Judge <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>di <w NP0>Pietro <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w DPS>His <w NN1>killing <w VVD>drew <w NN1>condemnation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>prompted <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>as to <w DPS>its <w NN1>significance <w PRP>at <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="125"><w NP0-NN1>Falcone <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>to <w NN1>trial <w CRD>473 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35990<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w PRP>from <w NP0>Palermo <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rome <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AJ0>penal <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>expected <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>head <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0-NN1>anti-Mafia <w NN1>drive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="127"><w CRD>Five <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>at <w NP0>Acerra<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Naples<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>men <w PNQ>who <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>belonged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camorra<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Neapolitan <w NN1>equivalent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w CRD>Four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w VBD>were <w NP0>Vincenzo <w NP0>Crimaldi<c PUN>, <w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>clan <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camorra<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>family<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00A>
<s n="129"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Scalfaro <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="130"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro<c PUN>, <w CRD>73<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>support <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>formerly <w VBN>been <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Greens<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="132"><w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro <w VVD>won <w CRD>672 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,002 <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>16th <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w CRD>75 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Miglio<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>second-placed <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>MSI-DN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Refoundation <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRC<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="134"><w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983-87<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>committed <w NN1>Catholic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-communist<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00B>
<s n="135"><w NP0>Milan <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="136"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NN2>politicians <w CJC>and <w NN2>businessmen <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nearby <w NN2>towns <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN1>corruption <w VVD>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w CRD>Six <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>deputies <w VVD-VVN>faced <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>prosecution <w CJS>once <w DPS>their <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>immunity <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="138"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w XX0>not <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>PSU <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>renamed <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w AV0>still <w AV0>generally <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUR>) <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>politicians <w VBD>were <w VVN>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w EX0>There <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>cross-party <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w VVG>dividing <w AVP>up <w NN2>funds <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>commissions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NN1>party <w NN2>officials <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on to <w AJ0>national <w NN1>party <w NN0>headquarters<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w CRD>5-10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w NN2>Figures <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>PRI <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>businessmen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="141"><w AT0>The <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w NN1>malpractice <w PRP>from <w CRD>1979 <w AV0>onwards <w VBD>was <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Judge <w NP0>di <w NP0>Pietro<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w PRP>Among <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>were <w DT0>those <w PRP>for <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w NP0>Milan<w POS>'s <w NN2>hospitals<c PUN>, <w NN1>metro <w NN2>extensions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebuilding <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Linate <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Malpensa <w NN2>airports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>San <w NP0>Siro <w NN1>football <w NN1>stadium<c PUN>, <w VVN>built <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>World <w NN1>Cup<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Piccolo <w NN1>theatre<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>150 <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>businessmen <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>come <w AV0>forward <w TO0>to <w VVI>volunteer <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w NN2>bribes <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w AV0>At least <w UNC>L150,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;123,000<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>laundered <w PRP>through <w DT0>some <w CRD>50 <w NN1>non-lire <w NN1>bank <w NN2-VVZ>accounts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lugano<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>canton <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Ticino<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="145"><w AT0>The <w NN1>investigation <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>leads <w VVN>provided <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>questioning <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Chiesa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38824<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w CRD>Two <w DT0>former <w NN1>PSI <w NN2>mayors <w PRF>of <w NP0>Milan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carlo <w NP0>Tognoli <c PUL>(<w NN1>Tourism <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Paolo <w NP0>Pillitteri <c PUL>(<w NN1>brother-in-law <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Bettino <w NP0-NN1>Craxi<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w NN1>investigation <w NN2>warrants <w VVN>issued <w PRP>against <w PNP>them <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>run <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>from <w CRD>1976 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1986 <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>to <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>both <w VBD>were <w VVN>protected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>immunity<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN2>judges <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>immunity <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="149"><w NP0>Craxi<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w NP0>Bobo<c PUN>, <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>PSI <w AJ0>local <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>for <w NP0>Milan <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Giuliano <w NP0-NN1>Amato <w VBD>was <w VVN>dispatched <w PRP>to <w NP0>Milan <w TO0>to <w VVI>cleanse <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>party <w NN1>apparatus<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>DC <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>manage <w AT0>the <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>branch<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="151"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Milan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pietro <w NP0-NN1>Borghini<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w AV0>automatically <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w PRP>with <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>mayor <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>switched <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="153"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>treasurer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Severino <w NP0>Citaristi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w VVB-NN1>notice <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>a <w NN1>bribe <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;650,000<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>sum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>contribution <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>to <w NN1>party <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonio <w UNC>del <w NP0-NN1>Pennino<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w NN1>arrest <w NN1>warrant <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="155"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>included <w CRD>three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sergio <w NP0>Radaelli<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w NN1>nominee <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cariplo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milan<w POS>'s <w AJS>biggest <w NN2>savings <w NN1-VVB>bank<c PUN>; <w NP0>Massimo <w NP0-NN1>Ferlini<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>PDS <w NN1>member <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w AJ0>public <w NN0>works <w NN1>commissioner <w PRP>for <w NP0>Milan<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>industrialists <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Schellino<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cogefar-Impresit <c PUL>(<w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>construction <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVN>bought <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>motor <w NN1>company <w NP0-NN1>Fiat<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>San <w NP0>Vittore <w NP0>Lodigiani<c PUN>, <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Lodigiani <w NN1>construction <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w NN2>Investigations <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>into <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>webs <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bergamo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Genoa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Palermo<c PUN>, <w NN0>Varese<c PUN>, <w NP0>Venice <w CJC>and <w NP0>Verona<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="157"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="158"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="159"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>scandals
</head>
<p>
<s n="160"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>struggled <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>its <w NN1>credibility <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>press <w NN2>reports <w VVD>revealed <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>scandals <w CJC>and <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Police <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>SAP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="161"><w NN1>Fraud <w PRP>in <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Aid<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>published <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AJ0>massive <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>waste <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Aid <w PRP>between <w CRD>1984 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>possession <w PRP>for <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w NN1>department <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>misappropriated <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w VVG>running <w PRP>into <w DT0>many <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>rands<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>intended <w PRP>for <w NN1>distribution <w PRP>in <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>communities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>bantustans <c PUL>(<w NN2>homelands<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>singled <w AVP>out <w NP0-NN1>Gerrit <w NP0-NN1>Viljoen<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>headed <w AT0>the <w NN1>department <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="165"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w VVG-AJ0>implicating <w NN1-NP0>SADF <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>chief <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w NN2>activists<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Johannesburg <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Nation <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVD>carried <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>copy <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>June <w CRD>1985 <w NN1-VVB>signal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>SSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>detailing <w AT0>a <w NN1>conversation <w PRP>between <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>SSC <w NN1>secretariat <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>C. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Westhuizen <c PUL>(<w AV0>then <w AT0>a <w NN1>brigadier<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SADF <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w CRD>three <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>anti-apartheid <w NN2>campaigners <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Matthew <w NP0>Goniwe<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mbulelo <w NP0>Goniwe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fort <w NP0>Calata <c PUN>&mdash; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>permanently <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NN1>society <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>urgency<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w NP0>Matthew <w NP0>Goniwe<c PUN>, <w NP0>Calata<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thomas <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sparrow<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Mkhonto <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sicelo <w NP0-NN1>Mhlawuli<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w AJ0>active <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cradock <w NN2>Residents<w POS>' <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>affiliate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33768<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w AV0>also <w VVD>pointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>state <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unsolved <w NN1>disappearance <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>leading <w NP0>UDF <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>denied <w DT0>all <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>SSC <w NN1>signal <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>reopening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquest <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Nation <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="172"><w NN1>Allegation <w PRF>of <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w NN2>police<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dirty <w NN2>tricks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>SAP <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>injunction <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrain <w CRD>two <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Weekly <w NN1>Mail <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w UNC>Vrye <w UNC>Weekblad<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>publishing <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>about <w NN1-VVB>SAP<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0-AJ0>dirty <w VVZ-NN2>tricks<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>bases <w DTQ>which <w VVD>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-NN1>instigating <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>townships<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="175"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>become <w AJ0>accustomed <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>without <w NN1>compunction<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VVI>relinquish <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="176"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>as long as <w AT0>the <w NP0>NP <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>government<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>misappropriation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds <w CJC>and <w NN1>violence<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00C></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00C>
<s n="177"><w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w CRD>II <w NN2>negotiations <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="178"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w CRD>II<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15-16 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Johannesburg<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w CRD>II<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>deadlock <w CJC>and <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>working <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>CODESA <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38662-63<c PUN>; <w CRD>38705<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="180"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVD>foundered <w AV0>essentially <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w VVN>required <w PRP>for <w NN1>decision-making <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>function <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies <w VVD>modified <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>a <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>majority <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w NN2>decisions <w CJC>but <w VVG>conceding <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w PRF>of <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters <w AV0>eventually <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w DT0>this <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VVD>insisted <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>majority <w VVG>applying <w PRP>to <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>future <w NN1>status <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unitary <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w DT0>This <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w AV0>flatly <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="184"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>difference <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>small<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>gap <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>assessment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>support <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w VM0>could <w VVI>command <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>veto<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unlikely <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="186"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>disband <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>40-member <w NN1>steering <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>mandated <w TO0>to <w VVI>formulate <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>formalize <w DT0>any <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00D>
<s n="189"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="190"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Barend <w UNC>du <w NP0>Plessis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38850<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVG>involving <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="191"><w VVB>Gerrit <w NP0-NN1>Viljoen<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>making <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w VVB>Roelf <w NP0>Meyer <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Development<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Meyer <w VVD>remained <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Gene <w NN1-NP0>Louw<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w NP0>Derek <w NN2>Keys <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-ordination<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w NP0>Louis <w NP0>Pienaar <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>Environment <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w NP0>Leon <w NP0>Wessels<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>relinquished <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Manpower <w PRP>in addition to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>other <w NN2>portfolios <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Provincial <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Housing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w VVB>Piet <w NP0>Marais<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Manpower <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>white <w NN1>education<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AV0>in addition <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Pienaar<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00E>
<s n="198"><w NP0>ANC <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="199"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Johannesburg <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28-31 <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>developing <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJ0>principal <w AJ0>guiding <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Charter<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1955<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w AT0>The <w CRD>700 <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w NN2>policies <w DTQ>which <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>accountable<c PUN>, <w AJ0>bicameral <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>necessity <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w PRF>of <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="201"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>accept <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w NN1>system <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>one-person-one-vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unitary <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>parliament <w VM0>should <w VVI>consist <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>preparation <w CJC>and <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>principal <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>senate<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>review<c PUN>, <w VVB>refer <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>delay <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w NN2>Delegates <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>ceremonial <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVG>acting <w PRP-AVP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="204"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD>rescinded <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Charter<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>nationalization<c PUN>, <w VVG>confirming <w AV0>more <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38516<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>emphasis <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mixed <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="205"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB-NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>adopt<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>programmes <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w VVG>setting <w AT0>a <w NP0>mid-June <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Cyril <w NP0>Ramaphosa <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>conference <w VHZ>has <w VVN>given <w PNP>us <w DPS>our <w NN1>battle <w NN2>orders<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>campaigns <w VM0>would <w VVI>focus <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w AJ0-NN1>constitution-making <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00F>
<s n="207"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>train <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="208"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Johannesburg <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>commuters <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>assailants <w PRP>on <w NN2>trains <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vaal <c PUL>(<w NP0>PWV<c PUR>) <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w VVN>Signed <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rail <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>transport <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w NN1>community <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VM0>would <w VVI>redeploy <w NN2>personnel <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AT0>the <w NN1>train <w NN1>network<c PUN>; <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>issues <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>installation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>closed-circuit <w NN2>cameras <w PRP>in <w NN1>train <w NN2>coaches <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>screening <w NN2>systems <w PRP>at <w NN2>stations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00G>
<s n="210"><w NN1>Peace <w NN2-VVZ>monitors
</caption>
<p>
<s n="211"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w NN2>calls <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN2>teams <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>observer <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38850<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w NN2>Jurists <w VBD>were <w DT0>both <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>planning <w NN2>campaigns <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="213"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Uffe <w NP0>Ellemann-Jensen <w VVD>told <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>SAP <w VBD>were <w AV0>neither <w AJ0>willing <w CJC>nor <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ellemann-Jensen <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>transition<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>situation <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>urgency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>undecided <w PRP>as to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>precise <w NN1>role <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>deferred <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="218"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-day <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w AT0>The <w CRD>10 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Nigerian <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ike <w NP0>Nwachukwu<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>observers <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w CRD>II<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w NP0>OAU <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>involvement <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00H>
<s n="221"><w NN1>Poverty <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="222"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>confidential <w NN1>government <w NN1>report <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w VBD>were <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VVG>containing <w AT0>the <w NN1>estimate <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w VVG>living <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN1>breadline <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>need <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00J>
<s n="223"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>African <w NN2>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="224"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>African <w NN2>states <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="225"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Zambia <w VVG>opening <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>representative <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kenya <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wilson <w NP0>Ndolo <w NP0-NN1>Ayah<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Communication <w NN1>Service <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Amr <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0-NN1>Moussa <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w VVD>expressed <w VVB-NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>negotiated<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Lesotho <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>relation <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w VVG>Following <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38851<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nigerian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w NN2>Nigerians <w VBD>were <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>transact <w NN1>business <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Senegal <w AVQ>where <w DPS>his <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0-NN1>Djibo <w NP0>Ka <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>ties <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>joining <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w VVD-VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Senegal <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="231"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="232"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="233"><w AJ0>Anti-government <w NN1>rioting
</head>
<p>
<s n="234"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>feeling <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1964<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>rioting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>strike <w NN1>action <w VVD>brought <w NP0>Lilongwe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Blantyre <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>halt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="235"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unrest <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>textile <w NN2>workers <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>a <w NN1>pay <w NN1-VVB>demand<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action <w AV0>quickly <w VVN>spread <w TO0>to <w VVI>transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w NN2>workers <w PRP>on <w NN1>tea<c PUN>, <w NN1>sugar <w CJC>and <w NN1>tobacco <w NN2>plantations<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>protestors<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w NN1-VVG>Looting <w CJC>and <w NN1>rioting <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Blantyre <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Malawi <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <w VBD>were <w VVN>burnt <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w VVD>occurred <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>fired <w PRP>on <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Blantyre<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>police <w VVG>using <w AJ0>live <w NN1>ammunition <w TO0>to <w VVI>quell <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="240"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w AV0>up to <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lilongwe <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Chakufwa <w NP0>Chihana<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>leader <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38851<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crowd<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>shouting <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>slogans<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>accompanied <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w VVG>carrying <w NP0>Chihana<w POS>'s <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w NN1>lawyer <w PRP>away from <w NN1>court <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrators <w AV0>then <w VVD>marched <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>town <w CJC>and <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w NN1>property <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="243"><w NP0-NN1>Banda <w VVD>made <w DT0>several <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>calm <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>genuine <w NN2>grievances<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>manner <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proper <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>parade <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Day <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>birthday<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Banda <w VVD>accused <w NN2>foreigners <w PRF>of <w VVG>inciting <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00K>
<s n="245"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="246"><w AJ0>Western <w NN1>aid <w NN2>donors <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>under <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>auspices <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12-14 <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w DT0>all <w AJ0>non-humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Malawi <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w PNP>They <w VVD>blocked <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN1>development <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;74,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w AT0>A <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>donors <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>seeking <w AJ0>tangible <w CJC>and <w AJ0>irreversible <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>transformation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w NP0>Malawi <w VVD>approached <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>freedoms <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reviewed <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w NN2>Donors <w VVN-VVD>pledged <w UNC>US&dollar;170,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>drought <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Banda <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="251"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="252"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="253"><w AJ0>MPLA-PT <w AJ0>special <w NN1>congress
</head>
<p>
<s n="254"><w PRP>With <w NN2>preparations <w AV0>under way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29-30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Angola-Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>third <w AJ0>special <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7-12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="255"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>change <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w VVG>voting <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRP>from <w CRD>180 <w PRP>to <w CRD>193 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w NN2>reformers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>enlarged <w NN1>membership <w VVD>embraced <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w NN2>intellectuals <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>elected <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>dissident<c PUN>, <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Chipenda<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>put <w PNX>himself <w AV0>forward <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>vice-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w NN2>Delegates<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w NN1-NP0>Chipenda <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="260"><w NN1>Correction<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>paragraph <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>article <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38898 <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>read<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Delegates <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>change <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w VVG>voting <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRP>from <w CRD>180 <w PRP>to <w CRD>193 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w NN2>reformers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>enlarged <w NN1>membership <w VVD>embraced <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w NN2>intellectuals <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>elected <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>dissident<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="264"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="265"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w AJ0>AFRICAN <w NN1>REPUBLIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="266"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader
</head>
<p>
<s n="267"><w NP0>Etienne <w NP0>Goyemido <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Primary<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Secondary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Technical <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>teachers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>watchman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="268"><w NP0-NN1>Goyemido <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>dismissals <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NN1>suspicion <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <c PUN>&mdash;<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>broke <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>disagreed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>education <w NN1>department <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>gradually <w VVD-VVN>marginalized <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="270"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Bendouga<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Renewal <w CJC>and <w NN1>Evolution <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDREC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>sending <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>insulting <w CJC>and <w AJ0>offensive<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Kolingba<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="271"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="272"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="273"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>timetable
</head>
<p>
<s n="274"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSR <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>body<c PUR>) <w VVD>relieved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>organizing <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w VVD>ordered <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w TO0>to <w VVI>reshuffle <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="275"><w AT0>The <w NN2>decisions <w VVD-VVN>followed <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSR <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>mishandling<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w NN1-NP0>Milongo <w VBD>was <w VVN>instructed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>exclude <w NP0>Alexis <w NP0>Gabou<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Decentralization<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w NN1-NP0>Gabou <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>dangerously <w VVG>compromising<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="278"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>, <w VVG>naming <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in addition to <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w DT0>fewer <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="279"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSR <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>calendar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38802-03 <w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>postponement<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>, <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>rounds <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w NP0>July <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>senatorial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLKCA00L><s n="281"><w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Milongo <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Raymond <w NP0>Damase <w NP0>Ngollo <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<caption id=HLKCA00L>
<s n="282"><w NP0>Congo <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="283"><w UNC>**Dieudonn&eacute; <w NP0>Ganga <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>; <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications
</p>
<p>
<s n="284"><w UNC>*Alphonse <w NN1-NP0>Nzoungou <w NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Decentralization<c PUN>, <w PRP>in charge of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>CSR
</p>
<p>
<s n="285"><w UNC>**Jean-Luc <w NN1-VVB>Malekat <w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Economy
</p>
<p>
<s n="286"><w UNC>**Justin <w NP0>Koumba <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports<c PUN>, <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN2>Arts
</p>
<p>
<s n="287"><w UNC>*Jean <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Mika <w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUN>, <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service
</p>
<p>
<s n="288"><w UNC>*Delphin <w NP0-NN1>Luembe <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NP0>Small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Medium-sized <w NN2>Enterprises<c PUN>, <w NN2>Crafts<c PUN>, <w NN2>Mines <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy
</p>
<p>
<s n="289"><w UNC>*Ren&eacute;-Lambert <w NP0>Nuane <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Water<c PUN>, <w NN1>Forestry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Animal <w NN1>Husbandry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment
</p>
<p>
<s n="290"><w UNC>*Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Lounga <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport<c PUN>, <w NN1>Town <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism
</p>
<p>
<s n="291"><w UNC>*M&eacute;dard <w NP0-NN1>Mdoya <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="292"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="293"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="294"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="295"><w NP0>BURKINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="296"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="297"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Democracy-Labour <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODP-MT<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Blaise <w NP0>Compaore <w VVD>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w AV0>at least <w CRD>78 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>107 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLKCA00M><s n="298"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>party <w NN2>Seats <w VVD>won <w NP0>ODP-MT <w CRD>78 <w NP0>CNPP-PSD <w CRD>8 <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Assembly <w CRD>6 <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Federation <w CRD>4 <w AJ0>African <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w NN1>Party <w CRD>3 <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <w CRD>1 <w NP0-NN1>Burkinabe <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w CRD>1 <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <w CRD>1 <w NN1>Rally <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <w CRD>1 <w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w AJ0>undeclared <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>May <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
</p>
<caption id=HLKCA00M>
<s n="299"><w NP0>Burkina <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="300"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>opposition <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ODT-MT <w VHD>had <w VVN>predicted <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VVI>win <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>provisional <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>giant <w NN1>fraud<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>after <w NN1-VVG>polling <w NN2>stations <w VVD-VVN>closed<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w NP0>Pierre <w NP0-NN1>Tapsoba <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Patriots-Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNPP-PSD<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>vote-buying<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>since <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w AJ0>European <w NN2>observers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>witnessed <w AT0>no <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>problems <w PRP>during <w NN1-VVG>voting <w CJC>but <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>comment <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim <w PRF>of <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w NN2>stations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="304"><w NP0-NN1>Compaore <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>re-elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38665<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>candidate <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AJ0>high <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>abstention <c PUL>(<w AV0>only <w CRD>28.28 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVD>turned <w AVP>out<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>presidency <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>lacking <w PRP>in <w NN1>legitimacy<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ODP-MT <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVD>enabled <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>claim <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>credibility <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>increased<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="307"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="308"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="309"><w NN1>Debt <w VVG>rescheduling <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="310"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>rescheduling <w NP0>Cameroon<w POS>'s <w NN1>debt <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rescheduling <w VVD>covered <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AV0>almost <w CRD>90,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;331 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w DT0>This <w VVD>included <w CRD>39,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <w VVD>granted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>, <w CRD>45,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <w PRP>in <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>loans <w VVN>granted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Insurance <w NN1>Company <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>4,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <w PRP>in <w NN2>loans <w VVD>refinanced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>repaid <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>20-year <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w PRP>on <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="314"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="315"><w NP0>COTE <w NP0>D'IVOIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="316"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>deputy
</head>
<p>
<s n="317"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Francis <w NP0>Vaudier<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>member <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>suspended <w AV0>indefinitely <w DPS>his <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="318"><w PNP>He <w VVD>described <w DPS>his <w NN1>action <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Gbagbo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imprisoned <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>populaire <w NN1-VVB>ivoirien <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>FPI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>riot <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Abidjan <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38753<c PUN>; <w CRD>38802<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="319"><w NN1>Vaudier <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>deputy <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>serious <w CJC>and <w AJ0>humiliating<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PNX>himself <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w DPS>His <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentencing <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>45 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>activists <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Gbagbo<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>IPF <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>44 <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="322"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="323"><w AT0>THE <w NP0>GAMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="324"><w ORD>Fifth <w NP0-NN1>Jawara <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term
</head>
<p>
<s n="325"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Dawda <w NP0>Jawara <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w DPS>his <w ORD>fifth <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>after <w VVG>winning <w CRD>58.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="326"><w NP0-NN1>Jawara<w POS>'s <w AJS>closest <w NN1>opponent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>polls <w VBD>was <w NN1>Sheriff <w NP0>Mustapha <w NP0>Dibba<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Convention <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gained <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="327"><w NN2>Others <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>Assan <w NP0-NN1>Musa <w NP0-NN1>Camara <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gambia <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>GPP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sidia <w NP0-NN1>Jatta <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w NN1>Independence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Socialism <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDOIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="328"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jawara<w POS>'s <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>) <w VVD>secured <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>36 <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w DT0>fewer <w CJS>than <w PRP>at <w NN1>dissolution<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NCP <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>presence <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>GPP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="331"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Jawara <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>change <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w NN1>promotion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saihou <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Sabally<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w AV0>Sabally <w AV0>also <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w NN2>Affairs <w NN2>portfolios <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jawara<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="333"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="334"><w NP0>GHANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="335"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>party <w NN1>politics
</head>
<p>
<s n="336"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38856<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w PRP>on <w NN1>party <w NN1>politics <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w CJC>and <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="338"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NP0>Komla <w NP0>A. <w NP0>Gbedemah<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>minister <w PRP>under <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kwame <w NP0>Nkrumah <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Accra <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>injunction <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Interim <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>INEC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Parties <w NN1>Law <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="339"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>existed <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1981 <w NN1>ban <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>proscribed<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Nkrumah<w POS>'s <w NN1>Convention <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>prohibited <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>symbols<c PUN>, <w NN2>names <w CJC>or <w NN2>slogans <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>parties <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w AJ0>new <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>further <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>individual <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>to <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>limited <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>donations <w PRP>to <w UNC>C200,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;480<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><w PNP>They <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VBD>were <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>hinder <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="343"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>INEC<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN1>registration <w VVZ-NN2>forms <w PRP>to <w AJ0>prospective <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>organizations <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>issued <w PRP>with <w NN1>documentation <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="345"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Parties <w NN1>Law <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>amended <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>INEC <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>limit <w PRP>for <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00N>
<s n="346"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN1>editor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="347"><w NP0>George <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Naykene<c PUN>, <w NN1>editor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Chronicle<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>with <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>labour <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>libel<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w NP0-NN1>Naykene <w VHD>had <w VVN>written <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ruled <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>benefited <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>loan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="349"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="350"><w NP0>NIGER
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="351"><w VVB-NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>truce
</head>
<p>
<s n="352"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>meetings <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NN1>Air <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azawad <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLAA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w VVG>working <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>favourable <w NN1>climate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>effective <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-day <w NN1>truce <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w NN2>Tuaregs <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38708<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="353"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Algeria <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w NN2>mediators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="354"><w NP0>Algeria <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mali <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38801-02<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Amadou <w NP0-NN1>Cheiffou <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sid-Ahmed <w NP0-NN1>Ghozali<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="356"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="357"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="358"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tuaregs
</head>
<p>
<s n="359"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fragility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38853<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>under <w NN1>attack <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NN2>Tuaregs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="360"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Azawad <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>masterminding<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>convoy <w VVG>delivering <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>nomads<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w AT0>The <w NN1>organization <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>several <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>church <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w NN1>hostage <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>11 <w NN2>Tuaregs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN2>Movements <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fronts <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Azawad <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w CJC>and <w AJ0>lawless<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00P>
<s n="363"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="364"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>three <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="365"><w NP0>Sy <w NP0>Maimouna <w NP0-NN1>Ba <w VBD>was <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN2>duties <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stockbreeding <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w DPS>Her <w NN1>portfolio <w VBD>was <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cisse <w NP0>Khaidama <w NP0>Mariam <w NP0>Youba <w NP0>Sidibe <w PNQ>who <w VVD>continued <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Bri&egrave;re <w NP0>de <w NP0>l'Isle <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w NN1>Promotion <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mohamed <w UNC>Ag <w NP0>Erfal<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN2>Handicrafts<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moussa <w NP0-NN1>Diabate<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NN1>Delegate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>responsibility <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w NN1>Promotion<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bocoum <w NP0>Mariama <w NP0>Suzane <w NP0>Maiga<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w AT0>No <w NN1>reason <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="370"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="371"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="372"><w AJ0>Anti-government <w NN2>protests <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Religious <w NN1>violence
</head>
<p>
<s n="373"><w NN2>Outbreaks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>protests <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w VVD>left <w AV0>up to <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="374"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>riots <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lagos <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>commuters <w VVD>protested <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w CRD>500 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>fare <w NN1>increase <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w NN1>taxi <w CJC>and <w NN1>minibus <w NN2>drivers <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acute <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>shortage <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38853<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AJ0>spiralling <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVB>set <w NN1>fire <w PRP>to <w NN2>vehicles <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>blocked <w NN1>access <w NN2>roads <w PRP>with <w NN2>barricades <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>from <w AJ0-VVG>burning <w NN2>tyres<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN2>youths <w PNQ>who <w VVD>looted <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>damaged <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w NN2>passers-by<c PUN>.
<s n="377"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>demonstration <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime <w VVN-VVD>degenerated <w PRP>into <w NN1>violence <w CJS>when <w NN2>police <w VVD>fired <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>with <w AJ0>rubber <w NN2>bullets <w CJC>and <w AJ0>live <w NN1>ammunition<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>seven <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="378"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>incidents <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="379"><w AJ0>Fresh <w NN1>rioting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lagos <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beko <w NP0>Ransome <w NP0>Kuti<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Campaign <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NN1>CD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>CD <w NN2>activists <w NP0>Femi <w NP0-NN1>Falana <w CJC>and <w NP0>Baba <w NP0>Omojola<c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>10 <w NN1>CD<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>umbrella <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w CRD>25 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w NP0>Ransome <w NP0>Kuti <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w PNP>it <w PRF>of <w VVG>instigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>thwart <w AT0>the <w NN1>handover <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00R>
<s n="382"><w AJ0>Religious <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="383"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>Christians <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kaduna <w NN1>state <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38708 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="384"><w NN2>Disturbances <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>village <w AV0>about <w CRD>250 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kaduna<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>land <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w AJ0-NN1>Christian <w NN2>Katafs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>Hausa <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w PRP>By <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w VHD>had <w VVN>spread <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kaduna <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w NN2>Churches <w VBD>were <w VVN>destroyed <w CJC>and <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Christians <w VVN-VVD>converged <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>academy <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>stations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>sources <w AV0>up to <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dusk-to-dawn <w NN1>curfew<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="389"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>calm <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>restored<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>associations <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>religious<c PUN>, <w AJ0>ethnic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>tribal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>cultural<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN1>group <w CJC>or <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>interests<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w NN1>Failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w VBD>was <w AJ0>punishable <w PRP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="391"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w CJS>because <w DT0>such <w NN2>organizations <w VHD>had <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>destructive <w NN1>influence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="392"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Babangida <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>, <w VVG>reporting <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w NN1>riot <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>; <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>sources <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w NN1>number <w CRD>tens <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>incorporate <w AT0>the <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="394"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="395"><w NP0>SIERRA <w NP0>LEONE
</head>
<caption>
<s n="396"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<p>
<s n="397"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>in addition <w NN2>Ministers <w NN1>Resident <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00S>
<s n="398"><w NP0>NPRC <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="399"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Valentine <w NP0>E. <w NN1>M. <w NN1-NP0>Strasser <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Provisional <w AJ0-NN1>Ruling <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>assumed <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>coup <w PRP>against <w NP0>President <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0-NN1>Momoh <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38552-54<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w NN1-NP0>Strasser<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>named <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="401"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NPRC <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w CRD>23 <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>NPRC <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>represented <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>19-member <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>included <w DT0>several <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC <w CJC>and <w VVD>featured <w CRD>six <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>S. <w NP0>A. <w NP0>Funna <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Dumbuya<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>retained <w DPS>their <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="403"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC <w VVD>dissolved <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w VVD>suspended <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="405"><w VVG>Declaring <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w NN1>indiscipline<c PUN>, <w NN1>mismanagement<c PUN>, <w NN1>tribalism<c PUN>, <w NN1>nepotism<c PUN>, <w NN1>injustice <w CJC>and <w NN1>thuggery<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w AJ0>rampant<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC <w VVD>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG>returning <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>shortest <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>time<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w PRP>To <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>end <w PNP>it <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reconstituted <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN1>influence <w CJC>and <w NN1>manipulation<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w CJC>and <w VVD>asserted <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>maximum <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>discipline<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w AJ0>Particular <w NN1>concern <w VBD>was <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissipation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>mineral <w NN1>wealth<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w VVG-NN1>mining <w NN2>contracts <w CJC>and <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN1-VVG>smuggling<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="409"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NPRC <w AV0>also <w VVD>placed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>priority <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="410"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>renounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="411"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>respect <w DT0>all <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone<w POS>'s <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ECOMOG <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberian <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38853<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD-VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispel <w AT0>the <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w VVD>assured <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nigeria<w POS>'s <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="413"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="414"><w NP0>SAO <w NP0-NN1>TOM&Eacute; <w CJC>AND <w NP0-NN1>PRINCIPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="415"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="416"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>with <w NP0>Noberto <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>d'Alva <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Alegre<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w AV0>Earlier <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Alegre <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convergence <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Lima <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w NP0>Daio <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38854<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00T>
<s n="418"><w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Tom&eacute; <w CJC>and <w VVB>Pr&iacute;ncipe <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="419"><w UNC>*Norberto <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>d'Alva <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Alegre <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Evaristo <w VDB>do <w NP0>Espirito <w NP0>Santo <w NP0>Carvalho <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>Order
</p>
<p>
<s n="420"><w UNC>*Albertino <w NP0>Homen <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w NP0>Sequeira <w NP0>Braganca <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="421"><w UNC>*Olegario <w VVZ>Pires <w AJ0>Tiny <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Administration <w NP0-NN1>Arlino <w NP0>Afonso <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Carvalho <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="422"><w UNC>*Member <w PRF>of <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="423"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="424"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="425"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>opposition
</head>
<p>
<s n="426"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures <w VBD>was <w VVN>ambushed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Assoli <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>assailants <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>assassination <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Gilchrist <w NP0>Olympio<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NN1>Change <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>suffered <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>injuries<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Marc <w NP0>Atti <w NP0>Depe<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Togolese <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconciliation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Elliot <w NP0>Ohin<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Togolese <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="429"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>formally <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidature <w NP0-NN1>Olympio<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Sylvanus <w NP0>Olympio <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PNX>himself <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1963<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>popular <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w PNP>He <w VVD>received <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Benin <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>flown <w PRP>to <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="431"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>took <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w NP0>Eyadema <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Kokou <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>accomplices<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Collectif <w UNC>des <w NN2>syndicats <w NN2>ind&eacute;pendants <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>CSI<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>heeded<c PUN>, <w VVG>paralysing <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lom&eacute;<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w NN1>Rioting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="434"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>sent <w NN2>requests <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>Sanouko <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Kpodzro<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCR <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>met <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deteriorating <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN2>activities <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>further <w VVN>requested <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>code <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>conduct <w TO0>to <w VVI>regulate <w DPS>their <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarming <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>militia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="439"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCR <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38854<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>statement <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>census <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>code <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCR<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>cited <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>insecurity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w CJC>or <w CRD>two<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00U>
<s n="442"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="443"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>SDR15,360,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;22,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>enhanced <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESAF<c PUR>) <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Togo<w POS>'s <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>ESAF <w NN1>arrangment <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>SDR46,080,000 <c PUL>(<w NN0>&dollar;65,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="445"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="446"><w NP0>CHAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="447"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="448"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Yodemane<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AJ0>French <w NN1>radio <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w XX0>not <w VVI>forget <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w NN1>lifespan <w DTQ>which <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVN>limited <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>explained <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="451"><w NN1-NP0>Yodemane <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>close<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANDD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>containing <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures<c PUN>; <w CRD>eight <w NN2>ministers <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w NP0>Mahamat <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Adoum<c PUN>, <w NP0>Koibla <w NP0>Djimasta <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mohiaddine <w NP0>Salah <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00V>
<s n="454"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="455"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w DTQ>which <w PRP>since <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>planned <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>democratization <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w AJ0-VVN>postponed <w CJS>until <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>completed <w DPS>its <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="456"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38665-66<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>still <w VHD>had <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>firm <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sovereign <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Idriss <w NP0-NN1>D&eacute;by <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>London-based <w NP0>Africa <w AJ0>Confidential <w NN1>newsletter <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>delay <w VVD>came <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>insistence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rainy <w NN1>season <w VM0>would <w VVI>create <w NN1>transport <w NN2>problems <w PRP>for <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w CJT>that <w AV0>comparatively <w DT0>few <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w AV0>as yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="459"><w PRP>By <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>recognized<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>recognized <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unrecognized<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>combined <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Co-ordination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Opposition <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w VVB>Kassire <w NP0-NN1>Koumakoye<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recognized <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>RNDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CNO <w NN1>spokesperson<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00W>
<s n="461"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>in <w NN1>capital
</caption>
<p>
<s n="462"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>, <w NN1>Easter <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>, <w NN2>soldiers <w AV0>predominantly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Zaghawa <w NN1>tribe <c PUL>(<w NP0>President <w NP0>D&eacute;by <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>related <w NN1>Bideyat <w NN1>group<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>surrounded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>demilitarize <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ndjamena<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AJ0>planned <w NN2>cutbacks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0>Koty<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PNX>himself <w AT0>a <w NP0-NN1>Zahgawa<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00X>
<s n="464"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>allegations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="465"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDD <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Goukouni <w NP0-NN1>Gu&euml;t<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>in <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Nigeria <w CJC>and <w VVD>extradited <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chad <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="466"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>20 <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVD-VVN>extradited <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Gu&euml;t <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>without <w NN1>foundation<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>attack <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Gu&euml;t <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38710<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="468"><w AT0>A <w NN1>document <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>40,000 <w NN0>people <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w CJC>or <w VHB>have <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hiss&egrave;ne <w NP0>Habr&eacute;<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w PRP>According to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>contained <w AJ0>implicit <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>structures <w PRF>of <w NN1>repression <w AV0>still <w VVD>existed<c PUN>, <w PRP>in spite of <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="470"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="471"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="472"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0>SPLA
</head>
<p>
<s n="473"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>movement <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Abuja <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>weeks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>losing <w NN1>ground <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w PRP>throughout <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NN1>Torit <w NN1>group <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Garang<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>splinter <w NN1>group <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>Lam <w NP0>Akol<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nasir <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>SPLA <w NN1>split <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38426<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="475"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>hosted <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="476"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN0>media <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>April <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>came <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w NN1>material <w CJC>and <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="477"><w NP0-NN1>Garang<w POS>'s <w NN1>faction <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJC>slower <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w CJS>than <w NP0>Akol<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sudan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Command <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="478"><w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>al-Bashir<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>delay <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>unwillingness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Torit <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nasir <w NN1>group <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="479"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>movement<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLKCA00Y>
<s n="480"><w NN1>Continuation <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="481"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bahr <w NN1>al-Ghazal<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Sudan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>512 <w NN2>rebels <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>large <w NN2>quantities <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>ammunition <w VVD-VVN>seized<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w AV0>Further <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w VVN>taken <w PRP>from <w NP0>Garang<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liria <c PUL>(<w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Juba <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Torit<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Kapoeta <c PUL>(<w DT0>some <w CRD>50 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kenya<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w DT0>some <w CRD>45,000 <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>recently <w VVN>travelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sudan <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>12,500 <w NN2>boys <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>either <w AJ0>orphaned <w CJC>or <w VVN-AJ0>separated <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w DT0>This <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>trekked <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pochala <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>border<c PUN>; <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>boys <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>living <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitory <w NN1>existence <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA010></p>
<caption id=HLKCA010>
<s n="485"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>currency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="486"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dinar<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>gradually <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>pound<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="487"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="488"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="489"><w NN1>Relief <w NN1>situation
</head>
<p>
<s n="490"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>4,500,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>6,000,000 <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w NP0>Somalia <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w NN1>relief <w NN2>agencies <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN1>starvation <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>looting <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug <w NN2-VVZ>supplies <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w NN0>People <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>countryside <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Somalia <w VBD>were <w AV0>especially <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="492"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>UN-chartered <w NN1>ship <w VVN-VVD>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>docking <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>port <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w VVG>unloading <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>wheat <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w NN1>relief <w PRP>for <w AV0>almost <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>amount <w AT0>every <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w PRP>since <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>landed <w NN1>food <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w AJ0>different <w NN2>beaches <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>coast <w AV0>up to <w CRD>25 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w PRP>By <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lutheran <w NN1>World <w NN1>Federation <w VBD>was <w VVG>flying <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>supplies <w AV0>daily <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mombasa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN2>programmes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UK-based <w PRP>Save <w AT0>the <w NN2>Children <w NN1-VVB>Fund <w CJC>and <w AJ0>French-based <w NN0>M&eacute;decins sans fronti&egrave;res<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="496"><w PRP>After <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN1>field <w NN2>workers <w VHD>had <w VVN>hired <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w AJ0>local<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>mercenaries<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN1>food <w NN1>distribution <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ICRC <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>local <w NN1>relief <w NN2>committees<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>clans <w CJC>and <w NN2>sub-clans <w VBD>were <w VVG>acting <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>police <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PNP>them <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>food <w PRP>for <w NN1>work<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="497"><w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Sahnoun<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Algerian <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="498"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>permanent <w NP0>UN <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w CJS>since <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0-NN1>Barre <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37946-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="499"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w NP0-NN1>Sahnoun <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>USC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>instability<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>observers <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="500"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w DT0>some <w CRD>30,000 <w DT0>more <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>crossed <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>into <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w VVG>fleeing <w AV0>further <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38755<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="501"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>government <w VVN>requested <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w DT0>these <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w NP0>UNHCR <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>an <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w UNC>US&dollar;34,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1-VVB>care <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w CRD>140,000 <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w CJC>and <w CRD>90,000 <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UNHCR <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVG>operating <w CRD>eight <w NN2>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>more <w VBD>were <w VVN>needed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,800 <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="503"><w PRP>By <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;5,000,000 <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>aid <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>channelled <w PRP>through <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNHCR<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA011></p>
<caption id=HLKCA011>
<s n="504"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NN1>south
</caption>
<p>
<s n="505"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>resurgence <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0-NN1>Kismayo <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>port <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Somalia<c PUR>) <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>USC <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w AV0>apparently <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Aydid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>forces <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Said <w NP0-NN1>Hersi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>son-in-law <w PRF>of <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0-NN1>Barre<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w NN2>Hersi <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN-VVD>defended <w NN1-NP0>Kismayo <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Salvation <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SSDF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="507"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>loose <w NN1>grouping <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>USC <w DTQ>which <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>group <w VVN>entitled <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SSNM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPM<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="508"><w NP0-NN1>Siyad <w NP0-NN1>Barre <w VBD>was <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>left <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>expulsion<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing <w NN2-VVZ>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>instability <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w VM0>might <w VVI>spread <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0>Barre <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>asylum <w CJS>since <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>African <w NN1>state <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="510"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="511"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="512"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NP0>Matiba
</head>
<p>
<s n="513"><w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Matiba <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>hero<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>welcome <w PRP>from <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>cheering <w NN2>supporters <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kenya <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2 <w PRP>after <w CRD>10 <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w NN1-NP0>Matiba<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w NP0>Kenya <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>almost <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37603 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="515"><w DPS>His <w NN1>return <w VVD>sparked <w AVP>off <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="516"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Matiba <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FORD <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oginga <w NP0>Odinga<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>FORD<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>relinquish <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Shikuku<c PUN>, <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="519"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Paul <w NN1>Muite <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>persuaded <w PRP>by <w AJC>younger <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>FORD <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA012></p>
<caption id=HLKCA012>
<s n="520"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>camps
</caption>
<p>
<s n="521"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Ngonya <w NN1>wa <w NP0-NN1>Gakonya<c PUN>, <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>with <w CRD>33 <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="522"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>arrest <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>private <w NN2>armies <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>assembled <w PRP>by <w NN0>people <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NP0>IndustryKiprono <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Biwott <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38563<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="523"><w AT0>The <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>carried <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w AJ0>local <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kenya <w NN2>Times <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Daily <w NN1>Nation<c PUN>, <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w CRD>seven <w NN2>camps <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maasia <w NP0>Mara <w NN1>game <w NN1-VVB>reserve <w AVQ-CJS>where<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>terrorists<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>trained <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>implied <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Kenya <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w AJ0>used <w PRP>to <w NN1>foment <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>violence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38854<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Biwott <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>security <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w NN1>reserve <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stepped <w AVP>up <w PRP>because of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>tourists<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="526"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="527"><w NP0>COMOROS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="528"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="529"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Djohar <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>dissolving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>administration <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Taki <w NP0-NN1>Abdoulkarim<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Co-ordinator <c PUL>(<w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38706-07<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>consulted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="531"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w DT0>several <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>reshuffle <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Abdallah <w NP0>Mchangama<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Budget<c PUN>, <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2>disclosures <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ambiguous <w NN1>contract <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rolling <w NN1>stock <w PRP>from <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="533"><w AT0>The <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mchangama<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MWANGAZA <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w NN1>son-in-law <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w DT0>Several <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>were <w VVN>identified <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJS>as <w AV0>either <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>MWANGAZA <w CJC>or <w NN2>parties <w VVN>affiliated <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Mohammed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Equipment<c PUN>, <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>, <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Said <w NN1>Islam <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maecha <w NP0>Bora <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w NN1>Islam <w VVD>relinquished <w DPS>his <w NN2>responsibilities <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w NN1>Immigration <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Reform <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0-NN1>Bacar<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA013></p>
<caption id=HLKCA013>
<s n="537"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="538"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>several <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Djohar <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>timetable <w VVN-VVD>detailed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>respected<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="539"><w CRD>Eight <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Union <w NN1>comorienne <w UNC>pour <w UNC>le <w NN2>progr&egrave;s <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>d&eacute;mocratique<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>No<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>front<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVG>urging <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>censure<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="540"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="541"><w NP0>BENIN
</head>
<p>
<s n="542"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>5,000 <w AJ0>striking <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Cotonou <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in support of <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJC>higher <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>regularization <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w NN1>government <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>strike<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>assuring <w AT0>the <w NN2>strikers <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>wage <w NN2>demands <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>met <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>voted <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="543"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="544"><w NP0-NN1>CEEAC
</head>
<p>
<s n="545"><w AT0>The <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bujumbura<c PUN>, <w NP0>Burundi<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17-18<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="546"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="547"><w AJ0>EQUATORIAL <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<p>
<s n="548"><w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Sibacha<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Gabon-based <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Development <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Equatorial <w NP0>Guinea <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>activist <w NP0-NN1>Feliciano <w NP0-NN1>Moto <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>by <w NN2>guards <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w VBD>was <w VVG>employing <w AT0>the <w NN2>tactics <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>assassination <w CJC>and <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="549"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="550"><w NP0-NN1>GUINEA
</head>
<p>
<s n="551"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>murder <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NN2>magistrates<c PUN>, <w NN2>jurors<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>or <w NN1>security <w NN1>force <w NN2>commanders<c PUN>; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w NN2>penalties <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w NN2>fines <w PRF>of <w PRP>up to <w UNC>GF10,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;12,500<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>organizers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVG>ending <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="552"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="553"><w NP0>OAU
</head>
<p>
<s n="554"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>formalized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ICRC <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>all <w NP0>OAU <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="555"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="556"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="557"><w AJ0>Primary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>nominations
</head>
<p>
<s n="558"><w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>continued <w DPS>their <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w VVG>capturing <w AT0>the <w NN2>nominations <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w EX0>There <w VVD>appeared <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>possibility<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>face <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidacy <w PRF>of <w NN1>Texan <w NN1>billionaire <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="560"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Indiana<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w NP0>Carolina<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC <w NN2>primaries <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>won <w CRD>80<c PUN>, <w CRD>70 <w CJC>and <w CRD>81 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>polled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pat <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>secured <w CRD>63<c PUN>, <w CRD>64 <w CJC>and <w CRD>74 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>rival <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Tsongas<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>formally <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w VVD>polled <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="563"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>swept <w PRP>to <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NP0>West <w NP0>Virginia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nebraska<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w AV0>over <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>also <w VVD>won <w AV0>comfortably <w PRP>with <w CRD>70 <w CJC>and <w CRD>48 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oregon <w NN1>primary <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>scored <w CRD>76 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>.
<s n="566"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>polled <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Brown <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>Tsongas<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Arkansas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kentucky <w CJC>and <w NP0>Idaho <w NN2>primaries <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>scored <w CRD>87<c PUN>, <w CRD>74<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>64 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>secured <w CRD>68<c PUN>, <w CRD>56<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="568"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>definitely <w VVN>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w VHD>had <w VVN>ignited <w AT0>a <w NN2>grassroots <w VVB-NN1>campaign <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>signatures <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w CRD>50 <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w VVG>Eschewing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>telephone <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w NN1>talk <w VVZ>shows <w TO0>to <w VVI>exploit <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>anti-incumbency <w NN1>mood <w AV0>currently <w AJ0>prevalent <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>portraying <w PNX>himself <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>principled <w NN1>outsider<c PUN>, <w AJ0>untarnished <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>exercise <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w PRP>After <w AV0>steadily <w VVG>improving <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w VVD>achieved <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-May <w AVQ>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>registered <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>rating <w CJS>than <w AV0>both <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>main <w NN1>Republican <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Time-CNN <w NN1>poll <w VVD>gave <w PNP>him <w CRD>33 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA014></p>
<caption id=HLKCA014>
<s n="572"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w NN1>Constitution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="573"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w ORD>first <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1789<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prohibit <w AT0>a <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN1>pay <w NN2>rises <w PRP>for <w PNX>itself <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w AV0>finally <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w DT0>enough <w NN2>states <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="574"><w NN2>Ratifications <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>legislatures <w PRF>of <w NP0>Missouri <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alabama <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Michigan <w CJC>and <w NP0>New <w NP0>Jersey <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7<c PUR>) <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total <w PRP>to <w CRD>39<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>three-quarters <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w NN2>Opinions <w VBD>were <w VVN>divided<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>as to <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>time-scale <w VHD>had <w VVN>rendered <w AT0>the <w NN1>amendment <w NN1>invalid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="576"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amendment <w VVD>specified <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>No <w NN1>law <w VVG>varying <w AT0>the <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>services <w PRF>of <w NN2>senators <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w VM0>shall <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w CJS>until <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w VM0>shall <w VHI>have <w VVN>intervened<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>James <w NP0>Madison <w PRP>in <w CRD>1789 <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>quickly <w VVN-AJ0>approved <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bill <w PRF>of <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w AT0>The <w NN1>pay <w NN1-VVB>rise <w NN1>prohibition<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>six <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1791<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w PNP>It <w AV0>then <w VVB>lay <w AJ0>dormant <w CJS>until <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ohio <w PRP>in <w CRD>1873 <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP>by <w NP0>Wyoming <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w AT0>A <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gregory <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Watson<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>aide <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>Texas <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislator<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w CRD>31 <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>between <w CRD>1983 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="581"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>mood <w PRF>of <w NN1>disillusionment <w PRP>with <w AJ0>incumbent <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w VVN-VVD>assisted <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="582"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Foley<c PUN>, <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w VVD>violated<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w AJ0>contemporaneous <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w CJT>that <w NN2>amendments <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>period <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>contemporaneous <w NN1>consensus <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w NN1>limit <w AV0>most <w AV0>usually <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w VBD>was <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>no <w DT0>such <w NN1>restriction <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>amendment <w VBD>was <w ORD>first <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRP>for <w NN1>consideration<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Don <w NP0>W. <w NP0>Wilson <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Archives <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>Records <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>custodian <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>validity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>certify <w DPS>its <w NN1>adoption <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>27th <w NN1>Amendment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA015></p>
<caption id=HLKCA015>
<s n="585"><w NN1>Veto <w PRF>of <w NN1>campaign <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN1>bill <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w NN2>finances
</caption>
<p>
<s n="586"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w VVD-AJ0>vetoed <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>overhaul <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>much-criticized <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w VVG>financing <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>election <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>escalated <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1-VVB>measure <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>decade <w PRF>of <w AJ0>partisan <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>offered <w AJ0>public <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w NN1>House <w CJC>and <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>candidates <w CJC>and <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>eliminate <w NN2>donations <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN1>action <w NN2>committees <c PUL>(<w NP0>PACs<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="588"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD>condemned <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>taxpayer-financed <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>protection <w NN1>plan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="589"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>party-line <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>58:42<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>by <w CRD>259 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>165<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w PNP>It <w VVD>reflected <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>election <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w CJT>that <w VVG>capping <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w VM0>could <w VVI>spend <w VM0>would <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w NN1>interference <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN1>spending <w VVZ-NN2>limits <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w NN2>Candidates <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>spending <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN2>thresholds <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;600,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;5,500,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w AV0>also <w VVD>limited <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w VM0>could <w VVI>receive <w PRP>from <w NP0>PACs<c PUN>, <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>soft <w NN1>money<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AJ0>unregulated <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>from <w NN1>party <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>to <w NN2>candidates<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>limited <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>spending <w PRP>by <w AJ0>wealthy <w NN2>candidates <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>closed <w AJ0>other <w NN2>loopholes <w PRP>through <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>special <w NN2>interests <w VM0>could <w VVI>influence <w NN2>campaigns <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="594"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>estimates<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>subsidies <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>cost <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;150,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>election <w NN1>cycle<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>method <w PRP>for <w VVG>funding <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>inevitably <w VVB>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elaborate <w NN1>scheme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>subsidies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="596"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>veto<c PUN>; <w DPS>its <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>57:42 <w VVD>fell <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="597"><w PRP>Within <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto <w PNP>it <w VVD>emerged <w CJT>that <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>donors <w CJC>and <w NN2>fund-raisers <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>targets <w PRF>of <w NN1>law <w VVZ-NN2>suits <w PRP>by <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>failed <w NN2>Savings <w CJC>and <w NN2>Loans <w NN2>institutions <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>thrifts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="598"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w VVD>included <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Bathgate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>finance <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-standing <w NN1>donor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ray <w NP0>Hunt<c PUN>, <w NN1>vice-chairman <w PRP>for <w NN1>finance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>re-election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w DT0>both <w NN2>co-chairmen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>dinner<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lavish <w NN1>event <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>raised <w NN0>&dollar;9,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>emerged <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;400,000 <w NN1>donation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w VVN>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>dinner<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>from <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Kojima<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>indebted <w NN1>businessman <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>pursued <w PRP>by <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA016></p>
<caption id=HLKCA016>
<s n="601"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w NN1>congressman <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Issuing <w PRF>of <w NN2>subpoenas <w PRP>over <w NN1>Post <w NN1>Office <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="602"><w NP0>Joseph <w NN1>M. <w NP0>McDade<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>congressman <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>represented <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w PRP>for <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w VVD-VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>racketeering<c PUN>, <w NN1>conspiracy <w CJC>and <w VVG>falsifying <w DPS>his <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>disclosure <w NN2>statements<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w AT0>The <w NN1>indictment <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>allegation <w PRP>by <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>prosecutors <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w NN0>&dollar;100,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>from <w AJ0>military <w NN2>contractors <w CJC>and <w NN2>lobbyists<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="604"><w NP0>McDade<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN2>appropriations <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>carried <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w CRD>34 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVI>admit <w PRP>to <w VHG>having <w VVN>accepted <w DT0>some<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>improper<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>contributions <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>reimbursed<c PUN>.
<s n="606"><w PNP>He <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>motivated <w NN1>investigation <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>remained <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w ORD>16th <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="607"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>McDade <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Rubbergate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38807<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0-NN1>anti-incumbency <w NN2>sentiments <w AV0>consistently <w VVD-VVN>uncovered <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls<c PUN>.
<s n="608"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w NP0>McDade<w POS>'s <w NN1>indictment<c PUN>, <w NN2>subpoenas <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w PRP>against <w CRD>three <w NN1-VVB>House <w NN2>members <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN2>ways <w CJC>and <w VVZ>means <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dan <w NP0-NN1>Rostenkowski <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w NN2>officers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>jury <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>activity <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>Post <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><w CRD>Five <w DT0>former <w NN2>employees <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w NN1>office <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w VVG-NN1>dealing <w CJC>and <w NN1>embezzlement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA017></p>
<caption id=HLKCA017>
<s n="610"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN2>rulings
</caption>
<p>
<s n="611"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>restricting <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>by <w NN1-VVB>state <w AJ0>judicial <w NN2>systems <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>their <w NN2>cases <w VVN-VVD>reviewed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w AT0>The <w CRD>5:4 <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Keeney <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Tamayo-Reyes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AV0>sharply <w VVD>worded <w VVG-AJ0>dissenting <w NN2>opinions <w PRP>from <w DT0>those <w NN2>justices <w PNQ>who <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VVD>went <w AV0>too <w AV0-AJ0>far <w PRP>in <w VVG>restricting <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>habeas corpus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="613"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VVD>involved <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Tamayo-Reyes<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>immigrant<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>no-contest <w NN1>plea <w PRP>to <w NN1>manslaughter <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>understood <w AT0>the <w NN1>meaning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w NN1>manslaughter<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w PRP>In accordance with <w AT0>a <w CRD>1963 <w NN1>judgment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>enshrined <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>habeas corpus <w NN1>law <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>statute <w PRP>in <w CRD>1966<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>lower <w NN2>appeals <w NN1>court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>defendant <w VBD>was <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>court <w VVG-NN1>hearing <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>claim<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>activism <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>deplored <w PRP>by <w NN2>conservatives<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>overturned <w AT0>the <w CRD>1966 <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tamayo-Reyes <w VHD>had <w VVN>forfeited <w DPS>his <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>court <w PRP>by <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>outline <w AT0>the <w NN1>essence <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>objections <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>state <w NN1>court <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="616"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>justices<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harry <w NP0>A. <w NP0-NN1>Blackmun <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Stevens<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>in <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sandra <w NP0>Day <w NP0>O'Connor <w CJC>and <w NP0>Anthony <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Kennedy<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AV0>more <w AV0>usually <w VVN>associated <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="618"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w NN2>appointees <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Souter <w CJC>and <w NP0>Clarence <w NP0>Thomas<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="619"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>disposition <w VBD>was <w AJ0>apparent <w PRP>in <w DT0>another <w CRD>5:4 <w NN1>ruling <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Williams <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD>decided <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>prosecutors <w VBD>were <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>withhold <w AJ0>exculpatory <w NN1>evidence <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-NN1>material <w AJ0>favourable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>defendant <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>jury<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>five-member <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>judgment <w VBD>was <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NP0>William <w NP0>H. <w NN1>Rehnquist<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>justices <w NP0>Byron <w NP0>R. <w NP0>White<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonin <w NP0>Scalia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Souter<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kennedy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="622"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CRD>5:4 <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w VVN>acquitted <w PRF>of <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>by reason of <w NN1>insanity <w VM0>could <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>regaining <w NN1>sanity<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>kept <w PRP>in <w AJ0>mental <w NN2>institutions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w AV0>still <w VBI>be <w AJ0>dangerous<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w VBD>was <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Blackmun<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stevens<c PUN>, <w NP0>O'Connor<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Souter <w CJC>and <w NP0>White<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA018></p>
<caption id=HLKCA018>
<s n="624"><w NN1>Execution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roger <w NP0>Coleman
</caption>
<p>
<s n="625"><w NP0>Roger <w NP0>Keith <w NP0>Coleman<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rape <w CJC>and <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>sister-in-law <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>executed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Virginia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>electric <w NN1>chair <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w AT0>The <w NN1>execution <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w NN1>case <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>aroused <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>interest<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Coleman <w VBD>was <w AJ0>innocent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="627"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w PRP>against <w NP0>Coleman <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>circumstantial<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w AJ0>inconclusive <w AJ0>forensic <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w AJ0>Substantial <w NN2>doubts <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>difficultly <w PRF>of <w NP0>Coleman<w VBZ>'s <w VHG>having <w VVN>committed <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short <w NN1>space <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>alibi <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>statements <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VVG>attesting <w CJT>that <w DT0>another <w NN1>resident <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Grundy <w VHD>had <w VVN>boasted <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>committed <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Virginia <w NN1>judiciary <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w AT0>a <w NN1>retrial <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w AV0>partly <w CJS>because <w NP0>Coleman<w POS>'s <w NN1>lawyer <w VVD>filed <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w NN1-VVB>document <w CRD>one <w NN1>day <w AV0>too <w AV0-AJ0>late<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>partly <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VVD>forbade <w AT0>the <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>discovered <w AV0>more than <w CRD>21 <w NN2>days <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>conviction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="630"><w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Wilder<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Virginia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w AJ0-VVD>rejected <w NN2>appeals <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Coleman <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVI>arrange <w PRP>for <w NP0>Coleman <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lie-detector <w NN1>test <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>prisoner <w VVD-VVN>failed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="632"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w NP0>Coleman<w POS>'s <w NN1>life <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>stay <w PRF>of <w NN1>execution <w VBD>was <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>7:2<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>uphold <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>courts <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRF>of <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>by <w NN1>Death <w NN1-VVB>Row <w NN2>prisoners <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w NN1>confusion <w CJC>and <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN2>delays <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>surrounded <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Alton <w NP0>Harris <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38857<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>announce <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w PRP>until <w CRD>10.59 <w AV0>p.m.<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>minute <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NP0>Coleman<w POS>'s <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="634"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="635"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="636"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>Nunavut <w AJ0>political <w NN1>accord
</head>
<p>
<s n="637"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>boundary <w NN2>changes <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>native <w AJ0-NN1>Inuit <w NN1>homeland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nunavut<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="638"><w NN2>Residents <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>8,334 <w PRP>to <w CRD>7,020 <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories <w PRP>into <w CRD>two <w NN2>sections<c PUN>.
<s n="639"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>carve <w AT0>a <w AJ0>semi-autonomous <w AJ0-NN1>Inuit <w NN1>territory <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Territories <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38669<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Inuit <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w DT0>another <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w NN1-VVB>claim <w NN1>settlement <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="641"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN1>homeland <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AVQ>when <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN2>negotiators <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>initialled <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nunavut <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Accord<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="642"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Accord<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dealt <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>Nunavut <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>financing<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-member <w NN1>Nunavut <w NN1>implementation <w NN1-VVB>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN2>issues <w VVG>arising <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>homeland <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>1999<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="644"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="645"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="646"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</head>
<p>
<s n="647"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Cuban <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w NN2>representatives <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>disintegration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w VVZ>Alcibiades <w NP0>Hidaldo <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Georgy <w NP0>Mamedov<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="648"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1-VVG>briefing <w AV0>afterwards <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>laid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VHG>having <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cast <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ideological <w NN1>narrowness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>mutually <w AJ0>advantageous <w NN1>base<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in keeping with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>possibilities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>real <w NN2>interests<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="649"><w VVG>Recognizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>accelerate <w AT0>the <w NN1>drafting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>model <w PRF>of <w AJ0>commercial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Cuba <w VM0>would <w VVI>supply <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>sugar <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w PRP>between <w CRD>1,800,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,900,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>emphasized <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>barter <w VBD>was <w VVN>worked <w AVP>out <w PRP>in accordance with <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="651"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Lage <w NP0>D&aacute;vila<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>projected <w NN2>imports <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>58 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>imported <w NN1>fuel <w VM0>would <w VVI>total <w CRD>6,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>usual<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w CRD>13,300,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w AV0>Most <w AV0>critically<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>export <w NN1>crop<c PUN>, <w NN1>sugar<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>total <w AV0>only <w CRD>5,500,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>7,600,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>drop <w PRP>in <w NN1>fuel <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA019></p>
<caption id=HLKCA019>
<s n="653"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN2>dissidents
</caption>
<p>
<s n="654"><w NP0>Indamiro <w NP0-NN1>Restano <w CJC>and <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Elena <w NP0>Aparicio<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>Harmonious <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rebellion<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>the <w NN1>socialism <w AJ0-VVG>prevailing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cuba<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sentences <w VBD>were <w VVN>condemned <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>excessive<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>diplomats<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="657"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="658"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="659"><w NN1>Tightening <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="660"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Nassau<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bahamas<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>up <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military-backed <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="661"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430<c PUN>; <w CRD>38522-23<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w NN2>concessions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>provided <w NN2>opportunities <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rich <w AJ0-NN1>pro-coup <w NN1>elite <w CJC>and <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w TO0>to <w VVI>profit <w PRP>from <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>smuggling<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>devastating <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w NP0>Haiti<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extreme <w NN1>poverty<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>150,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>famine <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w AT0>The <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>by <w NN1>boat <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w AV0>accordingly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="664"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>sanctions <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVD>barred <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>ports <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hemisphere <w NN2>ships <w VVG>delivering <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>cargoes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Haiti<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>air <w NN2>flights <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>transport <w NN2>goods<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w NN1>issuing <w PRF>of <w NN1>travel <w NN2>visas<c PUN>, <w VVG>withdrawing <w DT0>those <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AJ0>outstanding<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>communications <w CJC>and <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>links <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>cut<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>businesses <w PRP>with <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG>operating<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="666"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OAS <w VVD>requested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>EC <w NN2>diplomats <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>embargo <w VM0>would <w VVI>contravene <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>accorded <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>trading <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>African<c PUN>, <w NP0>Caribbean <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <w NN2>countries<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w NN2>companies <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>Haiti<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01A>
<s n="667"><w AJ0>Tripartite <w NN1>accord
</caption>
<p>
<s n="668"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN1>accord <w AV0>already <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>bicameral <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="669"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>consensus <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
<s n="670"><w PNP>It <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w NN1>timetable <w VBD>was <w VVN>provided<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w AT0>No <w NN1>mention <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>US-sponsored <w NP0>Washington <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Bertrand <w NP0>Aristide<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38758<c PUN>; <w CRD>38808<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w AJ0>Pro-Aristide <w NN2>deputies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w NN1>Change <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNCD<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w NN2>sessions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="673"><w AJ0>Secondary <w NN2>schools <w VBD>were <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>disrupted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>pro-Aristide <w NN2>protests <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w CRD>29 <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VVG>demanding <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>return<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>received <w DT0>little <w AJ0>visible <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Port-au-Prince<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>seven <w NN2>students <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>teacher <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
<s n="675"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>schools <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>closed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>temporarily<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN1>rank <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>file <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN2>commanders <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>40 <w PRP>in <w NN1>number<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w NN1>Army <w NP0>C.-in <w NP0>-C<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="679"><w NP0>Raoul <w NP0>C&eacute;dras<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VBD>was <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01B>
<s n="680"><w AJ0-VVD>Increased <w NP0>US <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="681"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Haitian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>intercepted <w PRP>at <w NN1>sea <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Coastguard <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>to <w NP0>Haiti<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="682"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sadako <w NP0>Ogata<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>deeply <w VVN>disturbed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>racist <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w AV0>Previously<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>Guant&aacute;namo <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>on <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>for <w VVG>screening <w PRP>prior to <w VBG>being <w VVN>offered <w AJ0>temporary <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w CJC>or<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>repatriated <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>migrants<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>35,000 <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w NP0>Haiti <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w CRD>9,000 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>their <w NN2>cases <w AV0>further <w VVN-VVD>examined<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="685"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w AV0>far <w VVD-VVN>exceeded <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>12,500 <w PNQ>who <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>accommodated <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Guant&aacute;namo<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w AT0>The <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>acting <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>magnet<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>encouraging <w DT0>more <w NN2>Haitians <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP>to <w NN1>sea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>camp <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>phased <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="687"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="688"><w NP0>ST <w NP0>LUCIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="689"><w NP0>New <w NP0>St <w NP0>Lucia <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="690"><w UNC>**John <w NP0>Compton <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development
</p>
<p>
<s n="691"><w UNC>**George <w NP0>Mallet <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="692"><w UNC>**Stephenson <w NP0>King <w NP0>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government
</p>
<p>
<s n="693"><w UNC>**Romanus <w NN1-VVB>Lansiquot <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Utilities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Mobilization
</p>
<p>
<s n="694"><w UNC>**Louis <w NP0>George <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture
</p>
<p>
<s n="695"><w UNC>*Ira <w NP0>D'Auvergne <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN2>Lands<c PUN>, <w NN2>Fisheries <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry
</p>
<p>
<s n="696"><w UNC>**Desmond <w NP0>Braithwaite <w NN1>Community <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w NN2>Co-operatives<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth<c PUN>, <w NN2>Sports <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Gregory <w NP0>Avril <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport
</p>
<p>
<s n="697"><w UNC>*Lorraine <w NP0>Williams <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Legal <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="698"><w UNC>*Rufus <w NN1-NP0>Bousquet <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry
</p>
<p>
<s n="699"><w UNC>*Edward <w AJ0>Innocent <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Youth<c PUN>, <w NN2>Sports <w CJC>and <w NN2>Co-operatives
</p>
<p>
<s n="700"><w UNC>*Michael <w NN1>Pilgrim <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="701"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="702"><w UNC>**Altered <w CJC>or <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01C>
<s n="703"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="704"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>emphatic <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UWP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38859<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Compton <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>contained <w CRD>five <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Lorraine <w NP0>Williams<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>woman <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="705"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="706"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="707"><w NP0>Guadalajara <w NN1>explosion <w NN1>aftermath
</head>
<p>
<s n="708"><w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Rivera <w NN2>Aceves <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Institutional <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jalisco <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>state <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>in place of <w AJ0>disgraced <w NP0>PRI <w NN1>hardliner <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Cosio <w NP0-NN1>Vidaurri<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="709"><w NN1-NP0>Cosio<c PUN>, <w CRD>62<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-month<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leave <w PRF>of <w NN1>absence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico<w POS>'s <w AJ0>unwritten <w AJ0>political <w NN2>courtesies <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1-AJ0>official <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NN1>office <w AV0>voluntarily <w CJS>rather than <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w CJC>or <w PRP>through <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w DPS>His <w NN1>removal<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>sanctioned <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0>Gortari<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>uproar <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>exonerate <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>explosions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>sewers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guadalajara <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w VVD>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>devastation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38859<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="711"><w NN2>Residents <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>acted <w PRP>like <w NN2>children<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>obey <w NN2>instructions <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="712"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Guadalajara <w NN1>explosion <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>negligence<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>local <w NN2>executives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company <w NN1-NP0>PEMEX<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN1>mayor <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Day <w UNC>Flores <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>into <w VVG>hiding<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jalisco <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development <w NP0-NN1>Aristo <w NP0>Mej&iacute;a <w NP0>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>directors <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guadalajara<w POS>'s <w NN1>water <w CJC>and <w NN1>sewage <w NN1>system<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01D>
<s n="713"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>credit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="714"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>year <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>arrangement <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>original <w NN1>credit <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR3,263.4 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;5,131 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w UNC>SDR466,200,000 <c PUL>(<w AV0>about <w NN0>&dollar;653 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="716"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="717"><w NP0>GUATEMALA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="718"><w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN2>rumours
</head>
<p>
<s n="719"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Serrano <w NP0>Elias <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w AV0>publicly <w VVD-VVN>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVG>circulating <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="720"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN2>bombings <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>bomb <w NN2>threats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guatemala <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dissident<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>league <w PRP>with <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>elements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>forcing <w NN1-NP0>Serrano <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>URNG<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w DPS>his <w NN1>tax <w NN1>reform <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="721"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>fears <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>public <w NN1>disenchantment <w PRP>with <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w TO0>to <w VVI>justify <w AT0>a <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abortive <w NP0>February <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>Venezuela <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w AJ0-NN1>military-backed <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01E>
<s n="722"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="723"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w NN2>analysts <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>right<c PUN>, <w NP0>Serrano <w VHD>had <w VVN>dismissed <w CRD>four <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w AJ0>MAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w NN2>non-politicians <w PRP>with <w NN1>business <w NN1-VVB>experience <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="724"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0-NN1>Angel <w NP0>Montepeque <w NP0>Contreras<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AJ0>MAS <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VVI>cherish <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Eusebio <w UNC>del <w NP0>Cid <w NP0>Peralta<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Antulio <w NP0>Castillo <w NP0>Barajas <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Eunice <w NP0>Lima <w NP0>Shaul<c PUN>, <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Leonel <w NP0>Hurtarte <w NP0>Cano <w PRP>by <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Manolo <w NP0>Bendfeldt <w NP0>Alvarez <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Castillo <w NP0>Sinibaldi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="726"><w AV0>Also <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w VBD>was <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Conde <w NP0>Orellana<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Private <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Castillo <w NP0>Barajas<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><w NP0-NN1>Conde <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NP0-NN1>Serrano<w POS>'s <w AJS>closest <w NN1>adviser <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>negotiator <w PRP>in <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>role <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>authority <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>diminished<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="728"><w AT0>The <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVD>remained <w VVD-VVN>stalled <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>continued <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>on <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>investigated <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38758<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="729"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="730"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="731"><w NN1>Peace <w NN1>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="732"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w VVD>rejoined <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Consolidation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Peace <c PUL>(<w NP0>Copaz<c PUR>) <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>pledge <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w CJC>and <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>wounding <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1>bodyguard<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="733"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>official <w NN2>denials <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alert<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Copaz<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="734"><w NN1>Tension <w VHD>had <w VVN>mounted <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <w CJS>as <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>other <w PRF>of <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>fulfil <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38809<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="735"><w VVG>Defending <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VVI>disband <w AT0>the <w AJ0>paramilitary <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w CJC>and <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>Police<c PUN>.
<s n="736"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w VHD>had <w VVN>removed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>security <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>formations<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NN1>practice<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AV0>now <w VVN-AJ0>guarded <w AJ0>national <w NN2>borders <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w AJ0>military <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="737"><w PRP>In line with <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>police <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>deliberately <w VVN>withheld <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>resources <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>accomplished<c PUN>.
<s n="738"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w NN2>delays <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>technical<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>difficulties <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w CJC>and <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>Police <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>concentrated<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w CRD>62 <w NN2>locations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="739"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG>obstructing <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>transferring <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NN2>guerrillas <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w DT0>former <w NN2>owners<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG>conferring <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>status <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="740"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w PRF>of <w VVG>compiling <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dishonest <w NN1>inventory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PNP>it <w VVD>held <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>staged <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>land <w NN2>occupations <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w DPS>its <w NN1>land <w NN1>tenure <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUN>.
<s n="741"><w PNP>It <w VVD>described <w CJS>as <w VVN>exaggerated <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>controlled <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>sq km <w PRF>of <w NN1>territory <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>political <w NN1>status <w CJS>until <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>disarmed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="743"><w PRP>Due to <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRP>with <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>complement <w PRF>of <w CRD>290 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w PNQ>who <w VVD>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Observer <w NN1>Mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <c PUL>(<w NP0>ONUSAL<c PUR>) <w NN1>mission <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w DPS>their <w NN2>duties <w PRP>until <w NP0>September<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01F>
<s n="744"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NP0>FMLN <w CJS>as <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="745"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>rally<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>San <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>transformed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w NN2>Venceremos <w VVD-VVN>described <w DT0>this <w CJS>as <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>reintegration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>into <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="747"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="748"><w NP0>NICARAGUA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="749"><w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w NN1>land
</head>
<p>
<s n="750"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-May <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>gesture<c PUN>, <w VVN>awarded <w NN2>rights <w PRP>to <w CRD>800 <w NN2>plots <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Managua <w PRP>to <w AJ0>re-armed <w AJ0>right-wing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>contra<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ-NN2>rebels <w NN2>recontras <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>re-armed <w AJ0>left-wing <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN2>recompas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="751"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>buried <w DPS>their <w NN2>differences <w PRP>to <w NN1>stage <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>protests <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>ceased <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>pledges <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>land <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>credits<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVG>demanding <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>pledges <w VBB>be <w VVN>honoured<c PUN>.
<s n="753"><w VVG>Calling <w PNX>themselves <w NN2>revueltos <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>those <w VVN>mixed <w AV0>together<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>blocked <w NN2>roads<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>highway <w PRP>to <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>occupied <w NN2>towns<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w DT0>such <w AJ0>key <w NN2>centres <w CJS>as <w NP0>Matagalpa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jinotega<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AJ0>public <w NN2>buildings <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>occupied <w NN2>farms<c PUN>.
<s n="754"><w PRP>In <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>dozens <w VVD>injured<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>districts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cebaco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ocotal<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Estel&iacute;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Masaya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Le&oacute;n <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chinandega<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="755"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarmament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>re-armed <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN2>commands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>recontras <w CJC>and <w NN2>recompas <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10-15<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w VBD>was <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>phase<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>extended <w PRP>into <w NP0>May <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>large <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w DTQ>which <w VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>EPS <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>12,627 <w NN2>recontras <w CJC>and <w CRD>9,278 <w NN2>recompas <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>demobilized <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>phases <w CJC>and <w CRD>22,197 <w NN0>infantry <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w CRD>215 <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>weapons <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>currently <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>revueltos <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>4,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="759"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>revueltos <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Lacayo <w NP0-NN1>Oyanguren <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Sandinista <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FSLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Ortega <w NP0>Saavedra<c PUN>.
<s n="760"><w DT0>This <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>pledge <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>revueltos<w POS>' <w NN2>demands<c PUN>.
<s n="761"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FSLN<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconstruction <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>backed <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w CJC>but <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w DPS>their <w NN2>methods<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01G>
<s n="762"><w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN2>policies <w PRP>within <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>UNO <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="763"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Opposition <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNO<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Violeta <w UNC>Barrios <w UNC>de <w NP0>Chamorro<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w AJ0>inner <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NN2>advisors <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lacayo<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegitimate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>immoral <w NN1>marriage<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FSLN<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>14 <w NP0>UNO <w NN1>member <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Virgilio <w NP0>Godoy <w NP0>Reyes <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>figure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="765"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w PRP>like <w NP0-NN1>Godoy<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>opponent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lacayo<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>review<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w NN2>rights <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="766"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Chamorro <w VHD>had <w VVN>blocked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>bill <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38432<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01H>
<s n="767"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="768"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Hurtado<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w VVG>citing <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>health <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>hostile <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chamorro<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lacayo<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>co-operating <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Sandinistas<c PUN>.
<s n="769"><w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Mendieta <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01J>
<s n="770"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>contra <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="771"><w AT0>A <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w DT0>former <w NN1>contra <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel <w NP0>Galeano<c PUN>, <w CRD>38<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Franklin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chamorro <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1>accident <w PRP>near <w NP0>Matagalpa <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>committee <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>handling <w NN2>problems <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w CJC>and <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w PRP>to <w AJ0>demobilized <w NN2>contras<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="773"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="774"><w NP0>PANAMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="775"><w AJ0>Social <w NN1>unrest
</head>
<p>
<s n="776"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w AV0>locally <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>social <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37112-13<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5-11 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w AJ0>coastal <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN1>Col&oacute;n<c PUN>.
<s n="777"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>30 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>seriously <w VVN-AJ0>wounded <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>23 <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
<s n="778"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="779"><w AT0>The <w NN1>violence <w VVN-VVD>originated <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Col&oacute;n <w NN1>Province <w AJ0>Unemployed <c PUL>(<w NP0>Modesco<c PUR>) <w VVD>mobilized <w NN2>demonstrators <w TO0>to <w VVI>condemn <w AJ0>official <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>act <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w CJC>and <w AJ0>surrounding <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>poorest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Endara <w NP0>Gallimany<c PUN>, <w CRD>56<c PUN>, <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PRP>for <w PNX>himself <w AT0>the <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>poverty <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>endure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="781"><w NP0>Endara<w POS>'s <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ana <w NP0>Mae <w NP0>D&iacute;az <w NP0>de <w NP0>Endara<c PUN>, <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>influence <w PRP>over <w NN1>government <w NN2>appointments <w CJC>and <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>resented<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>declared <w NN1>persona non grata <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>publicly <w VVG>stating <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>Col&oacute;n <w VVZ-NN2>riots <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>fired <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="782"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="783"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="784"><w NN2>Demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term
</head>
<p>
<s n="785"><w NP0-NN1>Humberto <w NP0-NN1>Celli<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaderships <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>AD <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>COPEI<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>platform <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="786"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NN2>commissions <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>evolve <w PRP>into <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>sectors <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>extend <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="787"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Celli<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w NN1-VVB>claim <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w NN1>AD <w NN2>dissidents <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>collected <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w NN2>signatures <w PRP>from <w NN2>congressmen <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andres <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <c PUL>(<w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>formula <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN1>public<w POS>'s <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w NP0>COPEI <c PUL>(<w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38809-10<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>warned <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term <w VM0>would <w VVI>create <w AT0>the <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01K>
<s n="789"><w NN2>Strikes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="790"><w NN2>Strikes <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>escalated <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NN1>merchant <w NN2>seamen <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN2-VVZ>fears <w CJT>that <w NP0>Venezuela<w POS>'s <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>oil <w NN2>exports <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>badly <w VVN>affected<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>groups <w NN1-AJ0>intent <w PRP>on <w VVG>creating <w AJ0>general <w NN1>instability<c PUN>; <w NP0>Douglas <w NN1>Bravo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>veteran <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1960s <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Venezuelan <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRV<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01L>
<s n="792"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="793"><w NP0>Gonzalo <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w NP0-NN1>Corro <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="794"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="795"><w NP0>SURINAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="796"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>hostilities
</head>
<p>
<s n="797"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Surinam<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w AJ0>principal <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>suspend <w NN2>hostilities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="798"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Surinamese <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ronnie <w NP0>Brunswijk <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>insurgency <w NN1>campaign <c PUL>(<w VVN>punctuated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>short-lived <w NN1>peace <w VVZ-NN2>accords<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>main <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tucayana <w NN2>Amazonicas <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Sabajo<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>furthering <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>ambitions <w PRP>by <w VVG>accepting <w NN2>guns <w CJC>and <w NN1>ammunition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="800"><w AT0>The <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>overthrown <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramsewak <w NP0>Shankar <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37912-13<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>perceived <w AT0>the <w NN1>SLA <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJC>greater <w NN1>threat <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>isolate <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="801"><w NP0>Romeo <w NP0>Venetiaan<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Venetiaan<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>distinct <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>promised <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interior <w NN1>jungle <w NN2>regions <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w DT0>these <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w VVN>inhabited <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>50,000 <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVN-AJ0>disenfranchised <w CJC>and <w VVG>living <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>village <w NN2>communities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="802"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="803"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="804"><w VVB-NN1>Arrest <w NN2-VVZ>warrants <w PRP>for <w DT0>former <w NN2>guerrillas
</head>
<p>
<s n="805"><w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Navarro <w NP0>Wolff<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w NN1>Movement <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NN1>AD/M-19<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>call <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>plebiscite <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w CRD>M-19 <w NN2>guerrillas <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Palace <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bogot&aacute;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6-7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w CRD>106 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34152-53<c PUN>; <w CRD>34804-05<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="806"><w CRD>M-19 <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>amnesty <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>demobilized <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37311<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="807"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w NN2>warrants <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>movement<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN0>staff <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1985 <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="808"><w NN1>AD/M-19 <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>accepting <w DT0>this <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>letting <w AJ0>political <w NN2>decisions <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NN2>judges<c PUN>.
<s n="809"><w NP0>Navarro <w NP0>Wolff <w VVD>declared <w NN1>AD/M-19 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>concentrated <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="810"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>took <w AT0>no <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w NN2-VVZ>warrants<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Gustavo <w NP0>Arrieta <w VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>instruments <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN2>retaliations <w DTQ>which <w AV0>neither <w NN1>society <w CJC>nor <w DPS>its <w NN2>institutions <w VVD-VVN>needed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="811"><w NN1>Health <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Camilo <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w NP0>Pozo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>AD/M-19<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w NN2>warrants <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>enforced<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01M>
<s n="812"><w NN1>Guerrilla <w CJC>and <w NN1>army <w NN2>offensives
</caption>
<p>
<s n="813"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>military <w NN2>sources <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>fiercest <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>for <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23-25 <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>around <w NP0>Dabeiba<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Antioquia <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w CRD>600 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bogot&aacute; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>foothills <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Andes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="814"><w PRP>Throughout <w NP0>May <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>army <w NN1>counterinsurgency <w NN2>missions <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>guerrilla <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Colombia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FARC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>ELN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>combined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sim&oacute;n <w NP0>Bol&iacute;var <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guerrilla <w AJ0-VVG>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Board <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNGSB<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w DT0>that <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>CNGSB <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w VVN>broken <w AVP>off <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>resumed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="816"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ces&aacute;r <w NP0>Gaviria <w NP0>Trujillo <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>virtually <w VVN>ruled <w AVP>out <w DT0>any <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>wiping <w PNP>them <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01N>
<s n="817"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="818"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Javier<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Tito<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Parco <w NP0>Cardonma<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Urdinola<c PUN>, <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w AJ0>anti-drugs <w NN2>officials <w CJS>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>ruthless <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w CJC>and <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Cali <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="820"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="821"><w NP0>ECUADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="822"><w AJ0>Presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="823"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w AV0>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inconclusive <w NN1>result <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="824"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>president <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="825"><w NP0-NN1>Sixto <w NP0-NN1>Dur&aacute;n <w NN1-NP0>Ball&eacute;n <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>formed <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>36.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>finish <w PRP>ahead of <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Nebot <w NP0>Saadi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>won <w CRD>26.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w NP0-NN1>Abdal&aacute; <w NP0>Bucaram <w NP0>Ortiz<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ecuadorean <w NP0>Roldosist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w PRP>PRE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w ORD>third <w PRP>with <w CRD>20.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ra&uacute;l <w NP0>Baca <w NP0>Carbo<c PUN>, <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NN1>ID<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w AT0>a <w AJ0>distant <w ORD>fourth <w PRP>with <w CRD>8.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>; <w CJS>although <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w AJ0>obligatory <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>5,700,000 <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w NN1>Polling <w VVD>passed <w AVP>off <w AV0>relatively <w AV0>peacefully<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="829"><w NN1-NP0>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w CRD>70<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Quito<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>occasions<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w DT0>most <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN2>highlands <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD>drew <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w AJ0>coastal <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="830"><w VVB-NN1>Nebot<c PUN>, <w CRD>46<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Guayas <w NN1>province <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>interests<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w AJ0>coastal <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="831"><w DT0>Both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>candidates <w VVD-VVN>advocated <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w AJ0>stagnant <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="832"><w VVB-NN1>Bucaram<c PUN>, <w CRD>46<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>extraction<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guayaquil<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guayas<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w VVN>Accused <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w NN1>gangster<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficker <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unapologetic <w NN1>admirer <w PRF>of <w NP0>Adolf <w NP0>Hitler<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>to <w NP0>Panama <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>embezzling <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w PNP>He <w VVD>returned <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>amnesty <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w AV0>narrowly <w VVD-VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>round <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ID<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Rodrigo <w NP0>Borja <w NP0>Cevallos <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36097<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>granted <w PNP>him <w DT0>another <w NN1>amnesty <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w VVN>Noted <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>populist <w NN1>class <w NN1>warfare <w NN1>rhetoric<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>retained <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>support <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w AJ0>poor<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guayaquil<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="837"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>ID <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>insist <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>state-led <w NN1>growth <w PRP>rather than <w AJ0>market-orientated <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><w PRP>Despite <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>from <w NN1>oil <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>modest <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>inflation <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>underemployment <w NN1>rate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w VVG>living <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN1>poverty <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="839"><w PRP>In <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nebot<c PUN>, <w VVG>presenting <w AT0>an <w NN1>image <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>energetic <w AJ0>young <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2-VVZ>overtures <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Bucar&aacute;m <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>hinted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>populist <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>.
<s n="840"><w NP0-NN1>Nebot <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>right-wing <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>) <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Le&oacute;n <w NP0>Febres <w NP0>Cordero <w NP0>Rivadeneira<c PUN>, <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37482<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guayaquil <w PRP>with <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="841"><w NN1-NP0>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w VVG>projecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>image <w PRF>of <w AJC>elder <w NN1>statesman<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w NN2>votes <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>left <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01P>
<s n="842"><w AJ0>Congressional <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="843"><w PRP>In <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>77-seat <w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSC <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>with <w CRD>21 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w PRP>PRE <w PRP>with <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>PUR <w PRP>with <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="844"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>PUR<w POS>'s <w NN2>allies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="845"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>analysts<c PUN>, <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>rivalry <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Nebot <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Dur&aacute;n <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w PRP>PRE <w CJC>and <w NP0>PSC <w AJ0>unlikely<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w DPS>their <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>beliefs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="846"><w AJ0>Centrist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>left-of-centre <w NN2>parties <w VDD>did <w AV0>modestly<c PUN>, <w VVG>mirroring <w DPS>their <w AJ0>reported <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>performance <w PRP>in <w AJ0>simultaneous <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>entrenched <w AJ0-NN1>inter-party <w NN2>animosities<c PUN>.
<s n="847"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ID <w VVD-VVN>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPD<c PUR>) <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ecuadorian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSE<c PUR>) <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLR<c PUR>) <w CRD>two<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Concentration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Popular <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Alfaroist <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ecuadorian <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>APRE<c PUR>) <w DT0>each <w VVD>received <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01R>
<s n="848"><w AJ0>Legal <w NN1>title <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w PRP>for <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>peoples
</caption>
<p>
<s n="849"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Borja <w VVD>ended <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Quechua<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Achuar <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Shiwiar <w NN2>tribes<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w CRD>148 <w NN2>communities <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>20,000 <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w PNP>he <w VVD>granted <w PNP>them <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>title <w PRP>to <w AV0>more than <w CRD>3,000,000 <w NN2>acres <w PRF>of <w NN2>homelands <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Pastaza<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="850"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>settlement <w VBD>was <w VVN>hailed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>breakthrough <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>ecology <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rainforest<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>bitterly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>non-Indian <w NN2>landowners <w PNQ>who <w VVD>feared <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>driven <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>properties <w VVD-VVN>confiscated<c PUN>.
<s n="851"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>analysts <w VVD-VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Borja <w VBD>was <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w VVZ-NN2>grants <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>face <w NN1>re-election<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w AJ0>Indigenous <w NN2>organizations <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>boycott <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>elections <w CJS>unless <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands <w VBD>were <w VVN>met<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="853"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="854"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="855"><w AJ0>Post-coup <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>pledge
</head>
<p>
<s n="856"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bahamas <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVD>urged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>swift <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru <w CJC>but <w VVD>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="857"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0>Fujimori<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVD>defended <w DPS>his <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>promised <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>elections <w PRP>within <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Congress<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w PNP>He <w VVD>invited <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>assistance <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w DPS>its <w NN1>honesty<c PUN>.
<s n="859"><w AV0>Only <w NN2>days <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>an <w NP0>OAS <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>delegation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>clash <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Castro <w NP0>Castro <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Lima <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="860"><w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>heart <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Peru <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Uruguayan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>H&eacute;ctor <w NP0>Gros <w NP0>Espiell<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>emissary<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w AJ0>Close <w NN2>advisors <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>warned <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w CJS>unless <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>solution <w VBD>was <w VVN>found<c PUN>, <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>IMF-approved <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>programme <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>severed <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>diplomatically <w VVN-VVD>isolated<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><w CRD>One <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Andean <w NN1>Pact<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Peru <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="863"><w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Aronson<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Inter-American <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>issued <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>warnings <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>Fujimori <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>.
<s n="864"><w NN1-NP0>Aronson <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>met <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="865"><w PRP>Despite <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Eagleburger <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w VVB>wait-and-see <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether or not <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w DT0>all <w CJC>or <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;320,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>suspended <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="866"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Canada <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NP0>Montreal<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Canada <w VM0>would <w VVI>suspend <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN1>democracy <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>restored<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w NP0>Panama <w VVD>suspended <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>cited <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN2>reasons <w NP0>Peru<w POS>'s <w NN1>granting <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>to <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>military <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Panamanian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>official <w NN1>disapproval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><w NP0>Panama <w AV0>later <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>trade <w NN2>links <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>broken<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01S>
<s n="869"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>response
</caption>
<p>
<s n="870"><w VVG>Responding <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>foremr <w ORD>First <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>M&aacute;ximo <w NP0>San <w NP0>Rom&aacute;n <w NP0>Caceres<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>named<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constitutional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>president <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dissolved <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38846<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unilateral<c PUN>, <w AJ0>arbitrary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>dictatorial<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>meaningless <w NN1-VVB>manoeuvre<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>confuse <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS<c PUN>.
<s n="871"><w AT0>An <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>pave <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="872"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>diminished <w PRP>after <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>congress<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>plebescite <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="873"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AJ0>tantamount <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>legitimizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w AJ0-NN1>set <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>free<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>congress <w PRP>without <w NN1>restriction<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="874"><w PNP>They <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>dialogue <w VM0>should <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Congress <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="875"><w NN2>Fujimori <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>intimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>Congress <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>240 <w PRP>to <w CRD>80 <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>citizenry<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>encouraged <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>counteract <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>elitist <w NN2>dialogues <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN2>chieftains <w CJC>and <w NN1>union <w NN2>bosses<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>enraged <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>by <w VVG>dismissing <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Board <w CJC>and <w VVG>naming <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w AJ0>Polack <w NP0>Romero <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w NN1>head<c PUN>.
<s n="877"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w AJ0>local <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>the <w NN2>rules <w CJC>and <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="878"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cu&eacute;llar <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Commission <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="879"><w NP0>Jorge <w UNC>del <w NP0-NN1>Castillo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>APRA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NN1>ground <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>coup <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38846<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01T>
<s n="880"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General
</caption>
<p>
<s n="881"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>temporary<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Blanca <w NP0>Nerida <w NP0>Gol&aacute;n <w NP0>Maguina<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>holder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Ernesto <w NP0>Denegri <w NP0-NN1>Cornejo<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PNX>himself <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w AV0>only <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38846<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="883"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Blacker <w NP0>Miller <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38846<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01U>
<s n="884"><w NN1-VVB>Raid <w PRP>on <w NN1>prison
</caption>
<p>
<s n="885"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>security <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Castro <w NP0>Castro <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN1>cell <w NN2>blocks <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>assault <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>police <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>May <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w CRD>451 <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>were <w AV0>officially <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>surrendered<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>35 <w NN2>prisoners <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>policemen <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>another <w CRD>20 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>seriously <w VVN-AJ0>wounded<c PUN>; <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AV0>much <w AJC>higher <w NN1>casualty <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="887"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>resistance <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w AV0>forcibly <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w CRD>120 <w AJ0>female <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>to <w DT0>another <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="888"><w AT0>The <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>armed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>smuggled <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w NN2>explosives <w CJC>and <w NN2>bottles <w PRF>of <w NN1>acid<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w AJ0>male <w NN2>inmates<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VVD>blew <w AT0>a <w NN1>hole <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>wall <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>guerrilla-controlled <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="890"><w AJ0>Unofficial <w NN2>figures <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>at <w CRD>39<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>75 <w AJ0>wounded <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>sources <w AV0>abroad <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w CRD>80 <w NN2>guerrillas <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>60 <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>missing<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Cartagena<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>represented <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>150 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="892"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lima <w NN1>morgue <w VVD>showed <w NN2>reporters <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w CRD>36 <w NN0>people <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>autopsies <w AV0>apparently <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>siege <w VHD>had <w VVN>finished<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><w DT0>This <w VVD>gave <w NN1>credence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w AJ0>transferred <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>women <w NN2>prisoners <w PNQ>who <w VVD>told <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>workers <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w NN2>women <w VVB-NN1>surrender <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w AV0>officially <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="894"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w NP0>Janeth <w NP0>S&aacute;nchez <w NP0>Talavera<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>journalist <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sendero <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Abimael <w NP0>G&uacute;zman <w NP0-NN1>Renoso<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>prominent <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AV0>officially <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w NP0>Tito <w NP0>Travesano <w NP0>Valle<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yovanka <w NP0>Trujillo <w NP0-NN1>Pardave <w CJC>and <w NP0>Deodato <w NP0>Cruzatt <w NP0>Ju&aacute;rez<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01V>
<s n="896"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>anti-terrorist <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="897"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>crack <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso<c PUN>, <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>offences <w VBD>were <w VVN>increased <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>code <w VBD>was <w AV0>significantly <w VVN-VVD>modified<c PUN>, <w VVG>eliminating <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w VVG>dealing <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>disappearances<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>critics <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>practice <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>disappear<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>mostly <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>granted <w PNP>it <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w AJ0>future <w NN1>prosecution <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>abduct <w PNI>anyone <w PRP>with <w NN1>impunity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01W>
<s n="899"><w AJ0>Post-coup <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="900"><w UNC>**Oscar <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Puente <w NP0>Raygada <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Bolo&ntilde;a <w NP0>Bohr <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Briones <w NP0>Davila <w NN1>Interior
</p>
<p>
<s n="901"><w UNC>*Fernando <w NP0>Vega <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Gadea <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>E. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>V&iacute;ctor <w NP0>Malca <w NP0>Villanueva <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="902"><w UNC>*Alberto <w NN2>Varillas <w NP0>Montenegro <w NN1>Education
</p>
<p>
<s n="903"><w UNC>*Victor <w VVZ>Paredes <w NP0-NN1>Guerra <w NN1>Health
</p>
<p>
<s n="904"><w UNC>*Absalon <w NP0>V&aacute;squez <w NP0>Villanueva <w NN1>Agriculture
</p>
<p>
<s n="905"><w UNC>**Augusto <w NP0>Antoniolli <w NP0>V&aacute;squez <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Promotion
</p>
<p>
<s n="906"><w UNC>**Alfredo <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Antezana <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN1>Construction <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Yoshiyama <w NP0>Tanaka <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>August&iacute;n <w NP0>Sobero <w NP0>Taira <w NN2>Fisheries
</p>
<p>
<s n="907"><w UNC>*Jorge <w NN1-NP0>Camet <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Integration
</p>
<p>
<s n="908"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="909"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
<s n="910"><w UNC>&lt;NXR <w UNC>= <w ORD>Last <w NN1>article <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>reference <w NN1>article <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38248<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="911"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="912"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="913"><w NP0>COB <w NN1>congress
</head>
<p>
<s n="914"><w AT0>The <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>confederation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Confederation <c PUL>(<w NP0>COB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <c PUL>(<w AJ0>legal<c PUR>) <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NN1>Sucre <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-13<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>EFE <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w VVD>advocated <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>insurrection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="915"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VVD>urged <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w VVG>confronting <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VVI>end <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>war <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>population <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>method <w CJT>that <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>masses <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="916"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Yankee <w NN2>troops<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>anti-drug <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>eradicate <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>coca <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>the <w NN1>livelihood <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>60,000 <w NN1>peasant <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="917"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NN1>language <w AV0>at least<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VVN>marked <w AT0>a <w NN1>break <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>COB<w POS>'s <w NN1>accommodation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Accord <c PUL>(<w NP0>AP<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38718<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="918"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Oscar <w NN2>Salasas <w AT0>the <w NP0>COB<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>executive <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ex-Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>militant <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0-NN1>Alternative <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>moderates <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>militant <w NN2>sections<c PUN>.
<s n="919"><w UNC>=
</p>
<p>
<s n="920"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Parodi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN2>Workers <c PUL>(<w NP0>CGTP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>WFTU <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>previously <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>bloc <w NN2>countries <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>affiliates <w PRP>from <w NN1>Third-World <w NN2>countries<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>classic<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>traditional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>protest <w CJC>and <w NN2>struggles <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>realistic<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>concrete<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>neo-liberal <w NN2>policies <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>continent<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>warned <w NN2>delegates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38846<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBG>being <w VVN>repeated <w AV0>elsewhere <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w NP0>US <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38858-59<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="922"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="923"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="924"><w NP0-NN1>Aylwin<w POS>'s <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>visit
</head>
<p>
<s n="925"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Aylwin <w NP0-NN1>Az&oacute;car <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>since <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Chile <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>country <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VM0>would <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38761<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="926"><w AT0>A <w NN1>NAFTA <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="927"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="928"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="929"><w NN1>Corruption <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="930"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>into <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello<c PUN>, <w CRD>39<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w AJC>elder <w NN1>brother<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello<c PUN>, <w CRD>42<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>Cesar <w NP0>Farias <c PUL>(<w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NN0>PC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>treasurer<c PUN>.
<s n="931"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimize <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="932"><w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Collor <w VVD>stated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>repeat <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w PRP>for <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>proof<c PUN>.
<s n="933"><w DT0>This <w NN1>news <w VVD-VVN>sent <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets <w VVG>rising <w PRP>after <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>losses <w PRP>over <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>days <w PRP>due to <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VM0>could <w VVI>face <w NN1>impeachment <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
<s n="934"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Collor <w VDD>did <w VVI>claim <w CJT>that <w NN2>Farias<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>friend<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>bribe <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w UNC>US&dollar;25,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="935"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>interview <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>news <w NN1>magazine <w NN1-NP0>Veja <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Collor <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>Farias <w VHD>had <w VVN>pocketed <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>fund <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>to <w NN1>broker <w NN2-VVZ>contracts <w PRP>between <w AJ0>private <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>sharing <w NN2>commissions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="936"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>supporting <w NN1>evidence <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>videotape <w VVN-VVD>stored <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>bank <w NN1-VVB>vault<c PUN>.
<s n="937"><w PNP>He <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>but <w AV0>merely <w TO0>to <w VVI>remind <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>pledge <w TO0>to <w VVI>root <w AVP>out <w AJ0>official <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="938"><w PNP>He <w VVD>went <w AVP>on<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>accuse <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>habitual <w NN1>cocaine <w NN1>user <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970s<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>seduce <w DPS>his <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pedro<w POS>'s<c PUR>) <w NN1>wife<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="939"><w NP0>Leda <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>her <w NN1>son <w NP0>Pedro <w VBD>was <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>severe <w AJ0>emotional <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>removed <w PNP>him <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>family<w POS>'s <w NN0>media <w NN1>empire<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>pre-eminence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alagoas <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>quarters <w VVN>reported <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w NN1>business <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Farias<c PUN>.
<s n="940"><w TO0>To <w VVI>rebut <w DPS>his <w NN1>mother<w POS>'s <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Collor <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>consulted <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>specialists <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w AV0>mentally <w CJC>and <w AV0>physically <w VVB>fit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="941"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Collor<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>television <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN2>Ministers <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>inquiry <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>truth <w CJC>and <w VVB>examine <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>false <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foolish<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="942"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>press <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>damage<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused<c PUN>.
<s n="943"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>requested <w DT0>that <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Collor <w NN1>hand <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w AJ0>videotaped <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01X>
<s n="944"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NN1>Governor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="945"><w NP0-NN1>Edmundo <w NP0-NN1>Pinto<c PUN>, <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w AJ0>Amazonian <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>Acre<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Paulo <w NN1>hotel <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>hearing <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w VVG>involving <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="946"><w AT0>A <w DT0>few <w NN2>hours <w AV0>previously <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>videotape <w NN1>recording<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>wanting <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="947"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="948"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="949"><w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>European <w NN1>tour
</head>
<p>
<s n="950"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>Honduras <w CJC>and <w NP0>Panama <w VVD>undertook <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>European <w NN1-VVB>tour <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19-22<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>attended <w AJ0>top-level <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>French <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="951"><w DPS>Their <w AJ0>three-pronged <w NN1>diplomacy <w VVD>followed <w NN2>proposals <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AV0>still <w AJ0-VVN>required <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w NN1>member <w NN2>governments<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>an <w AJ0>EC-wide <w NN1>quota <w PRP>on <w NN1>banana <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>Latin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>America<c PUN>.
<s n="952"><w AJ0>So-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dollar <w NN2>bananas<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>Honduras <w CJC>and <w NP0>Panama <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador <w CJC>and <w NP0>Guatemala <w VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>banana <w NN2>imports <w PRP>according to <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="953"><w ZZ0>A <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>tariff <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVN>imposed <w PRP-AVP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>banana<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>imports <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <c PUL>(<w CJS>though <w XX0>not <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>African<c PUN>, <w NP0>Caribbean <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>ACP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>countries<c PUR>) <w CJS>except <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>consumed <w CRD>1,300,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN2>bananas <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>EC-wide <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>3,300,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUR>) <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>no <w NN1>tariff <w VBD>was <w VVN>levied<c PUN>.
<s n="954"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN2>quotas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="955"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Leonardo <w NP0>Callejas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Honduras <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w NN1>exclusion <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unacceptable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>catastrophic <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN2>producers <w VBD>were <w AV0>very <w AJ0>inefficient<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="956"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="957"><w AJ0>LATIN <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="958"><w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rio <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC
</head>
<p>
<s n="959"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>28-29 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w NP0>Rio <w NN1>Group <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>Panama <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peru <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>suspended<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>from <w CRD>four <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ireland<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w CRD>four <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>financed <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>line <w PRF>of <w NN1>credit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>EIB<c PUR>) <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;900,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="960"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w NN2>problems <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>different <w NN1>trade <w NN2>policies <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0-NN1>American <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="961"><w TO0>To <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>agreed <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>technology <w NN2-VVZ>transfers <w PRP>to <w NN2>offices <w VVN-VVD>located <w PRP>in <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uruguay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>training <w PRP>for <w AJ0>small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medium-sized <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="962"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="963"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w PNX>themselves<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>profoundly <w AJ0-VVN>preoccupied<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="964"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="965"><w NP0>CAYMAN <w NN2>ISLANDS
</head>
<p>
<s n="966"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Gore<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bahamas<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Scott <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="967"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="968"><w NP0>OAS
</head>
<p>
<s n="969"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="970"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="971"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="972"><w AJ0>Presidential<c PUN>, <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="973"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="974"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w NN1>contest <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>expected <w PRP>until <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>86 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVD-VVN>counted<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN2>tallies <w VVD>showed <w NP0>Ramos <w VVG>leading <w DPS>his <w AJS>closest <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eduardo<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Danding<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Cojuangco <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1-VVB>judge <w NP0>Miriam <w NP0>Defensor <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comfortable <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>margin<c PUN>.
<s n="975"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w DT0>some <w NN1>distance <w AV0>behind<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="976"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>registered <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>contest <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38768-69<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Estrada<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>later <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidature <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w NN1>vice-presidency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="977"><w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>Protestant <w PRP>from <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>patrician <w NN2>families<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>acquired <w AT0>a <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>scrupulous <w NN1>honesty <w PRP>throughout <w DPS>his <w NN1>career<c PUN>.
<s n="978"><w CJS>Although <w PRP>in <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>Constabulary <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marcos <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>untainted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>nepotism <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0-NN1>characteristic <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="979"><w CJS>As <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>mutiny <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>finally <w VVN-AJ0>driven <w NP0>Marcos <w PRP>from <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="980"><w AV0>Thereafter<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0>unswerving <w NN1>loyalty <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w NP0>Aquino<w POS>'s <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>numerous <w NN1>coup <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>against <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="981"><w PNP>He <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w DPS>his <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>.
<s n="982"><w PNP>He <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-AJ0>Laban <w NN0>ng <w NP0-NN1>Demokratikong <w NP0-NN1>Pilipino <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Filipino <w NN1>Struggle <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ramon <w NP0>Mitra<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="983"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w NP0>Aquino <w VVD>acknowledged <w DPS>her <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ramos <w PRP>by <w VVG>endorsing <w PNP>him <w CJS>as <w DPS>her <w AJ0>chosen <w NN1>successor <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38728-29<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLKCA01Y>
<s n="984"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>count
</caption>
<p>
<s n="985"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>90-day <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>began <w AV0>officially <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>culminated <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>polling <w NN1>day <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w PRP>By <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN2>standards <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting <w VBD>were <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w CJC>and <w AJ0>orderly <w NN1>fashion<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w AJ0>reported <w NN2>instances <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large-scale <w CJC>or <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
<s n="987"><w PRP>As of <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NN2>Elections <c PUL>(<w NP0>Comelec<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>watchdog <w NN1>agency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w VVD>calculated <w CJT>that <w CRD>103 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>election-related <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="988"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>themes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>degree <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>recently <w AJ0-VVN>re-established <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>safe <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>perceived <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>personifying <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>culture <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>steeped <w PRP>in <w NN1>patronage <w CJC>and <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="989"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cojuangco <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Marcos <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>illustrated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wealthy <w AJ0>political <w NN1>machine<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>significant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>two <w NN2>front-runners <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w VVD>stood <w PRP>as <w NN2>outsiders <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0>established <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="990"><w AV0-AJ0>Early <w VVZ-NN2>returns <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>contest <w VVD>showed <w NP0>Santiago <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w NP0>Ramos <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>margin<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cojuangco <w VVG>trailing <w DT0>some <w NN1>way <w AV0>behind <w PRP>in <w ORD>third <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="991"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Santiago<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>early <w VVB-NN1>lead <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NP0>Manila <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>count <w VVD-VVN>progressed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN2>returns <w VVD>showed <w DPS>her <w VHG>having <w VVN>slipped <w PRP>into <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>behind <w NP0>Ramos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cojuangco<c PUN>.
<s n="992"><w PNP>She <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>by <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w AV0>unfairly <w VVN>manipulated <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w AV0-AJ0>fast <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>rampant <w AJ0-VVG>cheating<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>counting <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="993"><w PNP>She <w VVD>described <w DPS>her <w NN1-VVB>protest <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>fast <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>death<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>abandoned <w DPS>her <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w TO0>to <w VVI>desist <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cardinal <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Sin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="994"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>confusion <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AJ0>different <w NN0>media <w NN2-VVZ>tallies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Comelec <w VHD>had <w VVN>prohibited <w DT0>all <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN1>vote <w VVZ-NN2>counts <w PRP>as of <w NN1>midday <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="995"><w AT0>The <w NN1>order <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN0>Media <w NN2>Citizens <w AJ0>Quick <w NN1-VVB>Count<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>organization <w VVN>accredited <w PRP>by <w NP0>Comelec<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>tabulate <w AJ0>unofficial <w AJ0>early <w NN2>returns<c PUN>.
<s n="996"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Quick <w NN1>Count <w NN1>organization <w VVN-VVD>suffered <w PRP>from <w NN1>computer <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN2>tallies <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>leak <w AVP>out <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>count<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="997"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>results <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>incomplete <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w NP0>Estrada <w VBD>was <w AV0>comfortably <w PRP>ahead of <w DPS>his <w NN2>rivals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w PRP>for <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>.
<s n="998"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LDP <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>17,000 <w AJ0>congressional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>posts <w AV0>also <w VBG>being <w VVN>decided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="999"><w DT0>This <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w DTQ>whichever <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN-AJ0>declared <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w CJC>or <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AT0>a <w NN1>legislature <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1000"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>problem <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>winner <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>certain <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>President <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>no <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w VVI>lack <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unequivocal <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>mandate <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Aquino <w VHD>had <w VVN>enjoyed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1001"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN1>instability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>this <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w VVN>heightened <w PRP>by <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP-AVP>over <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN2>losers <w VM0>would <w VVI>respond <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat<c PUN>.
<s n="1002"><w NP0>Santiago <w VHD>had <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w VVG-NN1>complaining <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>institutionalized <w NN1-VVG>tampering<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>count<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>orchestrate <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>disobedience <w TO0>to <w VVI>invalidate <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1003"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cojuangco<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AT0>no <w NN1>hesitation <w PRP>in <w VVG>spending <w AV0>lavishly <w PRP>in pursuit of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>overturn <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRP>through <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>insurrection<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w CJS>When <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>possibility <w AV0>by Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1-NP0>Review <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w NN1>capability<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w NN1>experience<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1005"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1006"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1007"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1008"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>over <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>territories
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1009"><w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3-5<c PUN>, <w VVG>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>longstanding <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AV0>most <w AJ0>southerly <w NN2>islands <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kurile <w NN1>chain <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1945<c PUN>.
<s n="1010"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>they <w VVD>achieved <w AT0>no <w NN1>breakthrough<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>prior to <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13-15<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA020></p>
<caption id=HLKCA020>
<s n="1011"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>by <w NP0>Miyazawa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1012"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>trip <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29-30 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w NP0>30-May <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1013"><w PRP>In <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AV0>both <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>discussed <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1014"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1015"><w NP0>NORTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1016"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inspection <w AJ0>ofnuclear <w NN2>facilities
</head>
<p>
<s n="1017"><w AT0>The <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w VVD>submitted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>thorough <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>industry <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Blix<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1018"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>signature <w CJC>and <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1>inspection <w NN2-VVZ>accords <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38818-19<c PUN>; <w CRD>38863<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1019"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w AJ0>detailed <w CJS>than <w VVN-AJ0>required<c PUN>, <w VVD>contained <w NN0>data <w PRP>on <w DT0>many <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>unknown <w NN2>facilities <w CJC>and <w VVD>included <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>installation <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Yongbyon<c PUN>, <w CRD>100 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pyongyang<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1020"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>defined <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yongbyon <w NN1>plant <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>radio-chemical <w NN1>laboratory<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>designed <w PRP>for <w NN1>research <w PRP>on <w VVG>separating <w AV0>very <w AJ0>small <w NN2>quantities <w PRF>of <w NN1>uranium <w CJC>and <w NN1>plutonium <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>waste<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yongbyon <w NN1>facility <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reprocessing <w NN1-VVB>plant <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>producing <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>plutonium<c PUN>.
<s n="1022"><w AV0>Immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<w POS>'s <w NN1>submission <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VDD>did <w VVI>reverse <w DPS>its <w AV0>previously <w VVN-AJ0>stated <w NN1>position <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>admitting <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>quantity <w PRF>of <w NN1>plutonium <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>produced <w PRP>for <w AJ0>experimental <w NN1>use <w AV0>only<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1023"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD>possessed <w CRD>four <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>reactors<c PUN>.
<s n="1024"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ageing <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet-supplied <w AJ0-NN1>8-megawatt <w NN1>plant<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>50-megawatt <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>200-megawatt <w NN1>plant<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w PRP>under <w NN1>construction<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>5-megawatt <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>uranium <w AJ0>experimental <w NN1>facility<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unknown <w AV0>internationally<c PUN>.
<s n="1025"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>plants <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w DT0>several <w NN1>uranium <w NN2>mines <w VVN-VVD>located <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1026"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN2>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w AV0>at least <w CRD>three <w AJ0>400-600-megawatt <w NN2>reactors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>delays<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1027"><w AT0>The <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>intelligence <w TO0>to <w VVI>detect <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>5-megawatt <w NN1>plant <w VVD-VVN>led <w DT0>some <w NN2>analysts <w TO0>to <w VVI>speculate <w AV0>that <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>real <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>potential <w VM0>might <w VVI>remain <w VVN-AJ0>hidden<c PUN>.
<s n="1028"><w NN2>Others<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>exaggerated <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w DPS>its <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>influence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1029"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sites <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>until <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w NP0-NN1>Blix <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w NN2>inspectors <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>courtesy <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-May<c PUN>.
<s n="1030"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>six-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Blix <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>findings<c PUN>.
<s n="1031"><w NN1-VVG>Speaking <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>reprocessing <w NN1>facility <w PNP>he <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>complete<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>certainly <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>terminology <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>reprocessing <w NN1>plant<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1032"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>found <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>contention <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>power <w NN1>generation<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w DT0>This <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electric <w NN1>power <w NN1>distribution <w NN2>grids <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>vicinity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>reactors<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>previously <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>officials<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA021></p>
<caption id=HLKCA021>
<s n="1034"><w NN1>Normalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1035"><w AT0>The <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>normalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14-15<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1036"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1037"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1038"><w NN1>Choice <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate
</head>
<p>
<s n="1039"><w ZZ0>A <w UNC>6,713-delegate <w VVG>nominating <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVD>chose <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1040"><w NP0>Kim <w VVD>received <w CRD>4,318 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CRD>66.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>2,214 <c PUL>(<w CRD>33.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w VVB>cast <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>only <w NN1>rival <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Chan<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>53 <w NN2>abstentions <w CJC>and <w CRD>28 <w AJ0-VVD>spoilt <w NN2>ballots<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seoul <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <w CJS>as <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w VVD>denounced <w NP0>Kim <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>traitor <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>disbanding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1042"><w NP0>Kim<c PUN>, <w CRD>65<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>contested <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<c PUN>.
<s n="1043"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1990 <w PNP>he <w VVD>merged <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w PRP>with <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DJP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>small <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37187-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1044"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w AV0>immediately <w VVD>became <w AJ0-NN1>favourite <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Roh <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w CJS>when <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w VVD>expired <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>delicate <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NP0>Roh <w VBD>was <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w AJ0>chosen <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
<s n="1045"><w NP0>Kim<w POS>'s <w NN2>years <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>dissident <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unpopular <w PRP>with <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NP0>DLP <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w NP0>DJP.Moreover<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DPS>its <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AV0>extensively <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>showing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1046"><w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Chan<c PUN>, <w CRD>56<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-term <w NN1>legislator <w PRP>from <w NP0>Seoul <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
<s n="1047"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>an <w AJ0>accomplished <w NN1>politician <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>hampered <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>background <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>graduate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Academy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1048"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w VVG>complaining <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>determined <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>backroom <w NN2-VVZ>deals<c PUN>.
<s n="1049"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>gave <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>independent<c PUN>.
<s n="1050"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>vote <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>already <w AT0>a <w NN1>possibility <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>candidacy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w NP0>Yung<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hyundai <w NN1>business <w NN1>group <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>Unification <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>all <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>real<c PUN>.
<s n="1051"><w NP0>Kim<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opponent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>left <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PNP>his <w AV0-AJ0>erstwhile <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>colleague <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>contested <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1052"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1053"><w NN1>NORTH-SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1054"><w ORD>Seventh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Armed <w NN1>clash <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Demilitarized <w NN1>Zone
</head>
<p>
<s n="1055"><w AT0>The <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w DT0>Yon <w NN1-VVB>Hyong <w NN1-NP0>Muk<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chung <w VVD>Won <w NP0-NN1>Shik<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seoul<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6-7 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38766-67<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1056"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVD-VVN>signed <w NN2>agreements <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN1>liaison <w NN2>offices <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Panmunjom <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w CRD>three <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>commissions <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>military<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>exchange <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1057"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w NN2>visits <w PRP>from <w DT0>some <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>around <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>reunite <w AJ0>dispersed <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1058"><w AT0>The <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reunion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dispersed <w NN2>families<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>political <w NN2>commentators<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>towards <w VVG>providing <w DT0>some <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>much <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w AJ0>succeeding <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1059"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Premiers <w VVD-VVN>failed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>narrow <w DPS>their <w NN2>differences <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections<c PUN>.
<s n="1060"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed <w AV0>further <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNCC<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38819<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1061"><w NN2>Meetings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>exchanges <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>subcommittees <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>recorded<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA022></p>
<caption id=HLKCA022>
<s n="1062"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN1>clash <w PRP>in <w NP0>DMZ
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1063"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>border <w NN1>incident <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>years <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>occurred <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Demilitarized <w NN1>Zone<c PUN>.
<s n="1064"><w CRD>Three <w NP0>North <w NN2>Koreans <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AV0>heavily <w VVN-AJ0>armed <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>patrol <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>infiltrated <w AT0>the <w NP0>DMZ <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>encountered <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>unit<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1065"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1066"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Nie
</head>
<p>
<s n="1067"><w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Nie <w NP0>Rongzhen<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>founding <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>93<c PUN>.
<s n="1068"><w NN1-NP0>Nie<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLA<w POS>'s <w CRD>10 <w NN2>marshals<c PUN>, <w VVD>relinquished <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>politburo <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1069"><w NN1-NP0>Nie <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w AJ0>moderate <w AJ0-AV0>close <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>elder <w NN1>statesman<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>; <w NN2>analysts <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unlikely <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DT0>any <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN1>impact<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA023><ptr target=HLKCA024></p>
<caption id=HLKCA023>
<s n="1070"><w NP0>Tibet
</caption>
<caption id=HLKCA024>
<s n="1071"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w NN1>report <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1072"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Tibet <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Tibetan <w NN2>monks <w CJC>and <w NN2>nuns<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1073"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>exiled <w AJ0>Tibetan <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w DPS>His <w NN1>Holiness <w NP0-NN1>Tenzin <w NP0-NN1>Gyatso<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating<c PUN>.
<s n="1074"><w NP0>Keating <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dalai <w NP0>Lama <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>recognized <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w NP0>Tibet<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>forthright <w PRP>in <w VVG>speaking <w AVP>out <w PRP>against <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>abuses<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1075"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1076"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1077"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w PRP>to <w NP0>China
</head>
<p>
<s n="1078"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Dashiyn <w NP0>Byambasuren <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0-NN1>Shangkun <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1-AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1079"><w NP0>Xinhua<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>by <w NP0>China <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1080"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1081"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1082"><w NN1>Revision <w PRF>of <w NN1>sedition <w NN1>law
</head>
<p>
<s n="1083"><w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>harsh <w NN1>sedition <w NN1>law <c PUL>(<w NN1>Article <w CRD>100 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>code<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>revised <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1084"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>into <w NN1>law <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>article<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN1>independence <w CJC>or <w NN1>advocation <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>offence<c PUN>.
<s n="1085"><w AV0>Only <w DT0>those <w VVG>advocating <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>sedition <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>for <w NN1>punishment <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>code<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1086"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRP>under <w NN1>Article <w CRD>100 <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Huang <w NP0>Hwa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>dissident<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1087"><w NP0-NN1>Huang <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>raising <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN1>independence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37917<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1088"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more than <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>under <w NN1>Article <w CRD>100 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1089"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1090"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1091"><w AJ0>UK-Vietnamese <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees
</head>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forcible <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>refugees<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1093"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVD>specified <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>immigrants <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>qualified <w PRP>for <w NN1>resettlement <w PRP>in <w ORD>third <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN2>returns <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>under <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>dignity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1094"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w CRD>55,462 <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w PRF>Of <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w CRD>3,434 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>designated <w CJS>as <w AJ0>genuine <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w CRD>22,466 <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w AT0>the <w NN1>screening <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>designated <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>migrants<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>29,562 <w VVD>awaited <w NN1-VVG>screening<c PUN>.
<s n="1096"><w NP0>Alistair <w NP0>Asprey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w VVB>forecast <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>repatriated <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1097"><w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>on <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>repatriation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38531<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Vietnam <w VHD>had <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w AV0>only <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>arrivals <w CJC>and <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>double-backers<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>arrivals <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN1>agreement <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>only <w CRD>seven <w PRP>between <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>mid-May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>3,920 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>corresponding <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA025></p>
<caption id=HLKCA025>
<s n="1099"><w NN1-VVB>Launch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-Chinese <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1100"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pro-Chinese <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Betterment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <c PUL>(<w NP0>DABHK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1101"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>DABHK<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Tsang <w AJ0>Yok-sing<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>backed <w AV0>openly <w PRP>by <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="1102"><w AJ0>Pro-Chinese <w NN2>elements <w VHD>had <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>convened <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w CJC>and <w PRP>through <w AJ0>complex <w NN2>webs <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>professional<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1103"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1104"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1105"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1106"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>normalized <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1107"><w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Linh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPV<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1108"><w NP0>Linh <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>as <w NP0>CPV <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN1>adviser <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1-AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1109"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLA<c PUR>) <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1110"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>PLA <w NN1>delegation <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1111"><w AJ0>Commercial <w NN1>air <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VVN>cut <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>restored <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1112"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w AV0>further <w VVD>eased <w DPS>its <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>commercial <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w NN1>medicine <w CJC>and <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>supplies <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AJ0>basic <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>needs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed<c PUN>.
<s n="1113"><w NN2>Restrictions <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>non-governmental <w CJC>and <w AJ0>non-profit <w NN2>organizations <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1114"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokesperson <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Tutwiler <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>relaxation <w VVD>reflected <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>strengthened <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>helping <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN-VVD>listed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="1115"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38865<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1116"><w AT0>The <w ORD>17th <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>US-Vietnamese <w NN1>search <w PRP>for <w NN2>MIAs <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38865 <w PRP>for <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1117"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>team <w VHD>had <w VVN>investigated<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>11 <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w PRP>on <w NN2>sightings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>live <w NN2>Americans<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>cities <w CJC>and <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1118"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1119"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1120"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1121"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>credit <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>5,860,000 <w AJ0>special <w NN1>drawing <w NN2>rights <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;8,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1122"><w AT0>The <w NN1>credit<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fund<w POS>'s <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>the <w ORD>third<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>final<c PUN>, <w NN1>instalment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NP0>SAF <w NN1-VVB>credit <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>SDR20,510,000 <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1123"><w NN2>Loans <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>SDR14,650,000 <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>disbursed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38150<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1124"><w AT0>The <w NN1>press <w NN1>release <w VVD>provided <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>appraisal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>growth <w VHD>had <w VVN>recovered <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>rate <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>during <w CRD>1989-91<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>inflation <w VVD-VVN>declined <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>from <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w AV0>about <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1126"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w CRD>6.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w CRD>6-7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>external <w NN2>payments <w NN1-VVB>position<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1127"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1128"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1129"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>liberalization
</head>
<p>
<s n="1130"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>liberalization <w NN1>policy <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saw <w VVD>Maung <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>SLORC <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38865-66<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1131"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1132"><w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>figure <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>since <w CRD>mid-1989<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>permitted <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Aris<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>sons <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1133"><w PNP>She <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w NN2>visits <w PRP>from <w DPS>her <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1134"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aris <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>resolved <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>her <w NN1-VVB>endeavour <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>happiness <w PRP>in <w DPS>her <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SLORC <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>offered <w DPS>her <w NN1>freedom <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>exile<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Aris <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w AV0>never <w VVD>discussed <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>because <w PNP>she <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>negotiable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA026></p>
<caption id=HLKCA026>
<s n="1136"><w NN2>Details <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1137"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>SLORC <w VVD>issued <w DT0>more <w NN2>details <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1138"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>co-ordination <w NN1>meeting<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>SLORC-appointed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1139"><w NP0>Myo <w NP0>Nyunt<c PUN>, <w NP0>SLORC <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-VVB>Minister<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>: <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shan <w NN2>Nationalities <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Union <w NP0>Pa-O <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Khami <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shan <w NN1>State <w VVB-NN1>Kokang <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w NP0>La-Hu <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1140"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AT0>no <w AJC>later <w CJS>than <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-ordination <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1141"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1142"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1143"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India
</head>
<p>
<s n="1144"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Begum <w NP0>Khaleda <w NP0>Zia <w VVD>visited <w NP0>India <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26-28 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>her <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>counterpart <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1145"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>evolve <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>comprehensive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>plan<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sharing <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w NN2>resources<c PUN>; <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>within <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>stipulated <w NN1>time-frame<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1146"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>task <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN1>border <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>insurgents <w VVG>operating <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Bangladeshi <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>crossing <w PRP>into <w NP0>India<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA027></p>
<caption id=HLKCA027>
<s n="1147"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1148"><w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0-NN1>Vellayati<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17-18 <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Begum <w NP0>Zia <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdur <w NP0>Rahman <w NP0>Biswas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1149"><w NP0>Vellayati<w POS>'s <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Zia <w VBD>were <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1-NP0>Rohingya <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>from <w NP0>Myanma <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38866<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1150"><w NN2>Vellayati <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD-VVN>visited <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>refugee <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cox<w POS>'s <w NN1>Bazar <w NN1>district<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1151"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1152"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1153"><w AJ0>Financial <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1154"><w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w VBD>were <w VVN>hit <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w PRP>by <w DTQ>what <w NN2>commentators <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>slump <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bombay <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1155"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w VVD>stemmed <w PRP>from <w AJ0>unsecured <w NN2>loans <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w AJ0>state-owned <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks <c PUL>(<w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w AJ0>national <w NN1>Housing <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>United <w AJ0>Commercial <w NN1>Bank<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>stockbrokers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harshad <w NP0>Mehta<c PUN>.
<s n="1156"><w NP0-NN1>Mehta <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>fully <w AJ0-NN1>cognisant<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>dealings<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN2>bankers<w POS>' <w NN2>receipts <w PRP>as <w NN1>collateral <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w NN1>share <w NN2-VVZ>purchases <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bombay<w POS>'s <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="1157"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>securities <w AV0>supposedly <w VVG>backing <w AT0>the <w NN2>receipts <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>exist <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>purchased<c PUN>.
<s n="1158"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Manmohan <w NP0>Singh <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>pursue <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>fraud <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>bank <w NN2>officials <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>securities <w VVG-NN1>trading <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1159"><w PRP>By <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bombay <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>index <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,047 <w NN2>points <w CJC>or <w AV0>almost <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<w POS>'s <w NN1>capitalization <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w ORD>first <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1160"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>government <w NN1>intervention <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>warding <w AVP-PRP>off <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>crash <w PRP>in <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>trading <w VVD-AJ0>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>nervous <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mehta <w VM0>would <w VVI>dump <w NN2>holdings <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w DPS>his <w NN1>bank <w NN2>debts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w UNC>Rs6,200 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;214,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="1161"><w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets <w VBD>were <w VVN>closed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>in <w NN2>prices<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w NP0>Mehta <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bombay <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVD>seized <w DPS>his <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1162"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>accompanying <w NN1>crash <w VVD>came <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Singh<w POS>'s <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>economy <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in addition <w VVN-VVD>hurt <w DT0>many <w AJC>smaller<c PUN>, <w AJ0>first-time <w NN2>investors <w VVN>attracted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>soaring <w NN1>bull <w NN1>market <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Mehta <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>driving <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA028></p>
<caption id=HLKCA028>
<s n="1163"><w NN1>Seizure <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NP0-NN1>Carbide <w NN2>assets
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1164"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bhopal <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>assets <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>company <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NP0-NN1>Carbide<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>valued <w PRP>at <w UNC>Rs420,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;14,500,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>employees <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1984 <w NN1-VVB>poison <w NN1>gas <w NN1>leak <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w AV0>more than <w CRD>3,800 <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33647-48<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1165"><w AT0>The <w NN1>order <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Union <w NP0-NN1>Carbide <w VBD>was <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>subsidiary <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>trust <w PRP>for <w VVG>building <w AT0>a <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>for <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>forestall <w NN1>seizure <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA029></p>
<caption id=HLKCA029>
<s n="1166"><w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w NN1>university <w VVG>following<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1167"><w NP0>Jamia <w NP0>Millia <w NP0>Islamia <w NN1>University <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>closed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>issuing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>students <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>pro-Vice-Chancellor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Professor <w NP0>Mushirul <w NP0>Hasan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>blasphemy<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian-born <w AJ0>British <w NN1>novelist <w NP0>Salman <w NP0>Rushdie<w POS>'s <w NN1>novel <w AT0>The <w AJ0>Satanic <w NN2>Verses <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w ZZ0>p <w CRD>36450<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02A>
<s n="1168"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>Tigers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1169"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>Tigers<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>declared <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unlawful <w NN1>association<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1170"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NN1>Home <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>S. <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Chavan <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJC>larger <w NN1>objective <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w VVD>went <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN1>homeland <w PRP>in <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w CJC>and <w AV0>hence <w VVN-VVD>posed <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>.
<s n="1171"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chavan <w VVD>cited <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w VBD>was <w AJ0>encouraging <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Nadu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w NN2-VVZ>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Assam <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULFA<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02B>
<s n="1172"><w NP0>Gandhi <w NN1>assassination <w NN2>charges
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1173"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w NP0>India <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>charged <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vellupillai <w NP0-NN1>Prabhakaran <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pottu <w NP0>Amman<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rajiv <w NP0>Gandhi <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38175<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1174"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN0>M. <w CRD>M. <w NP0>Jacob<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>steps<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w DPS>their <w NN1>capture <w CJC>and <w NN1>extradition <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w AT0>The <w NN1>charge <w NN1>sheet <w VVD>cited<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>organizational <w NN1>motive<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>cause <w PRP>for <w NP0>Gandhi<w POS>'s <w NN1>murder<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN1>cause <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>let <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1176"><w CRD>Five <w NP0>Sri <w NN2>Lankans <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in connection with <w NP0>Gandhi<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02C><ptr target=HLKCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02C>
<s n="1177"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLKCA02D>
<s n="1178"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pakistan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1179"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>diplomat <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>accused <w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>abducting <w CJC>and <w VVG>torturing <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="1180"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Pakistani <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Rajesh <w NP0-NN1>Mittal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w NN1>counsellor <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>high <w NN1>commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>caught <w VVG>receiving <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>classified <w NN2>documents <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w DPS>his <w NN1>identity<c PUN>.
<s n="1181"><w NP0-NN1>Mittal <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>from <w AV0>outside <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w VVN-AJ0>beaten <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>tortured <w PRP>with <w AJ0>electric <w NN2>shocks <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w VVN>left <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="1182"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w NP0>India <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>by <w VVG>expelling <w PRP>from <w NP0>Delhi <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN2>diplomats <w PRF>of <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>rank<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w VVN>called <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD-VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>week<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02E>
<s n="1183"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>rocket <w NN2>deliveries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1184"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>State <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Gennady <w NP0-NN1>Burbulis <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
<s n="1185"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w NN2>payments <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>freely <w AJ0>convertible <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>find<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>mutually <w AJ0>advantageous<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>solutions <w PRP>to <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>problems <w PRP>including <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>technology <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w NN2>spares<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1186"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>honour <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>engine <w NN1>technology <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&dollar;250 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NP0>US <w NN2>threats <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="1187"><w PRP>Despite <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>technology <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>space <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVD-VVN>violated <w NN1>Missile <w NN1>Technology <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Regime <c PUL>(<w NP0>MTCR<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>rules <w PRP>against <w NN1>missile <w NN1>technology <w NN1>proliferation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>including <w AJ0>two-year <w NN2>bans <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>US-licensed <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Research <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ISRO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Glavkosmos<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02F>
<s n="1188"><w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1189"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ramaswamy <w NP0>Venkataraman <w VVD>paid <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18-23<c PUN>.
<s n="1190"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Venkataraman <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w NN1>stability <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
<s n="1191"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>China <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>long-running <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>talks <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38683<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02G><ptr target=HLKCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02G>
<s n="1192"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLKCA02H>
<s n="1193"><w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>college <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Delhi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pondicherry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1194"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AV0>most <w AJ0>populous <w NN1>union <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pondicherry <w CJC>and <w NP0>Delhi<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>; <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pondicherry <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NP0>Delhi <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>assemblies <w VM0>would <w AV0>thereby <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02J>
<s n="1195"><w NN1-NP0>Orissa <w NN1>liquor <w NN2>deaths
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1196"><w PRP>By <w NP0>May <w CRD>10 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJC>and <w CRD>hundreds <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>after <w VVG>drinking <w AJ0>poisonous <w NN1>liquor <w VVN-VVD>laced <w PRP>with <w NN1>methyl <w NN1>alcohol <w PRP>in <w NP0>Orissa<c PUN>.
<s n="1197"><w NN2>Police <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>13 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVD>closed <w AVP>down <w DT0>all <w NN1>liquor <w NN2>shops<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1198"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1199"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1200"><w NN1>Departure <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>JIP <w PRP>from <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>coalition
</head>
<p>
<s n="1201"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NP0-NN1>Jamaat-i <w NP0>Islami <w NP0>Pakistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>JIP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>second-strongest <w NN1>party <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Pakistani <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eight-party <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>IDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1202"><w VVB>JIP <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Liaquat <w NP0-NN1>Baluch <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>betrayed <w NP0>Afghanistan<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AV0>militantly <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>mujahedeen <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Hezb-i <w NP0-NN1>Islami <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>installed <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>forging <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>among <w DT0>all <w AJ0>mujahedeen <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="1203"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>JIP <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Mian <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>Islamization <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IDA <w NN1>election <w NN1>manifesto<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1204"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w VVB>JIP <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>members <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>retained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="1205"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>League <w NN1>party <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rival <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>League <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1-NP0>Hekmatyar<c PUN>.
<s n="1206"><w PRP>In <w NN1>response<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JIP <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0-NN1>Amir <w NP0>Kazi <w AJ0-NN1>Hussain <w NN1>Ahmad <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Afghan <w AJ0-NN1>mujahedeen <w NN2>groups<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02K>
<s n="1207"><w AJ0>Mass <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w NP0>PPP <w NN2>supporters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1208"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VVN>arrested <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,000 <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>) <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w NP0>PPP <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>protest <w NN2>rallies <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>ballot-rigging <w PRP>in <w AJC>earlier <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1209"><w NP0>Bhutto <w AV0>also <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>fabricating<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>encounter <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8-9 <w PRP>with <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Zulfiqar<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>terrorist <w NN1>organization <w VVN>alleged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>militant <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bhutto <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>disbanded <w AV0>almost <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>seven <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>justify <w DPS>its <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02L>
<s n="1210"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1211"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sartaj <w NP0>Aziz <w VVD>presented <w DPS>his <w NN1>budget <w NN1>statement <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992/93 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1212"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>Rs292,910 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;6,900 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN1>government <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>Rs <w CRD>89,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>funded <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>borrowing <w UNC>Rs65,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVG>raising <w UNC>Rs17,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN2>taxes <w CJC>and <w VVG>trimming <w UNC>Rs6,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>development <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="1213"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w VVD>represented <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>figure <w PNP>it <w VVD>believed <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
<s n="1214"><w VVB-NN1>Aziz <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991/92 <w NN1>deficit <w VHD>had <w VVN>overshot <w DPS>its <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w CRD>4.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJC>closer <w PRP>to <w CRD>6.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1215"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>spending <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>Rs76,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1216"><w AT0>The <w AV0>very <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>tax <w NN1>base <w VVD>meant <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>reliance <w PRP>on <w AJ0>massive <w NN2>borrowings <w CJC>and <w AJ0>indirect <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>.
<s n="1217"><w NN2>Measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>generate <w AJC>further <w NN1>revenue <w VVD>included <w AJC>higher <w NN1>excise <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>duties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>retail <w NN0>sales <w NN1-VVB>tax<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>computerization <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>.
<s n="1218"><w NN2>Incentives <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>plan <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN2>companies <w VBD>were <w VVN>promised <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w NN2>reductions <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w CRD>11-15 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points<c PUN>.
<s n="1219"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w AV0>also <w VVD>allowed <w AJ0>key <w NN1>government <w NN2>monopolies <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN2>resources <w PRP>according to <w DPS>their <w NN1>investment <w VVZ-NN2>needs <w PRP>without <w NN2>limitations <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN2>controls<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1220"><w NP0-NN1>Aziz <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN2>resources <w PRP>from <w AJ0>rich <w PRP>to <w AJ0>poor <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w AV0>accordingly <w VVD>avoided <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unpopular <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="1221"><w AJ0>Urban <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1>farm <w NN1>income <w VBD>were <w VVN>ignored<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Aziz <w VDD>did <w VVI>announce <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxation <w PRP>under <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>foundations <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AV0>hitherto <w VHD>had <w VVN>run <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tax-exempt <w NN2>businesses<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1222"><w AT0>A <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN2>estimates <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>likely <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>a <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>court <w NN1>order <w VVG-NN1>outlawing <w NN1>interest<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>forbidden <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>law <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38683-84<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02M>
<s n="1223"><w NN0>Series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>defence <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1224"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>Sayed <w NP0>Ghaus <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Shah<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>.
<s n="1225"><w AV0>Later <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Ground <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Muhittin <w NP0>Fisunoglu<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>.
<s n="1226"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Farooq <w NP0>F. <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1227"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1228"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1229"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN2>developments
</head>
<p>
<s n="1230"><w NN2>Events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w VBD>were <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>ethnic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>factions <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN2>positions <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38847-48<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLKCA02N><s n="1231"><w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Masud <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Yahya <w NP0>Nawroz <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Yaser <w NN1>Construction <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Faruq <w NN1>Water <w CJC>and <w NN1>Electricity <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Sayd <w NP0>Solayman <w NP0>Gaylani <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Musa <w NP0>Tawana <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Shah <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Anwar <w NN1>Observation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Martyrs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Disabled <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Abdol <w NP0>Ahad <w NP0>Khan <w NP0-NN1>Karzay <w NN1>Border <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Zabihollah <w NP0>Hadi <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Construction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Akram <w NN1>Communication <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Mawlawi <w NP0>Arsala <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Endowment <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1232"><w NP0>Hamidollah <w NP0>Rahimi <w NN1-VVB>Finance <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Mawlawi <w NP0-NN1>Jalaloddin <w NP0>Haqani <w NP0-NN1>Justice <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Haji <w NP0>Abdol <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>Beg <w NN1>City <w NN1>Construction <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Rahmatollah <w NP0>Khan <w NP0>Wahedyar <w NP0-NN1>Returnee <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Haji <w NP0>Solayman <w AJ0-NN1>Light <w NN2>Industries <w CJC>and <w NN2>Foodstuffs <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Najibullah <w NP0>Mojaddedi <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Health <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Mawlawi <w NP0-NN1>Abdol <w NP0>Manan <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Sediq <w NP0>Chakari <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NP0>Wakil <w NP0>Shahbaz <w NN1>Commerce <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>)
</p>
<caption id=HLKCA02N>
<s n="1233"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1234"><w UNC>*Abdol <w NN1-NP0>Qayum <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Training <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w NP0>Mawlawi <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Mir <w NP0>Minister-Councillor <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1235"><w UNC>*Abdol <w NP0>Hay <w NP0>Minister-Adviser <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1236"><w UNC>*Shaykh <w NP0>Nur <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Taqadossi <w NP0>Minister-Adviser <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1237"><w UNC>*Appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02P>
<s n="1238"><w NN1>Leadership <w NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1239"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUR>) <w VVD>reached <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peshawar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38847<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>state <w VM0>would <w VVI>rest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>51-member <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>IJC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Seghbatullah <w NP0>Mujjaddedi<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>IJC <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Burhanuddin <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w NP0-NN1>Jamiat-i <w NP0-NN1>Islami<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1240"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Mujjaddedi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>remain <w PRP>as <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>president <w PRP>for <w AJC>longer <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>specified <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>(<w DT0>most <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>capacity<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>commentators <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Press <w NN1>Trust <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1242"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w NN1>Leadership <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w CJC>and <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>IJC <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>power <w NN2-VVZ>centres <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NP0>Kabul <w NN1>City <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Commission <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Masud <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w AJ0>military <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>regime<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>commanders<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02R>
<s n="1244"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>state <w NN1>structure <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Islamization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1245"><w PRP>At <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Leadership <w NN1>Council <w AV0>formally <w VVN>abolished <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>its <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN1>apparatus<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hezb-e <w NP0>Watan<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>laws <w CJC>and <w NN2>resolutions <w PRP>contrary to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sharia <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>law<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1246"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>court<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="1247"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VVD>banned <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w CJC>and <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>alcohol <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>sisters<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>strictly <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w NP0>Sharia <w NP0>Hejab <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>dress<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02S>
<s n="1248"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>forces <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Masud
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1249"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>forces <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Masud <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NP0-NN1>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1250"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w NP0>Masud <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>pushing <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Kabul <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38847-48<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1251"><w VVB-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>hardliner <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUN>, <w VVD>regrouped <w DPS>his <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hills <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w CJC>and <w VVD>began <w VVG>issuing <w NN2>demands <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>principal <w PRP>among <w PNP>them <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kabul <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1-NP0>Uzbek <w NN0>militia <w NN1>leader <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fought <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w NN1>regime <w CJS>until <w AJ0-VVG>switching <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Masud <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38847<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1252"><w NP0-NN1>Dostam<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Masud <w VHD>had <w VVN>signalled <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Hekmatyar <w VVD>accused <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w AJ0>communist <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>war <w NN1>criminal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1253"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w VVD>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>artillery <w NN1>barrage <w PRP>on <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-5<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>more than <w CRD>70 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>400<c PUN>.
<s n="1254"><w NN2>Fighters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Masud <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Dostam <w VVD>counterattacked<c PUN>.
<s n="1255"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>visiting <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tentative <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w CJC>and <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD-VVN>opened <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1256"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>brokered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jalaluddin <w NP0-NN1>Haqqani<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>mediation <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1257"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Haqqani <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Masud <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>upon<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVN>signed<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-point <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1258"><w DT0>This <w NN1>pact <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVG>confronting <w PNX>each other <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>force <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
<s n="1259"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21-22 <w AJ0>small<c PUN>, <w AJ0>localized <w NN2>clashes <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1260"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>further <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>jeopardized <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w VVD>promoted <w NP0-NN1>Dostam <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>general<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1261"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Masud<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NN2>mediators <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AJ0>face-to-face <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
<s n="1262"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>seven <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1263"><w NN2>Details <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VHD>had <w AV0>finally <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Dostam <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>moved <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
<s n="1264"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02T>
<s n="1265"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mujjaddedi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1266"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>.
<s n="1267"><w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>brought <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w NN1>cargo <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>medicine<c PUN>, <w VVD>congratulated <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>on <w VVG>toppling <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>plea <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <c PUL>(<w NN2>POWs<c PUR>) <w VVD>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin<c PUN>.
<s n="1269"><w CRD>One <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>POW <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1270"><w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26-27<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>country <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38848 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Pakistani <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kabul<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Peshawar <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="1272"><w CJS>As <w DPS>his <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>reached <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>rocket<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>landed <w AV0>safely<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1273"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1274"><w NP0>KAZAKHSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1275"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>exploration <w NN2>agreements
</head>
<p>
<s n="1276"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>oil <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>explore <w CJC>and <w VVI>produce <w NN1>oil <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w AV0>as yet <w AJ0>unexploited <w NN2>fields <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1277"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>company <w NN1>Elf <w NP0>Aquitaine <w VHD>had <w VVN>negotiated <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Aktyubinsk <w NN1-VVB>oblast <c PUL>(<w NN1>region<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>field<c PUN>.
<s n="1278"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>company <w NN1-NP0>Chevron <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kazakh <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Tengiz <w CJC>and <w NP0>Korolev <w NN2>fields <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>4,000 <w NN0>sq km <w NN1>exploration <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="1279"><w NN2>Discussions <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Chevron <w NN1>deal <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>renewed <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w VVD-AJ0>allowed <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>resources <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w PRP>to <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><w AT0>The <w NN2>deals <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w AV0>up to <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>expected <w NN2>profits<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02U>
<s n="1281"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1282"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN1>State <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
<s n="1283"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Sagadat <w NP0>Nurmagambetov<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38538 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>initially <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Col.-Gen. <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>appointed <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1284"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVN-AJ0>transferred <w DT0>all <w AJ0>military <w NN2>formations <w CJC>and <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh <w NN1>territory <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w VVG>incorporating <w PNP>them <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1285"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD>became<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>interim<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN2>troops <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1286"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decree <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>managing <w AJ0>strategic <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>nuclear<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in accordance with <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>between <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>member-states <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>preserved<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear-armed <w NN2>formations<c PUN>.
<s n="1287"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w NN1>START <w NN1>protocol <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38937<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1288"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w UNC>Nazarbayev&lt;&dollar;<c PUN>! <w UNC>= <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>40th <w NN1>Army <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Turkestan <w AJ0>military <w NN1>district <w NN1-VVB>command <w CJC>and <w VVD>subordinated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1289"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>40th <w NN1>Army <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>future <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>President <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>incumbent <w VVN>remained<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02V>
<s n="1290"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1291"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Shumov <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Bersenev <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02W>
<s n="1292"><w NN1>Doubling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>wage
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1293"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>monthly <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>income <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w VVN>doubled <w PRP>to <w CRD>600 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w NN1-VVG>raising <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w VVG>regulating <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1294"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1295"><w NP0>TAJIKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1296"><w AJ0>Violent <w NN2>demonstrations <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1297"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w VVD>organized <w PRP>by <w NN2>activists <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>ex-Communist<c PUR>) <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rakhmon <w NP0>Nabiyev<w POS>'s <w NN1>regime <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>eight <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>posts <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VVD>remained <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02X>
<s n="1298"><w NN1>Background <w PRP>to <w NN2>demonstrations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1299"><w NN2>Rallies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AV0>repeatedly <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>26 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sarafali <w NP0>Kenjayev<c PUN>.
<s n="1300"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenjayev <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mamadayez <w NP0>Navjuvanov <w PRF>of <w VVG>exceeding <w DPS>his <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
<s n="1301"><w NP0>Navjuvanov <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w DT0>this <w NN1>event <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sparked <w AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shahidan <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Martyrs<w POS>'<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN1>Square<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1302"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Renaissance <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rastokhez <c PUL>(<w NN1>Renaissance<c PUR>) <w NN1>Movement <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>organized <w AT0>the <w NN2>rallies<c PUN>.
<s n="1303"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>demanded <w NP0>Kenjayev<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>freeing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dushanbe<w POS>'s <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maksud <w NP0>Ikramov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38811<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1304"><w NP0>Nabiyev <w VVD>noted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands <w VBD>were <w AJ0>inconsistent<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>any <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1305"><w NP0>Kenjayev <w VVD>resigned <w AV0>both <w CJS>as <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w NP0-NN1>Presidium <w NN1>member <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRF>of <w CRD>16 <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>ministers <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21 <c PUL>(<w VHG>having <w VVN>issued <w AT0>an <w NN1>ultimatum<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kenjayev<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>22 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>representation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ikramov<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w NP0>Navjuvanov<w POS>'s <w NN2>cases <w CJC>and <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w VVD-VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>13 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gorny <w NP0>Badakhshan <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>oblast <c PUL>(<w NN1>region<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>upgrade <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Badakhshan <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1307"><w NP0>Kenjayev <w VVD>became <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1308"><w DPS>His <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Stroikin<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>taking <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w VVD>flared <w AVP>up <w AV0>again <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0-VVD>closed <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nabiyev <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-month <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>rule<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kenjayev <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinstated <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Chair <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>bloc <w VBD>were <w AJ0>absent <w PRP>from <w DT0>these <w NN2>sessions<c PUN>.
<s n="1311"><w AT0>A <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in addition to <w DT0>those <w PRP>for <w CJC>and <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VVB>settle <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>without <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLKCA02Y>
<s n="1312"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>skirmishes <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Shooting <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1313"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>skirmishes <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w AJ0>large <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w NN2>counter-demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>up to <w CRD>100,000 <w NN0>people <w VVG>gathering <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1314"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN0>militia <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AJ0>large <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1315"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>10 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <w NN0>headquarters<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>refuge<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="1316"><w NP0>KGB <w NN2-VVZ>troops <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VVD>fired <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w AV0>up to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
<s n="1317"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Dushanbe <w NN1>garrison <w NN1>commander <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Vyacheslav <w NP0>Zabolotny<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w NN2>tanks <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <w NN0>headquarters <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>erupt <w CJS>when <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
<s n="1318"><w PNP>He <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>fired <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>acted <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>intermediary <w PRP>in <w VVG>organizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA030></p>
<caption id=HLKCA030>
<s n="1319"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>ministers <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Establishing <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Majlis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1320"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10-11 <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1321"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Procurator <w NN1>General <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Television <w CJC>and <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Chair<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>.
<s n="1322"><w NN2>Posts <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1323"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Majlis<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w NN2>journalists <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>experts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1324"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>80-seat <w NN1>Majlis <w VM0>would <w VVI>consist <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>sit <w PRP>until <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1325"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>IRP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Davlat <w NP0-NN1>Usmon<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>supervise <w NN1>security <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="1326"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>envisaged <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1-AJ0>multiparty <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Majlis-i <w NP0-NN1>Milli <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1327"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN1>Islam <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kazi <w NP0-NN1>Akbar <w NP0>Turandjonzonda<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>instrumental <w PRP>in <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA031></p>
<caption id=HLKCA031>
<s n="1328"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>dissent
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1329"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>local <w NN2>soviets <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Khodjent <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Leninabad<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kulyab <w NN2-VVZ>oblasts <c PUL>(<w NN2>regions<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="1330"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>regions <w VBD>were <w AV0>more <w AV0>industrially <w VVN-AJ0>developed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>russified <w CJC>and <w VVD>showed <w AV0>little <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>IRP<c PUN>.
<s n="1331"><w NN1-NP0>Khodjent <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NP0>Nabiyev<w POS>'s <w NN1>home <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1332"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1333"><w NP0>TURKMENISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1334"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1335"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>for <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1336"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>him <w AV0>both <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>abolished <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>.
<s n="1337"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w PRP>except <w DT0>those <w VVG>altering <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NN2>judges <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrations<c PUN>.
<s n="1338"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>enjoy <w DT0>less <w NN1>power <w CJS>than <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>local <w NN2>Soviets<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1339"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Majlis<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>consisted <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN2>deputies <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN1>district <w NN2>constituencies <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="1340"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>supreme <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Khalk <w NP0>Maslakhaty<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>consisted <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w CRD>50 <w AV0>separately <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>chairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Procurator <w NN1>General <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="1341"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1342"><w PRP>Until <w DPS>its <w NN1>formation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>duties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1343"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>Majlis <w PRP>as of <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1344"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w PRP>with <w NN2>candidates <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Majlis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1345"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w AV0>unanimously<c PUN>, <w NN2>fears <w VBD>were <w VVN>raised <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>infringe <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>.
<s n="1346"><w AV0>Only <w NN2>Turkmen <w NN2>citizens <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Russian <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>language <w PRP>for <w AJ0>inter-ethnic <w NN1>communication<c PUN>.
<s n="1347"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>property <w VVD>violated <w AT0>the <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0-VVN>assured <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1348"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1349"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w NP0>ASIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1350"><w NN1>Summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1351"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Askhabad <c PUL>(<w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>.
<s n="1352"><w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>suffering <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>crises<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unrepresented<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w NP0>Iran <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>signed <w NN2>memoranda <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1354"><w AT0>The <w NN2>participants <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>intent <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>initiate <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w NN1>transport <w NN2>links <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>gas <w NN1>pipeline<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>vying <w PRP>for <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1357"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1358"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1359"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <w NN1>affair<c PUQ>&quot;
</head>
<p>
<s n="1360"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>blow <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Graham <w NP0>Richardson<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>.
<s n="1361"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>dubbed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands<w POS>' <w NN1>affair<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Richardson<w POS>'s <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Greg <w NP0>Symons<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>relative <w PRP>by <w NN1>marriage<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>faced <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <w PRP>on <w NN1>forgery <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w PRP>In addition to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>role<c PUN>, <w NP0>Richardson <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>influential <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="1363"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>friend <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>influential <w PRP>in <w NN1>engineering <w NP0>Keating<w POS>'s <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38675-76<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1364"><w CJS>While <w AV0>emphatically <w VVG>denying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w AV0>improperly <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Richardson <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w VVG>damaging <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ALP<w POS>'s <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w NN1>mid-1993 <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VVD>admitted <w VVG>meeting <w NP0>Symons <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w VVG>writing <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>telephoning <w NP0>Amata <w NP0>Kabua<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>Symons <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
<s n="1365"><w PNP>He <w AV0>initially <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w NP0>Symons<w POS>'s <w NN1>business <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>admitted <w VVG>knowing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>business <w NN1>emigration <w NN1>scheme <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>attracting <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>investors <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>.
<s n="1366"><w NP0>Keating <w VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>regret <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w NP0>Richardson<w POS>'s <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Symons <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unfortunate <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AJ0>improper<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1367"><w AT0>The <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Richardson <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>embarrass <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="1368"><w PRP>With <w NP0>John <w NP0>Hewson<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal-National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>investigation <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>, <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gareth <w NP0>Evans <c PUN>&mdash; <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w VM0>could <w AV0>yet <w VVI>claim <w AJC>further <w NN1>government <w NN2>victims<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1369"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>conducted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w DTQ>which <w VVD>saw <w NP0>Richardson<w POS>'s <w NN1>portfolio <w VVN>filled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Collins<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Shipping <w CJC>and <w NN1>Aviation<c PUN>.
<s n="1370"><w AT0>The <w NN2>portfolios <w VVN>relinquished <w PRP>by <w NP0>Collins <w VBD>were <w VVN>added <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Cook<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1371"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>changes <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>elevation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Humphreys<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Veterans<w POS>' <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jeanette <w NP0>McHugh <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Consumer <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA032></p>
<caption id=HLKCA032>
<s n="1372"><w NN1>Conviction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bond
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1373"><w VVB>Bankrupt <w DT0>former <w NN1>entrepreneur <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Bond <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>29 <w PRF>of <w VVG>acting <w AV0>dishonestly <w CJS>while <w VVG>attempting <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>the <w NN1>rescue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Perth <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w VVZ>Rothwells <w AJ0>Ltd.<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>2 <w CJC>&amp; <w CRD>1/2 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1374"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1375"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1376"><w NN1>Landing <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bougainville
</head>
<p>
<s n="1377"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>landed <w AT0>a <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>tip <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>protracted <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bougainville <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NN1>BRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rabbie <w NP0>Namaliu <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>represent <w AT0>a <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w VVG>finding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1379"><w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>landing <w VBD>was <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>requests <w PRP>from <w AJ0>local <w NN2>chiefs <w CJC>and <w NN1>village <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>feared <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>safety <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN2>executions <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA<c PUN>.
<s n="1380"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>landing <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NN2>services <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUN>.
<s n="1381"><w AT0>The <w NN1>island <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w NN2>shortages <w PRF>of <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Moresby <w NN1>government <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>blockade <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA<w POS>'s <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1382"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>by <w NN1>Radio <w AJ0>Free <w NP0>Bougainville <w CJC>and <w VVN>repeated <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>BRA <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>vowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>invasion <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1383"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1384"><w NP0>FIJI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1385"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rabuka <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1386"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>23-30 <w NP0>Fiji <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>military <w NN2>coups <w PRF>of <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35251-55<c PUN>; <w CRD>35567-70<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1387"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VHD>had <w VVN>institutionalized <w AT0>the <w NN1>dominance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Fijians <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>70-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37614<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1388"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Fijian <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1389"><w NP0>Sitiveni <w NP0>Rabuka <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>30 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>37 <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Representative <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>reserved <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Fijians<c PUN>.
<s n="1390"><w NN1-NP0>Rabuka<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1987 <w VHD>had <w VVN>ousted <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>elected <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1391"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>275,500 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="1392"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Fijian <w NN1>Nationalist <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNUF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w NP0>FPP <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>37 <w AJ0>Fijian <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>independents <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1393"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>27 <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>reserved <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Fijian <w NN2>nationals <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>descent<c PUN>, <w CRD>14 <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NFP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>13 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Fiji <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLP <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>fielded <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Fijian <w NN2>seats<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1394"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN-VVD>allocated <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rotuma <w NN1>island<c PUN>.
<s n="1395"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w PRP>by <w NN1>minority <w NN2>communities <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>Chinese<c PUN>, <w NN2>Europeans <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Pacific <w NN2>islanders<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVN>filled <w PRP>by <w NN2>candidates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN2>Voters<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w PRP>until <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN2>Electors<w POS>' <w NN1>Association<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA033></p>
<caption id=HLKCA033>
<s n="1396"><w NP0>FPP <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>contest <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Rabuka<w POS>'s <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>FLP
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1397"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FPP <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Soqosoqo <w NN2>ni <w NP0-NN1>Vakavulewa <w NN2>ni <w NP0>Taukei<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w XX0>not <w CRD>1991 <w CJS>as <w VVN>given <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38646<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Chiefs <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>100-strong <w NN1>body <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>ethnic-Fijian <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>nominees <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w AV0>also <w VVN>admitted<c PUN>, <w VVG>outnumbering <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>chiefs<c PUN>.
<s n="1398"><w NN1-NP0>Rabuka<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>challenged <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0>Josefata <w NP0>Kamikamica<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Ratu <w NN0>Kamisese <w NP0-NN1>Mara<c PUN>.
<s n="1399"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>demonstrating <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ratu <w NP0>Penaia <w NP0-NN1>Ganilau <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPP <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>behind <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1400"><w NP0-NN1>Rabuka <w VHD>had <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w VVD>secured <w AT0>an <w NN1>understanding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLP <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Mahendra <w NP0-NN1>Chaudry <w PRP>according to <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLP <w VM0>would <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FPP <w PRP>in <w NN1>return <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>measures <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w CJC>and <w NN2>land-leases <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>cane <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1402"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trade-union <w VVD-VVN>based <w NP0>FLP <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>boycott <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1403"><w AV0>Later<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lotoka <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NN2>delegates <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>put <w AVP>up <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>should <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w DT0>any <w NN2>seats <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>won<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>underline <w AT0>the <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>racially <w VVN>based <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA034></p>
<caption id=HLKCA034>
<s n="1404"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1405"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>19-member <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w AJ0-VVD>omitted <w NN1-NP0>Kamikamica<c PUN>.
<s n="1406"><w PRP>In addition to <w NP0>FPP <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>included <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GVP<c PUN>, <w CRD-PNI>one <w AJ0>Fijian <w AJ0-NN1>independent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>MP <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Rotuma<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1407"><w VVB>Filipe <w NP0-NN1>Bole <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Aviation<c PUN>.
<s n="1408"><w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Manueli <c PUL>(<w NP0>Rotuman <w NP0>Islander<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Harold <w NP0>Powell <c PUL>(<w NP0>GVP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1409"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1410"><w AJ0>REGIONAL <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1411"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>ADB <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="1412"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>52-member <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADB<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1413"><w NN1>Discussion <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>replenishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank<w POS>'s <w NN1>capital <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="1414"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Bank <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w AJ0>new <w NN2>commitments <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;25,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank<w POS>'s <w AJ0>equal <w AJS>largest <w NN1>shareholder <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>a <w NN1>replenishment <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w VVD>reformed <w DPS>its <w NN1>lending <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="1415"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>loans <w NN1-AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w NN1>policy <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>private-sector <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NN1>co-financing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1416"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w VVN>isolated <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA035></p>
<caption id=HLKCA035>
<s n="1417"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>powers <w VVG-NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1418"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Singapore <w VVD>held <w AJ0>informal <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>sidelines <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ADB <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="1419"><w PNP>They <w VVD>discussed <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w AV0>specifically <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>equities <w CJC>and <w NN2>futures <w VVG-NN1>trading<c PUN>.
<s n="1420"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>commentators<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="1421"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>participants <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w VVN>modelled <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA036></p>
<caption id=HLKCA036>
<s n="1422"><w AJ0-NN1>Malaysian <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1423"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Malaysia <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>host <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w NN1>security <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1424"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>proposal <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>views <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>civilian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1425"><w AT0>The <w NN1>magazine<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>lent <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>evolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concrete <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w NN1>security <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1427"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1428"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<p>
<s n="1429"><w AJ0>Various <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nepal <w VVD>organized <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN2-VVZ>strikes <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38867<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1430"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1431"><w NP0>SAARC
</head>
<p>
<s n="1432"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Co-operation <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN1>trade <w NN1>liberalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-5 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association<w POS>'s <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1>group <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AJ0>various <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w VVG>dismantling <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1433"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1434"><w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA <w NP0>BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA <w NP0>CROATIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1435"><w AJ0>Intensified <w NN1>conflict <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Serbia/Yugoslavia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1436"><w CJS>As <w NN1>war <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian-dominated <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38848<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>internationally <w VVN>ostracized<c PUN>, <w VVG>culminating <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>UN-imposed <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
<s n="1437"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w VVN>proclaimed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38832 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>recognized <w AV0>widely <w PRP>since <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>April <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>-see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38848-49<c PUR>) <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>requested <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>warnings <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>flood <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>Moslems <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Croats<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>pose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>problem <w PRP>for <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1438"><w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>countries <w VVB>put <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1439"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>communities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>jeopardized <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNPROFOR <c PUL>(<w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38849<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>demilitarize<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>formed <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA037></p>
<caption id=HLKCA037>
<s n="1440"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>action <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>International <w NN2>sanctions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1441"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w NP0-NN1>Marrack <w NP0>Goulding <w VVD>visited <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>sending <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1442"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w NN2>recommendations<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NP0>Goulding<w POS>'s <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJT>that <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN0>headquarters <w VM0>should <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w ITJ>no <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w NP0>Croatia <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>jeopardy <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbs <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w TO0>to <w VVI>demobilize<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1443"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w VVD>left <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Belgrade<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslavian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>a <w NN1>skeleton <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w CRD>120<c PUN>.
<s n="1444"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>international <w NN2>bodies <w VVG>evacuating <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indiscriminate <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>workers <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>monitors <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1445"><w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VBD>were <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>as <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w PRP>by <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1446"><w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>757 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>imposed <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1447"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG>severing <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>links<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>freezing <w NN1>government <w NN2>assets <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>oil <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>sporting <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>ban<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>cutting <w NN1>air <w NN2>links <c PUL>(<w AV0>already <w VVN>severed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA038></p>
<caption id=HLKCA038>
<s n="1448"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina <w NN1>army
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1449"><w NN2>Plans <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Region <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAR<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38849<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="1450"><w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>community <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38778<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>as <w XX0>not <w VVG>defending<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>territory <w PRP>from <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="1451"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Serb-dominated <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNA<c PUR>) <w VVD>halted <w DPS>its <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Krajina <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA039></p>
<caption id=HLKCA039>
<s n="1452"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>action
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1453"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guimaraes <c PUL>(<w NP0>Portugal<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w NN1>action <w PRP>including <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w NP0>UN <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>separate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>parties<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVD>reinforced <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>efforts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1454"><w CRD>Three <w NP0>EC <w NN2>forums <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VVI>solve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Conference <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Carrington <w VVG>bringing <w AV0>together <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>states<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>under <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w NP0>EC <w NN1>envoy <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Cutilheiro<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Arbitration <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Robert <w NP0-NN1>Badinter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1455"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>Monitor <w NN1>Mission <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECMM<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w AV0>briefly <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w CJS>when <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1456"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w NP0>ECMM <w NN2>members <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1457"><w AT0>An <w NP0>EC <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w NN1>bore <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>by far <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>blame <w VVZ-NN2>falls <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AV0>directly <w CJC>and <w AV0>indirectly <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>irregulars<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1458"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VVD>demanded <w NP0-NN1>JNA <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>reopening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>isolation <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="1459"><w NP0>EC <w NN2>states <w VVD>recalled <w DPS>their <w NN2>ambassadors <w PRP>from <w NP0>Belgrade<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN2>consultations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1460"><w AT0>An <w NP0>EC <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AJ0>freezing <w NN1>export <w NN2-VVZ>credits <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>blocking <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1461"><w NP0>France <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>severing <w PRF>of <w NN2>air-links<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03A>
<s n="1462"><w NP0>CSCE
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1463"><w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w VVD>agreed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>consent <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w DT0>former <w NN2>republics <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>FRY <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38848<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03B>
<s n="1464"><w NP0>Kozyrev<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1465"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>visited <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1466"><w AT0>A <w NN1>ceasefire <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>negotiated <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>SRBH <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-AJ0>broken<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1467"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w NP0>Kozyrev<w POS>'s <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ljubljana <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zagreb<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN2>capitals<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03C>
<s n="1468"><w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1469"><w NP0>Sarajevo <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w AJ0>intensive <w NN1>attack <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1470"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>ceasefires <w VBD>were <w AJ0>short-lived<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
<s n="1471"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>Presidency <w VVD>ordered <w DPS>its <w NN2>citizens <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>JNA <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>within <w CRD>15 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="1472"><w CJS>Since <w AV0>only <w CRD>one-fifth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>JNA <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VBD>were <w NP0>FRY <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VBG>being <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w AV0>thus <w AJ0-VVD>disclaimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1473"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>JNA <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>occupying <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NN1>withdrawal <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1474"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>communities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38849 <w PRP>for <w NN2>leaderships<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>broken <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>broken<c PUN>.
<s n="1475"><w AT0>A <w NN1>session <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w VBD>was <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>resumed <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w AV0>again <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic-Moslem <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic<c PUR>) <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>atrocities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>shelling <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>maternity <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25-26<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>mortar <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NN2>civilians <w VVG>queuing <w PRP>for <w NN1>bread <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VBD>was <w VVN>detained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lisbon <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w DPS>His <w NN1>release <w VBD>was <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>by <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w CJC>and <w NP0>ECMM <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>JNA <w NN1>convoy <w VVN>blockaded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03D>
<s n="1478"><w NN2>Discussions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>partition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1479"><w NP0>Serb <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croat <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>communities <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Graz <c PUL>(<w NP0>Austria<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1-VVG>partitioning <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>between <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>.
<s n="1480"><w AT0>The <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN2>negotiations <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1481"><w NN1-VVG>Fighting <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w AJ0>reported <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>partition<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Serb <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croat <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w AV0>both <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>corridor <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>communities <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serbia <w AJ0>proper<c PUN>.
<s n="1482"><w NN1-VVB>Control <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mostar<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>disputed <w PRP>in view of <w DPS>its <w NN1>proximity <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>coast <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>armaments <w NN2>factories<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03E>
<s n="1483"><w NN2>Estimates <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN1>damage
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1484"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w CRD>5,190 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJC>or <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w CJC>and <w CRD>18,400 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>wounded <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>580,000 <w AJ0>displaced <w NN2>persons <w CJC>and <w CRD>640,000 <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1485"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN-AJ0>dated <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>by <w DT0>that <w NN1>date <w NN1>material <w NN1>damage <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;60,000 <w UNC>million-100,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>; <w NN1>electricity <w NN1>output <w VBD>was <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>normal <w NN2>levels<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>about <w CRD>four-fifths <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>plant <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03F><ptr target=HLKCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03F>
<s n="1486"><w VVB>FRY <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLKCA03G>
<s n="1487"><w NN1>Army <w NN1-VVB>purge
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1488"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVD>retired <w CRD>38 <w NN2>generals <w CJC>and <w NN2>admirals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1489"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w DT0>some <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>generals <w PNQ>who <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>months <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Belgrade <w NN0>media <w PRP>for <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>campaigns <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="1490"><w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1491"><w NN1-NP0>Zivota <w NN1>Panic <w VVD>became <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1492"><w AJ0>Blagoje <w NN1>Adzic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1493"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>10-11 <w VVD>characterised <w AT0>the <w NN1>purge <w CJS>as <w VVG>replacing <w NN2>officers <w PRP>by <w AJC>younger <w NN2>men <w VVN>educated <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>nationalism <w XX0>not <w NN1>Titoism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1494"><w AT0>The <w NN1>army <w NN1>commander <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1495"><w NP0-NN1>Milutin <w NP0>Kukanjac<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ratko <w NP0>Mladic<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDS<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w NP0>SRBH <w NN1>president <w NN1-AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadzic<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03H>
<s n="1496"><w NN2>Elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1497"><w NN1>Opposition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic <w VVD>grew <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>republican <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>legislatures <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w VVD>allowed <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <c PUL>(<w NN2>SPS<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w CRD>61 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w CRD>73 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>full <w NN2>results <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>News <w NN1-VVB>Digest<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1498"><w CRD>Tens <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbs <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-war <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Renaissance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1499"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w VVD>dissociated <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w CJC>and <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1500"><w VVG-AJ0>Acting <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Milivoje <w NN1>Maksic <w VVN-VVD>retired <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38559 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1501"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03J>
<s n="1502"><w NP0>Kosovo <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1503"><w NN2>Elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w AJ0>ethnic-Albanian <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>secured <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>130-member <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DSK <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Rugova <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>independence <w NN1>referendum <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38513<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38848 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kosovo<w POS>'s <w NN1>reaction <w TO0>to <w VVI>FRY <w NN1>formation<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1505"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>on the part of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>population <w VVD>drew <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>protest <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Albania <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03K>
<s n="1506"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1507"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>sovereign <w CJC>and <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state <w PRP>within <w DPS>its <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>borders <w CJC>and <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>name <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w AJ0-VVD>concerned<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1508"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>reluctance <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Macedonia <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38779<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1509"><w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>described <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1510"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1511"><w NP0>CROATIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1512"><w AJ0>Controversial <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights <w NN1>legislation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1513"><w AT0>The <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>human <w CJC>and <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN1>minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w PRP>from <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1514"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w NN2>votes <w PRP>against<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>provided <w AJ0>special <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w NP0>Serbs <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Knin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Glina<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>districts <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NP0>Serbs <w VVD>formed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1515"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w NN1-NP0>Bosiljko <w NN1>Misetic <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>.
<s n="1516"><w AT0>A <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HNS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government <w PRP>alongside <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38375<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1517"><w AT0>The <w NP0>HNS<c PUN>, <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w PRP>in support of <w NN1>Misetic<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="1518"><w NP0>HNS <w NN1>party <w NN1>president <w NP0>Savka <w NP0>Dabcevic-Kucar<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>as <w AV0>long <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>aggression <w PRP>against <w NP0>Croatia <w VVZ>lasts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1519"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1520"><w NP0>SLOVENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1521"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1522"><w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Minister-designate <w NP0>Janez <w NP0>Drnovsek<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovene <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38849<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>secured <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w CRD>123 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>30<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1523"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Drnovsek <w VVD>laid <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>themes <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1524"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>swift <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w VVG-NN1>bringing <w PRP>under <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w NN1>legislation <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>measures <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>issue<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03L>
<s n="1525"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1526"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>delegations <w VVN>headed <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lozle <w NP0>Peterle<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Franjo <w NP0>Greguric<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mokrice <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6-7<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w AT0>The <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>.
<s n="1528"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>countries <w PRP>by means of <w AJ0>monthly <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="1529"><w NP0>Croatia <w AV0>currently <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>trade <w NN1>balance <w PRP>with <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,400 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>dinars<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1530"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>fishing <w PRP>by <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>vessels <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN2>waters<c PUN>, <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Slovene <w NN2>fishermen<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>catch <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>coastal <w NN2>waters<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="1531"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Croatian-Slovene <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>chamber <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zagreb <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1532"><ptr target=HLKCA03M><w VVB>Janez <w NP0>Drnovsek <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Joze <w NP0-NN1>Pucnik <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>general <w NN2>affairs <w NP0>Herman <w NP0-NN1>Rigelnik <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>economy <w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Zakelj <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>social <w NN2>services
</p>
<caption id=HLKCA03M>
<s n="1533"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Slovene <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1534"><w UNC>*Igor <w NN1-NP0>Bavcar <w NN1>Interior
</p>
<p>
<s n="1535"><w UNC>*Dimitrij <w NP0>Rupel <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1536"><w UNC>*Janez <w NP0-NN1>Jansa <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="1537"><w UNC>*Lojze <w NN1-NP0>Janko <w NN1>Legislation <w NN1>Franc <w NN1-NP0>Avbersek <w NN1>Energy <w VVZ-NN2>Maks <w NP0>Tajnikar <w NP0>Small <w NN2>Industries <w AJ0>Dusan <w NN1-NP0>Sesok <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Engineering <w NP0-NN1>Joze <w NP0>Jeraj <w NN1>Trade <w NP0-NN1>Janez <w NP0-NN1>Sirse <w NN1>Catering <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w NP0-NN1>Joze <w NP0-NN1>Protner <w NN1>Food<c PUN>, <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry
</p>
<p>
<s n="1538"><w UNC>*Marjan <w NP0-NN1>Kranjc <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications
</p>
<p>
<s n="1539"><w UNC>*Miha <w NP0>Jazbinsek <w NN1-AJ0>Conservation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Planning
</p>
<p>
<s n="1540"><w UNC>*Jozica <w VVB>Puhar(f) <w AJ0>Labour <w NP0-NN1>Bozidar <w NP0-NN1>Voljc <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Family <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security <w NP0-NN1>Anka <w NP0-NN1>Osterc(f) <w NN2>Veterans <w CJC>and <w NN1>War <w NN2>Invalids <w NP0-NN1>Slavko <w NP0-NN1>Gaber <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports
</p>
<p>
<s n="1541"><w UNC>*Peter <w NN1-VVB>Tancig <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology <w NP0-NN1>Borut <w NP0>Suklje <w NN1>Culture
</p>
<p>
<s n="1542"><w UNC>*Jelko <w NN1-NP0>Kacin <w NN1>Information <w NP0>Janez <w NP0>Kopac <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Miha <w NP0>Kozinc <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Administration <w NP0-NN1>Davorin <w NP0-NN1>Kracun <w NN1>Planning
</p>
<p>
<s n="1543"><w UNC>*Held <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1544"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1545"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1546"><w NP0-NN1>Berisha<w POS>'s <w NP0>Strasbourg <w NN1>address
</head>
<p>
<s n="1547"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Berisha <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1548"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>Strasbourg <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Berisha <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w AJ0>technical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVD>organized <w NN1>emigration<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1549"><w NN1-NP0>Berisha <w AV0>also <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Albanians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1550"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>EC-Albanian <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>ageement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLKCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03N>
<s n="1551"><w VVB-NN1>Decree <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>rule<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w CJS>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w VVG-NN1>phasing <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w NN2>workers <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>off <w PRP>due to <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>.
<s n="1553"><w DT0>This <w NN1>measure <w VVD>came <w AV0>largely <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>suggestions <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03P>
<s n="1554"><w NP0>Mitsotakis<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1555"><w NP0>Constantine <w NP0>Mitsotakis<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Greek <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1556"><w NN1>Emigration <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Greece <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AV0>more <w AJ0>seasonal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>openings <w PRP>for <w NN2>Albanians <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1557"><w NP0>Mitsotakis <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>some <w CRD>150,000 <w NN2>Albanians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AV0>illegally <w AJ0>resident <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>communities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Albania <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cams <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tsamidhes <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Cameria <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camovia <w NN1>region <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w NP0>Albania<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1559"><w DT0>This <w NN1>community <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>25,000 <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>Moslems <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w NP0>Greece <w PRP>for <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1944<c PUN>.
<s n="1560"><w NP0>Mitsotakis <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>request <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cams <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>reclaim <w NN1>property <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w VVG>telling <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>journalist <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w NN1>property <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>negotiation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cams <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>war <w NN2>criminals <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>subject <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>observed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03R>
<s n="1561"><w NN1>Resolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>would <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w NN1>gold <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&pound;10,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;18,000,000<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hands <w PRP>after <w DPS>its <w NN1>confiscation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Nazis <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w PRP>In <w NN1>return<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN0>&pound;1,100,000 <c PUL>(<w NN0>&dollar;2,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>damages <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sinking <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>British <w NN2>ships <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1564"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>dispute <w VBD>was <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Albanian <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="1565"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1,574 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>found <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>caves <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>since <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w VBN>been <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="1566"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN2>destroyers<c PUN>, <w NP0>HMS <w NP0>Volage <w CJC>and <w NP0>HMS <w NP0>Saumares<c PUN>, <w VVD>ran <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>mines <w CJS>while <w VVG>passing <w AV0>legitimately <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>Corfu <w NN1-VVB>channel <w PRP>between <w NP0>Albania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Corfu<c PUN>, <w CRD>44 <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w CRD>1948 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hague <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>government <w VM0>should <w VVI>pay <w NN0>&pound;843,947 <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>.
<s n="1567"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unclear <w CJS>if <w CJC>or <w CJS>when <w DT0>any <w NN1>money <w CJC>or <w NN1>gold <w VM0>would <w AV0>actually <w VVI>change <w NN2>hands <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>long-standing <w NN1>dispute <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37746<c PUN>; <w CRD>38303<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03S>
<s n="1568"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kadare
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1569"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>novelist <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Ismail <w NP0>Kadare<c PUN>, <w CRD>56<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1570"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>public <w NN2>statements <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN1>democracy <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>restored <w AV0>there <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37792<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03T>
<s n="1571"><w NN1-VVB>Transfer <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hoxha<w POS>'s <w NN2-VVZ>remains <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Confiscation <w PRF>of <w NN1>SPA <w NN1>property
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1572"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w NP0>Enver <w NP0>Hoxha <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>former <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>PLA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>renamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>SPA<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>discreetly <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>Martyrs<w POS>' <w NN1>Cemetery <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tirana <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>cemetery <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>suburbs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>resolved <w CJT>that <w NP0>PLA <w NN2>funds <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w AV0>almost <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000,000 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>expropriated <w CJC>and <w VVN>credited <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1574"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1575"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1576"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>External <w NN1>debt <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1577"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1578"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Grand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38583 <w PRP>for <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1579"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>ballot <w AV0>en bloc<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1580"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>spent <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w VVG>holding <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>with <w AJ0>key <w NN2>figures <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AV0>increasingly <w VVD>fractionalized <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1581"><w NP0>Dimitrov <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>For <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>Freedoms <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1582"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May <w NP0>Dimitrov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>constitutionally <w VVN>barred <w PRP>from <w VVG>dismissing <w AT0>a <w NN1>minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dimitur <w NP0>Ludzhev<c PUN>, <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="1583"><w CJS>Although <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Dimitrov <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ludzhev <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>strained<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Dimitrov<w POS>'s <w NN1>threat <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>visible <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w NN1>battle <w PRP>for <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1584"><w VVB>Aleksandur <w NP0-NN1>Staliyski<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Dimitur <w NP0>Ludzhev <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1585"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ilko <w NP0-NN1>Eskenazi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>; <w NP0>Svetoslav <w NP0>Luchnikov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>law-enforcement <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nikola <w NP0>Vasilev<c PUN>, <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1586"><w VVB>Nikolay <w NP0>Vasilev <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN2>posts <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Science<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>co-ordinating <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>intellectual <w CJC>and <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>spheres<c PUN>.
<s n="1587"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stoyan <w NP0>Ganev<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premiership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1588"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministries <w PRF>of <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN2>Services <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w VBD>were <w VVN>closed <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Pushkarov <w CJC>and <w NP0>Stanislav <w NP0>Dimitrov<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1589"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministries <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AV0>instead<c PUN>: <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Rumen <w NP0>Bikov<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>metallurgical <w NN1>engineer<c PUN>; <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w DT0>another <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>member <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandur <w NP0-NN1>Pramatarski<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w NN1>Land <w NN1>Use <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN1>Restitution <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Georgi <w NP0>Stoyanov<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03U>
<s n="1590"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1-VVB>credit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Debt <w VVG>rescheduling <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1591"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stand-by <w NN1>credit <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w VVG>authorizing <w NN2>drawings <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w CRD>155,000,000 <w AJ0>special <w NN1>drawing <w NN2>rights <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;212 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38467 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>credit <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1592"><w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>debt <w VVG>rescheduling <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Germany <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>credits <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>by <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>deadlines <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>expired <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03V>
<s n="1593"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dimitrov <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Friendship <w NN1>treaty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1594"><w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>paid <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN1-NP0>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5-7<c PUN>.
<s n="1595"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<c PUN>.
<s n="1596"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good-neighbourly <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38830 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>reported <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Bulgarian-Turkish <w NN1>defence <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1597"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1598"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1599"><w ORD>First <w NN1>round <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>large<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>privatization
</head>
<p>
<s n="1600"><w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w VVD-VVN>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>large<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>voucher <w NN1>system <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w CJC>and <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>stages<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38469<c PUN>; <w CRD>38734<c PUN>; <w CRD>38777<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1601"><w PRP>Under <w DT0>this <w NN1>stage <w DT0>all <w NN2>holders <w PRF>of <w NN2>vouchers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>placed <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w NN1>investment <w NN2>funds <w VBD>were <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>companies <w VVN>selected <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="1602"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w NN1>period <w VVN>ended <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>assessment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unsold <w NN2>shares <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w NN1>sale <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJC>lower <w NN1>price<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1603"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>8,500,000 <w NN2>citizens <w VHD>had <w VVN>bought <w DPS>their <w NN1>entitlement <w PRF>of <w NN2>vouchers<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w DT0>some <w CRD>72 <w NN0>per cent <w VHD>had <w AV0>subsequently <w VBN>been <w VVN>placed <w PRP>with <w NN1>investment <w NN2>funds <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38776-77<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03W>
<s n="1604"><w NN1-VVB>Defeat <w PRF>of <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>sovereignty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1605"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVD>voted <w CRD>73-59 <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>procedural <w NN1>decision <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w CRD>three-fifths <w NN1>majority <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>margin <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>large <w AV0>enough <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1606"><w AJ0>Pro-independence <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>submitted <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>defeated<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w AT0>The <w NN1>difference <w PRP>in <w NN2>votes <w VVD>became <w AV0>progressively <w AJC>smaller<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w VVG>showing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03X>
<s n="1608"><w NN1>Clearing <w PRF>of <w NN1>editor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1609"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Zdenek <w NP0-NN1>Porybny<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>editor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Rude <w NN1-NP0>Pravo <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>organ <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>without <w NN1>justification <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38831<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLKCA03Y>
<s n="1610"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1611"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marian <w NP0>Calfa<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-6<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>stressed <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1>advantage <w PRP>to <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AJC>closer <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1612"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w PNP>he <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Kiev <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vitold <w NP0-NN1>Fokin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1613"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1614"><w PNP>He <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>declared <w AJ0>null <w CJC>and <w AJ0>void <w AT0>the <w CRD>1938 <w NP0>Munich <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Hitler <w NP0>Germany <w VVD-AJ0>occupied <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w PRP>In <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w NP0>Major <w AV0>also <w VVN>expressed <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1616"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Bundestag <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>the <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38777<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1617"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1618"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1619"><w NN1>Adoption <w PRF>of <w ORD>third <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>bill <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN2>developments
</head>
<p>
<s n="1620"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Orsz&aacute;ggy&uuml;l&eacute;s <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w VVD-VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>186 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>37 <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w AJ0>final <w NN1>bill <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>compensating <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>past <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>measures <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38161<c PUN>; <w CRD>38880<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1621"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>current <w NN1>bill <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>in relation to <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>imprisoned <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVD>deported <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>property <w VBD>was <w VVN>expropriated <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>between <w NP0>March <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1939 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>enactment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>anti-Jewish <w NN2>laws<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>proclamation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-communist <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>republic<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1622"><w AT0>No <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>estimates <w VVD>existed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>potential <w NN2>claimants<c PUN>.
<s n="1623"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w AJ0>eligible <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVG>surviving <w NN2>spouses<c PUN>, <w NN2>children <w CJC>or <w NN2>parents <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PNI>anyone <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>imprisoned<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>pressed <w PRP>into <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>labour <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>deported <w PRP>on <w AJ0>racial<c PUN>, <w AJ0>religious <w AJ0>political <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>labour <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="1624"><w NN1>Compensation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN2>shares <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>privatized <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>in <w NN2>annuities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA040></p>
<caption id=HLKCA040>
<s n="1625"><w ORD>Second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>By-election <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Spy <w NN1>case
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1626"><w AT0>The <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tamas <w NP0>Szab&oacute;<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="1627"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>proceed <w AV0>broadly <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>phase<c PUN>, <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38479<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1628"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>important <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bekescsaba <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>SzDSz<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1629"><w AT0>The <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NN1>MDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bela <w NP0>K&aacute;d&aacute;r<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w ORD>third<c PUN>.
<s n="1630"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>indicative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>unpopularity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1631"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w VVN-VVD>sentenced <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1-VVB>ensign <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>for <w VVG>selling <w NN2>secrets <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA041></p>
<caption id=HLKCA041>
<s n="1632"><w NN2>Visits <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Fokin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Major
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1633"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vitold <w NP0-NN1>Fokin<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments <w VVD>signed <w DT0>several <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>field<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1634"><w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w CRD>28 <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Hungary<w POS>'s <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1635"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1636"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1637"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="1638"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>lost <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>withdrawing <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1639"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>KLD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPG<c PUR>)<c PUR>) <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1640"><w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>letter <w VVD>said<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2-VVZ>results <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VBG>being <w VVN>disregarded<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1641"><w AT0>The <w NN1>paralysis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w AJ0-VVG>governing <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w VVN>intensified <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>10-party <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38881<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1642"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Walesa <w VHD>had <w VVN>renewed <w DPS>his <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French-style <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w CJC>and <w VVI>dismiss <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1643"><w AT0>The <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w AJ0-VVG>governing <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w VVN>worsened <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrzej <w NP0-NN1>Olechowski<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Tribunal <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>index-linked <w NN2>revaluations <w PRF>of <w NN2>pensions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>sector <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>.
<s n="1644"><w NN2>Olechowski <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>add <w CRD>20,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>30,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty <w PRP>to <w NN1>state <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1645"><w NP0>Olechowski<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VVD>came <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>IMF <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>over <w VVG>renewing <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38832<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1646"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-12<c PUN>, <w NP0>IMF <w NN2>representatives <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>before <w NP0>July <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="1647"><w NN2>Olechowski <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1648"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Parys <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w DT0>another <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Romuald <w NN1-NP0>Szeremietiew<c PUN>.
<s n="1649"><w NN2>Parys <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>after <w VVG>alleging <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w NN2>politicians <w VBD>were <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN1>intrigue<c PUN>.
<s n="1650"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>underlying <w NN1>problem <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>competing <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><w NN2>Parys <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w NN1>Commission <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>subordinated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
<s n="1652"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w AV0>also <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w NP0>Parys<w POS>'s <w NN2>statements <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6 <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>groundless <w CJC>and <w AJ0>harmful <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1653"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w VVG>recalling <w NN2>Parys <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Olszewski <w VVD>praised <w NP0>Parys<w POS>'s <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>emphasised <w AT0>the <w NN1>ambiguity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="1654"><w PNP>He <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>commission <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NP0>Parys <w NN1>affair <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w DT0>more <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w AV0>later <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38881<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1655"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>235 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w PRP>with <w CRD>58 <w NN2>abstentions <w PRP>for <w NP0>Parys<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>recall<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA042></p>
<caption id=HLKCA042>
<s n="1656"><w NN1>Abortion <w NN1>controversy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w AT0>A <w NN1>code <w PRF>of <w NN0>ethics <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Doctors<w POS>' <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1658"><w AT0>The <w NN1>code <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w NN2>doctors <w PRP>with <w NN1>suspension <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>performed <w NN2>abortions <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>pregnancy <w VVD-VVN>involved <w NN1>rape <w CJC>or <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>woman<w POS>'s <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w DT0>This <w VVD>ran <w NN1-VVB>counter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1956 <w NN1>law <w VVG>granting <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>on <w NN1>demand <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VVG>requiring <w NN1>approval <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w NN2>doctors <w PRP>for <w NN2>abortions <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>hospitals<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>ombudsman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Zielinski<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PNP>it <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>order<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1660"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>version <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w AV0>since <w VBN>been <w VVN>altered<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1661"><w NN2>Zielinski <w VVD>ordered <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>hospital <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>patient <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w CJC>and <w AV0>even <w AT0>an <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>pregnancy<c PUN>.
<s n="1662"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>asked <w AJ0>Zielinski <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w CRD>1956 <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Marian <w NP0>Miskiewicz <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>clarify <w DPS>its <w NN1>status <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w AJ0>anti-abortion <w NN1>bill <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w CRD>171 <w NN2>deputies <w AV0>mostly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>ZChN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>.
<s n="1664"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>bills <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w TO0>to <w VVI>overrule <w AT0>the <w NN2>Doctors<w POS>' <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="1665"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-abortion <w NN1>bill <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38207<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLKCA043></p>
<caption id=HLKCA043>
<s n="1666"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1667"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21-23<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AJ0>future <w NN2>ties <w CJC>and <w VVB>mark <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>era<c PUN>.
<s n="1668"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>binding <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>no <w NN2>claims <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>stationing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1669"><w NP0>Walesa <w AV0>also <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w CJC>and <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Katyn<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>site <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>officers <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>security <w NN2>services <w PRP>during <w NN1>World <w NN1>War <w CRD>II <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>massacre <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37383-84<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>would <w VVI>lift <w NN1>visa <w NN2>requirements <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>visitors <c PUL>(<w VVN>lifted <w PRP>for <w NN2>Czechs<c PUN>, <w NN2>Slovaks <w CJC>and <w NN2>Hungarians <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1671"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1672"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1673"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority
</head>
<p>
<s n="1674"><w NN2>Measures <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gheorghe <w NP0>Funar<c PUN>, <w NN1>Mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cluj-Napoca<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>town <w PRP>in <w NP0>Transylvania <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>population <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w CRD>one-quarter <w VVB-NN1>Magyar<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>raised <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>oppression <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority<c PUN>.
<s n="1675"><w CJS>As <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Funar<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>banned <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>25-26<c PUN>, <w VVG>implying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>separatism<c PUN>.
<s n="1676"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>ordered <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>public <w NN2>meetings <w CJC>or <w NN2>conferences <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cleared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mayor<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1677"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w VVD>dissociated <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1678"><w NP0-NN1>Funar <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Hungarian <w CJC>or <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>language <w NN2-VVZ>signs <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cluj-Napoca <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed<c PUN>.
<s n="1679"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDUR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Magyar <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>against <w DT0>this <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1680"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>mayoral <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tirgu <w VVZ>Mures <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w VVD-VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0-NN1>Hungarian<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nagy <w NP0>Gyozo<c PUN>, <w VVG>raising <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>tension <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Transylvanian <w NN1>town <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>riots <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37743<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1681"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mayor <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w AV0>originally <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9 <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>independent <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>HDUR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1682"><w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w AJ0>participating <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>excluded <w AT0>the <w NP0>HDUR<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VBN>been <w VVN>ruled <w AJ0>ineligible <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>court <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38778<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1683"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bucharest <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>favoured <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NN2>elections <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VVG-AJ0>participating<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1684"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1685"><w NN2>CIS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1686"><w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1687"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Councils <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <c PUL>(<w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1688"><w DT0>All <w CRD>11 <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>attended<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN2>presidents<c PUN>.
<s n="1689"><w AJ0>Preparatory <w NN2>meetings <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12-13<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>without <w NP0>Moldova<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA044></p>
<caption id=HLKCA044>
<s n="1690"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1691"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w VVD>negotiated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>security <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w NN1>aggression <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>signatories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1692"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>agreements <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w DT0>most <w NN2>participants <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG>reducing <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>reducing <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in accordance with <w AJ0>international <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>air <w NN1>space<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>information <w NN1>space <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w NN1>company<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AJ0>social <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1693"><w NN2>Quotas <w VBD>were <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>for <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1694"><w NP0>Russia <w VVD>took <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VVI>finance <w AV0>in full <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>territories <w CJC>and <w VVB>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>financing <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>forces <w PRP>through <w AJ0>absolute <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>; <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVG>paying <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>upkeep <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1695"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>on <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>arms <w NN1>reduction<c PUN>, <w VVG>adjusting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w AJ0>USA-Soviet <w NN1>Union <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38890<c PUN>; <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>accommodate <w NN1>redistribution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1696"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>initialled <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>science <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w NN1>centre <w TO0>to <w VVI>employ <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>scientists<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA045></p>
<caption id=HLKCA045>
<s n="1697"><w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1698"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>where <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VVI>repay <w AT0>a <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w AJ0>outstanding <w PRP>between <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w NN2>statements <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>issued<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>0.2 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>interest <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>on <w AJ0>overdue <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1699"><w AT0>A <w NN1-AJ0>routine <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN2>banks <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w NN2>CIS <w VVZ-NN2>states <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Taskhkent <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>IMF <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="1700"><w PRP>According to <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NN2>banks <w VVN-VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN1>credit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>policies <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w VVD>became <w NN1-AJ0>convertible<c PUN>.
<s n="1701"><w AJ0>National <w NN2>banks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w AJ0-VVG>issuing <w NN1>money <w TO0>to <w VVI>plug <w NN2>gaps <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>national <w NN2>budgets<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA046></p>
<caption id=HLKCA046>
<s n="1702"><w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>aid <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1703"><w AT0>A <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23-24<c PUN>.
<s n="1704"><w VVN>Sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>US-initiated <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38730<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>conference <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>in <w NN1>autumn <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1705"><w NN2>Delegations <w PRP>from <w CRD>63 <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1706"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD>concluded <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VVN-VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><w VVG>Reviewing <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;86,000 <w CRD>million <w AV0>already <w VVN>spent <w CJC>or <w VVD>pledged<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRP>among <w AV0>both <w NN1>donor <w CJC>and <w NN1>recipient <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1708"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD>reiterated <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>assistance <w CJC>and <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>triangular <w NN1>trade<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38730<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1709"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1710"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1711"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces
</head>
<p>
<s n="1712"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>(<w NP0>RF<c PUR>) <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VVG>making <w PNX>himself <w DPS>their <w NN1>C-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1713"><w DT0>All <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>installations <w PRP>on <w NP0>RF <w NN1>territory <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>forces <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <w CJC>but <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w NN1>jurisdiction <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1714"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VVG>moving <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>conscript <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>professional <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="1715"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RF <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministries <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN2>territories <w XX0>not <w VVG>forming <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>or <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1716"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>RF <w NN1>territory <w VBD>were <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1717"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <c PUL>(<w VVN>promoted <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>colonel-general<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>succeeding <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1718"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Grachev<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VBN>been <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38369<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA047></p>
<caption id=HLKCA047>
<s n="1719"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1720"><w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>5 <c PUL>(<w VVN>given <w AV0>in full <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rossiskaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUR>) <w VVD>laid <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>foundations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w CJC>and <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w VVD>chaired <w AV0>ex officio <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>warned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>body <w PRP>against <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>monopolize <w NN1>power <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN1>security<c PUN>&hellip; <w VM0>should <w AV0>strictly <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA048></p>
<caption id=HLKCA048>
<s n="1722"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1723"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>decrees <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w VVD>effected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1724"><w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Shumeiko<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Entrepreneurs<w POS>' <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN2>managers<w POS>' <w NN1>body<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>.
<s n="1725"><w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Chernomyrdin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>gas <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN1>energy <c PUL>(<w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Lopukhin<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Georgy <w NP0>Khizha <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg<c PUR>) <w VVD>became <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>industry <c PUL>(<w VVG>replacing <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Titkin <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scandal <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>state-sector <w NN1>industry<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Chubais<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w NN1>Property <c PUL>(<w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>privatization<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AV0>in addition <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1726"><w VVB>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Shokhin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w AV0>hitherto <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Policy <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>responsibility <w AV0>instead <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1727"><w AJ0>Gennady <w NN1-NP0>Burbulis <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="1728"><w NP0>Sergei <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>state <w NN1>counsellor <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA049></p>
<caption id=HLKCA049>
<s n="1729"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVG-NN1>hearing <w PRP>on <w NP0>CPSU
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1730"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN2>decrees <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38583<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVG>confiscating <w DPS>their <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="1731"><c PUL>(<w AV0>Under <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>by <w NN1>court <w NN1>order<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1732"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w CJC>and <w NP0>RCP <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w NP0>Yeltsin <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>overturned <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>by <w CRD>nine <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w CJC>and <w NP0>RCP<c PUN>.
<s n="1733"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1734"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w VBD>was <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Deputy <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oleg <w NP0>Rumyantsev<c PUN>.
<s n="1735"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Shakhrai<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w CRD>three <w NN2-VVZ>advocates <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>revealed <w NN2>documents <w VVG>proving <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w VHD>had <w VVN>supplied <w AJ0>international <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>with <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="1736"><w PNP>He <w VVD>promised <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>more <w DT0>such <w NN2>documents <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>archives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1737"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>disappearance <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>funds <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="1738"><w AT0>The <w NN2>funds <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>laundered <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>deposited <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04A>
<s n="1739"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN2>provinces
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1740"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Altai <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Buryat <w NN2>regions <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1741"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tour <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outlying <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>north <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38876<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1742"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Altai <w NN2>krai <c PUL>(<w NN1>area<c PUR>) <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gorny <w NP0>Altai <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w AV0>newly <w VVN>upgraded <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38826<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1743"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Postfactum <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gorny <w NP0>Altai <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Altai<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buryatia <w VBD>was <w VVG>extending <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AV0>ethnically <w AJ0>similar <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1745"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>intending <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>clauses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>blocking <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38875-76<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04B>
<s n="1746"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>strike <w PRP>by <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>workers <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VVD>intensified <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w VVN>achieved <w VVG-NN1>backing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w AT0>The <w NN1>health-care <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>a <w CRD>300 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1-VVB>rise <w CJC>and <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w NN2>Teachers <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>with <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>demands<c PUN>.
<s n="1750"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rossiskaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>pay <w PRP>in <w AJ0>budget-funded <w NN2>sectors <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>factor <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.8 <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>raised <w NN2>supplements <w VVN>paid <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w NN1>salary <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>education <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1751"><w NP0-NN1>Interfax <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w NN2>unions <w VM0>would <w VVI>postpone <w NN1-VVB>strike <w NN1>action <w PRP>until <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1752"><w AT0>The <w NN2>salaries <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>employees <w PRP>such as <w NN2>doctors <w CJC>and <w NN2>teachers <w VBD>were <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w AV0>still <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>paying <w NN2>intellectuals <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AJ0>manual <w NN2>workers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04C>
<s n="1753"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1754"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <w PRP>after <w NN1>government <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NN1>energy <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>raised <w PRP>to <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices <w CJS>as <w VVN>sought <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>because of <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w AJ0>social <w NN1>tension<c PUN>.
<s n="1755"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Lopukhin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>liberalizing <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1756"><w AT0>The <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>enterprises <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>increased <w AV0>sixfold <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>controlled<c PUN>.
<s n="1757"><w ZZ0>A <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w NN2>costs <w PRP>to <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>consumers <w VBD>was <w VVN>predicted<c PUN>.
<s n="1758"><w NN1>Fuel <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>at <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w NN2>prices <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w DT0>these <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1759"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>aiming <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cash <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-cash <w NN2>methods <w PRF>of <w NN1>payment <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>for <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>worth <w AV0>over <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>roubles <c PUL>(<w CRD>1 <w UNC>rouble=US&dollar;0.5646 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>rate <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1760"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>rouble <w NN2>notes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>into <w NN1>circulation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>denomination <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>tension <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NN1>cash <w NN2>shortages<c PUN>.
<s n="1761"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RF <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>January-April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CRD>143,100 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w VBD>were <w VVN>put <w PRP>into <w NN1>circulation <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1.6 <w NN2>times <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1762"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VVD>amended <w DPS>its <w AJ0>original <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>convertible <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unitary <w AJ0>floating <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>from <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>months <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w VBD>was <w VVN>fixed <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>fluctuation <w NN1>band <w DT0>either <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1763"><w NN1-NP0>Rossiskaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w VVD-AJ0>carried <w NN1>budget <w NN2>plans <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>dated <w NP0>April <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVB>set <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>at <w NP0>Rbs. <w CRD>67,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1764"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>indicators <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <w NN1-VVB>State <w NN0>Statistics <w NN1>Committee <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ekonomika <w CRD>i <w NN1-VVB>zhizn <w NN1-VVB>issue <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN2>sectors <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>output <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><w AT0>The <w NN0>statistics <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>drop <w PRP>in <w AJ0>national <w NN1>income<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04D><ptr target=HLKCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04D>
<s n="1766"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLKCA04E>
<s n="1767"><w NN1>Protocol <w PRP>on <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1768"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Nationalities <w NP0>Valery <w NP0>Tishkov <w CJC>and <w NP0>Horst <w NP0>Waffenschmidt<c PUN>, <w AJ0>German <w NN1>representative <w PRP>for <w NN1>immigration<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>initialled <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Germans<w POS>' <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Volga<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>eliminated <w PRP>under <w NP0>Stalin <w PRP>in <w CRD>1941<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1769"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>side <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>promised <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w AJ0>forthcoming <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w CRD>2,000,000 <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Germans <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Volga <w NN1>republic <w CJC>or <w AJ0>other <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1770"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>ethnic-German <w NN1>republic <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38349<c PUN>; <w CRD>38583<c PUN>; <w CRD>38590<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLKCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04F>
<s n="1771"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1772"><w PRP>On <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>foundation <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1773"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NP0>Black-Sea <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>region <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1774"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>renewed <w AT0>a <w CRD>1984 <w AJ0>Soviet-Turkish <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>solved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>debt-repayment <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1775"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1776"><w NP0-NN1>BYELARUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1777"><w AJ0>Military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues
</head>
<p>
<s n="1778"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1779"><w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Kozlovsky <w VVD>replaced <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1780"><w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Chaus <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1781"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Byelorussian <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>District<c PUN>.
<s n="1782"><w NP0>Kozlovsky <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Byelorussian <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>District <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<w POS>'s <w NN1>ground <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1783"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN2>servicemen<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVD>backdated <w PRP>to <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04G>
<s n="1784"><w NN1>Introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>currency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1785"><w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VVD>introduced <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rubel<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w NN2>days <w PRP>ahead of <w NN1>schedule<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stanislav <w NP0>Bogdankevich<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VBD>was <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
<s n="1786"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>wages <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w NN2>rubels<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>exchanged <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble<c PUN>.
<s n="1787"><w NN2>Officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>called <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>settlement <w NN1-VVB>note<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>raschetny <w NN1>bilet<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN1>rouble <w NN2-VVZ>notes <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1788"><w AV0>Initially <w AT0>the <w NN2>currencies <w VM0>would <w VVI>coexist<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>future <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w AJ0>possible <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w NN2>shops <w PRP>with <w NN2>rubels<c PUN>, <w CJS>since<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>their <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>function <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>market<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04H>
<s n="1789"><w AJ0>Minimum <w NN1>wage
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1790"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>minimum <w AV0>monthly <w VVI>wage <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w VVN>doubled<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>roubles <c PUL>(<w CRD>1 <w UNC>rouble=US&dollar;0.5708 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>rate <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1791"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w CJT>that <w NN2>prices <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>raised <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1792"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1793"><w NP0>MOLDOVA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1794"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic
</head>
<p>
<s n="1795"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>quadrilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38877-78<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>skirmishes <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0-NN1>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1796"><w NP0>Moldova <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <c PUL>(<w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1797"><w VVB-NN1>Dnestr <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>traded <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>over <w VVG>receiving <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1799"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w AJ0>sporadic <w AJ0>small <w NN2>arms <w NN2>skirmishes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>intensifying <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>weaponry <w CJC>and <w VVD>organized <w AJ0>military <w NN2>formations<c PUN>.
<s n="1800"><w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>reserve <w NN2>units <w CJC>and <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>funding<c PUN>.
<s n="1801"><w NN1>Conciliation <w NN1>commission <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>basis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bendery<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w NN1>success <w CJS>as <w AJ0>local <w NN2>ceasfires <w VBD>were <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>disregarded<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04J>
<s n="1802"><w AJ0>International <w NN2>negotiations <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>involvement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quadrilateral <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>calm <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>side <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AT0>an <w AJ0>active <w NN1>participant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1805"><w AJ0>Romanian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Romania <w VBD>was <w VVG>providing <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>with <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN2>specialists<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>Senate <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>tax-free <w NN2>contributions <w TO0>to <w VVI>aid <w PRP>for <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>donated <w DT0>some <w CRD>150,000,000 <w NN2>lei <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;660,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1807"><w NN1-AJ0>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN2>contacts<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04K>
<s n="1808"><w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN1>response
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1809"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>heard <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Snegur<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>either <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1-VVB>combat <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w NP0>Moldova <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1810"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>hesitated <w TO0>to <w VVI>back <w NP0-NN1>Snegur<w POS>'s <w NN1>demand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1811"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVG>allowing <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>formations<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="1812"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassure <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VVN-VVD>worried <w PRP>about <w NN1>unification <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04L>
<s n="1813"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1814"><w PRP>According to <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>timescale <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>quadrilateral <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1815"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>commission <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38877<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrive <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1816"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>airborne <w NN2>units <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kishinev <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>between <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1817"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1818"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1819"><w NN1-VVB>Dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w NP0>Crimea
</head>
<p>
<s n="1820"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pending <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1821"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>contradiction <w PRP>to <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>Constitution <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w NP0>Crimea <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>within<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>vkhodit <w ZZ0>v<c PUR>) <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1822"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>parliament <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>340 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>annul <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>as against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1823"><w AV0>Apparently <w VVG>giving <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>98 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>157 <w TO0>to <w VVI>repeal <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1824"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Supreme <w NP0-NN1>Rada<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VVG>delineating <w NP0>Crimea<w POS>'s <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>land <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="1825"><w AJ0>Sufficient <w NN2>signatures <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>collected <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1826"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Crimea <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>administratively <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>since <w CRD>1954<c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>belonged <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1827"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN2>Tatars<w POS>' <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38302<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w VVG>denouncing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>vote <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>autonomy <w VVN>granted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>all <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>structures <w VVD>excluded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tatar <w NN1>nation<c PUN>.
<s n="1828"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Tatars <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deported <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Asia <w PRP>under <w NP0>Stalin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1829"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>escalation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>confrontation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w TO0>to <w VVI>rescind <w AT0>the <w CRD>1954 <w VVB-NN1>decree <w VVG>ceding <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>13507<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1830"><w AT0>The <w NN1>transfer<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>gift<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1-AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Nikita <w NP0>Khrushchev<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>contradict <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1832"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reaction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>decision <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>matter <w DTQ>which <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w DT0>another <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04M>
<s n="1833"><w NN1>Status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1834"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NN2>CIS <w VVB-NN1>command<c PUN>.
<s n="1835"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Fleet<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>decided <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>(<w PRP>excluding <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>form <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1836"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38732<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1837"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38878<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>useful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1838"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15-18 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dagomys <c PUL>(<w NP0>Russia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>working <w NN2>visits <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><w NN2>Negotiations <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia <w AV0>all <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>a <w NN1>share<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04N>
<s n="1840"><w NN1>Reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1841"><w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>specifying <w AT0>the <w NN1>length <w PRF>of <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1842"><w AJ0>Alternative <w NN1>service <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>permitted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w CRD>24 <w NN2>months <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w NN2>Regulations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>army <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>drafted<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04P>
<s n="1844"><w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1845"><w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18-19 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="1846"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>border <w NN2>crossings<c PUN>, <w AJ0>agricultural<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>educational <w NN2>qualifications <w CJC>and <w NN1>road <w NN1>transport<c PUN>.
<s n="1847"><w AT0>The <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN2>minorities <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04R>
<s n="1848"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1849"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5-7 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>.
<s n="1850"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>covered <w NN2>arms <w NN2>reductions <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investments<c PUN>.
<s n="1851"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NP0>Export-Import <w NN1-NP0>Bank <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>offered <w NP0>Ukraine <w UNC>US&dollar;140 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN2>credits <w PRP>for <w VVG>purchasing <w NP0>US <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="1852"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>agreement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLKCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04S>
<s n="1853"><w NN1>Church <w NN1>controversy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1854"><w AT0>A <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church <c PUL>(<w NP0>UOC<c PUR>) <w VVD>escalated <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1855"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UOC <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>hierarchy<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="1856"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Aleksii <w CRD>II<c PUN>, <w NN1>Patriarch <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w DT0>All <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Holy <w NN1>Synod <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UOC<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Metropolitan <w NN1>Filaret<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>face <w NN1>trial <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>hierarchs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church <c PUL>(<w NP0>ROC<c PUR>) <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><w DT0>This <w NN1>announcement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ROC<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>retracted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>14 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>.
<s n="1858"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Vladimir<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Metropolitan <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rostov <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Novocherkassk <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>new <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UOC<c PUN>.
<s n="1859"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Patriarch <w NN1-NP0>Aleksii<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1860"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1861"><w NP0>ARMENIA/AZERBAIJAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1862"><w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>advances <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh
</head>
<p>
<s n="1863"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0>intensive <w NN1>shelling <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>forces <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w NP0>Shusha <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>stronghold <w PRP>within <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>victory <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN2>Armenians <w PRP>with <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>enclave <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1864"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Armenian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w NP0>Yagub <w NP0>Mamedov<c PUN>.
<s n="1865"><w PNP>It <w VVD>provoked <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>side <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>cover <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="1866"><w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>officials <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w AJ0>active <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave <w VBD>were <w AJ0>outside <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1867"><w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>efforts <w VBD>were <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>directed <w PRP>towards <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Lachin <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>situated <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>capitalize <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>victory <w PRP>against <w NP0>Shusha <w PRP>by <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>a <w NN1>corridor <w PRP>through <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>territory <w TO0>to <w VVI>connect <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>with <w NP0>Armenia <w AJ0>proper<c PUN>.
<s n="1868"><w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>front <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w PRP>through <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Askeran <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave <w PRP>from <w NP0>Agdam <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>prevent <w DPS>their <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w NP0-NN1>Lachin <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1869"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Isa <w NP0>Kambarov<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w VVD>conceded <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04T>
<s n="1870"><w NN1>Threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>intervention
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1871"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>troops <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full-scale <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN2>hills <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sadarak <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nakhichevan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>strip <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>land <w VVN>separated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="1872"><w NP0-NN1>Hikmet <w NP0>Cetin<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kars <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w CRD>1921 <w VBD>was <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>guarantor <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>shared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>disapproval <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1873"><w CJS>If <w NP0>Armenia <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>halt <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>aggression<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>consequences<c PUN>.
<s n="1874"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Turkish <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent <w PRP>into <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Lachin <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shusha <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1875"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>aid <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="1876"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories<c PUN>.
<s n="1877"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>against <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w VVG>pitting <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>against <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w VVD>prompted <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w TO0>to <w VVI>warn <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w NN1>World <w NN1>War <w CRD>Three<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1878"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veiled <w NN1>warning <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>dispatched <w DPS>his <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Gennady <w NP0-NN1>Burbulis <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <w PRP>to <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>7th <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PRP>under <w AJ0>exclusive <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>control <w CJC>but <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="1879"><w NP0-NN1>Burbulis <w VVD>gave <w DPS>his <w NN1>assurance <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>a <w AJ0>partial <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>phased <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w VBD>was <w VVN>envisaged <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Armenia<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>lurch<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1880"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nakhichevan<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>involvement <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NN2>Christians <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1881"><w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>his <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>during <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38924<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04U>
<s n="1882"><w NN1>Power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w AT0>The <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shusha <w VVD>precipitated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="1884"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>blamed <w AJ0>acting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mamedov <w PRP>for <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>setbacks <w CJC>and <w VVD>reinstated <w NN1>ex-President <w NP0>Ayaz <w NP0>Mutalibov<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ousted <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w AJ0>military <w NN1>defeat <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38827<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1885"><w NP0>Mutalibov <w AV0>immediately <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baku<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>cancelled <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w AV0>widely <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w TO0>to <w VVI>power <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abulfaz <w NP0>Elchibey<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1886"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w VVD>described <w NP0>Mutalibov<w POS>'s <w NN1>installation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>coup<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>disobedience<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1887"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w CRD>20,000 <w VVD-VVN>gathered <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Front<w POS>'s <w NN0>headquarters <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AV0>there <w VVD>marched <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace<c PUN>.
<s n="1888"><w AT0>A <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN1-VVB>support <w CJC>and <w NN1>neutrality <w VVD>enabled <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w TO0>to <w VVI>overrun <w DT0>both <w NN2>buildings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>minimal <w NN2>losses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1889"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w NP0>Mutalibov <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Front <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>control <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1890"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>positions <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Kambarov <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>President <w PRP>pending <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1891"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1892"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1893"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="1894"><w AT0>The <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>intensified <w NN1>shelling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Tskhinvali<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
<s n="1895"><w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>leader <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Tskhinvali <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1896"><w AJ0>Tripartite <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Ossetia <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="1897"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>travelling <w PRP>from <w NN1>South <w PRP>to <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>36 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1898"><w DT0>This <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>highway <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>route <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w NN1>gas <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1899"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vladikavkaz <c PUL>(<w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUR>) <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Kavsadze <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38877 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Ossetian <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0>Medvedev<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>State <w NN2>Structures <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interethnic <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w VVG>lifting <w AT0>the <w NN1>blockade<c PUN>.
<s n="1900"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w VVN>broken <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04V>
<s n="1901"><w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Mountain <w NN2>Peoples
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1902"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caucasian <w NP0>Mountain <w NN2>Peoples <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w NP0>Caucasus <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tskhinvali <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reassessment <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04W>
<s n="1903"><w NN1>Security
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1904"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Tbilisi <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1905"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Ministry <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>by <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1906"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Bureau<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Irakly <w NP0>Batiashvili<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04X>
<s n="1907"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1908"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unofficial <w AJ0>working <w NN1>visit<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Day<c PUN>.
<s n="1909"><w VVG>Offering <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJC>further <w NN1>aid <w VM0>would <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w AJ0>free <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="1910"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w NP0>Georgia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1912"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1913"><w NP0>BALTIC <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1914"><w NN1>Troop <w NN2>withdrawals
</head>
<p>
<s n="1915"><w AJ0>Russian <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Fyodor <w NP0>Shelov-Kovedyayev <w VVD>toured <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-7 <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>including <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1916"><w NP0>Valery <w NP0>Mironov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>North-western <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1917"><w PRP>In response to <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>side <w VVD>repeated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>before <w CRD>1997-99 <w VM0>would <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>.
<s n="1918"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w VVD-AJ0>reported <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>predicting <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals <w VVG>beginning <w PRP-AVP>in <w CRD>1992-94<c PUN>.
<s n="1919"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>February <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38786<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1920"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shelov-Kovedyayev <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="1921"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NN1>ratification <w NN2-VVZ>documents <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bilateral <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Russian-Lithuanian<c PUR>) <w NN2>relations <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w VBD>were <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over<c PUN>.
<s n="1922"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>jeopardized<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Shelov-Kovedyayev<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>language <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>draft <w NN1>citizenship <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1923"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVG>transferring <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>border <w NN1>district <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>jurisdiction <w CJC>and <w VVG>placing <w PNP>them <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w NN1>Border <w NN2>Troops<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>financed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="1924"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>interested <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<w POS>' <w NN1>status <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w VVG>guarding <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1925"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>states <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>making <w DT0>little <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
<s n="1926"><w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vytautas <w NP0>Landsbergis <w VHD>had <w VVN>lodged <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>protest <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>banned <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lithuania<w POS>'s <w NN1>air <w NN1>space<c PUN>.
<s n="1927"><w AJ0>Baltic <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>requested <w NN1>aid <w PRP>in <w VVG>inspecting <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w CJS>as <w DPS>their <w NN2>requests <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>side <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1>refusal<c PUN>.
<s n="1928"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w AV0>formally <w VVN>protested <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN2>Russians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>15-21<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1929"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1930"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1931"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>code
</head>
<p>
<s n="1932"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1933"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>Radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Mart <w NP0-NN1>Rask <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>satisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>judicial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1934"><w AT0>The <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w VBD>was <w VVN>retained <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>: <w NN1>terrorism <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>murder <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>particularly <w VVD-AJ0>aggravated <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>.
<s n="1935"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>code <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w CRD>18 <w NN2>kinds <w PRF>of <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLKCA04Y>
<s n="1936"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1937"><w NP0>Uno <w VVG>Veering<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>in addition <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1938"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w NN2>Toomas <w NP0-NN1>Puura <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1939"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>Radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w VVG>Veering <w CJC>and <w NP0>Puura <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>expediting <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1940"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1941"><w NP0>LATVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1942"><w AJ0-NN1>Parallel <w NN1>currency
</head>
<p>
<s n="1943"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>Currency <w NN1>Reform <w NN1>Committee <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>rouble <w TO0>to <w VVI>circulate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>parallel <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>rouble<c PUN>.
<s n="1944"><w AJ0>Public-sector <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>payments <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>, <w PRP>unlike <w AT0>the <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>lats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1945"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w NN1>shortage <w VVG>affecting <w DT0>all <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1946"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AJ0>vulnerable <w PRP>to <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>.
<s n="1947"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Currency <w NN1>Reform <w NN1>Committee <w VVD>comprised <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVZ>Ivars <w NP0-NN1>Godmanis<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Latvia <w NP0>Einars <w NP0-NN1>Repse <w CJC>and <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Committee <w NP0>Edmunds <w NP0>Krastins<c PUN>.
<s n="1948"><w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>considering <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AJ0>transitional <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>introduced <w NN2>coupons <w PRP>in <w CRD>200 <w CJC>and <w CRD>500 <w NN2>denominations<c PUN>, <w VVN>paid <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w NN2>goods <w PRP>in <w AJ0>short <w NN1>supply<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA050></p>
<caption id=HLKCA050>
<s n="1949"><w AJ0>Anti-KGB <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1950"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w VVG>banning <w DT0>former <w NN2>officers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
<s n="1951"><w AT0>The <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrejs <w NP0>Krastins<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atmoda-Atpute <w NN1>newspaper <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>recruited <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980 <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w VBD>were <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>compromise <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1952"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN2>Parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w NP0>Latvia <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w NN1>humanity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1953"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVG>defining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>regimes <w PRP>within <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w AV0>abroad <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w PRP>until <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1954"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1955"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1956"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>presidency <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Government <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="1957"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>on <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>presidency <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>defeated<c PUN>.
<s n="1958"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN2>results <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>58 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>69.2 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w CJC>and <w CRD>25.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="1959"><w DT0>Those <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>presidency <w AV0>thus <w VVN>constituted <w AV0>about <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>over <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1961"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Vytautas <w NP0>Landsbergis<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>creeping <w NN1>coup <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>left<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDLP <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>former <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1962"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gediminas <w NP0>Vagnorius <w VVD>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w VVG>obstructing <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>change <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>decisions<c PUN>.
<s n="1963"><w NP0-NN1>Vagnorius <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w AT0>the <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38880<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1964"><w PRP>During <w DT0>this <w NN1>speech <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vagnorius <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>Procurator<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Ministry <c PUL>(<w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leonas <w NN2>Asmantas<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lithuania <c PUL>(<w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1965"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vagnorius<c PUN>, <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJS>albeit <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1966"><w AJ0>Mutual <w NN2>recriminations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>printing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>banking <w NN2>structures<c PUN>.
<s n="1967"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w VHD>had <w VVN>defeated <w NP0>Vagnorius<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w NN2>motions <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asmantas <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vilius <w NP0-NN1>Baldisis<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1968"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1969"><w NP0>FINLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1970"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Purchase <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft
</head>
<p>
<s n="1971"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>153 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>good-neighbourliness <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w CRD>1948 <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>Friendship<c PUN>, <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Mutual <w NN1>Assistance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38444-45<c PUN>; <w CRD>38587<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1972"><w NP0>Finland <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w CRD>64 <w NP0>US <w NP0>F/A-18 <w NP0-NN1>Hornet <w NN1>interceptor <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>in <w NN1>preference <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>ex-Soviet<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>French <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN2>models <w TO0>to <w VVI>modernize <w DPS>its <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1973"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1974"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1975"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash;<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Friendly <w NN1>fire<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>verdict <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-NP0>Acknowledgment <w PRF>of <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w UNC>MI6
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1976"><w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN2>gains <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1977"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <w VVD>made <w AJ0>net <w NN2>gains <w PRF>of <w CRD>308 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>3,800 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>on <w CRD>207 <w AJ0>local <w NN1>district <w NN2>councils <w PRP>in <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wales<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38868-69<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1978"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VVD>suffered <w AJ0>heavy <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w CRD>365 <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>gained <w CRD>61 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA051></p>
<caption id=HLKCA051>
<s n="1979"><w NN1>Verdict <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>friendly <w NN1>fire<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>inquest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1980"><w AT0>The <w NN1>jury <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NP0>Oxford <w NN1>inquest <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>British <w NN2>servicemen <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>friendly <w NN1>fire<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War <w VVD>decided <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>unlawfully <w VVN>killed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1981"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NP0>US <w NN2>pilots <w VVD-VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>mistakenly <w VVN>fired <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>at <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>personnel <w NN2>carriers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>desert <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>anonymous <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>testified <w AV0>only <w PRP>by <w NN1>letter<c PUN>.
<s n="1982"><w NN1>Documentation <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Prosecutions <w CJC>but <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>indicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>considered <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VVD>closed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA052></p>
<caption id=HLKCA052>
<s n="1983"><w AJ0>Formal <w NN1>acknowledgment <w PRF>of <w UNC>MI6
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1984"><w AT0>The <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Secret <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Service <c PUL>(<w NN1>SIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>commonly <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w UNC>MI6<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>acknowledged <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Major <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w DPS>its <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>counterpart <w UNC>MI5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37158<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>statutory <w NN1>basis <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>Chief <w VBD>was <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>McColl<c PUN>.
<s n="1985"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>steps <w PRP>towards <w NN1>government <w NN1>openness <w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Major <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>committees <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA053></p>
<caption id=HLKCA053>
<s n="1986"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jersey <w NN1-VVB>judge
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1987"><w NP0>Vernon <w NP0>Tomes <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w VVD-VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Bailiff <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Jersey<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>judge <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>too <w AJ0>slow <w PRP>in <w VVG>delivering <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>judgments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1988"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Queen <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>raised <w NN2>questions <w PRP>about <w NP0>Jersey<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>status <w PRP>vis-&agrave;-vis <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
<s n="1989"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>splitting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bailiff<w POS>'s <w AJ0>combined <w NN2>functions<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NN1>judge <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<w POS>'s <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
<s n="1990"><w NN2>Islanders <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>staged <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>protest <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>St <w NP0>Helier <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lieutenant-Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jersey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>John <w NP0>Sutton<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shouted <w AVP>down <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1991"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1992"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1993"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Judith <w NP0>Ward
</head>
<p>
<s n="1994"><w NP0>Judith <w NP0>Ward<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w VVG>serving <w AT0>a <w NN1>life <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>) <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>freed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Appeal <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD>found <w DPS>her <w NN2>convictions <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unsafe <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unsatisfactory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1995"><w NP0-NN1>Ward <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1974 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>nine <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NP0>IRA <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coach <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months <w AV0>earlier <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>26458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AJ0>concurrent <w AJ0>30-year <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN2>explosions <w PRP>at <w NP0>Euston <w NN1>Station <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>college <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>26873-74<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1996"><w DPS>Her <w NN1>case <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Appeal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>forensic <w NN1>evidence <w VVN>given <w PRP>at <w DPS>her <w NN1>trial <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38445<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1997"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forensic <w NN2>tests <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>conviction <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discredited <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>appeal <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>recently <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Birmingham <w CRD>Six <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38111<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1998"><w NN1>Evidence <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w CJS>given that <w NP0>Ward <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>personality <w NN1>disorder <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>suggestible <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>arrest <w CJC>and <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1999"><w NP0>Ward<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>counsel <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w AJ0>original <w NN1>trial <w AJ0>large <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>vital <w NN1>evidence <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="2000"><w PNP>He <w VVD>declared <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>prison <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w NN0>staff <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Prosecution<w POS>'s <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>scientists <w CJC>and <w AJ0>junior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w NN1>team <w VBD>were <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>dereliction <w PRF>of <w NN1>duty <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>disclose <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2001"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>declared <w NP0>Judith <w NP0>Ward <w AJ0-NN1>innocent <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA054></p>
<caption id=HLKCA054>
<s n="2002"><w NP0>Coalisland <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2003"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="2004"><w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Longland <w VBD>was <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w CRD>3 <w NN1>Brigade <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parachute <w NN1>Regiment<c PUN>, <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1969 <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w NN1>action <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken<c PUN>.
<s n="2005"><w AT0>The <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Longland<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>completed <w AV0>only <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>posting<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w DT0>several <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w CRD>3 <w NN1>Brigade <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>residents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Coalisland <w PRP>in <w NN1>Co<c PUN>.
<s n="2006"><w NP0>Tyrone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2007"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parachute <w NN1>Regiment <w VBD>were <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>assaulted <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w NN2>customers <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w AJ0>public <w NN2>houses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN1>town<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenge <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NP0>IRA <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>injured <w AT0>a <w NN1>colleague<c PUN>.
<s n="2008"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>officer <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w NN1>duty <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>.
<s n="2009"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w CRD>three <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w CJC>and <w VVN>injured <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Brigade<c PUN>.
<s n="2010"><w NP0>UK <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Malcolm <w NP0>Rifkind<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Longland <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unrelated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Coalisland <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA055></p>
<caption id=HLKCA055>
<s n="2011"><w AJ0>All-party <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2012"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0-NN1>inter-party <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822 <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w NN2-VVZ>talks<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>anxious <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w VVB>involve <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NN2>commissioners <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dublin <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2013"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>objections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>were <w VVN>heightened <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDLP <w NN2>plans <w VBD>were <w VVN>leaked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
<s n="2014"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>subcommittee <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2015"><w NN1>Concern <w VVD>remained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>effort <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>undermined<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA056></p>
<caption id=HLKCA056>
<s n="2016"><w UNC>MI5
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2017"><w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Clarke<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w DT0>that <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>operations <w TO0>to <w VVI>uncover <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>units <w VVG>operating <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>mainland <w VM0>would <w AV0>henceforth <w VBI>be <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w UNC>MI5<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>security <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2018"><w DT0>These <w NN2>operations <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VBN>been <w VVN>handled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Metropolitan <w NN2>Police<c PUN>.
<s n="2019"><w NP0>Clarke <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>change<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VVI>mean <w AT0>the <w AV0>less <w AJ0>active <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NN2>agents <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>for <w UNC>MI5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>devote <w DT0>more <w NN2>resources <w PRP>to <w VVG>countering <w NP0>IRA <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="2020"><w PNP>He <w VVD>emphasized <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>conflict<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w NN1>evidence <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>arrest <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w NN2>suspects<c PUN>.
<s n="2021"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>scrutiny <w PRF>of <w UNC>MI5 <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>select <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2022"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2023"><w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2024"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Bishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Galway <w NN1>affair
</head>
<p>
<s n="2025"><w VVB>Eamonn <w NP0>Casey<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Bishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Galway<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>details <w VVD>began <w VVG>emerging <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>love <w NN1>affair <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>American <w NN1>woman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2026"><w NP0-NN1>Casey <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>bishops <w PRP>for <w CRD>23 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>well-known <w NN1>campaigner <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World<c PUN>.
<s n="2027"><w DPS>His <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>revelations <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>shock <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2028"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>radio <w NN2>interviews <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Annie <w NP0>Murphy <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w CJC>and <w NP0>Casey <w VHD>had <w VVN>embarked <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>love <w NN1>affair <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NN1>birth <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>child <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
<s n="2029"><w AT0>The <w NN1>affair <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>child<w POS>'s <w NN1>birth <w CJC>and <w NP0>Murphy <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w NP0-NN1>Casey <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>sum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>child<w POS>'s <w NN1>upkeep<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Murphy <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRP>to <w NN1>court <w CJC>and <w NP0>Casey <w VVD>paid <w PNP>her <w AT0>a <w NN1>lump <w NN1>sum <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;115,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2031"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>statement <w NP0-NN1>Casey <w VVD>said <w AV0>only <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2032"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>another <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>behalf <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w PNP>he <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>child<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Murphy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w NP0>Murphy <w AT0>a <w NN1>lump <w NN1>sum <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VVN>taken <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>church<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>reserve <w NN2>accounts <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>diocese <w PRF>of <w NP0>Galway<c PUN>.
<s n="2033"><w AT0>The <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>repaid <w PRP>with <w NN1>interest <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>several <w NN2>donors<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA057></p>
<caption id=HLKCA057>
<s n="2034"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w NN1>newspaper <w PRP>over <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>advertisement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2035"><w DT0>All <w NN2>copies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w NN1>edition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>newspaper <w AT0>the <w NN1>Guardian <w VBD>were <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland <w CJS>because <w NN2>distributors <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full-page <w NN1>advertisement <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>referral <w NN1>service <w VVD>breached <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2036"><w AT0>The <w NN1>withdrawal <w VBD>was <w VVN>raised <w AV0>twice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dail <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="2037"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NN2>Proinsias <w NP0>de <w NP0>Rossa<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVB>read <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>advertisement <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dail<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN0>media <w TO0>to <w VVI>publish <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w NN1>impunity<c PUN>.
<s n="2038"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Rossa <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>withholding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w AJ0>ludicrous <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Eighth <w NN1>Amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w CRD>1983<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>life<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>clause<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2039"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2040"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2041"><w NP0-NN1>Tapie<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</head>
<p>
<s n="2042"><w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Tapie<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Towns <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38870-71<c PUN>; <w CRD>38820<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="2043"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>summoned <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w PRP>before <w AT0>an <w AJ0>examining <w NN1>magistrate <w PRP>in connection with <w DPS>his <w NN1>business <w NN2>dealings <w PRP>with <w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Tranchant<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Gaullist <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w UNC>r&eacute;publique<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2044"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tapie <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Parti <w NN1>socialiste <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w CJS>although <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>majority<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>along with <w PNP>it <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>controversial <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS<c PUN>.
<s n="2045"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>in connection with <w DPS>his <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Olympique <w NP0>Marseille <w NN1>football <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NP0>Bourse <w PRP>in connection with <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN2>dealings<c PUN>.
<s n="2046"><w NN1-NP0>Tranchant<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>co-owner <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Tapie <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>electronics <w NN1>firm<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nippon <w AJ0-NN1>Audio <w NN1>Video <w NN1>System<c PUN>, <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tapie <w VHD>had <w AV0>fraudulantly <w VVN>kept <w PNP>him <w AJ0>ignorant <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w UNC>F13,000,000 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>company <w NP0-NN1>Toshiba <w AVQ-CJS>when <w NP0>Toshiba <w VVD>bought <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
<s n="2047"><w NN1-NP0>Tapie<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bringing <w PRF>of <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w VBD>was <w AV0>politically <w VVN-AJ0>motivated<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inner <w NN2>cities <w DTQ>which <w VVD>entailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w CRD>400 <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w NN2>sports <w NN2-VVZ>centres <w PRP>in <w AJ0>deprived <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2048"><w NN1-NP0>Tapie <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Loncle<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jack <w NP0>Lang<c PUN>.
<s n="2049"><w AV0>Additionally <w NP0>Bruno <w NP0>Durieux <c PUL>(<w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w NN1>Health <w PRP>under <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Edith <w NP0>Cresson <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA058></p>
<caption id=HLKCA058>
<s n="2050"><w NN1-AJ0>Corsican <w NN1>stadium <w NN1>disaster
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2051"><w CRD>Thirteen <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w CJC>and <w CRD>400 <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>spectators<w POS>' <w NN1>stand <w VVD-VVN>collapsed <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>football <w NN1-VVB>match <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bastia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Olympique <w NP0>Marseille <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Furiani <w NN1>stadium <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bastia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Corsica<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2052"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN>produced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>investigating <w NN1>commission <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w VVD-AJ0>contained <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>erecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>stand<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sud-Tribune <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bastia <w NN1>soccer <w NN1>club<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>owned <w AT0>the <w NN1>football <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w PRP>By <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w CRD>six <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bastia <w NN1>club<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Filippi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sud-Tribune<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0-NN1>Boismond<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2054"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2055"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2056"><w NN1>Ending <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>strike
</head>
<p>
<s n="2057"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>strike <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38872<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w PRP>after <w CRD>11 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>engineering <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>private-sector <w NN2>unions <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>avoided<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w CJS>While <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>further <w VVN>undermined <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w NN2>differences<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>SPD <w VVD>rejected <w DT0>any <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w VVN>suggested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA059></p>
<caption id=HLKCA059>
<s n="2059"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2060"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>stepped <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May<c PUN>; <w PRP>by <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>over <w CRD>400,000 <w NN2>strikers<c PUN>.
<s n="2061"><w NN2>Services <w PRP>at <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>western <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>airports <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>postal <w NN2>services <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>disrupted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>refuse <w NN1>collection <w CJC>and <w AJ0>non-essential <w NN1>hospital <w NN2>services <w VVD-VVN>halted<c PUN>.
<s n="2062"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>initially <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>mediator<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>negotiating <w NN1>table <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="2063"><w AT0>The <w NN2>employers<c PUN>, <w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1>L&auml;nder <c PUL>(<w VVZ-NN2>states<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>plus <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>lower <w VVN>paid<c PUN>.
<s n="2064"><w VVB-NN1>Strike <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>called <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2065"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0-VVD>annualized <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>4.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>victory<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w NP0>Monika <w NP0>Wulf-Mathies<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>union <w VVD-VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>&Ouml;TV<c PUN>.
<s n="2066"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theo <w NP0>Waigel <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disastrous <w NN1>development <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w AV0>ultimately <w VVI>endanger <w NN2>jobs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2067"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>44.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>&Ouml;TV <w NN2>members <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>ballot<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w VVN>required<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>&Ouml;TV <w NN1>leadership <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w VVB>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2068"><w AT0>The <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>industry <w VBD>was <w VVN>averted <w PRP>after <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>IG <w NP0>Metall <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers<w POS>' <w NN1>federation <w NN1-NP0>Gesamtmetall <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w NN1>midnight <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17-18 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>21-month <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
<s n="2069"><w DT0>This <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>regions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>.
<s n="2070"><w PNP>It <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>rise <w VVD>backdated <w PRP>to <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w PRP>In <w DT0>both <w NN2>periods <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>bonus<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>working <w NN1>week <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>37 <w PRP>to <w CRD>36 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2072"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>agreements <w VVN-VVD>followed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>printing <w NN2>industries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05A>
<s n="2073"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>budget <w NN2-VVZ>plans
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2074"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SPD <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w VVD>attacked <w NN2>plans <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w NP0>Waigel <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>to <w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>until <w CRD>1996 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NP0-NN1>Land <w CJC>and <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>spending <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>to <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SPD <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>possible <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w AT0>the <w NN1>reconstruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>well-off<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>underestimating <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>items <w CJS>as <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w NN1>east <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>property <w NN2>owners<c PUN>, <w VVG>cleaning <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2077"><w NP0>Waigel<w POS>'s <w NN2>calculations <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>by <w NP0>J&uuml;rgen <w NP0>M&ouml;llemann<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economics <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>department <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w NN1-AJ0>net <w NN1>borrowing <w NN1>requirement <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM55,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995 <w PRP>from <w UNC>DM52,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1=DM1.6414 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2078"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>estimates <w VVD>predicted <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>borrowing <w NN1>requirement <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM25,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995 <w PRP>from <w UNC>DM49,900 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2079"><w DT0>This <w DT0>latter <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w VVN>revised <w AV0>downwards <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM42,700 <w CRD>million <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05B>
<s n="2080"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2081"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Horst <w NP0>Seehofer <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSU<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Gerda <w NP0>Hasselfeldt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>resignation <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38872<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2082"><w NP0>Hans-Dietrich <w NP0>Genscher<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w AV0>formally <w VVD>took <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w XX0>not <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w CJS>as <w VVN>given <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38872<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>anticipated<c PUN>.
<s n="2083"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>reshuffle <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Kinkel <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>M&ouml;llemann <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w NP0>Genscher<w POS>'s <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Vice-Chancellor <w PRP>in addition to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economics <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Sabine <w NN1>Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDP<c PUR>) <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kinkel <w PRP>as <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05C>
<s n="2084"><w NP0>Berlin <w AJ0>communal <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2085"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>61.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>city-wide <w AJ0>communal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>since <w CRD>1946<c PUN>, <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>showings <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w NN1>right<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2086"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SPD <w VVD>won <w CRD>31.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <c PUL>(<w VVG>scoring <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>percentage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w CJC>and <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2087"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CDU <w VVD>won <w CRD>27.5 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>14.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w CJC>and <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2088"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Socialism <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>SED<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>11.3 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>overall <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w VVD>came <w ORD>second <w PRP>with <w CRD>29.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2089"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>extreme-right <w NN2>Republicans <w VVD>won <w CRD>8.3 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>5.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w CJC>and <w CRD>9.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2090"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>the <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>threshold <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN1>representation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05D>
<s n="2091"><w NP0>RAF <w NN1-VVB>release
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2092"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Faction <c PUL>(<w NP0>RAF<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NP0>G&uuml;nter <w NP0>Sonnenberg<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>injured <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>28917<c PUN>; <w CRD>29012<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>probation <w PRP>after <w VVG>serving <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>life <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
<s n="2093"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38872 <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>RAF <w VVB-NN1>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLKCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05E>
<s n="2094"><w NN2>Charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Honecker
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2095"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w CRD>six <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1974<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shoot-to-kill<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>order <w DTQ>which <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>inter-German <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="2096"><w AV0>Hitherto <w AV0>only <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shoot-to-kill<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38736-37<c PUN>; <w CRD>38782<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2097"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>charged <w VBD>were <w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Honecker<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>leader <w PNQ>who <w VVD>sought <w NN1>refuge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38687-88<c PUN>; <w CRD>38782<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Mielke<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stasi <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>police<c PUN>; <w NP0>Willi <w NP0>Stoph<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NP0>Heinz <w NP0>Kessler<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NP0>Fritz <w NP0>Streletz<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kessler<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Albrecht<c PUN>, <w NP0>SED <w NN1>chief <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Suhl<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05F>
<s n="2098"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2099"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Germany <w VM0>would <w VVI>open <w DPS>its <w NN2>borders <w PRP>to <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sick <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>wounded <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>others <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJS>if <w NN2>friends<c PUN>, <w NN2>relatives <w CJC>or <w NN2>others <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>after <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="2100"><w NN1-VVB>Visa <w NN2>requirements <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
<s n="2101"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>48,000 <w NN0>people <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05G>
<s n="2102"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carstens
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2103"><w NP0>Karl <w NP0>Carstens<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>served <w PRP>as <w NP0>West <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979-84<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>Meckenheim <w PRP>near <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>77<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2104"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2105"><w NP0>NETHERLANDS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2106"><w NP0>Lubbers<w POS>' <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign
</head>
<p>
<s n="2107"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruud <w NP0>Lubbers<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="2108"><w VVN-AJ0>Aged <w AV0>only <w CRD>53<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>longest-serving <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>led <w AJ0>successive <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>governments <w PRP>since <w CRD>1982<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05H>
<s n="2109"><w NN1>Legalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>brothels
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2110"><w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w VVD>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w TO0>to <w VVI>legalize <w NN2>brothels <w CJC>and <w NN1>sex <w NN2>clubs<c PUN>.
<s n="2111"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>control <c PUL>(<w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>licensing <w NN1>system<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w NN2>prostitutes <w PRP>by <w NN2>criminals <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>pimps<c PUN>.
<s n="2112"><w NN2>Prostitutes<w POS>' <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>fail <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>objective <w PRF>of <w VVG>improving <w AT0>the <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w NN2>prostitutes<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2113"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2114"><w NP0>AUSTRIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2115"><w AJ0>Austrian <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<caption>
<s n="2116"><w NN1>Percentage <w PRF>of <w NN1>vote
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="2117"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2118"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Klestil<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>&Ouml;VP<c PUR>) <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>with <w AV0>almost <w CRD>57 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w PRP>round <w NN1>run-off <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w CRD>nine <w NN1>L&auml;nder <c PUL>(<w NN2>provinces<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w NP0>Rudolf <w NP0>Streicher<c PUN>, <w CRD>53<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <c PUL>(<w NP0>SP&Ouml;<c PUR>) <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2119"><w VVB-NN1>Klestil<c PUN>, <w CRD>59<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>career <w NN1>diplomat <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kurt <w NP0>Waldheim <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year <w NN1>term <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2120"><w AT0>The <w NN2>candidates <w VVN-VVD>eliminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w VBD>were <w NP0>Heide <w NP0>Schmidt<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Austria <c PUL>(<w NP0>FP&Ouml;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Jungk<c PUN>, <w CRD>78<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Green <w AJ0-NN1>Alternative <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="2121"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>nomination <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38590<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
<s n="2122"><w AT0>The <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>numbered <w CRD>5,700,000 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>83.81 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w CJC>and <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w NP0-NN1>Klestil<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>drew <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>promise <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite <w NP0>Austria <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-partisan <w NN1>presidency <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>honesty<c PUN>, <w NN1>decency<c PUN>, <w NN1>dialogue <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NP0>Austria<w POS>'s <w NN1>reputation <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN1>controversy <w VVG>surrounding <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor<w POS>'s <w NN1>wartime <w NN1>record <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34690-92<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2124"><w NP0>Waldheim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>barred <w PRP>from <w VVG>entering <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35528<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVN>shunned <w PRP>by <w AJ0>European <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>term <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38298<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05J>
<s n="2125"><w NN1>Prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w AJ0>neo-Nazi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2126"><w NP0-NN1>Gerd <w NP0-NN1>Honsik<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN1>publisher <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>magazine <w NN1-VVB>Halt<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Vienna <w NN1>court <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w PRP>for <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN2>offences <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>denial <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w NP0>Reich<c PUN>.
<s n="2127"><w CRD>Two <w AJC>earlier <w AJ0-VVN>suspended <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>for <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>offences <w AV0>also <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w VVG>extending <w NP0-NN1>Honsik<w POS>'s <w NN1>prison <w NN1>term <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>potential <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2128"><w AJ0>Austrian <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>treated <w AT0>the <w NN1>denial <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>offence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2129"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2130"><w NP0>SWITZERLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2131"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>membership <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Application <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership
</head>
<p>
<s n="2132"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w NN2>voters <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w NP0>Switzerland <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="2133"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w CRD>55.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w PRP>to <w CRD>44.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>39 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2134"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>marking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>isolationism <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>neutrality<c PUN>.
<s n="2135"><c PUL>(<w AV0>As <w AV0>recently <w CJS>as <w CRD>1986 <w NN2>voters <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34959<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2136"><w DT0>All <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>banking <w NN1>community <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="2137"><w NN2>Groups <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>left <w VVD>opposed <w PNP>it <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0>IMF <w NN2>policies <w VHD>had <w VVN>damaged <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>right <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>cost<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2138"><w PRP>In <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>referendums <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NN2>voters <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AJ0>wide <w NN2>margins <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG>lowering <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w NN1>consent <w PRP>from <w CRD>16 <w PRP>to <w CRD>13 <w CJS>provided that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN1>person<w POS>'s <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>partner <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AV0>more than <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w AJC>older<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>alternative <w PRP>to <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service <w PRP>for <w AJ0>conscientious <w NN2>objectors<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05K>
<s n="2139"><w NN1>Decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2140"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w NN1>polling <w NN1>evidence <w VVG>showing <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>immediately <w VVI>lodge <w AT0>an <w NN1>application<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2141"><w AT0>The <w NN1>suddenness <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>move <w VVD>surprised <w DT0>many <w NN2>observers<c PUN>.
<s n="2142"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w DPS>its <w NN1>goal <w PRP>in <w AJ0>European <w NN1>integration<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>given <w DT0>any <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05L>
<s n="2143"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>EVP <w NN1>president <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2144"><w NP0>Otto <w NP0>Zwygart <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>Evangelical <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>EVP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Max <w NP0>D&uuml;nki<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>retirement<c PUN>.
<s n="2145"><w VVB-NN1>Zwygart<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>teacher <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>wing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2146"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w VVD-AJ0>appointed <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0-NN1>Liener <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="2147"><w VVG-AJ0>Succeeding <w NP0>Heinz <w NP0>H&auml;sler<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w NN1>engineering <w NN0>corps<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2148"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2149"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2150"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>strike
</head>
<p>
<s n="2151"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>one-day <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>union <w NN2>confederations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCOO <w CJC>and <w NP0>UGT<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NN1>government <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="2152"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>linked <w AT0>the <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w AJ0>public <w NN1>spending <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>convergence <w NN2>criteria <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>for <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38658<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2153"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VVD>passed <w AVP>off <w AV0>relatively <w AV0>peacefully<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>50 <w NN2>strikers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>following <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="2154"><w AJ0>Large <w NN2>factories <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>estates <w VBD>were <w VVN>closed <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VVD>received <w DT0>less <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>commercial<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>banking <w CJC>and <w NN1>hotel <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>.
<s n="2155"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>minimal <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w NN1>service <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05M>
<s n="2156"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>ETA <w NN2-VVZ>suspects
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2157"><w AJ0>Uruguayan <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w VVN-VVD>arrested <w CRD>30 <w AJ0-VVD>presumed <w NN2>militants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Euzkadi <w ITJ>ta <w NP0>Askatasuna <c PUL>(<w NN1>ETA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Montevideo<c PUN>.
<s n="2158"><w CRD>Three <w VBD>were <w VVN>wanted <w PRP>in connection with <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2159"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2160"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2161"><w NP0-NN1>Demirel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>tour
</head>
<p>
<s n="2162"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Asia <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w PRP>to <w NP0>May <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VVD>discounted <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>political <w NN1>hegemony <w PRP>over <w DT0>those <w NN2>republics <w PRP>with <w NN1>majority <w NN1-AJ0>Moslem <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkic-speaking <w NN2>populations<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w AV0>afterwards <w PRP>at <w NP0>Baku<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w VHZ>has <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2163"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Asia <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38917<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38924<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2164"><w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w AJ0>promising <w NN2>credits <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Turkish-produced <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>foods <w NN2>products <w AV0>as <w AV0>well <w CJS>as <w PRP>for <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="2165"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>students <w PRP>from <w DT0>these <w NN2>republics <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN2>places <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>lyc&eacute;es <w CJC>and <w NN2>universities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2166"><w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2167"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>received <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>by <w NN2>audiences <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2168"><w AT0>The <w NN2>broadcasts <w VBD>were <w VVN>relayed <w PRP>by <w NN1>satellite <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Avrasya <w NN1>television <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2169"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>opened <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>bridge <w PRP>between <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nakhichevan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Azeri <w NN1>enclave <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>) <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aras <w NN1>river<c PUN>.
<s n="2170"><w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>declared <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>bridge <w PRP>between <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLKCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05N>
<s n="2171"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>SDPP <w NN2>deputies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2172"><w CRD>Two <w DT0>more <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>deputies <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w CJS>as <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Populist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SHP<c PUR>) <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>as <w NN2>independents<c PUN>.
<s n="2173"><w PRP>With <w DT0>these <w NN2>resignations <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mahmut <w NP0>Alinak <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mahmut <w NP0-NN1>Uyanik <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>contributed <w AV0>only <w CRD>70 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>True <w NN1>Path <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DYP<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38739<c PUN>; <w CRD>38873<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05P>
<s n="2174"><w NN1>Violence <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2175"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>south-east <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>disquiet <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38934<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2176"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>incidents <w VVD-VVN>reported <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>army <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>gun-battle <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>63 <w NN2>combatants <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="2177"><w NP0>PKK <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>gendarmerie <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sirnak<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Uludere <w NN1>district<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-VVG>surviving <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>fighters <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AVP>back <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>into <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2178"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN0>aircraft <w AJ0>bombed <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2179"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>raid<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w CRD>10 <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>PKK <w AJ0>cross-border <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Uzumlu<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Hakkari <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2180"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w NP0>Jan. <w NP0>1-May <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>272<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>terrorists<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w CRD>39 <w AJ0>injured <w CJC>and <w AV0>almost <w CRD>4,000 <w VVD>captured<c PUN>.
<s n="2181"><w PRP>Among <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w NN2>policemen <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>267 <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>incidents<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2182"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2183"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2184"><w NN1-NP0>Visegrad <w CRD>Three <w NN1>summit <c PUN>&mdash;
</head>
<p>
<s n="2185"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three <w NN2>countries <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>President <w NP0>Havel <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Walesa <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w PNP>They <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="2187"><w PNP>They <w VVD>stressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w VBD>were <w AJ0>longer-term <w NN2>goals<c PUN>.
<s n="2188"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>matters<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05R>
<s n="2189"><w NP0>CEI
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2190"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0>CEI<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1-NP0>Hexagonale <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38786<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w NN2>CEI <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w AJ0>small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medium-size <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>communications<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05S>
<s n="2191"><w NP0>Hungary <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w ITJ>Eureka
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2192"><w NP0>Hungary <w VBD>was <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ITJ>Eureka <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>high-technology <w NN2>projects<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w ORD>21st <w NN1>member <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w ITJ>Eureka <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Tampere<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="2193"><w AV0>Initially <w NP0>Hungary <w VM0>would <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w CRD>seven <w ITJ>Eureka <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2194"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2195"><w NN1>COUNCIL <w PRF>OF <w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2196"><w NN1>Admission <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bulgaria <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership
</head>
<p>
<s n="2197"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w AV0>formally <w VVD>admitted <w NP0>Bulgaria <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w ORD>27th <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
<s n="2198"><w NP0>Bulgaria <w AV0>also <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Convention<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2199"><w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w VHD>had <w VVN>assumed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>guest <w NN1>status <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w AJ0-VVD>applied <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2200"><w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2201"><w AT0>The <w NN1>application <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w CJC>but <w NN2>reservations <w VBD>were <w VVN>expressed<c PUN>, <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w AJC>further <w NN1>disintegration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>as to <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>other <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2202"><w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2203"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2204"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2205"><w NN1-VVB>CAP <w NN1>reform
</head>
<p>
<s n="2206"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w VVN>assessed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1-VVB>CAP<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>inception <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2207"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN2>proposals <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38023<c PUN>; <w CRD>38352-53<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><w PNP>It <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>support <w NN2>prices <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>overproduction<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NN1>compensation <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest <w NN2>farmers<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>set <w AV0>aside<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>land <w PRP>from <w NN1>production<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2209"><w AJ0>Central <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <c PUL>(<w NN1>buying-in<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>price <w PRP>for <w NN1>grain <w PRP>by <w CRD>29 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>ECU110 <w PRP>per <w NN1>tonne <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>price <w AV0>slightly <w PRP>above <w NN1>world <w NN1>market <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>below <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NP0>EC <w NN1>production <w NN2-VVZ>costs <c PUL>(<w UNC>ECU1=US&dollar;1.26848 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>May <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2210"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VHD>had <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>reduction<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w VVD>argued <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2211"><w NN1>Grain <w NN1>production <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991/92 <w VBD>was <w CRD>180,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>20,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>over <w NP0>EC <w NN2-VVZ>needs<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>20,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>grain <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>storage<c PUN>.
<s n="2212"><w NN1>Milk <w NN1>production <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2213"><w VVB-NN1>Sheepmeat <w CJC>and <w NN1>beef <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>quota <w NN1>regime <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dairy <w NN1>sector <w PRP>since <w CRD>1984 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33161<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2214"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>German <w CJC>and <w AJ0>French <w NN2>farmers <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>move <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="2215"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>farmers<w POS>' <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DBV<c PUN>, <w VVD>maintained <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>transformation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>both <w AJ0>wrong <w CJC>and <w AJ0>disastrous<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2216"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>cities <w NN2>bales <w PRF>of <w NN1>straw <w CJC>and <w NN2>tyres <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AJ0>ablaze <w PRP>at <w NN1>road <w NN2>junctions<c PUN>.
<s n="2217"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>French <w NN1>farming <w NN2>unions <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN-VVD>favoured <w VVG-NN1>linking <w NN1>farm <w NN2>incomes <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>to <w NN2>prices <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social <w NN2>handouts<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w CJS>although<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>realization <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>farming <w NN2>leaders <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>help <w VBD>was <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ageing <w NN1>farming <w NN1>population <w PRP>with <w DT0>few <w NN2>successors <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w AV0>peacefully<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2218"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w NN1>report <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w AV0>all but <w VVI>eliminate <w NN1>cereal <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>subsidies <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>rock <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w AJ0>Round <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>GATT <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG-NN1>foundering<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38888-89<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05T>
<s n="2219"><w NN1>Presentation <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2220"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>appropriations<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB-NN1>budget <w PRP>from <w UNC>ECU66,600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w UNC>ECU67,300 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="2221"><w DT0>This <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w NN2>increases <w PRF>of <w CRD>11.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2222"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w CRD>1992-97 <w NN1>budget <w NN2>proposals <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38785<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w UNC>ECU32,150 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w UNC>ECU35,350 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>account <w PRP>for <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>.
<s n="2224"><w DT0>This <w NN1>projection <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>global <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>favourable <w UNC>ECU/dollar <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
<s n="2225"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>incorporated<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>modest <w NN2>savings<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>anticipated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>CAP <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>exact <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>stage <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>this <w NN1>picture <w VM0>could <w AV0>easily <w VVI>change<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2226"><w NN1>Expenditure <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>cohesion<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>ECU22,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="2227"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>assistance <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>ECU4,100 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>research <w NN1>spending <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>percentage <w PRP>to <w UNC>ECU2,800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05U>
<s n="2228"><w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>in <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2229"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w PRP>by <w CRD>336 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>92 <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w ORD>second <w NN1>reading<c PUN>.
<s n="2230"><w DT0>Those <w VVG>voting <w PRP>against <w AJ0-VVD>included <w CRD>61 <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w NN0>MPs <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>defied <w NN1>party <w NN2>instructions <w TO0>to <w VVI>abstain<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>.
<s n="2231"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>Treaty <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>signature <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38657-59<c PUN>; <w CRD>38785<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2232"><w AV0>Shortly <w AV0>beforehand<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w NP0>Queen <w NP0>Elizabeth <w VVD>gave <w DPS>her <w ORD>first <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>Strasbourg<c PUN>.
<s n="2233"><w PNP>She <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w CJS>as <w VVG>striking <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>balance<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NP0>EC <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="2234"><w PNP>She <w VVD>declared <w PNX>herself <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>conscious <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>differences <w PRP>in <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>traditions <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>differences <w PRF>of <w NN1>style <w CJC>and <w NN1>opinion <w VBB>are <w AJ0>insignificant <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proven <w NN1>commitment <w PRF>of <w NN2>Europeans <w AV0>today <w PRP>to <w NN1>reconciliation <w CJC>and <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2235"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Thatcher<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN1>power <w VHZ>has <w AV0>again <w VVN>surfaced<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>argued <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJC>looser<c PUN>, <w AJC>broader <w NN1>confederation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>instead of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>centralized <w NN1>superstate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2236"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>European <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w PNP>she <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>passing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>colossal <w NN2>powers <w PRP>from <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>governments <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bureaucracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05V>
<s n="2237"><w NN1>Famine <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2238"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Development <w NN2>Ministers <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w NN1>famine <w NN2>victims <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRF>of <w CRD>800,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>cereal <w NN2>equivalents <w PRP>worth <w UNC>ECU220,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2239"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aid <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>existing <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN1>budget<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05W>
<s n="2240"><w NN1>Co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Albania <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2241"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>signed <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Albania <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>bloc <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2242"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>reduced <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>import <w NN2>quotas <w CJC>and <w VVD>provided <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2243"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2244"><w NP0>EFTA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2245"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w NP0>EEA <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="2246"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>EEA<c PUR>) <w VVG>embracing <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>12-member <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Porto<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2247"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
<s n="2248"><w VVD>Initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38541-42<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>terms <w VBB>are <w VVN>provided<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>signature <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECJ<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>arm <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>raised <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>objections <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38691<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2249"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>incorporating <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECJ<w POS>'s <w NN2>objections<c PUN>, <w VVD>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38785<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ECJ <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2250"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2251"><w AJ0>WESTERN <w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN1-NP0>UNION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2252"><w AJ0>Franco-German <w NN1>army <w NN0>corps
</head>
<p>
<s n="2253"><w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>army <w NN0>corps<c PUN>.
<s n="2254"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>command <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>corps<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>35,000 <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>operational <w PRP>by <w NP0>October <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2255"><w AT0>The <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN0>Corps<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>umbrella <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NP0>WEU <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w DPS>Its <w NN2>missions <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AJ0>humanitarian <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2257"><w DT0>These <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>La <w NP0>Rochelle<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="2258"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN0>Corps<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>will <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>alliance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>European <w NN1>pillar<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>continent<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="2259"><w PNP>They <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>saw <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>core <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="2260"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>independent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>affect <w DPS>his <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>to <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>corps <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>meant <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>rival <w PRP>to <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>.
<s n="2261"><w PNP>They <w VVD>affirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continued <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2262"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Franco-German <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w UNC>4,000-strong <w NN1>brigade <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35665<c PUN>; <w CRD>35913<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>started <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38473<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2263"><w DT0>This <w NN1>brigade <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>absorbed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2264"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN1>concern<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>the <w NN1>effectiveness <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>.
<s n="2265"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>cause <w PRP>for <w NN1>concern <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>integrated <w NN1>command <w NN1>structure <w PRP>in <w CRD>1966 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>since <w VVN>taken <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>line <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="2266"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate <w PRP>outside <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2267"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2268"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<p>
<s n="2269"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>parliament <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>117 <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andreas <w NP0>Papandreou<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AJ0>concerned <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Papandreou <w VHD>had <w AV0>illegally <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN2>phones <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>enemies <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>bugged<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>dropped<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2270"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2271"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2272"><w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="2273"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>meetings <w VVN-VVD>arranged <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w AVP>round <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38740<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38885 <w PRP>for <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05X>
<s n="2274"><w NP0>PLO <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Council <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>for <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>participation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2275"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7-10<c PUN>.
<s n="2276"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine<c PUN>.
<s n="2277"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1-VVG>negotiating <w NN1>strategy <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>reconsidered <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w DPS>its <w NN2>objectives<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLKCA05Y>
<s n="2278"><w NN2>Participants <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w NN2>meetings
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2279"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon <w PNQ>who <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>sessions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>worthless <w CJS>until <w NN1>progress <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>sessions<c PUN>.
<s n="2280"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>attended <w DT0>all <w CRD>five <w NN2>sessions <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w DT0>all <w NN2>sessions <w PRP>except <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN2>sessions <w PRP>on <w NN2>refugees <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>approved <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NN2>exiles <w PRP>as <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sessions<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>contended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>attendance <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>diaspora <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>violate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>formula <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w NN2>residents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2283"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w DT0>most <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>.
<s n="2284"><w NN2>Others <w VVG>attending <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA060></p>
<caption id=HLKCA060>
<s n="2285"><w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN2>sessions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2286"><w AJ0>Regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11-12 <w CJC>and <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>.
<s n="2287"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>35 <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Jordanian<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2288"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11-12 <w CJC>and <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="2289"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2290"><w AT0>The <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w NN2>arsenals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2291"><w NN1>Refugee <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13-15<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>35 <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>.
<s n="2292"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>delegations <w VVD>asserted <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>refugees<w POS>'<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>return<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>embodied <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>194 <w PRF>of <w CRD>1948<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>appeals <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="2293"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>explore <w AJ0>practical <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,500,000 <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2294"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>return<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>arisen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>circumstances <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokesperson <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Tutwiler <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>reporter<w POS>'s <w NN1>question <w PRP>by <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>194<c PUN>.
<s n="2295"><w NP0-NN1>Tutwiler<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement <w VVD>caused <w AT0>an <w NN1>outcry <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="2296"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>clarification<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tutwiler <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions <w VVN-VVD>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>reference <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VBD>were <w NN2>resolutions <w CRD>242 <w CJC>and <w CRD>338<c PUN>.
<s n="2297"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>satisfaction <w PRP>over <w NP0>Tutwiler<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2298"><w NN1-VVB>Water <w VVG>sharing <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>attended <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30 <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>again <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>data-base <w PRP>on <w NN1>water<c PUN>, <w AJ0>cross-border <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w NN2>methods <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>water <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2299"><w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>protection <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w VVN>attended <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>35 <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>.
<s n="2300"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>topics <w VBD>were <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w AJ0>marine <w NN1>pollution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2301"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>steering <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="2302"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>venues <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>: <w NN1-VVB>water <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>; <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>; <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>; <w NN1>environment <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA061></p>
<caption id=HLKCA061>
<s n="2303"><w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>election <w NN1>proposal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2304"><w PRP>During <w NP0>May <w NN2>divisions <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>among <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NP0>April <w VVB-NN1>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38885<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2305"><w AT0>The <w NN1>offer <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0-NN1>round<c PUN>.
<s n="2306"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May <w CRD>two <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>nationalists<c PUN>, <w NP0>Riyadh <w NN1>al-Malki<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Hilal<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2307"><w NN1-AJ0>Al-Malki <w CJC>and <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Hilal <w AV0>both <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="2308"><w NN2>Hamas<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>opposed <w NN1>participation<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2309"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2310"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2311"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza
</head>
<p>
<s n="2312"><w NP0>David <w NP0>Cohen<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN0>livestock <w NN1>trader<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beit <w NP0>Lahiya<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="2313"><w NP0>Cohen <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>Israeli <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <w PRP>since <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="2314"><w NN1>Responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Qassam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>arm <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamas<c PUN>.
<s n="2315"><w NN2>Curfews <w VBD>were <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>rounded <w AVP>up <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NP0>Hamas <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2316"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>Palestinians <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>border <w NN1>policeman <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>gun <w NN1>battle <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="2317"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>30 <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="2318"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w VVG>closing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Strip <w AVP>off <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2319"><w NN2>Palestinians <c PUL>(<w AV0>reportedly <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hamas<c PUR>) <w VVN>disguised <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w AT0>a <w AJ0>suspected <w NN1>collaborator <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="2320"><w VVB>Haider <w NN1-AJ0>Abdel-Shafi<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>collaborators<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Gaza <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA062></p>
<caption id=HLKCA062>
<s n="2321"><w NP0>PLO <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nablus <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>commerce <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2322"><w AJ0>Nationalist <w NN2>candidates <w VVN>identified <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <w VVD>won <w CRD>nine <w PRP>out of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nablus <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>commerce <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUN>; <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>list<c PUN>, <w VVN>identified <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hamas<c PUN>.
<s n="2323"><w PRP>By <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ramallah <w CJC>and <w AJ0>al-Bira <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>commerce <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamas <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>10 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>11 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38836<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2324"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2325"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2326"><w NN1-VVB>Fall <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Karami <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="2327"><w NP0>Umar <w NP0>Karami<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37928-29<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2328"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>four-day <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>CTU<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>perilous <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38836<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2329"><w AV0>Even <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VVD>started<c PUN>, <w NN1>rioting <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tyre <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>al-Khalil <w VBD>was <w VVN>burned <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA063></p>
<caption id=HLKCA063>
<s n="2330"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2331"><w UNC>*Rashid <w AJ0>al-Solh <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>al-Murr <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="2332"><w UNC>*Assad <w NP0>Diyab <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Faris <w NP0>Buwayz <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Expatriate <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2333"><w NP0>Sami <w NP0>al-Khatib <w NN1>Interior
</p>
<p>
<s n="2334"><w UNC>*Nasri <w AJ0>al-Maalouf <w NN1>Justice
</p>
<p>
<s n="2335"><w UNC>**Marwan <w NP0-NN1>Hamadah <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="2336"><w UNC>**Abdullah <w NP0>al-Amin <w AJ0>Labour <w NP0>George <w NP0-NN1>Saadeh <w NN2>Telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN2>Posts
</p>
<p>
<s n="2337"><w UNC>*Zaki <w NP0>Mazboudi <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Fine <w NN2>Arts <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Yusuf <w NP0-NN1>Baydun <w NN1>Water <w CJC>and <w NN1>Electricity <w NN2>Resources
</p>
<p>
<s n="2338"><w UNC>*Samir <w AJ0-NN1>al-Maqdisi <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade
</p>
<p>
<s n="2339"><w UNC>*Michel <w NP0-NN1>Samaha <w NN1>Information <w NP0-NN1>Muhsin <w NP0-NN1>Dallul <w NN1>Agriculture
</p>
<p>
<s n="2340"><w UNC>**Fakhuri <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport
</p>
<p>
<s n="2341"><w UNC>*Chahe <w AJ0>Barsoumian <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Oil
</p>
<p>
<s n="2342"><w UNC>**Sulayman <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>Franjiyah <w NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN2>Co-operatives
</p>
<p>
<s n="2343"><w UNC>*Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="2344"><w NP0-NN1>Ahmad <w NP0>Sami <w NP0>Minqarah <w NN1>Tourism
</p>
<p>
<s n="2345"><w UNC>**Elie <w NP0-NN1>Hubayqah <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Refugee <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-NP0>Nazih <w NN1-AJ0>al-Bizri <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>State <w NP0>Nabi <w NP0>Berri <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>State <w NP0>Walid <w NP0>Jumblatt <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>State <w NP0>As'ad <w NP0>Hardan <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State
</p>
<p>
<s n="2346"><w UNC>*Samir <w NP0-NN1>Geagea <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State
</p>
<p>
<s n="2347"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2348"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2349"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w NN1>statement <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NP0>Karami <w VVD>blamed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>external <w NN2>pressures<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="2350"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w NP0-NN1>Karami <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>penalized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>close <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2351"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w VVN>placed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis <w AV0>firmly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Karami <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2352"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>CTU <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>tackling<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2353"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Hrawi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>Speaker <w NN1-AJ0>Hussain <w NN1>al-Hussaini <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA064></p>
<caption id=HLKCA064>
<s n="2354"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Solh <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2355"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>al-Solh <w VVD>accepted <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hrawi<w POS>'s <w NN1>invitation <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2356"><w NN1-NP0>Solh<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Sunni <w NN1-AJ0>Moslem<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974-75<c PUN>.
<s n="2357"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2358"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>beset <w PRP>with <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Samir <w NP0>Geagea<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Phalangist <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>LF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
<s n="2359"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NP0>George <w NP0>Saadeh<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Phalange <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kataib<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Walid <w NP0>Jumblatt<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Druse <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="2360"><w ITJ>Minqarah<c PUN>, <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NN1>Sunni <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tripoli<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA065></p>
<caption id=HLKCA065>
<s n="2361"><w NN1>Policy <w NN1>statement <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2362"><w NP0-NN1>Solh <w VVD>presented <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="2363"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>give <w NN1>priority <w PRP>to <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2364"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>escalating <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>debts <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w NN1>austerity <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>both <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>.
<s n="2365"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>Strictly <w VVN>controlled <w CJC>and <w AJ0>effective <w NN0>means<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN2>revenues <w CJC>and <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>reforms <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2366"><w NN1-NP0>Solh <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2367"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>29 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>76<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA066></p>
<caption id=HLKCA066>
<s n="2368"><w NP0>Israel-Hezbollah <w NN2-VVZ>clashes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2369"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>simmering <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w VVG>ranging <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>proxy <w NN1>South <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <w PRP>against <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2370"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>fighters <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>an <w NN1>SLA <w NN1>unit <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>self-declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>one <w NN1>SLA <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w VVG>capturing <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="2371"><w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>responded <w AV0>initially <w PRP>by <w VVG>shelling <w AJ0-NN1>Hezbollah-controlled <w NN2>villages <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
<s n="2372"><w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>forces <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>shelling <w NN2>targets <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
<s n="2373"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>began <w VVG-NN1>building <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w VVG>forcing <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w DPS>their <w NN2>villages<c PUN>.
<s n="2374"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Syria <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w VVG>reinforcing <w DPS>its <w NN1>army <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w NN1-NP0>Valley <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>front <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian-Lebanese <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2375"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>attacked <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0>Janta <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1-NP0>Bekaa <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>seven <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>18 <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="2376"><w AV0>Later <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>helicopters <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w NN2>targets <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Jibshit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qabrikha<c PUN>, <w NP0>Majd <w NP0>al-Silm <w VVB-NN1>abd <w NP0-NN1>Tulin<c PUN>.
<s n="2377"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>villages <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25-26<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>up to <w CRD>25 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
<s n="2378"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w AJ0>anti-aircraft <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attacking <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>planes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2379"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>soldier <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Arnun <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2380"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>unit <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Command <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2381"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>launching <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>shelling <w PRP>into <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG>destroying<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Arnun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2382"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>pro-Hezbollah <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Oppressed <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Resistance<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w VVN>shot <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>over <w NP0>Janta <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w NN1-NP0>Valley<c PUN>.
<s n="2383"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA067></p>
<caption id=HLKCA067>
<s n="2384"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Khiam
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2385"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w AJ0-VVD>criticized <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>at <w NP0>Khiam <w NN1>prison <w VVN>situated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>prisoners <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>routinely <w VVN>tortured<c PUN>.
<s n="2386"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khiam<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>staffed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>SLA <w NN2>members <w CJC>but <w AV0>under <w AV0-AJ0>overall <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="2387"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>denied<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN2>activities <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khiam<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2388"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2389"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2390"><w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="2391"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w VBD>were <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>indicator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>likely <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38789<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2392"><w NN2>Candidates <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>dislodge <w AT0>the <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber<w POS>'s <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Aziz <w NP0>Saqr<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>won <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>24 <w NN1-VVB>board <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2393"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>92,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>.
<s n="2394"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>78 <w NN2>candidates <w VVG>representing <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w NN2>lists<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="2395"><w NN1-NP0>Saqr <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>well-known <w NN1>family <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>class <w DTQ>which <w VVD>owned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w NN2>al-Qabas<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA068></p>
<caption id=HLKCA068>
<s n="2396"><w NN1>Death <w NN2>sentences
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2397"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>Iraqis<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w CRD>49<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w PRP>for <w VVG>informing <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>torturing <w NN2>Kuwaitis <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA069></p>
<caption id=HLKCA069>
<s n="2398"><w NP0>UK-Kuwait <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>exercise
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2399"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>250 <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN2>pilots <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>104 <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>marines <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>exercise <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2-13<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>pact <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38790<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2400"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2401"><w NP0>SAUDI <w NP0>ARABIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2402"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War <w NN1>payment <w PRP>to <w NP0>USA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2403"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VVD>paid <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>instalment <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w UNC>US&dollar;16,839 <w CRD>million <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in respect of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2404"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokesperson <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w NN2>costs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>almost <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;61,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2405"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>contribution <w VBD>was <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w NN1>cash<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN0>&dollar;US4,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>.
<s n="2406"><w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>contributor<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <w AV0>also <w AJ0>major <w NN2>contributors<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06A>
<s n="2407"><w NN1>Libel <w NN1-VVB>damage <w NN1>award <w PRP>to <w NP0>Wafiq <w NP0>Said
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2408"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>jury <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w VVD-VVN>awarded <w NN0>&pound;400,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>libel <w NN2-VVZ>damages <w PRP>to <w NP0>Wafiq <w NP0>Said<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>financier <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Thatcher <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Saudi <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2409"><w AT0>The <w NN1>libel <w VHD>had <w VVN>arisen <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>letters <w VVN>written <w PRP>since <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w DT0>another <w AJ0>Syrian<c PUN>, <w NP0>Misbah <w NP0>Baki<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Saudi <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Khalid <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Sultan<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w NP0>Said <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AJC>earlier <w NN2-VVZ>promises <w TO0>to <w VVI>lend <w PNP>him <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="2410"><w VVD>Said<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>lawyer <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w AV0>successfully <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>libel <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w NN1>client <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w PRF>of <w NN1>honour<c PUN>.
<s n="2411"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w CJT>that <w NP0>Said <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>extract <w AT0>the <w NN2>damages <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Baki<c PUN>.
<s n="2412"><w VVD>Said <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VBN>been <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w AJ0>select <w NN1>committee <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>contact <w PRP>in <w VVG>securing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Aerospace <w AT0>the <w NN0>&pound;20,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>al-Yamamah <w NN2>arms <w NN1-VVB>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w DTQ>which <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w NN1>controversy <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>allegations <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>large <w NN2>sums <w VBD>were <w VVN>paid <w PRP>to <w NN2>mediators<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2413"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2414"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2415"><w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="2416"><w AT0>The <w CRD>eight <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w AV0>together <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN1>Front <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>105-seat <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2417"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDP<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Masoud <w NP0-NN1>Barzani <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUK<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jalal <w NP0-NN1>Talabani<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>50 <w NN2>seats <w DT0>each<c PUN>.
<s n="2418"><w PNI>None <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>secured <w AT0>the <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>minimum <w VVN-AJ0>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reserved <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Assyrian <w NN2>Parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2419"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>after <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Talabani <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Barzani <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>autonomy <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>stalemate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2420"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>meant <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrators<c PUN>, <w AJ0>other <w NN1>state <w NN2>employees <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensioners <w AV0>no longer <w VVD-VVN>received <w DPS>their <w NN2>remunerations <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN1>situation <w VVD>became <w AJ0>critical <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38548<c PUN>; <w CRD>38598<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2421"><w PRP>In <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN1>Front <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>implementing <w NN2>clauses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>autonomy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>3,500,000 <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kurdish-controlled <w NN1>region <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>50,000 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2422"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>KDP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PUK <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VM0>should <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>factor <w PRF>of <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w NN1>disunity <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN2>ranks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>manifestations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>on <w NN1>election <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>forbidden<c PUN>.
<s n="2423"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w AV0>still <w VHD>had <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>cover<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>overflights <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN0>aircraft <w VVN>based <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Incirlik <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w NN1-VVB>cover <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>36th <w NN1>parallel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38690<c PUN>; <w CRD>38789<c PUN>; <w CRD>38886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06B>
<s n="2424"><w NN1>Election <w NN2-VVZ>results <w PRP>in <w NN1>detail
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2425"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w CJS>as <w AV0>finally <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NP0>KDP<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>45.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>marginally <w AJC>higher <w NN1>vote <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>PUK <c PUL>(<w CRD>43.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2426"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>contest <w NN1-NP0>Barzani <w VVD>won <w CRD>44.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Talabani <w CRD>44.3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2427"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>participating <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0>Othman<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VHD>had <w VVN>absorbed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Othman <w NP0>Abd <w NP0>al-Aziz<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sami <w NP0-NN1>Abdurrahman<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Communists<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rajim <w NP0>Ajina<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Assyrian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w CRD>four <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>seats<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w CRD>one <w NN1>assembly <w NN1>seat<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2428"><w VVB>Muzaffer <w NP0-NN1>Aslan<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Turkoman <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate<c PUN>.
<s n="2429"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN1>Front <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>possible <w AV0>at present <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w VVG>allowing <w NN1-NP0>Turkoman <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w NN2>candidates <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>available <w NN1>opportunity<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Turkoman <w NN2>candidates <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>parties <w VVD>complained <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>multiple <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN2>irregularities <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AV0>sufficiently <w AJ0>widespread <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>influenced <w AT0>the <w NN1>result<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2431"><w AT0>The <w NN1>poll <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>judge<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amir <w NP0-NN1>Hawsizi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>monitors<c PUN>.
<s n="2432"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>17 <w PRP>to <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>consignment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>indelible <w NN1>ink <w VVN>donated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>proposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stamp <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN2>hands <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AJ0>multiple <w NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>registers <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AV0>easily <w VVN-VVD>washed <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="2433"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>voted<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1>congestion <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>polling <w NN2>stations <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>voters <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>polling <w NN2>stations <w VVN-VVD>closed <w PRP>at <w NN1>midnight<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2434"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leader<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AV0>neither <w AJ0>Barzani <w CJC>nor <w NP0-NN1>Talabani <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="2435"><c PUL>(<w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>stood <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>: <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0-NN1>Othman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Othman <w NP0>Abd <w NP0>al-Aziz<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2436"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w AT0>the <w NN1>Front <w VHD>had <w VVN>determined <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leader<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w NN1>veto <w PRP>on <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN1>commander-in-chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unified <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>direct <w DT0>any <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06C>
<s n="2437"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>reactions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2438"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saadi <w NP0>Mehdi <w NP0>Saleh<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VVD>contravened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>forbade <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="2439"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AV0>still <w VVD-VVN>enjoyed <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Kurds<c PUN>.
<s n="2440"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Barzani <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>councils <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w VVN>created <w PRP>under <w NN1>legislation <w PRF>of <w CRD>1974 <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>operated <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2441"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>radio <w VHD>had <w VVN>broadcast <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w DT0>these <w NN2>councils <w VVG>denouncing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2442"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokesperson<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVD>welcomed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>leadership <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>elections <w VM0>will <w VVI>deal <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>represent <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w PRP>towards <w NN1>separatism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2443"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Iranian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>governments <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>Kurdistan <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>move <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2444"><w NN2>Talabani <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arbil <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Iran <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NN1>fuel <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>machine <w NN2>parts <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>freely <w VVN>imported <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>.
<s n="2445"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>return <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>authorities <w VM0>would <w VVI>prevent <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>groups <w PRP>from <w VVG>operating <w AV0>there <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2446"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Turkey <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>preserved<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>document <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN1>Front <w VVD>went <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w CRD>1974 <w NN1>autonomy <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2447"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38116<c PUN>; <w CRD>38451<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06D>
<s n="2448"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w AJ0>anti-Shia <w NN1-AJ0>offensive
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2449"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>against <w NN1>rebel <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>swampland <w PRF>of <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>from <w NP0>mid-April <w CJC>and <w PRP>into <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="2450"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>news <w NN0>media <w VVD>reported <w AT0>an <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mercenary <w NN2>tribesmen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amarah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Basra <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Nasiriyah<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>local <w NN2>Arabs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2451"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resettlement <w PRF>of <w CRD>3,000-4,000 <w NN1>marsh <w NN2>Arabs <w PRP>in <w AJ0>new <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>periphery <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>marshlands<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>improved <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>services<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06E>
<s n="2452"><w AT0>No <w NN1-VVB>change <w PRP>in <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2453"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>decided<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>regular <w AV0>bimonthly <w NN1-VVB>review <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>no <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2454"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w NP0>Esmat <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Meguid <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w AV0>only <w NN2>hours <w CJS-PRP>before <w DT0>this <w NN1>decision <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>nations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>without <w NN1>exception<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>an <w NN1>easing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>suffering <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Planning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>al-Sulayman<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>television <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN2>sanctions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unjust <w PRP>in <w VVG>targeting <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w NN2>children <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elderly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2455"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NN2>operations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>WFP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Hauser<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>contradict <w AJ0>current <w NP0>UN <w NN1>policy <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>food-supply <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <w VVB>warrant <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>relief <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>; <w CJS>since <w NN1>food <w NN1>rationing <w VBD>was <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>efficient<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>malnutrition <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>exaggerated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2456"><w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Irrigation <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Wahab <w NP0>Mahmoud <w NP0>al-Sabbagh <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>cereal <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>seed <w NN2>stocks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w CRD>95 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN0>livestock <w CJC>and <w NN0>poultry <w PRP>for <w NN1>breeding<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06F>
<s n="2457"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>confirmation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>destruction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2458"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>Disarmament <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w AV0>unilaterally <w VVN>destroyed <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>munitions<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
<s n="2459"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>four-member <w NN1>team <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w CRD>20 <w NN2>sites <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15-29 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38696<c PUN>; <w CRD>38838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06G>
<s n="2460"><w NN1-VVB>Issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>prior to <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>War
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2461"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>banking <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Henry <w NP0>Gonzalez<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>committees <w AV0>now <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>Commodity <w NN1>Credit <w NN1>Corp<c PUN>.
<s n="2462"><c PUL>(<w NP0>CCC<c PUR>) <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>export <w NN2>credits <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in spite of <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>misuse <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2463"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gonzalez <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Attorney-General <w NP0>William <w NP0>Barr <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>harmful <w PRP>to <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>branch <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AT0>no <w AV0>more <w AJ0>classified <w NN1>information <w CJS>until <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>assurances <w VBD>were <w VVN>received <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>documents <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w NN1-AJ0>public<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06H>
<s n="2464"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN1>demarcation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kuwait
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2465"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>rejecting <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NP0>Iraq-Kuwait <w NN1>border <w NN1>demarcation <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w NN1>structure <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>method <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>followed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>say <w PRP>in <w VVG>choosing <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>experts <w PNQ>who <w VVD>sat <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="2466"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros- <w NN1>Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Husayn <w NP0-NN1>Khudayyir <w NN1>al-Samarrai<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<w POS>'s <w NN2>decisions <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegitimate <w CJC>and <w VVB>constitute <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN1>precedent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>organization<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2467"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w NN2>decisions <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38886<c PUN>; <w CRD>38788<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2468"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2469"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2470"><w ORD>Second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="2471"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Majlis <w NN1>ash-shoura<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN1>revolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="2472"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w VVN-VVD>allocated <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>134 <w NN2>seats <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>decided <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38887<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Rafsanjani<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2473"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <w AV0>now <w VHD>had <w CRD>268 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w AJ0>single-member <w NN2>constituencies <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared <w NN1-AJ0>invalid <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Guardians<c PUN>; <w NN2-VVZ>re-runs <w PRP>for <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by means of <w AJ0>mid-term <w NN2>by-elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2474"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>162 <w AJ0>first-time <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN0>media <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w NN1>college <w NN2>graduates <w VBD>was <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="2475"><w CRD>Nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies <w VBD>were <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w AV0>previously<c PUN>.
<s n="2476"><w CJS>Where <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>81 <w NN2>clerics <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Majlis <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w CRD>66<c PUN>.
<s n="2477"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w CRD>268 <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>stood <w PRP>in <w CRD>81 <w NN2>constituencies <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>7,500,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2478"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>30-member <w NP0>Tehran <w NN1>constituency <w DT0>all <w CRD>30 <w NN2>members <w VVN>elected <w VBD>were <w AJ0>pro-Rafsanjani <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>grouping <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w PNP>Jameh-ye <w VVB>Ruhaniyat <w NP0>Mobarez <c PUL>(<w NN1>Society <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Combatant <w NN2>Clergymen<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2479"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>radical <w PNP>Majma-ye <w VVB>Rouhanyoun-e <w NP0>Mobarez <c PUL>(<w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Combatant <w NN2>Clergymen<c PUR>) <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w NP0>Medhi <w NP0-NN1>Karrubi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>out-going <w NN1>Majlis <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Mohtashemi <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>appointed <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1989<c PUR>) <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NP0>Tehran <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2480"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Nateq <w NP0-NN1>Nouri <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Majlis <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2481"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Guardians<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Rezvani<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disqualified <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN1>screening<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>committees <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Guardians <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="2482"><w NN2>Candidates <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>screened <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>financially <w AJ0>corrupt<c PUN>,<c PUN>&hellip; <w AV0>morally <w AJ0>corrupt<c PUN>,<c PUN>&hellip; <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>corrupt<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>troublemakers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>case <w VM0>would <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VVI>reveal <w AT0>the <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>disqualification<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06J>
<s n="2483"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>towns
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2484"><w NN2>Disturbances <w DTQ>which <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mashad <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <w AJ0-VVD>continued <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>standstill<c PUN>.
<s n="2485"><w AT0>The <w NN2>disturbances <w VVD>began <w PRP>after <w NN2>squatters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PNP>Koy-ye <w VVB>Tolab <w NN1>suburb <w VVD>attacked <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>officials <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>checking <w NN1>construction <w NN2-VVZ>permits<c PUN>.
<s n="2486"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w NN1>boy <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w NN2>rioters <w VVN-VVD>left <w AV0>about <w CRD>100 <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>buildings<c PUN>, <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>co-operative <w NN2>stores <w VVN-VVD>burned <w CJC>or <w VVD>looted<c PUN>.
<s n="2487"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>six <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w AV0>altogether <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>300 <w NN2>arrests<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2488"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>20-22 <w AV0>up to <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>squatters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arak<c PUN>, <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>burnt <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>buildings <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>boy <w VBD>was <w VVN>run <w AVP>over <w CJC>and <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>municipal <w NN1>truck<c PUN>.
<s n="2489"><w VVB-NN1>Shiraz <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west <w CJC>and <w NP0>Khorrambad<c PUN>, <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arak<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April <w VVD>experienced <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06K>
<s n="2490"><w NN1>Ruling <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hague <w NN1>tribunal <w PRP>on <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>by <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2491"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Iran-US <w VVZ>claims <w NN1>tribunal <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>at <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>for <w AJ0>non-military <w NN2>assets <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>.
<s n="2492"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tribunal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1981 <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exact <w NN1>sum <w PRF>of <w NN1>compensation <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06L>
<s n="2493"><w NN1>Extradition <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bakhtiar <w NN1>murder <w NN1-VVB>suspect
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2494"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Zeyal <w NP0>Sarhadi <w VBD>was <w VVN>extradited <w PRP>from <w NP0>Switzerland <w PRP>to <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>by <w NP0>Switzerland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Tribunal<c PUN>.
<s n="2495"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN2>charges <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shapour <w NP0-NN1>Bakhtiar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38409<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2496"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>French <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN2>ambassadors <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>.
<s n="2497"><w NP0>Sarhadi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>lodged <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>against <w NN1>extradition<c PUN>.
<s n="2498"><w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w VVG>holding <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Iranian <w NN2-VVZ>suspects <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing<c PUN>.
<s n="2499"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38455<c PUN>; <w CRD>38696<c PUN>; <w CRD>38838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2500"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2501"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2502"><w NN2>Killings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Coptic <w NN2>Christians
</head>
<p>
<s n="2503"><w NN1>Riot <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>cars <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w VVD-VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Gamaat <w NN1>al-Islami <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>League<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>splinter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manshiet-Nasser <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>Sanabu <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>some <w CRD>300 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2504"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VVD>left <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>: <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Coptic <w NN2>Christians<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>Moslems <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>for <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>Coptic <w NN2>neighbours<c PUN>.
<s n="2505"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>blood-feud <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>deaths <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38840<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2506"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w VBD>were <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w VVN-VVD>resulted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Coptic <w NN1-AJ0>resident <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>protection <w NN1>money<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NN2>followers <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>servant<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gamal <w NP0>Farghaly <w NP0>Haridi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>headed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>Gamaat<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2507"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w PRP>along with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>outbreaks <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2508"><w AT0>The <w NN2>attackers <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Grand <w NN1>Shaikh <w PRF>of <w AJ0>al-Azhar <w NN1>University <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VVN>repudiated <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2509"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Copts <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AV0>about <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w NN1>overall <w CJC>and <w AV0>about <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>.
<s n="2510"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Asyut <w NN1>region <w VBD>was <w VVN>noted <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>agitation <w PRP>against <w NP0>President <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Sadat <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1981<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06M></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06M>
<s n="2511"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>incidents <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>radicals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2512"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>3 <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>radicals <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w VVD-VVN>wounded <w PRP>during <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beni-Soueif <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>.
<s n="2513"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>press <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>men <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jihad <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>after <w VVG>driving <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w NN1>imam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2514"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>clash <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bassatine <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Cairo <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>intervened <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>tracts <w AJ0>hostile <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="2515"><w PRP>On <w NP0>April <w CRD>29 <w AT0>a <w NN1>church <w VBD>was <w VVN>stoned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Imbabah<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w AJ0>working-class <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cairo <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>extremists <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>churches <w CJC>and <w NN2>shops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20-22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2516"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>13-year-old <w NN1>girl <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>police <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN2>fundamentalists <w PRP>from <w VVG>rallying <w PRP>after <w NP0>Friday <w NN2>prayers <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>Imbabah <w NN1>mosque<c PUN>.
<s n="2517"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Abdel-Halim <w NP0>Moussa <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>65<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>extremists <w CJC>and <w NN2>rioters<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>at <w NP0>Imbabah<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>rioting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quelled <w PRP>at <w NP0>Isna <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Qina <w NN1-VVB>governorate <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>where <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>three <w NN2>extremists<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w AT0>a <w NN1>guard <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN1>investigation <w NN1>department <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>presence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>governorates <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06N></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06N>
<s n="2518"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>Israelis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2519"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>nationals <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG-NN1>spying <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>were <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
<s n="2520"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>businessman <w NP0>David <w NP0>Ovits <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>Israelis<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>Fares <w AJ0>Subhi <w NN1-NP0>Misrati<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w NN1-NP0>Majid <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>daughter <w NP0-NN1>Fayiqah <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38792<c PUN>; <w CRD>38840<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2521"><w NN2>Fares <w NP0-NN1>Misrati <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tortured <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2522"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minster <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levy <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w AT0>the <w NN2>releases <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>appealing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>level <w PRP>in <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>.
<s n="2523"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>Egyptians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>alongside <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>Israelis <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>similarly <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>collecting <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN2>figures <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w DT0>this <w NN1>information <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06P></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06P>
<s n="2524"><w NN1>Confirmation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Shazli<w POS>'s <w NN1>sentence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2525"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>justice <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>labour <w ORD>first <w VVD-VVN>passed <w AV0>in absentia <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>against <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Saadeddine <w NN1>al-Shazli<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab-Israeli <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w CRD>1973<c PUN>.
<s n="2526"><w NN1-AJ0>Al-Shazli<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN1>exile <w PRP>since <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38840<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w DPS>his <w NN1>surname <w VBZ>is <w AV0>erroneously <w VVN>given <w PRP>as <w NP0>Chazli<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2527"><w AT0>The <w NN1>charge<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>revealing <w NN1>information <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>harm <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>memoirs<c PUN>, <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Sadat <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1973 <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2528"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2529"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2530"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NP0>UN <w NN2>Resolutions
</head>
<p>
<s n="2531"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>JANA <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w CRD>three <w NN2>steps <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748 <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Libya <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>concrete <w NN1>measure <w VVG>showing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>renounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38839<c PUN>; <w CRD>38884<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2532"><w NP0>Libya <w VM0>would <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVB>cut <w DT0>all <w NN2-VVZ>links <w PRP>with <w NN2>organizations <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>international <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVB>invite <w DT0>any <w NP0>UN <w NN2>representatives <w TO0>to <w VVI>verify <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>camps <w NN1-VVG>training <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>groups <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>territory<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVB>undertake <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>or <w NN2>institutions <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2-VVZ>acts<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>punish <w AV0>severely <w PNI>anyone <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>acts<c PUN>.
<s n="2533"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya <w VM0>would <w VVI>expel <w PNI>anyone <w VVD-VVN>proved <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>acts <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Libya <w VVZ>complies <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN2>demands <w PRP>pertaining to <w DPS>her <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2534"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Libyan <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1-VVB>delegate <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2535"><w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Libya <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w AV0>in full <w PRP>with <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>748<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>actions <w PRP>rather than <w NN2>words <w VBD>were <w VVN>needed<c PUN>.
<s n="2536"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy<c PUN>, <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Petrovsky<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w DT0>another <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10-12 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38883<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamer <w NP0>al <w NP0>Kadhafi <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Petrovsky <w VVD>said <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w CRD>four <w CJC>or <w CRD>five <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2537"><w NP0>UK <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0-NN1>Mubarak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="2538"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>increasing <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supposed <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>second-in-command<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Salem <w NP0>Jalloud<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>stance<c PUN>.
<s n="2539"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>press <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>extradition <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>sought<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0-NN1>Baset <w NN1>al-Megrahi <w CJC>and <w NP0>al-Amin <w NP0>Khalifa <w NP0>Fhimah<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NP0>Washington <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>defence <w NN1>attorney<c PUN>, <w NP0>Plato <w NP0>Cacheris<c PUN>.
<s n="2540"><w NP0-NN1>Cacheris <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassure <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>guarantees <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>liberties <w VVG-AJ0>governing <w NN2>trials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06R></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06R>
<s n="2541"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Prince
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2542"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Prince <w PRF>of <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Al-Hassan <w NP0>al-Rida <w NN1>al-Senoussi<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>65<c PUN>.
<s n="2543"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>nephew <w PRF>of <w NP0>King <w NP0>Idriss<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>deposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w CRD>1969 <w DTQ>which <w AV0>eventually <w VVD-VVN>brought <w NP0>Kadhafi <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="2544"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1988 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Prince <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>to <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w AJ0>grown-up <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2545"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2546"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2547"><w NN1>Death <w NN2>sentences
</head>
<p>
<s n="2548"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ouargla<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>, <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>radicals <w VVD-VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>post <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Guemar <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38692<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2549"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>trial <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38790<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2550"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>62 <w NN2>defendants<c PUN>; <w DT0>those <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w VVD>included <w PNI>one <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>absence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w NP0>Aissa <w NP0>Messaoudi<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Tayeb <w NP0>al-Afghani<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>illiterate <w AJ0>32-year-old <w NN1>ex-driver <w CJC>and <w NN1>shepherd <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>ringleaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2551"><w CRD>Three <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>at <w NP0>Blida<c PUN>, <w CRD>50 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w NN2>arms <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>naval <w AJ0>dry <w NN1>dock <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>.
<s n="2552"><w DT0>This <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>mounted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>movement <w PRP>under <w NP0>Mourad <w NP0>Hanni<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Mourad <w NP0>al-Afghani<c PUN>.
<s n="2553"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>absence <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w VBD>were <w NN0>staff <w NN2>sergeants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>military<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06S></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06S>
<s n="2554"><w NN1>Conviction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Belloucif
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2555"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conviction <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>diversion <w CJC>and <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mustapha <w NP0>Belloucif<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chadli <w NP0>Benjedid<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sign <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w PNX>themselves <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>attacking <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2556"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN2>operations <w VBD>were <w VVN>provided<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>diversion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>converted <w PRP>into <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w AJ0>approved <w NN2>imports<c PUN>, <w PRP>into <w NN1>bank <w NN2-VVZ>accounts <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="2557"><w AT0>The <w NN1>judgment <w VBD>was <w VVN>pronounced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>at <w NP0>Blida <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="2558"><w NN1-NP0>Belloucif<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>generals<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w NN1>hearing <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP>until <w AV0>now<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06T></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06T>
<s n="2559"><w NN1>Repossession <w PRF>of <w NP0>FLN <w NN1>property
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2560"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>associations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>nature <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>organizations<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w AV0>especially <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>FLN<c PUR>) <w VM0>should <w VVI>surrender <w DT0>any <w NN1>state <w NN2>properties <w PNP>they <w VVD>held<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2561"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FLN <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender <w NN2>buildings <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Zighout <w NP0-NN1>Youcef <w NN1>palace <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN0>headquarters<c PUN>.
<s n="2562"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>, <w NP0>El <w NP0>Moudjahid <w CJC>and <w NP0>El-Chaab<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NP0>FLN <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>7 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>editors <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w DT0>both<c PUN>.
<s n="2563"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FLN <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0-NN1>Abdelhamid <w NP0-NN1>Mehri <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>repossessions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>challenged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
<s n="2564"><w AV0>Nearly <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w AJ0>real <w NN1>estate <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>affected<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w CJC>but <w DT0>some <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>dissolved <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06U></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06U>
<s n="2565"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2566"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>isolated <w NN2>assassinations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>at <w NP0>Constantine <w NN1>university <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="2567"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>clash <w PRP>between <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>individuals <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Belcourt <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>group <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2568"><w VVG-AJ0>Combing <w NN2>operations <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w NN1>gendarmerie <w PRP>on <w NP0>Mont <w NP0>Zbarbar <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lakhdaria <c PUL>(<w CRD>80 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers<c PUR>) <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>militants <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>gendarme <w VBG>being <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="2569"><w NN2>Arms <w NN2>caches <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <w CRD>five <w NN1>army <w NN2>battalions <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed<c PUN>; <w CRD>eight <w NN0>people <w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="2570"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lakhdaria <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
<s n="2571"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>training <w NN1>camp <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>fundamentalists <w CJC>and <w NN1>army <w NN2>deserters <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Mekhloufi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>army <w NN1>officer <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>now <w VVN>allied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2572"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2573"><w NP0-NN1>GULF <w NN1>CO-OPERATION <w NN1>COUNCIL
</head>
<p>
<s n="2574"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>third <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>noting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>tax <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38938<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discussed <w AV0>at length<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>GCC <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>as to <w DPS>its <w NN1>effectiveness <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>curbing <w NN2>emissions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>topic <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2575"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2576"><w NP0>QATAR
</head>
<p>
<s n="2577"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-May <w NP0>Qatar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>signed <w CRD>six <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>including <w NN1>air <w NN1>traffic<c PUN>, <w NN2>customs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>news<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>study <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>feasibility <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran <w VVG>supplying <w NP0>Qatar <w PRP>with <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>water <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>pipe <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2578"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2579"><w NP0>YEMEN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2580"><w AT0>A <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Haidar <w NP0>Abu <w NP0-NN1>Bakr <w NN2>al-Attas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sana'a <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>15<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>9-10 <w AV0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w NP0>Salim <w NP0>Salih <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yemen<w POS>'s <w AJ0>provisional <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yemen <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2581"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2582"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2583"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<w POS>' <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w NN1>START <w NN1>protocol
</head>
<p>
<s n="2584"><w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRP>in addition to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Arms <w NN1>Reduction <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>START<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2585"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>prepared <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arsenals <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>powers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2586"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>republics <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>non-nuclear <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="2587"><w NP0>Russia <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBB>be <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in respect of <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38890<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2588"><w AT0>The <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>on <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w CJC>and <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w NN2>Presidents<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>.
<s n="2589"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w DT0>all <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w AV0>either <w PRP>through <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>or <w PRP>by means of <w NN1>destruction <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>formalize <w DPS>their <w NN1>status <w CJS>as <w AJ0>non-nuclear <w NN2>states <w PRP>by <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>in <w AJ0>due <w NN1>course<c PUN>.
<s n="2590"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06V></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06V>
<s n="2591"><w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>test
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2592"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>conducted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>underground <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>test<c PUN>; <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>explosion <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>picked <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w NN1>monitoring <w NN2-VVZ>stations <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="2593"><w AT0>The <w NN1>yield <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>megatonnes<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w NP0-NN1>China<w POS>'s <w AV0>largest-ever <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>explosion<c PUN>, <w VVG>exceeding <w AV0>by far <w AT0>the <w NN2>yields <w PRP>for <w NN2>tests <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>powers <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970s<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2594"><w VVG>Responding <w PRP>to <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>always <w VVN>exercised <w NN1>restraint <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>testing <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>testing <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>disarmament<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2595"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2596"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2597"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2598"><w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w AV0>half-yearly <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26-27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2599"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>consensus<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJ0>future <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="2600"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="2601"><w AT0>The <w NN2>implications <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Franco-German <w NN1>army <w NN0>corps <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38931-32<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>.
<s n="2602"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN1-VVB>concern<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny-Karabakh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nakhichevan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2603"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2604"><w AJ0>NON-ALIGNED <w NN1>MOVEMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2605"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers
</head>
<p>
<s n="2606"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Bureau <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Non-Aligned <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAM<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bali <c PUL>(<w NP0>Indonesia<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12-16<c PUN>.
<s n="2607"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>day <w NP0>Guatemala <w CJC>and <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w VBD>were <w VVN>admitted <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cambodia <w VVD>resumed <w DPS>its <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="2608"><w NP0-NN1>China <w VBD>was <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NP0>NAM <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jakarta<c PUN>.
<s n="2609"><w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>remained <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM <w PRP>pending <w NP0>Indonesia<w POS>'s <w NN1>assumption <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>office <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>reservations<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>among <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>member-states<c PUN>, <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>partially <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2610"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>speedy <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>external <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>forces <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38918-19<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w AV0>there <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2611"><w PRP>With regard to <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w PNP>it <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>persistent <w NN1>side-tracking <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>invoking <w AJ0>civil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>condition <w PRP>for <w VVG>extending <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development <w NN1>assistance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2612"><w AT0>The <w NN2>participants <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w NN1>South-South <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>by <w VVG>reactivating <w AV0>for example <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>among <w NP0>NAM <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>standing <w NN1>committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2613"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM <w NN1>philosophy <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>relevant<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w VVD-VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w AV0>dynamically <w PRP>to <w AJ0>dramatic <w AJ0>global <w NN2>changes <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>exert <w AV0>more <w AJ0>active <w NN1>influence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VVI>participate <w AV0>more <w AV0>actively <w PRP>in <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>restructure <w CJC>and <w VVI>revitalize <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2614"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2615"><w NP0>IMF
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2616"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>members
</head>
<p>
<s n="2617"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>seven <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>164 <w PRP>during <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="2618"><w DT0>Those <w VVG>joining<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w NN2>Articles <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w NP0>Georgia <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kirgizstan <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>8<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania <w VHG>having <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>admitted <w AV0>formally <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Switzerland <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>29<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2619"><w PRP>For <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w AT0>an <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special <w NN1>drawing <w NN2>rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDRs<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <c PUL>(<w CRD>69,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NN1>lithuania<c PUN>, <w CRD>74,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w CRD>43,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w CRD>61,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w CRD>31,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w CRD>45,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,500,000 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,700 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2620"><w AT0>The <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NN2>members<w POS>' <w NN2>quotas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w AV0>thus <w VVD-VVN>reached <w CRD>93,177,050,000 <w CJC>or <w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;129,122 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2621"><w AJ0>Outstanding <w NN2>applications <w VBD>were <w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <c PUL>(<w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w PRP>except <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VHG>having <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>Board <w PRF>of <w NN2>Governors <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>applications <w PRP>from <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Herzegovina <w VVD>filed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2622"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2623"><w AJ0>INDUSTRIALIZED <w NN2>COUNTRIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2624"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w UNC>G-7 <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN2>states
</head>
<p>
<s n="2625"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>M&uuml;nster <c PUL>(<w NP0>Germany<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9-10 <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>from <w CRD>seven <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2626"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AV0>more <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w VM0>should <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reliable <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>framework <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>banking <w NN2>systems<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>rules <w PRP>on <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>damage<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>contract <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
<s n="2627"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>between <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>counter-guarantees<c PUN>, <w VVG>enabling <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>export <w NN1>credit <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Hermes <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>credit <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w PRP>for <w AJ0>German <w NN2>exporters<c PUN>.
<s n="2628"><w AT0>The <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>guarantees <w VHD>had <w VVN>blocked <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2-VVZ>contracts <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2629"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2630"><w NP0>OECD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2631"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>Council <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2632"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-Operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>OECD<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>at <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>level <w PRP>at <w PNP>it <w NP0>Paris <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>.
<s n="2633"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38937 <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>only <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>OECD <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Sapin<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2634"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>24 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38888-89<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2635"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0>high <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>through <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w PRP>into <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>subject <w AT0>the <w NP0>OECD <w NN1>secretariat <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>preparing <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>Council <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="2636"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w NN1>reduction <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>plank <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>policy <w NN1>framework<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>governments <w VVD>lacked <w NN1>scope <w PRP>for <w VVG>undertaking <w AV0>more <w AJ0>expansive <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>expenditure <w CJC>or <w NN1>consumer <w NN1>credit <w NN2>policies <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rate <w AV0>faster <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w VVN-AJ0>predicted <w AV0>very <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>to <w CRD>end-1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2637"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;<c PUN>, <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>embrace <w DT0>both <w DT0>these <w NN2>concerns<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>sustained <w AJ0>non-inflationary <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>keep <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>fundamentals <w AV0>firmly <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w PRP>with <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>vigour <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>reform <w PRP>across <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>areas<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2638"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>welcomed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>worldwide <w NN1>move<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>pluralist <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w NN1>market <w NN2>economies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VM0>must<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>respond <w AV0>positively <w CJC>and <w AV0>effectively<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w DT0>more <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN2>contacts <w CJC>and <w VVB>develop <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="2639"><w PNP>It <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>for <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w AV0>fully <w VVB>share <w NP0>OECD <w NN2>values <w CJC>and <w NN2>characteristics <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AJ0>willing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>specifically <w VVD-VVN>noted <w AT0>the <w NN1>interest <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>in <w NP0>OECD <w NN1>membership<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2640"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OECD <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>deeply <w VVN-AJ0>committed<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>to <w VVG>helping <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition <w VVB>succeed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2641"><w VVG>Coinciding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>OECD <w VVD-AJ0>released <w NN2>figures <w DTQ>which <w VVD>revised <w AV0>downwards <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>projection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2642"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>projection <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w CRD>1.8 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w CRD>2.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w AJ0>real <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>3.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2643"><w NN1>Unemployment <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w PRP>from <w CRD>7.1. <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVB>fall <w AVP>back <w AV0>only <w AV0>slightly <w PRP>to <w CRD>7.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2644"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w NP0>OECD<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN2>members <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>projection <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>1.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w CRD>2.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>at <w CRD>9.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2645"><w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>current-account <w NN1>surplus <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>projected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w UNC>US&dollar;92,400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>OECD <w NN1>forecast <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;80,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>stabilize <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>level <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2646"><w AT0>The <w NN1>forecast <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>revised <w AVP>down <w AV0>significantly<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;41,100 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w NN0>&dollar;55,800 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;49,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w NN0>&dollar;60,600 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2647"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2648"><w NP0>OPEC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2649"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2650"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>91st <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21-22<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>roll <w AVP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>output <w NN1>ceiling <w PRF>of <w CRD>22,982,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NN0>bpd<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>relative <w NN1>firmness <w PRF>of <w NN2>prices <c PUL>(<w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;18.50 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>representative<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>basket<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>crudes <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>reference <w NN1>price<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w NN0>&dollar;21<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>calculated<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2651"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NP0>OPEC <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>roll-over <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="2652"><w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>rejected <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>petroleum <w NN0>sales <c PUL>(<w AV0>currently <w VVN>blocked <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>embargo<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2653"><w NP0>Iran <w VVD>entered <w NN2>reservations<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>output <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>reference <w NN1>price <w NN1>target <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved<c PUN>.
<s n="2654"><w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shaikh <w NP0>Hisham <w NP0>Nazer <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>exhaustion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w VVD>entered <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>opposite <w NN1>reason<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DPS>its <w NN2>options <w AJ0>open <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>production <w PRP>above <w CRD>8,000,000 <w NN0>bpd <c PUL>(<w DPS>its <w NN1>allocation <w VBG>being <w CRD>7,880,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2655"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>rolled-over <w NN1>ceiling <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w AJ0>supposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>300,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>output <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>quarter<c PUN>.
<s n="2656"><w AJ0>Actual <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>output <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w CRD>23,500,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2657"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2658"><w NN2>COMMODITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2659"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Natural <w AJ0-NN1>Rubber <w NN1>Organization
</head>
<p>
<s n="2660"><w AT0>The <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Natural <w AJ0-NN1>Rubber <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>INRO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>incorporating <w AJ0>major <w NN2>producers <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuala <w NP0>Lumpur <c PUL>(<w NP0>Malaysia<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25-27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>a <w NN1>renegotiation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Natural <w AJ0-NN1>Rubber <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>INRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2661"><w NN1>Producer <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>renegotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>INRA <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>minimum <w VVD-VVN>defended <w NN1>price <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>rubber <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>level <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>production <w NN1-VVB>cost<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AV0>more <w AJ0>active <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>by <w NP0>INRO<w POS>'s <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>stock <w NN1>manager <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>sunk <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>low <w PRP>by <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="2662"><w AJ0>Major <w NN2>consumers <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand <w VVD>preferred <w AT0>an <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w VVN-AJ0>permitted <w AV0>further <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2663"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>INRO <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Natural <w NN1>Rubber <w VVG-AJ0>Producing <w NN2>Countries<c PUN>, <w VVG>incorporating <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chiang <w NP0>Mai <c PUL>(<w NP0>Thailand<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2664"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2665"><w NN1>WORLD <w NN1>HEALTH <w NN1>ORGANIZATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2666"><w ORD>45th <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Assembly
</head>
<p>
<s n="2667"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>1,200 <w NN2>delegates <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>45th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>WHO<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>, <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>4-14<c PUN>.
<s n="2668"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Health <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ahmad <w NN1-VVB>bin <w VVD>Said <w NP0>al-Badi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2669"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Assembly <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38218<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2670"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w NP0>WHO <w NN1>Director-General <w NP0-NN1>Hiroshi <w NP0>Nakajima <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>our <w NN1>goal <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>health <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVZ>remains <w AJ0>intact<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2671"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>changed <w AV0>radically <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>past <w DT0>few <w NN2>years<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>demand<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>felt <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in response to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2672"><w NN1-NP0>Nakajima <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>promotion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>equitable <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>health <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>preventive <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2673"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concluding <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>world <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constant <w NN1>change <w CJC>and <w NN1>uncertainty<c PUN>, <w NN1>prevention<c PUN>, <w NN1>promotion <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>key <w PRP>to <w VVG>ensuring <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2674"><w AJ0>Special <w NN2>sessions <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06W></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06W>
<s n="2675"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2676"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tajikistan <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>WHO<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w CRD>174<c PUN>.
<s n="2677"><w NN2>Members <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>were <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2678"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>letters <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VVD>resumed <w AJ0>active <w NN1>participation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fully-fledged <w NP0>WHO <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
<s n="2679"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w AJ0>Byelorussian <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Republic <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1948<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w VVD-VVN>maintained <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>token <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="2680"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w NP0>Tokelau <w DTQ>which <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>associate <w NN1>member <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Puerto <w NP0>Rico <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>associate <w NN1>member<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06X></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06X>
<s n="2681"><w NN1>Life <w NN1>expectancy <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Main <w NN2>causes <w PRF>of <w NN1>death
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2682"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>estimates <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38891<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>global <w NN1>average <w PRP>for <w NN1>life <w NN1>expectancy <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2683"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>current <w NN1>average <w VBD>was <w CRD>65 <w NN2>years <c PUL>(<w CRD>62 <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CRD>50 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AV0>least <w AJ0>developed <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w CRD>76 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developed <w NN1>world<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2684"><w AT0>The <w NN1>improvement <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>childhood <w NN2>deaths <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>falling <w PRP>by <w CRD>120,000 <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0>globally <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2685"><w NN1>Immunization <w NN2>levels <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AJ0>vaccine-preventable <w NN1>childhood <w NN2>diseases <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>a <w AJ0>global <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>oral <w NN1>rehydration <w NN1>therapy <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>for <w AJ0>diarrhoeal <w NN2>diseases <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>to <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2686"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>WHO <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>especially <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elderly <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sick <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>disabled <w VM0>might<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>even <w VHB>have <w VVN>increased<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2687"><w PRP>Out of <w DT0>some <w CRD>50,000,000 <w NN2>deaths <w AV0>worldwide <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CRD>46,500,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>directly <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w NN1>disease<c PUN>.
<s n="2688"><w PRF>Of <w DT0>these <w CRD>17,500,000 <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w AJ0>infectious <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parasitic <w NN2>diseases <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>acute <w AJ0>respiratory <w NN2>infections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>diarrhoeal <w NN2>diseases<c PUN>, <w NN1>tuberculosis<c PUN>, <w NN1>malaria <w CJC>and <w NN1>hepatitis <w ZZ0>B<c PUN>; <w CRD>11,931,000 <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w AJ0>cardiovascular <w NN2>diseases <w CJC>and <w CRD>5,121,000 <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w NN1>cancer<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2689"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2690"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2691"><w AJ0>Formal <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>abrogation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gabcikovo <w NN1>treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="2692"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19 <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>abrogating <w AT0>the <w CRD>1977 <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VVG>governing <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagymaros-Gabcikovo <w NN1-VVB>dam <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Danube <w NN1>frontier <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2693"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38843<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>dam <w VHD>had <w VVN>attracted <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w NN2>environmentalists<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>adversely <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w NN1-VVB>supply <w CJC>and <w VVB>destroy <w AJ0>valuable <w NN2>wetlands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2694"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w PRP>by <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>valid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hungary <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w NN1>mediation <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>under <w NP0>EC <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA06Y></p>
<caption id=HLKCA06Y>
<s n="2695"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>energy <w NN1>tax <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2696"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>approved <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>energy <w NN1>tax <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>dioxide <w NN2>emissions<c PUN>.
<s n="2697"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tax <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w CJS>until <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>member <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VVG>agreeing <w PRP>to <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2698"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tax <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>levied <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;3 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVG>rising <w PRP>by <w NN0>&dollar;1 <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;10 <w PRP>per <w NN1>barrel <w PRP>in <w CRD>2000 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>target <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>stabilization <w PRF>of <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>dioxide <w NN2>emissions <w PRP>at <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
<s n="2699"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w VM0>would <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w NN1>price <w NN2>rises <w PRF>of <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN1>petrol <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN1>diesel<c PUN>.
<s n="2700"><w AJ0>Domestic <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>gas <w NN2>prices <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>light <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>oil <w PRP>by <w CRD>16 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2701"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NN2>industrialists<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VVI>reduce <w NP0>Europe<w POS>'s <w NN1>competitiveness <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>oil-producing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA070></p>
<caption id=HLKCA070>
<s n="2702"><w NP0>US <w AJ0>Clean <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Act <w NN2>reforms
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2703"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w VVN-VVD>overruled <w AT0>the <w NN2>wishes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Agency <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>given <w NN1>industry <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>concession <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Clean <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Act <w PRP>as <w VVN>amended <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37847<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2704"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w NN1>industry <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AJ0>public <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>changes <w TO0>to <w VVI>plant <w NN2>operations <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>polluting <w NN2>emissions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA071></p>
<caption id=HLKCA071>
<s n="2705"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>by <w NP0>Amoco <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AJ0>French <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2706"><w AT0>The <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company <w NP0-NN1>Amoco <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w UNC>US&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN2>damages <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>wreck <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>tanker<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amoco <w NP0>Cadiz<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>consequent <w NN1>oil <w VVB-NN1>spill<c PUN>, <w PRP>off <w NP0>Brittany <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>29216-18<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2707"><w NP0-NN1>Amoco <w VHD>had <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w AJ0-VVD>contested <w NN1>liability<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2708"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2709"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2710"><w NP0>Intelsat <w NN1-VVB>rescue
</head>
<p>
<s n="2711"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1>Endeavour <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-day <w NN1>mission <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>rescued <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;175,000,000 <w NP0>Intelsat <w AJ0>global <w NN2>communications <w NN1>satellite<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>owned <w CJC>and <w VVN>operated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>consortium <w PRF>of <w CRD>22 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2712"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN1>space <w NN1-VVB>walk <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w NN2>astronauts <w CJC>or <w NN2-VVZ>cosmonauts<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>4.5-tonne <w NN1>satellite <w VBD>was <w VVN>snatched <w PRP>by <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>shuttle<w POS>'s <w NN1>recovery <w NN1>bay<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>motor <w VBD>was <w VVN>attached<c PUN>.
<s n="2713"><w AJC>Earlier <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>retrieve <w PNP>it <w PRP>by means of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elaborate <w AJ0>mechanical <w NN1>arm <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2714"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Intelsat <w NN1>consortium <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Aeronautics <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Space <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>NASA<c PUR>) <w NN0>US&dollar;150 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rescue<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>set <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w AT0>the <w NN1>mission <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN1>cost<c PUN>.
<s n="2715"><w AT0>The <w NN1>satellite <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>earn <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA072></p>
<caption id=HLKCA072>
<s n="2716"><w NN2>Doubts <w PRP>over <w AJ0>European <w NP0>Hermes <w AJ0>manned <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1>programme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2717"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESA<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in response to <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>pressures<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>manned <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w NP0>Hermes <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>launched <w PRP>until <w CRD>2005<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2718"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2719"><w NN1>WAR <w NN2>CRIMES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2720"><w VVB-NN1>Call <w PRP>for <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Channel <w NP0>Islands <w NN1>war <w NN1>criminal
</head>
<p>
<s n="2721"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>4 <w VVN-VVD>disclosed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kurt <w NP0>Klebeck<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>wartime <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>labour <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Channel <w NP0>Island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alderney<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>alive <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hamburg<c PUN>, <w PRP>contrary to <w AJC>earlier <w AJ0>British <w NN1>intelligence <w VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>survived <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2722"><w VVB-NN1>Klebeck<c PUN>, <w CRD>86<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>faced <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w DT0>many <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alderney <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>released <w AJ0>relevant <w AJ0>classified <w NN2>documents <w AV0>even <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w NN1>inquiry <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36190<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2723"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN>spent <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w NN1>prisoner <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w CRD>1945-47 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>sentence <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>lesser <w NN2>crimes <w VVN>committed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="2724"><w NN2>Officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w CJC>and <w NN0>MPs <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Klebeck <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reconstituted <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w NN1>wartime <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Channel <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA073></p>
<caption id=HLKCA073>
<s n="2725"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Schwammberger
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2726"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>11-month <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Stuttgart <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w AJ0-VVD>sentenced <w NN1-NP0>Josef <w NN1-NP0>Schwammberger<c PUN>, <w CRD>80<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Austrian <w DT0>former <w NP0>SS <w NN1>lieutenant<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>Jews <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VBG>being <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>accessory <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN0>people <w CJS>while <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN1>concentration <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1942-44 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37899<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2727"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2728"><w NP0>VATICAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2729"><w NN1>Beatification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Opus <w NP0>Dei <w NN1>founder
</head>
<p>
<s n="2730"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Pope <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w CRD>II <w VVD>beatified <w NP0>Jos&eacute;mar&iacute;a <w NP0>Escriv&aacute; <w NP0>de <w NP0>Balaguer<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>priest <w PNQ>who <w VVD>founded <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Opus <w NP0>Dei <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRF>of <w NP0>God<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>step <w PRP>to <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>sainthood<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2731"><w NN1-NP0>Escriv&aacute;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>founded <w NP0>Opus <w NP0>Dei <w PRP>in <w CRD>1928<c PUN>.
<s n="2732"><w DPS>His <w NN1>beatification <w VVD-VVN>aroused <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w DT0>some <w NN2>Catholics <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>short <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VVN>elapsed <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>because of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>content <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>views<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLKCA074></p>
<caption id=HLKCA074>
<s n="2733"><w AJ0>Anglican <w NN1>archbishop<w POS>'s <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AJ0>birth-control <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2734"><w AT0>The <w AV0>Most <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>George <w NP0>Carey<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canterbury <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>cleric <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church <w PRF>of <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w VVB>make <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Pope <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>church<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>artificial<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>methods <w PRF>of <w NN1>contraception<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>contained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Humanae <w NP0>Vitae <w AJ0>encyclical <w PRF>of <w CRD>1968 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>24239-41<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2735"><w NP0>Carey <w VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>disquiet <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN1>population <w NN1>control <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>left <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2736"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2737"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<p>
<s n="2738"><w ZZ0>A <w VVZ>disputes <w NN1>panel <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w NP0>GATT <w NN2-VVZ>rules <w PRP>on <w NN1>government <w NN1>procurement <w PRP>by <w VVG>purchasing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>US-made <w NN1>sonar <w NN1-VVG>mapping <w NN1>system <w PRP>without <w VVG-NN1>opening <w NN1-VVG>bidding <w PRP>to <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>tenders<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB-NN1>buy <w AJ0>American<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>requirement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w VVG>maintaining <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>code <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>apply <w TO0>to <w VVI>service <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2739"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2740"><w NP0-NN1>ICAO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2741"><w NP0>Croatia <w AV0>officially <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Aviation <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2742"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2743"><w NP0>ILO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2744"><w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>rejoined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Labour <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>formally <w VVG>declaring <w DPS>its <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ILO <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="2745"><w NP0>Vietnam <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34651<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>allegations <w ORD>first <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sent <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Europe <w TO0>to <w VVI>earn <w NN1>money <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>government <w NN2>debts <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>31592-93<c PUN>; <w CRD>32675<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLL>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 60735 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 885 Kbytes running text, containing about 60735 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLL</idno><idno type="old"> krw206 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7411"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="243"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="122"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="346"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="hi" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="865"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="230"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2498"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="57492"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7411"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="243"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="122"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="346"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="hi" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="865"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="230"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2498"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="57492"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w AJ0>Danish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>referendums <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w AT0>The <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>gained <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>signature <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38657-59<c PUN>; <w CRD>38785<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>severely <w VVN>undermined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>result<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>opposing <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w NN1>ratification <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6"><w AJ0>Previous <w NN2>referendums <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>issues <w PRP>in <w NP0>Denmark <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w CRD>63.3 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>voted <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w AVQ>when <w CRD>56.2 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0-VVD>supported <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Single <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Act<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Ireland <w CRD>83 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVD>favoured <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972 <w CJC>and <w CRD>69.9 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Single <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Act <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="8"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>summit <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>stress <w DPS>their <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>European <w NN1>integration<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>postponed <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>contentious <w NN2>issues <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Communities<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>in <w NP0>Edinburgh<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA000></p>
<caption id=HLLCA000>
<s n="9"><w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="10"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w CRD>82.3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>, <w CRD>50.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVG>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>46,269 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w NN1>confusion <w CJC>and <w NN1>consternation <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AT0>An <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oslo <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w DT0>most <w VBD>were <w VVN>gathered <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>meeting<c PUR>) <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w DT0>any <w NN1>renegotiation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w CJS>while <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>door <w VVZ>remains <w AJ0>open <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Danes <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>back<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="13"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VVD>prompted <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>; <w AV0>both <w NP0>Mitterrand <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>expressing <w DPS>their <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>by <w CRD>238 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>55 <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w NN2>abstentions <w VVG>expressing <w DPS>its <w NN1>determination<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w VM0>should <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>without <w NN1>delay<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Denmark <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fold <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA001></p>
<caption id=HLLCA001>
<s n="15"><w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>referendum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="16"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>68.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w CRD>57.3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>, <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="17"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w VVN>emphasized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w NN1>EMU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>could <w VVI>lose <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w UNC>I&pound;6,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w AV0>also <w VVI>lose <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><c PUL>(<w PRP>For <w AT0>every <w UNC>I&pound;1 <w VVN>paid <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>budget <w NP0>Ireland <w VVD>received <w UNC>I&pound;6 <w PRP>in <w NN1>return<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="19"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AV0>in part <w PRP>in <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w NN2>polls <w VVG>indicating <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NP0-NN1>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN2>Democrats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Fine <w NP0>Gael <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB-NN1>vote <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>vitally <w AJ0>important <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="20"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AJC>broader <w NP0>EC <w NN2>issues <w VBD>were <w AV0>almost <w AV0>entirely <w VVN>overshadowed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Constitution<w POS>'s <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>provisions <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w NN2>rights <w PRP>to <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w NN1>information<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="21"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w AV0>effectively <w VVN-VVD>excluded <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNI>Nothing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>&hellip; <w VM0>shall <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland <w PRF>of <w NN1>Article <w CRD>40.3.3 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ireland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVG>guaranteeing <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>life<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NN1-VVB>mother <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>foetus<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w AJ0>emotive <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>complicated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-year-old <w NN1>rape <w NN1>victim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dublin <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>debar <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>travelling <w PRP>to <w NP0>London <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Irish <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN>overruled <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w PNP>her <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38780<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>abortion <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>performed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>judgment <w CJS>as <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>3 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VVN-VVD>hinged <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>real <w CJC>and <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>risk <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>taken <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w NN1>suicide<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="25"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Reynolds <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w VVD>asked <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w NN1>member <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN1>protocol<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>ruling <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VVD-VVN>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>availability <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>women <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w NN1>Article <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VVG>protecting <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>expression <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38928 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>newspaper <w NN1>advertisement<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="26"><w AT0>The <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w NN1>amendment <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>open <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w AV0>also <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>renegotiate <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><c PUL>(<w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>1 <w NN2>ministers <w VDD>did <w VVI>approve <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>solemn <w NN1>declaration<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>protocol <w VM0>shall <w XX0>not <w VVI>limit <w NN1>freedom <w AV0>either <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>between <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJC>or<c PUN>&hellip; <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w CJC>or <w VVI>make <w AJ0>available <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w NN1>information <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NN2>services <w AV0>lawfully <w AJ0>available <w PRP>in <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="28"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>separate <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w NP0>Reynolds <w VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pregnant <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>for <w NN2>abortions <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN1>information <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>availability <w PRF>of <w NN2>abortions <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA002></p>
<caption id=HLLCA002>
<s n="29"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process
</caption>
<p>
<s n="30"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>congress<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>combined <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w CJC>and <w AJ0>upper <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w PRP>for <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>foundation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Fifth <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>in <w CRD>1958 <c PUL>(<w AJC>earlier <w NN2>occasions <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w CRD>1963<c PUN>, <w CRD>1974 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1976<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>592 <w PRP>to <w CRD>73 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>before <w VVG>submitting <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>for <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38882-83<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="32"><w AT0>The <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>debates <w CJC>and <w NN2>votes <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w NN1>session <w VVD-VVN>revealed <w AJ0>deep-seated <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>; <w NP0>Val&eacute;ry <w NP0>Giscard <w NP0>d'Estaing<w POS>'s <w NN1-NP0>Union <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NN1>d&eacute;mocratie <w UNC>fran&ccedil;aise <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>voted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Chirac<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Gaullist <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w UNC>R&eacute;publique <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPR<c PUR>) <w AV0>either <w VVD-VVN>abstained <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="33"><w AT0>The <w NN2>amendments <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid. <w PRP>for <w NN2>details<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>reading <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13 <w PRP>by <w CRD>398 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>77 <w PRP>with <w CRD>99 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Gaullist <w NN2>amendments <w TO0>to <w VVI>throw <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>192 <w PRP>to <w CRD>117 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>amended <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w VVG>requiring <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w VVG-NN1>reading <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>amendment <w CJS>provided that <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>citizens <w NN1-AJ0>resident <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-AJ0>European <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>terms <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w NN2>assemblies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>under <w NN1>Article <w CRD>45 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>asked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>rule <w AV0>definitively<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NN1>legislation <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>houses <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>agree<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="36"><w AV0>Initially <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>pressed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<w POS>'s <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>elevate <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>indirectly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>then <w VVD>backed <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sustained <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Parti <w NN1>socialiste <w VVG>requiring <w NP0>UDF <w VVB-NN1>support <w CJS>if <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>rejection <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>through<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w CJS>as <w VVN>amended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w CRD>388 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>43 <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPR <w NN2>delegates <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="40"><w NN2>Farmers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN1>Co-ordination <w NN1>rurale <c PUL>(<w VVN>formed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w NN2>farmers <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>moderation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>unions<c PUR>) <w VVD>blocked <w NN2>routes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Quil&egrave;s <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>traffic <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>hours<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w DT0>This <w NN1>protest <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w NN1>road <w VVZ-NN2>blockades <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>French <w NN2>tractors <w VVD-VVN>blocked <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN>opened<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Eurodisney<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>theme <w NN1-VVB>park <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>for <w CRD>nine <w NN2>hours<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA003></p>
<caption id=HLLCA003>
<s n="43"><w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>summit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="44"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26-27 <w PNP>they <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimize <w DPS>their <w NN2>differences <w CJC>and <w VVB>maintain <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>European <w NN1>integration<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w VVN>Shaken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>result <w PNP>they <w VVD>declared <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w AJ0>European <w NN1>construction<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="46"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w VVD>wrote<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w AT0>a <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>illegality<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>at least <w AJ0>doubtful <w NN1>legality<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w NP0>Denmark<w POS>'s <w CRD>11 <w NN2>partners <w VVG>going <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w VVG>ratifying <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rome <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVG>establishing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRP>in <w CRD>1957<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>revisions <w VM0>must <w VVI>carry <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>assent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NP0>EC <w VVZ-NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>resort<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w VM0>can <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN2>rules <w AVP>up <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVB>go <w AVP>along<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="48"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>transparency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>decision-making <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>words <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Uffe <w NP0>Ellemann-Jensen <w DT0>this <w VM0>might <w VVI>help <w VVI>create<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>landscape <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>new <w NN2>decisions <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>comment <w AV0>widely <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Denmark <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="50"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>activities <w CJS>as <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Delors <w CRD>II<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>package <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38785<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exact <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>funding <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w NN1>proposal <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>spread <w AT0>the <w NN1>package<w POS>'s <w AJ0>proposed <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>real <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w VVG>spending <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w DT0>more <w NN2>years <w CJS>rather than <w PRP>over <w CRD>1992-97 <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="52"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prospective <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>states <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>submitted <w NN2>applications<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>official <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>start <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Delors <w CRD>II <w NN1>package <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>start<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="54"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN2>issues <w VVD-VVN>discussed <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w VVN>overshadowed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mitterrand<w POS>'s <w NN1>solo <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38970<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA004></p>
<caption id=HLLCA004>
<s n="56"><w NN2>Conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="57"><w NN2>Extracts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w VBB>are <w VVN>given <w AV0>below<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="58"><w PRP>On <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>European <w NN1>union <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>underlines <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>respecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>timetable <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>for <w NN1>ratification <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>case <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w CJS>While <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>welcomes <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>referendum<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>conclusions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oslo <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="61"><w PRP>On <w NN1>enlargement <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>EEA<c PUR>) <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>paved <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>opening <w NN1>enlargement <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with a view to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>conclusion <w PRP>with <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>countries <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>negotiation <w NN1>framework<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w AV0>immediately <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w VBZ>is <w VVN>ratified <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Delors <w CRD>II <w NN1>package<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="64"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>considered<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>challenges <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VBB>are <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>met <w AV0>successfully<c PUN>, <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>progress <w VBZ>is <w VVN>needed <w PRP>as regards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w AT0>The <w NN2>applications <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cyprus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malta <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>were <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="66"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>future <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>council <w VVD>welcomed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>control <w NN1>production <w CJS>while <w VVG>guaranteeing <w NN2>farmers<w POS>' <w NN2>incomes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>EC <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
<s n="68"><w PNP>It <w VVD>reaffirmed<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>cohesion <w VVB>represent <w AT0>an <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>dimension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>decided<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <w AV0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>GNP <w PRP>per <w NN1>inhabitant <w VBZ>is <w AV0>less than <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w NN1>average <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>i.e. <w PRP>in <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w NN1>cohesion <w NN1>fund <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Maastricht<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="69"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Equivalent <w NN1>treatment<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>L&auml;nder <w CJC>and <w NN1>east <w NP0>Berlin<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP-AVP>on <w AVQ>how <w DT0>much <w NN1>money <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allocated<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w AV0>Instead <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w AJ0>appropriate <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN2>commitments<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w NN2>Decisions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>Delors-II <w NN1>package<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="73"><w PRP>On <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>agreed<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>steps <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>transparency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VVG>making <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>harmonious <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coming <w NN2>years <w VVZ>depends <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>degree <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>application <w PRP>to <w AJ0>existing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>future <w NN1>legislation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>subsidiarity <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="75"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>instructed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993 <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVG>re-examining<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>Community <w NN2>rules <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>adapt <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>subsidiarity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="76"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w NN1>capital<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>over <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w NN1>market <w PRP>without <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>frontiers <w VHB>have <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>adopted<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>welcomes <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w VVD>reached <w PRP>on <w NN1>insurance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>purchasing<c PUN>,<c PUN>&hellip; <w AV0>as <w AV0>well <w CJS>as <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN1>transport <w NN1>liberalization <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>maritime <w NN1>cabotage<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="78"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>persons<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>suggested <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>solution <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>crossing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>external <w NN2>frontiers<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="79"><w NN2>Paragraphs <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w NN2>drugs <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Europol <w VVD>followed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="80"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>external <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>welcomed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w AJ0>UNCED<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38947<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1>acceptance <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development <w AV0>worldwide<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="81"><w NN2>Statements <w VVN-VVD>followed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w NP0>Uruguay <w AJ0>Round<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>safety <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>energy <w NN1>charter<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Area<c PUN>, <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>, <w NN1>non-proliferation <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w VVZ-NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="82"><w AV0>Finally<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>council <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="84"><w VVN>Attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>report<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>likely <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maghreb<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="85"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>although <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VHB>have <w VVN>contributed<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w AV0>by far <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w VVZ-NN2>falls <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>army <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>While <w VVG>giving <w NN1>priority <w PRP>to <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN0>means<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AV0>publicly <w VVN-VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVB>exclude <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN0>means <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w VVG>Responding <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>government <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>(<w VVG>following <w DPS>its <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>recognitions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38703-04<c PUN>; <w CRD>38848-49<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>name <w DTQ>which <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA005></p>
<caption id=HLLCA005>
<s n="88"><w NN1>Air <w NN1>transport <w NN1>deregulation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="89"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luxembourg <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Transport <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1>aviation <w NN1>package<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>removing <w NN1>government <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>travel <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>competition <w PRP>between <w NN1>airline <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w NN2>Reforms <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37208<c PUN>; <w CRD>36494<c PUN>; <w CRD>35793<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>air <w NN2>fares<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="91"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w NP0>EC <w NN2>airlines <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>fly <w PRP>between <w DT0>any <w NP0>EC <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w VVI>operate <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NP0>EC <w NN1>air <w NN1>licence <w CJC>and <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w VVG>lasting <w PRP>until <w NP0>April <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1997<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>services <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w VVZ-NN2>states<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA006></p>
<caption id=HLLCA006>
<s n="93"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>48-hour <w NN1>working <w NN1>week
</caption>
<p>
<s n="94"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luxembourg <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>on <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>working <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w CRD>48 <w NN2>hours <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>months <w PRP>over <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>48-hour <w NN1>limit <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>averaged <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w DT0>All <w NP0>EC <w NN2-VVZ>states <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>except for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w PNP>it <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38658 <w PRP>for <w NP0>UK <w NN1>option <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w AJ0>Formal <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA007></p>
<caption id=HLLCA007>
<s n="97"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>Commissioners
</caption>
<p>
<s n="98"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Carlo <w NP0>Ripa <w NP0>De <w NP0>Meana<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commissioner <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>recalled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Giuliano <w NP0>Amato <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38978<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Vasso <w NP0>Papandreou <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commissioner <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>social <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>employment<c PUN>, <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w NN1>training<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>resources <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ioannis <w NP0>Paleokrassas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="100"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD-VVN>removed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w CRD>one <w VVB-NN1>stroke <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AV0>most <w AJ0>radical <w NN2>advocates <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>green <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>policies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>executive<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w NP0>Ripa <w NP0>De <w NP0>Meana <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w AVP>over <w PRP>such as <w NN2>issues <w CJS>as <w NN1>drinking <w NN1>water <w CJC>and <w AJ0>clean <w NN1>beach <w NN2>standards <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w NN1>transport <w NN2>projects <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38544<c PUN>; <w UNC>R132<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w AV0>Most <w AV0>recently <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UNCED <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>funeral <w NN1-VVB>wake<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>tax<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>deluded <w NN2>expectations <w CJC>and <w VVD>eluded <w NN1>responsibility<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38947<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="103"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="104"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="105"><w NN2>Elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVZ>Moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismantle <w NN1>federation
</head>
<p>
<s n="106"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5-6 <w PRP>to <w DT0>both <w NN2>chambers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>, <w VVD>underlined <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>polarization <w PRF>of <w NN1>politics <w PRP>as between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Bohemia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moravia<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>position <c PUL>(<w PRP>among <w AT0>a <w NN1>proliferation <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>victor <w VBD>was <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Meciar<w POS>'s <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>platform <w VVD>drew <w AV0>heavily <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>discontent <w VVN>engendered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>harsh <w NN1>application <w PRF>of <w NP0>Klaus<w POS>'s <w NN1>free-market <w NN2>principles<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>favoured <w AJC>greater <w NN1>state <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AJ0>necessary <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="109"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN2>weeks <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w VVD>negotiated <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>effectively <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismantling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w NN2>Commentators <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>objective <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>velvet <w NN1-VVB>divorce<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>velvet <w NN1>revolution<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="111"><w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>economy <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>nevertheless <w AV0>also <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>armaments <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>mining <w NN2>industries<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>particularly <w AV0>badly <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w NN1>recession <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w NN1>Unemployment <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bohemia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moravia<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w PRF>Of <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>2 <w NN2>years <w AV0>only <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>perception <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>industries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w VBD>were <w AV0>in general <w AV0>better <w VVN>placed <w TO0>to <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>privatization <w VVN>emphasised <w PRP>by <w NP0>Klaus<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>large<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>8,500,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>involved <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special <w NN2>vouchers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38921<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLLCA008></p>
<caption id=HLLCA008>
<s n="115"><w NN1>Election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="116"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w DT0>many <w NN2>parties <w VVG>competing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>Republicans <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Holcik <w VVD>stood <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>broad <w NN2>movements <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Public <w PRP>against <w NN1>Violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VVN>split <w PRP>into <w AJ0-VVG>competing <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>apart from <w NP0>Klaus<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AV0>generally <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w DT0>either <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="118"><w AJ0>Notable <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Bratinka <w CJC>and <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Economics <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Dlouhy<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w NP0>Moravia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Silesia<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-left <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w ITJ>OH<c PUR>) <w VVD>chaired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w AJ0>Jiri <w NN1-NP0>Dienstbier<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="119"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Slovakia <w AT0>the <w NN2>casualties <c PUL>(<w PRP>at <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>level<c PUR>) <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Public <w PRP>against <w NN1>Violence<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38831<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marian <w NP0>Calfa <w VVD>belonged<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38831<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>list <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Dubcek<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>chair <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1968<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Prague <w NN1>Spring<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="120"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies <w VVN>elected <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w AV0>only <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>re-elected<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRP>including <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>prime <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>except for <w NP0>Klaus<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLLCA009><s n="121"><w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Nations <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w NP0>Slovakia <w NN1-AJ0>Total <w NN0>MPs <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands <w NP0>Slovakia <w NN1-AJ0>Total <w NN0>MPs <w NN0>% <w NN0>MPs <w NN0>% <w NN0>MPs <w NN0>% <w NN0>MPs <w NN0>% <w NN0>MPs <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Party-Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>33.90 <w UNC>46+2 <w CRD>3.95 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>48 <w CRD>33.43 <w UNC>34+3 <w CRD>3.66 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>37 <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>33.53 <w UNC>23+1 <w CRD>24 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>33.85 <w UNC>31+2 <w CRD>33
</p>
<caption id=HLLCA009>
<s n="122"><w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly
</caption>
<p>
<s n="123"><w UNC>*Left <w NP0-NN1>Bloc <w CRD>14.27 <w UNC>17+2 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>19 <w CRD>14.48 <w UNC>13+2 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>15
</p>
<p>
<s n="124"><w UNC>**Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>14.44 <w UNC>8+2 <w CRD>10 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>14.04 <w UNC>12+1 <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>7.67 <w UNC>8+2 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>10 <w CRD>6.80 <w UNC>2+4 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>6 <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Republic-Czechoslovak <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <w CRD>6.48 <w UNC>5+3 <w CRD>0.36 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>6.37 <w UNC>3+3 <w CRD>0.34 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Union-Czechoslovak <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w CRD>5.98 <w UNC>5+2 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>7 <w CRD>6.08 <w UNC>3+3 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>6
</p>
<p>
<s n="125"><w UNC>***Liberal <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Union <w CRD>5.84 <w UNC>3+4 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>7 <w CRD>6.06 <w UNC>3+2 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>9.39 <w UNC>5+1 <w CRD>6 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>9.35 <w UNC>7+2 <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>8.96 <w UNC>4+2 <w CRD>6 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>8.81 <w UNC>7+1 <w CRD>8
</p>
<p>
<s n="126"><w UNC>****Hungarian <w NN1>minority <w NN1>coalition <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>7.36 <w UNC>4+1 <w CRD>5 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>7.39 <w UNC>5+2 <w CRD>7 <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>4.86 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>6.09 <w UNC>4+1 <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w CRD>4.98 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>0 <w CRD>4.08 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>0 <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Movement <w CRD>4.39 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>0 <w CRD>4.74 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>0 <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w NP0>Moravia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Silesia <w CRD>4.23 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash;
</p>
<p>
<s n="127"><w CRD>0 <w CRD>4.90 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>0 <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUN>- <w CRD>3.96 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>4.04 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w NN2>Others <w CRD>12.26 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>13.19 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>13.06 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>12.43 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w CRD>100 <w CRD>99 <w CRD>100 <w CRD>51 <w CRD>150 <w CRD>100 <w CRD>75 <w CRD>100 <w CRD>75 <w CRD>150 <w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>MPs <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>party <w VVZ>comprises <w DT0>those <w VVN>elected <w AV0>directly<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w AT0>the <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>MPs <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>balancing <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w NN1>formula<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="128"><w UNC>*The <w VVD-AJ0>Left <w NP0-NN1>Bloc<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bohemia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moravia <c PUL>(<w NP0>KSCM<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jiri <w NP0>Svoboda<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="129"><w UNC>**The <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDL<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>previously <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w VVD-VVN>Renamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-AJ0>Left <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AV0>simply <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDL <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="131"><w UNC>***The <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Social <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="132"><w UNC>****The <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w NN1>Coexistence <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN0>minorities<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w NN1>Turnout<c PUN>: <w CRD>85 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands<c PUN>; <w CRD>84 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00A>
<s n="134"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="135"><w AT0>The <w NN1>day <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>federal <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>asked <w NP0>Klaus <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN1>move <w VVD>prompted <w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reiterate <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>getting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLLCA00B><s n="137"><w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>29.73 <w CRD>76 <w VVD-AJ0>Left <w NP0-NN1>Bloc <w CRD>14.05 <w CRD>35 <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democracy <w CRD>6.53 <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Union <w CRD>6.52 <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Union-Czechoslovak <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w CRD>6.28 <w CRD>15 <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republic-Republican <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CRD>5.98 <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w CRD>5.93 <w CRD>14 <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Self-administered <w NP0>Democracy-Society <w PRP>for <w NP0>Moravia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Silesia <w CRD>5.87 <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Movement <w CRD>4.59 <w CRD>0 <w NN2>Others <w CRD>14.52 <w CRD>0 <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w CRD>100 <w CRD>200 <ptr target=HLLCA00C><w NN0>% <w PRF>of <w NN1>vote <w NN2>Seats <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <w CRD>37.26 <w CRD>74 <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Left <w CRD>14.70 <w CRD>29 <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w CRD>8.88 <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w CRD>7.93 <w CRD>15 <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority <w NN1>coalition <w CRD>7.42 <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w CRD>4.03 <w CRD>0 <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w CRD>4.00 <w CRD>0 <w NN2>Others <w CRD>15.78 <w CRD>0 <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w CRD>100 <w CRD>150
</p>
<caption id=HLLCA00B>
<s n="138"><w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w NN0>% <w PRF>of <w NN1>vote <w NN2>Seats
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA00C>
<s n="139"><w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="140"><w NN2>Negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>begun <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJS>largest <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRP>near <w NP0>Brno<c PUN>, <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides<w POS>' <w NN2>views <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>fundamentally <w AJ0>different<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w PRP>After <w DT0>another <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague<c PUN>, <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>shall <w VVI>opt <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>quiet <w NN1>separation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17-20 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava <w VVD>left <w AJ0>unresolved <w AT0>the <w NN2>differences <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>federation<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>parliaments <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>set-up <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>favouring <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <w VVD>argued <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>confederation <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN2-VVZ>states <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>entity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="146"><w PRP>At <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Czech <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w AJ0>federal<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>clearest <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>sign <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>Czechs <w VHB>have <w AV0>finally <w VVN>given <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>fought <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLLCA00D><s n="147"><w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Strasky <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Rudolf <w NP0>Filkus <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>Economic<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1-VVB>Control <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Cic <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Competition <w NP0>Miroslav <w NP0>Macek <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN1>Environment <w NP0>Antonin <w NP0>Baudys <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Christian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Transport<c PUN>; <w NN2>Communications <w VVB>Jozef <w NP0-NN1>Moravcik <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Cermak <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Klak <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Jaroslav <w NP0>Kubecka <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN1>Planning <w NP0>Imrich <w NP0>Andrejcak <c PUL>(<w AJ0>independent<c PUR>) <w NN1>Defence <ptr target=HLLCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00D>
<s n="148"><w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA00E>
<s n="149"><w AJ0-NN1>Constituent <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly
</caption>
<p>
<s n="150"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w AJ0>Michal <w NN1-NP0>Kovac <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>unopposed <w CJS>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Dubcek<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0-NN1>Benda <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Party-Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Roman <w NN1>Zeleney <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Nations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="151"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w VVB>share <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>prolonged <w AV0>for ever <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>sooner <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBZ>is <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w AJC>better<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w AT0>Every <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w NN1>delay <w VVZ>increases <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unfortunate <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>moral<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>international-legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>very <w NN1>agony <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>collapse<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unruly <w NN1>break-up <w VM0>would <w VVI>turn <w PRP>against <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="154"><w PNP>He <w AV0>again <w VVD>asserted <w DPS>his <w NN1>preference <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>parliaments<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>most <w AJ0>democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>moral<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w VVG>resolving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00F>
<s n="155"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="156"><w NP0>Calfa<w POS>'s <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>10-member <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00G>
<s n="158"><w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w NN1>session
</caption>
<p>
<s n="159"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w VVD-AJ0>elected <w NP0>Ivan <w NN1-AJ0>Gasparovic <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w NN1-VVB>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NN1>presidium <w DTQ>which <w VVD>acted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>presidency <c PUL>(<w EX0>there <w VBG>being <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>President<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Gasparovic <w CJS>as <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38831<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="161"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>chairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidium <w VBD>were <w NP0>Augustin <w NP0>Marian <w NP0-NN1>Huska <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jozef <w NP0>Prokes<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Weiss<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Left<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidium<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00H>
<s n="163"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="164"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>pro-federalist <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Carnogursky<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>HZDS-dominated <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Meciar <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VVD>put <w AV0>forward <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>sovereignty <c PUL>(<w XX0>not <w NN1>independence<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="166"><w VVB-NN1>Meciar<c PUN>, <w CRD>49<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Public <w PRP>Against <w NN1>Violence <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>government <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>regime <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w CJS-PRP>before <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>identification <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1-AJ0>nationalist <w VVZ-NN2>causes<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>abused <w DPS>his <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>police <w NN2>files <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38161<c PUN>; <w CRD>38830-31<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="167"><w DT0>All <w PRP>but <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>14 <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NP0>Ludovit <w NP0>Cernak<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>numbering <w CRD>587,000 <w CJC>or <w CRD>10.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>population<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>represented<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLLCA00J><s n="169"><w NP0-NN1>Valdimir <w NP0>Meciar <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-AJ0>Roman <w NP0>Kovac <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>Economic<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1-VVB>Control <w NP0>Milan <w NP0-NN1>Knazko <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>International <w NN2>Relations <w VVB>Ludovit <w NP0-NN1>Cernak <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>; <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>; <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w NP0>Julius <w NP0>Toth <c PUL>(<w AJ0>independent<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Olga <w NP0>Keltosova <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Lubomir <w NP0>Dolgos <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Privatization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Property <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Baco <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food<c PUN>; <w NN1>Forestry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Water <w NN1>Economy <w NP0-NN1>Dusan <w NP0-NN1>Slobodnik <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>; <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN1>Sport <w NP0>Viliam <w NP0>Sobona <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jozef <w NP0>Tuchyna <c PUL>(<w AJ0>independent<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NP0>Katarina <w NP0>Tothova <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0-NN1>Roman <w NP0-NN1>Hofbauer <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>; <w NN1>Construction <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Building <w NP0-NN1>Jozef <w NP0>Zlocha <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Commission
</p>
<caption id=HLLCA00J>
<s n="170"><w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>government
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="171"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="172"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="173"><w NP0>Likud <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>defeat
</head>
<p>
<s n="174"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>domination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Likud-led <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w CRD>five <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>its <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tehiya <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Moledet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38740<c PUN>; <w CRD>38787<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLLCA00K><ptr target=HLLCA00L><s n="176"><w NP0>Knesset <w NN2>seats <w AJ0-VVD>Left <w NN1>bloc <w CRD>61 <c PUL>(<w CRD>55<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w CRD>44 <c PUL>(<w CRD>39<c PUR>) <w NP0>Meretz <w CRD>12 <c PUL>(<w CRD>10<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Hadash <w CRD>3 <c PUL>(<w CRD>4<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>2 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>List <w PRP>for <w NN1>Peace <w CRD>0 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Right <w NN1>bloc <w CRD>43 <c PUL>(<w CRD>47<c PUR>) <w NP0>Likud <w CRD>32 <c PUL>(<w CRD>40<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Tsomet <w CRD>8 <c PUL>(<w CRD>2<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Moledet <w CRD>3 <c PUL>(<w CRD>2<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Tehiya <w CRD>0 <c PUL>(<w CRD>3<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>allied <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>right <w PRP>in <w ORD>last <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w CRD>16 <c PUL>(<w CRD>18<c PUR>) <w NN2>Shas <w CRD>6 <c PUL>(<w CRD>5<c PUR>) <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Religious <w NN1>Party <w CRD>6 <c PUL>(<w CRD>5<c PUR>) <w VVD>United <w NP0>Tora <w NN1>Judaism <w CRD>4 <c PUL>(<w CRD>8<c PUR>)
</p>
<caption id=HLLCA00K>
<s n="177"><w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA00L>
<s n="178"><c PUL>(<w NN1>Number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>won <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NN2>parentheses<c PUR>)
</caption>
<p>
<s n="179"><w NN2>Voters <w VBD>were <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>25 <w NN2>parties <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w CRD>120 <w NP0>Knesset <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>threshold <w PRP>for <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN2>seats <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>election <w PRP>from <w CRD>1 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="181"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>3,409,000 <w AJ0>eligible <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>residents <w CJC>and <w CRD>394,000 <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>Arabs <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>150,000 <w NP0>East <w NP0>Jerusalem <w NN2>Arabs <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>citizenship <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,750,000 <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>strip <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unenfranchised<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>500,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG>voting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="183"><w AV0>Both <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties<w POS>' <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN2>campaigns <w VVD-VVN>targeted <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VVI>ignore <w DT0>some <w AJC>smaller <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w CRD>25,000 <w NN2>Ethiopians <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>perceived <w CJS>as <w AV0>barely <w VVN>integrated <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DT0>some <w CRD>400,000 <w NN2>arrivals <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN2>elections <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>240,000 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>240,000 <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VBD>were <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AV0>possibly <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>contest<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w DT0>Much <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Labour <w NN2>campaigners <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Russian-speaking <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>or <w AV0>twice <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>average<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>even <w VVG>affecting <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>qualified <w NN2>professionals<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w DT0>Many <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>immigrants <w VVD>perceived <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>as <w AJ0>obsessed <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>threat<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1-AJ0>Labour <w VHD>had <w VVN>emphasised <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>shift <w NN1>funding <w PRP>from <w AJ0>new <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>towards <w VVG>easing <w AT0>the <w NN1>plight <w PRF>of <w NN2>immigrants <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w DT0>Most <w NN2>immigrants <w PRF>of <w AJ0>oriental <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Sephardim<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Likud<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="188"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>televised <w NN2>smears <w CJC>and <w NN2>counter-smears <w CJC>but <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>excite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>interest<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w NN2>managers <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>readiness <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AV0>ahead <w AV0>decisively <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w VVG>emphasising <w DPS>his <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>credentials<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w DT0>Neither <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>ruled <w AVP>out <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>; <w AT0>no <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w AV0>ever <w VVN>won <w AT0>the <w CRD>61 <w NN2>seats <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="190"><w NP0>Rabin <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1967 <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w CRD>1973 <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PNP>he <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VVD>lost <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>28533-38<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w CJS>As <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>height <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Intifada <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabin <w VHD>had <w AV0>again <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>line<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Labour <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>gained <w NN1>popularity <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>doveish <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <c PUL>(<w DPS>his <w NN1>successor <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AVP>back <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38787<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="192"><w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>favour <w VVG>working <w AVP>out <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>freeze <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>insist <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>retaining<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jordan <w NN1-NP0>Valley<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w DT0>This <w NN1>stance<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>suggested<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>housing <w NN1>loan <w VVZ>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>absorb <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>immigrants <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38787<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0-VVG>withholding <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>indicate <w DPS>its <w NN1>displeasure <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w VVN>blamed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Shamir<w POS>'s <w NN1>intransigence <w PRP>over <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>alienating <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="196"><w NP0>Likud <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>lost <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>post-election <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Shamir<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>77<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>considered <w AJ0>unlikely <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w DT0>another <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="197"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-allied <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>18 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36948<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Agudat <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Degel <w NP0>Hatorah <w VVD>campaigned <w AV0>together <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w VVD>United <w NP0>Tora <w NN1>Judaism<c PUN>; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Religious <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NRP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shas <w PNP>they <w VVD>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Likud<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w AJ0-NN1>Likud-leaning <w AJ0>far-right <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Tsomet<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Moledet <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tehiya<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="199"><w NN1>Labour<w POS>'s <w NN2>allies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>left-Zionist <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ratz<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Mapam <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shinui<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>reformist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-clerical <w NN1-NP0>Meretz <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AV0>broadly <w AJ0>favourable <w PRP>to <w AJ0>land-for-peace <w NN2>concessions <w CJC>and <w AV0>even <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>halt <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>status <w PRP>for <w NN2>women<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00M>
<s n="200"><w NN1>Importance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security <w NN2>considerations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="201"><w NN1>Public <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w AV0>evenly <w VVN>matched<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>poll <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rabin<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w AJ0>retired <w NN2>generals <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mossad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>allaying <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2-VVZ>fears <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w NN1>Labour<w POS>'s <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>retired <w NN2>officers <w CRD>three-quarters <w AJ0>backed <w NN1>Labour<w POS>'s <w NN2>policies <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>government <w VM0>should <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w PRP>in return for <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NN1>renunciation <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="204"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w NN1>closure<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>checkpoints <w VBG>being <w VVN>manned <w PRP>by <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><c PUL>(<w AT0>A <w AJ0>48-hour <w NN1>lull <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w AVQ>when <w CRD>three <w NN2>Palestinians <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>soldier <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>gun <w NN1>battle <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>Jews <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN>stabbed <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLLCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00N>
<s n="206"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>outcome
</caption>
<p>
<s n="207"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>98 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVD-VVN>counted<c PUN>, <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>radio <w VVD>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>Labour <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>45 <w NP0>Knesset <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w NP0>Likud <w CRD>32 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Meretz <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Meretz <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>on <w NP0>Rabin <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>poll<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>soldiers<w POS>' <w NN2>votes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>counted<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w CJT>that <w NN1>Labour <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>44 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w AV0>Even <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NP0>Meretz <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Hadash <w VVD>took <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>ADP<c PUR>) <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-seat <w NN1>majority <w CJS>unless <w NP0>Rabin <w VBD>was <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>party <w NP0>Knesset <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>surge <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Tsomet <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>phenomenon <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVG>right-wing <w AJ0>anti-religious <w NN1>sentiment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00P>
<s n="211"><w NP0>Rabin<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w NN1>unity
</caption>
<p>
<s n="212"><w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>outlined <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>policies <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>promising <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AV0>immediately <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>repair <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>halt <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>government <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>held <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>including <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aim <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w DPS>His <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>committed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>stage<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>autonomy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-year <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>period<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>spelled <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1978 <w NP0>Camp <w NP0>David <w VVZ-NN2>accords<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w PNP>He <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>underline <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>autonomy <w CJC>and <w NN1>self-rule <w PRP>for <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>end <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>as opposed to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>aim <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="218"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chaim <w NP0>Herzog <w AV0>formally <w VVD>asked <w NP0>Rabin <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRP>within <w CRD>21 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVD>United <w NP0-NN1>Tora <w NN1>Judaism <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>NRP<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>pressing <w AJ0>Labour <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>exclusion <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Meretz<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w NP0>Shas <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NP0>Meretz<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided that <w AT0>an <w NN1>accommodation <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>reached <w PRP>between <w NN1>Labour <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>two <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="221"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>leadership <w VBD>was <w VVN>plunged <w PRP>into <w NN1>confusion <w CJC>and <w NN1>pessimism <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>result<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moshe <w NP0>Arens<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN1>life <w CJS>once <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w NP0>Shamir <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>retire <w AV0>soon<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w NP0>Arens <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w NN1>Hadashot <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w CJS>because <w NP0>Shamir <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w NP0>David <w NP0>Levi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leadership <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38835<c PUN>; <w CRD>38885<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>an <w NN1>understanding <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arens<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>heir<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="224"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="225"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="226"><w AJ0>UNCED <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio
</head>
<p>
<s n="227"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w AJ0>UNCED<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3-14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AV0>ever <w VVG-NN1>gathering <w PRF>of <w NN1>world <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="229"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w AV0>apparently <w VVD>took <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w AV0>only <w PRP>after <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>urged <w AV0>repeatedly <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>, <w NP0>William <w NP0>Reilly<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>influential <w NN2>figures <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NN1>Management <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Budget<c PUN>, <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Darman<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>argued <w PRP>against <w VVG>giving <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w AT0>the <w NN1>prominence <w VVN>implied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>attendance<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w NP0>Reilly <w VVD>failed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>should <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>Biodiversity <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="232"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carlo <w NP0>Ripa <w NP0>di <w NP0>Meana<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AJ0>UNCED <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>policy <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>summit <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w AV0>especially <w AT0>a <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>tax <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38943 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w AJ0>binding <w NN2>targets <w PRP>for <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>greenhouse <w NN1>gas <w NN2>emissions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="234"><w NN1>Opinion <w VBD>was <w VVN>divided <w PRP>as to <w AVQ>how <w AV0>far <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>termed <w AT0>a <w NN1>success<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w DT0>Many <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>campaigners <w VVD>stressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AJ0>binding <w NN2>targets <w PRP>for <w VVG>resolving <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AV0>adequately <w AT0>the <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w ORD>third <w NN1>world <w NN1>poverty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>degradation<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w NN2>Others<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>welcome <w NN1>acknowledgement <w AV0>both <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>seriousness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AJ0>global <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>overcome <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="237"><w NP0>Rio <w VVD>hosted <w AV0>simultaneously <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Global <w NN1>Forum <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>tribal <w NN2>peoples<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="238"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>historical <w NN1>precedent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Human <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Stockholm<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1972 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>25476-79<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w AJ0>UNCED <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37433<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>referred <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NN1>Environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gro <w NP0>Harlem <w NP0>Brundtland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35227-29<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="240"><w AV0>Much <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>work <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN2>conferences<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ-NN2>prepcoms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Prepcom <w CRD>4<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38890<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00R>
<s n="241"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>documents <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="242"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference<w POS>'s <w AJ0>principal <w NN2>outcomes <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>, <w NN2>conventions <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>controlling <w NN1>climate <w NN1-VVB>change <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>preserving <w AJ0>biological <w NN1>diversity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN1>agenda <w VVG>outlining <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>global <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>problems <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w PNP>them <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agreed <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="243"><w NP0>Rio <w NN1>Declaration<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w CJS>As <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>27-page <w NN1>Declaration <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP-PRP>down <w AJ0>broad <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>environmentally-sound <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>viewed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AV0>somewhat <w AJ0>unsatisfactory <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AV0>widely <w AJ0-VVG>differing <w NN2>wishes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="245"><w VVG>Setting <w AV0>forth <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w CJC>and <w AJ0>equitable <w AJ0>global <w NN1>partnership<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>affirmed <w CJT>that <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection <w VM0>should <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>an <w AJ0>integral <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w PRP>in <w NN1>isolation <w PRP>from <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w PNP>It <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>exploit <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>resources <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w NN1>implication<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>ruling <w AVP>out <w AJ0>coercive <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w AV0>for example<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tropical <w NN2>forests<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>added <w AT0>the <w NN1>rider <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>manner <w DTQ>which <w VVD>caused <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w AJC>Richer <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>responsibility<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w NN2>pressures <w DPS>their <w NN2>societies <w VVB>place <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>global <w NN1>environment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w PRP>In <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w DT0>few <w AJ0>official <w NN2>references <w PRP>to <w NN1>population <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Declaration <w VVN>called <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>states <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>appropriate <w AJ0>demographic <w NN2>policies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w PNP>It <w VVD>enshrined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>precautionary <w NN1>principle<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>agreeing <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>certainty <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w VVG>postponing <w AJ0>cost-effective <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>degradation <c PUL>(<w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w VVN>directed <w AV0>in part <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>reluctance <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AJ0>global <w NN1>warming<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>elements <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>eradication <w PRF>of <w NN1>poverty<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>achieving <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="251"><w NN1>Agenda <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w DT0>This <w AJ0-NN1>720-page <w NN1>document <w VVN-VVD>covered <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>detail <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w VVN>Described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>blueprint <w PRP>for <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN2>recommendations <w VBD>were <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>binding<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>core <w NN2>chapters <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w VVG>implementing <w AJ0>UNCED<w POS>'s <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="255"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Sustainable <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN2>goals <w VVN>set <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World <w NN1>indebtedness <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>financing <w AJ0>essential<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w AV0>in particular <w VVB>meet <w DT0>these <w NN2>goals<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w DT0>Such <w NN1>funding <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Global <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>GEF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>jointly <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNEP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w NN1>Technology <w NN1>transfer <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="259"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w VVD>outlined <w AJ0>broad <w NN2>strategies <w PRP>for <w VVG>combating <w NN2>problems <w PRP>such as <w NN1>over-consumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-renewable <w NN2>resources<c PUN>; <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>biodiversity<c PUN>; <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>land <w CJC>and <w AJ0>marine <w NN1>pollution<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>toxic <w NN2>wastes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="260"><w AJ0>Biological <w NN1>Diversity <w NN1>Convention<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>binding <w NN2>treaties <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w AJ0>required <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w AV0>ecologically <w AJ0>valuable <w NN2>areas <w CJC>and <w NN0>species<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>the <w NN1>compilation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AV0>globally <w AJ0>protected <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="263"><w AT0>The <w NN1>convention <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World <w VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w NN1>technology <w NN1>transfer <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>aid <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PNP>them <w VVI>preserve <w AJ0>key <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>controversially<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World <w VVZ-NN2>states <w PRP>in return for <w NN1>extraction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>genetic <w NN2>resources <c PUL>(<w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>referring <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gene <w NN1>bank <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tropical <w NN2>forests <w PRP>by <w NN1>biotechnology <w NN2>companies<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="264"><w PNP>It <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>beneficiaries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>conservation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>wild <w NN1>plant <w CJC>and <w NN1>animal <w NN0>species <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>communities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN0>people <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>knowledge <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w DT0>these <w NN2>resources <w VHZ>has <w VVN>preserved <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w NN2>centuries<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="265"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Convention <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>upon <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w AV0-AJ0>Alone <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>nations <w VVG>attending <w NP0>Rio<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention<c PUN>, <w AV0>chiefly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>prejudice <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>biotechnology <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="267"><w NN1>Framework <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w NN1>Climate <w NN1-VVB>Change<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w PRP>Under <w DT0>this <w AJ0>binding <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>emission <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>greenhouse <w NN2>gases<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>dioxide <c PUL>(<w UNC>CO <hi rend=lo><w CRD>2 </hi><c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>global <w NN1>warming<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>insistence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w VVD>stopped <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w VVG>setting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>binding <w NN1>target <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NN1>emission <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>recommended <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>states <w VM0>should <w VVI>aim <w TO0>to <w VVI>stabilize <w NN1>CO <hi rend=lo><w CRD>2 </hi> <w NN2>emissions <w PRP>at <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>levels <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000 <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>target <w AV0>already <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37784<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="270"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>conventions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <c PUL>(<w XX0>not <w VVN>ratified<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>153 <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="271"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>Statement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Forest <w NN2>Principles<c PUN>, <w VVD>aimed <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>at <w VVG>limiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tropical <w NN2>forests<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>originally <w VVN>intended <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>binding <w NN1>Convention<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>concerted <w NN1>lobbying <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>timber-exporting <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>viewed <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>transformation <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-binding <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>intent<c PUN>.
<s n="273"><w PNP>It <w VVD>recognized <w CJT>that <w NN2>forests <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>resource <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w VVG>providing <w NN1>timber<c PUN>, <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>global <w NN1>resource<c PUN>, <w AJ0>valuable <w AV0>both <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>bank<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>genetic <w NN1>diversity <c PUL>(<w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>plant-derived <w NN2>medicines<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>carbon <w NN1-VVB>sink<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>absorbing <w UNC>CO2 <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>otherwise <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>greenhouse <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Statement <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>forest <w NN1>management <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w NN1>compensation <w TO0>to <w VVI>host <w NN2>nations <w PRP>for <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>forests<w POS>' <w AJ0>genetic <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>aid <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVB>preserve <w DPS>their <w NN2>forests<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="275"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="276"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="277"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks <w VVG>following <w NN1-NP0>Boipatong <w NN1-VVB>massacre
</head>
<p>
<s n="278"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w PRP>against <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0>CODESA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VBD>was <w VVG>hinting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>reintroduce <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>, <w VVD>lifted <w AV0>in part <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37522<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="280"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>events <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AV0>at least <w CRD>45 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Boipatong<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>township <w CRD>65 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Johannesburg<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w AT0>The <w NN2>assailants<c PUN>, <w VVG>wielding <w NN2>axes<c PUN>, <w NN2>knives<c PUN>, <w NN2>spears <w CJC>and <w AJ0>automatic <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>identified <w PRP>by <w NN2>residents <w PRP>as <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>hostel <w NN1-VVG>housing <w NN1>migrant <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w NP0>Inkatha<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>link <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="283"><w PRP>After <w VVG>touring <w NP0-NN1>Boipatong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cyril <w NP0>Ramaphosa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>government <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>slaughter<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w DT0>This <w NN1>claim <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>perception <w CJT>that <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>no <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deployed <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>warnings <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>dispersed <w NN2>residents <w PRP>from <w NN2>barricades <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>erected <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>attackers <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NN2>police <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>vehicles <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>later <w VBN>been <w VVN>escorted <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>hostel <w PRP>by <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w DT0>This <w NN1>evidence <w VBD>was <w VVN>corroborated <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>monitor <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>a <w PRP>by <w NN1>policeman <w NN1>resident <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Boipatong <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN0>people <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD>stayed <w DT0>all <w NN1>night <w CJS>as <w DT0>this <w VVD>happened<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="286"><w NP0-NN1>Ramaphosa <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>ANC <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>action <w NN1>campaign <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NN1>majority <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Craig <w NP0>Kotze<c PUN>, <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>placed <w AT0>the <w NN1>blame <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>temperature <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>pushed <w AV0>unacceptably <w AJ0>high<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>campaign <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AT0>a <w NN1>climate <w VVG>making<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>such as <w DT0>these <w AJC>easier <w TO0>to <w VVI>happen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="289"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NN1-NP0>Boipatong <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w AJ0>angry <w NN2>residents<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w PRP>Within <w NN2>minutes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>without <w NN1>warning <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AJ0>close <w NN1>range <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>journalists <w PNQ>who <w VVD>witnessed <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w AV0>up to <w CRD>eight <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN2>others <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>injured<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="292"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>CODESA <w NN2>talks <w VVD>came <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w NN1-VVB>process <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN2>tatters<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="293"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w CRD>25,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>township <w PRP>near <w NP0>Johannesburg<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>no longer <w VVB>explain <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN0>people <w AVQ>why <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>regime <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG>murdering <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ferocious <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Boipatong <w NN2>killings <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>faceless <w NN2>murderers <w PNQ>who <w VVB>work <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-AJ0>parallel <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>CODESA <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w AV0>indefinitely<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w VVG>Reacting <w PRP>to <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>look <w PRP>beyond <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w AV0>personally <w VVI>lead <w AT0>a <w NN1>defiance <w NN1>campaign <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVI>impose <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00S>
<s n="297"><w NP0>ANC <w NN2-VVZ>demands
</caption>
<p>
<s n="298"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEC<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w NP0-NN1>Ramaphosa <w VVD>said <w DPS>his <w NN1>organization <w VHD>had <w VHN>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>option<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB-NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="300"><w PNP>He <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>demands <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w VM0>would <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN1>speed <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>genuine <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>could <w VVI>resume<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demands <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AJ0>covert <w NN2>operations <w PRP>including <w NN1-AJ0>hit <w NN1>squad <w NN1>activity<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarming <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special <w NN2>forces<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>security <w NN1>force <w NN2>personnel <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>surveillance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NN1>migrant <w NN1>worker <w NN2>hostels<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Boipatong <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>monitoring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="302"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w PRP>out of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w NN1>CODESA <w NN2>participants <w PNQ>who <w AV0>also <w VVD>withdrew<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SACP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Coloured <w NN2>communities<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Transkei <w NN1>bantustan <c PUL>(<w NN1>homeland<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen <w NP0>Bantu <w NP0>Holomisa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lebowa<c PUN>, <w NP0>KwaNdebele <w CJC>and <w NP0>KaNgwane <w NN2>bantustans<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00T>
<s n="304"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="305"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w VVD-AJ0>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w VVB-NN1>hold <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>discussions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w AJ0>useful <w NN1>purpose<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="306"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w AV0>significantly <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>described <w AV0>as <w AJ0>defamatory <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>false <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>conducting <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>murder<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>defended <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared<c PUN>, <w VVN>operated <w PRP>with <w NN1>impartiality<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>action <w NN1>campaign <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>welcome <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>fact-finding <w NN1>mission <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>experts <w VVB>join <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2-VVZ>monitors<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w PNP>He <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>reiterates <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN1-VVB>stand <w PRP>against <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00U>
<s n="310"><w NN2>Police <w NN1>investigation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="311"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRF>of <w NN2>Police<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Johan <w NP0>van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Merwe<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w NN1>information <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Boipatong <w NN1>attack <w VHD>had <w AV0>indeed <w VBN>been <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w CRD>200-300 <w NN2>residents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nearby <w AJ0-NN1>Inkatha-controlled <w NN1>hostel<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w PNP>He <w AV0>firmly <w VVD>denied<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN2>police <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="313"><w CRD>Hundreds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hostel <w NN2>residents <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>questioned<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commissioner <w VVD>said<c PUN>; <w CRD>six <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>expected <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>arrests <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>forensic <w NN2>tests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bloodstained <w NN2>weapons <w VVN-VVD>found <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>hostel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="314"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>denied <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w VVG>alleging <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Koevoet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Namibian <w NN1>counter-insurgency <w NN1>unit<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w AT0>The <w NN1>press <w NN2>reports <w VBD>were <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w NN1-NP0>Koevoet <w NN2>members <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>mine <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>allegation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mine <w NN1>security <w VVB-NN1>guard <w CJT>that <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>squad <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w PNP>him <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00V>
<s n="316"><w NN1>Day <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>mourning
</caption>
<p>
<s n="317"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>converged <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN2>sports <w NN1>stadium <w PRP>in <w NN1-NP0>Boipatong <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w DT0>Several <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>spoke <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>united <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w CJC>and <w AJ0>speedy <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>mourning <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w NN2>vigils <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>step <w PRF>of <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>declaring <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>mourning<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w DPS>its <w NN2>employees <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVD>related <w NN1-VVG>mourning <w NN2>services<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>likewise<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00W>
<s n="321"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="322"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>threatened <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w AV0>effectively <w CJC>and <w AV0>impartially <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w VVB>curb <w AT0>the <w NN2>excesses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w NN1>Amnesty <w VVD-VVN>catalogued <w NN1>security <w NN1>force <w NN1>involvement <w CJC>and <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN2>killings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w NN1>&mdash;State <w PRF>of <w NN1>Fear<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>period <w AV0>more than <w CRD>7,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w CJS>While <w NN1>Amnesty <w VVD>recorded <w CJT>that <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>committed <w NN2>abuses<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>reserved <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>departments<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>acknowledge <w AV0>publicly <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>extrajudicial <w NN2>executions<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>torture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VVG>acting <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>behalf <w CJC>or <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>acquiescence<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38663 <w PRP>for <w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00X>
<s n="327"><w AJ0>Anglo <w AJ0>American <w NN1>labour <w NN1>code
</caption>
<p>
<s n="328"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Anglo <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Corporation<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>innovative <w NN1>labour <w NN2>relations <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mineworkers <c PUL>(<w NP0>NUM<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w AT0>The <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mining <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>eliminating <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w AT0>The <w NN1>code <w AV0>also <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>association<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>committed <w AJ0>Anglo <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w NN1>job <w CJC>and <w NN2>skills <w NN1>development <w TO0>to <w VVI>correct <w AJ0>past <w NN2>imbalances<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w AT0>The <w NN1>code <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Anglo <w NN1>gold <w CJC>and <w NN1>coal <w NN2>mines <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NN2>miners<w POS>' <w NN1>strike <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35622-23<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLLCA00Y>
<s n="332"><w VVB-NN1>Rent <w NN1-VVB>boycott <w NN2>losses
</caption>
<p>
<s n="333"><w PRP>According to <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Leon <w NP0>Wessels <w NN1>township <w NN1-VVB>rent <w NN2>boycotts <w VVB-NN1>cost <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>township <w NN2>councils <w PRP>over <w UNC>R30,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;8,500,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>lost <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>per <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w PRP>from <w NN1>rent <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>service <w NN1>charge <w NN2-VVZ>boycotts <w VVN>totalled <w UNC>R1,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA010></p>
<caption id=HLLCA010>
<s n="335"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="336"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>by <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1-2 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>discussed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>subjects <w PRP>including <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>discussed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unique <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>influencing <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN2>markets <w PRF>of <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>&mdash;a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>gold <w CJC>and <w NN1>diamond <w NN1-VVG>mining <w NN2>industries <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="339"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>modest<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>credit <w NN1>line <w PRF>of <w UNC>R100,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;28,400,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>purchases <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>goods <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38751 <w PRP>for <w NN1>re-establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="340"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="341"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="342"><w AJ0>Papal <w NN1>visit
</head>
<p>
<s n="343"><w NP0>Pope <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w CRD>II <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luanda<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jonas <w NN1-NP0>Savimbi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>political <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="344"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Pope <w VVD>visited <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Angolan <w NN2>cities <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>large <w NN2>crowds <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>, <w CRD>13 <w NN2>months <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w CRD>16 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>between <w NP0>UNITA <w CJC>and <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>formerly <w AJ0>Marxist-oriented <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Angola-Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA011></p>
<caption id=HLLCA011>
<s n="345"><w NN2>Accusations <w PRP>over <w NP0>Cabinda <w NN1>enclave
</caption>
<p>
<s n="346"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>papal <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>l'Osservatore <w NP0>Romano <w VVD>accused <w NN1>oil <w NN2>companies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN2>separatists <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>oil-endowed <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cabinda<c PUN>, <w AJ0>contiguous <w PRP>with <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w CJC>and <w NP0>Congo <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>separated <w PRP>from <w NP0>Angola <w AJ0>proper<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cabinda <w NN1>Enclave <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLEC<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w CRD>118 <w AJ0>Angolan <w NN1>government <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pope<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NP0>FLEC <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>preparing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>military <w NN1>operation <w AV0>there<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA012></p>
<caption id=HLLCA012>
<s n="349"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>scepticism <w PRP>over <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="350"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w AV0>only <w CRD>700,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>4,500,000 <w AJ0>eligible <w NN2>voters <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>registered<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>reflecting <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>mistrust <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w NN2>Preparations <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38851<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>marred <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>allegations <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>anti-MPLA-PT <w NN2>areas <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>discouraging <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>participating<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w NN1>Voter <w NN1>registration <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>until <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA013></p>
<caption id=HLLCA013>
<s n="353"><w VVB-NN1>Challenge <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="354"><w VVB>Miguel <w NP0>N'Zau <w NP0>Puna <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>da <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Fernandes<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AV0>formerly <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>figures <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>defected <w CJC>and <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NP0>Portugal <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38803<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-June <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Angola <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w NN2>Fernandes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>shadow <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w NP0>Savimbi <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w DPS>their <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN1>tendency <w VM0>would <w VVI>split <w PRP>from <w NP0>UNITA<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="356"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="357"><w NP0>ZIMBABWE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="358"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>tension
</head>
<p>
<s n="359"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>University <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>took <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN2>students <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN2>fees <w CJC>and <w VVG>demanding <w AJC>higher <w NN2>grants<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w DT0>All <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>students <w VBD>were <w VVN>expelled <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VVD>told <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w NN1>readmission<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Students<w POS>' <w AJ0-NN1>Representative <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>suspended<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="361"><w NN1>Class <w NN2-VVZ>boycotts <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preceding <w NN1>month <w VHD>had <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>degenerated <w PRP>into <w NN1>violence <w CJS>as <w NN2>students <w VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w PRP>During <w CRD>one <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Harare <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w NN2>students <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>caused <w NN1>damage <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>Z&dollar;500,000 <c PUL>(<w AV0>nearly <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="363"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN2>demonstrations <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>banned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>planned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZCTU<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38751<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>labour <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w NN2>Police <w VVD>broke <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>gathering <w PRP>in <w NP0>Harare <w CJC>and <w VVN>arrested <w AV0>at least <w CRD>six <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>unionists<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA014></p>
<caption id=HLLCA014>
<s n="366"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="367"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Victoria <w NP0-NN1>Chitepo <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information<c PUN>, <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>; <w AT0>no <w NN1>replacement <w VBD>was <w VVN>named<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="368"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="369"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="370"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="371"><w AJ0>Single-party <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26-27 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>was <w VVN>disputed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exiled <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>commentators <w CJC>and <w NN2>diplomats <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>low <w CJS>as <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>protests <w PRP-AVP>in <w VM0>May <w VVI>see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38898<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35237-38<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="374"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>675 <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Malawi <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>assembly <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w CRD>141 <w NN1>constituency <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>45 <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w AJ0>unopposed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>vacant <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>disqualified <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>members <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>10 <w VBD>were <w VVN>named <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="376"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="377"><w NP0>TANZANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="378"><w NN1>Legalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics
</head>
<p>
<s n="379"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Mwinyi <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG-NN1>legalizing <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Chama <w NP0>Cha <w NP0>Mapinduzi <c PUL>(<w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Revolution<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38756<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>after <w CRD>27 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>one-party <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="381"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NN2>regulations <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>24 <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w PRP>as <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="383"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="384"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="385"><w NN2-VVZ>Disputes <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="386"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>protests <w VBD>were <w VVN>voiced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>before <w NN1>commencement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>30-day <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>voter <w NN1>registration<c PUN>, <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w XX0>not <w VVN>set <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>protested <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>administrative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>obstacles <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VVG>registering<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="388"><w PRP>In common with <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NN1>church <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w NN1>registration <w CJS>unless <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Arap <w UNC>Moi<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w PNP>It <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w NN2>exiles<c PUN>, <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w NN1>period <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>issuing <w PRF>of <w NN1>identity <w NN2>cards <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>3,500,000 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>turned <w CRD>18 <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w AV0>otherwise <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>register<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="390"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amos <w NP0>Wako<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>investigations <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>into <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>intimidation <w CJC>and <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>.
<s n="391"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-member <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>team <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>plan <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Anthony <w NP0>Siaguru<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>team <w VVD>dealt <w AT0>a <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>credibility <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>3,800,000 <w NN2>voters <w VHD>had <w VVN>registered<c PUN>, <w PRP>out of <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN>entitled <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA015></p>
<caption id=HLLCA015>
<s n="394"><w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w NN1>famine <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="395"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w UNC>Moi <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w CRD>173,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w PRP>for <w CRD>680,000 <w NN2>Kenyans <w VVG>facing <w NN1>starvation <w PRP>after <w CRD>20 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>drought <w PRP>in <w AJ0>North-Eastern<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Eastern<c PUN>, <w NN1>Coast <w CJC>and <w NN1>Rift <w NN1>Valley <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>feed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>260,000 <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Somalia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38950<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA016></p>
<caption id=HLLCA016>
<s n="396"><w NN1>Verdict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Julie <w NP0>Ward <w NN1>murder <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="397"><w CRD>Two <w NN1>game <w NN1>park <w NN2>rangers <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>raping<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>murdering <w CJC>and <w VVG>dismembering <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w NN1>tourist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Julie <w NP0>Ward<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1988 <w VBD>were <w VVN>cleared <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>charges <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Nairobi <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w NP0>Miss <w NP0>Ward<w POS>'s <w NN1>father <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>offered <w AT0>a <w NN1>reward <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;80,000 <w PRP>for <w NN1>information <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conviction <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN2>killers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>October <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>inquest <w NN1>verdict <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37398<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="399"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="400"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="401"><w AJ0>Preparatory <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="402"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38852<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38134<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>revived<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="403"><w NP0>RPF <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Pasteur <w NP0-NN1>Bizimungu <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>political <w NN2>negotiations <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVG>incorporating <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPF<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPF <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w AV0>currently <w VVG>wielding <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPF <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPF <w VM0>must <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AT0>an <w NN1>atmosphere <w AJ0>conducive <w PRP>to <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>by <w VVG>abandoning <w DPS>its <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="405"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>either <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w CJC>or <w NP0>Tanzania <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w CJC>or <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="406"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>meeting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>anticipated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>heightened <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Herman <w NP0>Cohen <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN2>possibilities <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rwandan <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Ugandan <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kampala<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Ugandan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kigali<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rwanda<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11-12<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w DT0>These <w NN2>discussions <w VBD>were <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NN2>visits <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marcel <w NP0>Debarge<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Salim <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Salim<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w NN2>Hopes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Uganda<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPF <w VVN-VVD>operated <c PUL>(<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>increased <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Boniface <w NP0>Ngulinzaira <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22-24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="410"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RPF <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN1>member <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w NP0>29-June <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="411"><w AT0>The <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>summit <w DTQ>which <w VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA017></p>
<caption id=HLLCA017>
<s n="412"><w VVB-NN1>Rebel <w NN2>attacks <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Army <w NN1>mutiny
</caption>
<p>
<s n="413"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>330 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>between <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>noticeable <w NN1>intensification <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w PRP>Throughout <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPF <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>from <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Uganda <w PRP>on <w NN2>communes <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>prefecture <w PRF>of <w NP0>Biumba<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>attacks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>repulsed<c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w CJS>As <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPF <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>capturing <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Biumba <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w PNP>it<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w VBD>was <w CRD>24 <w NN2>rebels <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN1>government <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN-VVD>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="416"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>prosecute <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w VBD>were <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imminent <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup d'etat<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w NN2>Mutinies <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>spread <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>28-29<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN1>discontent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>ranks <w PRP>over <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w AJ0>future <w NN2>prospects <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>demobilization <w VVD>reached <w DPS>its <w NN1>peak<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w NN2>Riots<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>indiscriminate <w NN1>shooting <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>looting<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kigali <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gisenye <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ruhengeri<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w AT0>A <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>restored <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="420"><w AJ0>French <w AJ0>military <w NN2>reinforcements<c PUN>, <w CRD>150 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>flown <w AVP>in <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Republic <w TO0>to <w VVI>evacuate <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>nationals <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kigali<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="421"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="422"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="423"><w NN1>Power <w NN1>struggle
</head>
<p>
<s n="424"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w CRD>2,700 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>10-month-old <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w VVD>continued <w DPS>their <w NN2>debates <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pluralist <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>Most <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Monsengwo <w NP0>Pasinya<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kisangani<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNI>everything <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w DT0>Most <w NN2>speakers<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1>Seko <w VM0>should <w VVI>stay <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w CJC>but<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVI>govern<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="426"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN1>status <w PRP>in defiance of <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Nguza <w NP0>Karl-I-Bond <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38852<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w VVG>debating <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mobutu <w VVD>warned <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w PRP>against <w DT0>this <w NN1>course<c PUN>, <w VVG>asserting <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>read <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w CJT>that <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>Constitution <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w NP0>Mgr <w NP0-NN1>Monsengwo <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NN1>conference <w NN2>participants <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w NN1>restraint<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="429"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>ahead of <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>committee-level <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w PRP>On <w NN1>television <w DT0>that <w NN1>evening <w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VM0>could <w VDI>do <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w VVB>write <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>adopt <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="431"><w PNP>He <w PNX>himself <w VHD>had <w VVN>convened <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>holder <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>television <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>twice <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w AV0>again<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA018></p>
<caption id=HLLCA018>
<s n="433"><w NN1>Confiscation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>oil <w NN2>assets
</caption>
<p>
<s n="434"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>seizing <w AT0>the <w NN2>assets <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>oil <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AJ0>chronic <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>shortages<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w NN2>Officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AJ0>temporary <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>companies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>for <w VVG>supplying <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>products<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>companies <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>believe<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>assets <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>nationalized<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN2>funds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="437"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="438"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="439"><w NN1>Confusion <w PRP>over <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="440"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>timetable <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38898<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>caretaker <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Milongo<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>municipal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>polling<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>mayors <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>municipalities <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>prefects <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w NN2>regions <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDD<c PUR>) <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Milongo<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>correct <w NN2>errors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>voter <w NN1>registration <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="442"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Congolese <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w CRD>500,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN2>cards <w CJS>even though <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w PRP>on <w DT0>any <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>roll<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>deferred <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>first-round <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Denis <w NP0>Sassou-Nguesso <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AV0>properly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="446"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>first-round <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VVD-VVN>put <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>30 <w NN2>parties <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>1,700 <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>stood<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>123 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PCT <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>annulled<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>Ernest <w NP0>Kombo<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSR <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>complained <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>appearance <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN2>saboteurs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>active<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="450"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="451"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="452"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Controversial <w NN1>trial
</head>
<p>
<s n="453"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Alhaji <w NP0-NN1>Abubakar <w NP0-NN1>Alhaji <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB-NN1>Triple <w ZZ0>A<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>debt <w NN1>negotiator<c PUN>, <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>IMF-backed <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>since <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Sardauna <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sokoto <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38563<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>high <w NN1>commissioner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="454"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN2>Resources <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jibril <w NP0>Aminu<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="455"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Development <w VBD>was <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Abubakar<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>director-general <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Special <w NN2>Duties <w NP0>Chu <w NP0>Okongwu <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w CJC>and <w NN1>Mineral <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w AT0>The <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>planning <w NN1>commission <w NN1>chair <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Senas <w NP0-NN1>Ukpanah<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Establishments <w CJC>and <w NN1>Management <w NN1>Service<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>portfolio <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Gabriel <w NP0-NN1>Chikulu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="457"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w NP0-NN1>Imo <w NP0>Isuele <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nigerian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1>Corporation <w CJC>and <w NP0>Edmond <w NP0-NN1>Danko <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>managing <w NN1>director<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA019></p>
<caption id=HLLCA019>
<s n="458"><w AJ0>Controversial <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="459"><w NP0>Beko <w NP0>Ransome <w NP0>Kuti<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDHR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Campaign <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NN1>CD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>along with <w CRD>four <w NN2>others <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gwagwalada<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>town <w CRD>100 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0>Abuja <w CJC>and <w AV0>about <w CRD>400 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lagos<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>detentions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>criticized<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>lawyers <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w PRP>in support of <w NN2>demands <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lagos <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>men <w VBB>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w NN1>court <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>trial <w VBB>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>remote <w NN1>location<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="461"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>treason <w NN2>charges <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree <w VVG>governing <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>Abuja <w NN1>magistrate <w VVD>granted <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>men <w VVB-NN1>bail<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>accused<c PUN>, <w PRP>besides <w NP0>Ransome <w NP0-NN1>Kuti <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1>CD <w NN2>activists <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38900<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>lawyer <w NP0-NN1>Gani <w NP0-NN1>Fawehinmi<c PUN>, <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NP0>Lagos <w NN1>home <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Nigerian <w NN2>Students <c PUL>(<w NN2>NANS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Olusegun <w NP0-NN1>Mayegun<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN2>NANS <w NN1>colleague <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w PRP>at <w NP0>Lagos <w NN1>University<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="463"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="464"><w NP0>BURKINA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="465"><w AJ0-NN1>Principal <w NP0>Burkina <w NN2>ministers
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="466"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="467"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Democracy-Labour <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODP-MT<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38898-99<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Blaise <w NP0-NN1>Compaore <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w AJ0-VVD>appointed <w NN1-NP0>Youssouf <w NN1-NP0>Ouedraogo <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="468"><w NP0-NN1>Ouedraogo<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>29-member <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>named <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w CRD>13 <w NP0>ODP-MT <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>portfolios <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>represented <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Patriots-Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNPP-PSD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Burkinabe <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>political <w NN1>affiliation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>specified <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="471"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="472"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="473"><w NN1>Confusion <w PRP>over <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w NP0>Senegalese <w VVB-NN1>ECOMOG <w NN2>soldiers
</head>
<p>
<s n="474"><w PRP>Amid <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVZ>rebels <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor <w VBD>were <w VVG>obstructing <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w NP0>Africa <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOMOG<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w NP0>Senegalese <w VVB-NN1>ECOMOG <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>NPFL-held <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w AT0>The <w NN2>deaths <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>among <w NP0-NN1>ECOMOG <w NN2>troops <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <w VBD>was <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>areas <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38853<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="476"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN2>soldiers <c PUL>(<w AV0>initially <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NP0>NPFL <w NN1>spokesman <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-hour <w NN1-VVB>gunfight <w VVG>involving <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>men <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Vahun<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="477"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVB>ECOMOG <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Monrovia <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>six <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>by <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="478"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w AT0>a <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w VVD>denied <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Gbarnga <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Front <w VBD>was <w VVG>holding <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>ECOMOG <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="479"><w AT0>The <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>10 <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>fighters <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Vahun <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>bodies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>buried<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taylor <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>exhumed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="480"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN1>army <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Senegalese <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mamadou <w NP0>Mansour <w NP0-NN1>Seck<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w NP0>Taylor <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="482"><w NP0>Ishaya <w NP0>Bakut<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>field <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>ECOMOG<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>complained <w CJT>that <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>fighters <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>harass <w AT0>the <w NN1>ECOMOG <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w NP0>Taylor <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monrovia <w NN1>radio <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>regret <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>pledged <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="485"><w NP0>Bakut <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN1-VVB>ECOMOG <w NN1>contingent <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>to <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="486"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>countries <w VVG>constituting <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>, <w AT0>The <w NP0>Gambia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Senegal<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-African <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN2>ECOWAS <w AJ0>special <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w CJC>and <w VVB>identify <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w VVD>acted <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="488"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="489"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="490"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="491"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NP0>April <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38853<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN1>Alpha <w NP0-NN1>Oumar <w NP0-NN1>Konare<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mali <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADEMA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>address <w NN1-NP0>Konare <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>expect <w NN2>miracles<c PUN>; <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN1-VVB>hope <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>pedlar <w PRF>of <w NN1>illusion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="493"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w VHG>having <w VVN>resigned <w AV0>formally <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>Konare <w VVD>named <w NP0>Younoussi <w NP0-NN1>Tour&eacute; <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLLCA01A><s n="494"><w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Lamine <w NP0-NN1>Traore <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NP0>Baba <w NP0>Atif <w NP0>Aidara <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education <w NP0>Idrissa <w NP0-NN1>Traore <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>, <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals <w VVB>Abdoulaye <w NN1-NP0>Sekou <w NN1-VVB>Sow <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Djonkouma <w NP0>Traore <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>Modernization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Administration <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Aloussine <w NP0>Tour&eacute; <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Relations <w NP0>Mahamar <w NP0>Oumar <w NP0>Maiga <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning
</p>
<caption id=HLLCA01A>
<s n="495"><w AJ0-NN1>Principal <w NP0>Mali <w NN2>ministers <w NP0>Younoussi <w NP0-NN1>Tour&eacute; <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="496"><w AT0>An <w NN1>economist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tour&eacute; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mali <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w DPS>His <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>ADEMA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38801<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in keeping with <w NP0>Konare<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>posts <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Baba <w NP0>Atif <w NP0-NN1>Aidara <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w AJ0>Union-African <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Rally <c PUL>(<w NP0>US-RDA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Idrissa <w NN1-NP0>Traore <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Progress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="498"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="499"><w NP0>CHAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="500"><w NN1>Coup <w NN1>attempt
</head>
<p>
<s n="501"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military-led <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AJ0>pre-empted <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Abbas <w NP0-NN1>Koty<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w NN1-NP0>Koty <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>planning <w AT0>the <w NN1>insurrection <w PRP>through <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>towns<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="503"><w NP0-NN1>Koty <w VVD>told <w AJ0>French <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unnamed <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN1>country<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Idriss <w NP0>D&eacute;by<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dictatorial<c PUN>, <w NN1>nepotist<c PUN>, <w VVG>squandering <w AJ0>public <w NN1>money<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w NP0-NN1>Koty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38665<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38800<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01B>
<s n="505"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>MDD
</caption>
<p>
<s n="506"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libreville<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gabon<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="507"><w NN2>Hostilities <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAO <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDD<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>end<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NN1>combat <w CJC>or <w VVN>detained <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MDD <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
<s n="508"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MDD <w VBD>was <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hiss&egrave;ne <w NP0>Habr&eacute;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w NP0>Senegal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38710<c PUN>; <w CRD>38901<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="509"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="510"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="511"><w NN1>Conclusion <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="512"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Abuja <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>upon<c PUN>, <w VVG>committing <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>negotiations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>continued <w PRP>through <w AJ0>Nigerian <w NN1>mediation <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38901<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="514"><w DT0>All <w NN2>parties <w VVD>reserved <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>consult <w DPS>their <w NN2>mandates<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>will <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w AJ0-VVN>concerned<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed<c PUN>.
<s n="515"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>structure <w CJC>and <w NN1>character <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>arrangement<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>determined <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>date<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>recognized<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w NP0>Sudan <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multi-ethnic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multi-lingual<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multi-cultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>multi-religious <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>government <w NN1>insistence <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2>factions <w VHD>had <w VVN>dropped <w AT0>a <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>self-determination<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="517"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Torit <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Nasir <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>uniting <w PRP>behind <w DT0>this <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>self-determination<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w NP0>Garang<w POS>'s <w NN1>Torit <w NN1>faction <w VVN-VVD>stressed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>self-determination<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>solution <w VVD>remained <w AJS>second-best <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>solution <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>secular<c PUN>, <w AJ0>democratic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pluralistic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>multi-party <w NP0>Sudan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Torit <w NN1>faction <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>sharia <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>code <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>exclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01C>
<s n="519"><w NN2>Accusations <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="520"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN0>media <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>accuse <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>backer <w CJC>and <w NN1>supplier <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w CJS>when <w NN1>army <w NN2>forces <w VVD>destroyed <w AT0>an <w NP0>SPLA <w NN1>camp <w PRP>at <w NN1>Kit <c PUL>(<w AV0>about <w CRD>45 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Torit<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>found<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>quantity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w VVN>manufactured <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kingdom <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w VVG>noting <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0>Saudi<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>brotherly <w AJ0>Islamic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>support<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sudan <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>grants<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01D>
<s n="522"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Turabi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="523"><w NP0>Hassan <w NN1>al-Turabi<c PUN>, <w CRD>60<c PUN>, <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>ideologist <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NN1>NIF<c PUR>) <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khartoum<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ottawa <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>world <w NN1>karate <w NN1>champion<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hashim <w NP0>Baddridine<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AJ0>Sudanese<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>left <w NP0-NN1>Turabi <w AV0>badly <w VVN>injured <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>head<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="525"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="526"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="527"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>council <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="528"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>councils <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ethiopia<w POS>'s <w CRD>14 <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w NN1>Voting <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ethiopia <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w AV0>Afar <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>regions <w CJC>and <w NP0>Harer <w NN1>town <w AV0>&mdash;where <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w AJ0>precarious<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="530"><w AV0>About <w CRD>33,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>62<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>nations<c PUN>, <w NN2>nationalities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>organizations<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>registered <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Oromo <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>OLF<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>offices <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>officials <w AV0>arbitrarily <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPRDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w CRD>Five <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groupings<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>All-Amhara <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>AAPO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="533"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>OLF <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>petitioned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement <w CJS>until <w NN2>irregularities <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>discriminatory <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>resolved <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>camps <w CJS>as <w VVN>agreed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38660<c PUN>; <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="534"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>elections <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mengistu <w NP0>Haile <w NP0>Mariam <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="535"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>cover <w NP0>Eritrea<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01E>
<s n="536"><w AJ0>International <w NN2>observers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="537"><w AV0>About <w CRD>250 <w AJ0>international <w NN2>observers <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;from <w CRD>14 <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>&mdash;monitored <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w DT0>all <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>observer <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Payne<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>fair<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="539"><w NN2>Differences <w PRF>of <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>observers <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>drafting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w CRD>Eight <w NN2>observers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dembi-Dolo<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>threatening <w NN1>behaviour <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>OLF <w NN2>fighters<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01F>
<s n="541"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>OLF <w PRP>from <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives
</caption>
<p>
<s n="542"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>OLF <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>; <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>87-member <w NN1>Council <w VVD>contained <w CRD>12 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>OLF <w CJC>and <w CRD>16 <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w CRD>four <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Oromo <w NN2>organizations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38322<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN2>regions <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38564<c PUN>; <w CRD>38660<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01G>
<s n="543"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eritrea <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="544"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Eritrean <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPLF<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>28-member <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>administering <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>1993<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="545"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>replaced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>likewise <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>EPLF <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Issaias <w NN1-AJ0>Afewerki<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VBD>was <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w VBD>was <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Sayyid <w NP0>Abdullah <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w VBD>was <w NP0>Estifanos <w NP0-NN1>Seyoum<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="547"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="548"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="549"><w VVB>Bahr <w NP0>Dar <w NN1-VVB>accord
</head>
<p>
<s n="550"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>factions <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bahr <w NP0>Dar <w PRP>in <w AJ0>north-western <w NP0>Ethiopia <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w VVD>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w VVN>mediated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>government <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="551"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>comprehensive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>smooth <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="552"><w NN1>Aid <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>both <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>competent <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Bahr <w NP0>Dar <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Horn <w PRF>of <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord <w VVD>renewed <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CJC>but <w AV0>never <w VVN>put <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38755<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="555"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Abdi <w NP0>Uthman <w NP0>Farah<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>vice-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>USC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>, <w VVD>pledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>USC <w VM0>would <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN2>resolutions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bahr <w NP0>Dar <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>meant <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AJ0>Somali <w NN1>culture <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>advocate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>foreign<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>occupation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01H>
<s n="557"><w NN2>Refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yemen
</caption>
<p>
<s n="558"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w DT0>some <w CRD>3,400 <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w AV0>ashore <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yemen <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w NP0>Mogadishu <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gob <w NP0>Wien<c PUN>, <w VVD>ran <w AV0>aground <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aden<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ship <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w CRD>eight <w NN2>days <w VVG>searching <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>port <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>dock<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>refused <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>dock <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aden <w NN1>port <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="560"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>140 <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AV0>on board <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w DT0>either <w PRF>of <w NN1>hunger <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>heat <w NN1>exhaustion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>in <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>swim <w AV0>ashore<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w NN2>Accounts <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>70 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w VBG>being <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>shore <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>gang <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w VBG>being <w VVN>raped <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>inaccurate<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w AT0>An <w NN1-AJ0>official <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>147 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="563"><w NP0>Yemen <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVG>housing <w DT0>some <w CRD>50,000 <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN2>refugees <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>there <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care <w NN1>provision<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>overstretched<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w AJ0>Yemeni <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVB>Haider <w NN2>al-Attas<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>European <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>, <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w TO0>to <w VVI>share <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reception <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yemen <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w AJ0>other <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="565"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="566"><w NP0>COMOROS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="567"><w NN1>Referendum <w NN1>majority <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="568"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NP0>June <w CRD>7 <w NN1>referendum <w CRD>74.25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w CRD>213,000 <w NN2>electors <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>23.49 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<w POS>' <w NN1>advice <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>against <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38902<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="571"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>president <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w AJ0>renewable <w AV0>once <w AV0>only<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>senate <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w AJ0>main <w NN1>island<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w AT0>The <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="573"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="574"><w NP0>LESOTHO
</head>
<p>
<s n="575"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Tokonye <w NP0>Kotelo<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>high <w NN1>commissioner <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Pius <w NP0-NN1>Molapo<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>Chief <w AJ0-NN1>Mohlalefi <w NN1-NP0>Bereng <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Chieftaincy <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AJ0>Kgotsi <w NN1-NP0>Matete<c PUN>; <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="576"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="577"><w NP0>MAURITIUS
</head>
<p>
<s n="578"><w VVG>Electing <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <c PUL>(<w NP0>Mauritius <w VHG>having <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38804<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w VVD>chose <w NP0>Cassam <w NP0-NN1>Uteem<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>Technology<c PUN>; <w NP0>Uteem<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>post <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bashir <w NP0-NN1>Khodabux<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>Mouvement <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN1>mauricien <c PUL>(<w ITJ>MMM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="579"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="580"><w NP0>UGANDA
</head>
<p>
<s n="581"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Council <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN1>amount<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w PRP>to <w NN1>number <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>aid <w NN2>donors <w VHD>had <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="582"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="583"><w NP0>ZAMBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="584"><w NN1>Grain <w NN2>merchants <w VVD>doubled <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>maize <w NN1>meal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>staple<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>June<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>major <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>drew <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="585"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="586"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="587"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<caption>
<s n="588"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>primaries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="589"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>contests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alabama<c PUN>, <w NP0>California<c PUN>, <w NP0>Montana<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Jersey<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Mexico <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ohio<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republican <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>contests <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>primary <w NN1>season <w PRP>with <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>party <w NN1>convention <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>assured <w PRF>of <w VVG>winning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="591"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>process <w VHG>having <w VVN>won <w DT0>all <w CRD>38 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republican <w NN2>contests<c PUN>, <w VVG>matching <w AT0>the <w NN1>record <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Nixon <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Reagan <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>won <w NN1>landslide <w NN2>victories <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>28 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>36 <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>contests<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w AV0>most <w AJ0>populous <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="593"><w VVB-NN1>Exit <w NN2>polls <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w CRD>six <w NN2>states <w VVD-VVN>indicated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Texan <w NN1>billionaire <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>undeclared <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>preferred <w PRP>to <w AV0>either <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>or <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ohio<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01J>
<s n="594"><w VVB-NN1>Quarrel <w PRP>between <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jackson
</caption>
<p>
<s n="595"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>assured <w PNX>himself <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w DPS>his <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>constituency <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="596"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w VVD>came <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13 <w AVQ>when<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Jesse <w NP0>Jackson<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Rainbow <w NN1>Coalition<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>defied <w AT0>the <w NN2>parameters <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>correct<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG>criticizing <w DT0>all <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>hatred<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>such <w NN2>expressions <w PRP>by <w NN2>blacks <w PRP>against <w NN2>whites<c PUN>.
<s n="597"><w DT0>This <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>furious <w NN1>argument <w PRP>between <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jackson <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>appearing <w TO0>to <w VVI>threaten <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>among <w AJ0>black <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w VVG>reinvigorating <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w VVG>propelling <w PNP>him <w AV0>once again <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>front <w NN2>pages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="598"><w AT0>The <w NN1>row <w VVN-VVD>erupted <w CJS>after <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN2>remarks <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>rap <w NN1>singer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sister <w NP0>Souljah<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>guest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rainbow <w NN1>Coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w NN2>Comments <w DTQ>which <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2-VVZ>riots <w VVG>&mdash;including <w AT0>the <w NN1>remark <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w AJ0>black <w NN0>people <w VVB>kill <w AJ0>black <w NN0>people <w AT0>every <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w VVG>killing <w AJ0>white <w NN0>people<c PUN>?<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>&mdash;were<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>filled <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>hatred <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>honour <w AV0>tonight<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w NP0>Clinton <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jackson <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>language <w PRF>of <w NN1>racism <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clumsy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cynical <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w AJ0>white <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>welcomed <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>unrepentant <w NN1>stance <w CJS>as <w AJC>further <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>courage <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NN0>minorities <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01K>
<s n="602"><w VVB-NN1>Row <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Perot <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>revised <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="603"><w AJ0>Simmering <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>animosity <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Perot <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>flared <w PRP>into <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w NP0>Perot <w VHD>had <w VVN>employed <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w NN2>investigators <w TO0>to <w VVI>scrutinize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>revelation <w PRP>by <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>investigations <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pale<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>Perot <w VM0>should<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>leave <w DPS>my <w NN2>kids <w AJ0>alone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w DT0>This <w NN1>onslaught <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w VVG-AJ0>intensifying <w NN1>questioning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Perot<w POS>'s <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>liberties<c PUN>, <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w AJ0>would-be <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate <w VVN>driven <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>defensive <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="606"><w CJS>While <w VVG-AJ0>admitting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investigators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN2>stories <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Hitler<w POS>'s <w NN1>propaganda <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w AJ0>proud<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w PNP>He <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>outrage <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>act<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>row <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>manufactured <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Republican <w AJ0-AV0>dirty <w NN2-VVZ>tricks <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>managed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="608"><w PRP>Despite <w NN2>expressions <w PRF>of <w NN1>indignation <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w VVD>maintained <w DPS>his <w NN1>claim <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>proof <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dirty <w NN2>tricks <w VVB-NN1>campaign <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJC>later <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="609"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>disapproval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investigations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>lives<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>aloof <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Perot-Bush <w NN2-VVZ>exchanges<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>content <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>let <w PNP>them <w VVI>play <w PNP>it <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w PNP>he <w VVD>returned <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>to <w NN1>policy <w NN2>specifics<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>perceived <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>stronger <w CJS>than <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>reformulation <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
<s n="611"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>revised <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blueprint <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN0>&dollar;200,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>new <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NN2>cities<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>training <w CJC>and <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>spending <w NN2>cuts <w CJC>and <w AJC>higher <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rich <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN2>corporations<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>middle-class <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>proposed <w CJC>and <w VVD>lengthened <w DPS>his <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w VVG>balancing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>budget<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01L><ptr target=HLLCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01L>
<s n="613"><w AJ0>Budgetary <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA01M>
<s n="614"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="615"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>required <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w AT0>a <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>budget <w DT0>each <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w PRP>by <w CRD>280 <w PRP>to <w CRD>153<c PUN>, <w CRD>nine <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVG>voting <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>435-member <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>motion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Simon<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Democrat <w PRP>from <w NP0>Illinois<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN>abandoned<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="618"><w AT0>The <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>probity <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w AT0>The <w NN1>idea <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>vigorously <w VVN>championed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVG>showing <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w CJC>and <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>hostile <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN2>incumbents<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>legislators <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>come <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>root <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>argument <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ballooning <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>currently <w VVG>standing <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;400,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>&mdash;and <w AT0>the <w NN1>ineffectiveness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>measures <w VVN>taken <w PRP>since <w CRD>1978 <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AV0>recently <w VVN-AJ0>adopted <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved <w AV0>as <w AJ0>vulnerable <w PRP>to <w NN1>evasion <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN2>predecessors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="622"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>amendment <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1997 <w CJC>or <w PRP>after <w VVG>receiving <w AT0>the <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>38 <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whichever <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJC>later<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w AV0>economically <w AJ0>dangerous <w CJC>and <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>unenforceable<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VVD>specified <w AT0>the <w NN1>requirement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>balance <w PRP>without <w VVG>providing <w AT0>the <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>through <w DTQ>which <w DT0>this <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w AJ0>unelected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>arbiters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="625"><w NN2>Opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>amendment <w VHD>had <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>couched <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>identical <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>compelled <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w DT0>This <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w PRP>by <w CRD>220 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>199<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w AV0>There <w AV0>then <w VVD>followed <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>vigorous <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>by <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Stenholm<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>Democrat <w PRP>from <w NP0>Texas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="628"><w NP0>Stenholm<w POS>'s <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>amendment <w VVN-VVD>required <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w AT0>a <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>budget <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w DT0>each <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w NN1>Congress <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-order <w DPS>its <w NN2>priorities<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>altered <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>other than <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>waived <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w CJS>When <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w NN1>Democrat <w NN2>legislators <w VVD>split <w CRD>115:150 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>166 <w NN2>Republicans <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01N>
<s n="631"><w VVB-NN1>Wrangle <w AVP-PRP>over <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>benefits
</caption>
<p>
<s n="632"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>sources <w PRF>of <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>during <w NP0>June <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AV0>automatically <w AJ0>renewable <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="633"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>jobless <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>26 <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w VVG>defying <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>came <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Labour <w NN1>Department <w VVD>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>unemployment <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>to <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>total <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>cost <w NN0>&dollar;5,800 <w CRD>million <w AV0>over <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w AV0>up to <w CRD>1,500,000 <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>unemployed <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w AV0>otherwise <w VVI>exhaust <w DPS>their <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="636"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w AV0>also <w VVD>made <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AJC>easier <w PRP>for <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>qualify <w PRP>for <w AJ0>extended <w AJ0>jobless <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="637"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AV0>most <w AJ0>Republican <w NN2>legislators <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>a <w NN1>version <w CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>limited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>to <w AT0>no <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20 <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>qualification <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="638"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w AV0>also <w VVD>ignored <w NN2>threats <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>.
<s n="639"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AV0>up to <w CRD>33 <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>coverage <w PRP>to <w NN2>Americans <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>exhausted <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standard <w CRD>26 <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w AV0>Once again <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>alternative <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>limited <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>coverage <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w NN1>assortment <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>for <w NN2>businesses <w CJC>and <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="641"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w AT0>the <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>seemed <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>emerge <w PRP>from <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w NN2>versions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01P>
<s n="642"><w NN1>Passage <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid <w NN1>legislation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="643"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>subject <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>an <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>priority <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2-VVZ>riots <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38856<c PUN>; <w CRD>38894<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>House <w NN2>conferees <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;2,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>relief <w NN1>package <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="644"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w AJ0-NN1>Republican <w NN2>legislators <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>lavish<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w DT0>Many <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democrat-inspired <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>provoke <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>veto<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intensive <w AJ0>political <w NN1>manoeuvring<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="647"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1-AJ0>final <w VVB-NN1>form <w AT0>the <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w VVD>replenished <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>relief <w NN2>funds <w VVN>depleted <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>flooding <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chicago<c PUN>.
<s n="648"><w PNP>It <w VVD>included <w NN1-VVG>funding <w TO0>to <w VVI>employ <w CRD>414,000 <w NN2>teenagers <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in <w NN2>jobs <w VVN>administered <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Labour<c PUN>.
<s n="649"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-VVB>package <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>beginning<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>towards <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN2>cities<w POS>' <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>needs <w PRP>for <w AV0>more <w AJ0>far-reaching <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>tax-free <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>zones <w TO0>to <w VVI>lure <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w NN1>school <w NN1>choice<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01R>
<s n="650"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w VVG>abducting <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>criminals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="651"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VM0>could <w AV0>legally <w VVI>abduct <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>countries <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w NN2>circumstances <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN2>seizures <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>from <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="653"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Humberto <w NN1>Alvarez-Marchain<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guadalajara<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w VVN>flown <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>DEA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>reward<c PUN>.
<s n="654"><w AT0>A <w NN1>doctor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alvarez <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1985 <w NN1-VVB>torture <w CJC>and <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>DEA <w NN1>agent <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Camarena-Salazar <w PRP>by <w VVG>helping <w TO0>to <w VVI>prolong <w AT0>the <w NN1>agent<w POS>'s <w NN1>life <w CJS>so that <w AT0>the <w NN2>drug-traffickers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>captured <w PNP>him <w VM0>could <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>interrogate <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>kidnapping <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Alvarez <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>violated <w AT0>the <w CRD>1978 <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>doctor <w CJS>so that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="656"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN2>appeals <w NN2-VVZ>courts <w PRP>in <w NP0>California <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alvarez <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>overturned <w AT0>the <w NN1>conviction <w CJC>and <w AJ0>240-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>against <w NP0>Rene <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Verdugo-Urquidez<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>Mexican <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abducted <w CJC>and <w VVD>tried <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camarena <w NN1>murder<c PUN>.
<s n="657"><w PRP>In <w DT0>both <w NN2>instances <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>appealed<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Alvarez <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="658"><w AJ0>Chief <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NP0>William <w NN1>Rehnquist <w VVD>explained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>abduction <w VM0>might <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shocking<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>violated <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>prohibited <w AV0>either <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty <w CJC>or <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="659"><w AV0>Therefore<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>reasoned <w NN1>Rehnquist<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>forcible <w NN1>abduction <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVB>prohibit <w DPS>his <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w PRP>for <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>laws <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="660"><w AT0>A <w NN1>minority <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>, <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w NN2>Justices <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Stevens<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harry <w NP0-NN1>Blackmun <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sandra <w NP0>Day <w NP0>O'Connor<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>judgment <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>monstrous<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>most <w NN2>courts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civilized <w NN1>world <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>deeply <w VVN>disturbed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="661"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AV0>sharply <w AJ0-VVD>worded <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretariat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>invalid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w PNP>It <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>drug <w NN1>enforcement <w NN2>agents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>ordered <w AV0>home <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NP0-NN1>DEA <w NN2>personnel <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w DPS>their <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w DT0>This <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w NN1>severance<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w CJS>whether <w NP0-NN1>DEA <w NN2>agents <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>timescale <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>duration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>government <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1978 <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>modifying <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w CJS>as <w TO0>to <w VVI>prohibit <w AJC>further <w NN2>abductions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01S>
<s n="665"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Veto <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foetal <w NN1>research <w NN1>bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="666"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w VVD>delivered <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>long-awaited <w NN1>judgment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Planned <w NN1>Parenthood <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Southeastern <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Casey<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>validity <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>law <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>test <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>beleaguered <w CRD>1973 <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>precedent <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="668"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD-VVN>upheld <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pennsylvanian <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>decided <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>overturn <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>entirety<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="669"><w DT0>This <w NN1>majority <w NN1>decision <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>Justices <w VVB>&mdash;Harry <w NP0-NN1>Blackmun<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>author <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1973 <w NN1>judgment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Stevens <w VVB>&mdash;and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emerging <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>group <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sandra <w NP0>Day <w NP0>O'Connor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anthony <w NP0>Kennedy <w CJC>and <w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Souter<c PUN>.
<s n="670"><w PNP>They <w VVD>combined <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w NN2>conservatives <w NN1>&mdash;in <w DT0>this <w NN1>instance<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NP0>William <w NN1>Rehnquist <w CJC>and <w NN2>Justices <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Scalia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Byron <w NP0>White <w CJC>and <w NP0>Clarence <w NP0>Thomas <w NN1>&mdash;to <w VVB-NN1>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>overturn <w AT0>the <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <w NN1>precedent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="671"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>test <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitutionality <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>considering <w CJS>whether or not <w PNP>they <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>obstacle <w CJC>or <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>limitation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>decision<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w VVG>Using <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>undue <w NN1>burden<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>criterion<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w AV0>then <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>by <w CRD>seven <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Blackmun <w CJC>and <w NP0>Stevens <w VVG-NN1>dissenting<c PUR>) <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>upholding <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pennsylvanian <w NN1>law <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38714-15<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>24-hour <w VVG-NN1>waiting <w NN1>period <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w AV0>Only <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w VVG>requiring <w AJ0>married <w NN2>women <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>cases <w TO0>to <w VVI>inform <w DPS>their <w NN2>husbands <w PRP>prior to <w VHG>having <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w VBD>was <w VVN>ruled <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="674"><w NN2-VVZ>Advocates <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w VVD-VVN>voiced <w DT0>some <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>.
<s n="675"><w CJS>Given that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w VVN-AJ0>poised <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w NP0-NN1>Souter <w VVD>stated <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w AV0>moreover<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>overturned <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>subvert <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRP>beyond <w DT0>any <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>question<c PUN>; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VBD>were <w VVN>undermined <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>implicit <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>wider <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w VVG>removing <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>&mdash;opinion <w NN2>surveys <w VVD>showed <w AJ0>consistent <w NN1>majority <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w VVG>retaining <w AT0>the <w CRD>1973 <w NN1>precedent <w VVB>&mdash;together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>three-member <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>bloc <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w VVD>threw <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>assumption <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w AV0>eventually <w VVN-VVD>overturned <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="678"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>enacted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NP0>Alabama<c PUN>, <w NP0>Idaho<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kansas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maine<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>North <w NP0>Dakota<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>beset <w PRP>by <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>challenges<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>almost <w AV0>certainly <w VBI>be <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>constitutional<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w AV0>Conversely<c PUN>, <w NN2>instances <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-abortion <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>went <w AV0-AJ0>far <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w NN1>statute <w AV0>&mdash;particularly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Louisiana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Utah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Guam<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN2>attempts <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>outlaw <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w NN2>abortions <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>appeared <w VVN>doomed <w PRP>to <w NN1>failure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="680"><w AT0>The <w NN1>erection <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>availability <w PRF>of <w NN2>abortions <w AV0>also <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w DT0>many <w NN2>Democrats <w PRP>in <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>enactment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Choice <w NN1>Act <w PRP>to <w NN1>enshrine <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <w PRP>in <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Foley <w VVD>gave <w AT0>an <w NN1>undertaking <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>measure <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>produced <w AV0>soon<c PUN>.
<s n="682"><w CJS>Given that <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w AV0>implacably <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>under <w NN2>circumstances <w PRP>other than <w NN1>rape<c PUN>, <w NN1>incest <w CJC>and <w AJ0>maternal <w NN1>risk<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD>offered <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w VVG>forcing <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unpopular <w PRP>among <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w CJC>and <w PRP>among <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>portion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01T>
<s n="683"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foetal <w NN1>research <w NN1>bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="684"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AVQ>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>vetoed <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>lifted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>funding <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>research <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>tissue <w PRP>from <w NN2>abortions<c PUN>.
<s n="685"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>justified <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unacceptable <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>almost <w AT0>every <w NN1>ground<c PUN>: <w AJ0>ethical<c PUN>, <w AJ0>fiscal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>administrative<c PUN>, <w AJ0>philosophical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="686"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>veto <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>important <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>taxpayer <w NN2>funds <w PRP>from <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w NN1>research <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w NN2>Americans <w VVB>find <w AV0>morally <w AJ0>repugnant<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>potential <w PRP>for <w VVG>promoting <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>legitimatizing <w NN1>abortion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>vociferous <w NN2>critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Edward <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Kennedy<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>once again<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>practice <w PRF>of <w NN1>government-by-veto <w VHZ>has <w VVN>foisted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>flawed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>irresponsible <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w AT0>The <w NN1>veto<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w NP0>Kennedy<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>Americans <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w NP0>Parkinson<w POS>'s <w NN1>disease<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alzheimer<w POS>'s <w NN1>disease<c PUN>, <w NN1>diabetes <w CJC>or <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>illnesses <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>foetal <w NN1>tissue <w NN1>research <w VM0>can <w VVI>bring<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="689"><w NN2>Experts <w VHD>had <w VVN>testified <w PRP>in <w NN1>Congress <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN1>research <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN1>backing<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><w NN1-VVB>Research <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>degree <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>foetal <w NN1>tissue <w NN2-VVZ>transplants <w PRP>into <w NN2>humans <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Parkinson<w POS>'s <w NN1>disease <w VVD>offered <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>hope <w PRP>for <w NN1>improvement <w XX0>not <w VVN>seen <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>treatments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="691"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>30th <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>presidency <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>activated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>29 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>instances<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>muster <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="693"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w VVN>voted <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>271:156 <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>overriding <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01U>
<s n="694"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Caspar <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger
</caption>
<p>
<s n="695"><w DT0>Former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Caspar <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger <w VBD>was <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>lied <w AV0>repeatedly <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Iran-contra<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w PRP>In addition to <w CRD>two <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>perjury <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w AJ0>false <w NN2>statements<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VHG>having <w VVN>obstructed <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w VVG>concealing <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>notes <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>relevant <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>clandestine <w CRD>1985-86 <w NN1>operation <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>divert <w AT0>the <w NN2>profits <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>contra<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="697"><w NP0-NN1>Weinberger<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>stated <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>disapproved <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><w PRP>In <w NN1>testimony <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>published <w NN2>accounts <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>argued <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposition <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>selling <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abandoned<c PUN>.
<s n="699"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJC>later <w AJ0-VVD>surprised <w TO0>to <w VVI>learn<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>reading <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>developed <w PRP>without <w DPS>his <w NN1>knowledge<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVD>discovered <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>notes<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger <w VBD>was <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>November <w CRD>1985 <w NN2>arms <w NN1>shipment <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NP0>Hawk <w AJ0>anti-aircraft <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>from <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>found <w AVP>out <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w AT0>The <w NN2>notes <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Reagan<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>shipment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="702"><w AT0>The <w NN1>indictment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger<w POS>'s <w NN2>notes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Library <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided <w AT0>a <w AJ0>much-needed <w NN1>boost <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>faltering <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>investigation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>counsel <c PUL>(<w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUR>) <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Walsh<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w DT0>former <w NP0>Reagan <w NN1>administration <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NN2>convictions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>highest-profile <w NN2>defendants <w NN1>&mdash;former <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Advisor <w NP0>John <w NN1>M. <w NN1-NP0>Poindexter <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>aide<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oliver <w NP0>L. <w NN1>North <w NN1>&mdash;had <w VBN>been <w VVN>overturned <w PRP>on <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="704"><w NN1-NP0>Weinberger <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Reagan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cabinet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="705"><w CJS>If <w VVN-AJ0>convicted<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>fine <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;1,250,000<c PUN>.
<s n="706"><w AT0>The <w NN1>indictment <w VVD-VVN>ended <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Weinberger<w POS>'s <w NN2>lawyers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary <w TO0>to <w VVI>plead <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>misdemeanour <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Reagan<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cover-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w NP0>Reagan <w VVD>described <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>integrity<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN1>confidence <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>fully <w VVD>vindicated<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01V>
<s n="708"><w AJ0>Congressional <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w NN1>rail <w NN1-VVB>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="709"><w NN1>Congress <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>rail <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>severely <w VVN>disrupted <w NN1>freight <w CJC>and <w NN1>passenger <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>38-day <w AJ0>cooling-off <w NN1>period <w CJC>and <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to <w NN1>arbitration <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VBG>being <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>binding<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="711"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN2>Machinists <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAM<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSX <w NN1>Corp.<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w NN1>freight <w NN2>companies <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>contract <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w AV0>rapidly <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>closing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>freight <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>passenger <w NN1>service <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AJ0>interlocking <w NN2>routes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01W><ptr target=HLLCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01W>
<s n="713"><w NN1>Corruption <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>organized <w NN1>crime
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA01X>
<s n="714"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Gotti
</caption>
<p>
<s n="715"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Gambino <w NN1>Mafia<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>family<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Gotti<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>without <w NN1>parole <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2 <w PRP>on <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w NN1>racketeering <w NN2>charges <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38858<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w DPS>His <w NN1>co-defendant<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frank<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Frankie <w NP0>Locs<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Locascio<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>; <w DT0>both <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>fined <w NN0>&dollar;250,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="717"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>actual <w NN2>sentences <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Gotti <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>District <w NN1>Court <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>Leo <w NP0>Glasser <w VBD>were <w CRD>five <w NN1>life <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w AJ0>10-year <w NN2>sentences <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>five-year <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AV0>concurrently<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w NN2>Moments <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1-VVG>sentencing<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gotti<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>storm <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brooklyn <w NN1>courtroom<c PUN>.
<s n="719"><w PRP>After <w VBG>being <w VVN>repelled <w PRP>by <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>crowd <w VVD>vented <w DPS>its <w NN1>anger <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>damaging <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w VVG>overturning <w NN2>police <w NN2>cars<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="720"><w PRP>Pending <w DPS>his <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gotti <w VVD>began <w DPS>his <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Marion <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w NP0>Illinois<c PUN>, <w VVN>reputed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>secure <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>penitentiary<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLLCA01Y>
<s n="721"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Garcia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="722"><w DT0>Former <w NN1>congressman <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Garcia <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>count <w PRF>of <w NN1>extortion <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Wedtech <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="723"><w DPS>His <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jane<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w NN1>extortion <w CJC>and <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w DT0>Both <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>pending <w NN2>appeals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="725"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Wedtech<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>contractor<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w VVG>using <w DPS>their <w NN1>influence <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN1>government <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>originally <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>related <w NN2>charges <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>convictions <w VBD>were <w VVN>overturned <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>technicality <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>2nd <w NP0>US <w NN1>Circuit <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>retrial <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA020></p>
<caption id=HLLCA020>
<s n="727"><w NN1>Retirement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>Police <w NN1>Chief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="728"><w NN2>Police <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Daryl <w NP0>F. <w NP0>Gates <w VVD>retired <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w PRP>after <w VVG>serving <w PRP>for <w CRD>14 <w NN2>years <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>Police <w NN1>Department <c PUL>(<w NP0>LAPD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Willie <w NP0>L. <w NP0>Williams<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Philadelphia <w NN2>police <w NN1>commissioner<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>black <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>LAPD <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>outsider <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1-AJ0>chief <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>40 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="730"><w NN2>Gates <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>since <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>filmed <w VVG>beating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>motorist <w NP0>Rodney <w NN1-NP0>King<c PUN>.
<s n="731"><w NN2>Attempts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved <w AJ0>unsuccessful<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>complicated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>frequent <w NN2>changes <w PRF>of <w NN1>mind <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gates <w PRP-AVP>over <w AVQ>when <w CJC>and <w CJS>whether <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="732"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>intensive <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>rioting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>early <w VM0>May <w PNX>&mdash;itself <w AT0>a <w NN1>product <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>acquittal <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>officers <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>assaulting <w NN1>King <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;and <w NN2>police <w NN2>failings <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w VVN>revealed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38856<c PUN>; <w CRD>38894<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>King <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevaricate <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w AV0>finally <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="733"><w AT0>The <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gates <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w DTQ>which <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>LAPD <w PRP>for <w AV0>routinely <w VVG>using <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>force <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cruel<c PUN>, <w AJ0>inhuman <w CJC>or <w VVG-AJ0>degrading <w NN1>treatment<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>against <w AJ0>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Hispanic <w NN2>suspects<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA021></p>
<caption id=HLLCA021>
<s n="734"><w AJ0>Californian <w NN2>earthquakes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="735"><w NP0>California <w VBD>was <w VVN>struck <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>earthquakes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>left <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w AV0>around <w CRD>170 <w AJ0-VVD>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="736"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>epicentres <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>earthquakes <w VBD>were <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>sparsely <w AJ0-VVN>inhabited <w NN1-VVB>desert <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>damage <w VBD>was <w VVN>caused <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="737"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>earthquake<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>struck <w PRP>at <w CRD>4.58 <w AV0>a.m. <w CJC>and <w VVD>lasted <w AV0>up to <w CRD>40 <w NN2>seconds<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remote <w NN2>communities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Joshua <w NN1-NP0>Tree <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yucca <w NP0-NN1>Valley<c PUN>, <w CRD>160 <w NN0>km <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angles<c PUN>.
<s n="738"><w PNP>It <w VVD>measured <w CRD>7.4 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Richter <w NN1>scale<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w AJS>third-largest <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>experienced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>20th <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="739"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>hours <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>8.05<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>earthquake <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>upon <w AJ0>Big <w NP0>Bear <w NP0>Lake<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>30 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>epicentre<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>measured <w CRD>6.5 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Richter <w NN1>scale<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="740"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="741"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="742"><w NN1>Collapse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="743"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intensive <w NN2>negotiations <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inter-provincial <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w VHD>had <w VVN>collapsed <w PRP>without <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>agreeing <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN2>reforms <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>induce <w NP0>Quebec <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>confederation<c PUN>.
<s n="745"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37519-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>secession <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1992 <w CJS>unless <w AT0>a <w AJ0>satisfactory <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38281-82<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="746"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>self-imposed <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w PRP>without <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0>Responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joe <w NP0>Clark<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>optimism <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w AJ0>forthcoming<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w DPS>His <w NN1>optimism <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>derived <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w DT0>several <w AJ0>divisive <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>distinct <w NN1>society <w NN1>&mdash;with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concomitant <w NN1>devolution <w PRF>of <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;and <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inherent <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AJ0>aboriginal <w NN2>peoples <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="748"><w AV0>Ultimately<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>foundered <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unelected <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w VVN>Led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alberta <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Getty<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN2>provinces <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>Senate <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>wholly <w VVN>elected <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w NN1>province <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>size<c PUN>.
<s n="750"><w DT0>This <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w NP0>Ontario<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AV0>disproportionately <w AJ0>large <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="751"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>might <w AV0>well <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>its <w NN1>submission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA022></p>
<caption id=HLLCA022>
<s n="753"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NP0>St <w NP0>Pierre <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Miquelon
</caption>
<p>
<s n="754"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>international <w NN1>court <w PRF>of <w NN1>arbitration <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-running <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AJ0>offshore <w NN2>rights <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>islands <w PRF>of <w NP0>St <w NP0>Pierre <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Miquelon<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Newfoundland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35855<c PUN>; <w CRD>35980<c PUN>; <w CRD>36691<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="755"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>allocated <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands <w AT0>an <w AJ0>exclusive <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>zone <w PRF>of <w CRD>8,700 <w NN0>sq km <c PUL>(<w CRD>3,600 <w NN2>sq miles<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strange <w NN1>mushroom <w NN1>shape<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>varying <w PRP>in <w NN1>width <w PRP>from <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>nautical <w NN2>miles <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>corridor <w CRD>10.5 <w NN2>miles <w AJ0>wide <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>the <w NN1>width <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands<c PUR>) <w VVG>stretching <w CRD>200 <w NN2>miles <w AV0>southwards <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN2>seas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlantic <w NP0>Ocean<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w AT0>a <w NN1>zone <w VVG>extending <w CRD>200 <w NN2>miles <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Canada <w VHD>had <w VVN>advocated <w AT0>a <w NN1>12-mile <w NN1>limit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="758"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>quotas <w PRP>off <w NP0>Newfoundland <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>.
<s n="759"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>offshore <w NN1>drilling <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1967<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="760"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="761"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="762"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="763"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w CRD>130 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>businesses <w VVD>attended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>investment <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Havana<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w NN2>Companies <w AJ0>present <w VVN-VVD>included <w DT0>such <w AJ0>multinational <w NN2>companies <w CJS>as <w NP0>ICI<c PUN>, <w NP0>Philip <w NP0>Morris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eastman <w NP0>Kodak<c PUN>, <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Express <w CJC>and <w NP0>Proctor <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gamble<c PUN>; <w CRD>80 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants <w VBD>were <w NP0>US <w NN2>firms<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cuba <w VBD>was <w VVN>forbidden <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>30-year <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tightened <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38858-59<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="765"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w NP0>Ruz <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>encouragement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inward <w NN1>investment <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>mean <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>brand <w PRF>of <w AJ0>state-led <w NN1>communism<c PUN>.
<s n="766"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w NN1>drop <w PRF>of <w CRD>25-30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>urgency <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>attracting <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="767"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN2>investors <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>briefed <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>resort <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canc&uacute;n<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w VBD>was <w AJ0>welcome<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRP>such as <w NN1>oil <w NN1>exploration<c PUN>, <w NN1>nickel<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w NN2>textiles <w CJC>and <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>current <w NN2>rules <w VVG-AJ0>limiting <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>ownership <w PRP>to <w CRD>49 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
<s n="768"><w NN1-AJ0>Debt-for-equity <w VVZ-NN2>swaps <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>capital <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>considered<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Cuba <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w AJ0>new <w NN1>money <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN1>arrangement<c PUN>.
<s n="769"><w NP0>Cuba <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VVG>defaulting <w PRP>on <w UNC>US&dollar;6,500 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA023></p>
<caption id=HLLCA023>
<s n="770"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="771"><w PRP>For <w NN2>reasons <w PRF>of <w NN1>ill-health<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-serving <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Isidoro <w NP0>Malmierca <w NP0>Peoli <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Alarc&oacute;n <w NP0>de <w NP0>Quesada<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w NP0>Alcibiades <w NP0-NN1>Hidalgo <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="773"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Castro<w POS>'s <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w NP0>D&iacute;az <w NP0>Balart<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Andres <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Cruz <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>Executive <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>official <w NN1>reason <w VBD>was <w VVN>given<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="775"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="776"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="777"><w VVG>Easing <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>position <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="778"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>softening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>stance <w PRP>against <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430<c PUN>; <w CRD>38522-23<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>detectable <w CJS>after <w NP0>Marc <w NP0>Bazin <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w PRP>into <w NN1>office <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NP0>US <w NN1>approach <w VVD>fell <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Bazin<w POS>'s <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>involved <w VVG>urging <w AJ0>exiled <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Bertrand <w NP0>Aristide <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Bazin<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w AJC>earlier <w NP0>US <w NN1>position <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Aristide <w VM0>should <w VVI>choose <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="780"><w VVB-NN1>Aristide<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>French <w NP0>Guiana<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NN1-NP0>Bazin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="781"><w NN1-NP0>Bazin<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>part<c PUN>, <w VVD>pledged <w DPS>his <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w CJS>while <w VVG>making <w AT0>no <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w VBG>being <w VVN>restored <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>condition <w VVD>insisted <w PRP>upon <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0-NN1>US-backed <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38905<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="782"><w NN1-NP0>Bazin<c PUN>, <w CRD>60<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>economist<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIDH<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37911-12<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w AT0>a <w AJ0>distant <w NN1>second <w PRP>behind <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w NP0-NN1>Bazin <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>attracted <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w NP0>US <w NN2>diplomats <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>vociferous <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>attempts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1-NP0>Aristide <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="784"><w NP0-NN1>Bazin <w VVD>owed <w DPS>his <w NN1>nomination <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>8 <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>bicameral <w NN1>legislature <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38905<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="785"><w DPS>His <w NN1>nomination <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sessions <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Aristide <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w NN1>Change <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNCD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="786"><w PRP>In return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>nominally <w AJ0>social <w AJ0>democratic <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Panpra<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>commanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>block <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bazin <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CRD>two <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w DT0>all <w AV0>locally <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>officials <w PRP>to <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Evans <w NP0>Paul<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outspoken <w NN1>critic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FNCD <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Port-au <w NN1>Prince<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA024></p>
<caption id=HLLCA024>
<s n="787"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="788"><w NP0-NN1>Bazin <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0-NN1>army-backed <w NN1>government <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0-NN1>Honorat<c PUN>.
<s n="789"><w AT0>The <w NN1>figurehead <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Nerette<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>resigned <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>left <w AJ0>vacant<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="790"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centre-right <w AJ0>Haitian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDCH<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Mobilization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDN<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>to <w NP0>Panpra<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w NP0-NN1>Bazin<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>headed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w AT0>The <w NN1>army <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w VVN>filled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Carl <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Nicolas<c PUN>, <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Army-inspired <w NN2>killings <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35697-98<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="792"><w NP0-NN1>Bazin<w POS>'s <w NN1>inauguration <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>diplomats <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>papal <w NN1>nuncio <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1-VVB>state <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>recognized <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>army-backed <w NN1>regime<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="793"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>by <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>lives <w VVN-VVD>lost <w PRP>since <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLLCA025><s n="794"><w NP0>Marc <w NP0>Bazin <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Carl <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Nicolas <w NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Brutus <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB>Moise <w NP0>Senatus <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Wilner <w NP0>Fort <w NP0>Economy <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>V&iacute;ctor <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-ordination <w NP0>Adrien <w NP0>Westerband <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Population <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Becker <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Carmelo <w NP0>Pierre-Louis <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NP0>Francois <w NP0>Benoit <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0-NN1>Calixte <w NN1>Information <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Robert <w NP0-NN1>Delsoin <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w NP0>Max <w NP0-NN1>Carr&eacute; <w NN1>Education
</p>
<caption id=HLLCA025>
<s n="795"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Haiti <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="796"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="797"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="798"><w NN1-VVB>Start <w PRF>of <w NN1>demobilization
</head>
<p>
<s n="799"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,681 <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AV0>about <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>handed <w AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Observer <w NN1>Mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <c PUL>(<w NP0>ONUSAL<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>certificates <w VVG>identifying <w PNP>them <w PRP>as <w NN2>ex-combatants <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w NN1>bank <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w NN1>training <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="800"><w DT0>This <w VVD-VVN>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>recommencement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>under <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>threat <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <w CJS-PRP>as <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>accused <w PNX>each other <w PRF>of <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>abiding <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w VVD-VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38716<c PUN>; <w CRD>38809<c PUN>; <w CRD>38906<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="801"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="802"><w AJ0>Intense <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AV0>both <w NN2>sides <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Onusal <w VHD>had <w VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>conceded <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1-VVB>demand<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>laws <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>paramilitary <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w CJC>and <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>Police <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>repealed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="803"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>accomplished <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>approved <w VVG>creating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Civil <w NN2>Police <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>recruits <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>trained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>established <w NN1>Academy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>advice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w VVD>demobilized <w NP0>FMNL <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply<c PUN>.
<s n="804"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD>concentrated <w DPS>their <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AJ0>prearranged <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA026></p>
<caption id=HLLCA026>
<s n="805"><w NN1>Appearance <w PRF>of <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1>commander <w PRP>before <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="806"><w NP0-NN1>Joaqu&iacute;n <w NP0>Villalobos<c PUN>, <w CRD>41<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVB-NN1>commission <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>hemispheric <w NN2>affairs <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>explain <w AT0>the <w NN2>obstacles <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="807"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Salvadorean <w NN1>government <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ernesto <w NP0-NN1>Altschul<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Rub&eacute;n <w NP0-NN1>Zamora <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="808"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="809"><w NP0>NICARAGUA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="810"><w AJ0>Right-wing <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNO
</head>
<p>
<s n="811"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Violeta <w UNC>Barrios <w UNC>de <w NP0>Chamorro <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>letter <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w PRP>from <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>14 <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Opposition <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>UNO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>acquiescent<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sandinista <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FSLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="812"><w AT0>The <w NN1>letter <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w NN2>views<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w AV0>widely <w VVN>expressed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38906<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNO <w NN2>right-wingers <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Virgilio <w NP0>Godoy <w NP0>Reyes <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Aguirre<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bancada <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>UNO <w NN1>grouping <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="813"><w PNP>It <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>image <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>tarnished<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>close<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constant <w AJ0>political <w NN1>co-ordination<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FSLN <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="814"><w DT0>This <w NN1>collaboration<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>brink <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>collapse <w CJC>and <w NN1>disaster<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="815"><w VVG-NN1>Defending <w NP0>Chamorro<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>, <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w NN1>Presidency <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Lacayo <w NP0>Oyanguren<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w DT0-CJT>that <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AJ0>important <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNO <w CJC>but <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>good <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>confidence <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>resumed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>months<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disproportionate <w NN1>influence <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Republican <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Jesse <w NP0>Helms<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0-CJT>that <w NP0>Helms<w POS>'s <w NN2>views <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>represent <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="817"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="818"><w NP0>PANAMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="819"><w NN1>Disruption <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush <w NN1-VVB>visit
</head>
<p>
<s n="820"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>five-hour <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>US <w AJ0>political <w NN2>analysts<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>year <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>military <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Panama <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37112-13<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>vindicated <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>democracy <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AV0>badly <w VVN>backfired <w CJS>when <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>disrupted <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>appearances<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="821"><w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w AJ0>prepared <w NN1>arrival <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>airport <w NN1>runaway <w VBD>was <w VVN>drowned <w PRP>by <w VVG>hissing <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>booing<c PUN>.
<s n="822"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w DT0>another <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>speech <w PRP>in <w NP0>Panama <w NN1>City<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Porras <w NN1>Park<c PUN>, <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>vehicle<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Endara <w NP0-NN1>Gallimany <w CJC>and <w DT0>both <w DPS>their <w NN2>wives<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>struggled <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w AJ0>angry <w NN2>crowds<c PUN>.
<s n="823"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVD>began <w VVG>patrolling <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Panama <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Julio <w NP0>Linares <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>flagrant <w NN1>violation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bilateral <w NP0>Panama <w NN1>Canal <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w CRD>1903<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accorded <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN2>rights <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Canal <w NN1>Zone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="824"><w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0>Nieto<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>Operations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Police<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>arrest <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>government <w NN2>investigations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>held <w PNP>him <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>quell <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="825"><w NN2>Protests <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>visit <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP>before <w DPS>his <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>arrival<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="826"><w AT0>The <w NN2>protestors <w VVD>included <w CRD>hundreds <w AV0>still <w AJ0>homeless <w CJC>or <w VVG-NN1>living <w PRP>in <w AJ0>makeshift <w NN2>shelters <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>unfulfilled <w NP0>US <w VVZ>promises <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconstruct <w AJ0>war-torn <w NN2>areas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37311<c PUN>; <w CRD>38237<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed <w PNQ>who <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>Endara <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AV0>more <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>objectives <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>plight <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w NN2>Panamanians<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>involved <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Families <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dead <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Invasion <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Private <w NN1>Business <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>delivered <w CRD>two <w NN2>lawsuits <w PRP>against <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w VVG>charging <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>massacring <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRF>of<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>defenceless <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>converting <w NP0>Panama <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>occupied <w NN1>territory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>destroying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Panamanian <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>imprisoning <w AJ0>Panamanian <w NN2>patriots <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>only <w NN1>crime <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w NN2>arms <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AJ0>national <w NN1>independence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="829"><w NN2>Roads <w VBD>were <w VVN>blocked <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-US <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>outside <w NN1>government <w NN2>offices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="830"><w NN1>Hostility <w PRP>against <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Panama <w VHD>had <w AV0>steadily <w VVN>risen <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>immediately <w AJ0>preceding <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>families <w VBD>were <w VVN>restricted <w PRP>from <w VVG>straying <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN2>precincts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases<c PUN>.
<s n="831"><w AJ0>Violent <w NN2>incidents <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>local <w NN2>inhabitants <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>Albrook <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>Station <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w CRD>one <w NP0>US <w NN1>soldier <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w AJ0-VVD>wounded <w CJS>while <w VVG>driving <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN1>vehicle <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w AJ0>coastal <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN1>Col&oacute;n<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="832"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="833"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="834"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="835"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="836"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>submitted <w DPS>their <w NN2>resignations <w AV0>verbally <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w NP0>President <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Gaviria <w NP0>Trujillo<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>realign <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>new <w NN1>term <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="837"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w AV0>again <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w AJ0>Party-New <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>PSC-NFD<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSC<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts <w PRP>rather than <w PNI-CRD>one <w AV0>as <w AV0>previously<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w CRD>April-19 <w NN1>Movement <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w CRD>ADM-19<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MSN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>views <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PSC-NFD<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN2>Mines <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="839"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>ADM-19<c PUN>, <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w CRD>M-19 <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>guerrillas <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>demobilized <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>removed <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w CRD>M-19 <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Palace <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38907<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="840"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="841"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="842"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>unrest
</head>
<p>
<s n="843"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andres <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>survived <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>) <w VVD>rejected <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>calls <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>ahead of <w NN1>schedule <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38907<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="844"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AV0>immediately <w AJ0>preceding <w NN2>weeks <w CRD>dozens <w PRF>of <w AJ0>violent <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN2>students <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Caracas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cities<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN1>repression<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="845"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>students <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Caricuao <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>brutal <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>by <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w PRP>to <w CRD>four<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA027></p>
<caption id=HLLCA027>
<s n="846"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>COPEI <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>resignations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="847"><w NN1-VVB>Pressure <w PRP>on <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>increased <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social-Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>COPEI<c PUR>) <w VVD>withdrew <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0>Calder&oacute;n <w NP0>Berti<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Ignacio <w NP0>Moreno <w NP0>Le&oacute;n<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>for <w NN1>Investment<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Cabinet <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VVN>joined <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38809-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="848"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>real <w NN1>motive <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>enforced <w NN2>resignations <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unclear<c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>COPEI <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<w POS>'s <w NN1>plan <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>cancelled<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><w DT0>Most <w NN2>analysts <w VVD-VVN>believed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>COPEI <w VHD>had <w AV0>simply <w VVN>decided <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w PRP>from <w VBG>being <w VVN>associated <w AV0>any longer <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>unpopular <w NN1>AD <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="851"><w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13 <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>figure <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w CRD>34 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN1>discontent <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>high <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abortive <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="852"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Ochoa <w NP0>Antich<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>at <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>by <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Iv&aacute;n <w NP0>Jim&eacute;nez <w NP0>S&aacute;nchez<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Hern&aacute;ndez <w NP0>Delfino<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veteran <w AJ0>external <w NN1>debt <w NN1>negotiator<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>for <w NN1>Investment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="853"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>public <w NN1>standing <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Vallenilla<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>COPEI <w NN2>withdrawals <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>difficulty <w PRF>of <w VVG>implementing <w NN2>recommendations <w TO0>to <w VVI>alleviate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>crisis <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="854"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>de <w NP0>Armas <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="855"><w AV0>Finally<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w DT0>more <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>government <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="856"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w DT0>these <w NN2>resignations <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>intent <w PRP>on <w VVG>achieving <w AJC>greater <w NN1>efficiency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="857"><w DT0>Those <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w VVG>resigning <w VBD>were <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Haussman <c PUL>(<w NN1>Co-ordination <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Abreu <c PUL>(<w NN1>Culture<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Rivas <c PUL>(<w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Control<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>V&iacute;ctor <w NP0>Gamboa <c PUL>(<w NN1>Tourism<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leopoldo <w NP0>Sucre-Figarella <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Guyanan <w NN1>Region<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dulce <w NP0>Arnao <w NP0>de <w NP0>Uzc&aacute;tegui <c PUL>(<w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA028></p>
<caption id=HLLCA028>
<s n="858"><w NN1-VVB>Offer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>oil <w NN1>exploration <w NN2>contracts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="859"><w CJS>As <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>20-year <w NN2>contracts <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>offered <w PRP>to <w DT0>several <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>explore <w CJC>and <w VVI>develop <w AJ0>marginal <w NN1>oil <w NN2>fields<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>companies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>nationalization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w NN1>industry <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="860"><w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Dutch/Shell<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Teikoku <w NN1>Oil <w NN1>Co <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Benton <w NN1>Oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>Gas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>private <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Vincler <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lingoteras<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>invest <w UNC>US&dollar;480,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>oilfields <w PRP>by <w CRD>1996 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;720,000,000 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w DT0>All <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil <w VVD-VVN>produced<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>processed <w PRP>by <w NN2>subsidiaries <w PRF>of <w NP0>Petr&oacute;leos <w NP0>de <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w NP0>SA <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDVSA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>holding <w NN1>company <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>petroleum <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="862"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="863"><w NP0>SURINAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="864"><w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>Netherlands
</head>
<p>
<s n="865"><w AT0>A <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0-NN1>Venetiaan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="866"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>released <w CRD>1,300 <w CRD>million <w NN2>guilders <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;720 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>colonial <w NN1>power <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1975<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w AJ0>Surinamese <w NN1>opposition <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1982 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>31950-52<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="867"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="868"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="869"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>dialogue
</head>
<p>
<s n="870"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Oscar <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Puente <w NP0-NN1>Raygada <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w NN1>emergency<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>installed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>invited<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>separately<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>bloc<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1-AJ0>future <w VVG-NN1>starting <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="871"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Bela&uacute;nde <w NP0>Terry<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>AP<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w AJ0-VVG>holding <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>restored <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>year <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AP <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="872"><w UNC>De <w UNC>la <w NP0-NN1>Puente <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w NN1-VVB>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>mediator <w PRP>in <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>combined <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w NN1>disagreement <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="873"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Dialogue <w PRP>for <w NN1>Peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>launched <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Puente <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>an <w NN1>audience <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w CRD>4,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>packed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Amphitheatre <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Centre <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="874"><w VVG>Justifying <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w CJS>as <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>regeneration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Puente <w VVD>offered <w AT0>no <w NN1>agenda <w CJC>or <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Dialogue <w PRP>as <w DT0>such<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN2>commissions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w CRD>six <w AJ0>main <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>delineated<c PUN>.
<s n="875"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Dialogue <w VBD>was <w AV0>supposedly <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>collate <w AT0>the <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>citizens <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>guide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>deliberations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w VVN-VVD>rescheduled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA029></p>
<caption id=HLLCA029>
<s n="876"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="877"><w AJ0>Local <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w AJ0-VVD>condemned <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VVB>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>until<c PUN>, <w AV0>possibly<c PUN>, <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="878"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>procedural <w PNI>one <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w VM0>would <w VVI>conflict <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>DCC<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Elections <w NN1>Jury <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEJ<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN>immersed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>reviewing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>register <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clean <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="880"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>critics <w VVD-VVN>claimed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>delay <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w NN2>grassroots <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="881"><w UNC>De <w UNC>la <w NP0-NN1>Puente <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02A>
<s n="882"><w NN1>Asylum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombia <w PRP>for <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a
</caption>
<p>
<s n="883"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1985-1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru<w POS>'s <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>APRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="884"><w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w VVG>hiding <w PRP-CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w NN1>refuge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w PRP>from <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>public <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<c PUN>.
<s n="885"><w VVN-VVD>Allowed <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>air <w NN1>passage<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bogot&aacute;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02B>
<s n="886"><w NP0>Lima <w NN1>traffic <w NN1>curfew
</caption>
<p>
<s n="887"><w AT0>A <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>on <w AJ0>private <w NN1>traffic <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11-12 <w PRP>from <w CRD>10 <w AV0>p.m. <w PRP>to <w CRD>5 <w AV0>a.m<c PUN>.
<s n="888"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN2>attacks <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Maoist <w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>4-5 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>bomb <w VHD>had <w VVN>destroyed <w AT0>the <w NN2>studios <w PRF>of <w NN1>Channel <w CRD>2 <w NN1>television <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>five <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>well-known <w NN1>television <w NN1>presenter<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alejandro <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02C>
<s n="890"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>guerrilla
</caption>
<p>
<s n="891"><w NP0>V&iacute;ctor <w NP0>Polay <w NP0>Campos <c PUL>(<w PRP>alias <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Rolando<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>Tupac <w UNC>Amar&uacute; <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRTA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>group <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>smart <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Borja<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w NP0-NN1>Polay <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>captured <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>escaped <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>terrorism <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38909<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="894"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="895"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="896"><w AJ0>Municipal <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="897"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w PRF>of <w CRD>17 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Coalition <w PRF>of <w NN2>Parties <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPD<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>53.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w CRD>29.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>combined <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>opposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Renewal <c PUL>(<w NP0>RN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Independent <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="898"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>populist <w NP0>Centre-Centre <w NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UCC<c PUR>) <w VVD>received <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCCh<c PUR>) <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="899"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Aylwin <w NP0>Az&oacute;car <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w CJS>provided<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>categorical<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>proof <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPPD <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>choice <w TO0>to <w VVI>govern <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="900"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>give <w NP0-NN1>Aylwin <w AT0>a <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>steamroller <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>into <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>reforms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981<c PUR>) <w VVD>presented <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AV0>further <w VVG>distancing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38810<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="901"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="902"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="903"><w AJ0>Peronist <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>seat <w NN1-VVB>defeat
</head>
<p>
<s n="904"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>senator <w PRP>for <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Justicialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AT0>PJ-the <w NN2>Peronists<c PUR>) <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>defeat <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Fernando <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0-NN1>R&uacute;a <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UCR<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>seat <w PRP>with <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="905"><c PUL>(<w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>22 <w NN2>provinces <w VVD>nominated <w DPS>their <w NN2>senators <c PUL>(<w CRD>two <w DT0>each<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>District <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires <w VVD>elected <w DPS>its <w CRD>two <w NN2>senators <w PRP>by means of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college<c PUN>; <w NN2>senators <w VVD>served <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>seats <w AJ0>renewable <w AT0>every <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="906"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Peronist <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action<c PUN>, <w NP0>Avelino <w NP0>Porto<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w CRD>31 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Pino <w NP0>Solanas<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>film <w NN1>director <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>authentic<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Peronist<c PUN>; <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Venturino<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>military <w NN1>officer <w CJC>and <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Dignity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Independence <c PUL>(<w NP0>Modin <w VVD>&mdash;led <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>lieutenant-colonel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aldo <w NP0>Rico<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>staged <w AJ0>abortive <w AJ0>military <w NN2>rebellions <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35560-61<c PUN>; <w CRD>36203<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NP0>H&eacute;ctor <w NN1-NP0>Polino <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>US<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="907"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimize <w AT0>the <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>reverse <w AV0>both <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>menemismo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>flamboyant <w NN1>style <w PRF>of <w NN1>administration <w AV0>now <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w NN1>scandal <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37959<c PUN>; <w CRD>38144<c PUN>; <w CRD>38674<c PUN>; <w CRD>38719<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="908"><w UNC>De <w UNC>la <w NP0>R&uacute;a<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>influential <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>UCR <w NN1>member <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sober <w NN1>image <w AV0>more <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>to <w NN2>conservatives<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02D>
<s n="909"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="910"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>banks <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>building <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>refinancing <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38861<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="911"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>final <w NN1>confirmation <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w CRD>400 <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="912"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>conditions <w VVD>offered <w AT0>no <w NN1>incentive <w NN1>payment <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w NN2>banks <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AV0-AJ0>early<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w PNP>them <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>choices<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w DPS>their <w NN2>loans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>30-year <w NN2>bonds <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>discounted <w NN1>face <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w CJC>or <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w NN2>loans <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>par<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>denominated <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>either <w NP0>US <w NN2>dollars <w CJC>or <w AJ0>German <w NN2>marks<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>carried <w AJ0>pre-set <w AJ0>concessional <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
<s n="913"><w NP0>Argentina <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>resisted <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w AJ0>new <w NN2>loans<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>Mexican <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Venezuelan <w NN2>agreements <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37243<c PUN>; <w CRD>37313 <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Brady <w NN1-VVB>Plan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36541-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="914"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="915"><w NP0>PARAGUAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="916"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="917"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VVD>calmed <w NN1>speculation <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>imminent<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>coup<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w PNP>he <w VVD>swore <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>solemn <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="918"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w AV0>thereby <w VVD>took <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="919"><w NP0-NN1>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w VHD>had <w VVN>drafted <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>transitory <w NN1>clause<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ensured <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>presidents <w VVG>standing <w PRP>for <w NN1>re-election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="920"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>clause<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VVD>stated<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>besmirched <w AT0>the <w NN1>honour <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>family <w AV0>as well <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VVD>implied <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>word <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>soldier<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>given <w PRP>on <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>occasions<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>seek <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w CRD>1993 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><w AV0>Highly <w VVN>placed <w NP0-NN1>Rodr&iacute;guez <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>industries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Colorado <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>ANR-PC<c PUR>) <w VVD>gathered <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>solidarity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez<c PUN>.
<s n="922"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Colorado <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG-NN1>deploring <w CJC>and <w VVG>rejecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>debar <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRF>of <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>grassroots <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
<s n="924"><w DT0>Such <w NN1>activity <w VVD>fuelled <w AT0>the <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imminent <w AJ0-NN1>presidential-style <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NN1>army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="925"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0-NN1>Garcete<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="926"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>transitory <w NN1>clause<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>owed <w DPS>its <w NN1>passage<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reported <w CRD>121 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>75<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NP0>Colorado <w NN2-VVZ>delegates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="927"><w VVG-NN1>Siding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>198-member <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>dissidents <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>military<w POS>'s <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>stranglehold <w PRP>on <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ensured <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>routine <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Stroessner<c PUN>, <w NN1>dictator <w PRP>from <w CRD>1953 <w CJS-PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>removal <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="928"><w AJ0>Dissident <w NP0>Colorados <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AJ0>instrumental <w PRP>in <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD-PNI>one<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w DPS>his <w NN2>powers <w PRP>as <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>.
<s n="929"><c PUL>(<w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w DT0>these <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>serving <w NN1>officer <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38674<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="930"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>new <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>overruled <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>discovered <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>passage <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="931"><w AJ0>Hardline <w NP0>Colorados <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>succeeded <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>modifying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>appoint <w CJC>and <w VVI>remove <w AT0>the <w NN2>commanders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-NN1>&mdash;wording <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NN2>analysts <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1>authorization<c PUN>, <w AV0>indirectly<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>delegate <w DPS>his <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="932"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>created <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>vice-president<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="933"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VVD>felt <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w AJS>best <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w VVG>defeating <w AT0>the <w NP0>Colorados <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>combining <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="934"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NP0>Colorado <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w VVN>defeated <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Paraguayans <w VVG>living <w AV0>abroad <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="935"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="936"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="937"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="938"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nicaragua <w CJC>and <w NP0>Panama <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Managua<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4-5<c PUN>.
<s n="939"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem <w PRF>of <w NP0>Argentina <w AV0>also <w VVD>attended <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>guest<c PUN>.
<s n="940"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>closing <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w PRP>for <w NN1>aid <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>democratization <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>hardship <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>international <w NN1>coffee <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>exclusion <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>banana <w NN2-VVZ>exports <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38910<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="941"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market <w VBD>was <w AV0>urgently <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>accelerate <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="942"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rare <w NN1>display <w PRF>of <w NN1>solidarity<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>letter <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVG>urging <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w NN1>unblock <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>perceived <w NN1>influence <w AV0>still <w VBG>being <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>Sandinistas<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38957-58<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02E>
<s n="943"><w AJ0>Tripartite <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="944"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>stepping <w NN1>stone <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guatemala <w CJC>and <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nueva <w NP0>Ocotepeque<c PUN>, <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>zone <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>market <w PRF>of <w CRD>20,000,000 <w NN2>consumers <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>currently <w VVN>estimated <w NN0>US&dollar;600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;4,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="945"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="946"><w AJ0>LATIN <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="947"><w VVB-NN1>Mercosur <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="948"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paraguay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>intended <w NP0>South <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Mercosur<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26-27 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Las <w NP0>Lenas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>fix <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Mercosur <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w NN2>operations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="949"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Bolivian <w NN1>President <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>attended <w AT0>the <w NP0>Las <w NP0>Lenas <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVG>raising <w NN2>expectations <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bolivia <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VVI>join <w NN1-NP0>Mercosur<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="950"><w AJ0>Precise <w NN2>dates <w VBD>were <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>present <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>standardize <w NN1>commerce<c PUN>, <w NN2>customs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>standards <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fiscal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w NN1>commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>land <w NN1>transport<c PUN>.
<s n="951"><w NN2>Dates <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>enforcement <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AJ0>maritime <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w AJ0>industrial<c PUN>, <w AJ0>technical<c PUN>, <w AJ0>agricultural <w CJC>and <w NN1>energy <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>macro-economic <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w NN1>labour <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>institutional <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="952"><w NN1>Interest <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>in <w VVG>constructing <w AT0>a <w NN1>highway <w VVG-AJ0>connecting <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paraguay-Paran&aacute; <w NN2>rivers <w NN1>waterway<c PUN>, <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>constitute <w AJ0>key <w NN2>elements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>integration<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Mercosur <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="953"><w NP0>Argentina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN1>partnership <w CJC>and <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>actions<c PUN>, <w VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>bi-national <w NN2>companies <w VM0>should <w VVI>receive <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>treatment <w CJS>as <w AJ0>national <w NN1>capital <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="954"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>stated <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>institutions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>opening <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w NN1>modernization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>economies <w VBD>were <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>preconditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Mercosur<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02F>
<s n="955"><w NN2>Contacts <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="956"><w VVB>Mercosur <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>attended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>counterparts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guimaraes<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>complained <w PRP>about <w NP0>EC <w NN1>protectionism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>its <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>technical <w NN1-VVB>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>integration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mercosur <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38910 <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rio <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="957"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="958"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="959"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Debate <w AVP-PRP>over <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform
</head>
<caption>
<s n="960"><w NN1>Anniversary <w PRF>of <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Imposition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>on <w NN2>demonstrations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="961"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bloody <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36720-22<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>passed <w AVP>off <w AV0>quietly<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w AV0>very <w AJ0>tight <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="962"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>single <w NN1>protester <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>unfurl <w AT0>a <w NN1>banner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>square <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>quickly <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="963"><w DT0>Several <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>journalists <w PNQ>who <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>film <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w VBD>were <w PNX>themselves <w VVN>manhandled <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AV0>briefly <w VVN>detained<c PUN>.
<s n="964"><w NP0>Beijing <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>focal <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w VVN-VVD>sealed <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="965"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>weeks <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>active <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>many <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>dissidents <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>beaten <w CJC>or <w VVN>detained<c PUN>.
<s n="966"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>drafted <w NN2>regulations <w TO0>to <w VVI>circumscribe <w AJ0>public <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>prohibition <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>memorial <w NN1>activity <w CJC>and <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>joking <w CJC>and <w VVG>playing<c PUN>, <w VVG>sitting <w CJC>and <w VVG>lying <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="967"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>published <w AT0>the <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>tightened <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="968"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Law <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NN1>Procession <w CJC>and <w NN1>Demonstration<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>protests<c PUN>.
<s n="969"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AV0>more <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>protest<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>regulations <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>use<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>police <w VVZ-NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>suppress <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02G>
<s n="970"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>debate <w PRP>over <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="971"><w NN2>Indicators <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRP>in favour of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberalization <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>group <w VBD>was <w VVG>gaining <w NN1>ground<c PUN>.
<s n="972"><w AT0>The <w NN1>debate <w VVD>showed <w AT0>every <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w VVG>intensifying <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>policy-setting <w ORD>14th <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>due <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="973"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>current <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>developing <w PRP>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>zones <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NN1-NP0>China <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>praise <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>mechanism <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38722<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="974"><w DT0>This <w NN1>line <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>subsequently<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AV0>somewhat <w AV0>reluctantly<c PUN>, <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chen <w NN0>Yen<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN1>hardliner<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="975"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w VVG>quickening <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform <w VBD>was <w PRP>in accordance with <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w PRP>away from <w AJ0>self-imposed <w NN1>austerity <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN2>exports <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>rapid <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="976"><w NP0>CCP <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>endorsed <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>praise <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="977"><w NP0>Jiang <w VVD>criticized <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>leftists <w PRP>for <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>confuse <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN2>slogans<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>our <w NN1>experiment <w PRP>with <w NN1>socialism <w VHZ>has <w VVN>entered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02H>
<s n="978"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Li <w NN1-AJ0>Xiannian
</caption>
<p>
<s n="979"><w NP0>Li <w AJ0-NN1>Xiannian<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>between <w CRD>1983 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>aged <w NP0>CCP <w NN2>leaders <w VVG>&mdash;including <w NP0>Deng <w NN1>&mdash;who <w VBD>were <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NN2>immortals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>83<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="980"><w NP0>Li<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>veteran <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Long <w NN1>March <w PRF>of <w CRD>1934-35 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>its <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1949<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>self-taught <w NN1>economist <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>peasant <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
<s n="981"><w PNP>He <w VVD>served <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP <w NN1>politburo <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>tipped <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mao <w NP0>Zedong <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
<s n="982"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NN1>Leap <w AV0>Forward <c PUL>(<w CRD>1958-60<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cultural <w NN1>Revolution <c PUL>(<w CRD>1966-76<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>later <w VVD>recognized <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>disastrous <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="983"><w AT0>An <w NN1>exponent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>expansion <w PRP>through <w AJ0>centralized <w NN1>planning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w NP0>Deng <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN2>allies <w PRP>after <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>removed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>ceremonial <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="984"><w PNP>He <w VVD>ended <w DPS>his <w NN1>life <w PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ineffectual <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Political <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="985"><w PRP>Like <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NP0>Li<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>surviving<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>immortals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chen <w NN0>Yen <c PUL>(<w CRD>87<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>Song <w NN1-NP0>Renqiong <c PUL>(<w CRD>83<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>known <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun <c PUL>(<w CRD>85<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bo <w NP0>Yibo <c PUL>(<w CRD>84<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Deng<c PUN>.
<s n="987"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>two <w NN2>immortals <c PUL>(<w PRP>other than <w NP0>Deng <w PNX>himself<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peng <w NP0>Zhen <c PUL>(<w CRD>90<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Whang <w NP0>Zhen <c PUL>(<w CRD>84<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VVI>favour <w NN1>reform <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>sphere <w PRF>of <w NN1>economics <w PRP>rather than <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w DT0>own<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="988"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="989"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="990"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>scientists <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>thought <w NN2>police<c PUQ>&quot;
</head>
<p>
<s n="991"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>scientists <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>mainland <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>four <w NN2>decades<c PUN>.
<s n="992"><w AT0>The <w CRD>seven <w NN2>scientists<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>six <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Academy <w PRF>of <w NN2>Sciences<c PUN>, <w VVD>toured <w NN2>universities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>institutes <w PRP>during <w DPS>their <w AJ0>eight-day <w NN1>visit <w CJC>and <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>scientific <w NN2>exchanges <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="993"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>thought <w NN2>police<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special <w NN2>units <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w NN2>offices <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>function <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>discipline <w CJC>and <w NN1>behaviour <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w DPS>their <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Kuomintang<c PUN>.
<s n="994"><w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Lu <w NN1>You-wen <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>thought <w NN2>police<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NN2>officials <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>task <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w NN1>information <w AV0>previously <w VVN>gathered <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>loyalties <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02J>
<s n="995"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN1>dissident
</caption>
<p>
<s n="996"><w NP0>George <w NP0>Chang<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w NN1>World <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Formosans <w PRP>for <w NN1>Independence<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>sedition <w CJC>and <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>murder<c PUN>.
<s n="997"><w PRP>After <w AJ0-VVG>imposing <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD>commuted <w NP0>Chang<w POS>'s <w NN1>prison <w NN1>term <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>act <w PRF>of <w NN1>clemency<c PUN>.
<s n="998"><w NN1-NP0>Chang <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>1976 <w AJ0>letter-bomb <w NN1>attack <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>injured <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Shieh <w NN0>Tung-min<c PUN>.
<s n="999"><w PRP>On <w VVG>entering <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1000"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1001"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1002"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people
</head>
<p>
<s n="1003"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>forcible <w NN2>repatriations <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accord <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>governments <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>12 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38912<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>adults <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN2>children <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>migrants<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w AVP>back <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02K>
<s n="1004"><w NN1>Governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1005"><w AJ0>Outgoing <w NN1>governor <w NN1-NP0>Lord <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>David<c PUR>) <w NP0>Wilson <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tillyorn <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-day <w NN1>farewell <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7-12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1006"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>banquet <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>honour <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>host<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Lu <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macao <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w NP0>Wilson <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>our <w AJ0>old <w NN1>friend<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>unremitting <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>trust <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Declaration<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>useful <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1007"><w NP0>Wilson <w AV0>also <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="1008"><w NP0>Li <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w VVG>safeguarding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors<c PUN>.
<s n="1009"><w PNP>He <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Declaration <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Memorandum <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>Understanding <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w CJC>and <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>airport <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38340<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w DT0>more <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>discussions <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1010"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>angrily <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>saw <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unwarranted <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Guo <w NP0-NN1>Fengmin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>official <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Liaison <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>23rd <w NN1>Liaison <w NN1>Group <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>side <w VM0>would <w VVI>find <w AJ0>unacceptable <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Democrats <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDHK<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1011"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UDHK <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>18 <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38436<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1012"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVD>reaffirmed <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w AV0>up to <w CRD>1997 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>after <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="1013"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w VVD>asserted <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Guo <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w NN1>responsibility <w TO0>to <w VVI>state <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w NN2>matters <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>smooth <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1014"><w NP0-NN1>Guo<w POS>'s <w NN2>comments<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>remarks <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>officials <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>reflecting <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>stepping <w AVP>up <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Patten<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Governor-designate<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissuade <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w VVG>considering <w DT0>any <w AJ0>major <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w CJC>or <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w NN2>clauses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>determine <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>rule <w PRP>from <w CRD>1997 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37248<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02L>
<s n="1015"><w NN1>Implementation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w NN2>Secrets <w NN1>Act
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1016"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>decided<c PUN>, <w PRP>by means of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council <w NN1>order <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<w POS>'s <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>Official <w NN2>Secrets <w NN1>Act <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="1017"><w NN2>Lawyers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>politicians <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>contravened <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Bill <w PRF>of <w NN2>Rights <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>guaranteed <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38291<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1018"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1019"><w NP0>MACAO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1020"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC
</head>
<p>
<s n="1021"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>broader <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>strengthening <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>diversifying <w AJ0>external <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1022"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VM0>would <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVB>grant <w PNX>each other <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>on <w NN2>tariffs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>import-export <w NN2>matters<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVB>expand <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVB>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1023"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVN>encouraged <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Macao<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1024"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1025"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1026"><w NP0>MPRP <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory
</head>
<p>
<s n="1027"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ex-communist <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPRP<c PUR>) <w VVD>inflicted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humiliating <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1028"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MPRP <w VVD>took <w CRD>56.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>achieved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>open <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37609-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>won <w CRD>70 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>76 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1029"><w AT0>A <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPNP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w CRD>17.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AV0>only <w CRD>four <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1030"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w CRD>10.1 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD>secured <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NP0>MPRP <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VVG>standing <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>seat<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1031"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>95.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,085,000 <w AJ0>eligible <w NN2>voters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1032"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MPRP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Punsalmaagiyn <w NP0>Ochirbat<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w NN2>efforts <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJC>further <w NN1>democratization <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>overcome <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w PNP>He <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wanted <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1034"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MDP <w NN1>leader <w NN1>M. <w NP0-NN1>Ensayhan<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces <w VM0>must <w AV0>now <w VVI>unite <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>never <w VVB>allow <w DPS>our <w NN2>representatives <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1035"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>repeat <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>miscalculations<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-ordination<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>cost <w PNP>them <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1036"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1037"><w NN1>NORTH-SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1038"><w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN2>issues <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>exchange <w NN1-VVB>visit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1039"><w AT0>A <w NN1>video <w NN1>recording <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-May <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Blix<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1040"><w AT0>The <w NN1>film <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>plant <w PRP>at <w NN1-NP0>Yongbyon <w DTQ>which <w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reprocessing <w NN1>facility<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w AV0>Far <w PRP>from <w VBG>being <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w DT0>enough <w NN1>plutonium <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>atomic <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>IAEA <w NN2>experts <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>primitive<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way <w PRP>from <w NN1>completion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1042"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>this <w NN1>reassessment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>sophistication <w VVN>attained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>insistence <w PRP>during <w NP0>June <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w NN2>relations <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w VVD>abandoned <w DPS>its <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>reprocessing <w NN1>plant <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>mutual <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections<c PUN>.
<s n="1043"><w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>emphasising <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>an <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>capability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>forces <w VVN>stationed <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>38th <w NN1>parallel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1044"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>development <w PRP>during <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w DPS>its <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w NN1>plutonium <w PRP>in return for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>with <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>technology <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN2>plants<c PUN>.
<s n="1045"><w AT0>The <w NN1>offer <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w NP0>IAEA <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>repeated <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1046"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>exchange <w NN2>visits <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dispersed <w NN1>family <w NN2>members <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25-28<c PUN>.
<s n="1047"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>100 <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w NN1>country <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w CRD>70 <w NN2>journalists <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>70-member <w NN1>art <w NN1>troupe <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
<s n="1048"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>details<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>jeopardized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>exchange<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1049"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1050"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1051"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<p>
<s n="1052"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w VHD>had <w VVN>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>: <w NP0>Choi <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Choul <w AJ0-NN1>&mdash;Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unification<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w DT0>Yon <w NN1-NP0>Taek <w NN1>&mdash;Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NN1-VVB>Moon <w NN1-NP0>Suk <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jai <w NP0-NN1>Chang <w NN1>&mdash;Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Han <w NP0>Young <w NP0-NN1>Sok <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="1054"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NN1>Son <w NP0>Chu <w NP0>Whan <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w NP0>Choi <w NP0-NN1>Chang <w NP0-NN1>Yoon <w PRP>as <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1055"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVD>&mdash;scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>&mdash;continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>gather <w NN1>pace <w PRP>during <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>contribution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w NP0>Yung<c PUN>, <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w NP0>Hyundai <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>empire<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w NN1>Unification <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1056"><w AJ0>Fresh <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38798-99<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chung <w VVD>accelerated <w DPS>his <w AJ0>national <w AJ0-NN1>pro-business <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="1057"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>ran <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>storm <w PRF>of <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>by <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>authorities <w VM0>should <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1058"><w DT0>Such <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Sixth <w NN1>Republic <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>guaranteed <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>ideology<c PUN>, <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w NN1>association<c PUN>, <w VVD>argued <w NP0>Chung<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AJC>greater <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>system <w CJC>or <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w CJS>than <w VBD>was <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>posed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>system <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1059"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>argument <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>innocuous<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w DPS>its <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>existence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>alert <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>attack <w PRP>from <w AJ0>communist <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>erected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Law <w VVG>prohibiting <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>activity <w PRP>on <w NN1>pain <w PRF>of <w NN1>death <w CJC>or <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>suggestion <w VVD>generated <w AT0>a <w NN1>deluge <w PRF>of <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>.
<s n="1060"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>) <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN2>remarks <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>senseless <w NN1>statement<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>posed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1061"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>denounced <w NP0>Chung<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shocking <w NN1>statement<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>alleged<c PUN>, <w VVD>went<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>feelings <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1062"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reaction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w VBD>was <w PRF>of <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>significance<c PUN>.
<s n="1063"><w PNP>It <w VVD>suggested <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w DPS>its <w NN1>choice <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>veteran <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Jung <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w NN1-VVB>party <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w VBD>were <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>left <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>garner <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN2>votes <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1064"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>development <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Chan <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>abandoned <w DPS>his <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="1065"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w PRP>in <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>circumstances <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38911<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Chan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>independent <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>split <w AV0>further <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>vote <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VBG>being <w VVN>sought <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNP <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1066"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1067"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1068"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>overseas <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>bill
</head>
<p>
<s n="1069"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>bill <w VVG>empowering <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>Self <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDF<c PUR>) <w AV0>overseas <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1070"><w PRP>By <w VVG>opening <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w AV0>overseas <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1945<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Peace <w VVG>Keeping <w NN2>Operations <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKO<c PUR>) <w NN1>bill <w VVN>marked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1071"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>determined <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>by <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>from <w DT0>many <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1072"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>PKO <w NN1>bill <w VVN-VVD>originated <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>non-combatants <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-authorized <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <w VVD-VVN>assembled <w TO0>to <w VVI>expel <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>.
<s n="1073"><w DT0>That <w NN1>proposal <w VHD>had <w VVN>perished <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>determined <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDPJ<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>vehemently <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1>symptom <w PRF>of <w AJ0>incipient <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>militarism<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>disputed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>very <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDF<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1074"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Toshiki <w NP0>Kaifu<c PUN>, <w VVD>introduced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>PKO <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>limited <w NP0>SDF <w NN1>participation <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1075"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SDPJ <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w DPS>its <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>nullify <w NN1>Article <w CRD>9 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>forever <w VVB>renounce <w NN1>war <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w CJC>or <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>settling <w AJ0>international <w NN2>disputes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1076"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kaifu<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>steered <w PNP>it <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1077"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>252-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-operation <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1078"><w PRP>After <w AJ0>tortuous <w NN2>negotiations <w AT0>an <w NN1>arrangement <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN-VVD>reached <w AVQ>whereby <w AT0>the <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Komeito <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Clean <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJS>fourth-largest<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1079"><w AV0>In part <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>centrist <w NN2>parties <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>function <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w VVG>provoking <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>into <w VVG>calling <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber <w TO0>to <w VVI>coincide <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1080"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
<s n="1081"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>these <w NN2>safeguards <w VBD>were <w AJ0>prior <w NN1-VVB>Diet <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w NP0>SDF <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VVI>involve <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02M>
<s n="1082"><w NN1>Approval <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>PKO <w NN1>bill <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Diet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1083"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>PKO <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w PRP>by <w CRD>137 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>102 <w AV0>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>filibustering <w NN1>effort <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>JCP<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>lasted <w PRP>for <w AV0>almost <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w CJC>and <w NN2>nights<c PUN>.
<s n="1084"><w AT0>The <w NN1>filibuster <w VVD>deployed <w AT0>a <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>procedural <w NN2>delays <w VVG>&mdash;including <w AT0>the <w NN1>filing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>successive <w NN1>censure <w NN2>motions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>&mdash;and <w VVD>employed <w AT0>the <w NN1>delaying <w NN1>tactic <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>ox-walking<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>when <w VVG>voting <w PRP>on <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1085"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ox <w NN1>walk <w VVD>involved <w DT0>each <w NN1>individual <w VVG>proceeding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>podium <w TO0>to <w VVI>cast <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>by <w VVG>taking <w AV0>agonizingly <w AJ0>slow<c PUN>, <w AJ0>inch-by-inch <w NN2>steps<c PUN>.
<s n="1086"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>censure <w NN2>votes <w VVD>took <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w CRD>13 <w NN2>hours <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete<c PUN>.
<s n="1087"><w PRP>With <w DT0>several <w VVB-NN1>censure <w NN2>motions <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>debated<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ox <w NN1>walk <w VBD>was <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>placing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>undue <w NN1>strain <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w PRF>of <w AJC>older <w NN2>legislators<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>undermining <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ<w POS>'s <w NN1>image <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1088"><w PRP>After <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PKO <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber <w AVQ-CJS>where<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>received <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>endorsement<c PUN>.
<s n="1089"><w AJ0>Frantic <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>137 <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ<c PUN>.
<s n="1090"><w PRP>Under <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>member<w POS>'s <w NN1>signature <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>become <w AJ0>effective <w CJS>until <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>occasion <w NN1>House <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0>Yoshio <w NP0>Sakurauchi <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>resignations <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>normalized<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1091"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ <w NN2>members <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w PRP>by <w CRD>329 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>approved<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w AV0>up to <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>personnel <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>non-combatant <w NN1>support <w NN2>roles <w CJC>and <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0>small <w NN2>arms<c PUN>.
<s n="1093"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostilities<c PUN>.
<s n="1094"><w NP0>SDF <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VVI>require <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVN>frozen <w CJS>until <w VVN>authorized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02N>
<s n="1095"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>response
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1096"><w NN1-VVB>Concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>enactment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PKO <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>political <w NN2>figures <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN1>east <w AJ0-NN1>Asian <w CJC>and <w NN1>south-east <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02P><ptr target=HLLCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02P>
<s n="1097"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA02R>
<s n="1098"><w NN1>Citation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>trading <w NN2>practices
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1099"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <c PUL>(<w NP0>Miti<c PUR>) <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w AJ0>212-page <w NN1>Report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Unfair <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Policies <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>criticized <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>partners <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>employing <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>trading <w NN2>practices<c PUN>.
<s n="1100"><w AT0>The <w NN1>brunt <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>assault <w VBD>was <w VVN>directed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w NN1>criticism <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1101"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>large <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w VVD>&mdash;expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>exceed <w UNC>US&dollar;110,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>&mdash;was <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>restricted <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="1102"><w AV0>Instead <w PNP>it <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>imbalances <w VBB>are <w VVN>rooted <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>factors <w CJS>as <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>and <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>fiscal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1103"><w NN2>Miti <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w CRD>10 <w AJS>largest <w NN1>trading <w NN2>partners <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>96 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>exports <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1104"><w AV0>Furthermore<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>stated<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>per capita <w NN1>basis <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>imports <w VBD>was <w AV0>roughly <w AJ0>comparable <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1105"><w VVG>Using <w AT0>a <w NN1>definition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>trade <w VVN>based <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>internationally <w AJ0-VVN>accepted <w NN2>rules<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>GATT <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>comparable <w AJ0>international <w NN2>agreements<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>indicted <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>employing <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>practices <w PRP>in <w CRD>nine <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w NN2>areas <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN2>offences <w VBD>were <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>most <w AV0>internationally <w AJ0>common<c PUN>.
<s n="1106"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VBD>was <w VVN>cited <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thailand <w CJC>and <w NP0>Malaysia <w PRP>in <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada <w PRP>in <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>area <w AV0>only<c PUN>.
<s n="1107"><w VVG>Defending <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kozo <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>department <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w VVB>publish <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>bare <w NN2>facts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>henceforth <w NP0>Japan <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>say <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJC>and <w VDI>do <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affairs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02S>
<s n="1108"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1109"><w NN1-AJ0>Japanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w NN2>policies <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>policy <w NN1-VVG>planning <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14-15 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="1110"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>involved <w AJ0>uniformed <w NN1>Japanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unprecedented <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1111"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1112"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1113"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN2>negotiations <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Rebel <w NN2>attacks
</head>
<p>
<s n="1114"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Lao-Chinese <w NN1>border <w NN1>demarcation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vientiane<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Laotian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1115"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lao-Chinese <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Border <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1116"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Laotian <w NN2>rebels <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w VVD>captured <w CRD>three <w NN1>government <w AJ0>military <w NN2>positions <w PRP>after <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1117"><w AT0>The <w CRD>300 <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w NN2-VVZ>rebels<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Free <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Force<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>launched <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>positions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1118"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1119"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1120"><w VVG>Freeing <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1121"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>freed <w DT0>all <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w DT0>former <w NP0>South <w NN0>Vietnamese <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>re-education <w NN2>camps<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>fulfilling <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>condition <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1122"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>17th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saigon <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1123"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>100,000 <w DT0>former <w NP0>South <w NN0>Vietnamese <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>passed <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>camps <w PRP>since <w CRD>1975 <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w AV0>around <w CRD>25 <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1124"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02T>
<s n="1125"><w AJ0>European <w NN1>tour <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1126"><w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Manh <w NP0>Cam<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4-6 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
<s n="1127"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>tour <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nguyen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>included <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1128"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRF>of <w NN1>frankness <w CJC>and <w NN1>goodwill<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>links <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w AV0>fully <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1129"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1130"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1131"><w NN1>Threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>from <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>fighting <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>aid <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="1132"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVN-VVD>clashed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-June<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>fighting <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>peace <w VVZ-NN2>accords <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1133"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w NN1>phase <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>four <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>factions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>surrender <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1134"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>13 <w NN1>deadline <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>increasing <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations <w PRP>by <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>fighters<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>co-ordinator <w NN1-AJ0>Yasushi <w NN1-NP0>Akashi <w TO0>to <w VVI>condemn <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>behaviour <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w VVG-NN1>Beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w CRD>250,000 <w NN2>militiamen <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>factions <w VVB>&mdash;of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Vietnamese-backed <w NP0-NN1>Phnom <w NP0>Pehn <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w VVG>assembling <w PRP>at <w CRD>95 <w AJ0>UN-controlled <w NN1>regroupment <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="1136"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>verify <w AV0>adequately <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
<s n="1137"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>legitimacy <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>bestowed <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Phnom <w NP0>Pehn <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1138"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>attacks <w VVD-VVN>intensified<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>government <w NN2>units <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>repel <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reopen <w AT0>a <w AJ0>main <w NN1>access <w NN1>road <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>UNTAC <w NN2>representatives <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1139"><w AT0>The <w NN1>obstruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VBD>was <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rehabilitation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Reconstruction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <w DTQ>which <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1140"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w CRD>33 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w VVD>exceeded <w DT0>all <w NN2>expectations <w PRP>by <w VVG>pledging <w NN1>aid <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;880 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<w POS>'s <w NN1>reconstruction<c PUN>.
<s n="1141"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VVD>exceeded <w AT0>the <w NN0>&dollar;600,000,000 <w DTQ>which <w AV0>earlier <w NP0>UN <w NN2>estimates <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1142"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD>adopted <w CRD>two <w NN2>statements<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>on <w NN1>Rehabilitation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Reconstruction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Process<c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>external <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia <w CJC>and <w VVD>established <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w NN1>Reconstruction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>disbursement <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="1144"><w AT0>The <w DT0>latter <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w VVZ>accords <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1145"><w PRP>Despite <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>threats <w TO0>to <w VVI>boycott <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan<c PUN>.
<s n="1146"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>body <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w VVZ>accords <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w NN1>&mdash;which <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>extract <w AT0>a <w NN1>pledge <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1147"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1148"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1149"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w NP0>Philippines <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="1150"><w NN2>Results <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1151"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lakas <w NN0>ng <w AJ0>Edsa-National <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lakas-NUCD<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outgoing <w NP0>President <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1152"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>convoluted <w NN1>counting <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>tally <w PRF>of <w NN2>returns <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>11 <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NP0>Ramos <w AT0>a <w NN1>lead <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>874,000 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w AJS>nearest <w NN1>rival<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miriam <w NP0>Defensor <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>.
<s n="1153"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w AV0>formally <w VVN>proclaimed <w NP0>Ramos <w PRP>as <w NN1>winner <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w VVD>dismissed <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>from <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>declared <w NN1-AJ0>void <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="1154"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VBD>was <w CRD>106 <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>proclamation<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRP>against <w CJC>and <w CRD>21 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRP>against <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>abstention<c PUN>.
<s n="1155"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w AV0>also <w VVN>proclaimed <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Estrada <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>winner <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN1>contest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1156"><w AT0>The <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary <w CJC>and <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>23.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>slimmest <w NN1>margin <w AV0>ever <w VVN>attained <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>winning <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>.
<s n="1157"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-AJ0>Protestant <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1158"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>approach <w PRP>during <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>church <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VBD>was <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ferdinand <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>role<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1160"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN1>contest <w AT0>the <w CRD>20,412,740 <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w VVN>cast <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Estrada <w CRD>6,737,215 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CRD>33.0 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Marcelo <w NP0-NN1>Fernan <w CRD>4,437,364 <c PUL>(<w CRD>21.7<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Osmena <w CRD>3,361,140 <c PUL>(<w CRD>16.5<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ramon <w NP0>Magsaysay <w NP0>Jr <w CRD>2,899,473 <c PUL>(<w CRD>14.2<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Aquilino <w NP0>Pimentel <w CRD>2,022,319 <c PUL>(<w CRD>9.9<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Vicente <w NP0-NN1>Magsaysay <w CRD>699,562 <c PUL>(<w CRD>3.4<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Eva <w NP0>Estrada-Kalaw <w CRD>255,667 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1.3<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1161"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>available <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Lakas-NUCD <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>24 <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>around <w CRD>50 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>200-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="1162"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Laban <w NN0>ng <w NP0-NN1>Demokratikong <w NP0-NN1>Pilipino <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>won <w CRD>17 <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>around <w CRD>85 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>unstable <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN2>divisions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>exposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1163"><w AJ0>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cojuangco <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>won <w CRD>48 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>won <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1164"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Lakas-NUCD <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1165"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1166"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1167"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1168"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Golkar <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sekretariat <w NP0>Bersama <w NP0>Golongan <w NP0>Karya<c PUR>) <w NN1>alliance <w VVD-VVN>retained <w NN1>power <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AV0>slightly <w VVN-AJ0>reduced <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w CRD>400 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dewan <w NP0-NN1>Perwakilan <w NP0-NN1>Rakyat <c PUL>(<w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1169"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Golkar <w VVD>won <w DT0>all <w CRD>27 <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVD>fell <w PRP>from <w CRD>73 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>to <w CRD>68 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1987 <w NN2>elections <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35326<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1170"><w NN2>Diplomats <w CJC>and <w NN2>analysts <w VVD>disagreed <w PRP>as to <w CJS>whether <w DT0>this <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>for <w NN1>continuity <w CJC>or <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AJ0>tentative<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>desire <w PRP>for <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="1171"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem-based <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w CRD>17.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDI<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w VVN>improved <w PRP>on <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>showings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1172"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>open <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Suharto<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Order<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w NN2>topics <w VVN>deemed <w AJ0>harmful <w PRP>to <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>banned<c PUN>.
<s n="1173"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>topics <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>dominance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>community <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>issues <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AV0>seriously <w VVD-VVN>compromised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1174"><w VVB-NN1>Golkar<c PUN>, <w VVG>presenting <w PNX>itself <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>guarantor <w PRF>of <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>4,000,000 <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>polled <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>regions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>benefited <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w NN1>development <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PDI<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>staged <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN2>rallies<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stretch <w AT0>the <w NN2>limits <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN1>tolerance <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>attacking<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>nepotism<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>high <w NN2>places<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN2>dealings <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Suharto<w POS>'s <w NN1>family <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>implicit <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Suharto<w POS>'s <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1176"><w PRP>In addition to <w AT0>the <w CRD>400 <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dewan<c PUN>, <w CRD>100 <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1177"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>personnel <w VBD>were <w AV0>constitutionally <w VVN>debarred <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVG>voting<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Golkar <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>appointees <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w UNC>1,000-member <w NP0>Majelis <w NP0>Permusyawaratan <w NP0>Rakyat <c PUL>(<w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>elect <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1178"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>kept <w AT0>an <w AV0>unusually <w AJ0>low <w NN1>profile <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Dewan <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>felt <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w VM0>might <w VVI>press <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Suharto<c PUN>, <w CRD>71<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w ORD>fifth <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02U>
<s n="1179"><w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>criticisms
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1180"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>confidential <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>clove <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>orange <w NN1-VVG>dealing <w NN2>monopolies <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w NP0>Suharto<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w NN2>sons <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>closed <w AVP>down <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>inefficient <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>deregulation <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1181"><w AT0>The <w NN1>clove <w NN1>monopoly<c PUN>, <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w UNC>US&dollar;375,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w AJ0>soft <w NN2>loans<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>benefited <w AT0>a <w NN1>consortium <w PRF>of <w NN2>traders <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w NN2>consumers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w PRP>before <w VVG>collapsing <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>near <w NN1>bankruptcy<c PUN>.
<s n="1182"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>orange <w NN1>monopoly <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stabilize <w NN2>prices<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02V>
<s n="1183"><w NP0>Dili <w NN2>trials <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>NII <w NN1>leader <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Killing <w PRF>of <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1184"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>discrepancies <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>sentences <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>protesters <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>army <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-independence <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w CRD>pp.38579-80<c PUN>; <w CRD>38677<c PUN>; <w CRD>38769-70<c PUN>; <w CRD>38867-68<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1185"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>civilians <w VVD-VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>instigating <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1186"><w PRP>By <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Timorese <w NN1>policeman <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>received <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>eight <w PRP>to <w CRD>17 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w CRD>two <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w VVD-VVN>charged <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1187"><w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Fatah<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NII <w NN1>movement <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NP0>Indonesia <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>activities <w VVG>undermining <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>ideology<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pancasila<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1945 <w NN1>Constitution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1188"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w NN1>M. <w NP0>L. <w NP0-NN1>Prawar<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>Independent <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1189"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1190"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1191"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1192"><w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>with <w NN1>polling <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w NP0>June <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>mid-July<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN2>returns <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>109-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Parliament <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pangu <w NP0>Pati <c PUL>(<w NN1>PP<c PUR>) <w CRD>22 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDM<c PUR>) <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PAP<c PUR>) <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>) <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Melanesian <w NN1>Alliance <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Advancement <c PUL>(<w NP0>LNA<c PUR>) <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Melanesian <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>MUF<c PUR>) <w CRD-PNI>one<c PUN>, <w NN2>others <w CRD-PNI>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>independents <w CRD>30<c PUN>; <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>vacant <w CJS>because <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1194"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Parliament <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1195"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>predict <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>advance<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>turnover <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN2>legislators <w VVB>&mdash;about <w PNI-CRD>one <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN2>MPs <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>elections <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>byzantine <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1-VVB>process <w DTQ>which <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VVI>characterize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-election <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1196"><w DT0>Both <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>five-party <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rabbie <w NP0>Namaliu <c PUL>(<w NN1>PP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>three-party <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Paias <w NP0-NN1>Wingti <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>negotiated <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>without <w VVG>showing <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>undue <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>stress<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>both <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>groupings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1197"><w CJS>When <w NN2>nominations <w VVD>closed <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,653 <w NN2>candidates <c PUL>(<w CRD>40 <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w CRD>109 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1198"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest <w NN1>number <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>constituency <w VBD>was <w CRD>40<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>Sinasina-Youngumgi <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Highlands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1199"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="1200"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w DT0>fewer <w CJS>than <w CRD>10 <w NN0>MPs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>for <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>celebrated <w NN1>case <w VVN-VVD>involved <w DT0>former <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ted <w NP0>Diro <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38534-35<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1201"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AJ0>persistent <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Pora<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>improperly <w VVN>approved <w AJ0>large <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>money <w PRP>for <w AJ0>private <w NN1>use <w PRP>by <w NN0>MPs<c PUN>.
<s n="1202"><w NN2>Wingti <w VVD>vowed<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>initiate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>thorough <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>charges <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>prosecute <w CJC>and <w VVI>imprison <w DT0>all <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN2>practices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1203"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>four <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w PNX>himself <w VVD-AJ0>secured <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>Kokopo <w NN1>constituency <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>358 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="1204"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>trailing <w CRD>1,600 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>behind <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>candidate <w NN1-NP0>Oscar <w NN1-NP0>Tammur <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>count<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>secured <w NN1>victory <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexplained <w NN1>power <w NN1>blackout <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>boxes <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>processed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1205"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1206"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1207"><w NN1>Corruption <w NN2>cases <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN2>lands <w VVZ>claims <w NN1>precedent
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1208"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>South <w NP0>Wales
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1209"><w NP0>Nick <w NP0>Greiner<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>South <w NP0>Wales<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1210"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>came <w CRD>five <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>finding <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>Against <w NN1>Corruption<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Greiner <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>instances <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>by <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w NN2>administrations<c PUN>.
<s n="1211"><w NN1-NP0>Greiner <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN2>Relations <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Fahey<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1212"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>found <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Greiner <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w AV0>improperly <w PRP>in <w VVG>sanctioning <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Terry <w NP0>Metherell<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>well-paid <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>service <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Authority<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w VVD>required <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w DPS>his <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="1213"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Greiner <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>its <w AJ0>tiny <w NN1>majority <w PRP>because of <w NP0>Metherell<w POS>'s <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w VVB>sit <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>independent<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVD>recovered <w DPS>its <w NN1>position <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>by-election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Metherell<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>seat<c PUN>.
<s n="1214"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>outcry <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NN1-NP0>Greiner <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-corruption <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1215"><w AV0>Initially <w NP0-NN1>Greiner <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VHD>had <w VVN>constituted <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>challenge <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w DPS>his <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="1216"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>independents <w PNQ>who <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislature <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02W>
<s n="1217"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>state <w NN1>Premier
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1218"><w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Burke<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>ALP <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>obtaining <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>A&dollar;17,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;12,800<c PUR>) <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>expenses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1219"><w CJS>As <w NN1>state <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>between <w CRD>1983 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w NP0>Burke <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>strategy <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia <w AJ0-VVD>Incorporated <w NN1>&mdash;a <w NN1>partnership <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>entrepreneurs<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>dollars <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>money <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="1220"><w PRP>After <w VVG>giving <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>Premiership<c PUN>, <w NP0>Burke <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>because of <w AJ0-VVG>emerging <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1221"><w AT0>The <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Burke <w VVD>followed <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0>Parker<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>came <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>associates<c PUN>, <w AJ0>bankrupt <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>tycoon <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Bond <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38917<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02X>
<s n="1222"><w AJ0>Legal <w NN1>precedent <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN1>land <w NN1-VVB>claim
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1223"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN1>land <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>overturning <w AT0>the <w NN1>notion <w PRF>of <w NN1>terra <w NN1>nullius <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;the <w NN1>concept <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VVN>deemed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>continent <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unoccupied <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>18th <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="1224"><w AT0>The <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w NN1>terra <w NN1>nullius <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN2>groups <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1225"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Miriam <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Murray <w NP0>Islands <c PUL>(<w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Torres <w NN1>Strait <w NN1>group<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>retained <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>land <w PRP>under <w AJ0>common <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="1226"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>restricted <w DPS>its <w NN1>judgment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Murrays<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>native <w NN1>title<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VVI>exist <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CJS>where <w DT0>such <w NN2>rights <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>extinguished <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1227"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pre-1788 <w NN1>land <w NN1>claim <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRF>of <w AJ0>immense <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>significance<c PUN>.
<s n="1228"><w AJ0>Galarrwuy <w NN1-NP0>Yunupingu<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>aboriginal <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>Lands <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>face <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>barrage <w PRF>of <w NN1>litigation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>unless <w PNP>it <w VVD>moved <w AV0>quickly <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>aborigines<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1229"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1230"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1231"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="1232"><w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1233"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>decree<c PUN>, <w VVG>paving <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1234"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-military <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w VVN>offered <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w NN2>moves <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w AV0>gradually <w VVN>weakened <w PRP>after <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w DPS>their <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1236"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w VVN>marked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>turnaround <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN2>events <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38894-95<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1237"><w AT0>The <w NN1>change <w VBD>was <w VVN>facilitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>reappointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Anand <w NP0>Panyarachun<c PUN>, <w CRD>59<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w NP0>Adulyadej<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1238"><w AT0>A <w NN1>businessman <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>diplomat<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anand <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38099<c PUN>; <w CRD>38816<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1239"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arthit <w NP0-NN1>Urairat<c PUN>.
<s n="1240"><w NP0>Anand <w VBD>was <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chief <w PRP>among <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>, <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN1>crackdown<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1242"><w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>sought <w NN1>sanctuary <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN0>barracks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w NP0>Anand<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>seek <w NN1>re-election<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>objectives <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>allotted <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN1>sector <w PRP>in <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AT0>the <w NN1>demilitarization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>disengage <w PRP>from <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2-VVZ>practices <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>headed <w AJ0>major <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stressed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLLCA02Y>
<s n="1245"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1246"><w NP0>Anand<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVD>unveiled <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVD>contained <w DT0>many <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NP0>February <w NP0>1991-March <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>perceived <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>non-aligned <w NN2>technocrats<c PUN>.
<s n="1247"><w AT0>The <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NN2>Police <w NP0>Gen. <w ITJ>Pow <w NP0-NN1>Sarasin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>General <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>Police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>well-known <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>respected <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Banchop <w NP0>Bunnak<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>uncontroversial <w NN1>figure <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>clean <w NN1>record<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA030></p>
<caption id=HLLCA030>
<s n="1249"><w VVB-NN1>Massacre <w NN1>inquiry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1250"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Supreme <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Air <w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Kaset <w NP0>Rojanani<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
<s n="1251"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w NP0>Noonpakdi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Anan <w NP0>Kalintha <c PUL>(<w NP0>Issarapong<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>government <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w NN1>committee <w VVG>inquiring <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w AJ0>military <w NN1>crackdown<c PUN>.
<s n="1252"><w AV0>Instead <w PNP>they <w VVD>submitted <w AJ0>written <w NN1>evidence <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>against <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>17-20 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>lawful<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVN>justified<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1253"><w VVN>Contained <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>submissions<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w AV0>inadvertently <w CJC>or <w AV0>otherwise<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>crush <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrations <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>17-20 <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1254"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>claimed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>brief <w VBD>was <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN2>facts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>case <w AVP>out <w PRP>against <w PNI>anyone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1255"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>nullification <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w NN1>decree <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>committed <w NN2>offences <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Suchinda<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1256"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1257"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1258"><w NN1>Leasing <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tin <w NP0-NN1>Bigha <w NN1>corridor
</head>
<p>
<s n="1259"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>999-year <w NN1>lease <w PRP>by <w NP0>India <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1.5 <w NN1>hectare <w NN1>Tin <w NP0-NN1>Bigha <w NN1>corridor <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1260"><w NP0>Bangladesh <w AV0>thereby <w VVN-VVD>gained <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>Moslem-populated <w NN2>enclaves <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dahagram-Angarpota<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bengal <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cooch <w NP0-NN1>Behar <w NN1>district<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1261"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leasing <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w AT0>a <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w VVG>dating <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>partition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bengal <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN2>sections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1947<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>formally <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>between <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bangladesh <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>26572<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1262"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tin <w NP0-NN1>Bigha <w NN1>corridor <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>pocket <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>Hindus <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>enclave <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kuchlibari<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>contiguous <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bengal<c PUN>.
<s n="1263"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lease <w VDD>did <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>residents <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w NN1>Tin <w NN1-NP0>Bigha <w PRP>into <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w VHD>had <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>generated <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>among <w AJ0>local <w NN2>Hindus<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>through <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>court <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w CJS>until <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w NN1-AJ0>constitutional<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1264"><w AJ0>Violent <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-accord <w NN2>activists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>weeks <w VVG>preceding <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>protesters <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA031></p>
<caption id=HLLCA031>
<s n="1265"><w CRD>1992/93 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1266"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992/93 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>were <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Saifur <w NP0>Rahman <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1267"><w AJ0>Gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coming <w NN1>year <w VBD>was <w VVN>forecast <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1268"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD-AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>total <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w UNC>taka182,900 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;4,700 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1269"><w NN1>Development <w NN1>spending <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>taka86,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVG>exceeding <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total <w PRP>for <w AJ0>recurrent <w NN1>expenditure <c PUL>(<w PRP>up <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w UNC>taka85,500 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1270"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>anticipated <w NN1>revenue <w PRF>of <w UNC>taka105,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w UNC>taka77,300 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w NN1>Wealth <w NN1>creation <w NN2>measures <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>scrapping <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1>money <w VVN>repatriated <w PRP>from <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1272"><w AT0>The <w AJS>biggest <w AJ0>current <w NN1>expenditure <w NN1>allocation <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>up <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w UNC>taka15,900 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>spending <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>taka13,800 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA032></p>
<caption id=HLLCA032>
<s n="1274"><w AJ0>Nationwide <w NN2>strikes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1275"><w CRD>Four <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>at least <w CRD>200 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chittagong <w PRP>during <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w CRD>21 <w VVN>called <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gholam <w NP0-NN1>Azam<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN2>crimes <w VVN>committed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>1971 <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1276"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1277"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1278"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1279"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <w VVD>won <w CRD>77 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w CRD>56 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>75 <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>council <w NN2>districts<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><w NN1>Congress <w VM0>would <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>posts <w PRF>of <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w NN1>vice-president <w PRP>in <w CRD>39 <w NN2>districts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1281"><w NN1>District <w NN2>councils <w VVD>controlled <w CRD>73 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>funds <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>unrest <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>opposition-organized <w NN2-VVZ>strikes <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>provoked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>hardship<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VVN>blamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nepali <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA033></p>
<caption id=HLLCA033>
<s n="1283"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1284"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>delegation <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nepal <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13 <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w AJ0>11-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>China <w DTQ>which <w NN2>participants <w VVN>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>successful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1285"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1286"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1287"><w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w CJC>and <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>by-elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1288"><w NN2>By-elections <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>19 <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN2>incidents <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1289"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>prestigious <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN1>seat <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>candidate <w NP0-NN1>Rajesh <w NP0-NN1>Khanna<c PUN>.
<s n="1290"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>film <w NN1>star<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khanna <w VHD>had <w VVN>contested <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38286-88<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>losing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader <w NP0>L. <w NP0>K. <w NP0-NN1>Advani<c PUN>.
<s n="1291"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Advani <w VVD>chose <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w DT0>another <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AV0>simultaneously <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gujarat<c PUN>.
<s n="1292"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>by-election<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khanna <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w NN1>candidate <w NP0>Shatrugan <w NP0>Sinha<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1293"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Giridih <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bihar<c PUR>) <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w NN1>seat <w VBD>was <w VVN>retained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jharkand <w NP0>Mukti <w NP0>Morcha<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1294"><w PRP>In <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>by-elections <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVD>suffered <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kerala <w CJC>and <w NP0>Goa<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>made <w DT0>some <w NN2>gains <w PRP>in <w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bihar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Karnataka<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w CJC>and <w NN1>West <w NP0>Bengal<c PUN>.
<s n="1295"><w AT0>The <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>gained <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madhya <w NP0>Pradesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Orissa<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA034></p>
<caption id=HLLCA034>
<s n="1296"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1297"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>won <w CRD>10 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>contested <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN1>biennial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rajya <w NP0>Sabha <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CRD>six <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>B<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w DT0>each <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Samajwadi <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>A<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shiv <w NP0>Sena <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA035></p>
<caption id=HLLCA035>
<s n="1298"><w NN1>Government <w NN1-VVB>switch <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Gujarat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1299"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Gujarat <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chimanbhai <w NP0>Patel<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w DT0>all <w CRD>65 <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>G<c PUR>) <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>other<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVG>swelling <w DPS>its <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>182-seat <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>from <w CRD>32 <w PRP>to <w CRD>98<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA036></p>
<caption id=HLLCA036>
<s n="1300"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1301"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVD>estimated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>total <w NN2>losses <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38913<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w UNC>Rs31,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,200 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1302"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>funds <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>diverted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system <w PRP>through<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>collusion<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w NN2>brokers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w NP0>Harshad <w NP0>Mehta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>financier <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN2>securities <w VVB-NN1>account<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as if <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DPS>his<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>investment <w NN1-VVB>account<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1303"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NN1>M. <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Goiporia <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>named <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>advised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>on <w NN1>holiday<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1304"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>prompted <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manmohan <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="1305"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>cover-up <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP-CJS>after <w DT0>some <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>MPs <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w CRD>four <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>involved<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA037></p>
<caption id=HLLCA037>
<s n="1306"><w AJ0>Related <w NN2>arrests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1307"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w CRD>19 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Mehta<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UK-based <w AJ0-NN1>Standard <w AJ0-VVD>Chartered <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="1308"><w NP0-NN1>Mehta<w POS>'s <w NN2>assets<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>individuals <w CJC>and <w NN2>companies <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>seized <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>frozen <w AT0>the <w NN2>assets <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>bank <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w AJ0-NN1>Standard <w AJ0-VVD>Chartered <w VVD-VVN>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>launching <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>in <w NP0>India <w TO0>to <w VVI>recover <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;299,800,000 <w VVN>lost <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA038></p>
<caption id=HLLCA038>
<s n="1310"><w NN1>Compensation <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bhopal <w NN1>disaster <w NN2>victims
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1311"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>ended <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>wrangling <w PRP>over <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>fixed <w NN2>payments <w PRP>for <w NN2>relatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhopal <w NN1>gas <w NN1>disaster <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1984 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33647-48<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA039><ptr target=HLLCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLLCA039>
<s n="1312"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA03A>
<s n="1313"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>donors
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1314"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Aid-to-India <w NN1>consortium <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>donor <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enhanced <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;7,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN0>&dollar;3,400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fast-disbursing <w NN1>assistance <w CJS>as <w NN2>balance-of-payments <w VVB-NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="1315"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nominal <w NN2>terms <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>allocation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38439<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1316"><w AJ0>Domestic <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="1317"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>unions <w VVG>representing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>15,000,000 <w NN2>workers <w VVN>called <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-day <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>since <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38682<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1318"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>official <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Narmada <w NP0>River <w NN1>irrigation <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>World <w NN1-AJ0>Bank-commissioned <w NN1>study<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<w POS>'s <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>tribal <w NN1>population<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03B><ptr target=HLLCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03B>
<s n="1319"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA03C>
<s n="1320"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1321"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22-26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1322"><w PRP>Despite <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>withhold <w NN1>aid <w PRP>pending <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38727<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rao <w VVD>secured <w NN2>pledges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;850 <w CRD>million <w NN1>&mdash;a <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>allocation <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;500,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>aid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03D>
<s n="1323"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>non-proliferation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1324"><w NP0>Indo-US <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>non-proliferation <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Asia <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>.
<s n="1325"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>touched <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>space-related <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w VVG>restricting <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>missile <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1326"><w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w NN1>testing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Orissa <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>29 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>Agni <w AJ0>intermediate <w NN1>range <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN1>missile <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRBM<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>terse <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>regret<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1327"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>test <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36674<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1328"><w NN2>Plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indo-Russian <w NN1-VVB>venture <w TO0>to <w VVI>manufacture <w CJC>and <w VVI>export <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>anticipated <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>State <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Gennady <w NP0-NN1>Burbulis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Drukov<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1329"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1330"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1331"><w NN1>Army <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind
</head>
<p>
<s n="1332"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>600 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w CRD>33 <w VVN-VVD>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intensive <w NN1>army <w NN1>operation <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>controlling <w AT0>the <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>banditry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>violence <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>swept <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRP>since <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1333"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>) <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>fear <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large-scale <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983<c PUR>) <w VVD>signalled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,000 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1334"><w PRP>By <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVB>close <w AJ0>political <w NN2>aides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto <w VBD>were <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w VVG>putting <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>reign <w PRF>of <w NN1>terror<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN1>rival<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sind-based <w NP0-NN1>Mohajir <w NP0>Qaumi <w NP0>Mahaz <c PUL>(<w NP0>MQM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1335"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w VHD>had <w VVN>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>request <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sind <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order <w PRP>under <w NN1>Article <w CRD>147 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>guaranteed <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>supremacy<c PUN>.
<s n="1336"><w AT0>The <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>deployment <w PRP>under <w DT0>this <w NN1>article <w VVD-VVN>ended <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>wrangling<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AJ0>wide <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN2-VVZ>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <w PRP>under <w NN1>Article <w CRD>245 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1337"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>decision <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>due to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>MQM<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>beleaguered <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>.
<s n="1338"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MQM <w VBD>was <w AV0>allegedly <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AJ0>endemic <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1339"><w NN2>Misgivings <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>directed <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN2>opponents <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w AJ0>military <w NN1>custody <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Sindhi <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Yusuf <w NP0-NN1>Jakhrani<c PUN>.
<s n="1340"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-Sindhi <w NN1>crusade <w VVD-VVN>intensified <w AV0>further <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>army <w NN2>commanders<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>other<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reported <w NN1>massacre <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>Sindhi <w NN2>villagers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1341"><w AT0>The <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>extending <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>to <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w AV0>traditionally <w AT0>the <w NP0>MQM<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>stronghold<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w PRP>after <w NN1>gun <w NN2>battles <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MQM <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karachi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sind<c PUN>.
<s n="1342"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>50 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MQM<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>its <w NN1>vice-president <w NP0-NN1>Salim <w NP0>Shahzad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>arms <w NN2>caches<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>uncovering <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>chambers<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>MQM <w TO0>to <w VVI>torture <w DPS>its <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1343"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Production<c PUN>, <w NN1>Islam <w NN1-NP0>Nabi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MQM<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN2>Times <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1344"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>13 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>violence <w PRP>between <w AJ0>militant <w NP0>Shias <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>extremist <w NN1>Sunni <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>Sipah-i-Sabahah-i-Pakistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SSP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lahore<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gilgit<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Jhang <w CJC>and <w NP0>Karachi <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03E>
<s n="1345"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1346"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>relentlessly <w VVG>harassing<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>its <w NN2>opponents <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <w PRP>through <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>police <w NN2>round-ups<c PUN>, <w NN2>detentions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>torture<c PUN>.
<s n="1347"><w PNP>It <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>600 <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37652-53<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1348"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>York-based <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w VVB-NN1>Watch<c PUN>, <w VVD>documented <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>state <w VVD-VVN>sanctioned <w NN1>violence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w AJ0>physical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>abuse <w PRP>by <w NN2>police<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03F><ptr target=HLLCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03F>
<s n="1349"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLLCA03G>
<s n="1350"><w NP0>Sharif<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1351"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sharif <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16-20<c PUN>.
<s n="1352"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w VHD>had <w VVN>centred <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>on <w NN2>issues <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>dispute <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>non-proliferation <w PRP>in <w NN1>south <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
<s n="1353"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03H>
<s n="1354"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>pact <w PRP>with <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1355"><w AT0>The <w NN1>signing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>pact <w PRP>between <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>committed <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>fields <w PRF>of <w NN1>research <w CJC>and <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN1>acquisition <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w NN2>systems <w CJC>and <w NN1>material<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1357"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>plant <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38631<c PUN>; <w CRD>38726<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>remote <w NN1>possibility<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>safeguards<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>provided <w NP0>India <w AV0>also <w VDZ>does <w AV0>so<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03J>
<s n="1358"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>India
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1359"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>paid <w UNC>US&dollar;27,000,000 <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>300-megawatt <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38684<c PUN>; <w CRD>38726<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1360"><w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w VVD-VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w AT0>a <w NN1>code <w PRF>of <w NN1>conduct <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>accredited <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>diplomats <w PRP>in <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1361"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>row <w VVN>precipitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reported <w NN1>abduction <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>diplomat <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>consul-general <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karachi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dinkar <w NP0>Shristava<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>persons <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1363"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1364"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1365"><w NN1-VVB>Transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>Presidency
</head>
<p>
<s n="1366"><w NP0-NN1>Burhanuddin <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>Sunni <w AJ0-NN1>Moslem <w NP0>Jamiat-i-Islami<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Seghbatullah <w NP0>Mujjaddedi<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Peshawar <w AJ0-NN1>power-sharing <w NN1>accord <w VVN>reached <w PRP>by <w CRD>seven <w NN1>Sunni <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet-backed <w NN1-NP0>Najibullah <w NN1>regime <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38847<c PUN>; <w CRD>38915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1367"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>still <w VVD>exerted <w AJ0>great <w NN1>influence <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1368"><w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w VVD>threatened <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w NN1>power <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>required <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VVD>branded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Khomeini-like <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>radical<c PUN>.
<s n="1369"><w NN2>Rabbani<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>violated <w AT0>the <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w PRP>by <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>Leadership <w NN1>Council <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>power <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
<s n="1370"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Mujjaddedi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamiat-i-Islami <w VHD>had <w VVN>censored <w AT0>the <w NN2>announcements <w CJC>and <w NN2>interviews <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>Jamiat-i-Islami <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Masud<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>controlling <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w NN2>actions <w CJC>and <w NN2>instructions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1371"><w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w VHD>had <w VVN>proposed <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>IJC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w DT0>Many <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>abroad <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mujjaddedi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>group <w PRP>as well as <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>influential <w AJ0-NN1>Sufi <w NN1>brotherhood<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w VVG>stepping <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>return <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w DPS>his <w NN1>continuation <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03K>
<s n="1373"><w NN1>Broadening <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>IJC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1374"><w AT0>The <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sunni-dominated <w NN1-NP0>IJC <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>broadened <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w NP0>Shia <w AJ0>Moslem <w NP0>Wahdat-i-Islami<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>Iranian-backed <w NN2>parties <w AV0>previously <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security<c PUN>.
<s n="1375"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ittehad-i-Islami<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Saudi-backed <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w AJ0-NN1>Wahhabi <w NN1>Sunni <w NN1>group <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abdur <w NP0>Rab <w NP0>Rasool <w NP0-NN1>Sayyaf<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>fighters <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>street <w NN2>battles <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Wahdat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2-6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1376"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>tentative <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7 <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w DT0>this <w AJS>latest <w NN1>bout <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>400-500 <w NN2>others <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w NN1>rocket <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>mortar <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>densely <w VVN-AJ0>populated <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AV0>upwards of <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>as <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>added <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>hatred <w PRP>to <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>rivalry <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>seizing <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w VVD>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>identity <w NN2>cards <w VVG>denoting <w DPS>their <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Ittehad <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pashtuns<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NP0>Wahdat <w VVD>consisted <w AV0>mainly <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hazaras<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>minority<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VVN>migrated <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kabul <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w NN1>poverty<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1379"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>detainees <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>badly <w VVN-AJ0>beaten<c PUN>.
<s n="1380"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>tried <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w TO0>to <w VVI>separate <w AT0>the <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>using <w AJ0>loyal <w NN0>militia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1381"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1-NP0>Uzbek <w NN1>leader <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fought <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w NN1>regime <w CJS>until <w AJ0-VVG>switching <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Masud <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38847<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w AV0>still <w VVD-VVN>commanded <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w NN0>militia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>factions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w NN2>hostilities<c PUN>.
<s n="1382"><w AVQ>However <w DPS>his <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>opponent <w NP0-NN1>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Saudi-backed <w NN1>Sunni <w AJ0>hardline <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w VVG>signing <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Masud <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1383"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN1>artillery <w AV0>still <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
<s n="1384"><w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w NN0>media <w NN2>correspondents <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NN2>men <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rocket <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1385"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1386"><w NP0>KAZAKHSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1387"><w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1388"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>debate <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh <w NN1>Radio <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>energetic <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>interested<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1389"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>for <w AJ0>public <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w VVN>Drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w NN1>commission <w PRP>under <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVD>stipulated <w AT0>a <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>with <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w AT0>The <w NN1>clause <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN1>language <w VVD>provoked <w AJ0>heated <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
<s n="1392"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVG>denoting <w AJ0>Russian <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>language <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inter-ethnic <w NN1>communication <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36898<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03L>
<s n="1393"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>demonstrations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1394"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>protesters <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building<c PUN>, <w VVG>forcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="1395"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-NP0>Azat<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jeltoksan <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>expropriation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w NN2>assets <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1396"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w VVD>reported <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w AJ0>special <w NN2>police <c PUL>(<w NP0>OMON<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1397"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Yerik <w NP0>Asanbayev <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w CRD>85 <w NN2>deputies <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AJ0>reserved <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37323<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03M>
<s n="1398"><w NN1>Economy <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Miners<w POS>' <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1399"><w PRP>From <w NP0>June <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NN1>energy <w NN2>prices <w VBD>were <w VVN>raised <w TO0>to <w VVI>equate <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="1400"><w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>losing <w CRD>150,000,000 <w NN2>roubles <w AV0>daily <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>May <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>difference <w PRP>between <w DPS>its <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w NN1-NP0>Price <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>foods <w VBD>were <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1402"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>32-day <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Karaganda <w NN1>coal <w NN2>fields <w VVG>involving <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>miners <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w PRP>with <w NN1>agreement <w CJT>that <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>production <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w VVB>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w NN2>miners<w POS>' <w NN1>work <w NN2>collectives<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1403"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1404"><w NP0>TAJIKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1405"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NN1>south
</head>
<p>
<s n="1406"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan<w POS>'s <w NP0>Kurgan-Tyube <w NN1-VVB>oblast <c PUL>(<w NN1>region<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD>claimed <w CRD>35 <w NN2>lives <w CJC>and <w VVD>left <w CRD>56 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>figures <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1407"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>suppressed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aid <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops <c PUL>(<w NP0>OMON<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rakhmon <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>compelled <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>refused <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kurgan-Tyube<w POS>'s <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN1-NP0>Kulyab <w NN1-VVB>oblast <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Khodjent <w NN1-VVB>oblast <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w NN1>&mdash;see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38916<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1408"><w NN2>Rallies <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>united <w NN1>bloc <w PRF>of <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w NP0>Nabiyev<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Nabiyev <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Khodjent <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kulyab <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Narzullo <w NP0>Dustov <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>chair <w NP0-NN1>Sarafali <w NP0>Kenjayev<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w VVN>deposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w VVG>co-operating <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="1410"><w NP0>Nabiyev<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>touring <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w PRP>after <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>mudslide <w NN2>disasters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1411"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>short-lived <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nabiyev <w TO0>to <w VVI>suppress <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38916<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>staffed <w AV0>largely <w PRP>by <w NN2>men <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w AV0>now <w VVG>resisting <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w CJC>and <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender <w DPS>their <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="1412"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w VVD>instructed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w NN2>measures <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;the <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Moskovskiye <w NN2>novosti <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1413"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1414"><w NP0>TURKMENISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1415"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1416"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>candidate <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saparmurad <w NP0>Niyazov<c PUN>.
<s n="1417"><w AJ0>Initial <w NN2>results <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>at <w CRD>99.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Niyazov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>assumed <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1418"><w NP0>Niyazov <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w CJS>until <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w ORD>25th <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD>became <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>.
<s n="1419"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37788<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37195<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03N>
<s n="1420"><w AJ0>Joint <w NN2>forces <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1421"><w NP0>Niyazov <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ashkhabad <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1422"><w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>out of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>units <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>under <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>Turkmen <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>command<c PUN>.
<s n="1423"><w NN1>Maintenance <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>financing <w NN2>arrangements <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w VVG>dividing <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1424"><w NN1>Air <w NN1>force <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1425"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w NP0>Niyazov <w VVD>decreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w NN2>conscripts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>Turkmen <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>should <w VVI>serve <w PRP>for <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w PRP>with <w AJC>higher <w NN1>education<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w NP0>Turkmen <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w NP0>KGB<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w ORD>first <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Border <w NN1>District<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03P>
<s n="1427"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1428"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iranian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38917<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w AT0>a <w NN1>gas <w NN1>pipeline <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>via <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>(<w AJ0>existing <w NN2>pipelines <w VVD>ran <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>banking <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1429"><w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;50,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>import <w NN1>credit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>import <w PRF>of <w CRD>150,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>diesel <w NN1>oil <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>.
<s n="1430"><w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>on <w NN1>oil <w NN1>exploration <w CJC>and <w VVG>refining <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>offshore <w NN1>oil <w NN1>extraction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caspian <w NN1>sea <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>suffering <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>because of <w NN2>shortages <w PRF>of <w AV0>hitherto <w AV0>centrally <w VVN-VVD>supplied <w NN2>materials<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1431"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1432"><w NP0-NN1>KIRGIZSTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1433"><w AT0>A <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>developed <w PRP>with <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>advice <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w NN1>programme <w VVD>included <w AJC>lower <w NN1>budget <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w AJC>tighter <w NN1>credit <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>co-ordinated <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w AJ0>accelerated <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1434"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1435"><w DT0>FORMER <w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1436"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN1>activity <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war
</head>
<p>
<s n="1437"><w AJ0>International <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>centred <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AV0>rapidly <w AJ0>deteriorating <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>on <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serb <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w PRP>to <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>siege <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="1438"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>Presidency <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>mobilization <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CRD>7,200 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30,000 <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w VVN>presumed <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>1,303,469 <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1439"><w NN2>Hopes <w VBD>were <w VVN>raised <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w AVQ>when <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lisbon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38942-43<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN-VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-hour <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadzic<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1440"><w PRP>By <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>achieved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>lull <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>flights <w PRP>with <w NN1>relief <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>attacks <w VVD-VVN>intensified<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w VVD>closed <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1441"><w AJ0>UN-sponsored <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>) <w NN1>leadership <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombardment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarajevo <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>.
<s n="1442"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NP0>Serb <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cede <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in return for <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>forces <w VHG>having <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Tito <w NN0>barracks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>siege <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="1443"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>UNPROFOR <c PUL>(<w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38849<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>convoy <w PRP>from <w NP0>Belgrade <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NP0>Sarajevo <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1444"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>government <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1445"><w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>deny <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NP0>Serb <w NN2-VVZ>attacks<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w NN1-VVG>shelling <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>14 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>crowded <w PRP>with <w NN0>people <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>lull <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1446"><c PUL>(<w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>short-lived <w NN2>ceasefires <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLLCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03R>
<s n="1447"><w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN1>deployment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1448"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w VVN-AJ0>mandated <w CRD>1,000 <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w TO0>to <w VVI>redeploy <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>airport<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1449"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Croatia <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>completely <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>supposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>full <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0-NN1>Krajina<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NP0>RSK <w VVG>&mdash;comprising <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVN>deployed <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>demarcation <w NN1>line <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
<s n="1450"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>Monitor <w NN1>Mission <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECMM<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>base <w PNX>itself <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>RSK <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Knin<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03S>
<s n="1451"><w NP0>EC <w NN2>negotiations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1452"><w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Carrington<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w PNX>himself<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>disappointed<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>concerned<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>Presidents <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Strasbourg <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>restart <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03T>
<s n="1453"><w NP0>CSCE
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1454"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>ambassador <w NP0>Vladimir <w NN1>Pavicevic <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVG>complaining <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>one-sided <w CJC>and <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN1>approach<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03U>
<s n="1455"><w NP0-NN1>ICO <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1456"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>population <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38987<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Haris <w NN1>Siladzic <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w CJC>and <w VVD>asked <w NP0-NN1>ICO <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>sever <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="1457"><w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w CJC>and <w NP0>Egypt <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03V>
<s n="1458"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>, <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1459"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>its <w NN1>formation <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>proceeded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>President <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-June<c PUN>.
<s n="1460"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>confrontational<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>international <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>prompted <w AJ0>new <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03W>
<s n="1461"><w NP0>FRY <w NN1>election <w NN2>results <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1462"><w NN2>Results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>bicameral <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AV0>separately <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <w PRP>alongside <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38919<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1463"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>138-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens <c PUL>(<w CRD>108 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w NN1>system <w PRP>by <w NN2>constituencies <w CJC>and <w DT0>half <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>system <w PRP>by <w NN1>party <w NN2>lists<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w CRD>30 <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w PRP>by <w NN1>constituency <w CJC>and <w CRD>24 <w AV0>proportionally<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <c PUL>(<w NN2>SPS<c PUR>) <w VVD>gained <w CRD>73 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN2>Socialists <w PRF>of <w NP0>Montenegro <w CRD>23<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SRS<c PUR>) <w CRD>33<c PUN>; <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w NP0>Communists-Movement <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w CRD>two<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vojvodina <w NP0>Magyars <c PUL>(<w NP0>DZVM<c PUR>) <w CRD>two<c PUN>; <w NN2>independents <w CRD>three<c PUN>; <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats <w PRP>for <w NP0>Serbia <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <c PUL>(<w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w AJ0>second-round <w NN2>polls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN1>assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1464"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens <w VVN>elected <w NN1-NP0>Jugoslav <w NN1>Kostic <c PUL>(<w VVG>representing <w NP0>Vojvodina <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>Presidency<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1465"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>40-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics <c PUL>(<w CRD>20 <w NN2>seats <w DT0>each <w PRP>for <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUR>) <w NN2>deputies <w VBD>were <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>Assemblies<c PUN>.
<s n="1466"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0>Milos <w NN1-AJ0>Radulovic <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1467"><w AT0>The <w NN2>SPS <w VVD>took <w CRD>93 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>120 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vojvodina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1468"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>like <w NP0>Vojvodina <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>administered <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>province <w PRP>within <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>130-member<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Assembly<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>24 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38919<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG>proceeding <w CJS>because <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>surrounded <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>arrested <w DT0>several <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="1469"><w NP0>Kosovo <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>refused <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>dialogue <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>guaranteed<c PUN>.
<s n="1470"><c PUL>(<w NN2>Seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>distributed <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w CRD>96<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>Party <w CRD>13<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>seven<c PUN>; <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Party <w CRD>seven<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Party <w CRD>four<c PUN>; <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <w CRD>one<c PUN>; <w NN2>independents <w CRD>two<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLLCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03X>
<s n="1471"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1472"><w NN1-NP0>Dobrica <w NN1>Cosic<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>writer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>President <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1473"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NP0>Serb<c PUN>, <w NN1>Cosic <w VBD>was <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38848<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1474"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>as of <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLLCA03Y>
<s n="1475"><w NN1>Impact <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>in <w NP0>FRY
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w AJ0-VVN>UN-imposed <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <w AV0>also <w VVN>joined<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38918<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w NN1>Petrol <w VBD>was <w VVN>rationed <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <c PUL>(<w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia<w POS>'s <w NN1>energy <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>imported<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>limiting <w NN1>consumption <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>controlling <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy <w VBD>were <w VVN>introduced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1478"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>public <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>from <w CRD>120 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1479"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w CRD>85 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>dinar<c PUN>; <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=200 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>dinars<c PUN>.
<s n="1480"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>banknotes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA040></p>
<caption id=HLLCA040>
<s n="1481"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Serbia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1482"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Depos<c PUR>) <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1483"><w NN2>Depos <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Renaissance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DS<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Democracy-Movement <w PRP>for <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1484"><w NN2>Protests <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w CJS>as <w NN2>students <w VVD-VVN>staged <w AJ0>anti-Milosevic <w NN2>marches<c PUN>.
<s n="1485"><w NN2>Students <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belgrade <w NN1>University <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>supported <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>teaching <w NN0>staff<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1486"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN2>SPS <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w AVQ>when <w CRD>10 <w NN2>SPS <w NN2>deputies <w VVN-VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
<s n="1487"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>government <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>by <w CRD>102 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1488"><w VVB-NN1>Crown <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Aleksandar <w NN1>Karadjordjevic<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w VVD>attended <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>St <w NP0>Vitus <w NP0>Day <w NN1>Assembly<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1489"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NP0>Milosevic <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>100,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA041></p>
<caption id=HLLCA041>
<s n="1490"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1491"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Macedonian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Denko <w NP0-NN1>Malevski <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Greek <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Constantine <w NP0>Mitsotakis <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>under <w NP0>EC <w NN2>auspices <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>their <w NN2>disagreements <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>.
<s n="1492"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38942-43<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>satisfy <w NP0>Greece<w POS>'s <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Macedonia <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>refused<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Malevski <w VVD>resigned<c PUN>.
<s n="1494"><c PUL>(<w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mitsotakis <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Milosevic <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Yugoslav-Greek <w NN1>confederation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLLCA042></p>
<caption id=HLLCA042>
<s n="1495"><w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1496"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1497"><w VVB>Jure <w NP0>Pelivan <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Minister-designate<c PUN>.
<s n="1498"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pelivan<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1499"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w PRP>after <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>banned <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>court <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>developed <w PRP>into <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>classic <w NN1>terrorist <w NN1>organization<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Renaissance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1500"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VHD>had <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN>brought <w NP0-NN1>Nenad <w NN1>Kecmanovic <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Mirko <w NN1>Pejanovic<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Serb <w NN1>nation<c PUN>, <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA043></p>
<caption id=HLLCA043>
<s n="1501"><w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1502"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>Presidents <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>envisaged<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>military <w NN2>efforts<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>enemy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1503"><w NP0>Izetbegovic <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Croatia <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>so <w AV0>far<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVN>considered <w AT0>an <w NN1>aggressor <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>for <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mostar<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Dubrovnik <w VHD>had <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN>come <w AV0>under <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>shelling <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>29<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1505"><w NP0-NN1>Mate <w NP0-NN1>Boban<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDZ<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>HVO <w AJ0-NN1>&mdash;Bosnian <w NN2>Croats<w POS>' <w AJ0>military <w NN1>body<c PUR>) <w VVD>controlled <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Croat-inhabited <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>canton <w NN1>system <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA044></p>
<caption id=HLLCA044>
<s n="1506"><w VVB-NN1>Delay <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>currency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1507"><w AT0>The <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<w POS>'s <w NN1>currency <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>proceed <w CJS>as <w VVN>planned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1508"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w VVD>denied <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w AT0>a <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN2>dinars <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="1509"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>Croatian-controlled <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>dinar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38685<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>use<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLLCA045><s n="1510"><w VVB>Jure <w NP0>Pelivan <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Hakija <w AJ0-NN1>Turajlic <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w VVB-NN1>Miodrag <w AJ0-NN1>Simovic <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NP0-NN1>Zlatko <w NP0-NN1>Lagumdzija <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Jerko <w NP0-NN1>Doko <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Haris <w AJ0>Silajdzic <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB>Jusuf <w NP0>Pusina <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NP0-NN1>Zarko <w NP0-NN1>Primorac <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<caption id=HLLCA045>
<s n="1511"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w NN1>government
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1512"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1513"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1514"><w NP0-NN1>Berisha<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>USA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1515"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Berisha <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15-21 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>promise <w PRF>of <w PRP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;60,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w NN0>&dollar;35,000,000 <w AV0>already <w VVN>promised <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1516"><w NP0-NN1>Berisha <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w VVD>told <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w NP0>Albania <w AV0>fully <w VVN-VVD>supported <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in spite of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>high <w NN1>cost <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1517"><w AT0>The <w NP0>April <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w AV0>principally <w PRP>for <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>promised <w NN2>deliveries <w PRF>of <w NN1>cotton <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>raw <w NN1>material <w PRP>for <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w NN1>textile <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>sector<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA046></p>
<caption id=HLLCA046>
<s n="1518"><w AJ0>Public <w NN2>hangings
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1519"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>brothers <w PRP>aged <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w CRD>24 <w VBD>were <w VVN>hanged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>square <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fier<c PUN>, <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1520"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>murders<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>entered <w AT0>a <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>villagers <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>clubbed <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w CRD>five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
<s n="1521"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>execution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Albania <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1522"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1523"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1524"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>referendum <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Currency <w NN1>reform
</head>
<p>
<s n="1525"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>elaborated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38420<c PUN>; <w CRD>38585<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>system <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="1526"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>president <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>presidents <w AV0>thereafter <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Riigikogu <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w AT0>The <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1>date <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>set<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1528"><w NN1>Eligibility <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w VVN>remained <w AJ0>controversial<c PUN>.
<s n="1529"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN2>citizens <w AV0>over <w CRD>18 <w VBD>were <w AJ0>eligible<c PUN>, <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>place <w PRF>of <w NN1>residence<c PUN>.
<s n="1530"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>added <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>proposal <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>53 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUR>) <w VVG>allowing <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>election <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>citizenship <w NN1-VVB>issue <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38880<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA047></p>
<caption id=HLLCA047>
<s n="1531"><w NN1>Currency <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1532"><w PRP>From <w NP0>June <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>kroon <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1-AJ0>tender <w PRP>in <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1533"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency <w VBD>was <w VVN>pegged <w PRP>to <w PRP>within <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM1=8 <w NN1>kroon<c PUN>.
<s n="1534"><w NP0>Estonia<w POS>'s <w NN2>residents <w VBD>were <w AJ0>able <w AV0>initially <w TO0>to <w VVI>convert <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>to <w NN1>kroon <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w UNC>roubles=1 <w NN1>kroon<c PUN>.
<s n="1535"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Tiit <w NP0-NN1>Vahi <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Shokhin<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN2>payments <w VVG-NN1>clearing <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1536"><w AT0>The <w NN1>kroon <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w NN1>gold <w VVN-VVD>retrieved <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="1537"><w NN1>Rouble <w NN1>zone <w NN1>banking <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tallinn <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clearing <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA048></p>
<caption id=HLLCA048>
<s n="1538"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1539"><w NP0>Olari <w NP0>Taal<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Construction <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Economics <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0-NN1>Heido <w NP0-NN1>Vitsur<c PUN>.
<s n="1540"><w NP0>Jaan <w NP0-NN1>Kabin <w VVD>took <w NP0>Taal<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1541"><w NP0-NN1>Ulo <w NP0>Uluots<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1542"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1543"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1544"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>issues
</head>
<p>
<s n="1545"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jozsef <w NP0-NN1>Torgyan <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w NN2>Smallholders<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FKgP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NN1>party <w NN1>membership <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Bela <w NP0>Nemeth<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>thus <w VVD>assumed <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1546"><w NP0-NN1>Torgyan <w VVD>alerted <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>takeover<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>involved <w DPS>his <w VBG>being <w AV0>physically <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w NN1>party <w NN0>headquarters<c PUN>.
<s n="1547"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>35-member <w NN1>faction <w VVN-VVD>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>FKgP <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38777<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>denied <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>, <w VVG>admitting <w AV0>nevertheless <w DPS>their <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Torgyan<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="1548"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>began <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1549"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>factions <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>elected <w AJ0>new <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>: <w NP0>Geza <w NP0-NN1>Gimoti <w CJS>as <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Torgyan-led <w NP0>FKgP <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w NP0>Bela <w NP0>Nemeth<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Laszlo <w NP0>Horvath <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>breakaway <w NP0>FKgP <w AJ0>Historical <w NN1>Section<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1550"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Zoltan <w NP0>Kiraly <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1551"><w AV0>Kiraly <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orsz&aacute;ggy&uuml;l&eacute;s <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w ORD>first <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HSWP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1552"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NN1>MDF<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>but <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD-VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>MDF<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA049></p>
<caption id=HLLCA049>
<s n="1553"><w NN0>Media <w NN1-VVB>dispute
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1554"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w VVD-AJ0>ruled <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w AT0>a <w CRD>1974 <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVB>decree <w VVG>permitting <w NN1>government <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w NN0>media <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w VVG>suspending <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree<w POS>'s <w NN1>annulment <w PRP>until <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1555"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>precipitated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Arpad <w NP0>G&ouml;ncz<c PUN>.
<s n="1556"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NP0>G&ouml;ncz <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>Radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>Television <w NN2>Chairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Csaba <w NP0-NN1>Gombar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Elemer <w NP0-NN1>Hankiss<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w NP0>Antall<c PUN>.
<s n="1557"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hankiss <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>committee<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04A>
<s n="1558"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1559"><w NN1-NP0>Tibor <w NN1>Fuezessy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDNP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1560"><w AT0>The <w NN1>post <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>vacant <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38777<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04B>
<s n="1561"><w NN1>By-election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>seat <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kisber <c PUL>(<w NP0>Komarom-Esztergom <w NN1>county<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>vacant <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The <w NN1>seat <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gyoergy <w NP0-NN1>Keleti<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>68.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="1564"><w AT0>The <w NN1>MDF <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>came <w ORD>second <w PRP>with <w CRD>17.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1565"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1566"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1567"><w NN1>Referendum
</head>
<p>
<s n="1568"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w DT0>some <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in favour of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>withdrawal <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vytautas <w NP0>Landsbergis <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w PNX>himself<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-AJ0>satisfied<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04C>
<s n="1570"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>impasse <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>boycott
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1571"><w DT0>Any <w AJ0>firm <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislature <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Seimas<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>blocked <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>split <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>inquorate <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN2>boycotts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1572"><w AV0>Only <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w AJ0>present <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NN2>factions <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Landsbergis <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Gediminas <w NP0>Vagnorius <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Sajudis <w NN1>Coalition <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>quorum <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0>Vagnorius<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>tendered <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38927<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1574"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w AJ0>present <w AJ0>favoured <w AJ0-NN1>holding <w NP0>Seimas <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mixed <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w CJC>and <w NN1>majority <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1575"><c PUL>(<w DT0>This <w NN1>poll <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLLCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04D>
<s n="1576"><w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN1>department
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1577"><w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Zigmas <w NP0-NN1>Vaisvila<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vagnorius <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Department <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1578"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>other <w NN2>responsibilities <w VBD>were <w VVN>redistributed <w PRP>between <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>premiers<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1579"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1580"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1581"><w NN1-VVB>Fall <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Olszewski <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1582"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>4-5 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<c PUN>.
<s n="1583"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AV0>notably <w AJ0>high <w NN1>turnout <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w CRD>273 <w PRP>to <w CRD>119 <w PRP>with <w CRD>33 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1584"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w NN1-AJ0>Olszewski <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38685-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>in <w NN1>intensity <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38880-81<c PUN>; <w CRD>38921-22<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attempted <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN1>government <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian-Polish <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1585"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w NP0>Olszewski <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>broaden <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w NN1>base <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38881<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NN2>&mdash;discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NP0>Poland <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPN<c PUR>) <w VVB>&mdash;broke <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04E>
<s n="1586"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Interim <w NN1>government <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1587"><w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>nominee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Waldemar <w NP0>Pawlak<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>261 <w PRP>to <w CRD>149 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w NN2>abstentions <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1588"><w VVB-NN1>Pawlak<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>farmer <w VVN>born <w PRP>in <w CRD>1959<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1589"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>rule <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>connection <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1590"><w AT0>The <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pawlak <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38921<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w PRP>except <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Right <w NN1>faction<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>KLD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPG<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NP0>PSL<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>KPN<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1591"><w VVG-NN1>Voting <w PRP>against <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NN0>PC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Solidarity<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>(<w CJC>or <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;PL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PChD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>ChD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN1>Realpolitik <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1592"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Pawlak <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Andrzej <w NP0-NN1>Milczanowski <w CJC>and <w NP0>Janusz <w NP0>Onyszkiewicz <w PRP>as <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>deprived <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Antoni <w NP0>Macierewicz <w PRF>of <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>ministry <w NN2>documents<c PUN>.
<s n="1593"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>midst <w PRF>of <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w NN1-AJ0>&mdash;an <w NN1>accusation <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Walesa <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Milczanowski <w VVD>ascertained <w CJT>that <w NP0>Piotr <w NP0-NN1>Naimski<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on to <w AJ0-NN1>alert <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1594"><w NN2>Naimski<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN2>accusations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1595"><w NP0>Wojciech <w NP0>Wlodarczyk<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pawlak<w POS>'s <w NN1>advisor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aleksander <w NP0>Luczak <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="1596"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Wlodarczyk <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>still <w VVD-VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1597"><w VVB-NN1>Pawlak <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zbigniew <w NP0-NN1>Romaszewski<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reinstated <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Janusz <w NP0-NN1>Zaorski<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w VHD>had <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04F>
<s n="1598"><w NN1>Passage <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1599"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>IMF-approved <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <c PUL>(<w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pawlak<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>230 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>90 <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1600"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w CJS>as <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04G>
<s n="1601"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w NN2>collaborators
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1602"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Olszewski <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>complicated <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN2>actions <w TO0>to <w VVI>expose <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>collaborators<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1603"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Macierewicz <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>) <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>chairmen <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Speakers <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w NN2>Speakers <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w AJ0-VVD>sealed <w NN2>envelopes <w VVG>containing <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w CRD>64 <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w NN2>senators<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>present <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Chancellery <w NN2>officials <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>collaborated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>security <w NN2>services <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="1604"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Speakers <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Chairmen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Tribunal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sent <w AV0>further <w VVZ-NN2>lists<c PUN>.
<s n="1605"><w AT0>The <w NN2>names <w VBD>were <w VVN>rumoured <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w NP0>President <w NP0>Walesa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1606"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w VVG-AJ0>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>exposure <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>security <w NN1>service <w NN2>agents <w PRP>in <w NN2>positions <w PRF>of <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>its <w AJ0>early <w NN1>implementation <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w NN1>Disclosure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>contents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sealed <w NN2>envelopes <w VVD>carried <w AT0>the <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UD <w CJC>and <w NP0>KLD <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN2>documents<c PUN>.
<s n="1609"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRP>for <w NP0>President <w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>files <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>selective <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>material <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>degree <w VVD-VVN>fabricated<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1610"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>denial <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>documents <w VBD>were <w NN2>lists <w PRF>of <w NN2>collaborators<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PNP>them <w AV0>instead<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>informative <w NN2>documents <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>archival <w NN2>collections <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>preparations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<w POS>'s <w NN1>resolution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04H>
<s n="1611"><w VVB>Split <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>PC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1612"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Olszewski <w VVD-VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN2>parliamentarians <w AV0>mostly <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>PC <w CJC>and <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Wlodarczyk <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w NN1-NP0>Bartoszcze<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Peasant <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Forum<c PUN>.
<s n="1613"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>13-14 <w DT0>this <w NN1>group <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>founding <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NP0>FChD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>electing <w AJ0-NN1>Olszewski <w PRP>as <w AJ0>honorary <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="1614"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NP0>FChD<w POS>'s <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>inaugurated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1615"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>PC <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12-14 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>expel <w AT0>the <w NP0>FChD <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<c PUN>.
<s n="1616"><w NP0-NN1>Jaroslaw <w NP0-NN1>Kaczynski <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>candidate<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>PC <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
<s n="1617"><w AT0>The <w NN1>PC <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>recommunization <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Waldemar <w NP0>Pawlak<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04J>
<s n="1618"><w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1619"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>Solidarity<w POS>'s <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>congress <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gdansk <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1620"><w NP0>Marian <w NP0>Krzaklewski<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRP>since <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>re-elected<c PUN>.
<s n="1621"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>heard <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w NP0>Walesa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ex-Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Olszewski<c PUN>, <w NN2>delegates <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>indignation <w PRP>at <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w VVN>played <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w PNP>them<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>service <w NN2>agents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1622"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lodz <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w VVD-VVN>resolved <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN1>energy <w NN2>prices <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04K>
<s n="1623"><w NN1>Trial <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Popieluszko <w NN2>murderers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1624"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Wladyslaw <w NP0>Ciaston<c PUN>, <w NN1>ex-head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Service<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Zenon <w NP0>Platek<c PUN>, <w NN1>ex-head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>department<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Warsaw <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1625"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w VVG>planning <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>pro-Solidarity <w NN1>priest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0>Popieluszko<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33292<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1626"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1627"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1628"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1629"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>date <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Privatization
</head>
<p>
<s n="1630"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1631"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1632"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w AV0>both <w NN2>chambers <w VHD>had <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>DNSF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1633"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DNSF <w VDD>did <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>simultaneous <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NP0>Petre <w NP0-NN1>Roman<w POS>'s <w AJ0>rival <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>election <w NN2-VVZ>dates<c PUN>.
<s n="1634"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w NN1-NP0>Roman <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04L>
<s n="1635"><w NN1>Voucher <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scheme <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1636"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scheme <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w PRF>of <w NN2>vouchers <w VVG>representing <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w PRP>in <w CRD>6,000 <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>enterprises <w VVN>identified <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1637"><w PRP>Under <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>large <w NN1>privatization<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w CRD>five<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership <w NN2>funds<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>manage <w AT0>the <w NN2>shares <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>voucher <w NN1>distribution<c PUN>.
<s n="1638"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>equity <w NN1>stake <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>initially <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>state <w NN1>ownership <w NN1>fund<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w PRP-AVP>off <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>per <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>advantageous <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>employees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>enterprise <w PRP>in <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
<s n="1639"><w AV0>Neither <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership <w NN2>funds <w CJC>nor <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>ownership <w NN1>fund <w VBD>were <w AV0>yet <w VVG>functioning<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1640"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>credit <w VVG>authorizing <w NN2>drawings <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR314,040,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;440,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1641"><w VVN>Intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-month <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>credit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>issued <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w NN2>tranches<c PUN>.
<s n="1642"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w UNC>SDR76,800,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>compensatory <w CJC>and <w NN1>contingency <w NN1-VVG>financing <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCFF<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>offset <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w NN1>oil <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="1643"><w PRP>In <w NN1>tandem <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>credit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>loan <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&dollar;400,000,000 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1644"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1645"><w NN2>CIS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1646"><w NP0>Minsk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bishkek <w NN2>meetings
</head>
<p>
<s n="1647"><w AJ0>Inconclusive <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>currency <w NN2>issues <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w PRP>between <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>states <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tajikistan <w AV0>only<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w NN1>present <w AV0>only <w PRP>as <w NN2>observers<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1648"><w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>unify <w DPS>its <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVD>needed <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w NN2>states <w VM0>would <w VVI>stay <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>currencies <w PRP>by <w AJ0>different <w NN1>republic <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below <w PRP>for <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1649"><w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>controlled <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>printing<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN1>credit <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w NP0>Estonia <c PUL>(<w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>republic <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38971<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>republics <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VBD>were <w VVG>planning <w NN1>rouble <w NN2>substitutes <w PRP>including <w NP0>Kazakhstan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>tanga<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>hrivna<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>manat<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38976<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1652"><w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w AV0>already <w VHD>had <w AJ0-AV0>parallel <w NN2>currencies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38732<c PUN>; <w CRD>38924<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1653"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>interstate <w NN1>television <w NN1>company <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>Ostankino <w NN1>company <w VBG>being <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w NN1>charter<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>summit <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport<c PUN>, <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>property<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04M>
<s n="1654"><w VVB-NN1>Bishkek <w NN1-VVG>meeting <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN2>customs <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1655"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w CRD>15 <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kirgizstan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17-18 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w VVG>stipulating <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w NN2-VVZ>states <w VM0>should <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>volumes <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>free-market <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="1656"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VHD>had <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AJ0>standardized <w NN2>customs <w NN2>tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>categorization <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>customs <w NN1>agreement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38874<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04N>
<s n="1657"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1658"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kravchuk<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dagomys <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Russian <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>coast<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w AJ0>political <w NN1>treaty<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>relationship<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>items <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>18-point <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>included <w VVG>transferring <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>property <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1660"><w PRP>Regarding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>Fleet<c PUN>.
<s n="1661"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>insisted <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>retaining <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1662"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w VBD>was <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Georgian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVD>met <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dagomys<c PUN>.
<s n="1664"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="1665"><w AJ0>Russo-Georgian <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VM0>would <w VVI>commence <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1666"><w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>its <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w PRP>from <w PRP>around <w NP0>Tskhinvali <c PUL>(<w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUR>) <w PRP>within <w CRD>20 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>commission <w VM0>would <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace<c PUN>.
<s n="1667"><w NN1>Gas <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>via <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>blocked <w PRP>since <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38926<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume<c PUN>.
<s n="1668"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04P>
<s n="1669"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>29 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1672"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>25-year <w NN1>friendship<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>assistance <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>between <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1673"><w PRP>Among <w DPS>its <w NN2>provisions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>in <w VVG>establishing <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>space <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NP0>MFN <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w AT0>A <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w AT0>a <w NN1>10-year <w CRD>1,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>loan <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AVQ>when <w NN2>earthquakes <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NN1-VVB>damage <w PRP>worth <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1675"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1676"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1677"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform
</head>
<p>
<s n="1678"><w AJ0>Important <w NN2>steps <w PRP>in <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>during <w NP0>June <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>closely <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>strengthened <w CJS>when <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>named <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04R>
<s n="1679"><w NN1>Privatization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1680"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>passed <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN2>vouchers <w PRP>worth <w PRP>between <w CRD>5,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>roubles <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="1681"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>required <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>enabling <w NN1>legislation <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>generate <w NN1>revenue <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>91,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1682"><w AT0>The <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w VVD>envisaged <w CJT>that <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w AV0>about <w CRD>25 <w NN2>categories <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>resources <w CJC>and <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
<s n="1683"><w PRP>Through <w AT0>the <w NN1>voucher <w NN0>sales <w NN1>component<c PUN>, <w NN2>employees <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controlling <w NN1>share <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJC>further <w NN1>voucher <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1994<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>voucher <w NN0>sales <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w VVB-NN1>account <w PRP>for <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w VVD>slated <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1684"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rossiskaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w NN2>owners <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>permitted <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>entrepreneurial <w NN1>activity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1685"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceeds <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN2>soviets<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VVN>divided <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>budgets <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>administrations <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1686"><w VVB-NN1>Import <w NN2>tariffs<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38731<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reintroduced <w PRP>as of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04S>
<s n="1687"><w NN1>Bankruptcy <w NN1-VVB>decree
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1688"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AV0>in full <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rossiskaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w DTQ>which <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DPS>their <w NN2>debts <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w NN2>creditors <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>bankrupt <w CJC>and <w AV0>either <w VVD-VVN>liquidated <w CJC>or <w VVD>auctioned <w AVP>off <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>bidder <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>management <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>managers <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>treated <w PRP>as <w NN2>owners<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>debarred <w PRP>from <w VVG>dismissing <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w NN1>force<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1689"><w NN1>Bankruptcy <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>an <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>plank <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04T>
<s n="1690"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1691"><w NN1-NP0>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>entrusted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1692"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w AJ0>permanent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1693"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1694"><w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0>joint <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>formerly <w VBN>been <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1695"><w AT0>The <w NN1>promotion <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>reassuring <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>, <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Russian-US <w NN1>summit <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w UNC>G-7 <w NN1-VVG>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership <w VBD>was <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>market <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>notwithstanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>industrialists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1696"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w VVD>made <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Saltykov<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology <w NN1>Policy<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1697"><w VVB>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Shokhin <w VBD>was <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>new <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1698"><w NP0>Gennady <w NP0-NN1>Melikyan<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>transformed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Lopukhin<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>government <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>on <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel <w CJC>and <w NN1>power <w NN2>questions<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04U>
<s n="1700"><w NN1-VVB>Dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1701"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCB<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0-NN1>Georgy <w NP0-NN1>Matiukhin <w VVD>offered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w CRD>88 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>58 <w PRP>with <w CRD>53 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1702"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1-NP0>Matiukhin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS>because <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AT0>no <w AJ0>effective <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>solve <w AT0>the <w NN1>cash <w NN1>shortage<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>inter-enterprise <w NN1>debt <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w CRD>2,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VBD>was <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1703"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCB <w VBD>was <w AJ0>symptomatic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="1704"><w NN1-NP0>Matiukhin <w AV0>sharply <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w NP0>Gaidar<w POS>'s <w NN1>team <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
<s n="1705"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>tenure <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NP0>RCB <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>incumbent <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>request <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w VVN-AJ0>incapacitated<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>postponed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1706"><w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>cash <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VM0>would <w VVI>reach <w CRD>142,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>250 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>increase <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>wages <w AJ0>unpaid <w PRP>because of <w NN1>cash <w NN2>shortages <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>credited <w PRP>with <w NN1>interest <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="1708"><w NN2>Workers <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>regions <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w NN2-VVZ>strikes <w PRP>because of <w NN1>non-payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>wages<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04V>
<s n="1709"><w AJ0>Inter-enterprise <w NN1>debt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1710"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>resolution <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>transform <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>debts <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>transferable <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>bonds<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>circulate <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w CJS>until <w DPS>their <w NN1>conversion <w PRP>into <w NN2>shares<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
<s n="1711"><w NN1>Discussion <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>postponed<c PUN>.
<s n="1712"><w AT0>The <w NN1>freezing <w PRF>of <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2-VVZ>accounts <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>proposed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04W>
<s n="1713"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1714"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>pro-Yeltsin <w NN2>formations <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1715"><w NN1-NP0>Literaturnaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w VVD>carried <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRP>in Support of <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Reforms<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1716"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>intended <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>moderate <w AJ0>pro-Yeltsin <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>combined <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1717"><w VVB>Gavriil <w NP0>Popov<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>campaigner <w PRP>for <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>devote <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Reforms <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>offshoot <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Reforms<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1718"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>pro-Yeltsin <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN2>Veterans <c PUL>(<w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>war <w CRD>1979-1989<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Kotenev<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN2>Veterans <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>on <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AJ0>informal <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1719"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1720"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>participants <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NP0>Russia <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AV0>thus <w VVD>withdrew <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN1>Renewal <c PUL>(<w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN2>Industrialists <w CJC>and <w NN2>Entrepreneurs<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04X>
<s n="1721"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>mayor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1722"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Popov<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NP0-NN1>Yury <w NP0>Luzhkov <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moscow <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1723"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>City <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luzhkov<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>mayor <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>post<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLLCA04Y>
<s n="1724"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>demonstrations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1725"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w NP0>OMON <c PUL>(<w AJ0>special <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>forces<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN0>militia <w VVG-NN1>numbering <w CRD>10,000 <w VVN-VVD>dispersed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-fascist <w NN1>rally<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w NN1>television <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="1726"><w CRD>Thirteen <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>two <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="1727"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>centre <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>inviolable <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1728"><w NN2>Demonstrators <w VVD>said <w PRP>to <w NN1>number <w PRP>between <w CRD>15,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>50,000 <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>nationalist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neo-communist <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Ostankino<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>air-time<c PUN>.
<s n="1729"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVD>continued <w AV0>intermittently <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="1730"><w VVN>Marked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>anti-Semitic <w NN2>slogans<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>became <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>rally<c PUN>, <w VVG>provoking <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>City <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVG>warning <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
<s n="1731"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demonstration<w POS>'s <w NN2>organizers <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-fascist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1732"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration<w POS>'s <w NN1>dispersal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NP0>Sovietskaya <w NP0>Rossiya <w NN1>newspaper <w VBD>was <w VVN>cautioned <w PRP>by <w NN1>Press <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Mass <w NN0>Media <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0-NN1>Poltoranin <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>disseminating <w AJ0>false <w NN1>information<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>reporting <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>fact <w AT0>the <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w NN2>fatalities <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
<s n="1733"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD-VVN>reported <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w PRP>over <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>television <w NN1>broadcasting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1734"><w ZZ0>A <w UNC>7,000-strong <w NN1>demonstration<c PUN>, <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>pro-reform <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="1735"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rally<w POS>'s <w NN2>organizers <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>red-brown<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>destabilize <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>influence <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA050></p>
<caption id=HLLCA050>
<s n="1736"><w NN1>Amnesty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1737"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>including <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>handicapped<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elderly<c PUN>, <w NN2>teenagers<c PUN>, <w NN1>war <w NN2>veterans <w CJC>and <w NN2>men <w VVG>nearing <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AJ0>short <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>.
<s n="1738"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>40,000 <w AJ0>male <w NN2>prisoners <w VHD>had <w DPS>their <w NN2>sentences <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA051></p>
<caption id=HLLCA051>
<s n="1739"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ingush <w NN1>Republic <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN2-VVZ>controls
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1740"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ingush <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia<c PUR>) <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1741"><w AT0>The <w NN1>split <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chechnia<w POS>'s <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>secession <w NN1>declaration <w CJC>and <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1742"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w VVI>last <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="1743"><w NP0-NN1>Ingushetia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>governing <w NN2>bodies <w VM0>would <w AV0>provisionally <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w VVD>completed <w DPS>their <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chechen <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="1745"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Chechnia <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>intake <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>into <w DPS>its <w NN1>army<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA052></p>
<caption id=HLLCA052>
<s n="1746"><w VVG>Strengthening <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2-VVZ>controls
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>borders <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w AJ0>Formal <w NN1>border <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>with <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w VVB-NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Georgia <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w VVD>explained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>visa-free <w NN2>regimes <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>CIS <w NN2-VVZ>states <w VBD>was <w VVG>allowing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>criminals <w CJC>and <w AV0>even <w VVZ>spies<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>transparent <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>borders <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>customs <w NN2>services <w NN1>agreement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38874<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>security <w NN1>agreement <w NN0>seep. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1750"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Frontier <w NN2>Troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>formed <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Gen. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Shlyakhtin<c PUN>.
<s n="1751"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1752"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1753"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1754"><w NN1>Economy
</head>
<p>
<s n="1755"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w AV0>finally <w VVD-VVN>adopted <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>with <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>advice<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>returned <w PNP>it <w CRD>four <w NN2>times <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>commission <w PRP>for <w VVG>redrafting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1756"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Iszvestiya <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand <w PRP>at <w CRD>27,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w VBI>be <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>limit <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
<s n="1757"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sum <w VVD>delimited <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w CRD>108,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w VVD>equalled <w CJT>that <w VVB>set <w AV0>aside <w PRP>for <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="1758"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>commission <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>adequate <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>restructuring<c PUN>.
<s n="1759"><w NN1-NP0>Price <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w NN1>dairy <w NN2>products <w VBD>were <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1760"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Vitold <w NP0-NN1>Fokin <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>survived <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>168 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>154<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <c PUL>(<w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Ukraine <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Renewal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>groups<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1761"><w AT0>A <w NN1>suggestion <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Rukh<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VM0>should <w AJ0>subordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1762"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>picketed <w PRP>by <w NN2>protesters <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA053></p>
<caption id=HLLCA053>
<s n="1763"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Kravchuk <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><w AT0>A <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>understanding <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1766"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w NN1>ceremony<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kravchuk <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w NN1>reduction <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-nuclear <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w NN2>treaties <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w AJ0-AV0>alone <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>party <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN2>treaties <w VVG>stemming <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w AJ0>USA-Soviet <w NN1>Union <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="1767"><w VVB-NN1>Kravchuk <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Charter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA054></p>
<caption id=HLLCA054>
<s n="1768"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-Ukrainian <w NN2>officers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1769"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1770"><w NP0>Konstantin <w NP0>Morozov <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>6,000 <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>an <w NN1>oath <w PRF>of <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1771"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>relocation <w NN2>costs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w AV0>in full<c PUN>.
<s n="1772"><w PRP>According to <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w CRD>3,500 <w NN2>officers <w XX0>not <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>oath <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w AV0>voluntarily <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>settled <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1773"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>Officers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Morozov <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>servicemen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>so-called <w NN2>CIS<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2-VVZ>flashpoints<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>return <w AV0>rapidly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>others <w VM0>would <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA055></p>
<caption id=HLLCA055>
<s n="1774"><w NP0>Crimea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1775"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>rejecting <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>vote <w VVG>annulling <w AT0>the <w CRD>1954 <w VVB-NN1>decree <w VVG>transferring <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38924-25<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1776"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>status <w CJC>and <w NN1>fate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>component <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>interstate <w NN2>negotiations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1777"><w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>reserved <w CRD>7,216,800,000 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>for <w VVG>financing <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w PRF>of <w AJ0>exiled <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups <c PUL>(<w NN2>Armenians<c PUN>, <w NN2>Germans<c PUN>, <w NN2>Greeks<c PUN>, <w NN2>Bulgarians<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly<c PUN>, <w NN2>Tatars<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Crimea<c PUN>.
<s n="1778"><w AJ0>Rival <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Simferopol <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Tatar <w NN2>bodies <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Tatar <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <w VVG>&mdash;protesting <w PRP>against <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>unrepresentative <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1779"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>passed<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>264 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crimea <w CJS>as <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>sittings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>presidiums <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>re-phrased <w AT0>the <w NN1>citizenship <w NN1>provision <w PRP>as<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>each <w NN1>citizen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Crimea <w VBZ>is <w AV0>simultaneously <w AT0>a <w NN1>citizen <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1781"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>parliament <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1782"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1783"><w NP0>ARMENIA-AZERBAIJAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1784"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>over <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nakhichevan
</head>
<p>
<s n="1785"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>counteroffensive <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>setbacks <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NP0>Armenia <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>.
<s n="1786"><w AT0>The <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mardakert<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>attack <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>forces <w VVD>took <w AV0>about <w CRD>15 <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1787"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVG>taking <w AVP>on <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>force <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Abulfez <w NP0>Elchibey <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38976<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1788"><w NP0>Armenia <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VBD>was <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>a <w NN1>corridor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azeri-populated <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w PRP>through <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w NN1>Shelling <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>claimed <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN2>regions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA056></p>
<caption id=HLLCA056>
<s n="1790"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>troops <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>call-up
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1791"><w AJ0>Ex-Soviet <w NN2>troops <w AV0>now <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>control <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>began <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="1792"><w AT0>The <w ORD>7th <w NN1>Army <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>4th <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VBG>being <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>equipment <w VBG>being <w VVN>stolen <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>by <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1793"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Armenia <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>reservists <w VVN>aged <w AV0>under <w CRD>35<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-month <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA057></p>
<caption id=HLLCA057>
<s n="1794"><w NN1>Lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1795"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Rome <w NN1-VVB>commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38828<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>during <w NP0>June <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intended <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NP0>Minsk <w NN1>conference <w PNX>itself <w VVN-VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene<c PUN>.
<s n="1796"><w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rome <w NN1>commission <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w PRP>as <w NN2>observers<c PUN>.
<s n="1797"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh <c PUL>(<w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Istanbul <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN2>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38980<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA058></p>
<caption id=HLLCA058>
<s n="1798"><w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>attitude
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1799"><w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>insisted <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD-AJ0>improved <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Armenia <w VVD>depended <w PRP>on <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nakhichevan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1800"><w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bridge <w PRP>between <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>river <w NN1-NP0>Arax<c PUN>.
<s n="1801"><w NP0>Geydar <w NP0>Aliyev<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nakhichevan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>general <w NN1>assistance<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nakhichevan<c PUN>.
<s n="1802"><w NN1>Construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>line <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nakhichevan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>priority <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>blockade <w PRP>on <w NN1>energy <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA059></p>
<caption id=HLLCA059>
<s n="1803"><w NN1>Revival <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>state <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Call <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Lezghin <w NN1-VVB>state
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1804"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>founding <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Lachin <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w AJ0>informal <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>revival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Lachin <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1805"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>autonomous <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>region <w VHD>had <w VVN>existed <w PRP>from <w CRD>1923 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1929 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VVG>extending <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Armenia-Azerbaijan <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>Kurds <w VVD>numbered <w CRD>152,952 <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>census<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>substantially <w VVN>underestimated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1807"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Lezghin <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Daghestan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Russia<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VBD>was <w VVG>threatening <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>disobedience <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w DPS>its <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>Lezghin <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1808"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Makhachkala <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caspian <w NP0>Sea <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN1-VVB>map <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Daghestan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Lezghin <w AJ0>national <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NP0>President <w NP0>Elchibey <w VVD>assured <w CJT>that <w NN2>efforts <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>needs<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>100,000 <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>Lezghin <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1809"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1810"><w NP0>ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1811"><w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>legislation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1812"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w CJC>and <w NN1>denationalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
<s n="1813"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>Economy <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>Postfactum<c PUN>, <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>42 <w AJ0>active<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1814"><w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency <w VBD>were <w VVG>completing <w DPS>their <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>phase<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>Vice-President <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-NP0>Gagik <w NN1-NP0>Arutyunyan <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1815"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dram<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w PRP>into <w CRD>100 <w NN0>luma<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1816"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reversal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>gains <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>against <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorno <w NP0>Karabakh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w PRP>during <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38925<c PUN>; <w CRD>38975<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>apparently <w VVN-VVD>encouraged <w AT0>a <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>(<w UNC>ARF <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Dashnaksutyun<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>25th <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1817"><w VVN>Founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1890<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>ARF <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>from <w CRD>1918 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1920<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>latterly <w VVN>comprised <w AV0>only <w DT0>some <w CRD>40,000 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>diaspora<c PUN>.
<s n="1818"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w UNC>ARF <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>co-operated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN1>service<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w VVN>directed <w PRP>from <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="1819"><w PNP>He <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of <w UNC>ARF <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Khrayr <w NP0-NN1>Marukhyan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>citizen <w AV0>recently <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1820"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1821"><w NP0>AZERBAIJAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1822"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1823"><w VVB>Abulfez <w NP0>Elchibey<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>receiving <w CRD>59.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w CRD>76 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>five <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="1824"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ayaz <w NP0>Mutalibov<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w VHD>had <w VVN>ensued <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38827<c PUN>; <w CRD>38877<c PUN>; <w CRD>38925-26<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1825"><w NN1-NP0>Elchibey <w VBD>was <w AJ0>equivocal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1826"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1827"><w NP0>MOLDOVA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1828"><w AJ0>Intensified <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot;
</head>
<p>
<s n="1829"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0>Snegur <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w PRP>at <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1830"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>by <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w VVD>subordinated <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>region <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AJ0>shaded <w NN1>area <w PRP>on <w NN1>map<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>becoming <w AV0>increasingly <w VVN>involved <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>alongside <w NP0>Dnestr <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>forces <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Bendery <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1832"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>military <w NN1>neutrality <w CJS>if <w NP0>Moldova <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN1-VVB>combat <w NN2-VVZ>actions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army<c PUN>.
<s n="1833"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>arms <w NN2>deliveries <w PRP>from <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moldova <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Grachev<w POS>'s <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w NP0>Romania <w VBD>was <w VVG>supplying <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>with <w NN2>tanks<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w NN1>pontoon <w NN2>bridges <w CJC>and <w NN2>trucks <w VBD>were <w VVN>donated<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1834"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
<s n="1835"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev<c PUN>.
<s n="1836"><w NN1>Conciliation <w NN1>commission <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>representatives <w VHD>had <w DT0>little <w NN1>success<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w VVG>rejecting <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1837"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>statements <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN2>figures <w VVD-VVN>described <w DT0>this <w CJS>as <w AJ0>impossible<c PUN>.
<s n="1838"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1839"><w NP0>Aleksandr <w VVD-AJ0>Lebed<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w NN1>commander <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>neutrality<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRP>under <w DPS>his <w NN1>command<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLLCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05A>
<s n="1840"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bendery
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1841"><w AT0>The <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bendery <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w CJC>but <w VVD>recaptured <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>separatists <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1842"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>police <w PRP>from <w NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>forces <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>deaths <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>sources<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>television <w NN1>correspondent <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bendery <w VVD>reported <w DT0-CJT>that <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>volunteer <w NN2>defenders <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN2>forces <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Cossack <w NN1>division<c PUN>.
<s n="1844"><w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>denied <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w NN2>air-raids <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1845"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Moldovan<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w AJ0-VVN>continued <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05B>
<s n="1846"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1847"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>parliament <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Dnestr<c PUN>.
<s n="1848"><w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PRP>except <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN2>ministers <w VBG>being <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVG>staying <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="1849"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>confusion <w PRP-AVP>over <w CJS>whether <w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w VM0>would <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN2>resignations<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w CRD>185 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>244 <w NN2>deputies <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w DT0>former <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Sangheli<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1850"><w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w VVD>decreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Ministry <w VM0>would <w VVI>assume <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards <w PRP>with <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>anticipating <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w NN1>deadline <w CJS>after <w DTQ>which <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>external <w NN2>borders <w VM0>would <w VVI>devolve <w PRP>to <w NN2>states <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05C>
<s n="1851"><w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Summit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1852"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Summit <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38980<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1-VVB>issue <w PRP>between <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="1853"><w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1854"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1855"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1856"><w NP0>Maxwell <w CJC>and <w NP0>BCCI <w NN1>fraud <w NN2>cases
</head>
<p>
<s n="1857"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w DT0>those <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>pensions <w VBD>were <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN0>media <w NN1>empire <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Maxwell <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38588<c PUN>; <w CRD>38688<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1858"><w AV0>Most <w AV0>significantly<c PUN>, <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>emergency <w NN2-VVZ>grants <w VVG>totalling <w NN0>&pound;2,500,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NN1>pension <w NN2>schemes <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN1>pension <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1859"><w CRD>One <w AJ0>major <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Mirror <w NN1>Group <w NN2>Newspapers <c PUL>(<w NP0>MGN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NN2>liabilities <w PRP>towards <w DPS>its <w CRD>15,000 <w NN2>pensioners <w CJC>and <w NN1>employee <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NN2>pensioners <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN2-VVZ>concerns <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>secure<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>concerns <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>no <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AV0>only <w VVN-AJ0>reduced <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN2>pensioners <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1860"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>plight <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN2>pensioners <w CJS>insofar as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <c PUL>(<w NP0>DTI<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w AT0>an <w NN1>investment <w NN1>licence <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>companies <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Maxwell <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>conduit <w PRP>for <w NN1>pension <w NN1>money <w CJC>and <w CJS>because <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>flaws <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>supervisory <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1861"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w AJ0>select <w NN1>committee <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>9 <w VHD>had <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>criticized <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w NN1>pension <w NN2>funds <w PRP>by <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Management <w AJ0>Regulatory <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMRO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>chair <w NP0>George <w NP0>Nissen <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1862"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Kevin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Maxwell<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maxwell<w POS>'s <w NN2>sons<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>along with <w NP0>Larry <w NP0>Trachtenberg<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bishopsgate <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Management<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1863"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w AV0>all <w VVN>released <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1-VVB>bail <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>conspiring <c PUL>(<w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Maxwell<w POS>'s <w NN1>death<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>defraud <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>Volksbank <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;35,500,000 <w PRP>by <w AV0>falsely <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>Group <w CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlitz <w AJ0>International<c PUN>.
<s n="1864"><w NP0>Kevin <w NP0>Maxwell <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>faced <w CRD>two <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>stealing <w NN0>&pound;6,939,885.46 <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w NN2>securities <w PRP>from <w NN1>Mirror <w NN1>Group <w NN1>Pension <w NN2>Trustees <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NP0>Berlitz <w AJ0>International <w NN2>shares <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>Macmillan <w NN1-VVG>publishing <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="1865"><w NP0>Kevin <w NP0>Maxwell <w CJC>and <w NP0>Trachtenberg <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>defraud <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>Corporation <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;55,783,466.76 <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>stealing <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AV0>nearly <w NN0>&pound;37,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>securities <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>pension <w NN2>trustees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mirror <w NN1>Group <w CJC>or <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Maxwell-controlled <w NN1>AGB <w NN1>company<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05D>
<s n="1866"><w NP0>BCCI <w NN1>settlement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1867"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NN1>Credit <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NP0>BCCI<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>collapsed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38355<c PUN>; <w CRD>38545<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1868"><w AT0>The <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVD>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w NN2>payments <w PRF>of <w PRP>up to <w UNC>US&dollar;1,700 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Dhabi <w NN1>majority <w NN2>shareholders <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38781<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1869"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w AV0>around <w CRD>15,000 <w DT0>former <w NP0>BCCI <w NN2>depositors <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<w POS>'s <w NN1>Deposit <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Board<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1870"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w NN1>treasury <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service <w AJ0>select <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>England<w POS>'s <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>supervising <w NP0>BCCI<c PUN>.
<s n="1871"><w NP0>Imran <w NP0>Iman<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>BCCI <w NN1>manager<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>conspiring <w TO0>to <w VVI>account <w AV0>falsely <w PRP>for <w NN0>&dollar;179,400,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1872"><w NP0>Nazmu <w NP0>Virani<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>chair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>property <w NN1>concern <w NN1>Control <w NN2>Securities<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>conspiring <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AJ0>false <w NN2>accounts <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;4,000,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984-85 <w PRP>to <w NP0>BCCI<w POS>'s <w NN2>auditors<c PUN>, <w NP0>Price <w NP0-NN1>Waterhouse<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1873"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1874"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1875"><w NN1>Abortion <w NN1>legislation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1876"><w AV0>Early <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-hour <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>legislation <w AJ0>applicable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1877"><w NN2>Women <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>12 <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>pregnancy <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN>received <w AJ0>non-binding <w NN1>counselling<c PUN>.
<s n="1878"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Bundesrat <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w VVD>gave <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1879"><w NN2>MPs <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="1880"><w AJ0>Various <w NN2>proposals <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AJ0>different <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w PRP>across <w NN1>party <w NN2>lines<c PUN>.
<s n="1881"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposal <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>passed <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>357 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>Free <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>minority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rita <w NP0>S&uuml;ssmuth<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w NN1>president <c PUL>(<w NN1>Speaker<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag<c PUN>.
<s n="1882"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>284 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Social <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VM0>would <w VVI>rest <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>physician <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>only<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>psycho-social <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>acceptable <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>for <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w NP0>East <w CJC>and <w NP0>West <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>before <w NN1>unification <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1884"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>east<c PUN>, <w NN2>women <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AJ0>free <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>on <w NN1>demand <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>12 <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>pregnancy<c PUN>.
<s n="1885"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>west<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>doctor <w PRP>on <w AJ0>medical<c PUN>, <w AJ0>genetic <w CJC>or <w AJ0>psychological <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>.
<s n="1886"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unification <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>arrangements <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w CJC>and <w AJ0>required <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>uniform <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37661<c PUN>; <w CRD>37833<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1887"><w PRP>During <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CRD>32 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>pregnancies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>abortions<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05E>
<s n="1888"><w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1889"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>to <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w DT0>Some<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>Land <w AJ0>central <w NN2>banks<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>combined<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRP>from <w CRD>11 <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>per <w NP0-NN1>Land<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1891"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w CRD>nine <w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN2>seats <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank <w AJ0>central <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>directors<c PUN>.
<s n="1892"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Bundesrat <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVG>referring <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>conciliation <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05F>
<s n="1893"><w NP0>Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1894"><w NP0>Erwin <w NP0>Teufel <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CDU <w CJC>and <w NP0>SPD <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>Land <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38871-72<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05G>
<s n="1895"><w NN1-VVB>Aid <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN2>shipyards
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1896"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>industry <w NN2>ministers <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN2>proposals <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>subsidize <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>shipbuilding <w NN2>yards <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>estimated <w NN1>turnover <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1-VVG>restructuring <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NP0>EC <w NN1>maximum <w VBG>being <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1897"><w NN1>Shipbuilding <w NN1>capacity <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>by <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="1898"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>protests <w PRP>at <w NN1>shipyard <w NN2>privatizations <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLLCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05H>
<s n="1899"><w NN1>Acquittal <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1900"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w AT0>a <w NP0>Berlin <w NN1>court <w VVD>acquitted <w CRD>four <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>wounded <w CJS>when <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Berlin <w NN1>Wall <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
<s n="1901"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w CRD>two <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>border <w NN1-VVB>guard <w NN2>trials <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38782<c PUN>; <w CRD>38736-37<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLLCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05J>
<s n="1902"><w NP0>RAF <w NN2>sentences
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1903"><w NP0>Sigrid <w NP0>Sternebeck <w NP0>Friedrich <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Stuttgart <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w PRP>to <w UNC>8&lt;1/2 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1977 <w NN1>abduction <w CJC>and <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN1>businessman <w NP0>Hanns-Martin <w NP0-NN1>Schleyer <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Haig<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Allied <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1904"><w DPS>Her <w NN1>husband<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ralf <w NP0>Friedrich<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Haig<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w CRD>6 <w UNC>1/2-year <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
<s n="1905"><w DT0>Both <w VBD>were <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0-NN1>extremist <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Faction <c PUL>(<w NP0>RAF<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05K>
<s n="1906"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN1>embargo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1907"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>committee <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NN2>arms <w NN2>deliveries <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1908"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1909"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1910"><w NN1-VVB>Defeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>vote
</head>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN-VVD>defeated <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>25 <w NN2>deputies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCF<c PUR>) <w VVD>abandoned <w DPS>their <w AJ0>passive <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVG>tabling <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w AJ0>Gaullist <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1912"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>fell <w CRD>three <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>289 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Vasseur <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<w POS>' <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05L>
<s n="1913"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>MRG <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1914"><w AT0>The <w UNC>Mouvement <w UNC>des <w VVB-NN1>radicaux <w NP0>de <w AJ0>gauche <c PUL>(<w NN1>MRG <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;Left <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Movement<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lyon <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13-14 <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0>Jean-Francois <w NP0-NN1>Hory <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>president <w PRP>by <w CRD>505 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>230 <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Emile <w NP0>Zuccarelli<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38870<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1915"><w NN2>Zuccarelli <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NN1>MRG <w NN1>president <w PRP>since <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05M>
<s n="1916"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>L&eacute;otard
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1917"><w NP0>Francois <w NP0>L&eacute;otard <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN2>posts <w CJS>as <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fr&eacute;jus <w CJC>and <w AJ0>honorary <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Lyon <w NN1>court <w PRP>for <w VVG>under-paying <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>house<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05N>
<s n="1918"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>HIV-infected <w NN1>blood <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1919"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w DT0>former <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Service <w NN2>officials <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>HIV-infected <w NN1>blood <w PRP>in <w NN2>transfusions <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1920"><w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Garretta <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jean-Pierre <w NN1>Allain <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>under <w NN1>fraud <w NN2>laws <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>misrepresenting <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>product<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1921"><w NP0>Jacques <w NN1>Roux <w CJC>and <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Netter <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>non-assistance <w PRP>to <w NN2>persons <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1922"><w AV0>About <w CRD>1,300 <w NN2>haemophiliacs <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>infected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>virus <w PRP>from <w NN2>transfusions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>contaminated <w NN1>blood <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
<s n="1923"><w NN2>Charges <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w PRP>on behalf of <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>affected <w NN2>haemophiliacs<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>died <w PRP>from <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>.
<s n="1924"><w NN1>Roux<c PUN>, <w NP0>Garretta <w CJC>and <w NP0>Netter <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38544<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1925"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prosecution <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VHD>had <w AV0>knowingly <w VVN>allowed <w AJ0>contaminated <w NN2>stocks <w PRF>of <w NN1>blood <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>exhausted <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>introduced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heated <w NN2>products <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>the <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>virus <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1985<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1926"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VVD>issued <w DPS>its <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfusion <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w VVG>noting <w NN1-VVB>delay <w PRP>in <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>a <w NN1>screening <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fragmented <w NN1>decision-making <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>logic <w PRF>of <w NN1>industry <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>professional <w NN1>code <w PRF>of <w NN0>ethics <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>disregarded<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05P>
<s n="1927"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Carlos<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1928"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>court <w PRF>of <w NN2>assizes <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AJ0-VVD>condemned <w NP0-NN1>Illich <w NP0>R&aacute;mirez-S&aacute;nchez<c PUN>, <w PRP>alias<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Carlos <w AT0>the <w NN1>Jackal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>counterespionage <w NN2>officers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>DST <c PUL>(<w NN1>Direction <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NN1>surveillance <w UNC>du <w NN1-VVB>territoire<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>third<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1929"><w VVB-NN1>R&aacute;mirez-S&aacute;nchez<c PUN>, <w VVD>tried <w AV0>in absentia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>evaded <w NN1-VVB>capture <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>murders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
<s n="1930"><w AT0>The <w NN2>agents <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>investigating <w CRD>two <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>airline<c PUN>, <w NP0>El <w NP0>Al<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0>Orly <w NN1>airport<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1931"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1932"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1933"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1934"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on account of <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>health <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez <w NP0>Ordo&ntilde;ez<c PUN>, <w CRD>62<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="1935"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Javier <w NP0>Solana <w NP0>Madariaga<c PUN>, <w CRD>50<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Science <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Felipe <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1936"><w NN1-NP0>Solana<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>physicist<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>from <w CRD>1982-88 <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w CRD>1985 <w AV0>also <w AJ0>official <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesperson<c PUN>.
<s n="1937"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Perez <w NP0>Rubalcaba<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>for <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1938"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1939"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1940"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="1941"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Amato <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1942"><w NN1-NP0>Giuliano <w NN1>Amato <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w AV0>generally <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUR>) <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>25-member <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w AV0-AJ0>&mdash;Italy<w POS>'s <w ORD>51st <w NN1>administration <w PRP>since <w CRD>1945<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1943"><w AT0>The <w NN1>PSI <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Bettino <w NP0-NN1>Craxi<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>reputation <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AV0>indirectly <w PRP>from <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>scandals <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38896<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w VVG>presenting <w PNX>himself <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NP0>President <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN1>PSI <w NN2>candidates <w NN1>&mdash;Amato<c PUN>, <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gianni <w NP0>De <w NP0>Michelis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Claudio <w NP0-NN1>Martelli<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1944"><w NN1-NP0>Amato<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>professor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turin<c PUN>.
<s n="1945"><w VVN>Nicknamed <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dottore <w AJ0>sottile <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>subtle <w NN1>doctor<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w VVN-AJ0>reconciled <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Craxi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>regarded <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w AJ0>autocratic <w NN2>attitudes<c PUN>.
<s n="1946"><w NN1-NP0>Amato <w ORD>first <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN1>government <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Craxi <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987-89<c PUN>.
<s n="1947"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PNP>he <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0>Craxi<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w NP0>Bobo <w NP0-NN1>Craxi <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>PSI <w NN1>federation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38896<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>revelations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1948"><w NN1-NP0>Amato<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>invited <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unusual <w NN1>step <w PRF>of <w VVG>presenting <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w DTQ>which <w VVD>outlined <w DPS>his <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1949"><w PNP>It <w VVD>included <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>deficit <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>employees <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>functioning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1950"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Giorgio <w NP0>La <w NP0>Malfa<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VM0>might <w VVI>support <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>reforms <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>case-by-case <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1951"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>voted <w AV0>unanimously <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="1952"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>PDS <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Amato<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w NN1>programme <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>go <w AV0>far <w AV0>enough <w PRP>towards <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>innovation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>give <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>weight <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN2>practices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1953"><w NP0-NN1>Amato<w POS>'s <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="1954"><w PRP>Since <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38869<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DT0>these <w NN2>parties <w AV0>together <w VVD>commanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>slim <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>331 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="1955"><w NP0-NN1>Amato<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w AV0>predominantly <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>posts <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSDI<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Liberals <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1956"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>slimmed <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w CRD>32 <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-party<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>technicians<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>included<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05R>
<s n="1957"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Speaker <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>PDS <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1958"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>PDS <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Giorgio <w NP0>Napolitano<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>&mdash;an <w AJ0>important <w AJ0>preliminary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1959"><w NP0-NN1>Napolitano <w VVD>replaced <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w AV0>briefly <w CJS>as <w NN1>Speaker <w PRP>before <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1960"><w PRP>In addition to <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w NP0>PDS <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Napolitano <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>secured <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1961"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>PDS <w NN1>member <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w NN1>balance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>parties <w NN1>&mdash;a <w NP0-NN1>DC <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>PDS <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1962"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Stefano <w NP0>Rodota<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>posts <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>four <w NN2>ballots <w PRP>for <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>.
<s n="1963"><w AT0>The <w NN1>PSI <w NN2>deputies <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Rodota <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>receive <w DPS>their <w NN2>votes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05S>
<s n="1964"><w AJ0>Anti-Mafia <w NN1>legislation <w CJC>and <w NN2>arrests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1965"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>8-9 <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,300 <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>mafiosi <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sicily<c PUN>, <w NP0>Campania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Calabria <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Puglia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w AT0>A <w DT0>few <w NN2>hours <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN1>Mafia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="1966"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>previously <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w VVG-NN1>trafficking <w CJC>and <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1967"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w NN1>plan <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w NN2>witnesses <w VVG>turning <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>toughening <w PRF>of <w NN1>bail <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>suspects <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>48 <w NN2>hours <w PRP>without <w NN1>charge <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w PRP>for <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w DT0>any <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>operation <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w VVG>involving <w NN1>Mafia <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
<s n="1968"><w NN2>Rules <w VVG>limiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>in <w NN2>trials <w VBD>were <w VVN>eased <w PRP>for <w NN2>cases <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVN>suspected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>organized <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>gangs<c PUN>.
<s n="1969"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>attracted <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Magistrates<w POS>' <w NN1>Association <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>wide-ranging<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>cleaning-up <w PRF>of <w NN1>politics <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>needed<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PDS <w VHD>had <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN>argued <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>blocking <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>international <w NN1>business <w NN2>dealings <w CJC>and <w NN2>networks <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>recycling <w PRF>of <w NN2>profits <w PRP>from <w NN1>commerce <w PRP>in <w NN2>drugs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1971"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w DT0>some <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>Sicilians <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>Italians <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia <w VVD>joined <w AT0>a <w NN1>march <w PRP>through <w NP0>Palermo <w TO0>to <w VVI>commemorate <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0-NN1>Giovanni <w NP0-NN1>Falcone <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>assassination <w PRP-AVP>in <w VM0>May <w VVI>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38895-96<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1972"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1-AJ0>unionist <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cardinal <w NP0>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palermo <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>rally<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05T>
<s n="1973"><w NN1>Investigation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Prandini
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1974"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Giovanni <w NP0-NN1>Prandini<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w VVD-VVN>warned <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rome <w NN2>magistrates <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>motorway <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Puglian <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>T&aacute;ranto<c PUN>.
<s n="1975"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>for <w NN1>corruption <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Tourism <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Carlo <w NP0>Tognoli <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38896<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05U>
<s n="1976"><w NP0>PCI <w NN1>funding <w PRP>by <w NP0>CPSU
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1977"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Procurator <w NN1>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>G. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Stepankov<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w PRP>with <w NN2>documents <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>drawing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>funded <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PCI-renamed <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS<c PUR>) <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>late <w CJS>as <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="1978"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>funding<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>illicit <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w TO0>to <w VVI>emerge <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w NN0>recoverable.The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN0>media <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w NN2>Presidents <w NP0-NN1>Cossiga <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>documents <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PCI <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>law <w NN1>enforcement <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05V>
<s n="1979"><w NN1>Settlement <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0-NN1>Tyrol <w NN1>question
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1980"><w NN2>Differences <w PRP>between <w NP0>Austria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>German-speaking <w NN1>minority <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>minority <w VVG>speaking <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Romansch <w NN1>dialect <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ladin<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Trentino-Alto <w NP0>Adige<c PUN>.
<s n="1981"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Austrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>deposited <w NN2>documents <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>considered <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VVD>closed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1982"><w NP0>Austria <w VHD>had <w VVN>ceded <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w NP0>Tyrol <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Bolzano <w PRP>in <w NP0>Trentino-Alto <w NP0>Adige<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1919<c PUN>.
<s n="1983"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Austro-Italian <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w CRD>1946 <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>German-speaking <w NN1>minority <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>8159<c PUN>; <w CRD>8467<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1984"><w ZZ0>A <w CRD>1969 <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>autonomy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>23845-48<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1988 <w AT0>an <w NN1>autonomy <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35989<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Giulio <w NP0>Andreotti<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>whole<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>package<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w CRD>137 <w NN2>measures <w VHD>had <w AV0>finally <w VBN>been <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1985"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w NP0-NN1>Tyrol <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SVP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>German-speaking <w NN1>minority<c PUN>, <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>package<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN1-NP0>Nationalrat <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>except for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>FP&Ouml;<c PUR>) <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1986"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1987"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1988"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report
</head>
<p>
<s n="1989"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Order <w NP0>Theodore <w NP0>Anagnostopoulos <w VVD>repudiated <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>abuses <w VVN>contained <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1990"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report <w VVD>detailed <w CRD>35 <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>torture <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees <w PRP>in <w NN2>police <w NN2>stations <w CJC>and <w NN2>prisons <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986 <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>practice <w VBD>was <w VVN>tolerated <w PRP>by <w NN2>magistrates<c PUN>.
<s n="1991"><w NN2>Anagnostopoulos <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>speedy <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>found <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>unfounded<c PUN>.
<s n="1992"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>one <w NN2>police <w NN1>officer <w VVD>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN2>abuses <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discharged<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>punished <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05W>
<s n="1993"><w NN1>Student <w NN2>arrests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1994"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>OSE<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>committed <w PRP>for <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>treason <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>inciting <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>to <w NN1>discord <w CJC>and <w VVG>exposing <w NP0>Greece<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations <w TO0>to <w VVI>risk<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1995"><w AT0>The <w CRD>five <w VHD>had <w VVN>distributed <w NN1>material <w VVG>arguing <w PRP>for <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>nation <w CJC>and <w NN1>language<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>faced <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1996"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leftists <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>19 <w NN2>months <w PRP>for <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="1997"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conviction <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>students <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w VHD>had <w VVN>prompted <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>by <w CRD>169 <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>intellectuals<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1998"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1999"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2000"><w NN1>Renewal <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</head>
<p>
<s n="2001"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w AJ0-VVD>renewed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <c PUL>(<w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2002"><w AT0>The <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Batman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bingol<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Diyarbakir<c PUN>, <w NP0>Elazig<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Hakkari<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Mardin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Siirt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sirnak<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunceli <w CJC>and <w NP0>Van<c PUN>.
<s n="2003"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NSC <w VVD>lifted<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w VVB>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>provisions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>banned <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w CJC>and <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>newspapers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>persons <w CJC>or <w NN2>groups <w CJT>that <w VM0>may <w VVI>appear <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>disruptive <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>public<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38593<c PUN>; <w CRD>38834<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2004"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>Emergency <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w NP0>Unal <w NP0-NN1>Erkan<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>governors <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Batman <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>40 <w NN2>days <w CRD>60 <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>180 <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes<c PUN>.
<s n="2005"><w PRP>By <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>44 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="2006"><w NP0-NN1>Erkan <w VVD>said <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>employ <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>pro-government <w NN2>militias <w CJC>or <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>village <w NN2>guards<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2007"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ismet <w NP0-NN1>Sezgin <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>6,796 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>captured <w AJ0>alive<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>seven <w NN2>months<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05X>
<s n="2008"><w VVB-NN1>Protest <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2009"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w NN1>negligence <w PRP>on the part of <w DPS>its <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-year-old <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>boy <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>Iranians <w VVD-VVN>wounded<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>guerrillas <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w PRP>in <w NN2>Mus <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="2010"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Maleas <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>cargo <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Appeal <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Istanbul <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Court <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>cargo <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38740<c PUN>; <w CRD>38834<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLLCA05Y>
<s n="2011"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2012"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>deputies <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>OZEP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2013"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahmut <w NP0>Alinak<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Populist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SHP <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>OZEP <w VM0>would <w VVI>absorb <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HEP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2014"><w CRD>Eighteen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>22 <w DT0>former <w NN1>HEP <w NN2>members <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>OZEP<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP <w PRP>with <w CRD>70 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>88 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1>&mdash;see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38739<c PUN>; <w CRD>38873<c PUN>; <w CRD>38930<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA060></p>
<caption id=HLLCA060>
<s n="2015"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2016"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7-8 <w PRP>in <w CRD>341 <w NN2>municipalities <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>partners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>True <w NN1>Path <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DYP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Populist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SHP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>35 <w CJC>and <w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w AV0>respectively <c PUL>(<w DPS>their <w AJ0>combined <w NN1>total <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w AV0>only <w CRD>47 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA061></p>
<caption id=HLLCA061>
<s n="2017"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>allied <w NN2>forces<w POS>' <w NN1>mandate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2018"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUN>, <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Incirlik <w PRP>near <w NP0>Adana <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NN1-NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2019"><w AT0>The <w NN1>extension <w VBD>was <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>by <w NN2>deputies <w AV0>both <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>left <w CJC>and <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="2020"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>international <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w NN2>overflights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w AV0>variously <w PRP>as <w NN1>operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-AJ0>Poised <w NN1>Hammer<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>Provide <w NN1-VVB>Comfort<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38690<c PUN>; <w CRD>38789<c PUN>; <w CRD>38886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2021"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>its <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>US-Turkish <w NN1>base <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Sinop <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2022"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2023"><w NP0>CYPRUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2024"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Vassiliou <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Denktash
</head>
<p>
<s n="2025"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18-23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>met <w AV0>separately <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cyprus <w NP0>Georgios <w NN1-NP0>Vassiliou <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Cyprus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rauf <w NP0-NN1>Denktash<c PUN>.
<s n="2026"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>courtesy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Vassiliou <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Denktash <w PRP>in <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<w POS>'s <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2027"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>met <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakdown <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-sponsored <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37331<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2028"><w NN2>Talks <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="2029"><w NP0-NN1>Vassiliou <w VVD>told <w NP0>Cyprus<w POS>' <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>Cypriot <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w DT0>that <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>map<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>showing <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>allocations <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bizonal <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>map <w VVD>put <w NP0>Famagusta <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Morphou <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>Cypriot <w NN1>zone<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA062></p>
<caption id=HLLCA062>
<s n="2031"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>mandate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2032"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>renewed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Peacekeeping <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cyprus <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNFICYP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2033"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>asked <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w TO0>to <w VVI>formulate <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2034"><w AT0>The <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>dated <w PRP>from <w CRD>1964 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>consolidated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVD-VVN>numbered <w CRD>2,141 <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>from <w CRD>eight <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Denmark<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>; <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>contributed <w NN2>troops<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2035"><w PRP>On <w NP0>March <w CRD>10 <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VHD>had <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NP0>UN <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>for <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN2>contributions <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w NP0-NN1>UNFICYP<w POS>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;196,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>cost<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0-AJ0>right <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>funded <w CJS>as <w AV0>at present <w PRP>by <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NN2>personnel <w AJ0>-contributing <w NN2>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38873<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2036"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2037"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2038"><w NN1>Asylum <w NN1>policy <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="2039"><w PRP>During <w NP0>June <w DT0>several <w AJ0>western <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w VVD>amended <w DPS>their <w NN2>policies <w PRP>on <w VVG>granting <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2040"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Austria <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w NN1>distinction <w PRP>between <w DT0>those <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>.
<s n="2041"><w AT0>The <w NN1>processing <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>applications <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>accelerated<c PUN>.
<s n="2042"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>rejected <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>appeal<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>.
<s n="2043"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w DT0>some <w CRD>30,000 <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2044"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CRD>12.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>requests <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2045"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>bill <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w NN1>period <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN2>weeks <w CJS>if <w NN2>applicants <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>clearly <w AJ0>political <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
<s n="2046"><w NN1>Asylum <w NN2>seekers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>fingerprinted <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>reception <w NN2-VVZ>centres<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS-PRP>until <w DPS>their <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w VVN>decided<c PUN>.
<s n="2047"><w CJS>If <w DPS>their <w NN1>application <w VBD>were <w VVN>turned <w AVP>down <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w VHB>have <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>rather than <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="2049"><w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w DT0>some <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w CRD>256,000 <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w ZZ0>p<c PUN>.
<s n="2050"><w UNC>R108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>156,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2051"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Denmark<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Folketing <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AJ0-VVN>tightened <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="2052"><w NN2>Refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>prohibited <w PRP>from <w VVG>bringing <w DPS>their <w NN2>parents <w PRP>to <w NP0>Denmark <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>other <w NN0>offspring <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>family <w NN2>members <w VVG>joining <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w NN2>Immigrants <w PRP>with <w NN1>residence <w NN2>permits <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w NP0>Denmark <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w CJS>before <w DPS>their <w NN2>spouses <w VM0>could <w VVI>acquire <w AT0>a <w NN1>residence <w NN1-VVB>permit<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2054"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2055"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN1>DEFENCE <w NN1>COLLABORATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2056"><w AJ0>German <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>EFA <w NN1>project
</head>
<p>
<s n="2057"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w NN1>cost <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>changed <w NN1>security <w VVZ>needs <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multinational <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Fighter <w NN0>Aircraft <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFA<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>project<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w AT0>The <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>sophisticated <w CJC>and <w AJ0>expensive <w NN1>fighter <w VBD>was <w VVN>conceived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>project <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33880<c PUN>; <w CRD>35289<c PUN>; <w CRD>36106<c PUN>; <w CRD>36429-30<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2059"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>criticized <w CJS>as <w AJ0>anachronistic<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>signalled <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w DPS>its <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AJ0>rising <w NN2>costs <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>justifiability <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>German <w NN1>unification <w VVD-VVN>put <w AJ0>great <w NN2>strains <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>finances <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37212<c PUN>; <w CRD>38508<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2060"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <c PUL>(<w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>implication <w PRP>for <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>industry<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AJ0>planned <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM20,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;12,500 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2061"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w AV0>strongly <w VVN-VVD>urged <w NN1>reconsideration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w VVG>invoking <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w AJ0>long-standing <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>European <w NN1>defence <w NN1>collaboration<c PUN>.
<s n="2062"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN2>industries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>countries <w AV0>also <w VVD>lobbied <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2063"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2064"><w NP0>WEU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2065"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>force
</head>
<p>
<s n="2066"><w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>for <w VVG>peacekeeping<c PUN>, <w AJ0>humanitarian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>missions<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>combat <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>management<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="2067"><w AT0>The <w NN1>force <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>activated <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>requests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2068"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Willem <w NP0>van <w NP0>Eekelen<c PUN>, <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>troops <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>assigned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>units<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Anglo-Dutch <w AJ0>amphibious <w NN1>division<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN1>division <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AJ0>Franco-German <w NN0>corps <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38931-32<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2069"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>force <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU<c PUN>.
<s n="2070"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AV0>in particular <w VVN>regarded <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w CJS>as <w AJ0>complementary <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>subsidiary <w PRP>to <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>accordingly <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w AT0>the <w AV0>strictly <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVG>stressing <w DPS>its <c PUL>(<w AV0>more <w AJ0>active<c PUR>) <w VVG-AJ0>peacemaking <w NN1-AJ0>potential<c PUN>, <w VVD>saw <w DT0>this <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w VVG>developing <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>defence <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>union<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38658<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2072"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2073"><w AJ0>BLACK <w NN1>SEA <w NN2-VVZ>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2074"><w NP0>Istanbul <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w AT0>A <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN2>countries <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>pact<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38785<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>covered <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport<c PUN>, <w NN2>communications<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>investment <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2077"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w VVD>comprised <w NP0>Albania <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>accepted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>founding <w NN1>member<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece <c PUL>(<w AV0>hitherto <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>; <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>invited <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="2078"><w AJ0>Georgian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze<w POS>'s <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>secretariat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w NN2>bodies <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2079"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2080"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA-GERMANY
</head>
<p>
<s n="2081"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1-NP0>Bundesrat <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak-German <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AJ0>Bavarian <w NN2>members <w VVG>voting <w PRP>against<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38777<c PUN>; <w CRD>38879<c PUN>; <w CRD>38921<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2082"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2083"><w NP0>GEORGIA<c PUN>:
</head>
<p>
<s n="2084"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VVD>retook <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>occupation <w PRP>by <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>numbering <w CRD>100-300<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>attempting <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in favour of <w AJ0>deposed <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUN>.
<s n="2085"><w NN2>Casualties <w VBD>were <w VVN>put <w PRP>at <w CRD>three <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w AJ0-VVD>injured<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2086"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2087"><w NP0>ICELAND
</head>
<p>
<s n="2088"><w NP0>Vigd&iacute;s <w NP0>Finnbogad&oacute;ttir<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRP>since <w CRD>1980<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w AJ0>unopposed <w CJS>when <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w NN2>nominations <w VBD>were <w VVN>received <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>; <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w DPS>her <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2089"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2090"><w NP0>LIECHTENSTEIN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2091"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>27-28<c PUN>, <w CRD>56.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w NN1>age <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>36.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2092"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2093"><w NN1>WORLD <w NN1>CONGRESS <w PRF>OF <w NN2>TATARS
</head>
<p>
<s n="2094"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>World <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>Tatars <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kazan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Tatarstan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19-21<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,200 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tatar <w NN1>diaspora<c PUN>.
<s n="2095"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>over <w NP0>Tatarstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>status <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38826<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>continuing<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2096"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2097"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2098"><w NN1>Assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf
</head>
<p>
<s n="2099"><w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Boudiaf<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w CJS>while <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>an <w NN1>audience <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>Arts <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NN1>Club <w PRP>in <w NP0>Annaba<c PUN>, <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2100"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w DT0>another <w NP0>HCS <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Kafi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NP0>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w VVG>following <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>six-member <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2101"><w NP0-NN1>Redha <w NP0>Malek<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38884<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG>restoring <w DPS>its <w NN1>membership <w PRP>to <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2102"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w VVG>selecting <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2103"><w AJ0>Khaled <w NN1-NP0>Nezzar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38702<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2104"><w VVB-NN1>Boudiaf<c PUN>, <w CRD>73<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>creation <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>biographical <w NN1>information <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38702<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2105"><w DPS>His <w NN1>funeral <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>grief <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>10,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2106"><w NN2>Celebrations <w VVD-VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>commemorate <w AT0>the <w ORD>30th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2107"><w AJ0>Conflicting <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>versions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w VVD-VVN>fed <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>as to <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>responsibility <w VVD>lay<c PUN>.
<s n="2108"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassin <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>unit<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>security <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRP>in <w NP0>Annaba<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2109"><w NN2>Eye-witnesses <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>stage <w AVQ>where <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf <w VBD>was <w VVG>speaking<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AV0>about <w CRD>11.30 <w AV0>a.m.<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w NN1>explosion <w NN2>seconds <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>grenade <w VVN-VVD>tossed <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>podium<c PUN>.
<s n="2110"><w DT0>This <w VVD>provided <w NN1-VVB>cover <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>uniformed <w NN1>gunman <w PNQ>who <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sub-machine <w NN1>gun<c PUN>, <w VVG>hitting <w NN1-NP0>Boudiaf <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>head<c PUN>.
<s n="2111"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>gunman <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fired <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN1>row <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>audience<c PUN>.
<s n="2112"><w CRD>Forty-one <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Mines <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdennour <w NP0>Keramane<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2113"><w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NP0>Annaba <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Rally <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2114"><w NN1>Film <w VVN>shown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>television <w CJT>that <w DT0>same <w NN1>evening <w VVD>recorded <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>.
<s n="2115"><w CJS>As <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <c PUL>(<w NP0>BBC<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVG>monitoring<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>observation <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w NN2>humans <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>tomorrow <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>all <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>die<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>his <w ORD>last <w NN2>words <w VVN-VVD>touched <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w TO0>to <w VVI>democracyand <w PRP>for <w NN1>Islam <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NN1>pace <w PRP>with <w NN1>modernization<c PUN>: <w PNP>We <w VVB>see <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>overtaken <w PNP>us<c PUN>: <w DTQ>what <w VDD>did <w PNP>they <w VVI>overtake <w PNP>us <w PRP>with<c PUN>?
<s n="2116"><w PNP>They <w VVD>overtook <w PNP>us <w PRP>with <w NN1>science<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1>sound <w PRF>of <w NN1>explosion<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>&hellip; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1-VVB>burst <w PRF>of <w NN1>gunfire <w CJC>and <w NN1>sound <w VVN>lost<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2117"><w DT0>Some <w AJ0>official <w NN2>sources <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>one <w NN1>gunman <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>fire <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>interrogation<c PUN>.
<s n="2118"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>declared<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>assassin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>captured <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="2119"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w PRP>as <w NP0>Lembarek <w NP0>Boumaraaf<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>26-year-old <w NN1>sub-lieutenant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>unit<c PUN>.
<s n="2120"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>acted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>sympathies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2121"><w DT0>Some <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>press <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w VBD>was <w VVN>inspired <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>so-called <w AJ0>political <w NN1-VVG>mafiaintersecting <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2122"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>lawyers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Kamel <w NP0>Rezzak <w NP0>Bara<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVG>Monitoring <w NN1>Group<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yousef <w NP0>Fethallah<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA063></p>
<caption id=HLLCA063>
<s n="2123"><w NN2>Events <w PRP>prior to <w NP0>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Trial <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Madani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belhadj
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2124"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>) <w NP0>Abassi <w NP0-NN1>Madani<c PUN>, <w CRD>61<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Belhadj<c PUN>, <w CRD>35<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Blida<c PUN>.
<s n="2125"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>19 <w NN1>defence <w NN2>lawyers <w VVD>walked <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>July <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2126"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defence <w NN2>lawyers <w VHD>had <w VVN>walked <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VVD>lacked <w AJ0>procedural <w NN2>guarantees<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>jurisdiction<c PUN>.
<s n="2127"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>demanded <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <w CJC>and <w NN2>journalists <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>witness <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
<s n="2128"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Madani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belhadj <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>prisoner <w NN1>status <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38312<c PUN>; <w CRD>38364<c PUN>; <w CRD>38456<c PUN>; <w CRD>38598-99<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2129"><w CRD>Five <w AJ0>other <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN2>charges <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>absence<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>threatening <w AT0>the <w NN1>functioning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2130"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>tribunal <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>seeking <w CRD>two <w NN1>death <w NN2>penalties <w PRP>against <w NN1-NP0>Madani <w PRP>for <w NN1>conspiracy <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="2131"><w PRP>Against <w NP0>Belhaj <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sought <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>kidnapping <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>torture<c PUN>.
<s n="2132"><w PRP>Since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CRD>26 <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>fundamentalists <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>handed <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>seven <w VVD-VVN>delivered <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bouira <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>4 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38840<c PUN>; <w CRD>38936<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2133"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>reports <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>executions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA064></p>
<caption id=HLLCA064>
<s n="2134"><w NN2>Releases <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2135"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVB>let <w PNP>it <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Saharan <w NN1>detention <w NN2>camps <w PRF>of <w NP0>Reggane<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Ain <w NP0>Salah <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Ain <w NP0-NN1>M'guel<c PUN>, <w VVG>releasing <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>sympathies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>moving <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w AV0>further <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>detainees <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>recently <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w DT0>those <w VVN>released <w AV0>gradually <w PRP>since <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="2137"><w PRP>By <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w VVN>detained <w VHD>had <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>to <w CRD>4,214 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>7,000 <w VVN>detained <w PRP>since <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2138"><w AT0>A <w NN1>team <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NN1>AI<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Saharan <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w NN1>AI <w VVD>criticized<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w CRD>6,000 <w NN2>detainees <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>ill-treatment <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>.
<s n="2140"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>appeal <w NN2>councils <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w NN2>hearings <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w NN2>appeals <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>releases<c PUN>.
<s n="2141"><w DT0>All <w CRD>641 <w NN2>detainees <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bourdj <w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Driss <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2142"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>southernmost <w NN2>camps <w CJC>and <w AV0>at least <w CRD>four <w AJ0>other <w NN2>camps <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<w POS>'s <w NP0>Sahara <w NN1>region <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0-AV0>open<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA065></p>
<caption id=HLLCA065>
<s n="2143"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Rally
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2144"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Rally <c PUL>(<w NP0>Rassemblement <w NP0>Patriotique <w AJ0>National<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>foundation <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based<c PUN>.
<s n="2145"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties <w PNQ>who <w VVD>chose <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Rally<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2146"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Rally<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>emphasized<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w AV0>less <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN2>initiatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>cadres<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>mobilization <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>banner <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Algeria <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w AJS>foremost<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2147"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>pluralistic <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>modernized <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>housing <w NN2>shortages<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA066></p>
<caption id=HLLCA066>
<s n="2148"><w NN1>Proposal <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2149"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Bella<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Algerian <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formulated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>position <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>MAJD<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Kasdi <w NP0>Merbah <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>Renewal <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRA<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Noureddine <w NP0-NN1>Boukrouh<c PUN>.
<s n="2150"><w DT0>This <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>joined <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hocine <w NP0>Ait <w NP0>Ahmed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>Front <c PUL>(<w NN2>FFS<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NN2>trials <w PRP>before <w AJ0>military <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
<s n="2151"><w PRP>By <w NP0>June <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0-NN1>Abdelhamid <w NP0-NN1>Mehri <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NP0>Hamas <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Mahfoud <w NP0>Nahnah<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>aligned <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>platform<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>rejected <w NN1>affiliation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Rally<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA067></p>
<caption id=HLLCA067>
<s n="2152"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2153"><w NN1>Education <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w VVD-AJ0>Benmohamed <w VVN-AJ0>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>day <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VHD>had <w VVN>cancelled <w AT0>the <w NN1>science <w NN1-VVB>baccalaureat <w NN1>examination <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="2154"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>examination <w NN2>papers <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>deliberately <w VVN>leaked <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>shake <w AT0>the <w AJ0>educational <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w NN1>society <w AV0>at large<c PUN>.
<s n="2155"><w NP0>Djilali <w NP0>Liabes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Universities <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Research<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minster <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA068></p>
<caption id=HLLCA068>
<s n="2156"><w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w NN2>subsidies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2157"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>removed <w DT0>most <w NN1-VVB>price <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38312<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2158"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>since <w NP0>April <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>political <w NN2>uncertainties<c PUN>.
<s n="2159"><w NN2>Subsidies <w VVN>remained <c PUL>(<w PRP>at <w AJ0>reduced <w NN2>levels<c PUR>) <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w NN1>bread <w CJC>and <w NN1>flour<c PUN>, <w AJ0>dried <w NN1>milk <w CJC>and <w NN1>semolina<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1-VVB>price <w NN2>controls <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>commodities <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38840<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2160"><w PRP>In <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>introduced <w AJ0>minimal <w AJ0-NN1>safety-net <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w DT0>some <w CRD>7,400,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2161"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2162"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2163"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>commissions
</head>
<p>
<s n="2164"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>commissions <w DTQ>which <w AV0>together <w VM0>would <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w DPS>their <w NN2>stages<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>lists <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2165"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>after <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="2166"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>presented <w AJ0>minimum <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ensuing <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2167"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w AJC>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>dates <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>announced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2168"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>speech <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>commission <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>representative <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="2169"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>commissions <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>governor <w CJC>or <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>place <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>official<c PUN>.
<s n="2170"><w AJ0>Official <w NN1>funding <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w PRP>for <w NN1>party <w AJ0>political <w NN2>broadcasts <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>rolls <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>updated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2171"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>laws <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w VVD>lowered <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>age <w PRP>for <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>from <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w NN1>age <w PRP>from <w CRD>21 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2172"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>deputies <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>voting <w NN1>age <w VVN-VVD>lowered <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>chamber <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA069></p>
<caption id=HLLCA069>
<s n="2173"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0-NN1>Bloc
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2174"><w AT0>The <w CRD>five <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0-NN1>Bloc<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>emphasized <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AJ0>common <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>platform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2175"><w AT0>The <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NP0>Istiqlal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Popular <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>USFP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <w CJC>and <w NN1>Socialism <c PUL>(<w NN2>PPS<c PUN>, <w AJ0>communist-inclined<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>OADP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w UNC>Nationale <w UNC>des <w NN2-VVZ>Forces <w NP0>Populaires <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNFP <w VVD>&mdash;led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abdallah <w NP0>Ibrahim<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>boycotted <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>joined <w DT0>this <w NN1>platform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2176"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>charter<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Bloc <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>26 <w VVD-VVN>listed <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>demands <w AJ0>fundamental <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>installation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>healthy <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>monarchy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w NN2>problems <w PRP>such as <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w AJ0>judicial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>controls <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w NN1>transparency <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>majority<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>freedom <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w CJC>or <w NN1>trade-union <w NN1>activity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2177"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bloc <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>sought <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>exiles <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>securing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Saharan <w NN2>provinces <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06A>
<s n="2178"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionist
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2179"><w VVB>Driss <w NP0-NN1>Laghnimi<c PUN>, <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN2>Workers <c PUL>(<w NP0>UGTM<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Slimane<c PUN>, <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rabat<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>jailed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>18 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w AJ0>insulting <w NN2>remarks <w AV0>in public <w PRP>about <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan<c PUN>.
<s n="2180"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Istiqlal <w NN1>party <w VVD>described <w DPS>his <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>premeditated<c PUN>, <w AJ0>repressive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provocative <w NN1>act<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2181"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Istiqlal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>USFP<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>lawyers <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>similarly <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentencing<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Noubir <w NN1>al-Amaoui<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2182"><w NN2>Amaoui <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w NN1>defamation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Pa&iacute;s <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>described <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>as <w NN2>thieves <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38888<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06B>
<s n="2183"><w NN1>Drowning <w PRF>of <w NN2>emigrants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2184"><w AT0>A <w NN1>boat <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>would-be <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>emigrants <w PRP>to <w NP0>Spain <w VVD>sank <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Strait <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gibraltar <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2185"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Moroccans <w VVN-VVD>drowned <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVG>missing<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w AV0>at least <w CRD>20 <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN>drowned <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>incident <w PRP>in <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>seas<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2187"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2188"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>SAHARA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2189"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1-VVB>request
</head>
<p>
<s n="2190"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>report <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>progress <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2191"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>constituting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>indirect <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>passage <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara <w VVD>presented <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w PRP>until <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w VVG>failing <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VM0>might <w VVI>look <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>approach<c PUN>.
<s n="2192"><w AJ0>Indirect <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9-10 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2193"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>strongly <w NN1>&mdash;with <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostilities <w NN1>&mdash;to <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN1>government <w CJT>that <w NP0>Morocco<w POS>'s <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>general <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
<s n="2194"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>referendum <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2195"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Moroccan <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Driss <w NP0-NN1>Basri <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sahrawi <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>inclusion <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>way <w NN1-VVB>prejudice <w AT0>the <w AJC>later <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2196"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2197"><w NP0>TUNISIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2198"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="2199"><w PRP>Among <w CRD>seven <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sadok <w NP0>Chaabane <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
<s n="2200"><w NP0-NN1>Chaabane <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>first <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38363<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>explaining <w AV0>abroad <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2201"><w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Ghannouchi<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>.
<s n="2202"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nouri <w NP0-NN1>Zorgati<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>until <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06C>
<s n="2203"><w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>league
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2204"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Tunisian <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTDH<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w VVD>ceased <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-June<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VVD>required <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w DT0>such <w NN2>associations <w VM0>should <w VVI>open <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w NN1>membership <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>banned <w NN2>office-holders <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>from <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w DT0>such <w AJ0>private <w NN2>associations<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="2206"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LTDH<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w NN1>president <w NP0-NN1>Moncef <w NP0-NN1>Marzouki<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>included <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NN2>MDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2207"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VVN>lodged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>against <w DPS>its <w NN1>dissolution<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1-AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>unit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38840<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2209"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2210"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2211"><w NN1>Assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fudah
</head>
<p>
<s n="2212"><w AT0>The <w NN1>writer <w NP0-NN1>Farag <w NP0>Fudah <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRP>from <w NN1>gunshot <w NN2>wounds <w VVN>inflicted <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>gunmen <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attacked <w PNP>him <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>left <w DPS>his <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Heliopolis<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>.
<s n="2213"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w NN2>fundamentalists <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w AT0>a <w NN1>secularist <w NN1>commentator <w AJ0>unconnected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2214"><w NP0-NN1>Fudah<w POS>'s <w AJ0>15-year-old <w NN1>son <w NP0>Ahmed <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>assistant <w VBD>were <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="2215"><w ITJ>Fudah<c PUN>, <w CRD>47<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>professor <w PRF>of <w NN1>agriculture <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>stood <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>recently <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2216"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Wafd <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<c PUN>.
<s n="2217"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>legislation <w AV0>better <w VVN>targeted <w PRP>at <w VVG>combating <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>fundamentalism <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>since <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2218"><w AT0>The <w NN2>assailants <w VVD-VVN>made <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w NN2>motor-cycles<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w CJC>and <w VVN>identified <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Abd <w AJ0-NN1>al-Shafi <w NN1>Ramadan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>year-old <w NN1>fishmonger <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Cairo <w NN1>cell <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>al-Jihad <w NN1>organization <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Sadat <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rifaat <w NP0>al-Mahgoub<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="2219"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Sawfat <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Ghani<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NP0>al-Mahgoub<c PUN>.
<s n="2220"><w NN1-AJ0>Abdel-Ghani<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>London-based <w AJ0-NN1>al-Hiyat <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w DT0>this <w NN1>version<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w DPS>his <w NN1>lawyer <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in connection with <w NP0>Fudah<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>killing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2221"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w VVG>killing <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVN>detained <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Zawiya <w NP0>al-Hamra <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>.
<s n="2222"><w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN2>liberals <w VVN>noted <w PRP>with <w NN1>disapproval <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>clerics <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Al-Azhar <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>university <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fudah <w PRP>for <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>to <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>.
<s n="2223"><w AT0>A <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>but <w VVD>tolerated <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Brotherhood <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>support <w AJ0>political <w NN2>assassinations<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shared <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NP0>Fudah<w POS>'s <w NN1>death <w CJS>since <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NN1>space <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>writers <w VVN-VVD>dedicated <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>attacking <w NN1>Islam<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06D>
<s n="2224"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0>Egypt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2225"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>round-up <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>militants <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Dayrut<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Sanabu <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns <w CJC>and <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Asyut <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Upper <w NP0>Egypt<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2226"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>Coptic <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>villagers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>militants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Jamaat <w NN1-NP0>Islami <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38935<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2227"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>command <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>paramilitary <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Security <w NN2>Forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>ransacked <w AV0>about <w CRD>five <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w NN1>night <w NN2>raids<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>roadblocks <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VVN>restricted<c PUN>.
<s n="2228"><w CRD>Three <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2229"><w NN2>Machine-guns <w CJC>and <w NN2>explosives <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w CJC>and <w CRD>41 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2230"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>19 <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>militants <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>attacked <w AV0>up to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>shops <w CJC>and <w NN2>homes <w PRF>of <w NN2>Christians <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sanabu<c PUN>.
<s n="2231"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w VVG>triggering <w AT0>an <w NN1>escalation <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>four <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christian <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>policeman<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Dayrut<c PUN>.
<s n="2232"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w AJ0>six-hour <w NN1>operation <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>villages <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>questioning<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2233"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Abdel-Halim <w NP0>Moussa <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>instructed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asyut<c PUN>&hellip; <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>sedition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sanabu <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Dayrut <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>uprooted<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2234"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>11 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS>as <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>al-Jihad <w VBD>were <w VVN>captured <w PRP>in <w NN2>raids <w PRP>on <w NP0>Manshiet-Nasser <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>villages<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2235"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2236"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2237"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="2238"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mahmoud <w NP0>Zubi <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>along with <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>; <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w VVD>asked <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="2239"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>37-member <w NN1>Cabinet <w CRD>15 <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>hands <w CJS>as <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2240"><w NN2>Zubi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36178-79<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>selected <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaderships <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ba'ath <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
<s n="2241"><w CJS>While <w NP0>Damascus <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>commented <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>rotation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>changes <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nadir <w NP0-NN1>Nabulsi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Al-Furat <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1>Company <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Syria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>Mineral <w NN2>Resources <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Antonios <w NP0>Habib<c PUN>.
<s n="2242"><w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>Akhtarini <w VVD>became <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Service <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0>Qaddur<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="2243"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Tulbah <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w NN1>minister <w PRP>from <w NP0>Khalid <w NP0-NN1>Ansari<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2244"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2245"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2246"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN2>hostages
</head>
<p>
<s n="2247"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>German <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="2248"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>come <w AVP>about <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>al-Solh <w VVD>persuaded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2249"><w VVB>Heinrich <w NP0-NN1>Str&uuml;big<c PUN>, <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Kemptner<c PUN>, <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abdel-Hadi <w NP0>Hamadei<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="2250"><w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Giandomenico <w NP0>Picco <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Chancellery <w NP0>Bernd <w NP0>Schmidbauer <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>releases<c PUN>.
<s n="2251"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>promised <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w CJC>or <w NN1>leniency <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>Hamadei <w NN2>brothers <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>prison <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38455<c PUN>; <w CRD>38695<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>1982<c PUN>, <w CRD>92 <w NN2>foreigners <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w AV0>at least <w CRD>10 <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>captivity<c PUN>.
<s n="2253"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Germans <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w NN2>Europeans <w CJC>or <w NN1>north <w NN2>Americans <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w PRP>as <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Middle <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>woman <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>Canadian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>nationality<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN1>hostage<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06E>
<s n="2254"><w NN2>Visits <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Vellayati <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN1>delegation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2255"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Vellayati <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2-3<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w CJS>While <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>governments <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>given <w DT0>some <w NN2>undertakings <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w VVG>restraining <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2257"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>Hezbollahreleased <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>Lebanese <w VVN-AJ0>taken <w PRP>as <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-Iraq <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Germans <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>unfreezing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lebanon <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>withheld <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>insistence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2259"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w VBD>was <w AV0>approximately <w UNC>ECU166,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;212,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w ORD>fourth <w NN2>protocols <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38836<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2260"><w AT0>An <w NP0>EC <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-June <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06F>
<s n="2261"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2262"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN2>Co-operatives<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sulayman <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>Franjiyah<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="2263"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>al-Solh <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w AV0>earlier <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38933<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>angered <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w VVN-VVD>extended <w PRP>to <w NP0>Samir <w NP0>Geaga<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Christian<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Forces <w NN0>militia<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>lunch <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Hrawi<c PUN>.
<s n="2264"><w NP0-NN1>Franjiyah <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Geaga <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>father <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>Franjiyah <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNI>something <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Geaga <w VVD>denied<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06G>
<s n="2265"><w NN1>Re-election <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Phalange <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2266"><w NP0-NN1>Geaga <w VVD>stood <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Phalangist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ktaeb<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>George <w NP0>Saadeh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>term <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="2267"><w NN1-NP0>Saadeh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN2>Posts<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w AV0>as <w AV0>more <w AJ0>moderate <w CJS>than <w NP0>Geaga<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06H>
<s n="2268"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>raids
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2269"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJS>when <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>artillery <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w VVD>shelled <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kfar-Roumann <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>defined <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2270"><w NN1>Air <w NN2>raids <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1-5 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>10<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>attacks <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>shelling <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>gunboats <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>casualties <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>damage <w PRP>to <w NN2>buildings<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2271"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2272"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2273"><w NN1>Assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bseisou
</head>
<p>
<s n="2274"><w VVB>Atef <w NP0-NN1>Bseisou<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>external <w NN1>security <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Hotel <w NN1>Meridien <w PRP>in <w NP0>Montparnasse<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2275"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>gunmen <w VVN-VVD>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w NN1>getaway <w PRP>on <w NN1>foot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2276"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>sent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tunis <w NN1>bureau <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w VVD-AJ0>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fatah <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>faction <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Nidal<c PUN>.
<s n="2277"><w DT0>This <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w VVN>disowned <w DT0>some <w NN2>hours <w AV0>later <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0-NN1>Fatah <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walid <w NP0-NN1>Khalid<c PUN>.
<s n="2278"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PLO <w PNX>itself <w VVD-VVN>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w VVG-AJ0>attributing <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mossad <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>charge <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>as <w XX0>not <w VVG>meriting <w AT0>a <w NN1>response<c PUN>.
<s n="2279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intelligence<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Uri <w NP0>Saguy<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>radio <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Bseisou <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Black <w NP0>September <w NN1>group <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>athletes <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Munich <w NN2>Olympics <w PRF>of <w CRD>1972 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>25493-96<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06J>
<s n="2280"><w NN2>PLO-Hamas <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2281"><w ORD>First <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fatah<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>core <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>organization <w NN2>Hamas<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>originated <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>leaflet <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>resolved <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>steering <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>produced <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>covenant <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>honour <w AV0>recently <w VVN>reached <w PRP>between <w NP0>Fatah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hamas<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>supervised <w PRP>by <w NP0>PLO <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2283"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>covenant <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>through <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>dialogue <w CJC>and <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>front <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>protection <w PRP>from <w NN1>confusion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2284"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hamas <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>expressed <w NN1>surprise <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w NP0>Fatah <w VHD>had <w VVN>published <w DT0>this <w NN1>accord <w NN1-AJ0>unilaterallywhile <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06K>
<s n="2285"><w NN2>Negotiators<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Arafat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2286"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w NP0>Arafat <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w VVD>caused <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>with <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2287"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Police <w VVD>said <w AV0>instead <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>interrogated<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2288"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>figures <w NN1>&mdash;Faisal <w NP0>al-Husseini<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hannan <w NP0-NN1>Ashrawi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Haidar <w NN1>Abdel-Shafi <w VVD>&mdash;embraced <w NP0>Arafat <w PRP>during <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>encounter<c PUN>.
<s n="2289"><w NP0>Arafat <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jordan <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="2290"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>undergone <w NN1>surgery <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amman <w PRP>for <w NN1>blood <w VVZ-NN2>clots <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>brain<c PUN>, <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w NN2>injuries <w VVN-VVD>suffered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1>plane <w NN1>crash <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38884<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2291"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2292"><w AJ0>ISRAELI-OCCUPIED <w NN2>TERRITORIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2293"><w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>unrest <w CJC>and <w NN1>clampdown
</head>
<p>
<s n="2294"><w NN2>Tensions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w NN1>clampdown <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>authorities <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fatal <w NN1-VVG>stabbing <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-year-old <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>schoolgirl <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>youth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bat <w NN1-NP0>Yam <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv<c PUN>, <w VVD>rose <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w AVQ>when <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>vegetable <w NN2>merchants <w VBD>were <w VVN>stabbed <w PRP>to <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2295"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>clampdown <w DT0>all <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>50,000 <w NN1>day <w NN2>workers <w VVN-VVD>employed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>Strip <w PRP>for <w CRD>14 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>longest <w NN1>quarantine <w NN1>period <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>40-day <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli-occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2296"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w VVG>issuing <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>population <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2297"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w NN2>restrictions <w VBD>were <w VVN>eased <w AV0>somewhat<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>employees <w AV0>over <w CRD>28 <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w CJS>if <w DPS>their <w NN2>workplaces <w VVD>employed <w CRD>10 <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w AV0>there <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w CJS>provided that <w AT0>the <w NN2>individuals <w VVN>qualified <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w AJ0>special <w NN1>permit<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2298"><w DT0>This <w VVN>affected <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w CRD>thousand <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>protests <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>employers <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>businesses <w VBD>were <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>, <w VVG>forcing <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w NN1-VVB>limit <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w VVB>drop <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>10-employee <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2299"><w AT0>A <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>14 <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>restrictions<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dispersed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2300"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2301"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2302"><w NN2>Executions <w PRF>of <w NN2>rioters
</head>
<p>
<s n="2303"><w NN2>Disturbances <w DTQ>which <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>damage <w PRP>to <w NN1>property <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>cities <w CJC>and <w NN1>town <w VBD>were <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>June <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>manipulation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>hooligans<c PUN>,<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN2>offenders <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>vagrants<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0>outside <w NN2>agitators<c PUN>.
<s n="2304"><w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Khamenei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>disorder <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>towns <c PUL>(<w NP0>Mashad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shiraz <w CJC>and <w NP0>Arak<c PUR>) <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subversive <w NN1>counter-revolutionhad <w VVN>taken <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<w POS>' <w NN1>leniency<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>institutions <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN2>pretexts <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w VVG-AJ0>stirring <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2305"><w AT0>The <w NN1>news <w NN0>media <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Mojahedin-e <w NP0>Khalq <w VVD-VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>heroic <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mashad<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cities <w VBD>were <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>topple <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="2306"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mainstream <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>press <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2307"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>10 <w CRD>four <w NN2>men <w VVN>described <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>ringleaders<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>hanged <w PRP>for <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mashad <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w NP0>30-June <w CRD>2 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38935<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2308"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>nine <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>decreed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shiraz<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>after <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>acted <w PRP>against <w AJ0>disabled <w NN1>war <w NN2>veterans <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="2309"><w CRD>Four <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shiraz <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2310"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arak <w CRD>29 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>received <w NN2>sentences <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in connection with <w NN1-VVG>rioting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20-22<c PUN>.
<s n="2311"><w NN2>Disturbances <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khorramabad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tabriz<c PUN>, <w ITJ>Shush<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Shushtar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dezful<c PUN>.
<s n="2312"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-June <w NN2>reports <w VVD>emerged <w CJT>that <w CRD>17 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>in <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bukan <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2313"><w PRP>In <w AV0>both <w NP0>Mashad <w CJC>and <w VVB>Arak <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>begun <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>erection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>buildings<c PUN>.
<s n="2314"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w NN2>shops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>buildings <w VBD>were <w VVN>attacked<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2315"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>claims <w PRP>as to <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>executed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
<s n="2316"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mashad <w NN1>&mdash;Iran<w POS>'s <w AJS>holiest <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>involved <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>rioters <w VVG>acting <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="2317"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>30 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mashad<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>500 <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>reported <w CRD>one <w NN1>death <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>residents <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="2318"><w NN2-VVZ>Floods <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>, <w NP0>June <w CRD>6-7<c PUN>, <w VVN>killed <w AV0>about <w CRD>30 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2319"><w PRP>By <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN1>chief <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tehran <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Guardians <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pasdaran<c PUR>) <w NN1>force <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>special <w NN2>squads <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>mobilization <w CJS>as <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="2320"><w VVB>Bassij <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>volunteers<c PUN>, <w AV0>similarly <w PRP>under <w NP0>Pasdaran <w NN1-VVB>command<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>show <w PRF>of <w NN1>strength <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mashad <c PUL>(<w NP0>June <w CRD>16<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06L>
<s n="2321"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Majlis <w NN1>Speaker
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2322"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Nateq <w NP0-NN1>Nuri <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Majlis <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="2323"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w ORD>second <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>Speakers <w VBD>were <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0-NN1>Rohani <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Akbar <w NP0>Pavaresh <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06M></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06M>
<s n="2324"><w NN1>Renewal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rushdie <w NN1>death <w NN1>threat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2325"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Sanei<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>headed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>Foundation <w PRF>of <w ORD>15th <w NP0-NN1>Khordad <c PUL>(<w NP0>June <w CRD>5<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>offered <w AT0>a <w NN1>reward <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;US2,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian-born <w AJ0>British <w NN1>writer <w NP0>Salman <w NP0>Rushdie<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>reimburse <w DT0>all <w NN2>costs <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>act<c PUN>.
<s n="2326"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>original <w NP0>February <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>fatwa <w PRP>against <w NP0>Rushdie <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>novel <w AT0>The <w AJ0>Satanic <w NN2>Verses <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36450-51<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2327"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2328"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2329"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>capability
</head>
<p>
<s n="2330"><w NN2>Inspectors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w VVD>witnessed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Al-Atheer <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>complex <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>core <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>designed <w PRP>for <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>development <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38838<c PUN>; <w CRD>38886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2331"><w AT0>The <w NN1>team <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>supervised <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w VVG>dismantling <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>enrichment <w NN2>installations <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ash-Sharqat <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tarmiyah <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>map <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>removing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w AV0>highly <w VVN-AJ0>enriched <w CJC>but <w AJ0>unradiated <w NN1>uranium <c PUL>(<w CRD>400 <w NN2>grammes<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2332"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VVD>submitted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>300-page <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>full <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>arms <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>.
<s n="2333"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>informed <w AT0>the <w NN2>inspectors <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>provide <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>suppliers <w PRF>of <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>materials <w NN1>&mdash;a <w NN1-AJ0>key <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>demand <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;and <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w NN2>inspectors <w VVD>left <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>potential <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>rebuild <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2334"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>report <w VVD>contained <w AJ0>new <w NN1>information <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>suppliers <w CJC>or <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>weapons <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>used<c PUN>.
<s n="2335"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>Scud <w NN1>missile <w NN1-AJ0>mobile <w NN2>launchers <w AV0>still <w AJ0>operational <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>uncertain <w CJS>as <w NP0>UN <w NN2>experts <w VVD-VVN>considered <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w AJ0>under-reported <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06N></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06N>
<s n="2336"><w AJ0>Chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>destruction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2337"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRP>at <w NP0>Muthana<c PUN>, <w CRD>130 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>60 <w NN2>items <w PRF>of <w NN1>equipment <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>casings <w PRP>for <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>bombs<c PUN>.
<s n="2338"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>16-member <w NN1>team <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Karen <w NP0>Jansen <w AV0>also <w VVD>searched <w PRP>for <w AJ0>hidden <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>at <w AJ0>various <w NN2>sites <w PRP>during <w DPS>its <w AJ0>eight-day <w NN1>mission <c PUL>(<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38696<c PUN>; <w CRD>38838<c PUN>; <w CRD>38935<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06P></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06P>
<s n="2339"><w NN1>Lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>oil <w NN0>sales
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2340"><w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>representatives <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19-22 <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w VVG>unblocking <w UNC>US&dollar;1,600 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w NN2-VVZ>exports <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38742<c PUN>; <w CRD>38788-89<c PUN>; <w CRD>38838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>ended <w NN2>talks <w PRP>without <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>administering <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceeds <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>for <w CRD>1,100 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>weapons <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2341"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>41,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>14,000 <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN2>shortages <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN2>sanctions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38696<c PUN>; <w CRD>38742<c PUN>; <w CRD>38789<c PUN>; <w CRD>38838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06R></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06R>
<s n="2342"><w NN1>Proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w NN2>sanctions <w VVG-NN1>monitoring
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2343"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVD>proposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-June <w DT0>that <w CRD>20-30 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w VM0>should <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>trade <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aqaba <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian-Iraqi <w NN1>border <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w NN2>breaches <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
<s n="2344"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>multinational <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>force <w NN1-VVG>policing <w NN1>sea <w NN1>trade <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aqaba <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w VVN>dismantled<c PUN>.
<s n="2345"><w NP0>Jordan <w VVD>objected <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>violate <w DPS>its <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2346"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>proposal <w VVD>followed <w AT0>an <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>assessment <w VVG>indicating <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w VHD>had <w VVN>strengthened <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w AV0>internally <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>rebuild <w DPS>its <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>arms <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jordan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illicit <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>bank <w NN2>reserves <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN0>sales<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2347"><w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Tariq <w NP0>Aziz <w VVD>discussed <w AJ0>international <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-June<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06S></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06S>
<s n="2348"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>flights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2349"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VVD>suspended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>twice-daily <w NN2>flights <w PRP>between <w NP0>Baghdad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Basra<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>flights<c PUN>, <w PRP>on account of <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts<c PUN>.
<s n="2350"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Airways <w VVD>urged <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tunisia <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AT0>the <w CRD>33 <w AJ0>civil <w NN0>aircraft <w VVN-AJ0>stranded <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>countries <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06T></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06T>
<s n="2351"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>cohesion <w PRP>between <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2352"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <c PUL>(<w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>70<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16-19<c PUN>, <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="2353"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>London-based <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="2354"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>leader <w AJ0>Jalal <w NN1>Talabani <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUK<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDP<c PUR>) <w VVD>attended<c PUN>.
<s n="2355"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2356"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVN>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>91-member <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>four <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>17-member <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee<c PUN>; <w NN2>places <w VBD>were <w VVN>reserved <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>boycotting <w NN2>groups <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
<s n="2357"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2358"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kurdistan <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="2359"><w PNP>They <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w NN2>principles<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>except for <w NN1>oil <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investors <w VM0>could <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>refining <w CJC>and <w NN1>marketing<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conversion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military-industrial <w NN1>complex <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>use<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>self-sufficiency <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w NN1>production <w PRP>from <w AJ0>private <w NN2>farms<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06U></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06U>
<s n="2360"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>inauguration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2361"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>at <w NP0>Arbil <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVG>electing <w AT0>the <w AJS>oldest <w NN1>council <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hasan <w NP0>Kanabi<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jawhar <w NP0>Namiq <w NN1-NP0>Salim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>KDP <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>speaker<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Tawfiq <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>.
<s n="2362"><w NP0-NN1>Fuad <w NP0-NN1>Masum<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PUK<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2363"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-June <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>council <w VBD>was <w VVN>renamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>council <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN1>policy <w NN2>committees <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="2364"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AJ0>European <w NN2>capitals <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>raise <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="2365"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>force <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>to <w CRD>end-1992<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38980<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2366"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pasok<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>merge <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2367"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2368"><w NP0>GCC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2369"><w NN2>Meetings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN2>ministers
</head>
<p>
<s n="2370"><w AT0>The <w ORD>43rd <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w NN1>Secretariat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riyadh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2371"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>regimefor <w VVG-NN1>procrastinating <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>avoidingthe <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
<s n="2372"><w AT0>The <w NN1>council <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>desire <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJC>and <w VVZ>stresses <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>suffering <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>brotherly <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medicinal <w NN2>needs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2373"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>obstinacy <w CJC>and <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>seriousness<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>actions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2374"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>condemned <w NP0>Serbia<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>crimes <w PRF>of <w NN1>annihilation <w CJC>and <w NN1>deportation<c PUN>&hellip; <w DTQ>which <w VVB>contravene <w AJ0>human <w NN2>values <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>laws<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2375"><w AT0>The <w NP0>GCC <w NN1>development <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>Arab <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVD>inaugurated <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38697<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>attracted <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w NN2>contributions <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w UNC>US&dollar;6,500,000<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Saudia <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <c PUL>(<w NP0>UAE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2376"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riyadh<c PUN>, <w NP0>GCC <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>.
<s n="2377"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>single <w NN2>customs <w NN1>tariff <c PUL>(<w VVB>set <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>pre-condition <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w PRP>for <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>accord <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VBI>be <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>unification<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06V></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06V>
<s n="2378"><w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2379"><w PRP>On <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Bishara<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w NN1>defence <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AV0>also <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>formulated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38116-17<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w PRP>under <w NN1>study <w PRP>by <w NP0>GCC <w NN2>committees<c PUN>.
<s n="2380"><w PRP>After <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unscheduled <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w PRF>of <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="2381"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38987<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>much-postponed <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Doha<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2382"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2383"><w NP0>QATAR
</head>
<p>
<s n="2384"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Qatar <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>pact <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w PRP>after <w NP0>Kuwait <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w NN1>official <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w DT0>any <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Qatar<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w PRP>in line with <w NP0>GCC <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2385"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2386"><w NP0>YEMEN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2387"><w VVB-NN1>Hasim <w NN2>al-Attas<c PUN>, <w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Haidar <w NP0>Abu <w NP0-NN1>Bakr <w NN2>al-Attas<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Shir <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Hadramat <w NN1>province <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>elements <w AJ0>hostile <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>unity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yemen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>news <w NN0>media <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38936<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2388"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2389"><w NN1>SUMMIT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2390"><w NP0>Bush-Yeltsin <w NN1>summit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>cuts <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid
</head>
<p>
<s n="2391"><w PRP>At <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>far-reaching <w NN2>agreements <w VVG>covering <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>disarmament <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06W></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06W>
<s n="2392"><w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>forces <w NN2>reductions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2393"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN2>arms <w NN1>reduction <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VVI>cut <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>powers<w POS>' <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arsenals <w PRP>by <w CRD>two-thirds<c PUN>, <w VVG>going <w AV0-AJ0>far <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2394"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>formalized <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>START <w CRD>II <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w VVD>involved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>to <w PRP>between <w CRD>3,800 <w CJC>and <w CRD>4,250 <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>side<c PUN>; <w AJC>further <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2003 <w PRP>to <w PRP>between <w CRD>3,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>3,500 <w NN2>warheads<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0-NN1>multiple <w AV0>independently <w VVN-VVD>targeted <w NN1>re-entry <w NN1>vehicle <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIRV<c PUR>) <w AJ0>intercontinental <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
<s n="2395"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>brings <w PNP>us <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>threshold <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>world <w PRF>of <w NN1>hope <w CJC>and <w NN1>opportunity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more <w AJ0>attractive<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0-NN1>human<c PUN>, <w AJC>kinder<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2396"><w VVG>Describing <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>obsolete <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unnecessary<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w CRD>SS-18 <w NN2>missiles <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w AJ0-NN1>land-based <w AJ0>intercontinental <w NN2>missiles<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP-AVP>off <w AJ0-NN1>alert<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2397"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>statements <w CJC>and <w NN2>memorandums <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>charter <w PRP>on <w AJ0>American-Russian <w NN1>partnership <w CJC>and <w NN1>friendship <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>committed <w PNX>themselves <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w NN2>disputes <w AV0>peacefully<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>space <w NN1>research<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>warning <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>missile <w NN2-VVZ>launches<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="2398"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>granted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>most <w AJ0>favoured <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w CJS>according <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w NN2>tariffs <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVG>trading <w NN2>partners<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06X></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06X>
<s n="2399"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2400"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>told <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enthusiastic <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>communism <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>dead<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>inviting <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w NN1>partnership <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>worldwide <w NN1>triumph <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>appealing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2401"><w VVG>Urging <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>US&dollar;24,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w DT0>this <w NN1>aid <w CJS>as <w AJ0>essential <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="2402"><w NN1-VVG>Warning <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>without <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>investment <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>movement <w VM0>could <w VVI>fail<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>cautioned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>try<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2403"><w AV0>Much <w NP0>US <w NN0>media <w NN1-VVB>interest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w NP0>US <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w AJ0>alive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w CJS>whether <w NN1>information <w VBD>was <w AJ0>available <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>declared <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2404"><w VVG>Acknowledging <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w AT0>the <w NN1>truth <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>pledged <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w VVG>finding <w DT0>any <w NP0>US <w NN2>citizens <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2405"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>old <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>archives <w VVD-VVN>contained <w AJ0>precise <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w DT0>many <w NP0>US <w NN2>citizens <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DTQ>what <w NN1>war <w PNP>they <w VVD>fought <w AVP>in<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>died <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>buried<c PUN>.
<s n="2406"><w NN2>Documents <w VVN-VVD>supplied <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w AV0>initially <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>picture<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AV0>privately <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ambiguous<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2407"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w TO0>to <w VVI>research <w AT0>the <w NN1>prisoner <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN1>issue<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA06Y></p>
<caption id=HLLCA06Y>
<s n="2408"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Clinton
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2409"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prospective <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="2410"><w DPS>His <w NN1>itinerary <w AV0>also <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2411"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2412"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2413"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>ministers<w POS>' <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>NACC <w NN2>meetings
</head>
<p>
<s n="2414"><w VVG>Formalizing <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>month <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38937<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oslo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance<w POS>'s <w AJ0>future <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2415"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>case-by-case <w NN1>basis<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>activities <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w PRP>by <w VVG>making <w AJ0>available <w NN1>alliance <w NN2>resources <w CJC>and <w NN1>expertise<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2416"><w NN2>Missions <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w AJ0>approved <w AV0>unanimously <w CJC>and <w DT0>any <w NN1>member <w NN1>state <w VM0>could <w VVI>opt <w PRP>out of <w NN1>participation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2417"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>departure <w PRP>for <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>based <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>foundation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1949 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>action <w PRP>in defence of <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w AV0>only <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>restricting <w NN2>operations <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>clearly <w AJ0-VVN>designated <w NN1>area <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2418"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>52-member <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>military <w NN1>capability <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w DT0>all <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2419"><w AT0>The <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w AT0>a <w AJC>stronger <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>commitment <w VVG>involving <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVG-AJ0>peacemaking <c PUL>(<w PRP>through<c PUN>, <w AV0>for instance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN1>ground <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NN1>conflict <w NN2>areas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w AV0>generally <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>an <w NN1>enhancement <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w NN1>role<c PUN>.
<s n="2420"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>June <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>force <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38980<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2421"><w PRP>Concerning <w AJ0>current <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>declared <w PNX>themselves<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>profoundly <w VVN>disturbed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>destruction <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>continues <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Euro-Atlantic <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2422"><w PNP>They <w AV0>specifically <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>support<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rump<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorno-Karabakh<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA070></p>
<caption id=HLLCA070>
<s n="2423"><w NP0-NN1>NACC <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2424"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NACC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w VVZ-NN2>states <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>third <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oslo <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>meetings <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38698-99<c PUN>; <w CRD>38841<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>discussing <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues <w PRP>including <w AJ0>nuclear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>.
<s n="2425"><w NN2>Participants <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Conventional <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2426"><w NP0>Georgia <w VVD>attended <w AT0>an <w NN1>NACC <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NP0>Albania <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Finland <w VVD>attended <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2427"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2428"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2429"><w VVB-NN1>Draft <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w VVB-NN1>ban
</head>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Disarmament <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22 <w VVD>tabled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>draft <w NN1>text <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w VVG>stockpiling <w CJC>and <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>as well as <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>stocks<c PUN>.
<s n="2431"><w AT0>The <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w VVN-VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>substantive <w NN1>development <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>39 <w AJ0>participating <w NN2>countries <w PRP>since <w CRD>1968<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2432"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>unresolved <w NN2>aspects<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>optimism <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>reached <w PRP>by <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w NN1>submission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2433"><w PNP>It <w VM0>could <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w PRP>for <w NN1>signature <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>or <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w AV0>once <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w CRD>65 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2434"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>core <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>challenge <w NN2>inspections<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w PRP>at <w CRD>108 <w NN2>hours<w POS>' <w NN1-VVB>notice <w AJ0>international <w NN2>inspectors <w VM0>could <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>sites <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w VVG>making <w CJC>or <w VVG>storing <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="2435"><w AJ0-VVG>Offending <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w AV0>ultimately <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2436"><w NN2>Issues <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>resolved <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN1>body <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague<c PUN>, <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w VVG>initiating <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w NN2>inspections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w AJ0-NN1>anti-riot <w NN2>agents <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN2>chemicals<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA071></p>
<caption id=HLLCA071>
<s n="2437"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w AJ0>revised <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2438"><w CRD>Twenty-nine <w NN2>countries <w NN2>&mdash;members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w VVZ-NN2>states <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w NN1>&mdash;on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Conventional <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>sharp <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>conventional <w NN1>weaponry <w CJC>and <w NN1>troop <w NN2>levels <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2439"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty <w CJS>as <w AV0>originally <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37838-39<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>consequent <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>.
<s n="2440"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deadlock <w VBD>was <w VVN>broken <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN2>participants <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conventional <w NN1>arsenal <w CJC>and <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2441"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA072></p>
<caption id=HLLCA072>
<s n="2442"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hades <w NN1>programme <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear-alert <w NN1>status
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2443"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>short-range <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>missile <w NP0>Hades <w VM0>would <w VVI>stop<c PUN>.
<s n="2444"><w AJ0>Existing <w NN2>missiles <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>in <w NN1>storage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2445"><w NP0>Hades<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pluton <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>missile<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>forces <w VVG-AJ0>advancing <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2446"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>reluctance <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w NN1>project <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w NN1>concern <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>country <w PRP>within <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hades <w NN2>missiles <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2447"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>production <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>120 <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2448"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>sources <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>alert <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2449"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0>new <w NN1>strategy <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear-weapons-carrying <w NN2>submarines <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w CRD>one <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>readiness <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA073></p>
<caption id=HLLCA073>
<s n="2450"><w NN1-VVG>Scrapping <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>missiles
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2451"><w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Malcolm <w NP0>Rifkind <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>short-range <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>British <w NN1>surface <w NN2>warships <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>depth <w NN2>charges <w VVN>carried <w PRP>by <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w NN2>helicopters <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>scrapped<c PUN>.
<s n="2452"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>category <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>arsenal<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2453"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2454"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2455"><w AJ0>SIPRI <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report
</head>
<p>
<s n="2456"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>survey <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stockholm <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Research <w NN1>Institute <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SIPRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w NN1>world <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>trade <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>conventional <w NN2>weapons <w VHD>had <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>by <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN1>value <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;22,114 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2457"><w VVG>Attributing <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakup <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dissolving <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for <w AV0>only <w UNC>US&dollar;3,930 <w CRD>million <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w VVZ>exports <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2458"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>exporter<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>deliveries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;11,195 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2459"><w NN2>Arms <w NN2>imports <w PRP>into <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>region <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>increase <w PRP>despite <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="2460"><w NP0>India <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN2>arms <w NN1>importer <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;2,009 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,676 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,559 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,220 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA074></p>
<caption id=HLLCA074>
<s n="2461"><w NN1>Seizure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>smuggled <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>material
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2462"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>seized <w NN2>consignments <w PRF>of <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>uranium <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>.
<s n="2463"><w DT0>Both <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>originated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>smuggled <w PRP>through <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>.
<s n="2464"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>police <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>suspects <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN2>seizures <c PUL>(<w CRD>five <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>Hungarians <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>Austrian<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>seeking <w NN2>buyers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2465"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2466"><w AJ0>NUCLEAR <w NN1>ENERGY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2467"><w NN1>Plutonium <w NN1>shipment <w PRP>from <w NP0>France <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan
</head>
<p>
<s n="2468"><w AJ0>Final <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>shipment <w PRP>from <w NP0>France <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>30-40 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>plutonium <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="2469"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>shipment<c PUN>, <w AV0>officially <w PRP>for <w AJ0>commercial <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>use<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>received <w AJ0>informal <w NP0>US <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2470"><w PRP>Under <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w VVN>acquired <w NN2>rights <w TO0>to <w VVI>reprocess <w AJ0-VVN>spent <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>atomic <w NN1>power <w NN2>stations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>processing <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>between <w CRD>1970 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1980 <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w CRD>13 <w NN2>shipments<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w PRP>by <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w PRP>by <w NN1>sea<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1>plutonium <w VVN-VVD>reprocessed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NP0>UK <w NN1>facility <w PRP>from <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>fuel <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2471"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May <w CRD>two <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greenpeace <w AJ0>International <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Washington-based <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Institute<c PUN>, <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>worldwide <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AJ0>high-tonnage <w NN2>shipments <w PRF>of <w NN1>plutonium <w PRP>from <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN2>dangers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w NN1>spillage <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>vulnerability <w PRP>to <w NN1>seizure <w PRP>by <w NN2>terrorists<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLLCA075></p>
<caption id=HLLCA075>
<s n="2472"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>fast <w NN1>breeder <w NN1>reactor <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN2>arrests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2473"><w NP0>France <w VVD>suspended <w DPS>its <w AJ0>fast <w NN1>breeder <w NN1-NP0>Superphoenix <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2474"><w AJ0>Austrian <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w VVN-VVD>arrested <w CRD>seven <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>radioactive <w NN1>material <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w CRD>55 <w NN2>grammes <w PRF>of <w AV0>feebly <w AJ0-VVN>enriched <w NN1>uranium <w VVN-VVD>concealed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>metallic <w NN2>discs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2475"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2476"><w NP0-NN1>ICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2477"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2478"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17-18<c PUN>, <w AV0>principally <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>; <w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w NN1>ICO <w NN1>chairman <w NP0-NN1>Hikmet <w NP0>Cetin <w AV0>also <w VVN>highlighted<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>key <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cyprus <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2479"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>ended <w DPS>their <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>issuing <w CRD>three <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
<s n="2480"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w NN1>land<c PUN>, <w NN1>sea <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>air <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AJ0>international <w NN1>peace<c PUN>.
<s n="2481"><w NN2>Resolutions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Palestine <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Israeli-occupied <w NN2>territories <w CJC>and <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2482"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w ORD>first <w NN2>actions <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkmenistan<w POS>'s <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICO<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2483"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2484"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE <w NN1>RESEARCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2485"><w NP0>US-Russia <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="2486"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Aeronautics <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Space <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>NASA<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>historic <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN1>summit <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38985-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2487"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NP0>NASA <w VM0>would <w VVI>pay <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000,000 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>aerospace <w NN1>organization <w NP0-NN1>NPO <w NP0-NN1>Energia <w PRP>for <w AJ0>detailed <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>studies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>hardware<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Soyuz-TM <w NN0>spacecraft<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>use <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>emergency<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>lifeboat <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NP0>US <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>space <w NN1>station<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NP0>NPO <w NP0>Energia <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>automated <w NN1>docking <w NN1>system <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>orbiting <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>Mir <w NN1>space <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>cargo <w NN1>transport <w NN0>spacecraft <w PRP>for <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>use <w PRP>with <w NN1>Freedom<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mir<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w TO0>to <w VVI>perform <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>life <w NN1>science <w NN2>experiments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2488"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>cosmonauts <w VM0>should <w VVI>fly <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>conduct <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>space <w VVZ-NN2>walks <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w VVZ>astronauts <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN0>rendezvous <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>docking <w NN1>mission <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mir <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994 <w CJC>or <w CRD>1995<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>possible <w NP0>US <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>robot <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mars<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>exchange <w NN2-VVZ>visits <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>aerospace <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w CJC>and <w NN1>procurement <w NN2>opportunities<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>US-built <w NN1>satellite <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1-NP0>Proton <w NN1>rocket<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2489"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2490"><w NP0>COCOM
</head>
<p>
<s n="2491"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>17-member <w AJ0>Co-Ordinating <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN1>Export <w NN2-VVZ>Controls <c PUL>(<w NP0>COCOM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>main <w NN1>role <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w TO0>to <w VVI>regulate <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1-2 <w TO0>to <w VVI>invite <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w DPS>its <w AV0>newly <w VVN>established <w NP0-NN1>COCOM <w NN1>Co-Operation <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>on <w NN1>Export <w NN2-VVZ>Controls<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2492"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2493"><w NP0>IMF
</head>
<p>
<s n="2494"><w AT0>The <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>to <w CRD>165 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38937 <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w NN2>admissions<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2495"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>at <w UNC>SDR2,876 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;3,986 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2496"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2497"><w NP0>WHO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2498"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w ORD>178th <w NN1>member<c PUN>; <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>acceded <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38938 <w PRP>for <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>4<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
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<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 60429 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 883 Kbytes running text, containing about 60429 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLM</idno><idno type="old"> krw207 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. 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PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7277"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="219"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="131"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="368"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="897"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="213"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2505"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="57344"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7277"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="219"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="131"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="368"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="897"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="213"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2505"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="57344"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w UNC>G-7 <w NN1>SUMMIT
</head>
<p>
<s n="3"><w AT0>The <w ORD>18th <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Munich <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6-8 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38321-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="4"><w VVG>Attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Canadian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Giuliano <w NP0-NN1>Amato<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>President <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="5"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w AJ0>reminiscent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>summit <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>held <w AJ0>post-summit <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>formally <w VVN>invited <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><c PUL>(<w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cool <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLMCA000></p>
<caption id=HLMCA000>
<s n="7"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="8"><w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w VVG>acknowledging <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>gloom <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="9"><w PNP>They <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>for <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w NN2>savers <w CJC>and <w NN2>consumers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w AJ0>Wary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>premature <w NN2>forecasts<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1>recovery<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>for <w VVN>granted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>act <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>assure <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJT>that <w PNP>it<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVZ>gathers <w NN1>strength<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="11"><w NN2>Doubts <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rapid <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>up-turn <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>Brady<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w UNC>G-7 <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w CJS>although <w AJ0>longer-term <w NN2>prospects <w VBD>were <w AV0>more <w AJ0>hopeful<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="12"><w AT0>A <w AV0>more <w AJ0>optimistic <w NN1>assessment <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Lamont<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>German <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits <w VM0>would <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stressed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJC>lower <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>to <w NN1>hinge <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strict <w NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>spending<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="14"><w VVG>Acknowledging <w NN2>differences <w PRP>in <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>priorities<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>steps<c PUN>, <w VVG>recognizing <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0-NN1>sound <w AJ0>macro-economic <w NN2>policies <w TO0>to <w VVI>spur <w AJC>stronger <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>growth<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="15"><w NN2>Differences <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>priorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w AV0>soon <w CJS>after <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>indicated <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w AT0>an <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w AV0>in particular <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37977-78<c PUN>; <w CRD>38170<c PUN>; <w CRD>38314<c PUN>; <w CRD>38321<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July <w AT0>a <w NN1>half <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w VVN>cut <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>29-year <w NN1>low <w PRF>of <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w VHD>had <w VVN>widened <w AT0>the <w NN1>gap <w PRP>between <w AJ0>comparable <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>rates <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>6.75 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PRP>by <w CRD>three-quarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w PRP>to <w CRD>8.75 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVG>triggering <w AJ0>sharp <w NN2>falls <w PRP>in <w NN1>world <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="18"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>tone <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hard-line <w AJ0>anti-inflation <w NN2>communiqu&eacute;s <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AJ0>fast-rising <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w NN2>policies <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w NN1>job <w NN1>creation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="19"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>depressed <w NN1>mood <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>morose<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w NN2>predictions<c PUN>, <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-Operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>OECD<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Outlook <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>30,000,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJS>highest <w NN1>level <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="20"><w VVG>Drawing <w AJ0>special <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w NN1>summit <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>regret<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>agreement <w VBZ>is <w PRP>within <w NN1-VVB>reach<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="21"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NN1>summit <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>reviving <w NN1>trade <w NN2>talks <w VVD>stalled <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>subsidies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38888-89<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>failed <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>emerged <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unlikely <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>treaty <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="22"><w PRP>Regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>Earth <w NN1>Summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38947<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>heightened <w NN1>awareness <w PRF>of <w AJ0>global <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>problems <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>urged<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>developed <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>developing<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>direct <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w NN2>resources <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development <w DTQ>which<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVZ>safeguards <w AJ0>present <w CJC>and <w AJ0>future <w NN2>generations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="23"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>underlined <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>guaranteeing <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>safety <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>fund <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>address <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>safety <w NN1>improvement <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w XX0>not <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>programmes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="24"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w NN1>fund <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;700,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet-built <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN2>stations <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN1>approval <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w NP0>Russia <w CJS-PRP>until <w DPS>its <w NN1>claim <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kurile <w NN2>islands <w VBD>was <w VVN>resolved <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39003-04<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="25"><w NN1>Summit <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World <w NN1>aid <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>assisting <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>drought <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Africa<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA001></p>
<caption id=HLMCA001>
<s n="26"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="27"><w NN1>Summit <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>recommended <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>most-favoured-nation <w NN1>treatment <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>applied <w TO0>to <w VVI>trade <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>lent <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>phased <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>conditional <w PRP>upon<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>necessary <w AJ0>macro-economic <w NN2>conditions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1>being<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="28"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>disbursement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>tranche <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;24,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38888<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="29"><w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w VVD>backed <w AT0>the <w NN1>reallocation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency <w NN1>stabilization<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA002></p>
<caption id=HLMCA002>
<s n="30"><w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Statement <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="31"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>sides <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>endanger <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>deter <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w NN2>corridors <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w VM0>could <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP-CJS>considering<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>other <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVG>excluding <w AJ0>military <w NN0>means<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w DPS>its <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>objectives<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="32"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VHD>had <w VVN>deplored <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nagorno-Karabakh<c PUN>; <w AJ0>condemned <w NN1>non-compliance <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="33"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="34"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="35"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>debate
</head>
<p>
<s n="36"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38992<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>asked <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>in <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>765 <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>disrupted <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Boipatong <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38948<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w CRD>15 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>debate <w VVG>involving <w AV0>more than <w CRD>60 <w NN2>speakers <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="39"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<w POS>'s <w NN2>townships<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w PNP>it <w PRF>of <w VVG>pursuing <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>cold-blooded <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w VVG>Commenting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>obligation <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene<c PUN>&hellip; <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>carnage<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w VVB>help <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVI>decide <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>end <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w DT0>Those <w NN2>measures <w VM0>should<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVB>include<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>continuous <w NN1>monitoring<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="42"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Botha <w AV0>vigorously <w VVD-VVN>defended <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>record <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mandela <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN2>accusations<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>accuse <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>fostering <w NN1>violence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VBD>was<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>an <w NN1>insult<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Zulu <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w VDD>did <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>role <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer <w CJC>or <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>acceptable <w NN1>capacity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>group <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w NP0>Inkatha<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w VVG>appearing <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>tenet <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>rejecting <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Botha <w AV0>later <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>welcomed <w AJ0>fact-finding <w NN2>missions <w PRP>from <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="47"><w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>765 <w AJ0>condemned <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Boipatong <w NN1-VVB>massacre<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN2>lives<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1-AJ0>representative<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommend<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>assist <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG>creating <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN2>negotiations <w VVG>leading <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>transition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="49"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977-80<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Representative<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vance <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>mission <w VBD>was <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>listen <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>before <w VVG>formulating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constructive <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w NN1>peace<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>escalate <w AJ0>international <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vance <w VHD>had <w AJ0>private <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Inkatha<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SACP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azanian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>Azapo<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>church<c PUN>, <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w AJ0>violence-monitoring <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w PNP>He <w VVD>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>comment <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>mission <w PRP>other than <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>useful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w DPS>his <w NN2>recommendations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN0>onAug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA003></p>
<caption id=HLMCA003>
<s n="55"><w AJ0>ANC-government <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="56"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>debate <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>letters <w PRP>between <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mandela <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>each <w VVD>stated <w DPS>their <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="57"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>sabotage <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w PNP>He <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>government <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Boipatong <w NN2>killings <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>fabricating <w AT0>an <w AJ0>artificial <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w PNP>He <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>negotiated <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>take<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>steps <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>sliding <w PRP>into <w NN1>anarchy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w PNP>He <w VVD>restated <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>view <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence <w VVD>stemmed <w PRP>from <w NN2>confrontations <w PRP>between <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AV0>therefore <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mandela <w CJC>and <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Mangosuthu <w NP0>Buthelezi <w VM0>should <w VVI>meet <w AV0>urgently <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w VVG>establishing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>active <w AJ0>full-time <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>mechanism<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>efficacy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>violence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="61"><w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>responded <w AV0>formally <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>closing <w DPS>its <w NN2>eyes<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>seriousness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w PNP>He <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>dismay <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>demands <w AV0>&mdash;mostly <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>curtailing <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AV0>sufficiently <w VVN>met <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>negotiating <w NN1>table <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38948<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>hardly <w DT0>any <w NN2>points <w PRF>of <w NN1>convergence <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>context <w AJ0>face-to-face <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="64"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>the <w NN1>stalemate <w VVG>fading<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>hopes <w VVD>rose <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>representatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>broke <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1-VVB>contact <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Cyril <w NP0>Ramaphosa <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vance<w POS>'s <w AJ0>mediatory <w NN2>efforts<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>remaining <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>easing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadlock <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>objection<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>monitoring <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3-4 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w AV0>partially <w VVG>conceding <w DT0>another <w NP0>ANC <w NN1-VVB>demand<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA004></p>
<caption id=HLMCA004>
<s n="67"><w NN1-NP0>Goldstone <w NN1>Commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="68"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Judge <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Goldstone<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w VVD>rebuked <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>ignoring <w DPS>its <w NN2>recommendations <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVG-AJ0>jeopardizing <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="69"><w AT0>The <w NN2>recommendations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>report <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>fencing <w CJC>and <w NN1>monitoring <w PRF>of <w NN1>migrant <w NN1>worker <w NN2>hostels<c PUN>, <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>township <w NN1>tension<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w AV0>Also <w VVN-VVD>recommended <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>townships <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>controversial <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Namibian <w NN1>counterinsurgency <w NN1>unit <w NN1-NP0>Koevoet <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Crowbar<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>32 <w NN1>battalion<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN1>rape <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>assaults <w PRP>during<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w NP0-NN1>Goldstone <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJC>lower-ranking <w NN1>security <w NN1>force <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VHD>had <w VVN>discovered <w AT0>no <w DT0>such <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>justify <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members <w CJC>or <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN1>security <w NN1>force <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN1>evidence <w DT0>such <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unwise<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unfair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>dangerous<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="74"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>disbandment <w PRF>of <w CRD>31 <w CJC>and <w CRD>32 <w NN2>battalions <w PRP>as well as <w NP0-NN1>Koevoet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="75"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Boipatong <w NN1>massacre <w VVN>commissioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Goldstone <w NN1>Commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>leaked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Waddington<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>justice <w NN2>studies <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>University <w PRF>of <w NP0>Reading <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NP0>Scotland <w NN1>Yard <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w CJC>and <w VVZ>remains <w AV0>woefully <w AJ0>inadequate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>satisfactory <w NN1>command <w NN2>structures <w CJC>and <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>incompetence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>find <w DT0>any <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Waddington <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>SAP <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Police<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unaccountable <w NN2>police <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>difficulties <w VVN>encountered<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>inquiry <w NN1>team<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>suggested <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DT0>that<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>systems <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>exist <w PRP>for <w AV0>either <w AJ0>internal <w CJC>or <w AJ0>external <w NN1>accountability<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA005></p>
<caption id=HLMCA005>
<s n="79"><w NN1-NP0>Gluckman <w NN2>revelations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="80"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SAP <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>blow <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Jonathan <w NP0>Gluckman<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>pathologists<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>in <w NN2>police <w NN1>custody<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="81"><w NP0-NN1>Gluckman <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>performed <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w NN2>post-mortems <w PRP>on <w AJ0>black <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w AT0>The <w AJC>lower <w NN2>ranks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>SAP<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>believed<c PUN>, <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>totally <w PRP>out of <w NN1>control<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>raised <w DPS>his <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>with <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NP0-NN1>Hernus <w NP0>Kriel <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Adriaan <w NP0-NN1>Vlok<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Correctional <w NN2>Services<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President <w CRD>three <w NN2>times<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>publicize <w DPS>his <w NN2>fears <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Johannesburg <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>19-year-old <w NN1>youth<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>fatal <w NN2>injuries <w VBD>were <w AJ0>consistent <w PRP>with <w NN1>eye-witness <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w VVB-NN1>torture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="84"><w NP0-NN1>Kriel <w VVD>responded <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w AV0>very <w AV0>seriously <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>promising <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w PRP>out of <w NN1>control<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA006></p>
<caption id=HLMCA006>
<s n="85"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>action
</caption>
<p>
<s n="86"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>action <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38948<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>July <w PRP>with <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>differing <w NN2>sizes <w AV0>almost <w AT0>every <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w AVQ>when <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>supporters <w VVD>marched <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN2>Buildings<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pretoria<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>site <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w NN1>attention <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3-4<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>initiative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>COSATU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>insurrection<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>installation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>one-person-one-vote <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitution-making <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="90"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="91"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="92"><w AJ0>Deepening <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="93"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Mogadishu <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Somalia <w AV0>rapidly <w VVN>worsened<c PUN>, <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>news <w NN0>media<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w EX0>There <w VVD>remained <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>as to <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>militias<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>relief <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>since <w NP0>April <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w AV0>still <w XX0>not <w AV0>finally <w VVN-AJ0>approved<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w DT0>Some <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJC>stronger <w NP0>UN <w NN1>presence <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>500-strong <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="96"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Unosom <w NN1>&mdash;see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38855<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>50-strong <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w NN1>uniform<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AVP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>task <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>militias <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>but <w AV0>never <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w VVB>Imtiaz <w NP0-NN1>Shaheen <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pakistan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<w POS>'s <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="99"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>47 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>arrived<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>arrival <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>fortnight <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN2>markings <w VVG>bringing <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>carried <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nairobi <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>counterfeit <w NN1>money <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>rival<c PUN>, <w NP0>Somalia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>opening <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA007></p>
<caption id=HLMCA007>
<s n="102"><w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<w POS>'s <w NN2>recommendations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="103"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w VVD>became <w CRD>one <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w AJ0>strained <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretariat<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w DPS>its <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>written <w NN2>recommendations <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>presence <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w VVD>made <w NN2>remarks <w VVG>criticizing <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w VVG>giving <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>maintained <w VBD>was <w AJ0>undue <w NN1>priority <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rich<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="106"><w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>written <w NN1>report <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DT0>another <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>mission <w VM0>would <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Mogadishu <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w DTQ>what <w NP0>UN <w NN1>civilian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>needed<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN2>police <w NN1>force <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>both <w VVI>disarm <w AT0>the <w NN2>militias <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>anticipated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>mission <w VM0>would <w VVI>arrive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38800<c PUN>; <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="108"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w NP0>UN <w NN1>inaction <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>UN <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1-NP0>Sahnoun <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w PRP>According to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sahnoun <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unpublished <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>inefficiency <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w VVG>contrasting <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0>Bassiouni<c PUN>, <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN-VVD>urged <w NN1>caution <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sizeable <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>force <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w AJ0>main <w NN2>militias<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA008></p>
<caption id=HLMCA008>
<s n="111"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="112"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>adopted <w AV0>unanimously <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>767<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>giving <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>go-ahead <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRF>of <w NP0>Boutros <w NP0>Ghali<w POS>'s <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>approved <w DPS>his <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w CRD>four <w AJ0>operational <w NN2>zones <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Unosom<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretary-General <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>bridge <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>urgency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>factions <w VBD>were <w VVN>called <w PRP>on to <w VVB>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>security <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN1>co-operation <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>exclude<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>other <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="116"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>approved <w NP0>Boutros <w NP0>Ghali<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>mission <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>monitoring <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>arrangements <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>deploying <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-west <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mission <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>feasibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>arms <w PRP>for <w NN1>food<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>escort <w CJC>and <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w VVG>assisting <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>police <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="118"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w NP0>James <w NP0>Kunder<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NN1>Disaster <w NN1>Assistance<c PUN>, <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA009></p>
<caption id=HLMCA009>
<s n="119"><w NN1>Relief <w NN2>operations <w CJC>and <w NN2>estimates <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths
</caption>
<p>
<s n="120"><w NP0-NN1>Sahnoun <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>people <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVG>dying <w DT0>each <w NN1>day <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,500,000 <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>brink <w PRF>of <w NN1>death <w CJC>and <w CRD>4,500,000 <w VBD>were <w VVG>nearing <w NN1>starvation<c PUN>; <w AV0>together <w DT0>these <w NN2>figures <w VVD-VVN>represented <w AV0>almost <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="121"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iscia <w NP0>Baidoa<c PUN>, <w CRD>220 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w CRD>7,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<w POS>'s <w CRD>40,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>from <w NN1>starvation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w AV0>also <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>about <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w VVB>Save <w AT0>the <w NN2>Children <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>dying <w AV0-AJ0>daily <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="124"><w AV0>Only <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>, <w NN0>M&eacute;decins sans Fronti&egrave;res<c PUN>, <w VVB>Save <w AT0>the <w NN2>Children <w NN1-VVB>Fund <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Age <w NN1>Concern<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVG>operating <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>towns <w PRP>beyond <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>airport <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w NN1>relief <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stolen <w PRP>at <w NN1>gunpoint<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w VVD>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w UNC>US&dollar;68,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>by <w NN1>sea<c PUN>, <w NN1>air <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>land <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w VBD>was <w VVG>operating<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>men <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>370 <w AJ0>open-air <w NN2>kitchens <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00A>
<s n="128"><w AJ0>Fresh <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>appeal <w PRP>for <w NN1>Horn <w PRF>of <w NP0>Africa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="129"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>consolidated <w AJ0-NN1>inter-agency <w NN1-VVB>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w PRP>for <w UNC>US&dollar;541,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w NN2>populations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Horn <w PRF>of <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="130"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>Director <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Lamuni&egrave;re<c PUN>, <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w NN1>drought <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>strife<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>movements <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Djibouti<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eritrea <c PUL>(<w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w AV0>internationally <w VVN>recognized <w CJS>as <w AJ0>independent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Somalia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>estimates <w VBD>were <w AV0>that <w CRD>500-1,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>dying <w AV0-AJ0>daily <w PRP>due to <w NN1>starvation <w CJC>and <w NN2>illnesses <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>previous <w DT0>such <w NN1>appeal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DPS>its <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;621,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="133"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="134"><w NP0>OAU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="135"><w NP0>Dakar <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="136"><w AT0>The <w ORD>28th <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>or <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w NP0>29-July <w CRD>2 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>27th <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abuja<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38279<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="137"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>51 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>29 <w NN2>Presidents <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agenda <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>55th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22-27<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="138"><w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Saharan <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADR <w AJ0>&mdash;Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>31935<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>again <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>representative<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SADR <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-organized <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>self-determination <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38692-93<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w AJ0>final <w NN1>decision <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="140"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdou <w NN1-NP0>Diouf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Senegal <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0-NN1>Babandiga <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>as <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>priorities <w PNP>he <w VVD>identified <w VBD>were <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w AJ0>continental <w NN1>integration<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>situations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Somalia <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>prevention <w CJC>and <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>for <w NN1>conflict <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w NN2>resources <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continent-wide <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Secretariat <w VM0>should <w VVI>present <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>summit <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>feasibility <w NN1>study<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w DT0>This <w NN1>study <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w VVD>&mdash;enshrined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>charter <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;of <w NN1>non-interference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="145"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>high <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>debate <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38990<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w AT0>The <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>warned <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>haste <w PRP>in <w VVG>re-establishing <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w CJC>or <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries <w PRP>including <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>, <w NP0>Djibouti<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenya <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zambia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38851<c PUN>; <w CRD>38897<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="149"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>integration<c PUN>, <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>heard <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w DT0>some <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VVN>opted <w TO0>to <w VVI>adhere <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>instituting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>AEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w NN1>optimism <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="150"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salim <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Salim<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>reported <w PRP>with <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w PRP>as of <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN2>arrears<c PUN>, <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DPS>their <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>, <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;30,000,000 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="151"><w NP0>OAU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="152"><w NP0>Dakar <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="153"><w AT0>The <w ORD>28th <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>or <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w NP0>29-July <w CRD>2 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>27th <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abuja<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38279<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="154"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>51 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>29 <w NN2>Presidents <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agenda <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>55th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>22-27<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="155"><w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Saharan <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADR <w AJ0>&mdash;Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>31935<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>again <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>representative<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SADR <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UN-organized <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>self-determination <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38692-93<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w AJ0>final <w NN1>decision <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="157"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdou <w NN1-NP0>Diouf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Senegal <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0-NN1>Babandiga <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>as <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>priorities <w PNP>he <w VVD>identified <w VBD>were <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w AJ0>continental <w NN1>integration<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>situations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Somalia <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>prevention <w CJC>and <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>for <w NN1>conflict <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>the <w NN2>resources <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continent-wide <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Secretariat <w VM0>should <w VVI>present <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>summit <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>feasibility <w NN1>study<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w DT0>This <w NN1>study <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w VVD>&mdash;enshrined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>charter <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;of <w NN1>non-interference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="162"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>high <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>debate <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38990<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AT0>The <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>warned <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>haste <w PRP>in <w VVG>re-establishing <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w CJC>or <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries <w PRP>including <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>, <w NP0>Djibouti<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenya <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zambia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38851<c PUN>; <w CRD>38897<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="166"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>integration<c PUN>, <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>heard <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w DT0>some <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VVN>opted <w TO0>to <w VVI>adhere <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>instituting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>AEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w NN1>optimism <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="167"><w AT0>The <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salim <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Salim<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>reported <w PRP>with <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w PRP>as of <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN2>arrears<c PUN>, <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DPS>their <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>, <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;30,000,000 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="168"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="169"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="170"><w NN1-VVB>Capture <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Torit
</head>
<p>
<s n="171"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Torit <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>John <w NP0>Garang<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>Torit <w NN1>faction<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VVN>escaped <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w CJC>and <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kajokaji<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w CJS>As <w NN2>crowds <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khartoum <w VVD>celebrated<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>SPLA <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VVN>laid <w NN1>siege <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Torit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="174"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>80 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Ugandan <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Torit <w VBD>was <w AV0>strategically <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w NN1>route <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kenya <w CJC>and <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w CJC>and <w AV0>latterly <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Garang<w POS>'s <w NN1>Torit <w NN1>faction<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00B>
<s n="175"><w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>airlift <w PRP>to <w NP0>Juba
</caption>
<p>
<s n="176"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights <w PRP>to <w NP0>Juba <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;known <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Operation <w NN1>Lifeline <w NP0>Sudan<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>&mdash;were <w VVD-VVN>halted <w AV0>temporarily <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>boarded <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>plane <w CJC>and <w VVD>used <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>week <w TO0>to <w VVI>transport <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="177"><w AT0>The <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>supply <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Juba<c PUN>, <w CRD>95 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Torit<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>deteriorating <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>under <w NN1>siege <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w DPS>Its <w NN2>inhabitants<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>230,000 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AJ0-VVG>surrounding <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="179"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>relief <w NN1>operation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Khartoum <w PRP>to <w NP0>Entebbe<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uganda<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>unblocking <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sudan <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>urgency <w CJC>but <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w CJS>if <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w AV0>there <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="181"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>airlift <w PRP>to <w NP0>Juba <w VVD>resumed<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NP0>SPLA <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="182"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w AV0>once more <w VVN>suspended <w NN2>flights <w PRP>to <w NP0>Juba <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>shells <w VVN-VVD>landed <w PRP>near <w AT0>a <w NN1>plane <w VVG-NN1>unloading <w NN1>food <w PRP>at <w NP0>Juba<w POS>'s <w NN1>airport<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>SPLA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>plane <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>deliberately <w VVN>targeted<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>relief <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>risk<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00C></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00C>
<s n="184"><w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>change
</caption>
<p>
<s n="185"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w NP0>George <w NP0>Kinga <w NP0>Logokwa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="186"><w NP0>Dominic <w NP0>Kassiano<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w NN1-NP0>Kinga<c PUN>, <w PNX>himself <w AT0>a <w NN1>southerner<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Islamicize<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>at <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>persecution<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>displaced <w NN2>southerners<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>around <w NP0>Khartoum<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Galwak <w NP0>Deng <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Natali <w NP0-NN1>Yanku <w NP0-NN1>Ambu <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-ordination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Provincial <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="189"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="190"><w NN2>ECOWAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="191"><w ORD>15th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="192"><w AT0>The <w ORD>15th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27-29 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Senegal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38058 <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38327 <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>summit<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="193"><w DT0>Much <w NN1>discussion <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN2>revisions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eminent <w NN2>persons <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Yakubu <w NP0>Gowon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>binding <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>avoiding <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN2>ECOWAS <w NN2>resolutions <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w AV0>Similarly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w CJC>and <w NN2>judgments <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>ECOWAS <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>binding <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee <w AV0>also <w VVD>recommended <w AT0>a <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>imports <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1>area <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>raising <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>method <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>yearly <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>from <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>end <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="198"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Liberian <w NN1>conflict <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Valentine <w NP0>E. <w NN1>M. <w NN1-NP0>Strasser<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone<c PUN>, <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w DPS>his <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VHN>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>respite <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>15 <w NN2>months<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w NN1>devastation <w CJS>as <w NP0>Liberia <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w PRP>In <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>blockade <w DT0>that <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <w CJS>if <w NP0>Taylor <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>implement <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yamoussoukro <w CRD>IV <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38518<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="201"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="202"><w NP0>GUINEA-BISSAU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="203"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN1>commission
</head>
<p>
<s n="204"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAIGC<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>national <w NN1>election <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN1-VVB>work <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w CJC>and <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>pluralist <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w AV0>respectively <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38802<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00D>
<s n="206"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NN1>FLING <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="207"><w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mendy <w NP0>Kankoila<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Struggle <w PRP>for <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>FLING<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bissau <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w PRP>after <w CRD>40 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w NN1-NP0>Kankoila <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>founder <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>FLING<c PUN>, <w VVG>helping <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1950s<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>spell <w PRP>in <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>deported<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>spent <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Gambia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="210"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="211"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="212"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact <w NN1-VVB>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="213"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>Tuareg <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>activity <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Pact <w NN1-AJ0>follow-up <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10-12<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN2>Movements <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fronts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azawad<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38853<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="215"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0-NN1>Humihia <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mediatory <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>special <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>units <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>relieve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w AV0>also <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN0>media <w VVB-NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN1>awareness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="218"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="219"><w NP0>NIGER
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="220"><w NN1>Recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan
</head>
<p>
<s n="221"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w VVN>broken <w AVP>off <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>26670<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <c PUL>(<w CJS-PRP>after <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Amadou <w NP0-NN1>Cheiffou <w VHD>had <w VVN>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w NN2>Relations <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VBN>been <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taipei <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>aid <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>storm <w PRF>of <w NN1>protest<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>ofered <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interest-free <w NN1>loan <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN1>sum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>understanding <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>revoked<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>suspended <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Niger <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="224"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCR <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>proponent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w NP0>HCR <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Salifou<c PUN>, <w VVD>recalled <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>decision <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ready <w NN1>money<c PUN>&hellip; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VM0>should<c PUR>&rsqb; <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>way <w VVB>serve <w PRP>as <w NN1>justification <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>decisions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>defeated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NP0>Salifou<w POS>'s <w NN2>arguments <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan <w VVD>breached <w NP0>Niger<w POS>'s <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w VVD>violated <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>international <w NN2>commitments <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>respected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00E>
<s n="226"><w NN1>Student <w NN2>protests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="227"><w NP0-NN1>Gado <w NP0>Boube<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Research<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>secretary <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w NN2>students <w PNQ>who <w VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>non-payments <w PRF>of <w NN2>grants <w CJC>and <w NN1>university <w NN1>registration <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00F>
<s n="229"><w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>disturbances
</caption>
<p>
<s n="230"><w AT0>A <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Zinder<c PUN>, <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>800 <w NN0>km <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Niamey<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w DT0>several <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>protests <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w PRP>after <w NP0>Friday <w NN2>prayers<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w DT0>Several <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>demostrators <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets<c PUN>, <w VVD>attacked<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>indecently <w VVN-AJ0>dressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>women <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>were <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>drought<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVB>set <w NN1>fire <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>head <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Niger <w NN2>Women<w POS>'s <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN2>residences <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>prefect <w CJC>and <w NN1>sultan<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w NN2>Troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w TO0>to <w VVI>disperse <w AT0>the <w NN2>protesters<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>assault<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="233"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="234"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="235"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="236"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD>proceeded <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>nominally <w AJ0>left-of-centre <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>) <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJC>stronger <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AV0>legally <w VVN-VVD>permitted <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>fell <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w VVD-VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w NN2>laws <w PRP>with <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>implications <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>vetoes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="238"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>91-seat <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDP <w VVD>won <w CRD>52 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AV0>nominally <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>opponent <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>NRC<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>37 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>by-elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>ordered<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>593-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDP <w VVD>won <w CRD>314 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>NRC <w CRD>275<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>settled <w PRP>at <w NN2>by-elections<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SDP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>strength <w VBD>was <w AV0>predominantly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lagos<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yoruba-speaking <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>middle-belt <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NRC <w VVD>won <w NN1-VVB>support <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Hausa- <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Fulani-speaking <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Kano <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDP <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w DT0>most <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="243"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>low<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w NN1>voting<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>officials <w VVD>attributed <w DT0>this <w PRP>to <w NN1>antipathy <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN1>ballot<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN2>voters <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>queue <w PRP>at <w NN1-VVG>polling <w NN2>booths <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>poster <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>chosen <w NN1>candidate <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>counted<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w AJ0>Pro-democracy <w NN2>campaigners <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>alienation <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w PNQ>who <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="246"><w NN1-VVB>Concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0-AV0>tight <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule <w VBD>was <w VVN>heightened <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Augustus <w NP0>Aikhomu <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>session <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w VVG>Quoting <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aikhomu <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>president <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>proclaim <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w AV0>therefore <w XX0>not <w VVI>sit <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="249"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="250"><w NP0>SIERRA <w NP0>LEONE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="251"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="252"><w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Valentine <w NP0>E. <w NN1>M. <w NN1-NP0>Strasser<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>27-year-old <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>officer <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Provisional <w AJ0-NN1>Ruling <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPRC<c PUR>) <w PRP>after <w VVG>leading <w AT0>an <w NP0>April <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38853-4<c PUN>; <w CRD>38900<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>to <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w CJC>and <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="253"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w DT0>all <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CRD>three <w AJ0>military <w NN2>figures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>were <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>with <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Emile <w NP0>Mbayo <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport<c PUN>, <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w PRP>by <w NP0>Frank <w NP0-NN1>Kargbo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Julius <w NP0>Maada <w NP0>Bio <w VVD>relinquished <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>Broadcasting <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oreh <w NP0>Awoonor-Renner<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>Komba <w NP0-NN1>Kambo <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Power <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alex <w NP0>R. <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Browne<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w NP0-NN1>Strasser <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VM0>would <w VVI>give<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>face <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VM0>would<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBI>be <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w NN2>matters <w PRF>of <w NN1>nation-building<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="257"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w NP0-NN1>Strasser <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPRC <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>SCS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN2>Secretaries <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>in charge of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>day <w PRP>to <w NN1>day <w NN1>administration<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>directly <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>SCS<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Mbayo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bio <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kambo<c PUN>, <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>main <w NN1>liaison <w NN2>officers<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NN1>government <w NN2>departments<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w NN1-NP0>Mbayo <w VBD>was <w VVN>assigned <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w NN1>mineral <w NN2>resources <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Bio <w PRP>for <w NN1>finance<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Kambo <w PRP>for <w NN1>labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>land <w NN2>matters<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00G>
<s n="260"><w NP0>Abdulai <w NP0-NN1>Conteh <w NN1>affair
</caption>
<p>
<s n="261"><w NP0>Abdulai <w NP0-NN1>Conteh<c PUN>, <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>under <w NP0>Joseph <w UNC>Momoh&gt; <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>denied <w NN1>refuge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w ZZ0>K <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Secretary <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Conteh <w VVD>bore <w DT0>some <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>governmental <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="262"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="263"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="264"><w NN1-NP0>Olympio <w NN1>inquiry
</head>
<p>
<s n="265"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Gilchrist <w NP0>Olympio<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NN1>Change <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38901<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>apparently <w VVN-AJ0>prepared <w CJC>and <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>military <w NN2>men<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIDH<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="267"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>FIDH <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>complicity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w AJ0>general <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w VVD>named <w AT0>an <w NN1>officer <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>commando <w NN1>regiment <w VVN>based <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>probable <w NN1>accomplice<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>implicated <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Ernest <w NP0>Gnassingbe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>present <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>immediately <w AV0>beforehand<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>officers <w VVD-VVN>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00H>
<s n="271"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>opposition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="272"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Tavio <w NP0>Amorin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCR <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>gunshot <w NN2>wounds <w VVN-VVD>sustained <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="273"><w NN1-NP0>Amorin<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w VVN>known <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>radical <w NN2>stances<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>againsy <w NP0>President <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>life <w VBD>was <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w DPS>His <w NN1>death <w VVD>sparked <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lom&eacute;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w PRP>by <w NN2>youths <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>plot <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w NN2>critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="275"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>three <w NN2>grenades <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>hours <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorial <w NN1>service <w PRP>for <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Marc <w NP0>Atti <w NP0>Depe<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Olympio<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="277"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="278"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="279"><w NN1>Registration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN2>candidates
</head>
<p>
<s n="280"><w PRP>By <w NP0>July <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w VVN>registered <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>simultaneously <w PRP>with <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>September <w CRD>29-30<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Angola-Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jonas <w NN1-NP0>Savimbi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Holden <w NP0>Roberto<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Chipenda<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="282"><w NP0-NN1>Chipenda <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>election <w NN1>organizer <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>MPLA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38949 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>MPLA <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bureau<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w VVG>citing <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>trust <w CJC>and <w NN1>openness<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>bridge <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>MPLA <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNITA<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>FNLA <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>MPLA<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>run-off <w CJS>if <w AT0>no <w AJ0>single <w NN1>candidate <w VVD-VVN>won <w AV0-AJ0>outright <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="285"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>4,300,000 <w NN2>Angolans <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>registered <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>expectation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>team <w VVD>extended <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>by <w DT0>another <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AV0>more <w AJ0>logistic <w NN1-VVB>support <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w NN1>President <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="288"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w NN2>factions <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Cabinda <w NN1>Enclave <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLEC<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>during <w NP0>July <w TO0>to <w VVI>boycott <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lisbon <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w DPS>their <w NN1>case<c PUN>; <w AJ0>FLEC-Renewal <w NN1>president <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Tiburcio <w NP0>Luemba <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Portugal <w TO0>to <w VVI>revise <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought <w AVP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>movement <w VM0>would <w VVI>carry <w AVP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w NP0>Cabinda <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="290"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="291"><w NP0>ZAMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="292"><w NN2>Accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption
</head>
<p>
<s n="293"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Frederick <w NP0>Chiluba <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>crisis <w CJS-AVQ>when <w CRD>two <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w VVG>launching <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Caucus <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w AT0>The <w NN1>caucus <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Februry <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>pressure <w NN1>group <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Multiparty <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w CRD>MMD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="295"><w NP0>Baldwin <w NP0>Munakumabu <w NP0>Nkumbula <c PUL>(<w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Youth<c PUN>, <w NN1>Sport <w CJC>and <w NN1>Child <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Akashambacwa <w NP0>Mbikusita-Lewanika <c PUL>(<w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Technical <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Training<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ascribed <w DPS>their <w NN2>resignations <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w NP0-NN1>Nkumbula<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure <w VVD>came <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>investigated <w AT0>the <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds <w PRP>by <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>revealed <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>irregularities <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>implicated <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AJ0>various <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Supply<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="298"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>issue <w VVN-VVD>highlighted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>importation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>toxic <w NN1>maize <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>drought <w NN1>relief <w NN1>effort<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>CNU <w VVD>joined <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guy <w NP0>Scott<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w DT0>this <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>criticized <w NN1-VVB>purchase<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00J>
<s n="300"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>progress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="301"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zambia<w POS>'s <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>outline <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>debt <w NN1>reduction <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>decided<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chiluba <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;8,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0-AV0>early <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38752<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;6,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>disclosed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>over <w CRD>400 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>before <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VVD>took <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>78 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="304"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="305"><w NP0>ZIMBABWE
</head>
<caption>
<s n="306"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="307"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="308"><w PRP>Under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>donor <w NN1>country <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Mugabe <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>reshuffle <w DTQ>which <w VVD>reduced <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>to <w CRD>19 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministries <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>closed <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Rural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development<c PUN>; <w NN1>Construction <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Housing<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>Community <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN2>Co-operatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="310"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PNQ>who <w VVD>demanded <w AJC>greater <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w AJ0>Considerable <w NN1>criticism <w VBD>was <w VVN>levelled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Creation <w CJC>and <w NN2>Co-operatives<c PUN>, <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w NP0>Didymus <w NP0>Mutasa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>until <w DPS>its <w AJ0>early <w NN1>closure <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00K>
<s n="312"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>alliance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="313"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NN2>politicians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>major <w NN2>figures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-1980 <w NN1>period <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>united <w NN1>front <w PRP>against <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mugabe<w POS>'s <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Union-Patriotic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZANU-PF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="314"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w NP0>Rhodesia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1964-79<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Ndabaningi <w NN1-NP0>Sithole <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ndonga<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZANU <w NP0>Ndonga<c PUR>) <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>UANC <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;the <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Bishop <w NP0>Abel <w NP0>Muzorewa <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>settlement<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Zimbabwe-Rhodesia <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979-80<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zimbabwe <c PUL>(<w VVN>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <w CJC>and <w AV0>directly <w VVN>descended <w PRP>from <w NP0>Smith<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w AJ0>whites-only <w AJ0>Rhodesian <w NN1>Front<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w PRP>According to <w NP0-NN1>Sithole <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>front <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mugabe <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w NN1>nepotism<c PUN>, <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w NN1>incompetence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00L>
<s n="316"><w NN2>Delays <w PRP>in <w NN1>land <w NN1>acquisition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="317"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kumbirai <w NP0-NN1>Kangai<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Commercial <w NN2>Farmers<w POS>' <w NN1>Union <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>reconsider <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>confiscate <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>farms <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>Land <w NN1>Acquisition <w NN1>Act <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38804<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w PRP>Despite <w NN1>government <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>productive <w NN2>farms <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>seized<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans <w CJS>as <w VVN>published <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VHD>had <w VVN>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>dairy <w NN1>farm<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="319"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="320"><w NP0>MOZAMBIQUE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="321"><w NN1-VVB>Progress <w PRP>towards <w NN1>ceasefire
</head>
<p>
<s n="322"><w AT0>The <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mozambique <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Resistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Renamo<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>significantly <w VVN>improved <w PRP>by <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>face-to-face <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Joaquim <w NP0>Chissano <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Renamo <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Afonso <w NP0-NN1>Dhlakama<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="323"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>blocked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>succession <w PRF>of <w NN2>differences <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w NN1>Progress <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>accelerated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>pressures <c PUL>(<w VVG>involving <w PRP>among <w NN2>others <w NP0>Zimbabwe<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mugabe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Botswana<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Masire<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chissano <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>drought<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Renamo <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>declaration <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>unrestricted <w NN1>passage <w PRP>for <w NN1>food <w NN2>convoys<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>500,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VVN>required <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="327"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>substantive <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>issues <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w NP0-NN1>Renamo <w VVD>wanted <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>15,000 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>phase <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>proposed <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w CRD>50,000<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Portuguese <w NN1>Radio <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Dhlakama <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w DT0>this <w NN1>question <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Chissano<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>legislation <w VVG-NN1>hindering <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w NN1-NP0>Dhlakama <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>movement <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution <w CJC>or <w AJ0>official <w NN1>harassment<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Mozambique <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chissano <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>possibilities <w PRF>of <w NN1>success<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Dhlakama<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w PNP>He <w VVD>added<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>Those <w PNQ>who <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>like <w NP0-NN1>Dhlakama <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>tolerate <w CJC>and <w VVI>coexist <w PRP>with <w PNP>him<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="333"><w NN1-VVB>Pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Renamo <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w VBD>was <w VVN>exerted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>registered <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mozambican <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>Unamo<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0-NN1>Reis<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVG>preparing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mozambique<w POS>'s <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPPM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Padimbe <w NP0>Kamati <w NP0>Andrea<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maputo <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-July<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="335"><w AT0>A <w NN1>mutiny <w PRP>over <w NN1>pay <w NN2>arrears <w VHD>had <w VVN>spread <w PRP>to <w DT0>several <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w VVD>sparked <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nyanga <w NN1>Battalion <w PNQ>who <w VVD>erected <w NN2>road-blocks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Manhica <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="336"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NP0>Africa <w NN1>Watch <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w VVG-NN1>highlighting <w NP0-NN1>Renamo<w POS>'s <w NN1>recruitment <w PRF>of <w NN2>children <w CJS>as <w NN2>fighters <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>against <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="337"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="338"><w NP0>LESOTHO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="339"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moshoeshoe
</head>
<p>
<s n="340"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Moshoeshoe <w CRD>II <w VVD-VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Maseru<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joyous <w NN1>reception <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>exile<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="341"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>deposed <w NN1>king <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>committed <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>sponsor <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>consensus <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VHD>had <w VVN>stripped <w NN1-NP0>Moshoeshoe <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w VVD>installed <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w NP0-NN1>Letsie <w CRD>III <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>throne <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37238<c PUN>; <w CRD>37306<c PUN>; <w CRD>37843<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>countenance <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Moshoeshoe <w PRP>as <w NN1>king<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>brokered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Secretariat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AV0>as <w AJ0>chief <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>as <w NN1>monarch<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="344"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="345"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="346"><w VVB-NN1>Release <w CJC>and <w NN1>re-arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chihana
</head>
<p>
<s n="347"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1-AJ0>unionist <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Chakufwa <w NP0>Chihana <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>governments <w PRP>over <w NP0>Malawi<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>record<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w NP0-NN1>Chihana <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38851<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="349"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>released <w VBD>was <w NP0>Aleke <w NP0>Banda<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Malawi <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCP<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years <w PRP>without <w NN1>charge<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w CRD>one <w NN1>time <w VVN-VVD>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>heir-apparent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ageing <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Banda<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="350"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Banda <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>an <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>charge <w CJC>and <w VVI>try <w DT0>all <w NN2>detainees <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>tribunal <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>judge <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>from <w DT0>any <w NN2>detainees <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w NN1>offence<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w ORD>28th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malawi<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>only <w CRD>11 <w NN2>detainees <w VVG>remaining <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>our <w NN2>prisons <w AV0>today<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="352"><w CJS>As <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chihana <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-arrested <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>release<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>sedition<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NP0>BBC <w NN1-VVB>interview <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>freedom <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy <w CJS>even if <w PNP>it <w VVD>meant <w AT0>a <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w NN1>sedition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="354"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in possession of <w NN2>pamphlets <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VVG>working <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>companies <w PRP>with <w NN1>facsimile <w NN1>transmission <w NN2>machines <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>receiving <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>literature <w VVN>printed <w AV0>abroad <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>detained<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Mapopa <w NP0>Chipeta <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>from <w NP0>Harare <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>detainees <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>perhaps <w CRD>2,000<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="356"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="357"><w NP0>BURUNDI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="358"><w NN1>Death <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>for <w NN2>rebels
</head>
<p>
<s n="359"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w CRD>64 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>attacks <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38662<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>accused<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>without <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>various <w NN2>charges <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebellion<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>inciting <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w NN2>arms<c PUN>, <w VVG>accommodating <w NN2>rebels <w CJC>and <w VVG>planning <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebellion<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w CRD>Five <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w CRD>44 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>; <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>were <w VVN>acquitted<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Adrien <w NP0>Sibomana <w VVD-AJ0>assured <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="363"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="364"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="365"><w NN1>Peace <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="366"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38950<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPR<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arusha<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tanzania<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10-14 <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN2>negotiations <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>war <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37765-66<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="367"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w NP0>Boniface <w NP0>Ngulinzaira<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPR <w NN1>delegation <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pasteur <w NP0-NN1>Bizimungu<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tanzanian <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Diria<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Burundi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tanzania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uganda <w CJC>and <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w AT0>A <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdou <w NN1-NP0>Diouf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>present<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="370"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w VVD>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>truce <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>monitored <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Observer <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>GOM<c PUR>) <w VVD>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPR <w CJC>and <w NN2>officers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>determined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAU <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>political-military <w NN1>commission <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w VVB>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w AT0>The <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="375"><w PRP>In spite of <w NN2>reports <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w AV0>onwards <w PRF>of <w NN1>truce <w NN2>violations <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPR <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>optimism <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="376"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="377"><w NP0>SEYCHELLES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="378"><w AJ0>Multiparty <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="379"><w AJ0>Multiparty <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>23-member <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>commission <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23-26 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1977 <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>James <w NP0>Mancham <w VBD>was <w VVN>overthrown <w PRP>by <w NP0>France-Albert <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>28485-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w AT0>The <w NN1>voting <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Seychelles <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPPF<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>legalize <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38666<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="381"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ren&eacute;<w POS>'s <w NP0>SPPF <w VVD>won <w CRD>58.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w CRD>14 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mancham<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>33.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>occupy <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
<s n="383"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Parti <w NP0-NN1>Seselwa<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Wavel <w NP0>Ramkalawan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w CRD>4.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat <w PRP>under <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>best <w NN2>losers<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="384"><w AT0>The <w CRD>five <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1-VVB>support <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="386"><w NP0-NN1>Mancham <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>surprise <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>recount<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>reported <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>voting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>fair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mancham <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rigged <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>abundant <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>apparatus<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPPF <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>lists<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w AV0>more than <w AV0>once<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00M>
<s n="388"><w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN1>compensation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="389"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w UNC>R8,000,000 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abortive <w NN1>coup <w PRP>by <w NN1>South <w NN1>African-back <w NN2>mercenaries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>31513-15<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="390"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="391"><w NP0>COMOROS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="392"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="393"><w AT0>The <w NN1>breakdown <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Taki <w NP0-NN1>Abdoulkarim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Co-ordinator <c PUL>(<w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38706-07<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Taki <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w AV0>then <w VVD>dissolved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>adminstration <w DTQ>which <w VVD>excluded <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0-NN1>Taki <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>administrations <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38706-07<c PUN>; <w CRD>38902<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="395"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w DT0>most <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reappointed<c PUN>, <w CJS>albeit <w PRP>with <w AJ0>altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Abdallah <w NP0>Mchangama<c PUN>, <w NP0>Djohar<w POS>'s <w NN1>son-in-law<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kandi <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Ashtotosi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Budget<c PUN>, <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>under <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w NP0>Mchangama <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38902<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w VVG>resisting <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>removal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Mchangama <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w AV0>Moreover<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w CJC>or <w NN1>co-ordinator <w VBD>was <w VVN>named<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mchangama <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>despite <w DPS>his <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>demotion<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="399"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="400"><w NP0>MADAGASCAR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="401"><w NN1>Coup <w NN1>attempt <w UNC>&lt;the <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>will <w AV0>actually <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AJ0>august<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w ZZ0>i<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>left <w PNP>it <w PRP>until <w UNC>then&gt;
</head>
<p>
<s n="402"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>civilians <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Antananarivo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w VVD-VVN>surrendered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJS>after <w PNP>they <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="403"><w AT0>The <w CRD>eight <w NN2>gunmen <w VVB>broadcast <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>Save <w AT0>the <w NN1>Nation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>priority <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>restart <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVB>bring <w AVP>about<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>renewal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w AT0>The <w NN2>rebels <w AV0>also <w VVD>declared <w DT0-CJT>that <w NP0>Pastor <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Fety <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w NP0>Didier <w NP0-NN1>Ratsiraka <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w NP0>France <w AJ0>Inter<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Fety <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extremist <w NN1>faction<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aligned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-AJ0>Comit&eacute; <w UNC>des <w NN2>forces <w VVZ>vives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="406"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Guy <w NP0-NN1>Razanamasy <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="407"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="408"><w NP0>COTE <w NP0>D'IVOIRE
</head>
<p>
<s n="409"><w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>from <w NP0>President <w NP0>F&eacute;lix <w NP0>Houphou&euml;t-Boigny<c PUN>, <w VVD>granted <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>to <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0-NN1>Gbagbo <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>activists <w CJC>and <w NN2>students <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>after <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38753<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="410"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="411"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<p>
<s n="412"><w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Aref <w NP0>Bourhan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>Afar <w NN1>politician <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRP>before <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>along with <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w AV0>similarly <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG>plotting <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>arrests <w PRP>following <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37946<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38565<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="413"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="414"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="415"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w NN2>signatories <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>charter <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>annulment<c PUN>, <w PRP>on account of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38952<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>board <w TO0>to <w VVI>correct <w NN1>election <w NN2>errors<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AV0>both <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>experts<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="416"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="417"><w NP0>NAMIBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="418"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hage <w NP0>Geingob <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>its <w NN1>influence <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Walvis <w NN1>Bay<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w PRP>under <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>jurusdiction<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="419"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="420"><w NP0-NN1>UMOA
</head>
<p>
<s n="421"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>or <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>mon&eacute;taire <w NN1>ouest-africaine <c PUL>(<w NP0>UMOA<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Senegal<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>franc <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Communaut&eacute; <w NN1-AJ0>financi&egrave;re <w UNC>en <w NP0>Afrique <w NN1>centrale <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFA<c PUR>) <w PRP>despite <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN2>rumours <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>contrary<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w AJ0>French <w NN1>franc <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="422"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="423"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="424"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<p>
<s n="425"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w VVN-VVD>moved <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>phase <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>as <w NP0>Arkansas <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nominee <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN1-VVB>lead <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w AV0>also <w VVD>reverted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0-NN1>two-party <w NN1>contest <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>undeclared <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00N>
<s n="428"><w NN1>Choice <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gore <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>running-mate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="429"><w AT0>The <w NN1>month <w VVD>began <w PRP>with <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>running-mate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>vice-presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w VBD>was <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Cuomo<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>charismatic <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>resisted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>induce <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="431"><w AT0>The <w NN1>uncertainty <w VBD>was <w VVN>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Gore<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>senator <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tennessee<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>described <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AJ0>great <w NN1>strength<c PUN>, <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>stature<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="432"><w NP0-NN1>Gore<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impressive <w CJS>if <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>product <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>patrician <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>father <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w NN1>Senator <w PRP>for <w NP0>Tennessee<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w PRP>After <w VVG>serving <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Army <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w CRD>1969-71<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gore <w VVD>worked <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>journalist <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w CJS>Although <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>speaker<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gore <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>hard-working <w CJC>and <w AJ0>conscientious <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>renowned <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>expert <w PRP>in <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w AJ0>ecological <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVN>located <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-right <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>shared <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>belief <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="436"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ticket<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w CRD>46<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gore<c PUN>, <w CRD>44<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>hailed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>ushering <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>generation <w PRF>of <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w AT0>The <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gore <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>reinforcing <w DT0>those <w NN2>areas <w AV0>&mdash;particularly <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>issues <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Clinton <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>vulnerable<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w PNP>It <w VVD>represented <w PNI>something <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>risk<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>in that <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>white<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>male<c PUN>, <w AJ0>centrist<c PUN>, <w NN2>southerners <w VVD>defied <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>wisdom <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>balancing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>ticket <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>presenting <w AT0>the <w AJS>widest <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>different <w NN1>constituent <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>20th <w NN1>century <w CJT>that <w DT0>either <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>selected <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-southern <w NN1>election <w NN1>ticket <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>recapturing <w NN1>support <w VVN-VVD>lost <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w VM0>could <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VVI>hope <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>criticisms <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>left <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Jesse <w NP0>Jackson <w VVG>complaining <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gore <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ticket <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>too <w AJ0>narrow<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLMCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00P>
<s n="441"><w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention
</caption>
<p>
<s n="442"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w NP0>Madison <w NP0>Square <w NN2>Gardens<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14-18<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>determined <w NN1>display <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>unity<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>tempered <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>realism <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>apparent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="444"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w NP0-NN1>Cuomo <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>nominating <w NN1>speech <w PRP>for <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>dispelling <w AT0>the <w NN1>ill-feeling <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>evident <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>received <w DT0>another <w NN1>boost <w AVQ>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Paul <w NN2>Tsongas <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN2>contests<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w AV0>Even <w AT0>the <w AJ0>simmering <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jackson <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38953<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>abated <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jackson <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Clinton-Gore <w NN1>ticket<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VDD>did <w AV0>so <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>proviso <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>must<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>adopt <w AV0>more <w AJ0>inclusive <w NN2>strategies <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>broader <w NN1>vision<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="447"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>carefully <w AJ0-VVN>contrived <w NN1>image <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>unity <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>dogged <w NN1>rival <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>primaries<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>609 <w NN1>convention <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w NP0>Brown<w POS>'s <w NN1>unpredictability <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN1>Brown <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>anti-system<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>theme <w CJC>and <w VVD>declined <w AV0>even <w TO0>to <w VVI>mention <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="450"><w AT0>The <w NN1>platform <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w PRP>in <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>image<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>devoid <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minority-related <w NN2>positions <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w PNP>It <w VVD>concentrated <w PRP>upon <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>advocacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>covenant<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w VVN-AJ0>governed <w AVQ>whereby <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AJC>greater <w NN2>resources <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>shoulder <w AJC>greater <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w PNP>It <w AV0>explicitly <w VVD>rejected<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>do-nothing <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NN1>government <w NN1>theory <w CJT>that <w VVZ>says <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w NN1>hamstring <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w CJC>and <w VVB>spend <w DPS>our <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w NN1>prosperity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tsongas <w TO0>to <w VVI>cap <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>spending <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>increase <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>platform <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no <w NN1-VVB>pain <w AT0>no <w NN1>gain<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>position <w PRP>in regard to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rising <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>reduction <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved <w AV0>only <w PRP>through<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>shared <w NN1>sacrifice <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>Americans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>good<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="454"><w AT0>The <w NN1>keynote <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>&mdash;made <w PRP>by <w NP0>New <w NP0>Jersey <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Bradley<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia <w NN1>Governor <w VVD-AJ0>Zed <w NP0-NN1>Miller<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>congresswoman <w NP0>Barbara <w NP0>Jordan <w VVD>&mdash;concentrated <w AV0>more <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>attacking <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w CJS>than <w PRP>on <w VVG>promoting <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>night <w NP0>Jackson <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>endorsing <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>radical <w NN1>rhetoric <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>past <w CRD>two <w NN2>campaigns <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w NP0-NN1>Cuomo <w VVD>gave <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electrifying <w NN1>nomination <w NN1>address <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>rapturously <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>assembled <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>roll <w NN1>call <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>delegations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>saw <w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>formally <w VVB>clinch <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>with <w CRD>3,372 <w NN2>votes <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>596 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Brown<c PUN>, <w CRD>209 <w PRP>for <w NN2>Tsongas <w CJC>and <w CRD>77 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="458"><w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>acceptance <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>childhood <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Hope<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arkansas<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>reiterated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>themes <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>so <w VDG>doing <w AJ0-VVD>maintained <w DPS>his <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w VVG>providing <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>policy <w NN2>statements <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w DPS>His <w NN1>speech <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>emphasized <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>covenant<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concept <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unabashed <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>middle <w NN1>class <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>promised<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBI>be <w VVN>forgotten <w AT0>no <w AV0>more<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00R>
<s n="461"><w NN1>Disintegration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Perot<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="462"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN1>development <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>during <w NP0>July <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot<w POS>'s <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="463"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w AV0>formally <w VVN>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Texan <w NN1>billionaire <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>campaigning <w AV0>intensively <w PRP>since <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="464"><w VVG>Portraying <w PNX>himself <w CJS>as <w AJ0>political <w NN1>outsider<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>beneficiary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0-NN1>anti-incumbent <w NN1>mood <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w DT0>some <w AJ0>impressive <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>ratings<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w AV0>Increasingly<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w NN1>personality <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>subjected <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w NN1>scrutiny <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>complain <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VBD>was <w VVG>pursuing <w AT0>a <w NN1>smear <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38953<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="466"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>autocratic <w NN1>style<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>disapproval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>whole <w AJ0>social <w NN2>groups <c PUL>(<w PRP>such as <w NN2>adulterers <w CJC>and <w NN2>homosexuals<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>eccentricity <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>views <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;he <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VVI>dislike <w NN2>men <w PRP>with <w NN2>beards <w CJC>and <w NN2>women <w PNQ>who <w VVD>wore <w NN2>trousers <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;all <w VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>dent <w DPS>his <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NN1-VVG>showing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w NP0>Perot <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>political <w NN1>na&iuml;vet&eacute;<c PUN>, <w PRP>as for <w NN1>example <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Advancement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Colored <w NN0>People <w NN1>&mdash;his <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>appearance <w CJS>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>audience <w NN1>&mdash;and <w VVD>offended <w DT0>many <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>audience <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>insensitivity <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>remarks<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>references <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>you <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="468"><w PRP>With <w NP0>Perot<w POS>'s <w NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VVG>declining <w AV0>sharply<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>co-manager<c PUN>, <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>J. <w NP0>Rollins<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w NP0>Rollins<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>guided <w AT0>the <w CRD>1984 <w AJ0-NN1>Republican <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>to <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w VVD>explained <w DPS>his <w NN1>departure <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>decision<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>irreconcilable <w NN2>differences<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w PNX>himself <w CJC>and <w NP0>Perot <w PRP-AVP>over <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NP0>Perot <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>abandoning <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="471"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>concluded <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>disruptive <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00S>
<s n="472"><w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>lead <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN2>problems
</caption>
<p>
<s n="473"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Perot <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidacies <w PRF>of <w AV0>either <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>or <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>conceded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VDN>done<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brilliant <w NN1>job<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>reviving <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>conventional <w NN1>wisdom <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w NP0>Perot<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w AJ0>dissatisfied <w NN2>Republicans <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VVI>return <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>nominees <w VVD>left <w DPS>their <w NN1>convention <w CJC>and <w VVD>plunged <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eight-state <w AJ0>overland <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w NN1-VVB>tour <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Midwest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>recording <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN2>ratings <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>30 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w PRP>ahead of <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="476"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w TO0>to <w VVI>revitalize <w DPS>his <w AJ0>lacklustre <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>even <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>stand <w AV0>aside <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>dynamic <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="477"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>low <w NN1>point <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w NN1>POW/MIA <w NN2>families<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>heckled<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD>shouted <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>audience <w PNQ>who <w VVD>accused <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w VVG>suppressing <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVG>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w AV0>eventually <w VVD>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>finish <w DPS>his <c PUL>(<w AJ0>televised<c PUR>) <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>image <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w AV0>no longer <w PRP>in <w AJ0>full <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN2>events<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w AV0>angrily <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>lying <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="479"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>campaign<w POS>'s <w NN2>problems <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>achievements <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN2>aims <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>term<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tangible <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN2>achievements <w CJC>or <w NN2>objectives <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>marred <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuance <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>depressed <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>economy <c PUL>(<w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total <w PRP>without <w NN1>work <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>7.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle <w PRP>as <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>appetite <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w AJ0>symptomatic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>ill-health <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;although <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispel <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>crazy <w NN2>rumours<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>surrounding <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00T>
<s n="480"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w AJ0>voter-registration <w NN1>bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="481"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>motor-voter<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>voter-registration <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VHD>had <w VVN>acquired <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <w CJS>because <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>measures <w VBD>was <w PNI>one <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>allowed <w NN2>individuals <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w CJS>while <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w NN1>driver<w POS>'s <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>procedure <w AV0>already <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w CRD>28 <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w AV0>also <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AV0>also <w VVN>allowed <w NN1>registration <w PRP>by <w NN1>mail <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>offices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="484"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>to <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>justified <w DPS>his <w NN1>action <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w VVG>upholding <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>veto <w NN1>message <w PNP>he <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>imposed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unnecessary<c PUN>, <w AJ0>burdensome<c PUN>, <w AJ0>expensive<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0>questionable <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>regulation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>state <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="486"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>support <w NN1>legislation <w CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w VVG>implementing <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>reforms <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>voter <w NN1>registration <w AV0>easier <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>public<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="487"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>denounced <w CJS>as <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>partisan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>registration <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>favour <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w NN2>Figures <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN2>Elections <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Census <w NN1>Bureau <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>electorate <w AJ0>&mdash;some <w CRD>65,000,000 <w AJ0>potential <w NN2>voters <w AJ0>&mdash;were <w AJ0>unregistered<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w AJ0>poor <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>minority <w NN2>communities<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>constituents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="489"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w AV0>largely <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>party-line <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>winning <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w CRD>61 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>38<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w CRD>268 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>153<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w AT0>The <w NN1>veto <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>31st <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>upheld<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00U>
<s n="491"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NP0>October <w NN1-VVB>Surprise <w NN1>allegation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>investigation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="492"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>panel <w VVD-VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>October <w NN1-VVB>Surprise<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>allegation <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;the <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Reagan-Bush <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w VVD-VVN>conspired <w TO0>to <w VVI>reap <w AJ0>political <w NN1>advantage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Democratic<c PUR>) <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jimmy <w NP0>Carter<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w VVG>obtaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>hostages <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran <w NN1>&mdash;were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>panel<w POS>'s <w NN1>head<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Hamilton<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>representative <w PRP>for <w NP0>Indiana<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><w PRP>After <w VVG>interviewing <w AV0>more than <w CRD>50 <w NN2>witnesses <w CJC>and <w VVG>reviewing <w NN2>tapes <w CJC>and <w NN2>papers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamilton <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w AJ0>credible <w NN1>evidence<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18-22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1980<c PUN>, <w AVQ-CJS>when<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>flown <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>this <w NN1>finding<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamilton <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>panel <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NP0>Reagan-Bush <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>team <w VVN-VVD>conspired <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="495"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Walsh<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP-CJS>considering <w VVG>bringing <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>conspiracy <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Reagan <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>.
<s n="496"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>conceal <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>arms-for-hostages <w NN1>shipment <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>issue <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>filing <w PRF>of <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Caspar <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38955<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00V>
<s n="497"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Saddamgate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="498"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Democrat-controlled <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w NN1-AJ0>judiciary <w NN1>committee <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <c PUL>(<w AJ0>independent <w NN1>counsel<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>contravened <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>in <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>its <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>conceal <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>cover-up<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="499"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>open <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>Saddamgate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rumbling <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>centred <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>charge <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>concealed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w PRP>prior to <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>judiciary <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>accusations <w CJT>that <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>tampered <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-1990 <w NN1>export <w NN2>records <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>impeded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlanta <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w NP0>Banca <w UNC>Nazionale <w UNC>del <w NP0>Lavoro <c PUL>(<w NP0>BNL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="501"><w NP0>BNL <w NP0>Atlanta <w VBD>was <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w NN2>loans <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN-VVD>converted <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVG>funding <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear<c PUN>, <w AJ0>biological <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="502"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>admitting <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>woo <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>persistently <w VVN>denied <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>boosted <w NP0>Saddam<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN2>capabilities <w PRP>through <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="503"><w VHG>Having <w AJC>earlier <w VVN>described <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>witchhunt<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>judiciary <w NN1>committee<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AV0>uncharacteristically <w AJ0>muted <w NN1>fashion<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>lawyers <w VHD>had <w VVN>advised <w PNP>him <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>comment <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="504"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>, <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>William <w NP0>Barr <w VHD>had <w AV0>up to <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w CJS>If <w PNP>he <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;and <w NN1>precedent <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w PNP>it <w AJ0-NN1>&mdash;then <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>60 <w NN2>days <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w NN1>panel <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w PRP>upon <w AT0>a <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>this <w NN1>schedule <w AT0>a <w NN1>prosecutor <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00W>
<s n="507"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Navy <w NN1>Secretary <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Sexual <w NN2>assaults <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="508"><w NP0>Sean <w NP0>C. <w NP0>O'Keefe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department<w POS>'s <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w PNP>He <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Garrett <w CRD>III<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w PRP>amidst <w NN2>revelations <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>sexual <w NN2>assaults <w PRP>on <w AJ0>female <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="510"><w NP0>O'Keefe<c PUN>, <w CRD>36<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>military <w NN1>experience <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>confidant <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Dick <w NP0>Cheney<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>for <w CRD>120 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>confirmation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>required<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Cheney <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="512"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NP0>Garrett<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w CRD>26 <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>14 <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>sexually <w VVN>molested <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tailhook <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>retired <w CJC>and <w AJ0>active <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>aviators<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Las <w NP0>Vegas <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Garrett<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w AT0>An <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>assaults <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN1>reluctance<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NN1>invest-igation <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w CRD>26 <w NN2>assaults <w VHD>had <w VVN>occurred <w VVG>&mdash;involving <w AV0>at least <w CRD>70 <w AJ0>male <w NN2>officers <w AV0>either <w AV0>directly <w CJC>or <w CJS>as <w NN2>bystanders <w VVB>&mdash;but <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVG>identifying <w AT0>the <w NN2>culprits <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>closing <w PRF>of <w NN2>ranks <w CJC>and <w NN1>obfuscation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="515"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy<w POS>'s <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>suspended <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VBD>was <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w NP0>Inspector <w NP0>General <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>thorough <w NN1>review<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w AJ0-VVG>Growing <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>services <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w NN1>promotion <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>4,500 <w NN1>Navy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Marine <w NN0>Corps <w NN2>officers <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN1>information <w VBD>was <w AJ0>forthcoming <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether or not <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>assaults<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><w AT0>The <w NN1>catalyst <w PRP>for <w NP0>Garrett<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ordeal <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims<c PUN>, <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w TO0>to <w VVI>express <w DPS>his <w NN1>outrage <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w NN1>letter <w NP0-NN1>Garrett <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>ignorance <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VVN>occurred<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-AJ0>accepted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w NN1>responsibility<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>failure<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>egregious <w NN1>conduct <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Tailhook <w TO0>to <w VVI>occur <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>place<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="519"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>embarrassing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>revelation <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>female <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Army <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>raped <w CJC>or <w AV0>sexually <w VVN>assaulted <w PRP>by <w NN2>colleagues <w CJS>while <w VVG>serving <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>region <w PRP>during <w NN2>operations <w VVB-NN1>Desert <w NN1>Shield <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Desert <w NN1>Storm<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>assaults<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>compiled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Army <w NN1-AJ0>Criminal <w NN1>Investigation <w NN1-VVB>Command <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tailhook <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>discouraged <w NN2>victims <w PRP>from <w VVG>lodging <w AJ0>official <w NN2>complaints <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AT0>a <w NN1>reluctance <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>instances <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>complaint <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>filed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00X>
<s n="521"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Noriega
</caption>
<p>
<s n="522"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Miami<c PUN>, <w NP0>Florida<c PUN>, <w VVN>sentenced <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Panamanian <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Noriega <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w PRP>on <w NN2>drugs <w CJC>and <w NN1>racketeering <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="523"><w NP0>Noriega <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>on <w CRD>eight <w NN2>charges <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-month <w NN1>trial <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38857<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="524"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>passing <w PRF>of <w NN1>sentence <w NP0>Noriega<c PUN>, <w CRD>58<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-hour <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>quoted <w NN2>sources <w AV0>as <w AJ0>diverse <w CJS>as <w NP0>Socrates<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Lao-tze<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hillary <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>wife <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nominee<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w PNP>He <w VVD>described <w PNX>himself <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w VVB-NN1>plot <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w DPS>his <w NN1>country <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>colony<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>operations <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>presented <w PRP>as <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>defence <w CJC>but <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suppressed<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w PNP>He <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>valued <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w CJC>but <w DT0-CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>pursued <w AT0>a <w NN1>vendetta <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w CJS>because <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w NP0>Noriega<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="528"><w VVG>Rejecting <w NN1>defence <w NN2>arguments <w CJT>that <w NP0>Noriega <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>prisoner <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN1>&mdash;he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>captured <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>US <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Panama <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37112-13<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>US <w NN1>District <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>William <w NN1>M. <w NN1-NP0>Hoeveler <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence <w VBD>was <w AJ0>reflective <w AV0>only <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>wider <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="529"><w NP0>Noriega <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>foreign <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>state <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w VVG>Speaking <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN2>prosecutors <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Noriega <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>drug <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>in <w NP0>Florida<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>charges <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w NN1>murder <w NN1>&mdash;in <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLMCA00Y>
<s n="531"><w NN1-VVG>Rioting <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>City
</caption>
<p>
<s n="532"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hispanic <w NN1>neighbourhood <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>City <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>6-7 <w VVD-VVN>left <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w NN2>others <w VVD-VVN>injured<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>several <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="533"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>buildings <w VBD>were <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w NN1-VVG>looting <w CJC>and <w NN1>arson<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>vehicles <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AJ0>ablaze<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="534"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rioting <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w NN2>Heights<c PUN>, <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Manhattan<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Garcia<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>immigrant <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w NN1-VVB>account <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w NP0>Garcia <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w CJS>while <w VVG>struggling <w PRP>with <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>witnesses <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Garcia <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unarmed <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>fired <w PRP>upon <w CJS>while <w VBG>being <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w AT0>The <w NN1>riot <w VVD>began <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>protest <w NN1>march <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>violence <w VVN-VVD>erupted <w CJS>after <w NN2>police <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN2>marchers <w PRP>from <w VVG>approaching <w AT0>the <w NN1>precinct <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>officer <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fired <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fatal <w NN2>shots<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="538"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN1>mayor <w NP0>David <w NP0>Dinkins <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37035<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rioting <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dinkins <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>congratulated <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>successfully <w VVG>avoiding <w AT0>the <w NN2>disturbances <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>affected <w DT0>many <w NP0>US <w NN2>cities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>riots <w PRF>of <w NP0>April-May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA010></p>
<caption id=HLMCA010>
<s n="540"><w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package
</caption>
<p>
<s n="541"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intensive <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>zones <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>total <w NN1>spending <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;2,500 <w CRD>million <w AV0>over <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA011></p>
<caption id=HLMCA011>
<s n="542"><w NN1>Unemployment <w NN1>legislation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="543"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>day <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>unemployment <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eight-year <w NN1>peak <w PRF>of <w CRD>7.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>26 <w NN2>weeks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w NN1>extension <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38757<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA012><ptr target=HLMCA013></p>
<caption id=HLMCA012>
<s n="544"><w NN1>Abortion
</caption>
<caption id=HLMCA013>
<s n="545"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="546"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>abortion <w NN1-VVB>issue <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38954-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>resources <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w VVD>voted <w CRD>12 <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVN>designed <w PRP>to <w NN1>enshrine <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w AV0>&mdash;currently <w VVN>derived <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>beleaguered <w CRD>1973 <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>into <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>Senate <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w NN1>recess<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>judiciary <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="548"><w NP0-NN1>Bush<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>stated <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>under <w DT0>all <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>extreme <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>enactment<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nominee<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>availability <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>by <w VVG>restating <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>promising <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>appoint <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w AV0>only <w NN2>judges <w PNQ>who <w VVD>supported <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA014></p>
<caption id=HLMCA014>
<s n="550"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>pill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="551"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w VVD>refused <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pregnant <w AJ0>Californian <w NN1>woman <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French-made <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>drug<c PUN>, <w CRD>RU-486<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="552"><w NP0-NN1>Leona <w NP0>Benten<c PUN>, <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVG>acting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NN2>abortion-rights <w NN2>activists<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>pills <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w AT0>The <w NN2>drugs <w VBD>were <w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w NN2>customs <w NN2>officers <w PRP>at <w NP0>Kennedy <w NN1>Airport<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w VVB>Benten <w TO0>to <w VVI>file <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>suit <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>process <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="555"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="556"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1-VVB>draft <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>deal
</head>
<p>
<s n="557"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>protracted <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>premiers <w VVD-VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0>Responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joe <w NP0>Clark<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>compromise <w AV0>&mdash;popularly <w VVN>dubbed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>negotiated <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>agreement <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Canada <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>confederation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1867<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="559"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>culmination <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>search <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>premiers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>formula <w TO0>to <w VVI>induce <w AJ0-NN1>French-speaking <w NP0>Quebec <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>federation <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37519-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="560"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>foundered<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>overrun <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>without <w VHG>having <w VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38956<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>premiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>into <w NP0>July <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="562"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accord <w VVD>contained <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>distinct <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
<s n="563"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>powers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>over <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>less <w AJ0>populous <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>by <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>chamber <w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w NN2>provinces <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w CRD>eight <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w DT0>This <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>stumbling <w NN1>block<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>any <w NN1>equalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>representation <w AV0>almost <w AV0>inevitably <w VVD-VVN>meant <w AT0>a <w AJ0>relative <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AV0>heavily <w VVN-AJ0>populated <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ontario <w CJC>and <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>.
<s n="566"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>veto <w PRP>over <w NN2>bills <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>expanded <w AJ0-NN1>317-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-government <w PRP>for <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>native <w AJ0-NN1>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN2>populations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>to <w AJ0>inter-provincial <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="568"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="569"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="570"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1-VVB>draft <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>deal
</head>
<p>
<s n="571"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>protracted <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>premiers <w VVD-VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w AJ0>Responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joe <w NP0>Clark<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>compromise <w AV0>&mdash;popularly <w VVN>dubbed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>negotiated <w NN2>&mdash;as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>agreement <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Canada <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>confederation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1867<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="573"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>culmination <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>search <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>premiers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>formula <w TO0>to <w VVI>induce <w AJ0-NN1>French-speaking <w NP0>Quebec <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>federation <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37519-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="574"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>foundered<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>overrun <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>without <w VHG>having <w VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38956<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>premiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>into <w NP0>July <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG>reaching <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="576"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accord <w VVD>contained <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>distinct <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>powers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>over <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>less <w AJ0>populous <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>by <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>chamber <w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w NN2>provinces <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w CRD>eight <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w DT0>This <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>stumbling <w NN1>block<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>any <w NN1>equalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>representation <w AV0>almost <w AV0>inevitably <w VVD-VVN>meant <w AT0>a <w AJ0>relative <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AV0>heavily <w VVN-AJ0>populated <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ontario <w CJC>and <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>veto <w PRP>over <w NN2>bills <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>expanded <w AJ0-NN1>317-member <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons<c PUN>.
<s n="581"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-government <w PRP>for <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>native <w AJ0-NN1>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN2>populations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>to <w AJ0>inter-provincial <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="582"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="583"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="584"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>to <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="585"><w NN2>Changes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cuba<w POS>'s <w CRD>1976 <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>11th <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Power <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11-12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="586"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VVD>enabled <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>appoint <w PNX>himself <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AV0>merely <w VVD>institutionalized <w AV0>already <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>situations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="587"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w CJC>and <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>deputies <w VHG>having <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>assemblies <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>popularly <w VVN>elected<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="588"><w NN2>References <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>were <w VVN>deleted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>final <w NN1>objective <w PRF>of <w VVG>building <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>society<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>system <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>ownership <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w NN1>production<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>observers <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>basic<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>qualifier<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w NN1-NP0>Land<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>sugar <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>factories <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w CJC>and <w NN2>sports <w NN2>installations <w VVN>built <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBD>were <w AJ0>non-transferable <w NN1>property <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1976 <w NN1>version<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w AV0>now <w AT0>an <w NN1>exception <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN2>cases <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>property <w VBZ>is <w VVN>transferred <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="591"><w DT0>This <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>or <w DPS>its <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Committee<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="592"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>trade <w VM0>would <w VVI>cease <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>monopoly<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>direct <w CJC>and <w VVI>control<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>recognizes <w AT0>the <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mixed <w NN2>enterprises<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w PRP>with <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Discrimination <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>race<c PUN>, <w NN1>colour <w PRF>of <w NN1>skin<c PUN>, <w NN1>sex<c PUN>, <w AJ0>national <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>beliefs <w CJC>and <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>reason <w AJ0>harmful <w PRP>to <w AJ0>national <w NN1>dignity<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>punishable <w PRP>by <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="594"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Castro <w VVD>congratulated <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VHG>having <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w DT0>least <w NN1>concession <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w AJ0>difficult <w NN2>moments<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AVQ>how <w AT0>a <w NN1>revolution <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>enacted <w PRP>through <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>principles<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w NN1>democracy <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>practised <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>reassemble <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>months <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="596"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Escalona <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>never <w VVN>believed <w CJT>that <w NN1>socialism <w VBZ>is <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>mechanism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="597"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="598"><w NP0>TRINIDAD <w CJC>AND <w NP0>TOBAGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="599"><w VVG>Freeing <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup <w NN2>plotters
</head>
<p>
<s n="600"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1-NP0>Jamaat <w NN1>al-Moslemeen<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yasin <w NP0>Abu <w NP0-NN1>Bakr <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bilal <w NP0>Abdullah<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>114 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>treason<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>murder <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>kidnapping <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>July-August <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37606-07<c PUN>; <w CRD>38239<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>pardon <w VVN-VVD>conferred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Black <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostages <w CJC>and <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Emmanuel <w NP0>Carter<c PUN>, <w VVD>absolved <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="603"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>judged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Carter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w AT0>no <w NN1>duress <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>amnesty <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>resorted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>methods <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Moslems <w VBD>were <w VVN>awarded <w DPS>their <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>costs <w CJC>and <w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;12,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="605"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Privy <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w VVG>acting <w PRP>as <w NP0>Trinidad<w POS>'s <w AJ0>final <w NN1>court <w PRF>of <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w NN1>application <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG>concluding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pardon <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>into <w NN1>account <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38671<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="606"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="607"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="608"><w NN1>State <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="609"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w AV0>almost <w CRD>3,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w NN2>governors<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>legislatures <w CJC>and <w NN1>town <w NN2>mayors <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>states <w NN1>&mdash;Chihuahua<c PUN>, <w VVG>bordering <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Michoac&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Institutional <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>) <w VVD>conceded <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chihuahua<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>governor <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NP0>Francisco <w UNC>Barrio <w NN2>Terrazas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="611"><w PRP>In <w NN1-AJ0>Michoac&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w NN1>governor <w VVN-VVD>won <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="612"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Chihuahua<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>a <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>63 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w UNC>Barrio <w VVD>became <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NP0>non-PRI <w NN1>state <w NN1>governor<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PRI <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w UNC>Baja <w NP0>California <w NP0-NN1>Norte <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36811<c PUN>; <w CRD>37274<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Guanjuato <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ceded <w AV0>provisionally <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>PAN <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>protests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38385<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w UNC>Barrio <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>governorship <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chihuahua <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Baeza <w NP0-NN1>Melendez <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>election <w AV0>fraudulently<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="615"><w PRP>In <w NN1-AJ0>Michoac&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>state <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>tradition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>opponent <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Revolution <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cuauht&eacute;moc <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w NN1-NP0>Sol&oacute;rzano<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>tense <w NN1>situation <w VVN-VVD>prevailed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police <w VVD>stood <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>preparedness<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NN2>results <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRD <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w NN1>governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Christobal <w NP0>Arias<c PUN>, <w VVG>suffering <w AT0>a <w AJ0>resounding <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>289,000 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Eduardo <w NN1-NP0>Villasenor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w CRD>418,000 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="618"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>reallocation <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN1>Michoac&aacute;n <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36811<c PUN>; <w CRD>37274<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="619"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NP0>PRI <w NN1>victory <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NN1>Michoac&aacute;n<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>State <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NP0>PRD <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Morelia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>against <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w NP0>PRD <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w NN2>irregularities <w VHD>had <w VVN>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN1>doctoring <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>rolls<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>harassment <w PRF>of <w NN2>observers <w PRP>at <w NN1-VVG>polling <w NN2>stations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN2>changes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>locations <w PRF>of <w NN1>polling <w NN2>stations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="621"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN1>comment <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>large <w NN2>discrepancies <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w VVN>spent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>election <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>.
<s n="622"><w PRP>In <w NN1>Michoac&aacute;n <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>spent <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>unprecedented <w UNC>US&dollar;33,000,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chihuahua <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;20,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w UNC>Barrio <w VVD-VVN>described <w DT0>such <w NN1>expenditure <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>crime <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w PRP>with <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w AJ0>needy <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Gortari <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN2>ceilings <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>high <w NN1>spending <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>campaigns <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>election <w VVG>financing <w AV0>more <w AJ0>transparent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="625"><w NN2>Priests <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1920s<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-clerical <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38758<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA015></p>
<caption id=HLMCA015>
<s n="626"><w NN1>Refusal <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="627"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w NN1-NP0>Ignacio <w NN2>Morales <w NP0>Lechuga <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>henceforward <w NP0>Mexico <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid <w VVN-VVD>directed <w PRP>towards <w VVG>combating <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w DTQ>which <w VVD>legalized <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>government-authorized <w NN2>abductions <w AV0>abroad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38954<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="629"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVI>continue <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>suppress <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>drugs <w VVB-NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w DT0>such <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico<w POS>'s <w AJ0>anti-narcotics <w NN2>campaigns <w VHD>had <w VVN>totalled <w UNC>US&dollar;48,000,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA016></p>
<caption id=HLMCA016>
<s n="631"><w NP0>Salinas<w POS>'s <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe
</caption>
<p>
<s n="632"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Salinas <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN1>trade <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0>San <w NP0>Diego<c PUN>, <w NP0>California<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVG>discussing <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAFTA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>abductions<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w NP0>Salinas <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hungary <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>European <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37274<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="634"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City <w NN1>press <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mexico <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w NN1>oil <w NN1>sector <w PRP>to <w NN1>performance <w NN2>contracts <c PUL>(<w PRP>as opposed to <w AJ0>flat-rate <w NN1>service <w NN2>contracts<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>drilling <w NN1>company <w VM0>would <w VVI>receive <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>premium <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>oil <w VBD>was <w VVN>found<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w DTQ>which <w NP0>US <w NN1>oil <w NN2>companies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>seeking <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="636"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="637"><w NP0>NICARAGUA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="638"><w NN1>Corruption <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="639"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Violeta <w UNC>Barrios <w UNC>de <w NP0>Chamorro<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Comptroller-General <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Potoy <w VVD>made <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accused <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidency<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Ibarra<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>misappropriating <w UNC>US&dollar;1,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w NN2>funds <w VVN-VVD>intended <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>disadvantaged <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="640"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>investigators <w VHD>had <w VVN>discovered <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w NN2>withdrawals <w CJT>that <w VBD>were <w AV0>both<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>without <w NN1>justification<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>false <w NN1>invoicing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>non-existent<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>front<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>Presidency <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Lacayo <w NP0>Oyanguren<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chamorro<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w VVD>bore <w AJ0>legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w CJC>and <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>permitted <w NN1>robbery<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w NP0>Lacayo <w AV0>strenuously <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w CJC>or <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="643"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w NP0>Lacayo <w VBD>were <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>elements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>14-party <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Opposition <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0>UNO<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w VVG>collaborating <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>matters <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NP0>Sandinista <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FSLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38957<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w NN1-NP0>Potoy <w VBD>was <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNO <w NN2>parties <w AV0>most <w AJ0>hostile <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w DT0>former <w NP0>PSD <w NN1>president <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Aguirre<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNO <w NN1>bloc <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w NP0>Lacayo<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>critic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="645"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>damaging <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Potoy<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w NN1>lbarra<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Miami<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;400,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>induce <w CRD>five <w AJ0>centrist <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>favouring <w AT0>the <w NN2>Sandinistas<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA017></p>
<caption id=HLMCA017>
<s n="646"><w NN2>Charges <w PRP>against <w NN1>army <w NN1>C.-in-C<c PUN>.
</caption>
<p>
<s n="647"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>damaged <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0>Ortega <w NP0>Saavedra <w VM0>could <w VVI>face <w NN1>court <w AJ0>martial <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>covered <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>16-year-old <w NN1>youth <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN2>bodyguards <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="648"><w AJ0>Right-wing <w NP0>UNO <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>demanded <w NP0>Ortega<w POS>'s <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w CJS>since <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>mainstay <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA018></p>
<caption id=HLMCA018>
<s n="649"><w AJ0>Social <w NN1>unrest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="650"><w NN2>Exchanges <w PRF>of <w NN1>gunfire <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w VVD>retired <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN2-VVZ>soldiers <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>left <w CRD>12 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>wounded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Managua<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20-21<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w NN1>payment <w PRP>for <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>early <w NN1>retirement <w PRP>under <w NP0>Chamorro<w POS>'s <w NN1>plan <w DTQ>which <w AV0>drastically <w VVD-VVN>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="652"><w NN1-VVB>Tear <w NN1>gas <w VBD>was <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>up <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>by <w CRD>300 <w AJ0>striking <w NN1>bus <w NN2>drivers <w CJC>and <w NN2>students <w PRP>in <w NP0>Managua <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>injured <w PRP>following <w NN1>gunfire <w CJC>and <w NN1>stone <w VVG>throwing <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="654"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="655"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="656"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</head>
<p>
<s n="657"><w NP0>President <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Gaviria <w NP0>Trujillo <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>, <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>disturbance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10-16<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VVD>issued <w NN2>decrees <w TO0>to <w VVI>pre-empt <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRF>of <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>cocaine <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="658"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in connection with <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w PRP>since <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="659"><w PRP>Since <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>July <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN2>judges <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w NN2>releases<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>lawyers <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Penal <w NN1>Code <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w CRD>180 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="660"><w NN2>Decrees <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>six-day <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w PRP>for <w CRD>90 <w NN2>days<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA019></p>
<caption id=HLMCA019>
<s n="661"><w NP0-NN1>Escobar<w POS>'s <w NN1>escape
</caption>
<p>
<s n="662"><w NP0-NN1>Pablo <w NP0-NN1>Escobar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>, <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>from <w NP0>La <w NP0>Catedral <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Envigado<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>kilometres <w PRP>from <w NP0>Medell&iacute;n<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN0>barracks<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w PRP>By <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w NP0-NN1>Escobar<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>reported <w NN2>preconditions <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>prison <w VVD>included <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>confinement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Antioquia <w NN1>province <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>surrender<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="664"><w NP0-NN1>Escobar <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ranch-style <w NN1>prison <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0-NN1>Escobar <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>fellow <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>shoot-out <w PRP>with <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>fugitives <w VVD>took <w NN1>hostage <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Mendoza <w CJC>and <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Hernando <w NP0>Navas<c PUN>, <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisons <c PUL>(<w DT0>both <w AV0>eventually <w VVN-AJ0>released <w AJ0>unharmed<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w AT0>The <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Acting <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Hernando <w NP0>Monsalve<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>requested <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>transfer<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>incompetence <w PRP>over <w NN2>operations <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w NN1-NP0>Mendoza <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="668"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="669"><w NP0>ECUADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="670"><w NN1>Run-off <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="671"><w PRP>In <w NN1>run-off <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sixto <w NP0>Dur&aacute;n <w NP0-NN1>Ball&eacute;n<c PUN>, <w CRD>71<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>21 <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,174,860 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CRD>57.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>defeating <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Nebot <w NP0>Saadi<c PUN>, <w CRD>46<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w AJ0>right-wing<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w CRD>1,584,482 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CRD>42.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inconclusive <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG>voting <w AVP-PRP>in <w VM0>May <w VVI>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38907-08<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="673"><w NN1-NP0>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>best-known <w NN1>politician <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>veteran <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>attempts<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>promoted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>statesman-like <w NN1>image <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w NN1>Policy <w NN2>differences <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w AJ0>minimal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>both <w VVN-VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w NN1>free-market <w NN2-VVZ>reforms <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>economy <w AV0>currently <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN1>state <w NN1>ownership <w CJC>and <w AJ0>interventionist <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="675"><w AT0>The <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN1>personality <w NN2>clashes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>rivalries<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>highland <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quito<c PUN>, <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>coast <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guayaquil<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Nebot <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w AV0>closely <w VVN>identified<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w NN1-NP0>Nebot <w VBD>was <w VVN>handicapped <w AV0>even <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hostile <w NN1>campaign <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>populist <w NP0>Abdal&aacute; <w NP0>Bucaram <w NP0>Ortiz<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>eliminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>urged <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="677"><w VVG>Lacking <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>77-member <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Dur&aacute;n <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>consensus<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>moratorium<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38908<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PUR <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>12 <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCE<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vice-President-elect <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Dahik <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0-NN1>Dur&aacute;n <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w DT0>more <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01A>
<s n="679"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="680"><w NN1-NP0>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rodrigo <w NP0>Borja <w NP0-NN1>Cevallo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Izquierda <w NP0>Democratica <c PUL>(<w NN1>ID <w AJ0>&mdash;Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Left<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>completed <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>underlined <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>free-market <w NN2>policies <w PRP>by <w VVG>including <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLMCA01B><s n="681"><w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Dunn <w NP0>Barreiro <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Rivadeneira <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Andres <w NP0>Barreiro <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines <w NP0>Mauricio <w NP0-NN1>Pinto <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Integration <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Lop&eacute;z <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Pena <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Sport <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0-NN1>Zambrano <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Albornoz <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w NP0>Diego <w VVZ>Paredes <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0-NN1>Gallardo <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Corral <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Resources <w NP0-NN1>Mariano <w NP0>Gonzalaz <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN0>Livestock <w NP0>Leonardo <w NP0>Vitieri <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Mariana <w NP0>Argudo <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Promotion
</p>
<caption id=HLMCA01B>
<s n="682"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Ecuadorean <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="683"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="684"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="685"><w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima
</head>
<p>
<s n="686"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w CRD>20 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w CJC>and <w CRD>250 <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>car <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>street <w PRF>of <w NN2>shops <w CJC>and <w NN2>restaurants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>residential <w NN2>Miraflores <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="687"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Maoist <w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso<c PUR>) <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>night <w DT0>some <w CRD>dozens <w PRF>of <w NN2>activists <w VVD>&mdash;presumed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>Shining <w NN1>Path <w NN2>members <w VVD>&mdash;wounded <w CRD>15 <w NN2>policemen <w PRP>in <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>automatic <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w NN2>police <w NN2>stations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w AJC>poorer <w NN2>zones<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="689"><w PRP>By <w NP0>July <w CRD>22-23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w VVN>mounted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w NN1>&mdash;in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN1>car <w NN2-VVZ>bombs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w AV0>sufficiently <w AJ0>serious <w PRP>for <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w DPS>his <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>trip <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ibero-American <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39003<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w NN1-VVB>call<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w XX0>not <w AV0>widely <w VVN>observed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="691"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>henceforward<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>criminals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>claim <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>lives<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried <w PRP>by <w AJ0>military <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="692"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>as of <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AT0>an <w NN1>operation <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN2>searches <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>for <w NN2>explosives <w CJC>and <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>material <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>districts <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="693"><w AJ0>Selective <w NN2>searches <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>for <w AJ0>known <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>honest <w CJC>and <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>citizens<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w NN1-VVG>understanding <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="694"><w NN2>Fujimori <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>capture <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Arana <w NP0>Franco<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path<w POS>'s <w NN1>logistics <w NN1>chief<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="695"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Fulimori <w VVD-VVN>presided <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>urban <w NN0>militia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>modelled <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>rondas <w NN2>campesinas <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>peasant <w NN2>patrols<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38188<c PUN>; <w CRD>38284<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="696"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="697"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="698"><w AJ0>Multiparty <w NN1>accord
</head>
<p>
<s n="699"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bolivia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August <w PRP>on <w CRD>10 <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional<c PUN>, <w AJ0>judicial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>educational <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>United <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>IU<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>major <w NN1>party <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="701"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Accord <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Modernization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Strengthening <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Palace <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w VVN-VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Ossio <w NP0>Sanjin&eacute;s<c PUN>.
<s n="702"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w VBD>were <w PRP>for <w AJ0>general <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w NN2>alterations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w NN1>decentralization <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>participative <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>modernization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Free <w NP0>Bolivia <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MBL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Aranibar <w NP0>Quiroga<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w AV0>nevertheless <w XX0>not <w VVN>abandoned <w DPS>its <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Max <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UCS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>the <w NN1>consultation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>Bolivians <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01C>
<s n="704"><w NN1>Application <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Mercosur <w NN1>membership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="705"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Maclean <w NP0>Abaroa <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bolivia <w VHD>had <w AV0>officially <w VVN>requested <w NN1>admission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Cone <w AJ0>Common <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mercosur <c PUL>(<w VVG>involving <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paraguay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>&mdash;see <w ZZ0>p<c PUN>.
<s n="706"><w UNC>R57<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w NP0>Bolivia <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN-VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Acuerdo <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cartagena <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Andean <w NN1>Pact <c PUL>(<w VVG>involving <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peru <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela <w NN1>&mdash;ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="708"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="709"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="710"><w NN1>Debt <w VVG>rescheduling <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="711"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w NN1>restructuring <w CJC>and <w NN1>reduction <w NN1>initiative <w VVN>launched <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>Brady <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36541-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>steering <w NN1>committee <w VVG-AJ0>representing <w NN1>creditor <w NN2-VVZ>banks <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w UNC>US&dollar;44,000 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brazil<w POS>'s <w AJ0>medium- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>bank <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="712"><w NP0>Brady <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>represented<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>milestone <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>finally <w VVG>putting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN1>debt <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>behind <w PNP>us<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="713"><w AJ0>Local <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>cautiously <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w DT0>each <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN1>bank <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AV0>currently <w VVN>embroiled <w PRP>in <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>impeach <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>corruption <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38909-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="714"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w NN1>debt <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>converted <w PRP>into <w CRD>five <w NN2>varieties <w PRF>of <w AJ0>concessionary <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w VVG>requiring <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w NN2>discounts <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w VVN-VVD>owed <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w AJC>higher <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w CRD>Three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bonds <w VM0>would <w VVI>carry <w NN1>collateral <w VVG-NN1>assuring <w NN1>payment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Brazilian <w NN1>default<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>fears <w VBD>were <w VVN>expressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;3,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>bonds <w VVN-VVD>promised <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>collateral<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1-VVB>account <w TO0>to <w VVI>accrue <w NN1>interest<c PUN>, <w VVD>offered <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><w NN2>Funds <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VVN>needed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>collateral<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>jeopardized <w CJS>if <w NP0>Brazil <w VVD>missed <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>quarterly <w NN2>targets <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w AJ0>IMF-approved <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38719-20 <w PRP>for <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>agreement<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="718"><w NN2>Banks <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AJ0>new <w NN2>loans <w AJ0-NN1>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;18.88 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>money <w PRP>for <w AT0>every <w UNC>US&dollar;100 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w NN1>exposure <w VM0>would <w VVI>receive <w NN1>market <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>without <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>a <w NN1>discount <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>debt <w NN1>paper<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01D>
<s n="719"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>appointment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="720"><w NP0-NN1>Flavio <w NP0-NN1>Perri <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="721"><w NN1>Education <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Goldemberg <w VHD>had <w PRP>since <w NP0>April <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>capacity <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Lutzemberger <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38810<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="722"><w NP0>Goldemberg <w PNX>himself <w VVN>resigned <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>portfolio <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w NP0>Eraldo <w NP0>Tinoco <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>ministerial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>resignations <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>widening <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>in <w NN1>detail <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN1>News <w NN1-VVB>Digest<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="723"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="724"><w NP0>URUGUAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="725"><w VVB-NN1>Vote <w PRP>on <w NN1>referendum
</head>
<p>
<s n="726"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Lacalle <w VVD>claimed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>mandate <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>programme <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>assets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38286<c PUN>; <w CRD>38528<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>poll <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AJ0>sufficient <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><w AJ0>Major <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN2>issues <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVN>planned <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>airline <w NP0-NN1>Antel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>electricity <w NN1>utility <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>UTE<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>railways <w CJC>and <w NN1>port <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="728"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>left-wing <w NP0>Broad <w VVD>Left <w NP0>Frente <w NP0>Amplio <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>PIT-CNT <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>confederation <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-February <w VVD>gathered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>signatures<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>poll <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>state-sector <w NN1>employment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38761<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w TO0>To <w VVI>compel <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>needed <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>581,069 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w CRD>458,818 <w NN0>people <w AV0>actually <w VVN>voted<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w VVG>Blaming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>low <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>weather <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>awareness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w DT0>another <w DT0>such <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="731"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="732"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="733"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club
</head>
<p>
<s n="734"><w NN1>Economy <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Domingo <w NP0>Cavallo <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Argentina <w TO0>to <w VVI>restructure <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="735"><w NP0>Argentina<w POS>'s <w NN1>debt <w PRP>with <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club <w NN2>countries <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;8,730 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w AJ0>concerned <w NN2>payments <w AJ0>due <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJC>longer <w NN2>periods <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w UNC>U&dollar;2,800 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>falling <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceiling <w PRP>on <w NN1>amortization <w NN2>payments <w PRP>after <w NP0>March <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="736"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN1>debt <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;75,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>debt <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>banks <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38861<c PUN>; <w CRD>38959<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="737"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="738"><w AJ0>IBERO-AMERICAN <w NN1>SUMMIT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="739"><w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="740"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Ibero-American <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23-24 <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>17 <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>or <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Spanish- <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Portuguese-speaking <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Felipe <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Portuguese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>An&iacute;bal <w NP0>Cavaco <w NP0>Silva<c PUN>.
<s n="741"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>summit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guadalajara<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38336<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w AT0>The <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>celebration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>500th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Colombus<w POS>'s <w NN1>voyage <w PRP>to <w NP0>America<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="743"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Soares <w PRF>of <w NP0>Portugal <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>on account of <w NN1>illness<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>leaders <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w PRF>of <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Gaviria <w NP0-NN1>Trujillo <w PRF>of <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NN1-NP0>Fujimori <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru <w VVD>&mdash;stayed <w AV0>away <w PRP>on account of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>problems <w PRP>at <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="745"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w VVD>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Mello <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brazil <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>according to <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Spain <w VM0>would <w VVD>made <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w NN2>investments <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;3,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brazil <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>credits <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="746"><w NN2>Bananas <w VVB>&mdash;the <w AV0>only <w NN0>fruit <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unified <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>import <w NN1>market <w NN1>&mdash;were <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unified <w NP0>EC <w NN1>market <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993 <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w NN2>measures <w PRF>of <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>producers <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Canaries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madeiras <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJC>cheaper <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN1>product<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="748"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indigenous <w NN2>Peoples <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caribbean <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38336<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Fund<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w CRD>two <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w AJ0>Caribbean <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN1>country <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;one <w NN1>government <w NN1>representative <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>representative <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>communities<c PUN>.
<s n="750"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG-AJ0>examining <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>generate <w NN2>resources <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>group <w VVG>linking <w AJ0>potential <w NN2>donors <w CJC>and <w NN2>beneficiaries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="751"><w DT0>This <w NN1>initiative <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Paz <w NP0-NN1>Zamora <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>peoples <w VVB>make <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w PNP>He <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>statements <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coca <w NN1>leaf <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>beneficial <w NN2>by-products<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>social<c PUN>, <w AJ0>cultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>contexts<c PUN>&hellip; <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>confused <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>scourge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>consumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>cocaine<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="753"><w AJ0>Cuban <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>opening <w NN1>speech <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NP0>US <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>genocide <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>insult <w PRP>to <w NN1>humanity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="754"><w PNP>He <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Madrid <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Galicia <c PUL>(<w DPS>his <w NN1>father<w POS>'s <w NN1>birthplace<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Barcelona <w CJC>and <w NP0>Seville<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="755"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>debate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>absent <w NN1>Colombian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>expressing <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>wish <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>institutions <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>restored <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>favouring<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>representative <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>denouncing <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w VVG>resolving <w AJ0>political <w NN2>conflicts <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w CRD>19 <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICJ<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w AT0>an <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>legalized <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w NN2>abductions <w AV0>abroad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38954<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AJ0>social <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>systems <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America<c PUN>, <w VVG>restricting <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w AJ0>social <w NN2>services <w NN2>budgets<c PUN>.
<s n="759"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>commented <w PRP>with <w NN1>concern <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN2>Tariffs <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>dangers <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>protectionism<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="760"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="761"><w NP0>CARICOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="762"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="763"><w AT0>The <w ORD>13th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>13-member <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>CARICOM<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Trinidad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tobago<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w NP0>29-July <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>assembled <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NP0-NN1>CARICOM<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Manning<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Trinidad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tobago<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconvene <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28-30 <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNX>themselves <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w NN2>recommendations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>18 <w VHD>had <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>600-page <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>future<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="765"><w PRP>In <w NN1>anticipation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>were <w AV0>either <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVN>deferred <w CJS>until <w DT0>more <w NN1>study <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="766"><w AT0>No <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DT0>such <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>issues <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CARICOM <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>external <w NN1>tariff <c PUL>(<w NP0>CET<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="767"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>CET <w NN1>tariff <w NN2>rates <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ranged <w PRP>from <w CRD>zero <w PRP>to <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jamaica <w VVG-AJ0>proposing <w AJ0>new <w NN2>rates <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>between <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>seven-country <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Caribbean <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OECS<c PUR>) <w VVG>arguing <w PRP>for <w NN2>rates <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>zero <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="768"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>approach<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000 <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed<c PUN>.
<s n="769"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>pursued <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>phases<c PUN>, <w VVG>starting <w PRP>with <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>policies <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN2>governors <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>achieving <w AJ0>desirable <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>limits <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>policies<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>requirement <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN>achieved <w AJ0>macro-economic <w NN1>stability <w VVB>maintain <w NN2>parities <w PRP>within <w AT0>an <w AJ0>agreed <w NN1>band<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w AV0>finally <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Caribbean <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>authority <w PRP>with <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="770"><w NN1-VVB>Progress <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>CARICOM <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>CARICOM <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38336<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>conclusion <w VBD>was <w VVN>urged <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="771"><w AT0>The <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Cuban-CARICOM <w NN1-VVB>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>analyse <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>programmes <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>approved <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>Cuba<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>CARICOM <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>postponed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="772"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="773"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="774"><w AJ0>Upper <w NN1>House <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="775"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>69 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>127 <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>contested <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="776"><w CJS>Although <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>disastrous <w NN1>performance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>election <w AV0>&mdash;where <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>its <w NN1>majority <w NN1>&mdash;and <w VBD>was <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>generally <w VVN>predicted <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="777"><w CJS>As <w DT0>such <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>triumph <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AJ0>secure <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="778"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w NN2>elections <w AV0>&mdash;where <w CRD>one <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>252 <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>contested <w AT0>every <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w NN1>&mdash;began <w AV0>formally <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>127 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>at <w NN1>stake <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>77 <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w CRD>47 <w AJ0>prefectural <w NN2>districts<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>50 <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>constituency <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w CRD>50.72 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AV0>considerably <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>record <w NN1>low <w PRF>of <w CRD>57 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1983 <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PRP>rather than <w VVG>registering <w AJ0>anti-LDP <w NN2>votes <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>voters <w VHD>had <w VVN>chosen <w TO0>to <w VVI>abstain <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="781"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LDP <w VBD>was <w VVG>defending <w CRD>75 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w VVB>open <w PRP>to <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="782"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN1>question <w VHD>had <w ORD>last <w VBN>been <w VVN>contested <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>height <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>popularity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nakasone <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w DT0>little <w AJ0>realistic <w NN1>expectation <w PRF>of <w VVG>increasing <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVG>aiming <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w VVG>losing <w AV0>further <w VVN>ground <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VHD>had <w VVN>improved <w PRP>through <w DPS>his <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>enactment <w NN1>&mdash;with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1-NP0>Komeito <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Clean <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSP<c PUR>) <w VVB>&mdash;of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>Peace <w VVG>Keeping <w NN2>Operations <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKO<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>Self <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>missions <w VVN-VVD>conducted <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="784"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>boosting <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>by <w VVG>enabling <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w CJS>where <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor <w VHD>had <w VVN>tried <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PKO <w NN1>bill <w VHD>had <w VVN>damaged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDPJ<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w PRP>through <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unpopular <w NN1>filibuster <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38962-63<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="785"><w CJS>Whereas <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDPJ <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>JCP<c PUR>) <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w NN1>election <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>concentrated <w AV0>more <w PRP>upon <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="786"><w PRP>Prior to <w VVG>polling <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>stimulants <w PRP>including <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works <w NN1>expenditure <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>.
<s n="787"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <w VBD>was <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>3.75 <w PRP>to <w CRD>3.25 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="788"><w PRP>In addition to <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w PRP>in <w AV0>broadly <w VVG>maintaining <w DPS>its <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>PKO <w NN2>allies <w VVB>&mdash;the <w NP0>DSP <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Komeito <w NN1>&mdash;also <w VVD-VVN>performed <w AV0>well <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="789"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>SDPJ <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>repeat <w DPS>its <w CRD>1989 <w NN1-VVB>triumph<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>won <w CRD>22 <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w VVD>maintained <w DPS>its <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w CRD>69 <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="790"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>loser <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w NP0>Rengo-no-Kai<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>loose <w AJ0>political <w NN1>movement <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>labour <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>its <w NN1>formation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>seats <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>contested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w PNP>It <w AV0>then <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN2>by-elections <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="792"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w AT0>no <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>strength <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>13 <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="793"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>JNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>recently <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Morihiro <w NP0>Hosokawa<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kunamoto <w NN1>Prefecture<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>performed <w AV0>better <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="794"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VVD>fielded <w AT0>no <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>prefectural <w NN2>contests<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>won <w CRD>four <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>constituency<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01E>
<s n="795"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="796"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w NP0>30-July <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="797"><w PNP>He <w VVD>held <w AJ0>cordial <w CJS>if <w AJ0>inconclusive <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w DTQ>which <w VVD>concentrated <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>rising <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="798"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>confessed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>embarrassed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>surplus <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>totalled <w NN0>&dollar;43,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;but <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN1>confidence <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>high-point <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;60,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="799"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w AJ0>new <w NN2>commitments <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>imbalance <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w AJ0-NN1>follow-up <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Structural <w NN2>Impediments <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SII<c PUR>) <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="800"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>SII <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>barriers <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>trade <w NN1>pact <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38620<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01F>
<s n="801"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="802"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>.
<s n="803"><w NN1-NP0>Miyazawa <w VBD>was <w AJ0>successful <w PRP>in <w VVG>persuading <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Munich<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6-8<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38990<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="804"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w NN2>remarks <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>islands <w VM0>could <w VVI>make <w NN1>progress <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>provided <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="805"><w PRP-CJS>Notwithstanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>fury <w VVN-VVD>caused <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>quarters <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>tone <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement <c PUL>(<w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NN1>accusation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>major <w NN1>country <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>provided <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUR>) <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0-NN1>working-level <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15-16 <w PRP>as <w AJ0-VVN>planned<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w NP0>Miyazawa <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>recognized <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>flexible <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>return<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLMCA01G><s n="807"><w NP0>LDP <w CRD>69 <w CRD>108 <w CRD>114 <w NP0>SDPJ <w CRD>22 <w CRD>69 <w CRD>69 <w NP0-NN1>Komeito <w CRD>14 <w CRD>24 <w CRD>20 <w NP0-NN1>Rengo <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>12 <w CRD>13 <w NP0>JCP <w CRD>6 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>14 <w NP0>DSP <w CRD>4 <w CRD>7 <w CRD>8 <w NP0>JNP <w CRD>4 <w CRD>4 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Others <w CRD>8 <w CRD>17 <w CRD>12 <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w CRD>127 <w CRD>252 <w CRD>250
</p>
<caption id=HLMCA01G>
<s n="808"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="809"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="810"><w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="811"><w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>normalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan
</head>
<p>
<s n="812"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>Sang <w NP0>Ock <w VVD>completed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="813"><w PRP>In <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>President <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w AV0>radically <w AJ0-VVN>altered <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w DPS>his <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w AJ0>communist <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="814"><w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>ideological <w NN2>ties <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>severed<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w CJS>As <w NN2>partners <w PRP>in pursuit of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN2>goals <w CJC>and <w NN2>values <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w NN1>freedom<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w NN1>economics<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w AV0>now <w VHD>had <w AV0>more <w PRP>in common with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJS>than <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unreformed <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>North<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1961 <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>between <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>effective<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>or <w AJ0>military <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pyongyang <w NN1>regime <w PRP>until <w DT0>such <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>improved <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>record <w CJC>and <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>co-operative <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="817"><w DT0>This <w DT0>latter <w NN1>issue <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>cited <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>normalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01H>
<s n="818"><w NN1>North-South <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection
</caption>
<p>
<s n="819"><w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>by <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AJ0>mutual <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="820"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0-VVD>deadlocked<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="821"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="822"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="823"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bao <w NP0>Tong
</head>
<p>
<s n="824"><w NP0-NN1>Bao <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>aide <w PRF>of <w AJ0>deposed <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Zhao <w NP0-NN1>Ziyang<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>tried <w CJC>and <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36720-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="825"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-hour <w NN1>trial <w NP0-NN1>Bao <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Intermediate <w NN1>Court <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>inciting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>counter-revolutionary <w NN2>activities <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>divulging <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>secrets<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>sentences <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AV0>consecutively<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>reduced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w NN1>goodwill<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>deducted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Bao <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="828"><w NN1-NP0>Bao<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>participant <w PRP>in <w VVG>implementing <w NP0>Zhao<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>figure <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="829"><w AT0>The <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>light <w NN1>sentence <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>ground <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>conservatives <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w VVG>confirming <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w NP0>Zhao <w PNX>himself <w VVB>&mdash;under <w NN1-AJ0>house-arrest <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01J>
<s n="830"><w NN2>Signs <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0-NN1>conservative-reformist <w NN1>struggle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="831"><w AT0>The <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>hardliners <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>resurgent <w NN2>reformists<c PUN>, <w AV0>once again <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>receiving <w AT0>the <w NN1>patronage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1-AJ0>statesman-leader <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>intensifying <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="832"><w NP0>CCP <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w VVD>used <w AV0>significantly <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>terminology <w PRP>in <w VVG>describing <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>system <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>market <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>structure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="833"><w AT0>The <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conservative-reformist <w NN1>struggle <w VVD>received <w AJ0>official <w NN1>acknowledgement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN0>-People<w POS>'s <w NP0>Daily <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>spread <w AVP>about <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unnamed <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more <w AJ0>poisonous <w CJS>than <w AJ0>poisonous <w NN2>snakes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="834"><w AJ0>Numerous <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>candidates <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN1>election <w PRP>as <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>defeated <w VBD>were <w NP0>Gao <w NP0>Dai<c PUN>, <w NN1>editor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Daily<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Liqun<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>acquired <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>influence <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w NP0>Gao <w NP0>Dai<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w NP0>Deng <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>views<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>revise <w DPS>his <w NN1>stance <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>publishing <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leftism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="837"><w DT0>This <w NN1>trend <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>hardliners <w VVG>revising <w DPS>their <w NN1>position <w PRP>following <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>re-endorsement <w PRF>of <w NN1>reformism <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Ximing<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>politburo <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>CCP <w NN1>official <w PRP>for <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w VVD>published <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Beijing <w NP0-NN1>Daily <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>acceleration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w PRP>along <w AJ0>capitalist <w NN2>lines<c PUN>.
<s n="839"><w NP0>Li <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>ideologue <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01K>
<s n="840"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Yingchao
</caption>
<p>
<s n="841"><w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Yingchao<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>widow <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Zhou <w NP0-NN1>Enlai <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>adoptive <w NN1>mother <w PRF>of <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w PRP>aged <w CRD>88<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="842"><w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Yingchao<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority <w VVD>arose <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>from <w DPS>her <w NN1>marriage <w PRP>to <w NP0>Zhou <w PRP>in <w CRD>1925<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w DPS>her <w NN1>status <w CJS>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w AV0>around <w CRD>50 <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>completed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Long <w NN1>March <w PRF>of <w CRD>1934-35<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<w POS>'s <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <w PNP>she <w VVD>served <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w PRP>from <w CRD>1978 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>remained <w AT0>an <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>voice <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP <w AV0>even <w PRP>after <w DPS>her <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>retirement <w PRP>from <w AJ0>public <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01L>
<s n="844"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="845"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0-NN1>Shangkun <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>entourage <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w PRP>after <w VVG>completing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-week <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="846"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="847"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="848"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</head>
<p>
<s n="849"><w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w VVG>giving <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w NN2>bans <w PRP>on <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w AJ0>representative <w NN2>offices <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>almost <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="850"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>96-article<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Statutes <w VVG-AJ0>Governing <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>Between <w NN0>People <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>Region <w CJC>and <w NN0>People <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mainland <w NN1>Region<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>communists<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>for <w NN1>cross-strait <w NN2>marriages<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>divorces<c PUN>, <w NN1>inheritance <w CJC>and <w NN1>employment <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>.
<s n="851"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>implementation <w VM0>would <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>from <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w VVG>renouncing <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>empowered <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w DT0>any <w NN1>government <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>links <w PRP>within <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01M>
<s n="853"><w NN1>Softening <w PRF>of <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w AJ0>exiled <w NN2>dissidents
</caption>
<p>
<s n="854"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Law <w VBD>was <w VVN>revised <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>permit <w NN2>dissidents <w PRP>on <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>black <w NN1>list<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJS>unless <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>resorted <w PRP>to <w NN1>violence <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="855"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>282 <w NN2>exiles <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>barred <w PRP>from <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Wu <w NN1>Po-hsiung<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01N>
<s n="856"><w NN1>Mainland <w NN1>unification <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="857"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>reunification <w CJC>and <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8-10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="858"><w AV0>Jointly <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>China <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Promotion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Peaceful <w NN1>Reunification <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Taiwan-based <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NN1>Reunification <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>by <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Xinhua <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>branch<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01P>
<s n="859"><w VVB-NN1>Change <w PRP>to <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="860"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Civic <w NN2>Organizations <w NN1>Law <w VBD>was <w VVN>revised <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Executive <w NN0>Yuan <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>disband <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>for <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVD>required <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>office <w NN2>holders<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>own <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>10,000,000 <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN2>dollars<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="862"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="863"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="864"><w NN1>Swearing-in <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Governor
</head>
<p>
<s n="865"><w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Patten<c PUN>, <w VVN>sworn <w PRP>into <w NN1>office <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>28th <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN2>interests<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>courteously <w CJC>and <w AV0>firmly<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>while <w VVG>seeking<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>good <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>trust <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-way <w NN1>street<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="866"><w PNP>He <w VVD>signalled <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>preserving <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN2>freedoms<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>executive-led<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>while <w VBG>being<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>as <w AJ0>open <w CJC>and <w AJ0>accessible <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Patten <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w POS>'s <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>sought <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>advocates <w PRF>of <w AV0>more <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>democratization<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><w AT0>The <w NN2>risks <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>antagonising <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w VVI>support <w DT0>such <w NN2>initiatives<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>side<w POS>'s <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN2>issues<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AJ0>high-level <w AJ0>Sino-British <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3-6 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>disputed <w AJ0>new <w NN1>airport <w NN1>project <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38340<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="869"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>financing <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01R>
<s n="870"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>reserves
</caption>
<p>
<s n="871"><w VVG-AJ0>Revealing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchange <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>guaranteed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>dollar<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamish <w NP0>Macleod<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>reserves <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;29,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>12th <w AJS>largest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="872"><w AT0>The <w NN1>figure <w VVD>exceeded <w AV0>most <w AJ0>private <w NN2>forecasts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="873"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassure <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w POS>'s <w NN2>finances <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>airport <w NN1>project <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Liaison <w NN1>Group<w POS>'s <w NN1>Airport <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="874"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="875"><w NP0-NN1>ASEAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="876"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers
</head>
<p>
<s n="877"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>ASEAN <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>comprising <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>25th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>, <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21-22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>24th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38345-46<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="878"><w NP0>Laos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>accession <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w PRP>to <w NP0>ASEAN<w POS>'s <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>Amity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-Operation <w VVD>signalled <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>decade <w PRF>of <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AJ0>non-communist <w NN2>neighbours<c PUN>.
<s n="880"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w NP0-NN1>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>were <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="881"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<w POS>'s <w AJ0>key <w NN1>concern<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVD>urged <w DT0>all <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>involved <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>claims <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Spratly <w NP0>Islands <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>China <w NP0>Sea<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>manner<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w NN2>claimants <w VVB>seek<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Spratlys<w POS>' <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>resources<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="883"><w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w AJ0>full <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w NP0>ASEAN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>dialogue <w NN2>partners <w CJC>and<c PUN>.
<s n="884"><w NP0-NN1>China <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w AJ0-VVN>reserved<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>.
<s n="885"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>statement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outside <w NN2>powers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>open <w NN1>call <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ASEAN <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="887"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>present <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>guest<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>hegemony <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>shelve <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w NN1>issue <w CJC>and <w VVB>proceed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Spratlys<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="888"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Spratly <w NP0>Islands <w VBD>were <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w AJ0>ASEAN <w NN2>members <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w NN1>&mdash;and <w PRP>by <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>head <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>awarded <w NN2>contracts <w AV0>separately <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>drill <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>archipelago <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38768<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="889"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VVB>remove <w AT0>a <w NN1>marker <w NN1>stone <w VVN-VVD>erected <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>landing <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w NN1>construction <w NN2>workers <w PRP>on <w NN1>Nan <w NN1-NP0>Xun<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reef <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spratly <w NN2>islands <w DT0>some <w CRD>600 <w NN0>km <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>government <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w TO0>To <w VVI>reinforce <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>claims <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Vietnam <w VHD>had <w VVN>inaugurated <w AT0>a <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>port <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>island <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spratly <w NN1>archipelago <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="892"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>on <w AJC>closer <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AJ0>developed <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dismay<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="893"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>post-ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w CRD>seven<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dialogue <w NN2>partners<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22-23<c PUN>, <w VVD>urged <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39004<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="894"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="895"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="896"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dili <w NN1-VVB>massacre
</head>
<p>
<s n="897"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>military <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dili<c PUN>, <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>soldiers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38579-80<c PUN>; <w CRD>38677<c PUN>; <w CRD>38769-70<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>ABRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Try <w NP0>Sutrisno<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>115 <w NN0>people <w AV0>previously <w VVN-VVD>reported <w AJ0-VVG>missing<c PUN>, <w CRD>31 <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>villages <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <w CJS>while <w CRD>18 <w NN2>graves <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>at <w NP0>Hera<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="899"><w VVN>Based <w PRP>on <w NN1>information <w PRP>from <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>village <w NN2>heads<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>66 <w NN0>people <w AV0>still <w AJ0-VVG>missing <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>dead <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w NN2>graves <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>discovered<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>joined <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>trouble-maker <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w VVG>hiding<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ABRI <w NN1>official<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="900"><w VVG>Responding <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>heavier <w NN2>sentences <w VVD-VVN>handed <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NN2>civilians <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NN2>soldiers <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38769<c PUN>; <w CRD>38965<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ABRI <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>subversive <w NN2>acts<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG>acting <w PRP>beyond <w DPS>their <w NN1>authority <w PRP>in <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01S>
<s n="901"><w NN1-VVB>Aid <w NN1-VVB>pledge <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Freeze <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>EC-ASEAN <w NN1>accord
</caption>
<p>
<s n="902"><w NN1-VVB>Aid <w NN2>donors<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUR>) <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w VVD>pledged <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;4,940 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w UNC>US&dollar;4,750 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>concerns <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dili <w NN1-VVB>massacre<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="903"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>came <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>14-member <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Group <w PRP>on <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w CJS>after <w NP0>Indonesia <w VVD>dissolved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Netherlands-led <w NN1>aid <w NN1>forum <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AJ0>alleged <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38868<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="904"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Netherlands <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="905"><w NN2>Donors <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>disappointed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>deregulation<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>liberalizing <w NN1>steel <w NN2>imports<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>deregulate <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w NN1>wheat<c PUN>, <w NN1>sugar <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>cement <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="906"><w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w TO0>to <w VVI>defer <w PRP-CJS>until <w NN1>autumn <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>upgrading <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>ASEAN<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Indonesia <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w NN1>&mdash;see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39005<c PUR>) <w PRP>after <w VVG>hearing <w AT0>an <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>from <w NP0>Joao <w UNC>de <w UNC>Deus <w NP0>Pinheiro<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Portuguese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-VVB>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="907"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="908"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<caption>
<s n="909"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Philippines <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="910"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Government <w NN1>coalition <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="911"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>newly-elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>state-of-the-nation <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>outlined <w AT0>the <w NN2>priorities <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="912"><w AT0>The <w NN1>speech <w VBD>was <w AJ0>conservative <w PRP>in <w NN1>tone<c PUN>, <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>lawlessness <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>themes <w PRF>of <w VVG>working <w PRP>towards<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>people <w NN1>empowerment<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>income <w NN2>disparities<c PUN>.
<s n="913"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AV0>widely <w VVN-AJ0>reported <w NN1>feature <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>repeal <w AT0>a <w AJ0>35-year-old <w NN1>law <w VVG>outlawing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w NN1>&mdash;Marxist <w AJ0-NN1>Leninist <c PUL>(<w NN0>CPP-ML<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>institute <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sweeping <w NN1>amnesty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="914"><w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>CPP-ML <w NN1>&mdash;which<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w DPS>its <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>since <w CRD>1968 <w NN1>&mdash;should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>compete <w AV0>freely<c PUN>, <w AV0>openly <w CJC>and <w AV0>peacefully <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>arena<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="915"><w NP0>Ramos <w AV0>also <w VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w NN1>proclamation <w VVG>covering <w CRD>4,500 <w DT0>former <w NN2>rebels <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPP<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>NPA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1-NP0>Moro <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>military <w NN2>dissidents <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w NN1>coup <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>against <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramos<w POS>'s <w NN1>predecessor <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="916"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>address <w VBD>was <w VVN>upstaged <w PRP>by <w NN2>struggles <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>for <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>chambers <w AVQ>wherein <w AT0>no <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="917"><w VVZ-NN2>Reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>de <w NP0>Venecia<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w AJ0>political <w NN1>aide <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>200-member <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="918"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Venecia<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ramos<w POS>'s <w NP0>Lakas <w AJ0>Edsa-National <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>Lakas-NUCD<c PUR>) <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVD>defeated <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Cojuangco<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Laban <w NN0>ng <w NP0-NN1>Demokratikong <w NP0-NN1>Pilipino <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>151 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>42<c PUN>.
<s n="919"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Venecia <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Lakas-NUCD<c PUN>, <w CRD>48 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Coalition <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NP0>Marcos <w NN1>crony <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Cojuangco<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>33 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>87 <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
<s n="920"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PNP>him <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>promise <w PRF>of <w NN2>positions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>committees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="921"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>24-member <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unsuccessful<c PUN>.
<s n="922"><w PRP>Thanks to <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>16-member <w NN1>bloc<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Neptali <w NP0>Gonzales<c PUN>, <w VVG>defeating <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Lakas-NUCD <w NN1>candidate <w NP0-NN1>Teofisto <w NP0-NN1>Guingona<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="923"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VHD>had <w VVN>drafted <w CRD>35 <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="924"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Almonte <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Parayno<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AJ0>military <w NN2>backgrounds<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>close <w NN1>confidant <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>.
<s n="925"><w AV0>Together <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w NN2>generals <w NP0>Rene <w NP0>Cruz <w CJC>and <w NP0>Honesto <w NP0>Isleta <w NN1>&mdash;who <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ramos <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Almonte <w VVD>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>power <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="926"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w NN2>businessmen<c PUN>.
<s n="927"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0-NN1>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Ramon <w UNC>del <w NP0>Rosario <w VBD>was <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>rapidly <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w NP0>Asia <w NP0-NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN2>conglomerates<c PUN>.
<s n="928"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Secretary <w NN1-NP0>Navarro <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>accounting <w NN1>firm<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN1>Reform <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Garilao <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>executive <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>Business <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Progress<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>business-funded <w NN1>foundation <w VVD-VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>undertake <w NN1>community <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="929"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="930"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="931"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>special <w NN2>powers <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>from <w NN1>state <w NN1>sector
</head>
<p>
<s n="932"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Anand <w NP0-NN1>Panyarachun <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w VVD-AJ0>adopted <w AJ0>decisive <w AJ0>new <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>curbing <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w AJ0>non-defence <w NN2>matters <w CJC>and <w VVG>removing <w DPS>its <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="933"><w AT0>An <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>order <w VVD>dissolved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>Peace-Keeping <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>crises<c PUN>.
<s n="934"><w NN2>Units <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supreme <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Kaset <w NP0>Rojanini<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRF>of <w NN2>scores <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unarmed <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38894-95<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="935"><w AT0>The <w NN1>order <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>disbanded <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Capital <w NN1>Security <w NN1-VVB>Command<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Commander <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w NP0>Noonpakdi <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>similarly <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="936"><w NN1>Maintenance <w PRF>of <w NN1>order <w VM0>would <w AV0>henceforth <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01T>
<s n="937"><w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>from <w NN1>state <w NN1>sector
</caption>
<p>
<s n="938"><w PRP>In <w AJC>further <w NN2>moves <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w AJ0>military <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN2>Airways <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>THAI<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>abrogate <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>carrier<w POS>'s <w NN1>constitution <w VVG>stipulating <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="939"><w DT0>This <w NN1>request<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NN1>anticipation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kaset<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>chairmanship <w VHD>had <w VVN>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w AV0>worst-ever <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>performance <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="940"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Anant <w NP0>Kalinta <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>servant <w PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>Communications <w NN1>Authority <w PRF>of <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="941"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>government <w NN1>official <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>company<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01U>
<s n="942"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="943"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="944"><w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0-NN1>Choonhaven <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w VVD>became <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NP0-NN1>Pattana <c PUL>(<w AJ0>National <w NN1>Development<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="945"><w NN2>Chatichai <w VHD>had <w VVN>turned <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>belonged<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w VVG>citing <w AJ0>old <w NN1>age <c PUL>(<w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w CRD>70<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01V>
<s n="946"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="947"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="948"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="949"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="950"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="951"><w AT0>The <w ORD>ninth <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w PRP>from <w CRD>601 <w NN2>candidates <w VVG>contesting <w CRD>395 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w CRD>496 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="952"><w NN2>Candidates <w VVD>included <w CRD>63 <w NN2>non-communists <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>clergy<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w DT0>former <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="953"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38864<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w PRP>out of <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>succeeded <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>winning <w NN2>nominations <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand<c PUN>.
<s n="954"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w AJ0-VVN>required <w NN1>approval <w PRP>from <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate<w POS>'s <w NN1>neighbourhood <w CJC>and <w NN1>workplace <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>Fatherland <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>organization <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="955"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="956"><w NN2>By-elections <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hoa <w NP0-NN1>Binh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thanh <w NP0>Hoa <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w AJ0>undecided <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="957"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>, <w NN2>voters <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AJ0>public <w NN1>health <w NN1>care <w CJC>and <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="958"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="959"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="960"><w NN2>Protests <w PRP>against <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w NN2-VVZ>plans
</head>
<p>
<s n="961"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-July <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38913<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="962"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>scheduled<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>co-ordination <w NN2>meetings<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJC>further <w NN2>sessions <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w CRD>seven <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Khami <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>; <w NP0>La-Hu <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>NLD<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w NP0>Shan <w NN2>Nationalities <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>; <w NP0>Shan <w NN1>State <w VVB-NN1>Kokang <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NP0>Pa-O <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="963"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="964"><w NP0>Myo <w NP0>Nyunt<c PUN>, <w NP0>SLORC <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w DPS>its <w NN2>deliberations <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="965"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>objective <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>lay <w AVP>down <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <c PUL>(<w VVG>comprising <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrators<c PUN>, <w NN2>professionals <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NN0>MPs<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>or <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="966"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>leaflets <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yangon <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military-directed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="967"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w AV0>instead <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>assumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>landslide <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37457-58<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="968"><w NP0>U <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>Shwe<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>15-member <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>co-ordination <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AJC>tougher <w NN1>line<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>all<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>persons <w PNQ>who <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>talks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="969"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>92 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>17 <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NLD <w VVD-VVN>arrested <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="970"><w DT0>This <w VVD-VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w CRD>277 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees <w VVN>released <w PRP>since <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38866<c PUN>; <w CRD>38913<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01W>
<s n="971"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>MP
</caption>
<p>
<s n="972"><w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>sources <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Ilyas<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>MP <w VVG>representing <w NP0-NN1>Maungdaw<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>by <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>for <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangladesh <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="973"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="974"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="975"><w NN1-VVB>End <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>boycott
</head>
<p>
<s n="976"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-week <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gholam <w NP0-NN1>Azam<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
<s n="977"><w NN2>Calls <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Azam <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried <w PRP>for <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>tribunal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38967<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Azam <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried <w PRP>under <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="978"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>300 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>rumours <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>human <w NN2>skulls <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>embassy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="979"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="980"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="981"><w AJ0>Conflicting <w NN1>casualty <w NN2-VVZ>claims
</head>
<p>
<s n="982"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>claims <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>rebel <w NN2>casualties <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>government <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>strongholds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="983"><w AT0>The <w NN1>offensive<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w CRD>7,000 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w AJ0>code-named<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Strike <w NN1>Force <w CRD>Two<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="984"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>repeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>seal <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jaffna <w NN1>peninsula<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>LTTE<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>base <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38392<c PUN>; <w CRD>38439<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="985"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>official <w NN1>army <w VVZ-NN2>estimates <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>500 <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w NN2>rebels <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w CRD>200 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>assault<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN2>casualties <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01X>
<s n="987"><w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces
</caption>
<p>
<s n="988"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w NP0>Katupotha<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Mannar <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Vavuniya <w NN2>districts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="989"><w AT0>The <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w CRD>46 <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w AV0>also <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN2>women <w NN2>cadres<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>25 <w NN1-NP0>LTTE <w NN2>rebels <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>raid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>100 <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>army <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w NN1>rebel <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Iyakachchi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="990"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w VVD>said <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>shooting <w AVP>down <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w PRP>over <w NN1>Elephant <w NN1>Pass<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jaffna <w NN1>peninsula<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w DT0>all <w CRD>19 <w NN0>people <w AV0>aboard<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLMCA01Y>
<s n="991"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>train <w PRP>near <w NP0>Batticaloa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="992"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLOTE<c PUR>) <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>LTTE <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>, <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Colombo-bound <w NN1>passenger <w NN1-VVB>train <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Batticaloa <w NN1>district <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>grenade <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="993"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="994"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="995"><w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w NP0>Ayodhya <w NN1>temple <w NN1>site <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="996"><w AJ0>Militant <w NN2>Hindus <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Vishwa <w AJ0>Hindu <w NP0-NN1>Parishad <c PUL>(<w NP0>VHP<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w AV0>temporarily <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>temple <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Babri <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37854<c PUN>; <w CRD>37964<c PUN>; <w CRD>38532<c PUN>; <w CRD>38682<c PUN>; <w CRD>38866<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="997"><w AT0>The <w NP0>VHP <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23-24<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>consolidate <w DT0>all <w NN2>cases <w AJ0>pending <w PRP>in <w AJ0>different <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>courts <w PRP>under<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>one <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>all-party <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38866<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="998"><w AT0>The <w NN1>settlement <w VVD>followed <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN1>tension <w DTQ>which <w VVD>triggered <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>rioting <w CJC>and <w AJ0>disrupted <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="999"><w NN2>Fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0>escalating <w NN1>violence <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>VHP <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>-led <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w VVD>defied <w AT0>a <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>order <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w VVG>commencing <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1000"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>status quo <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>maintained <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38682<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1001"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>S. <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Chavan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Ayodhya <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>security <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>land <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>encroached <w PRP>upon <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>turned <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kalyan <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>.
<s n="1002"><w AJC>Later <w NN1-NP0>Chavan <w VVD>hinted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>violated <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1003"><w AT0>The <w NP0>VHP <w VVD>defied <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>order <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Allahabad <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVG>restraining <w NN2>parties <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>undertaking <w NN1>construction <w NN1>activity <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concrete <w NN1>platform <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>built <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>adjudicate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w CJS>until <w DT0>all <w NN1>construction <w NN2>activities <w VHD>had <w VVN>ceased<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1005"><w CRD>Four <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>activists <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Babri <w NP0>Masjid <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Committee <w VVD>courted <w NN1-VVB>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Faisalabad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>temple<c PUN>.
<s n="1006"><w CRD>Six <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>rioting <w VVN>sparked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kerala <w CJC>and <w NP0>Maharashtra<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1007"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>instigation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w VVN-VVD>posed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA020></p>
<caption id=HLMCA020>
<s n="1008"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1009"><w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Shankar <w NP0>Dayal <w NP0>Sharma <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>president <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1010"><w NP0>Sharma<c PUN>, <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>gained <w CRD>64.78 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>legislatures<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>defeating <w DPS>his <w AJS>nearest <w NN1>rival<c PUN>, <w NP0>G. <w NP0>G. <w NN1-VVB>Swell<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>BJP-National <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>candidate <w PNQ>who <w VVD>polled <w CRD>33.21 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1011"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>standing<c PUN>, <w VVN>boosted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sharma<w POS>'s <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>strengthened <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w CRD>267 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>215<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA021></p>
<caption id=HLMCA021>
<s n="1012"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Chidambaram <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1013"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commerce <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>P. <w NP0-NN1>Chidambaram <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w PRP>after <w VVG>admitting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w VHD>had <w VVN>invested <w UNC>Rs250,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;8,700<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Fairgrowth <w NP0>Financial <w NN2>Services<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>companies <w VBG>being <w VVN>investigated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38913<c PUN>; <w CRD>38967<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1014"><w NP0-NN1>Chidambaram<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38813<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w NN2>calls <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1015"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w VVD>named <w CRD>four <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>banks <w PRP>including <w NP0>ANZ <w NP0>Grindlays<c PUN>, <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>America<c PUN>, <w NP0>Citibank <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Standard <w AJ0-VVD>Chartered<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>securities <w VVB-NN1>market <w NN1>trading <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>concentrated <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>hands <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NN2>stockbrokers <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38967<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1016"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>audit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>accounts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w VVN-VVD>named <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA022></p>
<caption id=HLMCA022>
<s n="1017"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NP0-NN1>Carbide <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1018"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>against <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>company <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NP0-NN1>Carbide<c PUN>, <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhopal <w NN1>gas <w NN1>disaster <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1984 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33647-48<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bhopal <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1019"><w AT0>The <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>prosecution <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA023></p>
<caption id=HLMCA023>
<s n="1020"><w NN1-VVB>Transport <w NN1-VVB>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1021"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>sector <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38682<c PUN>; <w CRD>38727<c PUN>; <w CRD>38967<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS>after <w NN1>lorry <w NN2>drivers <w VVD-VVN>agreed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>unconditionally<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w DPS>their <w AJ0>week-long <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
<s n="1022"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AJ0>local <w NN2>taxes <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>seven <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w NN1>distribution <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1023"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w VVD-VVN>released <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>tranche <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;647,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;2,200 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>credit <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38439<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA024></p>
<caption id=HLMCA024>
<s n="1024"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1025"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Sharad <w NP0>Pawar <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>defence <w NN1>minister<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25-30<c PUN>.
<s n="1026"><w NN2>Discussions <w VVG>centring <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sincere <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constructive<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1027"><w AJ0>Outstanding <w NN2>differences <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38683<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1028"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>30-year <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA025></p>
<caption id=HLMCA025>
<s n="1029"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1030"><w CRD>Thirty <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>workers <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>flouting <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour <w NN2>laws <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bhilai<c PUN>, <w NP0>Madhya <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1031"><w CRD>Nine <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>rioting <w PRP>between <w NN2>Hindus <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ahmedabad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gujarat<c PUN>.
<s n="1032"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Punjab-based <w NP0>Khalistan <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gujrant <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Budhsinghwala<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chandigarh <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Lok <w NP0>Sabha <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w AJ0>law-making <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1034"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1035"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1036"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind
</head>
<p>
<s n="1037"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>weakened <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <w VVD>intensified <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sind-based <w NP0-NN1>Mohajir <w NP0>Qaumi <w NP0>Mahaz <c PUL>(<w NP0>MQM<c PUR>) <w VVD>pulled <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>victimization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1038"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN1>development <w VVD>prompted <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>favour <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1039"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NP0>MQM <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>quit <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>order <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Provincial <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>.
<s n="1040"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w NP0>MQM <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NP0>MQM <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sind <w NN1>assembly <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reported <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NP0>MQM <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>ministers <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38968<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA026></p>
<caption id=HLMCA026>
<s n="1042"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN2>powers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1043"><w PRP>By <w NP0>mid-July <w PRP>between <w CRD>1,500 <w CJC>and <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>criminals <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>rural <w NP0>Sind<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>1,600 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karachi<c PUN>.
<s n="1044"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>ordinance <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w VVD>granted <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>criminal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>liability <w CJC>and <w AJ0>full <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>search<c PUN>, <w VVI>arrest <w CJC>and <w VVI>seize <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1045"><w DT0>This <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>amid <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w TO0>to <w VVI>regain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>.
<s n="1046"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Bhutto <w VVD>announced <w DPS>her <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>politics <w CJC>and <w VVB>engage <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>street <w NN2>demonstrations <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1047"><w PRP>In <w NN1>court <w NN2>hearings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lahore <w CJC>and <w NP0>Karachi <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>denied <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37652<c PUN>; <w CRD>37763-64<c PUN>; <w CRD>38194<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>contrived <w PRP>out of <w NN1>malice <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Ishaq <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1048"><w CRD>Fourteen <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>150 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>outbreaks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>violence <w PRP>between <w NP0>Shias <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sunnis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peshawar <c PUL>(<w NN1>North <w NN1>West <w NN1>Frontier <w NN1>Province<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w NN1>violence <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38968<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA027><ptr target=HLMCA028></p>
<caption id=HLMCA027>
<s n="1049"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLMCA028>
<s n="1050"><w NN1-NP0>Bank <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>difficulties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1051"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>bank <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>difficulties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38533<c PUN>; <w CRD>38683<c PUN>; <w CRD>38726<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>) <w VVD>imposed <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w AV0>recently <w AJ0>privatized <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1052"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Mehran <w NN1>Bank <w VBD>was <w VVN>barred <w PRP>from <w VVG>accepting <w NN2>deposits <w PRP>after <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>irregularities <w VVG>centring <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>contravention <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>lending <w CJC>and <w NN1>overdraft <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w NN2>Restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>cash <w NN2>withdrawals <w CJC>and <w NN1>expenditure <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Indus <w NN1-NP0>Bank <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NN2-VVZ>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w DPS>its <w NN2>assets <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>management <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1054"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>estimates <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>48 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA029></p>
<caption id=HLMCA029>
<s n="1055"><w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1056"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>lend <w NP0>Pakistan <w UNC>US&dollar;54,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>irrigation <w CJC>and <w NN1>drainage <w NN1>project <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab <w VVG>costing <w UNC>US&dollar;70,600 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1057"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;29,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>resource <w AJ0-NN1>conservation <w NN1>project<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02A><ptr target=HLMCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02A>
<s n="1058"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLMCA02B>
<s n="1059"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nabiyev
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1060"><w NN2>Agreements <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Tajikistan <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tajik <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rakhman <w NP0>Nabiyev <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w NP0>30-July <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1061"><w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w CJC>and <w VVI>maintain <w NN1>road <w NN0>links <w VVG>following <w AJ0>tripartite <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1062"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1063"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1064"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1065"><w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Sabur <w NP0>Fareed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w AJ0-VVD>assumed <w NN1>office <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Burhanuddin <w NP0>Rabbani <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38968<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1066"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fareed<c PUN>, <w CRD>40<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tajik <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>nominee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>marked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-month <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>.
<s n="1067"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>intensified <w NN1>fighting <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>prior to <w NP0>Fareed<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>from <w NP0>Peshawar<c PUN>; <w AV0>at least <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>300 <w VVD-VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>bombardment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>-months<c PUN>.
<s n="1068"><w AJ0>Pro-Hekmatyar <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kabul <w PRF>of <w NN2>forces <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Uzbek <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0>Dostam <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>defection <w VHD>had <w VVN>triggered <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w NN1>regime <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38847<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1069"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-July <w CRD>dozens <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Iranian <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN1>coalition <w NP0>Hezb-i-Wahdat <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVN>given <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38968 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Wahdat-i-Islami<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>Sunni <w NP0>Ittehad-i-Islami <w VVD>backed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1070"><w DT0>This <w AJS>latest <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w AV0>momentarily <w VVD-VVN>stilled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>government-mediated <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Sunni <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>voiced <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>approach <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shias <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>population<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1071"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Fareed <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezb-i-Wahdat<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w PNP>he <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khodad <w NP0-NN1>Hazareh <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>under <w DT0>former <w NN1-AJ0>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Seghbatullah <w NP0>Mujjaddedi <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1072"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>26-28 <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Allahedin <w NP0>Borujerdi <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02C>
<s n="1073"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1074"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Council <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rabbani <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02D>
<s n="1075"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1076"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>1,000,000 <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN2>refugees <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes<c PUN>.
<s n="1077"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UNHCR <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w VHD>had <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VVN>provided <w AV0-AJ0>only <w UNC>US&dollar;31,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;180,000,000 <w VVN>needed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees<w POS>' <w NN1>repatriation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1078"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1079"><w NP0>KAZAKHSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1080"><w NN1>Energy <w NN1>exploration <w NN2-VVZ>deals
</head>
<p>
<s n="1081"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>group <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Gas <w NN1>PLC<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Agip<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w NN1>subsidiary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>chemicals <w NN1-VVB>group <w NN2>ENI<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AJ0>exclusive <w NN1>negotiation <w NN2>rights <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Karachaganak <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN1>field <w PRP>in <w NN1>north-west <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>.
<s n="1082"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w NN1>oil <w NN2>agreements <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38915<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1083"><w NN2>Negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>by <w NN1>mid-1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1084"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>40-year <w NN1>contract <c PUL>(<w AJ0>extendable <w PRP>by <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUR>) <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>venture <w VVG>investing <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000 <w CRD>million <w AV0>over <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1085"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>companies <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w NN1>training <w PRP>for <w AJ0>local <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>for <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN1>distribution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1086"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1-AJ0>firm <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w CRD>1,350 <w NN1-VVB>megawatt <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Aktubinsk <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w NN1>export <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NN2>oilfields <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1087"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w NN1>backing<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38874<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1088"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>an <w NN1>oil <w NN1>pipeline<c PUN>.
<s n="1089"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>zone <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>international <w NN1>investment <w VBD>was <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w NN1>west <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1090"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Atyrausk <w NN1>zone <w VVD-VVN>contained <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN2>fields<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02E>
<s n="1091"><w NN1>Registration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Renaming <w PRF>of <w NP0>KGB
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPK<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>within <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="1093"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>drew <w NN2>protests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Procurator<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPK <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38418<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1094"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPK <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>statutes <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VVD>breached <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SPK <w VVD>emphasised <w DPS>its <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>in <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1096"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>reorganized <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1097"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Committee <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NP0>KGB <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1098"><w NP0>Bulat <w NP0>Bayekenov<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>function <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w NN1>legality <w CJC>and <w NN1>observance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1099"><w NP0-NN1>KIRGIZSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1100"><w NP0>NATO <w NN1-VVB>visit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces
</head>
<p>
<s n="1101"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN2>officers <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>defence <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1102"><w VVG>Reversing <w DPS>its <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>stance <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kirgizstan <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>taking <w PRP-AVP>under <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>jurisdiction <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>territory <w CJC>and <w VVG>assuming <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>upkeep<c PUN>.
<s n="1103"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>signatory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>security <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>recruits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1104"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w NP0>-Dzhanybek <w NP0>Umetaliyev<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>army <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000-7,000 <w PRP>in addition to <w AJ0>reserve <w NN2>units<c PUN>.
<s n="1105"><w NN1>Army <w NN2>personnel <w VM0>would <w VVI>total <w CRD>18,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>army <w AV0>currently <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w AV0>therefore <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02F>
<s n="1106"><w NN1>Revival <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1107"><w AT0>A <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communists <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>reported <w NN1>onJune <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1108"><w AV0>About <w CRD>250 <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w DT0>many <w AJ0>young <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>attended<c PUN>.
<s n="1109"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w NP0-NN1>Absamat <w NP0>Masaliyev<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38159<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1110"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w ORD>first <w NN2>secretaries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turdakun <w NP0>Usubaliyev <w CJC>and <w NP0>Djumgalbek <w NP0>Amanbayev<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02G>
<s n="1111"><w NN0>Media <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1112"><w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN0>media <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-VVB>Interfax <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AV0>less <w AJ0>liberal <w CJS>than <w DPS>its <w NN1>draft <w CJC>and <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN0>media <w NN1>law <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37541<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1113"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>article <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>bans <w PRP>on <w NN2>journalists<w POS>' <w NN2>activities <w VBD>were <w VVN>broadened<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1114"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1115"><w NP0-NN1>KIRGIZSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1116"><w NP0>NATO <w NN1-VVB>visit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces
</head>
<p>
<s n="1117"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN2>officers <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>defence <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1118"><w VVG>Reversing <w DPS>its <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>stance <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kirgizstan <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>1 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>taking <w PRP-AVP>under <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>jurisdiction <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>territory <w CJC>and <w VVG>assuming <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>upkeep<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>signatory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>security <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>recruits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1120"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w NP0>-Dzhanybek <w NP0>Umetaliyev<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>army <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000-7,000 <w PRP>in addition to <w AJ0>reserve <w NN2>units<c PUN>.
<s n="1121"><w NN1>Army <w NN2>personnel <w VM0>would <w VVI>total <w CRD>18,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>army <w AV0>currently <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w AV0>therefore <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02H>
<s n="1122"><w NN1>Revival <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1123"><w AT0>A <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communists <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>reported <w NN1>onJune <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1124"><w AV0>About <w CRD>250 <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w DT0>many <w AJ0>young <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>attended<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w NP0-NN1>Absamat <w NP0>Masaliyev<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38159<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1126"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w ORD>first <w NN2>secretaries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turdakun <w NP0>Usubaliyev <w CJC>and <w NP0>Djumgalbek <w NP0>Amanbayev<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02J>
<s n="1127"><w NN0>Media <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1128"><w AT0>A <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN0>media <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-VVB>Interfax <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AV0>less <w AJ0>liberal <w CJS>than <w DPS>its <w NN1>draft <w CJC>and <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN0>media <w NN1>law <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37541<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1129"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>article <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>bans <w PRP>on <w NN2>journalists<w POS>' <w NN2>activities <w VBD>were <w VVN>broadened<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1130"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1131"><w NP0>TAJIKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1132"><w NN1>Ceasefire <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1133"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>service <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1134"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w AJ0-VVN>committed <w NN2>signatories <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>lift <w NN2>roadblocks<c PUN>, <w VVB>disband <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>formations <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>hand <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w AV0>specially <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AJ0>local <w NN2>commissions<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVD>contained <w AT0>a <w NN1>provision <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>security <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tajik-Afghan <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1136"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Rakhmon <w NP0>Nabiyev<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w NN1>ceremony<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Badakhshan <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gorno-Badakhshan <w AJ0>Autonomous <w NN1>oblast <w CJC>or <w NN1>region<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1137"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ad hoc <w NN2>bodies <w VVG>aiming <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tajikistan <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1138"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Shodmon <w NP0>Yusufov<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1139"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>amnesty <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w PRP>for <w NN2>participants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>signalled <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38916<c PUN>; <w CRD>38969<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02K>
<s n="1140"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1141"><w NP0>Nabiyev <w VVD>completed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tajikistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1142"><w NN2>Agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>loan <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><w NN2>Broadcasts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Persian-speaking <w NP0>Tajikistan <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1144"><w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVD>offered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w NN1>loan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hydro-electric <w NN1>power <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1145"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w VVG>upgrading <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1146"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
<s n="1147"><w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Akbar <w NP0>Mirzoyev <w VVD>headed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1-VVB>help <w PRP>in <w VVG>curbing <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w VVB>supply <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tajikistan <w PRP>from <w NN1>mojaheddin <w NN2>fighters<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1148"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1149"><w NP0>UZBEKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1150"><w NN1>Harassment <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition
</head>
<p>
<s n="1151"><w AJ0>Increased <w NN1>harassment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uzbekistan<w POS>'s <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Birlik <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Unity<c PUR>) <w NN1>movement <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>left <w NN1>co-chair <w NP0-NN1>Abdurakhim <w NP0>Pulatov <w PRP>with <w NN1>skull <w NN2>fractures<c PUN>.
<s n="1152"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1-VVB>Watch<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1153"><w AT0>The <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>joint <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>movements<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Birlik <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Erk<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w VVG>acknowledging <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>differences <w PRP>in <w NN1>approach <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <w CJS>since <w NP0-NN1>Erk<w POS>'s <w NN1>split <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Birlik <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1989 <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1154"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Erk<w POS>'s <w NN2>funds <w PRF>of <w CRD>192,000 <w NN2>roubles <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sequestrated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN1>tax <w NN1>inspectorate<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02L>
<s n="1155"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1156"><w NN0>Militia <w NN1>presence <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w PRP>in <w NN1>expectation <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>rallies <w VVD-VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>coincide <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
<s n="1157"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>rallies<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w VVG-AJ0>sitting <w AJ0>Mukhammed <w NN1-NP0>Solikh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Erk<w POS>'s <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>handed <w AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<w POS>'s <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w XX0>not <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1158"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>calm <w VBD>was <w VVN>maintained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces<w POS>' <w NN1>recognition<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>consent <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>guarantee <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>independence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02M>
<s n="1160"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rashidov <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>Quashing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khudayberdiyev<w POS>'s <w NN1>sentence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1161"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN1>government <w VVD>continued <w DPS>its <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sharaf <w NP0>Rashidov<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>renaming <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>street <w PRP>after <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="1162"><w NP0>Rashidov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NP0>CPSU <w NN1>politburo <w NN1>member <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Brezhnev <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>for <w CRD>24 <w NN2>years <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w DT0>several <w AJ0>major <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>scandals<c PUN>, <w VVD>uncovered <w PRP-AVP>in <w CRD>1988-89<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>perpetrated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1163"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w VVD>endorsed <w NP0>President <w NP0>Karimov<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>sitting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-examine <w NN2>sentences <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN2>sentences <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-corruption <w NN1>campaign <w DTQ>which <w VVD>hit <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0-AV0>hard<c PUN>.
<s n="1164"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w AV0>then <w VVD-VVN>quashed <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Narmakhonmadi <w NP0>Khudayberdiyev<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971-84<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36898<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1165"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1166"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1167"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1168"><w NP0>Puntsagiyn <w NP0>Jasray <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>defeating <w DT0>former <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Choyjilsurengiyin <w NN1-NP0>Purevdorg<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1169"><w VVB-NN1>Jasray<c PUN>, <w CRD>60<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>free-market <w NN1>economist <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN2>co-operatives<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>plenum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPRP<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>landslide <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38962<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1170"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>interview <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jasray <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>priority <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>halting <w NN1>production <w NN1>decline <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1171"><w AT0>A <w NN1>post <w NN1>election-manifesto <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w VHD>had <w VVN>reaffirmed <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>overcome <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>by <w VVG>effecting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>market <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02N>
<s n="1172"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1173"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Ulan <w NP0>Bator <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1174"><w PNP>It <w VVD>elected <w NP0>Natsagiyn <w NP0>Bagabandi<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPRP<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>Chairman<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w NP0>Jambyn <w NP0>Gombojav <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Vice-Chairman <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1176"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NP0>Hural <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disbanded <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Hural <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>single-chamber <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1177"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1178"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1179"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1180"><w NP0>Paias <w NP0-NN1>Wingti<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>13-27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38965<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1181"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>closest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="1182"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>Wingti <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rabbie <w NP0>Namaliu <w VVD>polled <w CRD>54 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>109-member <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Wingti <w AV0>finally <w VVN>prevailed <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>casting <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Bill <w NN1-VVB>Skate<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w PNX>himself <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJS>slimmest <w PRF>of <w NN2>margins <w PRP>by <w CRD>55 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>54<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1183"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Wingti <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1184"><w PNP>He <w ORD>first <w VVD>achieved <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>by <w VVG>ousting <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>.
<s n="1185"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>returned <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>ejected <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>by <w NP0>Namaliu<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1186"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDM <w VVD>held <w DT0>fewer <w NN2>seats <w CJS>than <w NP0>Namaliu<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Pangu <w NP0-NN1>Pati<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Wingti <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>constructed <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDM<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Advancement <c PUL>(<w NP0>LNA<c PUR>) <w NN1>&mdash;which <w VHD>had <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Pangu-led <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w VVB>&mdash;together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>many <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>MPs<c PUN>.
<s n="1187"><w NP0>Wingti<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w VVN>improved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>defection <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>six <w NN0>MPs<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>assumed <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w XX0>not <w VVN>rewarded <w PRP>with <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>office <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unlikely <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w AV0>permanently <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
<s n="1188"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w VVN>protected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>existence<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>unlikely <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Wingti<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>strong <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>pattern <w PRF>of <w NN1>politics <w PRP>by <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w TO0>to <w VVI>survive <w PRP>from <w CRD>one <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>next<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1189"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1190"><w NP0>NEW <w NP0>ZEALAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1191"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN1>warship <w NN2>visits
</head>
<p>
<s n="1192"><w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Bolger<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>prohibition <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>ports <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>non-nuclear-powered <w NP0>US <w NN2>warships <w AV0>no longer <w VVN-VVD>applied<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w DPS>His <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>completed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pledged <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>2,400 <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN-VVD>located <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN2>warships<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1194"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w AV0>neither <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w CJC>nor <w VVI>deny <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>where <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>said <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w DT0>those <w NN2>weapons <w AV0>on board<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>mean <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1195"><w PNP>He <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AJ0>improved <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>instituted <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>waters <w PRF>of <w NN2>vessels <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="1196"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>prohibited <w AJ0-NN1>nuclear-powered <w NN2>ships<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w ORD>first <w VVN>used <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>vessel <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereafter<c PUN>, <w VVD>caused <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ANZUS <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Australia-New <w NP0>Zealand-USA<c PUR>) <w NN1>defence <w NN1>pact<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1197"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Bolger <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AJ0>improved <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>formal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ally <w NN1>status<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>security <w NN1>relationship <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w VVD>rescinded <w DPS>its <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear-powered <w NN2>vessels<c PUN>.
<s n="1198"><w NP0-NN1>Bolger <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>uncommitted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1199"><w CJS>While <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>now<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>reason <w AVQ>why <w AJ0>non-nuclear-powered <w NN2>vessels <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>call <w AV0>here<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>plansfor <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1200"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1201"><w NP0>NAURU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1202"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>DeRoburt <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>compensation <w NN1-VVB>claim
</head>
<p>
<s n="1203"><w AT0>A <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>mourning <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nauru <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hammer <w NP0-NN1>DeRoburt <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Melbourne<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
<s n="1204"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>funeral <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1205"><w VVB-NN1>DeRoburt<c PUN>, <w CRD>69<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>ill <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru <w PRP>from <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968 <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w PRP>apart from <w AJ0>short <w NN2>interludes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976-68 <c PUL>(<w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w NN1>Leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Opposition<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="1206"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>instrumental <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foundation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>Forum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1207"><w NN1-NP0>DeRoburt <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>80 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>phosphate <w NN1-VVG>mining <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru <w AJ0>uninhabitable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>incapable <w PRF>of <w VVG>sustaining <w NN1>vegetation<c PUN>.
<s n="1208"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>view <w NP0>Australia <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>moral <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>administering <w NN1>authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nauru <w PRP>between <w CRD>1891 <w CJC>and <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<w POS>'s <w NN2>phosphates <w VBD>were <w VVN>extracted <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>sold <w PRP>at <w AV0>below <w NN1>market <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="1209"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Nauru <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>Inquiry <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>rejected<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nauru <w NN1>government <w VVD>commenced <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>against <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1210"><w PRP>Despite <w VHG>having <w VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>DeRoburt <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>hospital <w NN1>bed <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>persuasive <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Nauru<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim<c PUN>.
<s n="1211"><w PNP>He <w VVD>lived <w AV0>long <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVB>announce <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN2>Objections <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>admissibility <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nauru<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim<c PUN>.
<s n="1212"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Certain <w NN1>Phosphate <w NN2>Lands <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nauru <c PUL>(<w NP0>Nauru <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Australia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1213"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1214"><w NP0>VANUATU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1215"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN1>rift <w PRP>with <w NP0>Australia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1216"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vanuatu <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w VVD>accused <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>diplomat<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Pearson<c PUN>, <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Vila<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>interfering <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vanuatu<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="1217"><w NP0>Pearson<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w NN1>business <w NN2>licences <w VBD>was <w VVG>damaging <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vanuatu<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>within <w CRD>24 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1218"><w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gareth <w NP0>Evans <w VVD>defended <w NP0>Pearson<w POS>'s <w NN1>conduct <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vanuatu <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>over-reacting<c PUN>.
<s n="1219"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>goodwill <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Vila <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>navy <w NN2>ships <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w CRD>9-12<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>mark <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>displeasure<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>contact <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vanuatu <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1220"><w NP0>Vanuatu<w POS>'s <w AJ0>generous <w NN1>tax <w NN1>system <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w PRP>for <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0>offshore <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="1221"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>Business <w NN1>Licence <w NN1>Amendment <w NN1>Bill <w VM0>would <w VVI>empower <w NP0>Vanuatu<w POS>'s <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AT0>a <w NN1>business <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w VVG>giving <w AT0>a <w NN1>reason<c PUN>.
<s n="1222"><w AT0>The <w NN1>controversy <w VVD-VVN>continued <w CJS>as <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fred <w NP0>Timakata <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVG>referring <w PNP>it <c PUL>(<w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Broadcasting <w CJC>and <w NN1>Television <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Land <w NN1>Acquisition <w NN1-NP0>Bill<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>for <w NN1>adjudication <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>validity<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1223"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1224"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>PACIFIC <w NN1>FORUM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1225"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1226"><w AT0>The <w ORD>23rd <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>Forum <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Honiara<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8-9<c PUN>.
<s n="1227"><w DT0>All <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum<w POS>'s <w CRD>15 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>uncertain <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <c PUL>(<w NN2>elections <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38965<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arnold <w NP0>Marsipal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1228"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>pre-Forum <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Australia <w CJC>and <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>by <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secessionist <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1229"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w AV0>finally <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>problem <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>raised <w AV0>officially <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1230"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum<w POS>'s <w NN1>dialogue <w NN2>partners <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;those <w NN2>countries <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Pacific <w AV0>&mdash;currently <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w NN1>&mdash;with <w DTQ>which <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="1231"><w NP0-NN1>Bikenibeu <w NP0-NN1>Paeniu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tuvalu<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>dictated <w PRP>to <w PRP>by <w NN2>outsiders<c PUN>.
<s n="1232"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China <w DTQ>which <w VVD>indicated <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VVI>withdraw <w CJS>if <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>were <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
<s n="1233"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>post-Forum <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>dialogue <w NN2>partners <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0>China <w VVD>registered <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w NN1>secretariat <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>dialogue <w NN1>partner <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN2>representatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>discretion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>Forum <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1234"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>issues <w PRP>including <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>tests<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>incineration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w NP0>Johnston <w NP0>Atoll<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w VVN>posed <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>sea <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>for <w NP0>Australia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fiji <w TO0>to <w VVI>repair <w AT0>the <w NN1>rift <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>dated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>military <w NN2>coups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Fiji <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
<s n="1236"><w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Fiji<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Fijian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Sitiveni <w NP0>Rabuka<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>coups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1237"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJC>greater <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>countries <w PRP>for <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <w CJC>and <w NN1>money <w NN1>laundering <w PRP>by <w VVG>agreeing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>law <w NN1>enforcement <w NN1>arrangement <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>among <w DPS>their <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN2>customs <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1238"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>interceptions <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN2>shipments <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN1>island <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN2>tax-havens<c PUN>.
<s n="1239"><w NP0>Fiji <w CJC>and <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN1>Forum <w NN2>members <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1240"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>on <w NN2>fisheries <w NN1>surveillance <w VVG>allowing <w NN1-VVB>patrol <w NN2>boats <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrest <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>fishermen <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NN1>member <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1241"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1242"><w NP0>SAARC
</head>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w AT0>The <w ORD>11th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Co-Operation <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAARC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8-9<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>drafting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>SAARC <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>trading <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w NN1>submission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>SAARC <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1244"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1245"><w NP0>TURKMENISTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1246"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Turkmen <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>guard <w AV0>initially <w VVG>numbering <w CRD>1,000 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>with <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38969<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Turkmen <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>current <w NN1>defence <w NN1-AJ0>chief <w NP0-NN1>Danatar <w NP0>Kopekov<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1247"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1248"><w DT0>FORMER <w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1249"><w NN1>Refugee <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="1250"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w AT0>the <w AJ0>escalating <w NN2>refugees <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>European <w CJC>and <w AJ0>worldwide <w NN1>concern<c PUN>.
<s n="1251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Herzegovina<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>coupled <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN2>expulsions <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>group <w PRP>by <w DT0>another <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>particular <w PRF>of <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>by <w NP0>Serb <w NN2-VVZ>forces<c PUR>) <w NN1>&mdash;a <w NN1>practice <w AV0>widely <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>precipitated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVG>fleeing <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="1252"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crisis <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1253"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>estimates <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN2>committees<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,500,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>were <w VVN>displaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>10,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosnia <w VBD>were <w VVG>joining <w PNP>them <w AT0>every <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1254"><w AT0>The <w NN1>total <w VVD>included <w AV0>around <w CRD>600,000 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>displaced <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1255"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,885,000<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics<c PUN>: <w CRD>681,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Herzegovina<c PUN>, <w CRD>672,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Serb-occupied <w NN2>zones<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>383,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w CRD>70,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w CRD>49,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Montenegro <w CJC>and <w CRD>31,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1256"><w PRP>Among <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>around <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Austria <w AV0>around <w CRD>50,000 <w DT0>each<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sweden <w CRD>44,000<c PUN>; <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>numbers <w VBD>were <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1257"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-July <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>resources <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w NN2>refugees <w CJS>unless <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>help <w PRP>from <w AV0>abroad <w VBD>was <w AJ0>forthcoming<c PUN>.
<s n="1258"><w PNP>They <w VVD>proceeded <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bosnia <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w PRP>through <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1259"><w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hungary <w VVD>took <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>action<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02P>
<s n="1260"><w NN1>Disagreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>response
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1261"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>crisis <w VBD>were <w AJ0>complicated <w PRP>by <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w AV0>most <w AV0>directly <w VVN>affected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1262"><w NP0>Germany <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>quota <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w VVG>accepting <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
<s n="1263"><w DT0>This <w VVD>gained <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>found <w AT0>no <w NN1>support <w PRP>among <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w PRP>apart from <w NP0>Germany <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="1264"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w AV0>in particular <w VVN-VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w NN2>refugees <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>accommodated <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>assistance <w AV0>as <w AV0>near <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>place <w PRF>of <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
<s n="1265"><w NN2>Proposals <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>so-called <w AJ0>safe <w NN2>havens <c PUL>(<w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>civilians <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>taken <w AVP>up <w AV0>either<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVD>required <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN1>ground <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02R>
<s n="1266"><w NP0>UNHCR <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1267"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>UNHCR-sponsored <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>formulate <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UNHCR <w VVD>submitted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-point <w NN1>plan <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w DTQ>which <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things <w VVN>called <w PRP>for<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>international <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>relief <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w NN0>people <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>open <w NN2>borders<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>granting <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>protection<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1269"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sadako <w NP0>Ogata<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>act <w AV0>immediately <w CJC>and <w AV0>forcefully <w PRP>on <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>fronts<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>may <w VVI>find <w PNX>ourselves <w VVN-AJ0>stranded <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open-ended <w NN1>relief <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>problem <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1270"><w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>afraid <w NN1>time <w VBZ>is <w VVG>running <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humanitarian <w AJ0>counteroffensive<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1272"><w AJ0-VVG>Participating <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>pledged <w UNC>US&dollar;152 <w CRD>million <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>logistical <w NN1-VVB>support <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w NN1>winter <w VVG-NN1>housing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>road <w NN2>convoys <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Bosnia <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VVI>relieve <w AJ0>beseiged <w NN2>cities <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Sarajevo <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Gorazde<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w AT0>A <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>relief <w NN1>effort<c PUN>.
<s n="1274"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unrestricted <w NN1>granting <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>to <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1275"><w DT0>All <w NN2>speakers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>practice <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1276"><w NP0>Serb <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>considered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>culprits<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>Croats <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>exempted <w PRP>from <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02S>
<s n="1277"><w NN2>Calls <w PRP>for <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-AJ0>Continuing <w AJ0>heavy <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2>casualties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>International <w NN1>peace <w NN2>efforts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1278"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w VVD>faced <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w AV0>as <w AV0>more <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>towns <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>under <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w PRP>under <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NP0>SRBH<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Serbia <w AJ0>proper<c PUN>.
<s n="1279"><w AJ0>UN-sponsored <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>relief <w AV0>finally <w VVD-VVN>reached <w AT0>the <w AJ0>beseiged <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>international <w NN1>peace <w NN2>efforts <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>disarray <w PRP>as of <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>perceived <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>-sponsored <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w AJ0>current <w NN1>holder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>presidency<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>principal <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>involved<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1281"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Mate <w NP0-NN1>Boban<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>linked <w PRP>to <w NP0>Croatia<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>proclaimed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>Herceg-Bosna <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Croat-controlled <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w CRD>one-third<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>government <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>declared <w DT0>this <w AJ0>new <w NN1>formation <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unclear <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w NP0>Serbo-Croat <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>over <w NN1-VVG>partitioning <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>Presidents <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38919<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1283"><w NP0>Croatia<w POS>'s <w NP0>June <w NN1>defence <w NN1>pact <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38971<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>pact<c PUN>, <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>Presidents <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AJ0>military <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>against <w NN1>aggression<c PUN>.
<s n="1284"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1285"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG-NN1>policing <w AJ0-VVD>UN-imposed <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>by means of <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w CJC>and <w NN1>sea <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Adriatic<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>without <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN2>vessels <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w VVG>breaking <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1286"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w AJ0-VVD>condemned<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>brutal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>indiscriminate <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>defenceless <w NN2>civilians<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Gorazde <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
<s n="1287"><w NN1-NP0>Gorazde<w POS>'s <w AV0>mostly <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>37,000 <w VBD>was <w VVN>swollen <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>about <w CRD>40,000 <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1288"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>cited <w NN2>figures <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>health <w NN1>centre <w CJT>that <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <w CRD>8,018 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w CJC>and <w CRD>100,000 <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concentration <w NN2>camps<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unconfirmed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02T>
<s n="1289"><w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN1>involvement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1290"><w AT0>The <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Carrington <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>EC-sponsored <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>were <w AV0>increasingly <w VVN>criticized <w CJS>as <w AJ0>ineffective<c PUN>.
<s n="1291"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>restart <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>factions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1292"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>contingent <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38919<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1293"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>from <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>500 <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,100 <w NN2>troops <w AV0>already <w VVG>supervising <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1294"><w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>airport <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>opened <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>for <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN2>attacks <w VVD-VVN>forced <w DT0>several <w AJ0>brief <w NN2>closures<c PUN>.
<s n="1295"><w AJ0>Canadian <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1296"><w AT0>A <w NN1>land <w NN1>corridor <w VBD>was <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>opened <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Split <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Lewis <w NP0>MacKenzie<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>40,000 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>needed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w AV0-AJ0>alone <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>sides <w VBD>were <w VVG>breaking<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN2>rules <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1298"><w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVB>reject <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1299"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>disregarded <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>talks <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NP0>SRBH<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadzic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Haris <w NN1>Silajdzic<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Croat <w NN1>leader <w NN1-NP0>Boban<c PUN>.
<s n="1300"><w PNP>It <w VVD>required <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>weapons <w VBB>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-day <w NN1>truce<c PUN>.
<s n="1301"><w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>complained <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>consulted <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<w POS>'s <w NN1>feasibility<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>invidious <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>advise <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1>Security<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>behind <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VVN>thrown <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN1>support<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1302"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN2>negotiations <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>negotiator <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Cutileiro<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>approach <w PRP>in <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="1303"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVD>broke <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w AVQ>when <w NN1-AJ0>Silajdzic <w AV0>unilaterally <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>plan <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>cantonization <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38832<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1304"><w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVD>toured <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w PRP>to <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>.
<s n="1305"><w PNP>He <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hikmet <w NP0>Cetin<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="1307"><w NP0>Russia <w VVD>froze <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w CRD>400 <w AV0>more <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02U>
<s n="1308"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dobrica <w NN1>Cosic<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVD>nominated <w AJ0-NN1>Serbian-born <w NP0>US <w NN1>businessman <w NP0>Milan <w NN1-VVB>Panic <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NN1>Panic <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w CRD>99 <w PRP>to <w CRD>33 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w CRD>35 <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <c PUL>(<w PRP>plus <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>invalid <w NN1>vote<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1311"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w NN1>Panic<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1312"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Montenegrin <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>were <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>corresponding <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1313"><w AJ0-NN1>Bosnian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VVD>met <w NN1>Panic <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>tour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Panic <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>improved <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>image <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>particularly <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>obtained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>response <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>featured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>demilitarization <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w NN1>observance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>ex-Yugoslav <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>restructuring <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>system <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1314"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>revenue <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVN-AJ0>exhausted<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>48 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>revenue <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="1315"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>72.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02V>
<s n="1316"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>non-acceptance <w PRF>of <w NP0>FRY <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1317"><w AT0>An <w NP0>EC <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Arbitration <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>federation <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>successor<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>bodies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1318"><w NP0>Montenegro<w POS>'s <w NN1>complement <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>filled <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w VVN-VVD>elected <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>five <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1319"><w NP0-NN1>Koviljko <w NP0-NN1>Lovre<c PUN>, <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vojvodina <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02W>
<s n="1320"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1321"><w VVB-NN1>Concern <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VM0>would <w VVI>spread <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Albanian-populated <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>assuaged <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>leaders<w POS>' <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Carrington<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1322"><w NP0>Kosovo<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Rugova <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38919<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>paid <w NN2>visits <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16-17 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Greece <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>summit <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38980-81 <w NN1>&mdash;having <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRP>within <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AV0>therefore <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w NN1>self-determination<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02X>
<s n="1323"><w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1324"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38849<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1325"><w NN1>Satish <w NN1-NP0>Nambiar<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>forces <w VBB>be <w VVN>authorized <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w NN1>immigration <w CJC>and <w NN2>customs <w VVB-NN1>control <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>protected <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="1326"><w AT0>The <w NN1>endorsement <w VBD>was <w VVN>given<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN1>misgiving<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>because <w DT0>such<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>quasi-governmental <w NN2>functions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>remit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>normal <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLMCA02Y><ptr target=HLMCA030><s n="1327"><w NP0>Milan <w NN1-VVB>Panic <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Oskar <w NP0>Kovac <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Radoje <w AJ0-NN1>Kontic <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vladislav <w AJ0-NN1>Jovanovic <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Pavle <w AJ0-NN1>Bulatovic <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB>Blagoje <w AJ0>Lucic <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w NP0-NN1>Nikola <w AJ0-NN1>Sainovic <w NN1>Economy <w NP0-NN1>Milutin <w AJ0-NN1>Mrkonjic <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NP0-NN1>Branko <w AJ0-NN1>Radovic <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Policy <w NP0-NN1>Tibor <w NP0>Varadi <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Ivan <w AJ0-NN1>Ivic <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NN1-NP0>Vlastimir <w NN1-AJ0>Mateic <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology<c PUN>; <w NN1>Agriculture <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>) <w VVB>Miodrag <w AJ0>Perisic <w NN1>Information <w NP0>Mihajlo <w NP0>Buric <w NN1>Environment <w NP0>Djordje <w AJ0-NN1>Perisic <w NN1>Sport <w NP0>Momcilo <w NP0>Grubac <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minority <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Radmila <w NN1>Milentijevic <w PRP>without <w NN1>portfolio <w NP0-NN1>Ljubisa <w NN1>Rakic <w PRP>without <w NN1>portfolio <ptr target=HLMCA031></p>
<caption id=HLMCA02Y>
<s n="1328"><w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government
</caption>
<caption id=HLMCA030>
<s n="1329"><w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992
</caption>
<caption id=HLMCA031>
<s n="1330"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1331"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>government <w VVD>offered <w DPS>its <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w PRP>by <w CRD>91 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w NN2>abstentions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1332"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>fall <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1333"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1-3<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>insistence <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38943<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Macedonia <w VM0>should <w VVI>change <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <w PRP>before <w VVG>receiving <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1334"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Internal <w NP0>Macedonian <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Organization <w AJ0>&mdash;Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NP0>Macedonian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>VMRO <w NN1>&mdash;DPMNE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>vocal <w PRP>in <w VVG>blaming <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>despite <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>numerous <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1335"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDSM<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w NP0>Petar <w NP0>Gosev <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Minister-designate<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1336"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1337"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1338"><w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>24 <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1339"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>24 <c PUL>(<w CRD>G-24<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>co-ordinated <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tirana<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w AVQ>how <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>accelerated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1340"><w AT0>The <w CRD>G-24 <w NN1>group <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>with <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>harvest<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>beyond <w CJS>if <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
<s n="1341"><w NP0>Italy <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>donor <w PRP>among <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w NP0>Greece <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AJ0>available <w UNC>US&dollar;70,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AJ0>high <w NN1>priority<c PUN>.
<s n="1342"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w NN1>donor <w NN2>countries <w PRP>beyond <w NP0>Europe <w AV0>more <w AV0>closely <w PRP>in <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="1343"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Aleksander <w NP0-NN1>Meksi <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>12-month <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN1>stabilization <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>recently <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w UNC>US&dollar;162,000,000 <w VBD>was <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38878<c PUN>; <w CRD>38971<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA032></p>
<caption id=HLMCA032>
<s n="1344"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1345"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <w NN1>&mdash;SPA <c PUL>(<w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Labour <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <w NN1>&mdash;PLA<c PUR>) <w VVD>recovered <w DT0>some <w NN1>ground <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN-AJ0>retained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>cities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tirana<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Elbasan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Korce<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Shkoder <w CJC>and <w NN2>D&uuml;rres<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1346"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>results <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War <w VBD>were <w AV0>finally <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2 <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w AJ0>close-run <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>18 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w CRD>42 <w NN2>municipalities <w CJC>and <w CRD>97 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w CRD>304 <w NN2>communes<c PUN>.
<s n="1347"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DP <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;SD <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republican <w NN1-NP0>Party-RP<c PUR>) <w VVD>retained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>slight <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1-VVB>lead <w PRP>in terms of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>43 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>41 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>SPA<c PUN>.
<s n="1348"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SDP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NP0-NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>HRU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>RP <w DT0>each <w VVD-VVN>secured <w AV0>under <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1349"><w NN1>SPA <w NN2>mayors <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>23 <w NN2>municipalities<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>18 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP<c PUN>.
<s n="1350"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SPA <w VVD-VVN>won <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>43 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>councils <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>41 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVD>secured <w AV0>marginally <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>municipalities<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1351"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SPA <w VVD-VVN>won <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>46 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>communal <w NN2>councils <c PUL>(<w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>44 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>district <w NN2>councils <c PUL>(<w CRD>38 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA033></p>
<caption id=HLMCA033>
<s n="1352"><w NN2>Attempts <w PRP>at <w NN1>emigration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>at <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>emigration<c PUN>, <w VVN>triggered <w PRP>by <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w NP0>Italy <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w NN2>preparations <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1354"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>2-3 <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coastal <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Vlore <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>surrounding <w NN2>villages<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>board <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Italian-bound <w NN1>ship <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>port<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w VBD>were <w CJT>that <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NN1>foot <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tirana <w PRP>for <w NN2>D&uuml;rres <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Vlore <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>rumours<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>at <w NN1>embarkation <w PRP>by <w CRD>4,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>at <w NP0>D&uuml;rres<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>outside <w NN2>embassies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tirana <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>emigrate<c PUN>.
<s n="1357"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>transport <w NN1>vessel <w VBD>was <w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>would-be <w NN2>emigrants <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Saseno <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>called <w NP0-NN1>Sezan<c PUR>) <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Vlore<c PUN>.
<s n="1358"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>vessel <w VVD>intercepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w CJC>and <w VVD>escorted <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brindisi<c PUN>.
<s n="1359"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w CRD>108 <w NN2>Albanians <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN-AJ0>repatriated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1360"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>strikes<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>attempts <w PRP>at <w NN2>exoduses<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w DT0>such <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>activities <w VBD>were <w VVN>considered<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-democratic <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>inspired <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>communist-Labourites<c PUN>, <w VVN>burdened <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA034></p>
<caption id=HLMCA034>
<s n="1361"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NN2>Albanians <w PRP>from <w NP0>Greece
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>handed <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,100 <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kakavije<c PUN>.
<s n="1363"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>7-8 <w DT0>some <w CRD>650 <w NN2>Albanians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w PRP>without <w NN2>documents <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN2>districts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ioannina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thesprotia <w VBD>were <w AV0>likewise <w VVN>deported<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,800 <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>citizens <w VVN-VVD>employed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Greece <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38690<c PUN>; <w CRD>38775<c PUN>; <w CRD>38830<c PUN>; <w CRD>38920<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA035></p>
<caption id=HLMCA035>
<s n="1364"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Stalinist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1365"><w AT0>An <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>organizations <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>prohibited <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>aims <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fascist<c PUN>, <w AJ0>anti-national<c PUN>, <w AJ0>chauvinistic<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>racist<c PUN>, <w AJ0>totalitarian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>communist<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Marxist-Leninist<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Stalinist<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>Enverist<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>ideology <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>ruler <w NP0-NN1>Enver <w NP0>Hoxha<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1366"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>defeated <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>communist <w NP0>PLA <w AVQ-CJS>when <w NN1>party <w NN2>reformists <w VVD>renamed <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>outlawed<c PUN>.
<s n="1367"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hysni <w NP0-NN1>Milloshi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tirana <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w AV0>illegally <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>a <w NN1>gun<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN2>chairmen <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA036></p>
<caption id=HLMCA036>
<s n="1368"><w VVB-NN1>Decree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>nationality
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1369"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>decreed <w CJT>that <w NN2>foreigners <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>nationality <w CJC>and <w NN1>origin <w VM0>should<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>upon <w DPS>their <w NN1>request <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>nationality<c PUN>, <w VVG>maintaining <w CJC>or <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>nationality <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1370"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1371"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1372"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>leaders
</head>
<p>
<s n="1373"><w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Lukanov<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w ORD>last <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>misappropriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1374"><w NP0>Lukanov<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP<c PUR>) <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>stripped <w PRF>of <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVG>provoking <w AT0>a <w NN1>walkout <w PRP>by <w NP0>BSP <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="1375"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>Freedoms <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRF<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w PRP>by <w CRD>130 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>104 <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1376"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>60 <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN2>charges <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lukanov<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w CRD>two <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>: <w NP0>Grisha <w NP0>Filipov <c PUL>(<w CRD>1981-86<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgy <w NP0>Atanasov <c PUL>(<w CRD>1986-90<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><w NP0>Todor <w NP0>Zhivkov<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>for <w CRD>35 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w NN1>embezzlement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38017<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>accused <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w PRF>of <w VVG>creating <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>labour <w NN2>camps <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>inciting <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN2>Turks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>assimilation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>campaigns <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>mid-1980s<c PUN>.
<s n="1379"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Petar <w NP0>Mladenov <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assimilation <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1380"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>BTA<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zhivkov <w VVD>took <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>policy <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w CJC>but <w VVD>denied <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>allocating <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA037></p>
<caption id=HLMCA037>
<s n="1381"><w NN1>Labour <w NN1>unrest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1382"><w VVN>Faced <w PRP>by <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>at <w NN2>ports <w CJC>and <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16-19 <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>by <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w VVN-VVD>authorised <w AT0>a <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>employees<c PUN>.
<s n="1383"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Podkrepa <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Federation <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w VVB-NN1>alert <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>accusation <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>actions <w VBD>were <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA038></p>
<caption id=HLMCA038>
<s n="1384"><w NN1-VVB>Dispute <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1385"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church <w AV0>virtually <w VVN>split <w PRP>into <w CRD>two <w PRP>during <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w NP0>July <w PRP>over <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w PRP>to <w NN1>legitimacy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1386"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>removed <w NN1>Patriarch <w NN1-VVB>Maksim <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38835<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1387"><w NN1>Patriarch <w NP0-NN1>Maksim<w POS>'s <w NN2>rivals <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>Metropolitan <w NN2>Pimen <w CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church <w NN1>Synod <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>a <w NP0>June <w CRD>11 <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Maksim <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>.
<s n="1388"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>found <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>communities <w VBD>were <w AJ0>separate <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w CJC>and <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Directorate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Faiths<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inadmissible <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1389"><w NN1>Church<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1390"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1391"><w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Inconclusive <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dismantling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVN>accelerated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38944-45<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>gathered <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>during <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="1393"><w AT0>No <w NN1>candidate <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1394"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN1>advocate <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>President <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1395"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Meciar<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA039></p>
<caption id=HLMCA039>
<s n="1396"><w NN1>Swearing-in <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1397"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ODS <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1398"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;Czechoslovak <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDU <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;CSL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1399"><w AT0>The <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>105 <w PRF>of <w CRD>200 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03A>
<s n="1400"><w AJ0>Inconclusive <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1401"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>candidacy <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="1402"><w AJC>Further <w AJ0>inconclusive <w NN2>rounds <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1403"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>round <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>received <w CRD>79 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>150-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <c PUL>(<w CRD>11 <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>90 <w AJ0>required<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>150-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w AV0>at least <w CRD>45 <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>voted <w AV0>separately<c PUR>) <w PNP>he <w VVD>won <w CRD>47 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>part<c PUN>.
<s n="1404"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Juraj <w NN1-VVB>Cop<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>other <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w AV0>shortly <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>held<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1405"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>section <w VM0>would <w VVI>suffice<c PUN>, <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>won <w CRD>80 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <c PUL>(<w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w CRD>76 <w AJ0>required<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>45 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w CRD>38 <w AJ0>required<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w CRD>18 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>Slovakians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1406"><w PRP>In <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NN1>first-round <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>debarred <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVG>standing<c PUN>.
<s n="1407"><w NP0>Miroslav <w NP0>Sladek<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>58 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>300 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>poll <w CJC>and <w CRD>60 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>poll<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1408"><w PRP>In <w CRD>two <w AJC>further <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w CRD>three <w NN2>candidates <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>election<c PUN>: <w NP0>Marie <w NP0>Kristova <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Social <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zdenek <w NN1>Pinta <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zdenek <w NP0>Prochazka <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AJ0>dissident <w NN2>Republicans<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03B>
<s n="1409"><w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>sovereignty <w NN1>declaration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1410"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>113 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w NN2>abstentions <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>nation<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>striving <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>identity<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>reached <w DPS>its <w NN1>fulfilment<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG>proclaiming <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1411"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>18 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>act<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1412"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Left <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>; <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDH<c PUR>) <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="1413"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>&mdash;Coexistence <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>half <w VVN>voted <w PRP>against <w CJC>and <w DT0>half <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1414"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Meciar <w VVD>pledged <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w PRP>including<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Hungarians<c PUN>, <w NN2>Poles<c PUN>, <w NN2>Ukrainians<c PUN>&hellip; <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w CJS>as <w NN2>cohabitants <w CJC>but <w CJS>as <w NN2>brothers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>600,000-strong <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN1>language <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>within <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03C>
<s n="1415"><w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1416"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>declaration <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN1>President <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1417"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>fulfil <w AT0>the <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oath <w PRF>of <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>compatible <w PRP>with <w DPS>my <w NN1>nature<c PUN>, <w NN2>convictions <w CJC>and <w NN1>conscience<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1418"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN2>responsibilities <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Strasky <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03D>
<s n="1419"><w AJ0>Klaus-Meciar <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1420"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Klaus <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Meciar <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w VVD>reached <w PRP>after <w CRD>five <w NN2>sessions <w VVN-VVD>held <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVD>outlined <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1421"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses<c PUN>.
<s n="1422"><w AT0>The <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VVI>prepare<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>treaties<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>covering <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>issues<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN1>defence<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1423"><w NN1>Freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>guaranteed<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>citizens <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w NN2>foreigners <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w CJC>and <w AV0>vice versa<c PUN>.
<s n="1424"><w AJ0>Existing <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN2>embassies <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w AJ0>major <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w CRD>Twelve <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w NN2>countries<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1425"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>split<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>weakening<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w DT0>either <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>money <w CJC>and <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1427"><w CJS>Whether <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>currency <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>.
<s n="1428"><w NP0-NN1>Valdimir <w NP0-NN1>Dlouhy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>described <w VVG>retaining <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>currency <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>suicide<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>way<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w VVI>commit <w PNX>itself <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>currency <w PRP>to <w VVG>financing <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>.
<s n="1429"><w CJS>Although <w CJS-PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-NP0>Meciar <w VHD>had <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>acknowledged <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Slovakia <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w AJ0>ready<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1430"><w AJ0>Various <w NN1>newspaper <w NN2>reports <w VVN>commented <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Meciar<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>changed <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>issues <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1431"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>before <w ORD>last <w NN1>month<w POS>'s <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>politicians <w PNQ>who <w VVD>seemed <w AJ0-VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>tried <w AV0>doggedly <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1432"><w PRP>Since <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Meciar <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>reluctant <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w NN1-VVB>interview<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="1433"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN>pushed <w PRP>into <w PNP>it<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1434"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>some <w NN2>politicians <w VVB-NN1>wonder<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NP0>Meciar<w POS>'s <w NN1>shift <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>retreat<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tactical <w NN1>manoeuvre <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w AJ0>lay <w NN1-VVB>blame <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>split <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>Czechs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03E>
<s n="1435"><w CRD>1968 <w NN1>letter <w VVG-AJ0>inviting <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN2>forces <w PRP>into <w NP0>Prague
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1436"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>read <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w CRD>1968 <w NN1>letter <w VVN-VVD>found <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>sent <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>inviting <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN2>forces <w PRP>into <w NP0>Prague<c PUN>.
<s n="1437"><w AT0>The <w NN1>letter <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>very <w NN1>essence <w PRF>of <w NN1>socialism <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>country <w VBZ>is <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1438"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN1>help <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Republic <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>snatched <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>looming <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w NN1>counter-revolution<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1439"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN2>signatories<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>only <w NP0>Vasil <w NP0>Bilak<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>involvement <w VHD>had <w PRP>until <w AV0>then <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspected <w CJC>but <w VVN-AJ0>unproven<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>alive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1440"><w NN1>Erratum<c PUN>: <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
<s n="1441"><w PRP>On <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38945 <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1442"><w NP0>Imrich <w NP0>Andrejcak<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>inadvertently <w VVN>omitted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJS>as <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLMCA03F><s n="1443"><w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Kocarnik <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0-NN1>Josef <w NP0-NN1>Lux <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDU <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;CSL<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Kalvoda <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>affairs<c PUR>) <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Dlouhy <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>) <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>; <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w NP0>Karel <w NP0>Dyba <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Lom <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Ruml <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NP0>Jindrich <w NP0>Kabat <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDU <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;CSL<c PUR>) <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Pitha <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN1>Sport <w NP0>Jindrich <w NP0>Vodicka <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Nemec <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w NN1>State <w NN1>Control <w NP0-NN1>Jiri <w NP0>Skalicky <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>) <w NN1>Administration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Property <w CJC>and <w NN1>Privatization <w NP0>Frantisek <w NP0>Benda <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Environment <w NP0-NN1>Josef <w NP0>Zieleniec <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations <w NP0>Jiri <w NP0>Novak <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Stanislav <w NP0>Belehradek <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDU <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;CSL<c PUR>) <w PRP>Without <w NN1>Portfolio <c PUL>(<w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>competition<c PUR>)
</p>
<caption id=HLMCA03F>
<s n="1444"><w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>government
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1445"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1446"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1447"><w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Inconclusive <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1448"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dismantling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVN>accelerated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38944-45<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>gathered <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>during <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="1449"><w AT0>No <w NN1>candidate <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1450"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN1>advocate <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>President <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1451"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Meciar<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03G>
<s n="1452"><w NN1>Swearing-in <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1453"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ODS <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1454"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;Czechoslovak <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDU <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;CSL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1455"><w AT0>The <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>105 <w PRF>of <w CRD>200 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03H>
<s n="1456"><w AJ0>Inconclusive <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1457"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>candidacy <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="1458"><w AJC>Further <w AJ0>inconclusive <w NN2>rounds <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1459"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>round <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>received <w CRD>79 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>150-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <c PUL>(<w CRD>11 <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>90 <w AJ0>required<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>150-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w AV0>at least <w CRD>45 <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>voted <w AV0>separately<c PUR>) <w PNP>he <w VVD>won <w CRD>47 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>part<c PUN>.
<s n="1460"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Juraj <w NN1-VVB>Cop<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>other <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w AV0>shortly <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>held<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>section <w VM0>would <w VVI>suffice<c PUN>, <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>won <w CRD>80 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <c PUL>(<w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w CRD>76 <w AJ0>required<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>45 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w CRD>38 <w AJ0>required<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w CRD>18 <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>Slovakians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1462"><w PRP>In <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NN1>first-round <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>debarred <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVG>standing<c PUN>.
<s n="1463"><w NP0>Miroslav <w NP0>Sladek<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>58 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>300 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>poll <w CJC>and <w CRD>60 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>poll<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1464"><w PRP>In <w CRD>two <w AJC>further <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w CRD>three <w NN2>candidates <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>election<c PUN>: <w NP0>Marie <w NP0>Kristova <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Social <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zdenek <w NN1>Pinta <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zdenek <w NP0>Prochazka <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AJ0>dissident <w NN2>Republicans<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03J>
<s n="1465"><w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>sovereignty <w NN1>declaration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1466"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>113 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w NN2>abstentions <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>nation<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>striving <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>identity<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>reached <w DPS>its <w NN1>fulfilment<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG>proclaiming <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1467"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>18 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>act<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1468"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Left <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>; <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDH<c PUR>) <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="1469"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>&mdash;Coexistence <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>half <w VVN>voted <w PRP>against <w CJC>and <w DT0>half <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1470"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Meciar <w VVD>pledged <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w PRP>including<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Hungarians<c PUN>, <w NN2>Poles<c PUN>, <w NN2>Ukrainians<c PUN>&hellip; <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w CJS>as <w NN2>cohabitants <w CJC>but <w CJS>as <w NN2>brothers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>600,000-strong <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN1>language <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>within <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03K>
<s n="1471"><w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1472"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>declaration <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN1>President <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1473"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>fulfil <w AT0>the <w NN2>obligations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oath <w PRF>of <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>compatible <w PRP>with <w DPS>my <w NN1>nature<c PUN>, <w NN2>convictions <w CJC>and <w NN1>conscience<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1474"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Havel<w POS>'s <w NN2>responsibilities <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Strasky <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03L>
<s n="1475"><w AJ0>Klaus-Meciar <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Klaus <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Meciar <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w VVD>reached <w PRP>after <w CRD>five <w NN2>sessions <w VVN-VVD>held <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVD>outlined <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses<c PUN>.
<s n="1478"><w AT0>The <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VVI>prepare<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>treaties<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>covering <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>issues<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN1>defence<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1479"><w NN1>Freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>guaranteed<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>citizens <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w NN2>foreigners <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w CJC>and <w AV0>vice versa<c PUN>.
<s n="1480"><w AJ0>Existing <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN2>embassies <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w AJ0>major <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w CRD>Twelve <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w NN2>countries<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1481"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>split<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>weakening<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w DT0>either <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1482"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>money <w CJC>and <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1483"><w CJS>Whether <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>currency <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unresolved<c PUN>.
<s n="1484"><w NP0-NN1>Valdimir <w NP0-NN1>Dlouhy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>described <w VVG>retaining <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>currency <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>suicide<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>way<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>republic <w VM0>would <w VVI>commit <w PNX>itself <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>currency <w PRP>to <w VVG>financing <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>.
<s n="1485"><w CJS>Although <w CJS-PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-NP0>Meciar <w VHD>had <w VVN>pressed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>acknowledged <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Slovakia <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w AJ0>ready<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1486"><w AJ0>Various <w NN1>newspaper <w NN2>reports <w VVN>commented <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Meciar<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>changed <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>issues <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1487"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>before <w ORD>last <w NN1>month<w POS>'s <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>politicians <w PNQ>who <w VVD>seemed <w AJ0-VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>tried <w AV0>doggedly <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1488"><w PRP>Since <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Meciar <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>reluctant <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w NN1-VVB>interview<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="1489"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN>pushed <w PRP>into <w PNP>it<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1490"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>some <w NN2>politicians <w VVB-NN1>wonder<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NP0>Meciar<w POS>'s <w NN1>shift <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>retreat<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tactical <w NN1>manoeuvre <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w AJ0>lay <w NN1-VVB>blame <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>split <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>Czechs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03M>
<s n="1491"><w CRD>1968 <w NN1>letter <w VVG-AJ0>inviting <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN2>forces <w PRP>into <w NP0>Prague
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1492"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>read <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w CRD>1968 <w NN1>letter <w VVN-VVD>found <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>sent <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>inviting <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN2>forces <w PRP>into <w NP0>Prague<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w AT0>The <w NN1>letter <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>very <w NN1>essence <w PRF>of <w NN1>socialism <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>country <w VBZ>is <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1494"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN1>help <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Republic <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>snatched <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>looming <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w NN1>counter-revolution<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1495"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN2>signatories<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>only <w NP0>Vasil <w NP0>Bilak<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>involvement <w VHD>had <w PRP>until <w AV0>then <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspected <w CJC>but <w VVN-AJ0>unproven<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>alive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1496"><w NN1>Erratum<c PUN>: <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
<s n="1497"><w PRP>On <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38945 <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1498"><w NP0>Imrich <w NP0>Andrejcak<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>inadvertently <w VVN>omitted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJS>as <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLMCA03N><s n="1499"><w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Kocarnik <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0-NN1>Josef <w NP0-NN1>Lux <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDU <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;CSL<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Kalvoda <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>affairs<c PUR>) <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Dlouhy <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>) <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>; <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w NP0>Karel <w NP0>Dyba <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Lom <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Ruml <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NP0>Jindrich <w NP0>Kabat <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDU <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;CSL<c PUR>) <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Pitha <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN1>Sport <w NP0>Jindrich <w NP0>Vodicka <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Nemec <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w NN1>State <w NN1>Control <w NP0-NN1>Jiri <w NP0>Skalicky <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>) <w NN1>Administration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Property <w CJC>and <w NN1>Privatization <w NP0>Frantisek <w NP0>Benda <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Environment <w NP0-NN1>Josef <w NP0>Zieleniec <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations <w NP0>Jiri <w NP0>Novak <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Stanislav <w NP0>Belehradek <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDU <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;CSL<c PUR>) <w PRP>Without <w NN1>Portfolio <c PUL>(<w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>competition<c PUR>)
</p>
<caption id=HLMCA03N>
<s n="1500"><w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>government
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1501"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1502"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1503"><w NN1>Constitution <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1504"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38971<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia <w AV0>automatically <w VVD>became <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>as of <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1505"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>parliamentary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1506"><w AV0>Only <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pre-1940 <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>descendants <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1507"><w DT0>This <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w DT0>that <w NN1>inclusion <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN1>legislation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>articles <w DTQ>which <w VVB>make <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>nationality <w AT0>the <w NN1>norm<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AJ0>temporary <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w CRD>33.3 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>minority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1508"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>worsened <w CJS>when <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>defence <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>shooting <w NN1>incident <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tallinn<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1509"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Tallinn <w NN1>city <w NN1>council <w VHD>had <w VVN>banned <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>military <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>as of <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1510"><w PNP>It <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w CRD>30 <w NN2>Estonians <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w NN2>premises <w AV0>currently <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w CRD>Twenty-four <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="1512"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>incident <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w VVG>handing <w AVP>over <w PRF>of <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>airfield <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1513"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>incidents <w PRF>of <w NN1>harassment <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VBD>were <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>irregular <w NN2>forces <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>forest <w NN2>brothers<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>linked <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kaitseliit <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence <w NN1>League<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1514"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VVD>noted <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kaitseliit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w VVG>involving <w NN2>arms <w VBD>were <w AJ0>attributable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Russians<w POS>' <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="1515"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kaitseliit <w PRP>under <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>government <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1516"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>television <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>shoot <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w CJS>if <w VVN>attacked<c PUN>.
<s n="1517"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39031<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1518"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1519"><w NP0>LATVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1520"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>currency <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN1>investigation <w NN1>report
</head>
<p>
<s n="1521"><w PRP>From <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>rouble <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>legal <w NN1-AJ0>tender <w PRP>in <w NP0>Latvia <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>rouble <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
<s n="1522"><w VVN>Introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>currency <w TO0>to <w VVI>overcome <w AT0>the <w NN1>cash <w NN1>shortage <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38926<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>rouble <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>value <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Russian<c PUN>.
<s n="1523"><w NP0>Latvia <w AV0>thus <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>republic <c PUL>(<w VVG>following <w NP0>Estonia<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1524"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>confirming <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>commission <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1525"><w AV0>In addition <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>changed <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w VVG>annulling <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy<w POS>'s <w NN1>mandate <w CJS>if <w DPS>his <w CJC>or <w DPS>her <w NN1>activity <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VVI>hinder <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1526"><w AT0>The <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>annulled <w AT0>the <w NN2>mandates <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Equal <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ravnopraviye<c PUR>) <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>they <w VVD>attempted <w AV0>unlawfully <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVB>eliminate <w AT0>the <w NN1>drive <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w AT0>A <w ORD>16th <w NN1>deputy<w POS>'s <w NN1>mandate <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>revoked <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
<s n="1528"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>with <w CRD>170 <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>deprived <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Equal <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sergejs <w NP0-NN1>Dimanis<c PUN>.
<s n="1529"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ousted <w AJ0>pro-Moscow <w NN2>deputies <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>forming <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>civic <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>constitutions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Latvian <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-independence <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>republic<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1530"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Equal <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>faction <w VVD>conveyed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39030-31<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Latvia <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>violated<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1531"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1532"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1533"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1534"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NP0>Seimas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aleksandras <w NP0-NN1>Abisala<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w CRD>67 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w PRP>with <w CRD>22 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>achieving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>plus <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w AJ0>present <c PUL>(<w CRD>102<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1535"><w NP0-NN1>Abisala<w POS>'s <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gediminas <w NP0-NN1>Vagnorius<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38927<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>ousted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w CRD>69 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w AJ0-VVD>spoiled <w NN2>ballots<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>mismanaging <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1536"><w AT0>The <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <w VBD>was <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NN1>material <w PRP>from <w AJ0>parliamentary <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>budget <w NN2>commissions <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Procuracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1537"><w NP0-NN1>Abisala <w VVD>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w CJS>until <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1538"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w PNP>he <w VVD>presented <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>70 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w PRP>with <w CRD>eight <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1539"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Elvyra <w NP0>Kunceviciene <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <c PUL>(<w DPS>her <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>18 <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38880 <w NN1>&mdash;had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>accepted<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>continued <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>capacity <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NP0>Audrius <w NP0>Misevicius<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03P>
<s n="1540"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>election <w NN1>law <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Scheduling <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w NN1>polling <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Polish-populated <w NN2>regions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1541"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Seimas <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>law <w PRP>by <w CRD>93 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w CRD>71 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>141 <w NN2>deputies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w CJC>and <w CRD>70 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>threshold <w PRP>for <w VVG>gaining <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1542"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Seimas <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Polish-populated <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lithuania <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1543"><w AJ0-VVG>Governing <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>regions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>rule <w PRP>from <w NP0>Vilnius <w VVD>imposed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38419<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1544"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Auksiausiogi <w NP0>Taryba<c PUR>) <w VVD>amended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provisional <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w PRP>to <w NP0>Seimas<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1545"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1546"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1547"><w NN1>Distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sejm <w NN2>Seats
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="1548"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1549"><w NP0-NN1>Waldemar <w NP0>Pawlak<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Olszewski <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38972<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>offered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w PRP>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1550"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning <w PRP>from <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>name <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w PNX>himself <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>immediately <w AJ0>forthcoming<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVD>accelerated <w DPS>their <w NN2>negotiations <w CJC>and <w VVD>proposed <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Suchocka <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1551"><w VVG>Following <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>accepted <w NP0>Pawlak<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w CRD>286 <w PRP>to <w CRD>11 <w PRP>with <w CRD>107 <w NN2>abstentions <w CJC>and <w VVD>approved <w NP0>Suchocka<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>by <w CRD>233 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>61 <w PRP>with <w CRD>113 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1552"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>226 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>124 <w PRP>with <w CRD>28 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1553"><w NP0-NN1>Pawlak <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>three-party<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38881<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>deserted <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1554"><w PNP>He <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVD>expounded <w DPS>his <w AJ0>putative <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1555"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>negotiations <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w AVP>down <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>demanding <w AJC>greater <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSL <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>concede<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1556"><w NN1-NP0>Suchocka<c PUN>, <w VVN>born <w PRP>in <w CRD>1946<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lecturer <w PRP>in <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w NN1>legislation <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="1557"><w PNP>She <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>accord<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>background <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>foundation<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><w PNP>She <w VVD>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>&mdash;two <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN2>competences <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38880<c PUN>; <w CRD>38922<c PUN>; <w CRD>38972<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1559"><w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w CRD>seven <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Alliance <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>minute<c PUN>.
<s n="1560"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>coalition<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>democratic <w CJC>and <w NN1>peasant <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>descended <w PRP>from <w NN1>Solidarity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03R>
<s n="1561"><w NN1-VVB>Issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>collaborators
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>heard <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Extraordinary <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w NN1>service <w NN2>collaborators <w PRP>between <w CRD>1945 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990 <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN2>positions <w PRF>of <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Sejm <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>agents <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38972<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AV0>originally <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN2>exposures <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w CJS>as <w VVN>stated <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1564"><w AT0>The <w NP0>May <w CRD>28 <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1565"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Extraordinary <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-hour <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w CRD>184 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>110 <w PRP>with <w CRD>19 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1566"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VVN-VVD>accused <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Antoni <w NP0>Macierewicz<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w NP0>Piotr <w NP0-NN1>Naimski<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN2>actions <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>destabilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1567"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>criticized<c PUN>.
<s n="1568"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Macierewicz <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>hypocrisy <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>consequences<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>documents <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>informative<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>rather than <w NN2>lists <w PRF>of <w NN2>collaborators<w POS>' <w NN2>names <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>demanded<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Macierewicz <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>pressure <w AT0>the <w NP0>KPN <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>with <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w DPS>its <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leszek <w NP0>Moczulski<c PUN>, <w VVG>linking <w DT0>this <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Olszewski <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>fall<c PUN>.
<s n="1570"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ZChN <w VVD>expelled <w NP0>Macierewicz <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03S>
<s n="1571"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>unrest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1572"><w NN2>Workers <w PRP>at <w NN1>coal <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>copper <w NN2>mines <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>during <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w NN1>wage <w NN2-VVZ>rises <w CJC>and <w AJ0>improved <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><w NN2>Roadblocks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>routes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Warsaw <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NN2>farmers <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Self-Defence <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VBD>were <w VVN>cleared <w PRP>by <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1574"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN>tabled <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Kuron <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>preparing <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>trades <w NN2>unions <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
<s n="1575"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>high-level <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NN2>trades <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w VVD>retained <w DPS>its <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DPS>its <w NN2>demands<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLMCA03T><ptr target=HLMCA03U><s n="1576"><w VVB>Henryk <w NP0-NN1>Goryszewski <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Pawel <w NN1-NP0>Laczkowski <c PUL>(<w NP0>PChD<c PUR>) <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0-NN1>Osiatynski <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Jacek <w NP0>Kuron <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Policy
</p>
<caption id=HLMCA03T>
<s n="1577"><w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers
</caption>
<caption id=HLMCA03U>
<s n="1578"><w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Suchocka <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1579"><w UNC>*Zbigniew <w NP0>Dyka <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0-NN1>Zdobyslaw <w NP0-NN1>Flisowski <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>) <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education
</p>
<p>
<s n="1580"><w UNC>*Janusz <w NP0>Onyszkiewicz <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>) <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Andrzej <w NP0>Arendarski <c PUL>(<w NP0>KLD<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation
</p>
<p>
<s n="1581"><w UNC>*Andrzej <w NP0-NN1>Milcanowski <c PUL>(<w NN1>ind<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1582"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB>Zygmunt <w NP0>Hortmanowicz <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Natural <w NN2>Resources <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry
</p>
<p>
<s n="1583"><w UNC>*Krzysztof <w NP0-NN1>Skubiszewski <c PUL>(<w NN1>ind<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1584"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Andrzej <w NP0>Wojtyla <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLCh<c PUR>) <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare
</p>
<p>
<s n="1585"><w UNC>*Gabriel <w NP0-NN1>Janowski <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>) <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Economy <w NP0-NN1>Zbigniew <w NP0-NN1>Jaworski <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>) <w NN1>Transport <w NN1-VVB>Krzystof <w NN1-AJ0>Kilian <c PUL>(<w NP0>KLD<c PUR>) <w NN2>Communications <w NP0>Andrzej <w NP0-NN1>Bratkowski <c PUL>(<w NN1>ind<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1586"><w NN1>Town <w CJC>and <w NN1>Country <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NP0-NN1>Waclaw <w NP0-NN1>Niewiarowski <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLCh<c PUR>) <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Janusz <w NP0>Lewandowski <c PUL>(<w NP0>KLD<c PUR>) <w NN1>Privatization <c PUL>(<w AJ0>vacant<c PUR>) <w NN1>Culture <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>without <w NN1>portfolio <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0-NN1>Kaminski <c PUL>(<w NP0>PL<c PUR>) <w NN2>Contacts <w PRP>with <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Krzysztof <w NP0>Bielecki <c PUL>(<w NP0>KLD<c PUR>) <w NN1>Integration <w PRP>with <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w VVB>Zbigniew <w NP0>Eysmont <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPG<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Private <w NN1>Enterprise <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0-NN1>Kropiwnicki <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Office <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Rokita <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>) <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>Office
</p>
<p>
<s n="1587"><w UNC>*Members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1588"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1589"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1590"><w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority <w NN1>issue
</head>
<p>
<s n="1591"><w AT0>The <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hungarian-speaking <w NN2>prefects <w PRP>by <w NN2>Romanian-speakers <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Hungarian-speaking <w NN2>counties<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD>provoked <w NN2>protests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>community <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>modified<c PUN>.
<s n="1592"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>May <w AJ0>anti-Hungarian <w NN2>measures <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1593"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDUR<c PUR>) <w VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>counties <w NN1>&mdash;Covasna <w CJC>and <w NP0>Harghita <w VVD>&mdash;said <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>wear <w AT0>a <w AJ0>yellow <w NN1-VVB>star<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>symbol <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sad <w NN2>memories <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>intolerance <w CJC>and <w NN1>discrimination<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>revoked<c PUN>.
<s n="1594"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w CRD>two <w NN2>Prefects <w PRP>to <w DT0>each <w NN1>county <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;one <w NN1>Hungarian-speaking <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w AJ0>Romanian-speaking<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1595"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>unrelated <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>HDUR<c PUN>, <w NP0>G&eacute;za <w NP0>Domokos<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>post<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03V>
<s n="1596"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1597"><w AT0>A <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>visits <w CJC>and <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>during <w NP0>July <w VVD>furthered <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1598"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11-13<c PUN>, <w VVG>signing <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>collaboration <w NN2>treaties <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1599"><w PRP>Between <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Adrian <w NP0>Nastase <w VVD>made <w AJ0>official <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1600"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1601"><w NN2>CIS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1602"><w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1603"><w AT0>A <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NP0>President <w NP0>Askar <w NP0>Akayev<c PUN>.
<s n="1604"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate<c PUN>.
<s n="1605"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>May <w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1606"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>peacemaking <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>deployment <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Russian-speaking <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>security <w NN2>bodies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>39019<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>agreements <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VVD>covered <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>security <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1609"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w AV0>also <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk<c PUN>.
<s n="1610"><w NP0>Akayev <w VVD>described <w DT0>this <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>discipline <w PRP>over <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>obligations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1611"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-ordination <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN1>council <w VBD>were <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>general <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
<s n="1612"><w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VVD>pointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w NN2>models <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>putative <w NN2>councils<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1613"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>documents <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>regarding <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>, <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w NN2>archives <w CJC>and <w NN2>debts <w CJC>and <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
<s n="1614"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>, <w AJ0>concerned <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>missile <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NN1>warning <w NN2>systems<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>space <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>, <w AJ0>anti-aircraft <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>security <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>borders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1615"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>separately <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1616"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>preparatory <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3-4 <c PUL>(<w XX0>not <w PRP>including <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>felt <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>likelihood <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
<s n="1617"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was <w VVG>insisting <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>retaining <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AJ0>long-range <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1618"><w AT0>The <w NN2>participants <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w ORD>next <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kirgizstan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>states <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>ratified <w DPS>their <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <c PUL>(<w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<c PUR>) <w VM0>should <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="1619"><w AT0>The <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>statute <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VBD>was <w VVN>mooted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>general <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03W>
<s n="1620"><w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1621"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN1-VVB>guard <w NN2>ministries <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tashkent <c PUL>(<w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>CIS <w VVG>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1622"><w PNP>They <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers<c PUN>.
<s n="1623"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>this <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>consent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1624"><w NN1>Notification <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>passed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1625"><w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>signing<c PUN>.
<s n="1626"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>reports <w VVD>noted <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w NN1>absence <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Turkmen <w AJ0>plenipotentiary <w NN1>representative<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1627"><w PRP>At <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>request<c PUN>, <w NN1>discussion <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>deferred <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w VVG>restoring <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>deported <w NN1>minority <w NN2>nationalities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1628"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>additional <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states <w VM0>should <w VVI>supplement <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops <w PRP>with <w AJ0>national <w NN2>formations<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1629"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ilya <w NP0>Kalininchenko<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN1>protection <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>regarding <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>borders <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38975<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03X>
<s n="1630"><w AJ0>Ecological <w NN1>council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1631"><w NN1>Ecology <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVG>attending <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interstate <w AJ0>ecological <w NN1>council <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AV0>at least <w AV0>twice <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1632"><w NN2>Members <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w CRD>0.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ecological <w NN1>fund <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>charter <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w CRD>60,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1633"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AV0>ecologically <w AJ0>vulnerable <w NN2>zones <w PRP>on <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>territory <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chernobyl <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amu <w NP0>Darya <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dnepr <w NN1>river <w NN2-VVZ>basins<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lake <w NP0>Balkhash<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Black <w NP0>Aea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azov <w NP0>Sea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Caspian <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aral <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>area<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLMCA03Y>
<s n="1634"><w AJ0>Interstate <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN1>company
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1635"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CRD>nine <w NN2>CIS <w NN2-VVZ>states <c PUL>(<w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>Interstate <w NN1>Television <w CJC>and <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Company <c PUL>(<w NP0>ITRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1636"><w DT0>All <w CRD>15 <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w CJS>except <w NP0>Latvia <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="1637"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bishkek <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
<s n="1638"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VVG>safeguarding <w PRP>against <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>bias <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ITRC<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN2>facilities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ex-Soviet <c PUL>(<w AV0>now <w AJ0>Russian<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1639"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1640"><w NP0>ARMENIA/AZERBAIJAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1641"><w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>advances <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Peace <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1642"><w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>forces <w VVN-AJ0>consolidated <w AJ0>military <w NN2>advances <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>by <w VVG>recapturing <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>main <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Mardakert<c PUN>.
<s n="1643"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>Radio <w VVD>reported <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mardakert<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VHD>had <w VVN>renamed <w NN1-NP0>Agdere<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1644"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>.
<s n="1645"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>confused<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NP0>Armenia <w VVD>claimed <w AJ0>successful <w NN2>counterattacks <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="1646"><w NN1-NP0>Stepanakert <w VBD>was <w VVN>bombed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Baku <w VVD>denied <w DT0>such <w NN2>reports<c PUN>.
<s n="1647"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA040></p>
<caption id=HLMCA040>
<s n="1648"><w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1649"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Armenian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>pledging <w AJ0>consistent <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>terming <w AJ0>unacceptable <w DT0>any <w NN2>documents<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>Republic <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>structure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w AT0>A <w NN1>compromise <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NP0>Milli <w NP0-NN1>Majlis <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>describing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>resolution <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>infringement <w PRF>of <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hostile <w NN1>act <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1652"><w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA041></p>
<caption id=HLMCA041>
<s n="1653"><w NP0>Rome <w NN2-VVZ>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1654"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>aegis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38828<c PUN>; <w CRD>38975<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1655"><w NP0>Armenia <w VVD>interrupted <w DPS>its <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>actions <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mardakert<c PUN>.
<s n="1656"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>delegation <w VBD>was <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rome<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>presidium <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w VVD>reversed <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rome <w NN2>negotiations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38975<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA042></p>
<caption id=HLMCA042>
<s n="1658"><w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence<c PUN>, <w NP0>Istiklal<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3-4 <w CJC>and <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>chair <w NP0-NN1>Etibar <w NP0>Mamedov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DPS>its <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1660"><w NP0>Istiklal <w VVD>emphasised <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>tradition <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkic <w NN1>unity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1661"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;Musavat<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1911<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>revived<c PUN>.
<s n="1662"><w NP0>Isa <w NP0>Kambarov<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Milli <w NN1-NP0>Majlis<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>chair <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>succeeded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Musavat <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1663"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1664"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1665"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1666"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Presidents <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dagomys <c PUL>(<w NP0>Russia<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38973<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>irregulars <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRP>within <w NP0>Georgia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1667"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vladikavkaz <c PUL>(<w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>.
<s n="1668"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>tri-ethnic <w UNC>1,500-strong <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w VVN>drawn <w AV0>equally <w PRP>from <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ossetia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>by <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1669"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w CRD>350 <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>troops <w VVN-VVD>moved <w PRP>into <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w PRP>on <w NN1>schedule<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-km <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>fighters <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>to <w NN1>number <w CRD>3,000<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>united <w NN1>command <w NN1>structure<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>control <w NN1>commission <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>united <w AJ0>military <w NN1>command<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oleg <w NP0>Teziyev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Chair <w NP0>Torez <w NP0>Kulumbegov<c PUN>.
<s n="1672"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>holding<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>elusive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1673"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Georgian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Ossetian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>chair <w NP0>Akhsarbek <w NP0>Galazov <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
<s n="1675"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0-NN1>Ossetia <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1676"><w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVD>accused <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w VVG>exacerbating <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="1677"><w AT0>A <w NN1>warning <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>might <w VVI>consider <w VVG-AJ0>annexing <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>describing <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w AV0>there <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>genocide<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Ossetian <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>.
<s n="1678"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Moldovan<c PUR>) <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w NN1>genocide <w PRP>against <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>populations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA043></p>
<caption id=HLMCA043>
<s n="1679"><w NN1>Sovereignty <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1680"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abkhazia <c PUL>(<w NN1>capital <w NN1-AJ0>Sukhumi <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>map <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>) <w VVD>restored <w AT0>the <w CRD>1925 <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>(<w VVG>annulling <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w CRD>1978<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>proclaim <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>state <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1681"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>26-strong <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w NN2>sittings <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>.
<s n="1682"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reinstated <w NN1-NP0>Abkhaz <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0>null <w CJC>and <w AJ0>void<c PUN>.
<s n="1683"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladislav <w NP0>Ardzinaba<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w NP0>Abkhazia <w VBD>was <w VVG>seceding <w PRP>from <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1684"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Ankvaba <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>named <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Abkhaz <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>ousting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0-NN1>Givi <w NN1-NP0>Lomanidze<c PUN>, <w PRP>in defiance of <w AT0>a <w CRD>1989 <w NN1-VVB>order <w DTQ>which <w VVD>reserved <w PRP>to <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>interior <w NN1-VVB>minister <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>appointing <w AJ0-NN1>interior <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Abkhazia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA044></p>
<caption id=HLMCA044>
<s n="1685"><w NN1>Activity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>elements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1686"><w NN2>Supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>deposed <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>active <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>around <w NP0>Zugdidi <c PUL>(<w PRP>near <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN2>attacks <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>between<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Zviadists<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1687"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <w VHD>had <w VVN>sanctioned <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN1-NP0>Mkhedrioni <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>horsemen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN0>militia <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AV0>supposedly <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>army <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38877<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1688"><w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Sandro <w NP0-NN1>Kavsadze <w VBD>was <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>near <w NP0>Zugdidi <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1689"><w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39031-32<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>blamed <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>kidnapping<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>Zugdidi <w NN1>area <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>apparently<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>without <w NN2>results<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0-NN1>Moskovskiye <w NN2>novosti <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1690"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1691"><w NP0>MOLDOVA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1692"><w NN1>Deployment <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces
</head>
<p>
<s n="1693"><w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0-NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>troops <w VVD>began <w NN1>deployment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slav <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>republic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>.
<s n="1694"><w NN1>Deployment <w VVD>followed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Mircea <w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w VVG>envisaging <w AJ0>special <w NN1>status <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>in case of <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w NN1>reunification <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>.
<s n="1695"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Smirnov<c PUN>, <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>.
<s n="1696"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NN2>casualties <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>inflicted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>conflict <w DTQ>which <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>available <w NN2>figures <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AV0>about <w CRD>700 <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="1697"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AV0>for instance<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>fighters <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bendery<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1698"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>quadripartite <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38976-77<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>devised <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39017<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>envisaged <w AJ0>combined <w AJ0-NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Ukrainian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Byelorussian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Romanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1700"><w PRP>Despite <w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w NN1>consent <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w CRD>225 <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w PRP>with <w CRD>nine <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VVD>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>for <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w NN2>mechanisms<c PUN>.
<s n="1701"><w NP0>Moldova <w AV0>thereafter <w VVD>rescinded <w DPS>its <w NN1>consent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1702"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>vociferous <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>nationalism <w VM0>would <w VVI>cause <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w TO0>to <w VVI>escalate<c PUN>.
<s n="1703"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>moderate <w UNC>&plusmn;forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>successful <w PRP>in <w VVG>silencing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Aleksandr <w AJ0-VVD>Lebed <c PUL>(<w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>remarked <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>republic <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>ethnic <w CJC>but <w VVD-AJ0>involved<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>genocide<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>against <w PNI-CRD>one<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>labelled <w UNC>&plusmn;Moldova<w POS>'s <w NN1>President <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fascist<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1704"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Barannikov<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yeltsin <w TO0>to <w VVI>attempt <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Dnestr <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1705"><w NP0>Rutskoi <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>champion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>minorities <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>states<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA045></p>
<caption id=HLMCA045>
<s n="1706"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1707"><w VVB-NN1>Snegur <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1708"><w NP0>Pavel <w NP0-NN1>Kryanghe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vasily <w NP0-NN1>Kalmoy <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1709"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>incumbents<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ion <w NP0-NN1>Kostash <w CJC>and <w NP0>Anatol <w NP0-NN1>Plugaru<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJS>fiercest <w NN2>advocates <w PRP>for <w VVG>continuing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-separatist <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>retained <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38976<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1710"><w NP0>Moldova<w POS>'s <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>accord<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w CRD>four <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLMCA046><s n="1711"><w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Sangheli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0>Andronaki <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Valentin <w NP0>Kunev <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0-NN1>Oleinik <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Koshkodan <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1712"><w NP0>Pavel <w NP0-NN1>Kryanghe <w NN1>Defence <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting<c PUR>)
</p>
<caption id=HLMCA046>
<s n="1713"><w NP0>Moldova <w NN1>cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1714"><w UNC>*Constantin <w AJ0-NN1>Antoci <w NN1>Interior
</p>
<p>
<s n="1715"><w UNC>*Nicolae <w NP0-NN1>Tiu <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Vasily <w NP0>Kalmoy <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NP0>Klavdiya <w NP0>Melnik <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="1716"><w UNC>*Held <w DT0>same <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1717"><w NN2>Women <w VBB>are <w VVN>denoted <w PRP>by <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA047></p>
<caption id=HLMCA047>
<s n="1718"><w AJ0>Romanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN2>statements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1719"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania <w AV0>openly <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w VVG>supplying <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w NN1>Parliament <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>solution <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Istanbul <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>army <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>neutral<c PUN>.
<s n="1720"><w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25 <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Moldova <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>exercise <w DPS>its <w AJS>fullest <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>population <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>88,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w AT0>A <w AJ0-NN1>three-person <w NP0>UN <w NN1>team <w VBD>was <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1722"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1723"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1724"><w VVG>Strengthening <w PRF>of <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council
</head>
<p>
<s n="1725"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w VVD>strengthened <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w UNC>SC<c PUR>) <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w DPS>its <w NN2>decisions <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>decrees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1726"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w VVG-AJ0>faltering<c PUN>, <w NN2>observers <w VVN-VVD>commented <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w NN2>conservatives <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w UNC>SC <w CJC>and <w VVD>drew <w NN2>parallels <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1727"><w PRP>According to <w NP0-NN1>Independent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sunday <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>SC <w NP0-NN1>Secretary <w NP0>Yury <w NP0>Skokov <w VBD>was <w VVG>creating <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Russia <w AJ0>local <w NN2>branches <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>SC<c PUN>, <w AJ0>answerable <w PRP>to <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>branches <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN2>Ministries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1728"><w AT0>The <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w NN1-VVB>decree <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT-DT0>that <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>accompany <w DT0>each <w UNC>SC <w NN1>decision <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in accordance with <w NN1>Article <w CRD>15 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>(<w NP0>RF<c PUR>) <w NN1>Law <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrations <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w UNC>SC <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w VVG>receiving <w PNP>them<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w UNC>SC <w NN1>Secretary <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>special <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w UNC>SC <w NN2>decisions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1729"><w AT0>The <w UNC>SC <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>body <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1730"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w UNC>SC <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>established <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>given <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>managing <w NN1-AJ0>individual <w CJC>and <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="1731"><w NN1>Article <w CRD>15 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <w NN1>Law <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w VVG>defining <w DPS>its <w NN2>duties <w PRP>in <w AV0>very <w AJ0>general <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w VVD>allowed <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vital <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>individual<c PUN>, <w NN1>society <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1732"><w AT0>The <w UNC>SC <w VHD>had <w CRD>five <w AJ0>ex officio <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>voting <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="1733"><w AV0>Potentially<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w NN2>departments <w VM0>could <w AV0>also <w VVI>become <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="1734"><w AT0>The <w UNC>SC <w NN1>Secretary <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w UNC>SC <w NN2>decisions <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1735"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w VVB>Moskovskiye <w NN2>novosti <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w UNC>SC <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w NN2>powers <w DTQ>which <w VVB>raise <w PNP>it <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kommersant <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>compared <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>empowered <w UNC>SC <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>secrecy <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>non-accountability<c PUN>.
<s n="1736"><w NP0>Sergei <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>presidential <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>advisor<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>warned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Komsomolskaya <w NN1>pravda <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w UNC>SC <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN2>conservatives <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>hoping <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>administrative-command <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1737"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Skokov <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>industry<c PUN>; <w NP0>Filatov <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Chair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>antagonistic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w NN1>influence <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>formed <w CJC>and <w AV0>already <w AJ0>influential <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38974<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLMCA048></p>
<caption id=HLMCA048>
<s n="1738"><w AV0>Ex officio <w VVG-NN1>voting <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w UNC>SC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1739"><w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NP0>RF <w NN1>President <w AV0>ex officio <w UNC>SC <w NN1>Chairman<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Yury <w NP0>Skokov<c PUN>, <w UNC>SC <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>; <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w NP0>RF <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>; <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w NP0>RF <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Filatov<c PUN>, <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA049></p>
<caption id=HLMCA049>
<s n="1740"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVG-NN1>hearing <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w NP0>CPSU
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1741"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVD>opened <w DPS>its <w NN2>hearings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>decrees <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCP<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38372<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1742"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>decided <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>petition <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>unconstitutionality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w PNX>itself <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>heard <w ORD>second <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923 <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w NN1>ruling<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1743"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w AJ0>separate <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NP0>August <w NN1-VVB>coup <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU<w POS>'s <w NN2>finances<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1744"><w VVG>Representing <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>affairs <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Shakhrai <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38875<c PUN>; <w CRD>38923<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>mechanism<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1745"><w PRP>In defence of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w NN1>evidence <w VBD>was <w VVN>submitted <w PRF>of <w NN1>repression <w PRF>of <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>supply <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN2>funds <w PRP>to <w AJ0>ideological <w NN2>allies <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>origins <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>CPSU <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>new <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>) <w NN1>department <w TO0>to <w VVI>plan <w AJ0>political <w NN2>murders<c PUN>.
<s n="1746"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>summon <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>witnesses <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NP0>CPSU <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-AV0>only <w AJ0>summoned <w NN1>witness <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>attended<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0>close <w NN1>aide <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandr <w NP0>Yakovlev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1-AJ0>top <w NP0>CPSU <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w AT0>A <w NN1>recess <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w NP0>CPSU <w NN1>court <w NN2>expenses <w VBD>were <w VVN>paid <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w DPS>its <w NN2>accounts <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sequestrated<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w NN2>representatives <w VVN>elected <w PRP>at <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>29th <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>by <w NN1>minority <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>parties<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w NN2>officials <w VVN>called <w PRP>as <w NN2>witnesses<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04A><ptr target=HLMCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04A>
<s n="1750"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLMCA04B>
<s n="1751"><w NN1>Security <w NN2>disagreements <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN2>rumours
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1752"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVD-VVN>approached<c PUN>, <w NN2>allegations <w VVN-VVD>circulated <w PRP>about <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impending <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1753"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1>ministry <w NN2>representatives <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>local <w NN2>disturbances <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>situation<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w NN2>departments<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>duplicate <w AT0>the <w NN2>suggestions <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1755"><w NN2>Rumours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kozyrev<w POS>'s <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>resignation <w VHD>had <w VVN>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w NP0>Izvestiya <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>ministries <w PRF>of <w VVG>providing <w AV0>deliberately <w AJ0>misleading <w NN2>reports <w PRP>from <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1756"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kozyrev<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>assessed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>harmful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>prophet <w PRP>like <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Eduard<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVB>act <w PRP>like <w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>after <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impending <w NN1>coup <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>37903<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04C>
<s n="1757"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bloc
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1758"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Choice <w NN1>bloc<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1759"><w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Choice <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>aiming <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>alternative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w NN1>group <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AJ0>extreme <w NN1>nationalist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neo-communist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="1760"><w NN1>Member <w NN2>organizations <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w NN2>Businessmen<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w ORD>third <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27-28 <w VHD>had <w VVN>elected <w NP0>Vyacheslav <w NP0>Shostakovsky <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1761"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Reform <w NN1>Movement <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moscow <w NP0>Gavriil <w NP0>Popov<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>participant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>bloc<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04D>
<s n="1762"><w NN0>Media <w NN1-VVB>dispute
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1763"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>136 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>23 <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>12 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AV0>openly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w NN1>legislature <w AV0>once more <w PRP>into <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>.
<s n="1766"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>observation <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>control<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>violations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>speech<c PUN>.
<s n="1767"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>draft <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w NN2>journalists <w CJS>as <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>curbs<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>such as <w NN2>journalists <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>experience <w AV0>even <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w VBD>was <w AJ0>all-powerful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1768"><w PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Izvestiya <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>organ <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Presidium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="1769"><w DPS>Its <w NN2>journalists <w AV0>then <w VVD>re-founded <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>paper <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38372<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1770"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>other <w PRF>of <w VVG>taking <w AVP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w PRP>in <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>press <w NN1>freedom <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37541<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1771"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Press <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w VVG>re-registering <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1772"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>press <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>expression <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>publishing <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Obshchaya <w NN1>gazeta<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>paper <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w TO0>to <w VVI>overcome <w NN1>censorship<c PUN>.
<s n="1773"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VBD>was <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w NN2>restrictions <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>on <w NN2>correspondents<w POS>' <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>sessions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Presidium<c PUN>, <w VVG>permitting <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>official <w NN2>agencies <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>paper <w NP0-NN1>Rossiskaya <w NN1>gazeta<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04E>
<s n="1774"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>tour
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1775"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22-24 <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Krasnodar <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kalmyk <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Omsk<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1776"><w PRP>In <w NP0-NN1>Krasnodar<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>consigned <w DPS>its <w AJ0>full <w NN1>grain <w NN1>quota <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>insisting <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>procurement <w NN1>price <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>current <w CRD>10 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w NN1>kilogramme<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>exert <w NN1>pressure<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="1777"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Kalmykia <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w PNP>he <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0-NN1>currency-earning <w NN1>production <c PUL>(<w PRP>such as <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN2>furs<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04F>
<s n="1778"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1779"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>155 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w PRP>until <w CRD>1995-96<c PUN>, <w VVG>sending <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w NN1>committee <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1780"><w AT0>The <w NN1>section <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>conform <w PRP>with <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38973-74<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1781"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>read <w AV0>more <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>catalogue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>good <w NN2>intentions <w CJS>than <w AT0>an <w AJ0>exact <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>implying <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w VBD>was <w VVN>timed <w TO0>to <w VVI>coincide <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w NN1>meeting <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38990<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1782"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1783"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w NN1>ceiling <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>at <w CRD>950,100 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1=0.5461 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>rate <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>July <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w CRD>12-14 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>projected <w CRD>1992 <w CRD>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AJ0>projected <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1784"><w NN1-NP0>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>justified <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>deficit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AVQ>no matter how <w AJ0>dangerous <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>because of <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w AJ0>social <w NN2>tensions<c PUN>.
<s n="1785"><w AJ0>Extra <w NN2>funds <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w NN1>food <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>housing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1786"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w PRP>from <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>with <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>foodstuffs<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1787"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w AJC>higher <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>tax <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>advocated <w AV0>more <w AJ0>drastic <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04G>
<s n="1788"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN0>statistics <w PRP>for <w NP0>January-June <w CRD>1992
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1789"><w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN0>Statistics <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1790"><w PRP>Despite <w VVG>falling <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>indicators <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>restrained <w NN1>optimism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>wholesale <w NN1>slump<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>avoided <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w AJ0>retained <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>reliable <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w NN1>payment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1791"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>production <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>sector <w VBD>was <w CRD>86.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>comparable <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1792"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>extraction <w VBD>was <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVG>affecting <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>exports <c PUL>(<w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NN0>&dollar;15,400 <w CRD>million <w CJC>or <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1793"><w NN1>Payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>salaries <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensions <w VBD>was <w CRD>221,600 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>in <w NN2>arrears<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJC>or <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w AJ0>monthly <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>consumption <w NN1>level <c PUL>(<w VVB>set <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>at <w CRD>2,150 <w NN2>roubles<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN1>service <w VVD>rose <w AV0>faster <w CJS>than <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w NN1>production <w VVD>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1794"><w NN1>Consumer <w NN2>goods <w NN1>production <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>by <w CRD>12-24 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>more <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w NN1>consumer <w NN1>spending <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVG>going <w PRP>on <w NN1>food<c PUN>.
<s n="1795"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w VVD>looked <w AJ0>hopeful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04H>
<s n="1796"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1797"><w NP0-NN1>Georgy <w NP0-NN1>Matiukhin <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NN1>RIB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AJ0>ill <w NN1>health<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w DPS>His <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38974<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>request <w PRP>by <w CRD>154 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1799"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<w POS>'s <w NN1>Presidium <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>RIB <w NN1-VVB>chair <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Gerashchenko<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1800"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w NN1>RIB <w NN1>chair <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w PRP>in <w NN1>currency <w NN2>auctions<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;1=134.80 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;1=161.10 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1801"><w AT0>The <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>convertibility<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1802"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1803"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1804"><w NN1>Economy
</head>
<p>
<s n="1805"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w NN2>prices <w PRP>on <w DT0>some <w NN2>foodstuffs<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>demands <w PRP>from <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w NN1-VVB>vote <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38975<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Vitold <w NP0-NN1>Fokin<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VVG>condemning <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>interfere <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w VVG>threatening <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>walking <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1807"><w NP0-NN1>Fokin <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>his <w NN1>threat <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>survived <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>parliament <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1808"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kravchuk <w VVD>dismissed <w NN1>Economics <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0-NN1>Lanovoi <w CJC>and <w VVD>replaced <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w NP0>Valentin <w NP0>Simonenko<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w DPS>his <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Odessa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1809"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>gave <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w NP0-NN1>Lanovoi<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Ukraine <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="1810"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Lanovoi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>proponent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w AV0>previously <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38828<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>an <w NN1>impression <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>renovation <w VBD>was <w AV0>under way<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04J>
<s n="1811"><w NN1>Threat <w PRF>of <w NN2>strikes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1812"><w PRP>On <w CRD>8 <w NP0>July <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1813"><w CJS-PRP>After <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Fokin <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN2>miners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Donbass <w NN1>area <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>postponed<c PUN>.
<s n="1814"><w NP0-NN1>Fokin <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>into <w NN1>union <w NN2>grievances<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04K>
<s n="1815"><w NN1-VVB>Dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1816"><w NN1-VVB>Conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>during <w NP0>July <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>frigate <w VVD>defected <w PRP>to <w NP0>Odessa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1817"><w AT0>The <w NN1>frigate<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>SKR <w CRD>815 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0-NN1>Nastenko <w CJC>and <w VVN>manned <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>crew <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>sworn <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w NP0-NN1>Donuzla <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>peninsula <w PRP>without <w NN1>permission <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w VVD>hoisted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>flag<c PUN>.
<s n="1818"><w PRP>Despite <w NN1>pursuit <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w AJ0>armed <w AJ0>military <w NN2>ships<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>hydrofoil <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN0>aircraft <w VVN-VVD>dispatched <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Sevastopol<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <w VVD>arrived <w AV0>safely <w PRP>in <w NP0>Odessa<c PUN>.
<s n="1819"><w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1820"><w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Kasatonov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>ships<w POS>'s <w NN1>flight <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>terrorist <w NN1-VVB>act<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>protested <w PRP>against <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>snatch <w NN2>ships<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1821"><w AJ0>Rear <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1822"><w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Kozhin<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Naval <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w CJS>as <w PRP>contrary to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dagomys <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>sailors <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>in response to <w NN1>humiliation <w CJC>and <w NN1>oppression <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1823"><w NN2>Talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>chairmen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yury <w NP0>Yazov <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Vasiliy <w NN2>Dudinets <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>commission <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sevastopol <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w NN1>observance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dagomys <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04L>
<s n="1824"><w NN1-VVB>Discord <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Church
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1825"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVG>following <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>kidnapping <w CJC>and <w NN1>beating <w PRF>of <w NN2>priests <w CJC>and <w NN2>believers <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>founded <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Autocephalous <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1826"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>church <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w VVD>united <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Autocephalous <w NN1>Church <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>with <w NN2>followers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Metropolitan <w NN1>Filaret<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1827"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1828"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1829"><w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="1830"><w AT0>The <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>ratifying <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38657-59<c PUN>; <w CRD>38785<c PUR>) <w VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38942<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1832"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Luxembourg <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w PRP>by <w CRD>51 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w PRP>against <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1833"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>key <w NN1>issue <w VVD>concerned <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>citizens <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1834"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Duchy<w POS>'s <w CRD>400,000 <w NN2>inhabitants <w CRD>113,000 <w VBD>were <w NN2>foreigners <c PUL>(<w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AV0>either <w AJ0>Italian <w CJC>or <w NN1-AJ0>Portuguese<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>78,000 <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w UNC>Luxembourg-Ville <w CRD>25,000 <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1835"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<w POS>'s <w NN1>Title <w CRD>II <w NN1>Article <w UNC>8b<c PUN>, <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>councils<c PUN>.
<s n="1836"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>derogations <w AJ0>specific <w PRP>to <w NP0>Luxembourg <w VM0>would <w VVI>limit <w DPS>their <w NN1>number <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w VVB>prevent <w DPS>their <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mayoral <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>set <w NN1>eligibility <w NN2>requirements <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>residency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luxembourg <w CJC>and <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w NN1-AJ0>Letzeburgish<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1837"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Spain <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1-VVB>change <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
<s n="1838"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amendment <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;the <w ORD>first <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978 <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;would <w VVB>allow <w NP0>EC <w NN2>citizens <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>tribunal <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>three-fifths <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>or <w NN2>senators <w VM0>could <w VVI>demand <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>amendment<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
<s n="1840"><w PRP>As regards <w NP0>EC <w NN2>citizens<w POS>' <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>tribunal <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>through <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>accord<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1841"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>212-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgium <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>146 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>33 <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>abstentions <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
<s n="1842"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties <w AV0>all <w VVN>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>; <w DT0>those <w VVG>voting <w PRP>against <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Flemish <w NP0-NN1>Volksunie<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN2>Vlaams <w VVB>Blok <w CJC>and <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Flemish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Walloon <w NN2>Greens<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Rossem <w NN1>list <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Treaty <w AV0>still <w AJ0-VVN>required <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Flemish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Walloon <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1844"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>300-member <w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>Greece <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>286 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
<s n="1845"><w DT0>Those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w VVD-VVN>included <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0-NN1>socialist <w NP0>Pasok<c PUN>.
<s n="1846"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NN2>votes <w PRP>against <w VBD>were <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>KKE-Exterior<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04M>
<s n="1847"><w NN1>Taxation <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1848"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN2>ministers <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>excise <w NN1>duty <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1849"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w AJ0-NN1>standard <w NN1>VAT <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1996 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-tier <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>excise <w NN1>duty <w PRP>on <w NN2>spirits<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1850"><w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>market <w PRP>by <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1851"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>example <w AV0>yet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<w POS>'s <w AJ0>growing <w NN1-VVB>influence <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1852"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>non-binding <w NN1>VAT <w NN1>agreement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38297<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1853"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w NN1>VAT <w NN2>rates <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>from <w CRD>14 <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38782<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain <w PRP>from <w CRD>13 <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1854"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Netherlands <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>standard <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>18.5 <w PRP>to <w CRD>17.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04N>
<s n="1855"><w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w NN2>benefits
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1856"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>opening <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>citizens <w VVG>applying <w PRP>for <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2-VVZ>benefits <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJS>even though <w PNP>they <w VVD>lived <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VVD>concerned <w AT0>the <w NN1>wife <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>servant <w PNQ>who <w VVD>worked <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>but <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1858"><w PNP>She <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>denied<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>family <w NN1>credit<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>income <w NN1>support <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
<s n="1859"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NP0>EC <w NN2>citizens <w PNQ>who <w VVD>travelled <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVG>leaving <w NN2>dependents <w AV0>behind <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>home <w NN1>country <w VM0>could <w VVI>claim <w NN1>family <w NN1>credit <w PRP>on behalf of <w DPS>their <w NN2>families<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04P>
<s n="1860"><w NN1-VVB>Commission <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1861"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w NP0>Carlo <w NP0>Ripa <w NP0>De <w NP0>Meana <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38943<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Karel <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Miert <c PUL>(<w AV0>already <w AT0>an <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commissioner <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38504<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN2>responsibilities <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1862"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1863"><w NP0>EUROPE <w AJ0>REGIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1864"><w NP0>CEI <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="1865"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0>CEI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bosnia-Herzegovina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1-VVB>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w NN1>crisis <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="1866"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>to <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>end<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Herzegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1867"><w NP0>Bosnia <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lesser <w NN1>extent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria <w VHD>had <w VVN>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39012<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1868"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1869"><w NP0>FINLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1870"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin
</head>
<p>
<s n="1871"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1>summit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39030-31<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1872"><w NN2>Agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>science <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w VVG>honouring <w AT0>the <w NN1>memory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN2>wars<c PUN>.
<s n="1873"><w NN1>Ratification <w NN2>documents <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>exchanged <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Friendship <w NN1>Treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38737<c PUN>; <w CRD>38927<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1874"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1875"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1876"><w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leadership <w NN1-VVB>change
</head>
<p>
<s n="1877"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>18 <w NP0>John <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>, <w CRD>53<c PUN>, <w NN1>Shadow <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w CJC>and <w NN1>MP <w PRP>for <w NP0>Monklands <w NN1>East <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Kinnock<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983 <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38869<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1878"><w NP0>Smith <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w CRD>91.02 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w NN1>opponent <w NP0>Bryan <w NP0>Gould <w VVD>won <w CRD>8.98 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1879"><w AT0>The <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Beckett<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>won <w CRD>57.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04R>
<s n="1880"><w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN2>losses
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1881"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN1>insurance <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>massive <w NN2>losses <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>two <w NN2>reports <w VBD>were <w VVN>published<c PUN>.
<s n="1882"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w NP0>David <w NP0>Coleridge <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lloyd<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Lloyd<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>announced <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;2,060 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>(<w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>accounting <w NN1>system<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1884"><w AT0>The <w NN1>loss <w VBD>was <w AV0>by far <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w AJ0>300-year <w NN1>history <w CJC>and <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1988 <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;510,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1885"><w AT0>The <w AJS>heaviest <w NN2>losses <w VBD>were <w VVN>sustained <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>excess-of-loss <c PUL>(<w NP0>LMX<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>spiral<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>syndicates <w DTQ>which <w VVD>specialized <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>reinsuring <w DT0>each <w NN2>others<w POS>' <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>companies<w POS>' <w NN1>exposure <w PRP>to <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>catastrophe <w NN2>risks<c PUN>.
<s n="1886"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>loss<c PUN>, <w NN0>&pound;398,000,000 <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>pollution- <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>asbestos-related <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>; <w NP0>Coleridge <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>uncertainty <w VVZ>continues <w TO0>to <w VVI>surround <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRP>on <w NN1>pollution <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1887"><w DT0>Many<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN2>assets <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN1>underwriting <w NN2>activities<c PUR>) <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>a <w NN1>levy <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>double <w PRP>to <w NN0>&pound;1,000 <w CRD>million <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>last <w NN1>resort <w NN1>capital <w NN1>fund<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NN2>claims <w CJS>if<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>names<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1888"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>commissioned <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w VVD>described <w NP0>LMX <w NN2>underwriters <w CJS>as <w VVG>showing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>flawed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>judgment <w PRP>in <w VVG>assessing <w AT0>the <w NN2>risks <w VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>repeated <w NN1>reinsurance <w NN2>risks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN2>syndicates <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NN2>risks <w VVD>became <w AJ0-VVN>concentrated <w CJS>rather than <w VVI>spread <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="1889"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>found <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>or <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Jeremy <w NP0>Morse<c PUN>, <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lloyds <w NP0-NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>recommended <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w NN1>structure <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>regulatory <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>market <w NN2>boards<c PUN>.
<s n="1891"><w NP0>Lloyd<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>halved <w PRP>under <w DT0>these <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04S>
<s n="1892"><w NN1>Settlement <w PRP>in <w NN1>sex <w NN1>discrimination <w NN1>case
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1893"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>Assistant <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Constable <w NP0>Alison <w NP0>Halford<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>her <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>sex <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>at <w NN1>work <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w AVQ>whereby <w PNP>she <w VVD>retired <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN1>force <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>lump <w NN1>sum <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;142,600 <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>pension <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;35,836<c PUN>.
<s n="1894"><w NP0>Halford <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1>promotion <w PRP>to <w NN1>deputy <w NN1-AJ0>chief <w NN1>constable <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1895"><w PNP>She <w VVD>stated<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>Although <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>achieved <w DPS>my <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>constable<c PUN>,<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1896"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>woman <w VM0>will <w AV0>ever <w AV0>again <w VVI>suffer <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w PRP>through <w NN1-AJ0>rank <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN1>force<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1897"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1898"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1899"><w NN1-VVB>Progress <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>future <w NN1>status
</head>
<p>
<s n="1900"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>partition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>in <w CRD>1922<c PUN>.
<s n="1901"><c PUL>(<w NN2-VVZ>Talks <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>produced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short-lived <w NP0>Sunningdale <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AJ0>hard-line <w NN2>unionists <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>26301-04<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1902"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Governor-General <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Ninian <w NP0>Stephen<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>second<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strand<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>inter-party <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1903"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w VBD>was <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0-NN1>Mayhew <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>by <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>.
<s n="1904"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Paisley <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>DUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Molyneaux <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NP0>Ulster <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;OUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Hume <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;SDLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <w NP0>Alderdice <c PUL>(<w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1905"><w NP0>Wilson <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>splendid<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>engaged <w AVP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>hard<c PUN>, <w AJ0>thorough <w CJC>and <w AJ0>committed <w NN1>work<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>observed <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>silence <w PRP>on <w NN2>details<c PUN>.
<s n="1906"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>discussions <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15-17 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Stormont<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belfast<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>until <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1907"><w AJ0>Inter-party <w NN2>discussions <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38300-01<c PUN>; <w CRD>38356<c PUN>; <w CRD>38738<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1908"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strand<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <c PUL>(<w AV0>thus <w PRP>excluding <w NN1>Sinn F&eacute;in<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>covered <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w NN1>devolution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>made <w AJ0>concrete <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
<s n="1909"><w NP0-NN1>Strand <w CRD>two <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>strand <w CRD>three <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="1910"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>by <w AJ0>high-level <w NN2>talks <w VVG>culminating <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dublin <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Mayhew <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Irish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Andrews <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>strand <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04T>
<s n="1912"><w NP0>UDR <w VVZ-NN2>releases
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1913"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1-VVB>appeal <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast <w VVD>released <w CRD>three <w PRP>out of <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Regiment <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDR<c PUR>) <w NN2>members <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>for <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1983 <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN1>man <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34318<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1914"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w NN2>detectives <w VHD>had <w VVN>rewritten <w NN1>interview <w NN2>notes <w CJC>and <w VVD>lied <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1986 <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
<s n="1915"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04U>
<s n="1916"><w NN1-VVB>Channel <w CRD>4 <w NN1>contempt <w PRF>of <w NN1>court <w NN1>ruling
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1917"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD-VVN>fined <w NN1>Channel <w CRD>Four <w CJC>and <w NN1>Box <w NN2>Productions <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>programme <w NN1>maker<c PUR>) <w NN0>&pound;75,000 <w PRP>for <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>name <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>television <w NN1>documentary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1-VVB>broadcast <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1918"><w NN1-VVB>Channel <w CRD>Four <w CJC>and <w NN1>Box <w NN2>Productions <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w NN1>contempt <w PRF>of <w NN1>court <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prevention <w PRF>of <w NN1>Terrorism <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>charge <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>compel <w NN2>journalists <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w NN2>sources<c PUN>.
<s n="1919"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>hearing <w NP0>Michael <w NN1-VVB>Grade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w NN1>Channel <w CRD>Four<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>company <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBN>been <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>invidious <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w PRP>between <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w VVG>putting <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>lives <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1920"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1921"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1922"><w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="1923"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>total <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM435,650 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1924"><w PRF>Of <w DT0>this <w UNC>DM91,900 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>L&auml;nder <c PUL>(<w VVZ-NN2>states<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>6.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>July <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=DM1.513<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1925"><w NN1>Expenditure <w PRP>on <w NN1>employment <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w CRD>8.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w AV0>nearly <w UNC>DM99,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>on <w NN1>transport <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w CRD>10.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM44,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1926"><w AJ0>Overall <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>contained <w PRP>by <w AJ0>minimal <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>expenditure <w VVN>cut <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM50,800 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Fighter <w NN0>Aircraft <w NN1-VVB>project <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38980<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1927"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>borrowing <w NN1>requirement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>by <w UNC>DM2,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM38,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04V>
<s n="1928"><w NN1-VVB>Discount <w NN1>rate <w NN1-VVB>increase
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1929"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PRP>by <w CRD>0.75 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w PRP>to <w CRD>8.75 <w NN0>per cent <w VVZ>&mdash;its <w AJS>highest <w NN1-VVB>level <w PRP>since <w CRD>1931<c PUN>.
<s n="1930"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>determined <w NN1>signal <w PRF>of <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVB-NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>damp <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>growth<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1931"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>left <w AJ0>unchanged <w PRP>at <w CRD>9.75 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AV0>internationally <w AJ0>sensitive <w NP0>Lombard <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVB>set <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceiling <w PRP>for <w NN1>money <w NN1>market <w NN2>rates<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04W>
<s n="1932"><w NN1-VVB>Launch <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>committees <w PRP>for <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1933"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cross-party <w NN1>movement <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="1934"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Committees <w PRP>for <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w NN2>grassroots <w VVB-NN1>level <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>alleviate <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w NN1>de-industrialization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>agriculture <w CJC>and <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>humiliation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>east <w NN2>Germans<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1935"><w AT0>The <w NN1>movement<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NP0>Peter-Michael <w NP0>Diestel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ousted <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>) <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brandenburg <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>for <w VVG>defending <w DT0>former <w NN2>informers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Stasi<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>one-sided<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>accusations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NP0>Gregor <w NP0>Gysi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reformed <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Socialism <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1936"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>B&ouml;hme<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>briefly <w VVD-VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37260<c PUN>; <w CRD>37302<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>evidence<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stasi <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970s <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>informed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-VVN>re-formed <w NP0>SPD <w PRP>from <w CRD>1989<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04X>
<s n="1937"><w NN1>Decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN1>destroyer <w PRP>to <w NP0>Adriatic
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1938"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>the <w NN1>destroyer <w NN1-NP0>Bayern <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN1>reconnaissance <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Adriatic <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>force <w NN1-VVG>monitoring <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>on <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38918<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1939"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Volker <w NP0>R&uuml;he <w VVD>declared <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>fell <w AV0>far <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>deployment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w VBG>being <w VVN>used<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>symbol <w NN1>&mdash;it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>step<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1940"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0-NN1>Democrat-dominated <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w PRP>since <w CRD>1991 <w VBN>been <w AV0>steadily <w VVG-AJ0>expanding <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="1941"><w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN2>helicopters <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights <w PRP>for <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>units <w VBD>were <w VVG>operating <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1942"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD <w DTQ>which <w VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="1943"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>extraordinary <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>action<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLMCA04Y>
<s n="1944"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NP0>Honecker
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1945"><w PRP>After <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chilean <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN2>authorities <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Honecker<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>flown <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Moscow <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38687-88<c PUN>; <w CRD>38782<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Berlin <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>imprisoned<c PUN>.
<s n="1946"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w CRD>49 <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>manslaughter <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NN1>misappropriation <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>funds <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>charges <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AV0>in absentia <w PRP-AVP>in <w VM0>May <w VVI>see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38929<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1947"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w NP0>Margot <w NP0>Honecker<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w PNX>herself <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>for <w NP0>Chile <w AVQ>where <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN2>daughters <w VVD-VVN>lived<c PUN>.
<s n="1948"><w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>investigated <w PRP>in connection with <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w NN2>children <w PRF>of <w AV0>politically <w VVB>suspect <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA050></p>
<caption id=HLMCA050>
<s n="1949"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Galinski
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1950"><w NP0>Heinz <w NP0>Galinski<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>Auschwitz <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp <w NN1>survivor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>Berlin <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>since <w CRD>1949 <w CJC>and <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>79<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1951"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1952"><w NP0>BELGIUM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1953"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1>conscription <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Defence <w NN2-VVZ>cuts
</head>
<p>
<s n="1954"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN2>plans <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>military <w NN1>conscription <w PRP>by <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="1955"><w VVN-AJ0>Expected <w AV0>roughly <w TO0>to <w VVI>halve <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w CRD>86,000<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>defence <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>.
<s n="1956"><w NN1>Spending <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w UNC>BF99,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;3,240 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>until <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1957"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w AJ0>due <w NN1>course<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1958"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leo <w NP0>Delcroix<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Belgium <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w DPS>its <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>international <w NN2>commitments<c PUN>.
<s n="1959"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>view <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jos <w NP0>Charlier<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manfred <w NP0>W&ouml;rner<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean-Luc <w NP0>Dehaene<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>comment <w AV0>specifically<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>clear<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA051></p>
<caption id=HLMCA051>
<s n="1961"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1962"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mainstream <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w VVG>transforming <w NP0>Belgium <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state <w VVD-VVN>ended <w AV0>inconclusively <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1963"><w AT0>The <w NN1>outcome <w VVD>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w NN1-VVB>mark <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>survival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-left <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38821<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1964"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>issues <w AJ0>outstanding <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>finances <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>allocations <w PRP>to <w NP0>Flanders <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wallonia<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN1>voting <w NN2>rights <w PRP>for <w NN2>French-speakers <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN2>suburbs <w PRP>around <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>support <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>along <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>lines<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1965"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DT0>several <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AJ0>international <w NN2>treaties <c PUL>(<w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>approval<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>environmental <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1966"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1967"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1968"><w NN1>PS <w NN1>congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Corruption <w NN2>cases
</head>
<p>
<s n="1969"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bordeaux <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10-12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>programme <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993 <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS<w POS>'s <w AJ0>poor <w NN1-VVG>showing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38820-21<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1971"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Henri <w NP0>Emmanuelli<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38736<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NN1>PS <w NN1>treasurer <w PRP>from <w NP0>July <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>to <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1972"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Renaud <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Ruymbeke<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>examining <w NN1>magistrate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rennes<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>indict <w NN1-AJ0>Emmanuelli <w PRP>in connection with <w DPS>his <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>PS <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>through <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Urba<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concern <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38591<c PUN>; <w CRD>38197<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1973"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Emmanuelli <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>summons <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rennes <w VVB-NN1>appeal <w NN1>court <w PRP>between <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1974"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>incidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>against <w NN2>politicians <w VVD-VVN>prompted <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Vauzelle <w TO0>to <w VVI>warn <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>falling <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN2>judges<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1975"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Tapie<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AV0>shortly <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38928<c PUN>.
<s n="1976"><w PRP>For <w NP0>June <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>L&eacute;otard<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NN1>d&eacute;mocratie <w UNC>fran&ccedil;aise<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38978<c PUN>.
<s n="1977"><w PRP>For <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRF>of <w NN1>Gaudin <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39065-66<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1978"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revised <w NN1>party <w NN1>statute <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>platform<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Rocard <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>likely <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1995 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA052></p>
<caption id=HLMCA052>
<s n="1979"><w ORD>Fiftieth <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>deportation <w PRP>under <w NP0>Vichy <w NN1>r&eacute;gime
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1980"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>service <w VVD-VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VVI>commemorate <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w CJC>and <w NN1>detention <w PRP>in <w CRD>1942 <w PRF>of <w CRD>12,884 <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Vel<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>d'Hiv<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVG>cycling <w NN1>stadium <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>.
<s n="1981"><w AT0>The <w NN2>detentions <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>roundup <w PRF>of <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>police <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="1982"><w PRP>Between <w CRD>1940 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1944 <w DT0>some <w CRD>76,000 <w NN2>Jews <w VBD>were <w VVN>deported <w PRP>from <w NP0>France <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w NN2>camps<c PUN>; <w CRD>2,600 <w VVD>survived<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1983"><w AT0>The <w NN1>occasion <w VVD>prompted <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mitterrand <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>recognize <w AV0>officially <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>Vichy <w NN1-VVB>state <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>rather than <w VVG-AJ0>occupying <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>forces<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN1>persecution <w PRF>of <w CJC>and <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w NN2>Jews<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1984"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>April <w NN1>controversy <w AJ0-VVG>surrounding <w NN1-VVG>dropping <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Touvier <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38891<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLMCA053></p>
<caption id=HLMCA053>
<s n="1985"><w NN1>Reform <w PRF>of <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>code
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1986"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN2>chapters <w CRD>I<c PUN>, <w CRD>II<c PUN>, <w CRD>III <w CJC>and <w CRD>IV <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>code <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>under <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>scrutiny <w PRP>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1987"><w NN1>Chapter <w ZZ0>V<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w PRP>with a view to <w AT0>the <w NN1>code <w VVG>coming <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1988"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>chapters <w VVN>covered <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN2>principles<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2>offences <w PRP>against <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN2>offences <w PRP>against <w NN1>property<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w NN2>offences <w PRP>against <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w PRP>against <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="1989"><w NN2>Areas <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>, <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w NN1>humanity<c PUN>, <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>minors<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>rape<c PUN>, <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>organized <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>such as <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>harassment<c PUN>, <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w NN2>graves<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA054></p>
<caption id=HLMCA054>
<s n="1990"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1991"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w DPS>their <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>to <w NP0>Unedic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1-VVB>benefit <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>0.4 <w NN0>per cent <w DT0>each <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN2>payments <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PRP>out of <w NN1>work <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>four <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="1992"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w VVN>calculated <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NP0>Unedic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>position <w PRP>by <w UNC>F25,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>end-1992 <w CJC>and <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NP0>Unedic<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>funded <w AV0>entirely <w PRP>by <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>run <w PRP>out of <w NN2>funds <w PRP>by <w NP0>October <w CJS-PRP>as <w VM0>would <w AV0>otherwise <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
<s n="1993"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1994"><w NN1>Unemployment <w VVD>rose <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>to <w CRD>2,920,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>10.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>force<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA055></p>
<caption id=HLMCA055>
<s n="1995"><w NN1>Assistance <w PRP>to <w NN2>farmers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1996"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>measures <w PRP>for <w NN2>farmers <c PUL>(<w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<w POS>' <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1997"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>farming <w NN1>land <c PUL>(<w PRP>worth <w UNC>F930 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>debt <w NN1>relief <c PUL>(<w PRP>worth <w UNC>F1,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993-95<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>mountainous <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1998"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1999"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2000"><w NN1>ETA <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w NN1>truce
</head>
<p>
<s n="2001"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>government <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-month <w NN1>truce <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Euzkadi <w ITJ>ta <w NP0>Askatasuna <c PUL>(<w NN1>ETA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2002"><w AT0>The <w NN1>offer <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>news <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Olympic <w NN2>Games <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>in <w NP0>Barcelona<c PUN>.
<s n="2003"><w NN1>ETA <w VVD>declared <w PNX>itself <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-month<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>detente<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>government <w VVG>agreeing <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>contacts<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2004"><w DT0>These <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>conversations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2005"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>response <w AV0>merely <w VVD-VVN>restated <w DPS>its <w AV0>previously <w VVN-AJ0>declared <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="2006"><w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Narc&iacute;s <w NP0>Serra <w NP0>Serra <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w NN1>thing <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w VVG-NN1>killing<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2007"><w PNP>He <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w NN1>ETA<w POS>'s <w NN1>offer<c PUN>.
<s n="2008"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>concern <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>ETA <w VM0>might <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>strike <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Expo <w CRD>92 <w AJ0>Universal <w NN1>Exhibition <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seville<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Olympic <w NN2>Games <w PRP>in <w NP0>Barcelona <c PUL>(<w NP0>July <w NP0>25-Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA056></p>
<caption id=HLMCA056>
<s n="2009"><w NN2>Olympics <w NN1>controversy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2010"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Catalonia <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Olympic <w NN2>Games <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Barcelona<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>publicize <w AT0>the <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Catalan <w NN1>nationalism<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>.
<s n="2011"><w NN2>Officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSOE<c PUR>) <w VVD>observed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>contributed <w AV0>just <w AV0>over <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Games<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>flying <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Catalan <w NN1>flag <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Catalan <w CJS>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>official <w NN2>languages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Games <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>outset<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2012"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2013"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2014"><w NN1>Assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Borsellino
</head>
<p>
<s n="2015"><w NP0-NN1>Paolo <w NP0-NN1>Borsellino<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palermo<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1>bomb <w VBD>was <w VVN>detonated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>remote <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Palermo <w NN1>street<c PUN>.
<s n="2016"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0-NN1>Giovanni <w NP0-NN1>Falcone <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>23 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38896<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Borsellino <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>tipped <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>probable <w NN1>appointee <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>anti-Mafia <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>body <w VVN>planned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2017"><w AT0>The <w NN1>killing <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Giuliano <w NP0-NN1>Amato <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0>Luigi <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>bombs <w VVN-VVD>targeted <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Falcone <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Borsellino <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>two <w NN2>aggressions <w VVN>filled <w PRP>with <w NN1>cowardice <w CJC>and <w NN1>blood <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2018"><w NN1-NP0>Borsellino<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>block <w PRF>of <w NN2>flats <w CJS-AVQ>where <w DPS>his <w NN1>mother <w CJC>and <w NN1>sister <w VVD>lived<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>killed <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>bodyguards<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman<c PUN>.
<s n="2019"><w AT0>The <w NN1>funeral <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>bodyguards <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Palermo <w NN1>cathedral <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w AJ0>angry <w NN2>outbursts <w PRP>by <w NN2>mourners <w PRP>against <w NN1>government <w NN2>figures <w VVG>attending<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>included <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Amato<c PUN>.
<s n="2020"><w NN1-NP0>Borsellino<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>family <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>funeral<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>buried <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2021"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>seven <w NP0>Palermo <w NN2>magistrates <w VVD>announced <w DPS>their <w NN2>resignations <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>inability <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>.
<s n="2022"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Giovanni <w NP0-NN1>Lizzio<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-Mafia <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Catania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sicily<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w NN2>motorcycles<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA057></p>
<caption id=HLMCA057>
<s n="2023"><w NN1>Deployment <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2024"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w CRD>7,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sicily<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>deployment <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>post-war <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>.
<s n="2025"><w AT0>The <w NN1>force<w POS>'s <w NN1>mandate <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>year <w AV0>at most<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA058></p>
<caption id=HLMCA058>
<s n="2026"><w NN1>Investigation <w PRF>of <w NP0>De <w NP0-NN1>Michelis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2027"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Venice <w VVD>joined <w NP0>Milan <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w AJ0>local <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w AJ0>cross-party <w NN2>webs <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="2028"><w NP0>Gianni <w NP0>De <w NP0>Michelis <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AV0>usually <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>for <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2029"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w NP0>De <w NP0>Michelis<w POS>'s <w NN2>aides<c PUN>, <w NP0>Giorgio <w NP0>Casadei<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Veneto<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gianfranco <w NP0>Cremonese <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>&mdash;DC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w AV0>likewise <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>contravening <w NN2>laws <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Venice <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>principally <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>understanding <w PRP>between <w AJ0>local <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>by <w NN2>businessmen <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>award <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>in <w NN1>motorway <w NN1>construction <w CJC>and <w NN0>waterworks <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
<s n="2031"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Michelis <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>entirely <w AJ0>innocent <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2032"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w AV0>at least <w CRD>23 <w NN1>investigation <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>arrest <w VVZ-NN2>warrants <w PRP>against <w NN2>businessmen <w CJC>and <w NN2>politicians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Venice <w CJC>and <w AV0>about <w CRD>70 <w NN1-VVB>arrest <w VVZ-NN2>warrants <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan<c PUN>.
<s n="2033"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Florence<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gianni <w NP0>Conti <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2034"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>11 <w NN1>city <w NN2>councillors <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Reggio <w NP0>Calabria<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA059></p>
<caption id=HLMCA059>
<s n="2035"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>council <w CJC>and <w AJ0>continuing <w NN2>arrests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2036"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>city <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Milan <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38896<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVG>avoiding <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2037"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>council <w VVD>retained <w NP0>Pietro <w NP0>Borghini <c PUL>(<w NN1>PSI<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w NN1>mayor <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>contained <w CRD>six <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>technocrats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w CRD>five <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2038"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Chiesa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>PSI <w NN1>official <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w VHD>had <w VVN>sparked <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>enquiries<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w VVG-AJ0>examining <w NN2>magistrates <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>spring <w PRF>of <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Bettino <w NP0-NN1>Craxi <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>support<c PUN>, <w AV0>financially <w CJC>and <w AV0>organizationally<c PUN>, <w NP0>Craxi<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w NP0>Bobo <w NP0-NN1>Craxi <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>city <w NN1>council <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="2039"><w NP0-NN1>Chiesa <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VBN>been <w VVN>rewarded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>directorship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pio <w NP0>Albergo <w NP0>Trivulzio <w AJ0>old <w NN0>people<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
<s n="2040"><w NN2>Craxi <w VVD>repudiated <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chiesa <w PNX>himself <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>to <w NN2>magistrates <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>distorted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2041"><w CJS>As <w NN2>arrests <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salvatore <w NP0-NN1>Ligresti<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>financier<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>into <w NN1>custody <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w VVD>admitted <w VVG-AJ0>paying <w NN2>bribes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Milan <w NN2>politicians <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&pound;500,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2042"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>18 <w AT0>a <w NN1>warrant <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Silvio <w NP0>Lega<c PUN>, <w NP0>DC <w AJ0-NN1>assistant <w NN1>secretary <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>for <w NP0>Turin<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05A>
<s n="2043"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies<w POS>' <w NN1>immunity
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2044"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w VVI>face <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w CJC>and <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan<c PUN>.
<s n="2045"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chamber <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN2>magistrates <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2046"><w DT0>Those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w DPS>their <w NN1>immunity <w VVN>waived <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVN>noted <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>figures<c PUN>: <w NP0>Carlo <w NP0>Tognoli <c PUL>(<w NN1>PSI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tourism <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN1>PSI <w NN2>members <w NP0>Paolo <w NP0-NN1>Pillitteri <w CJC>and <w NP0>Renato <w NP0>Massari<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Del <w NP0-NN1>Pennino <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Gianni <w NN1-NP0>Cervetti <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2047"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VVD-VVN>received <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>requests <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>on <w CRD>four <w DT0>more <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>De <w NP0-NN1>Michelis<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>13 <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Milan <w NN2>magistrates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>investigated <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05B>
<s n="2049"><w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2050"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vincenzo <w NP0>Scotti <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CRD>four <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w VVD>prompted <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>.
<s n="2051"><w NP0>Scotti<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Colombo<c PUN>, <w CRD>72<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2052"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Scalfaro <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w VVD>described <w NP0>Scotti<w POS>'s <w NN1>action <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sign <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>factional <w NN2>interests<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>priority<c PUN>, <w VVG>coming <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w NN2>Scotti <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NP0>Naples <w NN1>constituency <w PRP>as <w NN1>deputy <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1-NP0>DC <w NN1>policy <w CJT>that <w NN2>ministers <w VM0>should <w VVI>resign <w DPS>their <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05C>
<s n="2054"><w NN1>Emergency <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2055"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>under <w NP0>Amato <w VVD>demonstrated <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w PRP>by <w VVG>pushing <w AVP>through<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>before <w NN1>parliament<w POS>'s <w NN1>summer <w NN1-VVB>break<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-VVB>budget <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-VVB>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2056"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w AT0>a <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>294 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>228<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>tabling <w PRF>of <w CRD>651 <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>amendments <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DPS>its <w AJ0>slim <w AJ0-NN1>16-seat <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>test <w PRP>by <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>.
<s n="2057"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comfortable <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w CRD>157 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>89<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w UNC>L30,000,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;26,900 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>through <w AJ0>one-off <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>on <w NN1>bank <w NN2>deposits <w CJC>and <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>stamp <w NN1>duty <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN2>passports <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>licences<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>spending <w NN2>cuts <w VVN>achieved <w AV0>especially <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN1>employment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="2059"><w AJ0-VVG>Accompanying <w NN2>decrees <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w NN2>changes <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service <w NN1>employment<c PUN>, <w NN2>pensions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>health <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="2060"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>pensionable <w NN1>age <w VBD>was <w VVN>raised <w PRP>to <w CRD>65 <w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w NN2>women <c PUL>(<w PRP>from <w CRD>60 <w CJC>and <w CRD>55 <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>contribution <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>15 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-NN1>curbing <w NN1>pension <w VVZ>abuses <w AJ0>rife <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2061"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w NN2>employers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scala <w NN1>mobile<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>since <w CRD>1946 <w VHD>had <w VVN>guaranteed <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>workers <w NN1-VVB>wage <w VVZ-NN2>rises <w PRP>in line with <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>.
<s n="2062"><w NP0>Bruno <w NP0>Trentin<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>CGIL <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>after <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w DT0>many <w NN1>union <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN1>dissatisfaction<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05D>
<s n="2063"><w NN1>Privatization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2064"><w PRP>On <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w CRD>23 <w NP0>July <w VVD>backtracked <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>large <w NN1-AJ0>holding <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>combine <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w CRD>four <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>state <w NN2-VVZ>concerns<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w AJ0>other <w NN2>interests <w AV0>at present <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="2065"><w CJS-PRP>After <w NN1>anxiety <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>bankers <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>uncertain <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w ORD>fifth <w NN1-VVB>state <w AJ0>holding <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Efim<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>unilaterally <w VVN>declared <w AT0>a <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>debts<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w VBD>was <w VVN>owed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w NP0>IRI<c PUN>, <w NP0>ENI<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>ENEL <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>INA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w VVB>become <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>stock <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>under <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2066"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2067"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2068"><w NN1>Removal <w PRF>of <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</head>
<p>
<s n="2069"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-VVB>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2070"><w AT0>The <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>prohibited <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980 <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w DPS>its <w NN1>membership <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>on to <w VVD>found <w AT0>the <w AJ0>True <w NN1>Path <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;DYP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w AT0>The <w AV0>longer <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>outlawed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1960<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AV0>also <w VVN>decreed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2072"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>activities <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>indivisibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2073"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05E>
<s n="2074"><w ORD>First <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>15-17 <w NP0-NN1>Chaim <w NP0-NN1>Herzog <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w PNP>He <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0>&Ouml;zal <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>reception <w VVG>commemorating <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey <w CRD>500 <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Sephardim <w NN2>Jews <w VVG>fleeing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>inquisition<c PUN>.
<s n="2077"><w VVB-NN1>Herzog <w AV0>also <w VHD>had <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Suleyman <w NN1-NP0>Demirel<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2078"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2079"><w NP0>AUSTRIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2080"><w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Klestil<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38929<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2081"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>restored <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>downgraded <w DPS>its <w NN1>representation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>charg&eacute; d'affaires <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurt <w NP0>Waldheim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>conceal <w DPS>his <w NN1>wartime <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2082"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2083"><w NP0>DENMARK-RUSSIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2084"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>diplomat <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>for <w NN2>activities <w AJ0>incompatible <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="2085"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Danish <w NN2>citizens <w AV0>abroad <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>used <w DT0>these <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w AJ0>false <w NN2>papers<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w NN1>source<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Copenhagen <w NN1>city <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2086"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2087"><w NP0>EFTA-ISRAEL
</head>
<p>
<s n="2088"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-member <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>) <w VVD>initialled <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>processed <w NN1>farm <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w NN0>fish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>marine <w NN2>products <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w AV0>also <w VVD>included <w NN2>clauses <w PRP>on <w AJ0>intellectual <w NN1>property <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w AJ0>public <w NN1>procurement<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>monopolies <w CJC>and <w NN1>state <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2089"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2090"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<p>
<s n="2091"><w CRD>One <w NN1>person <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w NP0>Athens <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-tank <w NN1>rocket <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN-AJ0>missed <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Ioannis <w NN2>Paleokrassas<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>17 <w NN1>group <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Constitution <w NP0>Square<c PUN>, <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Athens<c PUN>.
<s n="2092"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rocket<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>fired <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>building<c PUN>, <w VVD>touched <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>car <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>set <w NN1>fire <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>car<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2093"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2094"><w NP0>MALTA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2095"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Fenech <w NP0>Adami <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>, <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN1>acceptance <w PRP>for <w NP0>Malta<w POS>'s <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w NN1>membership<c PUN>; <w NP0>Malta<w POS>'s <w NN1>application <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVI>come <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w NN1>review <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2096"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2097"><w NP0>NORWAY
</head>
<p>
<s n="2098"><w NP0>Arne <w NP0>Treholt<c PUN>, <w CRD>49<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1985 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w NN1>espionage <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34113<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>pardoned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w ORD>second <w NN1>wife <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG-AJ0>suffering <w PRP>from <w NN1>depression<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2099"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2100"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2101"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors
</head>
<p>
<s n="2102"><w AT0>The <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>military <w NN1>attack <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>diminished <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>granted <w NN1>permission <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>neutral<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>, <w VVN>drawn <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w AT0>a <w NN1>search <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="2103"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inspection <w VVD>produced <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>about <w DTQ>which <w NN2>suspicions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>.
<s n="2104"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>major <w NN1>crisis <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38451<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>involving <w NN1>access <w PRP>by <w AJ0>international <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors <w VVG>acting <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2105"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Karen <w NP0>Jansen <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>refused <w NN1>entry <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Irrigation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>.
<s n="2106"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>ordered <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
<s n="2107"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD-VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Englund<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="2108"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Jansen <w VVD>left <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>after <w VVG>delegating <w DPS>her <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>to <w DT0>another <w NP0>US <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Silver<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>team<w POS>'s <w NN1>vigil <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <c PUL>(<w PRP>until <w NP0>July <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>team <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>in <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w AJ0>physical <w NN2>reprisals <w PRP>from <w AJ0>anti-US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-UN <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2109"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>advertising <w NN1>agency<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w VVD>indicated <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>obstruct <w AJC>further <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspections<c PUN>.
<s n="2110"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w AJ0>special <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rolf <w NP0>Ekeus<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fruitless <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2111"><w NN2>Signs <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>position <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="2112"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Tariq <w NP0>Aziz<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w NP0>Ekeus<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>invite <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>experts <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w CJC>or <w AJ0>non-aligned <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2113"><w PRP>Since <w NP0>mid-July <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN1>speculation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imminent <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>allies<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>warning <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
<s n="2114"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>spokesman <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>stand-off <w PRP>between <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>about <w AV0>as <w AJ0>serious <w CJS>as <w AV0>any <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>faced<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2115"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>war <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>cancelled <w DT0>all <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>engagements <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2116"><w VVG>Responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0-NN1>Amir <w NN1>al-Anbari<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>throwing <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w CJC>or <w CRD>two<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>city <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unlikely <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w DPS>its <w NN1>stance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2117"><w AJ0>Intensive <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w VVD>led <w AV0>finally <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w VVG>confirming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>team <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>impartial<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>.
<s n="2118"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Hamzah <w NP0>al-Zubaydi <w VVD>described <w DT0>this <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>brilliant <w NN1>victory<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2119"><w NN0>Ekeus <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>picking <w AT0>the <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>took <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVB>account <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>sensibilities<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w VVG>compromising <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inspection<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2120"><w AT0>The <w ORD>13th <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Cooper<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05F>
<s n="2121"><w AJ0>Renewed <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2122"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>letter <w VVN-VVD>addressed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>renewed <w DPS>its <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN1>trade <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w DPS>its <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>under <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w VVG>Referring <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strict <w AJ0>UN-imposed <w NN2>conditions <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>oil <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38985<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>benefiting <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>revenues<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2124"><w NN2>Efforts <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-July <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>oil <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <w VVD>failed <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>turned <w PRP-AVP>down <w NP0>UN <w NN2>conditions <w VVG>demanding <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>oil <w NN2>exports <w VBI>be <w VVN>channelled <w PRP>through <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w NN1>terminal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ceyhan <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mina <w NP0-NN1>al-Bakr<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2125"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>drawn <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AJC>closer <w NN1>monitoring <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>following <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>.
<s n="2126"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>came <w PRP>amid <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w VVG>initiating <w DPS>its <w AJ0>post-war <w NN1>reconstruction <w NN1>programme <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>sanctions-busting <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2127"><w AJ0>Widespread <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>discontent <w PRP>with <w AJ0>soaring <w NN1>food <w NN2>prices <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w NN1>food <w NN2>merchants <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>profiteering<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05G>
<s n="2128"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2129"><w AJ0>Key <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w VVG>mounting <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>sanctions <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2130"><w NP0>Majid <w NP0>Abd <w NP0-NN1>Ja'far <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Husayn <w NP0-NN1>Khudayyir<c PUN>.
<s n="2131"><w NP0-NN1>Khudayyir<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w VBD>was <w VVN>assumed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Kazim <w NP0-NN1>al-Sahhaf<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2132"><w NP0>Huma <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Khahaliq <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Ghafur<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Abd <w AJ0-NN1>al-Razzaq <w NN1-NP0>Qasim <w NN1>al-Hashimi <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Scientific <w NN1>Research<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05H>
<s n="2133"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>Council <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Kurdish <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2134"><w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>formed <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <w AV0>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38934<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2135"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>16-member <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>under <w NP0>Fuad <w NP0>Maasum<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>politburo <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>authority <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>task <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2137"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>400 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>wounded <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>explosion <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w NN2>police <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>oil <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Kirkuk<c PUN>.
<s n="2138"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Danielle <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w NN1>wife <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>with <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>injuries <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>car-bomb <w NN1>attack <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Sulaimaniya <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>four <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w AJ0>Unknown <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w NN1>shot <w CJC>and <w VVD>killed <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>guard <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>remote <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05J>
<s n="2140"><w NP0>US <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2141"><w CRD>Six <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w VVG>representing <w NN2>Kurds<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shias <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sunnis <w VVD>met <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w PNP>US <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2142"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>brigade <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>elite <w NN1>Republican <w NN2>Guards<c PUN>.
<s n="2143"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>INA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>groundless<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w VHD>had <w VVN>triggered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>purge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>officer <w NN0>corps<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2144"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>government <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN1>minority <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>after <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>investigators <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Iraq <w PRF>of <w AV0>indiscriminately <w VVG>bombing <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2145"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2146"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2147"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK
</head>
<p>
<s n="2148"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>230 <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPs<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>signing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exiled <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Resistance<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mojahedin-e <w NP0>Khalq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2149"><w AT0>The <w NN2>MPs<w POS>' <w NN1>statement <w VVD>condemned <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>record <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1>air <w NN1>raid <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NP0>Mojahedin <w NN1-VVB>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38887<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2150"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w NN2>statements <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mojahedin<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>terroristic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>activities <w PRP>within <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w DPS>their <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>suppressing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>uprising <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2151"><w AT0>A <w ORD>third <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>embassy <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VHG>having<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>violated <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>norms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2152"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>Iranians <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>activity <w NN1>&mdash;two <w VVG>working <w PRP>without <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>status <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>embassy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w AT0>a <w NN1>student <w NN1-VVB>&mdash;whose <w NN1>presence <w AT0>the <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w VVD>said <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0>conducive <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w NN2>reasons <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2153"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>suggested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVB-NN1>press <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>expulsions <w VBD>were <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>writer <w NP0>Salman <w NP0>Rushdie <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38984<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05K>
<s n="2154"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Guidance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NN1>minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2155"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Guidance<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Khatami<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>basis <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ali <w NP0-NN1>Larijani<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2156"><w NP0>Khatami<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rumoured <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>newspapers <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w PNP>him <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leniency<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>corrupt<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Westernized<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>intellectuals <w CJC>and <w NN2>artists<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile<c PUN>.
<s n="2157"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w NN1>resignation <c PUL>(<w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>18<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Khatami <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>stubborness <w CJC>and <w NN1>lawlessness<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>clergymen <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>leftist <w NN2>revolutionaries<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>harmful <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>revolution <w CJC>and <w AJ0>true <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>values<c PUN>.
<s n="2158"><w NN2>Khatami <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>since <w CRD>mid-1991 <w PRP>on <w NN1>newspaper <w NN2>offices <w PRP>by <w NN2>groups <w VVG>claiming <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>values<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05L>
<s n="2159"><w NN1>Controversy <w AV0>over <w CRD>1988 <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>airbus
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2160"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>broadcast <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>television <w NN1>company <w NP0-NN1>ABC <w NN1>News <w VVD>provoked <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>warship <w NP0>Vincennes <w VVD>shot <w AVP>down <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>airliner <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36169-70<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2161"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>services <w NN1>committee <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Sam <w NP0>Nunn <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ABC <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>by <w NP0>Adml. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>William <w NP0>Crowe<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w NN2>Chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vincennes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>waters <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>fired <w AT0>the <w NN1>missile<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>waters <w CJS>as <w AV0>previously <w VVN>claimed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2162"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2163"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2164"><w NN1>Law <w VVG>approving <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>US <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w NN2>violations
</head>
<p>
<s n="2165"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>law <w VVG>lifting <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>23 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="2166"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>anticipated <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AV0>following <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>charter <w VVG>sanctioning <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38311<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>political <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN2>provisions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38888<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2167"><w NN2>Critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>alleged<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w AV0>merely <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w AJ0>political <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w AJ0>unacceptable <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN2>nationalists<c PUN>.
<s n="2168"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>law <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algeria <w VM0>would <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>Islamist <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>won <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37052-53<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>mount <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra-parliamentary <w NN1>challenge<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2169"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>at least <w CRD>50 <w AJ0-VVG>founding <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>an <w NN1>undertaking <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w TO0>to <w VVI>qualify <w PRP>for <w NN1>registration<c PUN>.
<s n="2170"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w AV0>also <w VVD>barred <w NN2>parties <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1>funding <w PRP>from <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05M>
<s n="2171"><w NP0>US <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w NN2>violations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2172"><w NN1>Information <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0>al-Sharif <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w VVD-AJ0>denied <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Jordan <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w DPS>its <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>following <w NP0>US <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2173"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w NN2>options<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w VVG-NN1>policing <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>guards<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>goods <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi-Jordanian <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2174"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>about <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>deteriorating <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>back <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w VVB-NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>.
<s n="2175"><w DT0>Such <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>mooted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Gates<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>CIA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Jordan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2176"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>recently <w VVN-AJ0>reported <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>against <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39026<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2177"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2178"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <w NN1>PEACE <w NN1>PROCESS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2179"><w NN1>Policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="2180"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour-led <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>improving <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>expectation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AV0>less <w AJ0>intransigent <w NN1>stance <w CJS>than <w DPS>its <w NN1>predecessor <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2181"><w AJ0>Outgoing <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Yitzak <w NP0>Shamir <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0-NN1>Ma'ariv<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>carried <w AVP>on <w NN1>autonomy <w NN2>talks <w PRP>for <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AV0>meanwhile <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>reached <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>souls <w PRP>in <w NP0>Judea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Samaria <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="2182"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJC>Greater <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>attained <w PRP>over <w NN1>time<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2183"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>strengthen <w CJC>and <w VVI>build <w AVP>up <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>confrontation <w NN2>lines<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w DPS>their <w NN1>security <w NN1>importance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>metropolitan <w NN1>Jersualem<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2184"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>confrontation <w NN2>lines<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jordan <w NN1-NP0>Valley <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights<c PUN>.
<s n="2185"><w NP0>Rabin <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Jerusalem <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiable <w NN1>issue<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w PNP>He <w VVD>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Amman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Damascus <w CJC>or <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VM0>might <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Jerusalem <w PRP>for <w AJ0>informal <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2187"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>autonomy<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>ceded <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="2188"><w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w XX0>not <w VVG>talking <w PRF>of <w AJ0>municipal <w NN1>autonomy <w NN1>&mdash;they <w AV0>almost <w VHB>have <w DT0>that <w NN1>&mdash;but <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-rule <w CJS>as <w VBZ>is <w VVN>written <w CJC>and <w VVD>spelled <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camp <w NP0>David <w VVZ-NN2>accords<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2189"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>retreated <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>pledge <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>general <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>a <w NN1>pledge <w PRP-AVP>on<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2190"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>treated<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>gravity<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>its <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>promise <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>within <w CRD>nine <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05N>
<s n="2191"><w NP0-NN1>Meretz<w POS>'s <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2192"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Meretz <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39028<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>recognized <w NP0>Meretz<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>differ <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>points<c PUN>.
<s n="2193"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <w NN1>advocacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Palestinian<w VBZ>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>demilitarized <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>participation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w CJS>once <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>recognized <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>ceased <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05P>
<s n="2194"><w VVB-NN1>Freeze <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>new <w NN1>building <w NN2>contracts <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>contracts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2195"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Housing <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Benyamin <w NP0>Ben-Eliezer <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN1>building <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVN>signed <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>housing <w NN2-VVZ>needs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2196"><w DT0>This <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>affected <w AV0>up to <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w CRD>12 <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w NN2>settlements <w AJ0>&mdash;some <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>ones <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>new <w NN2>settlements<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2197"><w NP0>Ben-Eliezer <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NN2>contracts <w AV0>already <w VVN>signed <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w CRD>14,000 <w NN1-VVG>housing <w NN2>units<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>construction<c PUN>.
<s n="2198"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>resubmitted <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DPS>its <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w NN1>loan <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees <w VVG>enabling <w NP0>Israel <w TO0>to <w VVI>borrow <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37939<c PUN>; <w CRD>38023<c PUN>; <w CRD>38452<c PUN>; <w CRD>38787<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2199"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w VVZ-NN2>contracts <w AV0>already <w VVN>signed <w PRP>for <w CRD>6,681 <w NN2>homes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD-AJ0>concerned<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>rather than<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>.
<s n="2200"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>8,781 <w NN1-VVG>housing <w NN2>units <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w NN1>construction <w VHD>had <w AV0>actually <w VVN>begun<c PUN>, <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w CRD>1,686 <w NN2>units <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>built <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>greater <w NP0>Jerusalem <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2201"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Peace <w AV0>Now <w NN1>organization <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>representatives <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>decision <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>120,000 <w NN2>settlers <w PRP>in <w CRD>140 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>strip <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>50,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2202"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>committee <w VM0>would <w VVI>review <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>benefits <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05R>
<s n="2203"><w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>reactions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2204"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>negotiators<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hannan <w NP0>Ashrawi<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Baker <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jerusalem <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w VVD>described <w NP0>Rabin<w POS>'s <w NN1>move <w PRP>towards <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>freeze <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>encouraging<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w DT0>This <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>retreat <w PRP>from <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>calls <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>team <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
<s n="2206"><w NN2>Ashrawi <w VVD>asserted<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w PRP>through <w NP0>US <w NN1>loan <w NN2>guarantees <w VBD>were <w VVN>channelled <w PRP>into <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>disqualify <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>role <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>peace-broker<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2207"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>governments <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0>Baker <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>distinction <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rabin <w PRP>between<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>receive <w AJ0>official <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>funded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2208"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>leadership <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20-21 <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>imminent <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>council<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="2209"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>team <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w NN2>assurances <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>co-sponsors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Madrid <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>period <c PUL>(<w PRP>according to <w NP0>Ziyad <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Ziyad <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>radio <w NP0>July <w CRD>6<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2210"><w NP0>PLO <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w VVD>said<c PUN>: <w NP0>Rabin<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHZ>has <w VVN>admitted <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>settlements <w VBB>are <w AJ0>illegitimate<c PUN>.
<s n="2211"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>step<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05S>
<s n="2212"><w NP0>Baker<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2213"><w NP0>Baker <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19-23<c PUN>.
<s n="2214"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w PNP>he <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>Rabin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peres<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>negotiators<c PUN>.
<s n="2215"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Amman <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>continued <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVN>regarded <w DT0>all <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>obstacles <w PRP>to <w NN1>peace<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>distinguish <w PRP>between<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2216"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>proposed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>freeze <w CJC>or <w NN1>suspension<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Arabs <w VM0>should <w VVI>consider <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equivalent <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2217"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mubarak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w NN1>valley<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NP0>President <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Hrawi<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05T>
<s n="2218"><w NP0>Rabin<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Egypt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2219"><w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="2220"><w NP0-NN1>Mubarak <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1-VVB>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN1>direction<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJC>but <w DT0>more <w VBZ>is <w VVN>needed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2221"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05U>
<s n="2222"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>24-25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>government <w VVD>hosted <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w AJ0>political <w NN1>department <w NP0>Farouq <w NP0-NN1>Qaddumi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Faisal <w NP0>al-Husseini <w CJC>and <w NN1>delegation <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Haider <w NN1>Abdel-Shafi<c PUN>.
<s n="2224"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVD>agreed <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>asserted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>illegitimacy <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>settlement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w CJC>and <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full <w NP0>UN <w NN1>participation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>effective <w NP0>EC <w NN1>participation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2225"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2226"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2227"><w NN1>Coalition <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="2228"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Israel <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="2229"><w NN1>Labour <w VBD>was <w VVN>joined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>left-Zionist <w NN1-NP0>Meretz <w NN1>grouping <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ultra-orthodox <w NP0>Shas <c PUL>(<w AJ0>International <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Torah-observant <w AJ0>Sephardic <w NN2>Jews<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2230"><w NP0-NN1>Meretz <w VHD>had <w CRD>three <w NN2>components <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;Mapam<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shinui <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Party<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ratz <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>Citizens<w POS>' <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Movement<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2231"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Labour-led <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>secured <w AT0>the <w AJ0>passive <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NP0>Knesset <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Hadash <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>ADP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2232"><w PRP>With <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w CRD>67<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="2233"><w NP0>Rabin <w VHD>had <w AV0>formally <w VVN>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>inter-party <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38946<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2234"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>17-member <w NN1>Cabinet <w CRD>13 <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w PRP>from <w NP0>Meretz <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>component <w NN2>parties<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>from <w NP0>Shas<c PUN>.
<s n="2235"><w NP0>Shimon <w NP0>Peres<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabin<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>rival <w PRP>for <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38787<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AV0>previously <c PUL>(<w CRD>1986-88<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2236"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Shulamit <w NP0-NN1>Aloni<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Meretz <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>controversial <w PRP>in <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>circles<c PUN>.
<s n="2237"><w PRP>From <w CRD>1974 <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NP0>Knesset <w NN1>member <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ratz<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AV0>strongly <w NN1>secularist <w NN2>policies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Meretz<w POS>'s <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>agreement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38946<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2238"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arie <w NP0>Der'i<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan-born <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shas<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>alone <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w VHG>having <w AV0>also <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2239"><w NP0-NN1>Avraham <w NP0-NN1>Shochat<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>technocrat <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>advocate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w ORD>first <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NP0>Knesset <w NN1>member <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="2240"><w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>kept <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>under <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLMCA05V><s n="2241"><w VVB>Itzshak <w NP0>Rabin <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Labour<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Avraham <w NP0>Shohat <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0-NN1>Aryeh <w NP0-NN1>Der'i <c PUL>(<w NP0>Shas<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NP0-NN1>Shulamit <w NP0-NN1>Aloni <c PUL>(<w NP0>Meretz<c PUR>) <w NN1>Education <w NP0-NN1>Micha <w NN1>Harish <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NP0>David <w NP0>Libai <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Moshe <w NP0>Shahal <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NN2>Police <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w VVB>Haim <w NP0-NN1>Ramon <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NN1>Health <w NP0-NN1>Benyamin <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Eliezer <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w VVG>Housing <w NP0>Yisrael <w NP0>Kessar <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>Transport <w NP0>Ora <w NP0>Namir <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NN1>Environment <w NP0-NN1>Yair <w NP0-NN1>Tzaban <c PUL>(<w NP0>Meretz<c PUR>) <w NN1>Immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Absorption <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0-NN1>Shitrit <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Development <w NP0-NN1>Uzi <w NP0-NN1>Baram <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NN1>Tourism <w NP0>Ya'akov <w NP0>Tzur <c PUL>(<w NN1>Lab<c PUR>) <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0-NN1>Amnon <w NP0>Rubinstein <c PUL>(<w NP0>Meretz<c PUR>) <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Infrastructure
</p>
<caption id=HLMCA05V>
<s n="2242"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2243"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2244"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2245"><w NN2>Fatah-Hamas <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="2246"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fatah <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>mainstream <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hamas <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2247"><w PRP>Since <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>July <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>organizations <w VHD>had <w VVN>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khan <w NP0-NN1>Yunis <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w PNI-CRD>one <w AJ0>17-year-old <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w CRD>90 <w AJ0-VVD>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="2248"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PRF>of <w NP0>Haider <w NN1>Abdel-Shafi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>team <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Middle <w NN1>east <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>install <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>permanent<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>committees <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38984<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05W>
<s n="2249"><w NN1>University <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nablus <w NN1-VVB>seige
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2250"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14-17 <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NP0>An-Najah <w NN1>University <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nablus <w VBD>was <w VVN>surrounded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>closed <w AJ0>military <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
<s n="2251"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>2,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w NN2>lecturers <w CJC>and <w NN1>university <w NN2>workers <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AV0>inside<c PUN>, <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to <w NN2>searches <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>exits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>campus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>arrested <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>man <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>university<c PUN>.
<s n="2253"><w AV0>Later <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w AJ0-VVD>armed <w NN1-NP0>Fatah <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>campus <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>sway <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w NN1>student <w NN1>council <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2254"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w CRD>six <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>men <w VVN-VVD>surrendered <w PRP>to <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>mediation <w AV0>notably <w PRP>by <w NP0>Faisal <w NP0>al-Husseini <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saeb <w NP0-NN1>Erakat<c PUN>.
<s n="2255"><w AT0>The <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS>as <w AJ0>local <w NN1-NP0>Fatah <w NN2>activists <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w PRP>for <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>collaborators<c PUN>, <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>voluntarily <w VVN>expelled<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>frontier <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05X>
<s n="2256"><w NP0>EC <w VVZ-NN2>grants <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>housing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2257"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>representatives <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Husseini <w PRP>according to <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>granted <w UNC>US&dollar;35,000,000 <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>instalment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;54,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>grant <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,200 <w NN1-VVG>housing <w NN2>units <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="2258"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w VVD-VVN>accorded <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVZ>credits <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&dollar;20,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NN2>investments <w PRP>in <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLMCA05Y>
<s n="2259"><w NN2>Assassinations <w PRF>of <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2260"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fatah <w NN2>militias <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Madi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>drove <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sidon <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Ain <w NN1>Helweh <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
<s n="2261"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w NN2>gunmen <w VVN-VVD>assassinated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w NP0>Walid <w VVD-AJ0>Khaled<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fatah <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mainstream <w NN1-NP0>Fatah <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sabri <w NP0>Khalil <w NP0>al <w NP0>Banna <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Nidal<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2262"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2263"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2264"><w NN2>Preparations <w PRP>for <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="2265"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w NN2>dates <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unicameral <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NP0>Lebanon<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>since <w CRD>1972<c PUN>.
<s n="2266"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2267"><w AJ0-NN1>Rightist <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>organizations <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>insist <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="2268"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>LF<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w NP0>Samir <w NP0>Geagea <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>voting <w VBI>be <w VVN>delayed <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN2>populations <w VVN>displaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <c PUL>(<w CRD>1975-1990<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w DT0>former <w NN2>homes<c PUN>.
<s n="2269"><w PRP>In <w DT0>most <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>observed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>by <w NP0>Geagea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dory <w NP0-NN1>Chamoun<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2270"><w NN1>Voting <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <c PUL>(<w NN2>constituencies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>governorates <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <c PUL>(<w NN2-VVZ>governorates <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beirut <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mount <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <c PUL>(<w NN2-VVZ>governorates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nabatiyah<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2271"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>Taif <w NN1-VVB>accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36986<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w CRD>128 <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w CRD>108 <w VVD>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taif <w NN2-VVZ>accords <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN1>amendment <w PRF>of <w NN1>election <w NN1>law <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38214<c PUN>; <w CRD>38311<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2272"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Halim <w NP0>Khaddam <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Beirut <w NN1>newspaper <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VM0>shall <w AV0>still <w VBI>be <w AV0>here <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AV0>beyond<c PUN>&hellip; <w PNP>we <w VM0>shall <w VVI>stay<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w AJ0>complete<c PUN>.
<s n="2273"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Document <w VVG>encapsulating <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taif <w VVZ-NN2>Accords<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>state <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>period <w XX0>not <w VVG>exceeding <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Document<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w NN1>Reconciliation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms <w AV0>constitutionally<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2274"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>period <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>governments<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>decide <w TO0>to <w VVI>redeploy <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w NN1>area<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>other <w NN2>points <w CJS>as <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>agreement <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38214<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2275"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>organization <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taif <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>.
<s n="2276"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSP<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>Druze <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Walid <w NP0>Jumblatt <w VHD>had <w AV0>likewise <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Jumblatt <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVG>reiterating <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were <w AV0>yet <w AJ0>right <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2277"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w DT0>some <w CRD>350,000 <w NN2>citizens <w VVN>displaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>pre-war <w NN2>homes<c PUN>.
<s n="2278"><w AT0>The <w NN2>relocations <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Maronite <w NN2>Christians <w PRP>to <w AV0>more than <w CRD>80 <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w NN0>Druze <w VVB-NN1>Chouf <w NN2>mountains <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sidon<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA060></p>
<caption id=HLMCA060>
<s n="2279"><w NN1>Repossession <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>buildings
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2280"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24 <w VVD>began <w AT0>the <w NN1>repossession <w PRF>of <w NN2>buildings <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>militias <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>25-26 <w PNP>they <w VVD>moved <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karantina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>housed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>but <w DTQ>which <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LF<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w NP0>Samir <w NP0>Geagea <w VBD>was <w VVN>escorted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ghedras<c PUN>, <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>.
<s n="2283"><w NN2>Buildings <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSP <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Shiite <w NN0>militia <w NP0>Amal <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>repossessed <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>began <w VVG>evacuating <w DPS>its <w AJS>largest <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVB-NN1>&mdash;the <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Abdullah <w NN0>Barracks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bekaa<c PUN>, <w CRD>70 <w NN0>km <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA061></p>
<caption id=HLMCA061>
<s n="2284"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2285"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Jumblatt <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marwan <w NP0>Hamadah <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="2286"><w NP0>Jumblatt <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>suspending <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Library<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Emir <w NP0>Amin <w NN1>Palace <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bayt <w NP0>al-Din <w NN1>Palace <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>buildings <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSP <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>occupying<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2287"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2288"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2289"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NP0>HCS <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="2290"><w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Kafi <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38981<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2291"><w NN2>Kafi<c PUN>, <w CRD>64<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>colonel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w VVD>became <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>influential <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mujahidine <c PUL>(<w NN1>war <w NN2>veterans<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w CRD>1979 <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2292"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Sid <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ghozali <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Belaid <w NP0-NN1>Abdesselam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2293"><w NN2>Ghozali<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>spoken <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>forces <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN2>scenes<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVG>stemming <w PRP>from <w NN2>positions <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w PRP>inside <w NN2>sectors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2294"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Ghozali <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2295"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>as to <w NP0>Abdesselam<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w CJC>and <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w VVG>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>extraction <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>; <w NP0>Abdesselam <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sonatrach<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVB>minister <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>overseeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>nationalization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w NN1>industry <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
<s n="2296"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1991 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FLN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abortive <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2297"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w NN1>experience<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0-NN1>Abdesellam <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Houari <w NP0>Boumedienne <c PUL>(<w CRD>1965-1978<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2298"><w NP0-NN1>Abdesselam <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>priority <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>paid <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN1>youth<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVB>let <w PNI>no one <w VVB>expect <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deprived <w NN2>masses <w VVB>pay <w DT0>any <w DT0>more<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA062></p>
<caption id=HLMCA062>
<s n="2299"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2300"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>eight <w PRP>out of <w CRD>26 <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>retained <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19<c PUN>; <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ministries <w VVG>remaining <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>hands <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>under <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="2301"><w AJ0>Khaled <w NN1-NP0>Nezzar <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>under <w NP0>Lakhdar <w NP0-NN1>Brahimi<c PUN>.
<s n="2302"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen <w NP0>Larbi <w NP0>Belkheir <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Hardi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>civilian<c PUN>.
<s n="2303"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Belkheir<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>press <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>unit<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>security <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2304"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>leader <w VVD>Said <w NP0>Guechi <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Vocational <w NN1>Training <w PRP>by <w NP0>Djelloul <w NP0-NN1>Baghli<c PUN>.
<s n="2305"><w VVB-NN1>Abdesellam <w PNX>himself <w VVD>took <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w AJ0-NN1>Ghozali <w PRP>before <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="2306"><w AJ0>Abdelhamid <w NN1>Mahi-Bahi <w VVD>became <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Hamadani <w NP0-NN1>Benkhelil<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA063></p>
<caption id=HLMCA063>
<s n="2307"><w NN1>Inquiry <w PRP>into <w NP0>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2308"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NP0>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination <w VVD>published <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>results<c PUN>.
<s n="2309"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities<w POS>' <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>identification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lembarek <w NP0-NN1>Boumaraaf <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38981<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamist <w NN1>sympathizer<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>rejected <w AV0>as <w AJ0>improbable <w AT0>the <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w AV0-AJ0>alone<c PUN>.
<s n="2310"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure<c PUN>, <w NN1>negligence<c PUN>, <w NN1>complacency <w CJC>and <w NN1>indifference <w VVN-VVD>noted <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>services <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VVN>planned <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Annaba<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>organized <w DPS>its <w NN1>schedule <w CJC>and <w VVD>guaranteed <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2311"><w CRD>Ten <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>unit<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>security <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA064></p>
<caption id=HLMCA064>
<s n="2312"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Madani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belhadj
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2313"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abassi <w NP0-NN1>Madani <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Belhadj <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w NN1>&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38981<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>accused <w AJ0-VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Blida<c PUN>.
<s n="2314"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentencing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2315"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sentences <w VBD>were <w AJC>lighter <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>generally <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w NN1>life <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>rather than <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>sought <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2316"><w PRP>Between <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>six <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>supporters <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2317"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>other <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>accused<c PUN>, <w PNI-CRD>one <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w DT0>each<c PUN>.
<s n="2318"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>lawyers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="2319"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Ghozali <w VVD>gave <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algiers <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>supporters <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38312<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2320"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2321"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2322"><w NN1>Decision <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kadhafi
</head>
<p>
<s n="2323"><w PRP>On <w NP0>June <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>GPC<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sirte <w VVD>resolved <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Libyans <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>extradition <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>sought <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fair <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>just<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2324"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>after <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>debate <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>while <w VVG>emphasizing <w DPS>its <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0>penal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>procedural <w NN2>laws <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0-NN1>equivalent <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>object <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w CJC>and <w NN1>trial <w VBG>being <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w VVD-VVN>constituted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38883<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>or <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0-AV0>just <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>court <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed <w AVP>on<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2325"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GPC <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamer <w NP0>al-Kadhafi<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>state-controlled <w NN0>media<c PUN>.
<s n="2326"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>observers <w VVD>interpreted <w DT0>this <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>manoeuvre <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>shift <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kadhafi<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>extraditions<c PUN>.
<s n="2327"><w NN2>Articles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>weekly <w NP0>Al-Jamahiriya <w NN1>newspaper <c PUL>(<w VVN>reported <w AV0>at length <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>JANA<c PUR>) <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Kadhafi <w PRP>for <w VVG>following <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>mirage<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Arab <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>unity <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>complied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA065></p>
<caption id=HLMCA065>
<s n="2328"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK <w NN2>officials <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Renewal <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2329"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJC>further <w NN1>information <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>requested <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abd <w NN1-AJ0>al-Atti <w NP0>Obeidi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2330"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVG>seeking <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>information <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>past <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w NN2>shipments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2331"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>renewed <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya <w ORD>first <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34260-64<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>renewed <w AT0>every <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRP>since <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2332"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2333"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2334"><w NN1>Legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;
</head>
<p>
<s n="2335"><w NN1>Legislation <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w VVD>supplemented <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>Emergency <w NN2>Laws <w PRP>by <w VVG>giving <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>confront <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2336"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VVD>decreed <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w PNI>anyone <w VVG-AJ0>engaging <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>act <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2337"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>punishable <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w NN1>crime <w TO0>to <w VVI>possess<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>directly <w CJC>or <w AV0>indirectly<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>written <w CJC>or <w VVD-AJ0>recorded <w NN2>materials <w VVG>condoning<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="2338"><w DT0>Those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>ceased <w TO0>to <w VVI>associate <w PRP>with <w DT0>such <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVG>coming <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>exempt <w PRP>from <w NN1>punishment<c PUN>.
<s n="2339"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Atef <w NN1-NP0>Sidki <w PRP>in <w VVG>introducing <w DT0>this <w NN1>clause <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>funded <w PRP>from <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2340"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>deputies <w NN2>&mdash;members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Grouping <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Nasserite <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>independents<c PUN>.
<s n="2341"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Emergency <w NN2>Laws <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Sadat <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w NN1>detention <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>60 <w NN2>days <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>gatherings<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA066></p>
<caption id=HLMCA066>
<s n="2342"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN2>arrests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2343"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Gamal <w NP0>Farghaly <w NP0>Haridi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>incited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Sanabu <w NN1>region <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38935<c PUN>; <w CRD>38983<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Cairo <w NN1>flat<c PUN>.
<s n="2344"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Abdel-Halim <w NP0>Moussa <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>over <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>weeks <w CRD>73 <w AJ0>Islamic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>agitators<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Dayrut<c PUN>.
<s n="2345"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>semi-official <w NP0>Al-Ahram <w NN1>newspaper <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>reported <w CRD>300 <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>arrests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Qenah <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alexandria <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w PRP>including<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>three <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>officials<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Front <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA067></p>
<caption id=HLMCA067>
<s n="2346"><w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>Watch <w NN1>criticism
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2347"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>Watch <w NN1-AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w VVD-AJ0>detailed <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>sub-culture <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>among <w NN2>officers <w VVG>working <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Egyptian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Investigation <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SSI<c PUR>) <w NN1>unit<c PUN>.
<s n="2348"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Egyptian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>cited <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN2>abuses <w PRP>by <w NN2>policemen <w CJC>but <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>properly <w VVN>investigated<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2349"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2350"><w NP0>YEMEN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2351"><w NN2>Talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>Yemeni <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Saudi <w AJ0>Arabian <w NN1>government <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>solving <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38886<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2352"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2353"><w NP0>CSCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2354"><w NN1>Summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2355"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRP>from <w CRD>52 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>assembled <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9-10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>follow-up <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>since <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37838-39<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2356"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accord <w VVN>entitled<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Challenges <w PRF>of <w NN1>Change<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>prevent<c PUN>, <w VVB>manage <w CJC>and <w VVB>settle <w NN2>conflicts <w AV0>peacefully<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG>transforming <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>body <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>preventing <w NN2>wars <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w AJ0>political <w NN1>stability <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>continent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2357"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN2>instruments <w PRF>of <w NN1>conflict <w NN1>prevention <w CJC>and <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>management<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>Officials <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSO<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2358"><w PNP>It <w VVD>backed <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>capacities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w AJ0>early <w NN1>warning<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>on <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Minorities <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>monitoring <w AJ0>potential <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>.
<s n="2359"><w NN2>Leaders <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>henceforth <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>NATO <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>WEU <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>quell <w NN2>crises<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA068></p>
<caption id=HLMCA068>
<s n="2360"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>membership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2361"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSCE <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w VVD>suspended <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rump <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="2362"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>committee <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>interim <w TO0>to <w VVI>send<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>exploratory<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>missions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Serbian-controlled <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sandjak <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vojvodina <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Albanian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Moslem <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>minorities <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2363"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unjust <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wrong<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>contravention<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>principles <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>solutions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w NN1>communication<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>terms<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2364"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w NN1>declaration<w POS>'s <w AJ0>notable <w NN1>omission <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>stemmed <w PRP>from <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>among <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>bound <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRF>of <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>.
<s n="2365"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>consensus <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>this <w NN1>conference <w VM0>must <w VVI>adapt<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2366"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w AT0>a <w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>maritime <w NN1>operation <w VVG-NN1>drawing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Standing <w AJ0>Naval <w NN1>Force <w NP0>Mediterranean <c PUL>(<w NP0>STANAFORMED<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2>resolutions <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AJ0>military <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA069></p>
<caption id=HLMCA069>
<s n="2367"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2368"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1-VVB>accord <w VVN>called <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVG>participating <w NN2>states <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN1>delay<c PUN>, <w AJ0>appropriate <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>timetables<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>easy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>orderly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Baltic <w NP0>States<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38926<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2369"><w AT0>The <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>article <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>insistence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>threatened <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w VVG>preventing <w DPS>its <w NN1>adoption<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2370"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w NN2>Lithuanians <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>also <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>demand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2371"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Munich <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38990<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>130,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>schedule <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>soon<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2372"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki <w AV0>later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>timetable <w VBD>was <w AJ0>impossible<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w NN1-VVG>housing <w CJC>and <w NN0>barracks <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<c PUN>&hellip; <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AVQ>where <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PNP>them<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2373"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w PRP>from <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Estonian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06A>
<s n="2374"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>assembly
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2375"><w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>from <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3-5 <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>assembly <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38171<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2376"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement <w VVD-VVN>adopted <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>endowed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>procedures <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w CJC>and <w VVI>resolve <w NN2>situations <w PRF>of <w NN1>conflict<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2377"><w NN2>Deputies <w VVD>held <w NP0>Serbia <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>proposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AJ0>international <w NN2>observers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vojvodina<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS-AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>war <w AV0>yet <w CJC>but <w NN2>minorities <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2378"><w PNP>They <w VVD>stressed <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w NN1>intervention <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>imply <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2379"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38877-78<c PUN>; <w CRD>38924<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>demanding<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>sides <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0-NN1>ex-Soviet<c PUR>&rsqb; <w ORD>24th <w NN1>Army<w POS>'s <w NN1>neutrality <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2380"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2381"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2382"><w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>reduction
</head>
<p>
<s n="2383"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Conventional <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>) <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRF>of <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-Operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="2384"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38841<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2385"><w AJ0>Potential <w NN2>problems <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<w POS>'s <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>implementation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>surfaced <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unable <w AV0>immediately <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>circumvented <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w CRD>29 <w AJ0-NN1>signatory <w NN2>nations <w VVD-VVN>approved<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>application<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>pending <w DPS>its <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2386"><w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>announced <w DPS>their <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w CRD>8 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2387"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>inspectors <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intensive <w AJ0>120-day <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mutual<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>baseline <w NN2>inspections<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>current <w NN2>holdings <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="2388"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>other <w NN2>inspections <w PRP>under <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38458<c PUN>; <w CRD>38553<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLMCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06B>
<s n="2389"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2390"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>non-binding <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>limiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w CJC>and <w NN1>air <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w VBD>was <w VVN>finalized <w PRP>by <w CRD>29 <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Helsinki <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39030<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>force <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38365<c PUN>; <w CRD>38745<c PUN>; <w CRD>38793<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2391"><w NN2>Ceilings <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>included<c PUN>: <w NP0>USA <w UNC>&mdash;250,000 <w NN2>troops <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>350,000 <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>height <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Russia <w UNC>&mdash;1,450,000<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ukraine <w UNC>&mdash;450,000<c PUN>; <w NP0>Germany <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>345,000<c PUN>; <w NP0>France <w UNC>&mdash;325,000<c PUN>; <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w UNC>&mdash;260,000<c PUN>; <w NP0>Poland <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceiling <w PRF>of <w CRD>75,000 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hungary <w CRD>100,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2392"><w NP0>Czechoslovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>ceiling <w PRF>of <w CRD>140,000 <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w NN1>adjustment<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anticipated <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0-NN1>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>states<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06C>
<s n="2393"><w NP0>US <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>withdrawal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2394"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>completed <w DPS>its <w AJ0>promised <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>ground <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w AJ0>tactical <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w NN2>bases <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w PRP>in keeping with <w AT0>a <w NN1>pledge <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38457-58<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06D>
<s n="2395"><w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>defence <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2396"><w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>global <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN1>missile <w NN1>defence <w NN1>system <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38744-45<c PUN>; <w CRD>38792<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2397"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVD>issued <w AV0>afterwards <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w AT0>the <w NN1>feasibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-ballistic <w NN1>missile <c PUL>(<w NP0>ABM<c PUR>) <w AJ0>early <w NN1>warning <w NN1>centre<c PUN>; <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>technologies<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w NN2>trends <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>proliferation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2398"><w NP0>Malcolm <w NP0>Toon<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NP0>US <w NN1>envoy <w VVG>inquiring <w PRP>into <w NP0>US <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w AV0>still <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>found <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>substantiate <w AT0>the <w NN2>claims <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38986<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2399"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2400"><w AJ0>ISLAMIC <w NN1>DEVELOPMENT <w NN1>BANK
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2401"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2402"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w VVG>representing <w CRD>44 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NN1>IDB<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jeddah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4-5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2403"><w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>session <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w VVD>restored <w NP0>Afghanistan<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979 <w VVG>following <w DPS>its <w NN1>invasion <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="2404"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN2>accessions<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVD>brought <w AJ0>total <w NN1>membership <w PRP>to <w CRD>46<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2405"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>IDB<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>working <w NN1>capital <w PRP>from <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>dinars <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>IDB<w POS>'s <w NN1>unit <w PRF>of <w NN1>account<c PUN>, <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>drawing <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>; <w UNC>ID1=US&dollar;1.4355 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>July <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w UNC>ID4,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AJ0>authorized <w NN1>capital <w PRP>to <w UNC>ID6,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="2406"><w AT0>The <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>authorized <w NN1>capital <w VBD>was <w VVN>mandated <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NN1>development <w PRP>in <w AJC>poorer <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>non-participating <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w AJ0>significant <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>communities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2407"><w AT0>The <w NN1>IDB <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>finance <w NN2>projects <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;80,500,000 <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w UNC>US&dollar;27,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>import <w PRF>of <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN2>fertilizers<c PUN>.
<s n="2408"><w NN2>Funds <w CJC>and <w NN1>expertise <w VVN>extended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>IDB <w PRP>for <w NN2>projects <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>countries <w PRP>since <w CRD>1976 <w VBD>were <w VVN>valued <w PRP>at <w AV0>nearly <w UNC>US&dollar;11,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2409"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2410"><w NP0>IEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2411"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>French <w NN1>energy <w NN1>policy
</head>
<p>
<s n="2412"><w NP0>France <w AV0>formally <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IEA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="2413"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IEA <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NN1>energy <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>diversification <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>dependence <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>energy<c PUN>.
<s n="2414"><w CJS>While <w VVG>recognizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>efficiency <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>IEA <w VVD>urged <w AJC>greater <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>sources <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>clean <w NN1>coal <w NN1>technology<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2415"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>electricity <w NN1>monopoly<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Electricit&eacute; <w NP0>de <w NP0>France <c PUL>(<w NP0>EDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w NN1>government <w NN1>clearance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>ordering <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2416"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2417"><w AJ0>HUMAN <w NN2>RIGHTS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2418"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report
</head>
<p>
<s n="2419"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>governments <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w VHD>had <w VVN>connived <w PRP>with <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w VVG>permitting <w AJ0>extrajudicial <w NN1>murder<c PUN>, <w NN1>abduction <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>torture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2420"><w AT0>The <w NN1>review<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>covered <w CRD>142 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w CRD>178 <w NN2>countries <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CRD>65 <w NN2>countries <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>conscience<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>disappearance<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>tactic <w PRP>for <w VVG>eliminating <w AJ0>political <w NN2>opponents <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>substantiated <w PRP>in <w CRD>26 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2421"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w CRD>106 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w PNP>them <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>censured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRP>for <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2422"><w CRD>Hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>illegally <w VVN>executed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Thai <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVN-AJ0>committed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unknown <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2423"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AV0>more than <w CRD>800 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>hanged<c PUN>, <w VVN>shot <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>firing <w NN1>squad <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>stoned <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2424"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN2>arrests<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>torture<c PUN>, <w NN2>disappearances <w CJC>and <w NN2>killings <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2425"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>excesses <w VBD>were <w VVN>documented <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,000 <w AJ0>extrajudicial <w NN2>executions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Burundi <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>tension<c PUN>.
<s n="2426"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extrajudicial <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>.
<s n="2427"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Chad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ethiopia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Niger <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w NN2>convictions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2428"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>recognized <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w AJ0>reform-minded <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>correct <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>abuses <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NN2>others <w PRP>such as <w NP0>India <w VVD>emerged <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>violators <w PRP>with <w AV0>up to <w CRD>25,000 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AV0>routinely <w VVN>tortured<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AJ0>dying<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>police <w NN1>custody<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2429"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AJ0>careful <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>underline <w NN2>atrocities <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>movements<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Peru <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<c PUN>, <w AVQ-CJS>where<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w AJ0>innocent <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>indiscriminately <w VVN-AJ0>murdered <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVN>maimed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>counts<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>detaining <w CRD>90 <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>nationals <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>ill-treating <w NN2>suspects <w PRP>in <w NN2>police <w NN1>custody <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2431"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2432"><w NN1>WAR <w NN2>CRIMES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2433"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NP0>Gecas <w NN1>libel <w NN1>case
</head>
<p>
<s n="2434"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>wartime <w NN1>lieutenant <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anton <w NP0>Gecas<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <w VVD>lost <w AT0>a <w NN0>&pound;600,000 <w NN1>libel <w NN1>case <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Scottish <w NN1>Television <w NN1>company <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>described <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>war <w NN1>criminal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2435"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>verdict <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w PNQ>who <w VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>four-month <w NN1>hearing <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>Gecas <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Antanas <w NP0-NN1>Gecevicius<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>76<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>retired <w NN1>mining <w NN1>engineer <w VVG-NN1>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>Edinburgh<c PUN>, <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>participated <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>innocent <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>Jews<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Byelorussia <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1941<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2436"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>War <w NN2>Crimes <w NN1>Act <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38219<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>30 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN2>police <w NN1>battalion <w VVG-NN1>living <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>could <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w NN2>Jews <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06E>
<s n="2437"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NP0>Goebbels<w POS>' <w NN2>diaries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2438"><w AT0>The <w NN1>discovery <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>archives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>diaries <w PRF>of <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Goebbels<c PUN>, <w NP0>Adolf <w NP0>Hitler<w POS>'s <w NN1>Propaganda <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2439"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>generated <w NN1>controversy <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>emerged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>serialize <w NN2>extracts<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>commissioned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>revisionist <w NN1>historian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>David <w NP0>Irving <w TO0>to <w VVI>authenticate <w AT0>the <w NN2>diaries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2440"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2441"><w NN1>WORLD <w NN1>HEALTH <w NN1>ORGANIZATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2442"><w ORD>Eighth <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="2443"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>11,000 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w CRD>123 <w NN2>countries <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w AJ0>international <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>AIDS <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>acquired <w AJ0>immune <w NN1>deficiency <w NN1>syndrome<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amsterdam <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19-24 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>conference <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38315<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2444"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Boston<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w DPS>its <w NN1>venue <w VVN>changed <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w DPS>its <w NN1>immigration <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>individuals <w VVN>infected <w PRP>with <w NP0>HIV <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>immunodeficiency <w NN1>virus<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2445"><w VVG>Addressing <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Merson<c PUN>, <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w UNC>WH0<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Global <w NN1>Programme <w PRP>on <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>era<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w NP0>WHO <w NN2>estimates <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w VVD>became <w AJ0>HIV-positive <w AT0>every <w CRD>15 <w NN2>seconds<c PUN>.
<s n="2446"><w NN1>Transmission <w NN2>rates <w PRP>in <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>, <w AV0>once <w VVN>considered <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>safe<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>as <w AJ0>sub-Saharan <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w CJS>while<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new-found <w NN1>freedom<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Europe <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2447"><w AJS>Latest <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>figures <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>WHO <w VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w PRP>between <w CRD>30,000,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>40,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>infected <w PRP>with <w NP0>HIV <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>turn <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2448"><w NP0>Merson <w VVD>drew <w AJ0>special <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w NN1>AIDS <w PRP>among <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>poorest <w NN2>regions<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AV0>newly <w AJ0-VVN>infected <w NN2>adults <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w NN2>women<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2449"><w NP0>Jonathan <w NP0>Mann<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Harvard <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>Institute<c PUN>, <w VVD>criticized <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>downgraded <w DPS>their <w NN1>prevention <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>research <w NN1>strategy <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>gap <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>intensifying <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pandemic <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>lagging <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>global <w NN1>response <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>widening <w AV0>rapidly <w CJC>and <w AV0>dangerously<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2450"><w NN1>AIDS <w NN2>scientists <w VVD-VVN>told <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>AIDS <w NN2>vaccines <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>healthy <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w NP0>HIV <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2451"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>strain <w PRF>of <w NP0>HIV<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>grew <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w CRD>30 <w NN2>patients <w PRP>in <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>developed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rare <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>immuno-deficiency <w NN1>illness <w PRP>with <w AJ0>AIDS-like <w NN2>symptoms <w CJC>but <w PRP>without <w NN2>traces <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>blood <w PRF>of <w AJ0>known <w NN2>strains <w PRF>of <w NP0>HIV<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06F>
<s n="2452"><w NP0>WHO <w NN1>membership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2453"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>2 <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>WHO <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w ORD>179th <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2454"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2455"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2456"><w VVG>Upholding <w PRF>of <w NN1>whaling <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>year
</head>
<p>
<s n="2457"><w AT0>The <w ORD>44th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Whaling <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>IWC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Glasgow<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w NP0>29-July <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>from <w AJ0>pro-whaling <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>anti-whaling <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVG>distorting <w AT0>the <w NN1>charter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IWC <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>outlaw <w NN1>whaling <w PRP>on <w AJ0>ethical <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2458"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>16 <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w PRP>with <w CRD>11 <w NN2>abstentions <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>37 <w NP0>IWC <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w XX0>not <w AJ0>present<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>whaling <w AV0>at least <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w AJC>further <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2459"><w PRP>During <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>worked <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>scheme <w CJC>and <w AJ0>new <w NN1>quota <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>stocks<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w PRF>of <w NN1>minke <w NN2>whales<c PUN>.
<s n="2460"><w AT0>A <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Norwegian <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>on <w NN2>models <w PRP>for <w VVG>estimating <w NN1>whale <w NN2>populations <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>catch <w NN2>limits <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w CRD>16 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="2461"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Scientific<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>whaling<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>catch <w AV0>supposedly <w PRP>for <w NN1>research <w NN2>purposes<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>interim<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2462"><w PRP>Among <w NN2>countries <w VVG>advocating <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>moratorium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iceland <w VVD>withdrew <w AV0>formally <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Norway <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>hunting <w PRP>from <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2463"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NP0>Greenland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Faroe <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>Mammal <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06G>
<s n="2464"><w NN1-VVG>Quashing <w PRF>of <w NN1>conviction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Exxon <w NP0>Valdez <w NN1>master
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2465"><w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Hazelwood<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>master <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Exxon <w NP0>Valdez <w NN1>oil <w NN1>tanker <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>oil <w VVB-NN1>spill <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>Alaska <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36606<c PUN>; <w CRD>36541<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w DPS>his <w NN1>conviction <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>negligent <w NN1>discharge <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>quashed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NP0>US <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>master <w PNQ>who <w VVD>reported <w AT0>a <w NN1>spill <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06H>
<s n="2466"><w VVG>Dropping <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN2-VVZ>actions <w PRP>against <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2467"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>dropping <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w PRP>out of <w CRD>seven <w NN2>cases <w AVQ>where <w NP0>UK <w NN2>plans <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>infringe <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>assessment <w NN2>directives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2468"><w AT0>The <w NN2>cases <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w UNC>M3 <w NN1>motorway <w NN1>extension <w PRP>at <w NP0>Twyford <w NN1>Down<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hampshire<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>protests<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w UNC>M11 <w NN1>extension <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hackney<c PUN>, <w NN1>east <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="2469"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>reasonable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pragmatic<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commissioner <w AV0>temporarily <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>matters<c PUN>, <w NP0>Karel <w NP0>van <w NP0>Miert<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w AV0>indeed <w VVN>complied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>directive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>cases <w VVD-VVN>dropped<c PUN>.
<s n="2470"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVG>proceeding <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>cases<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>London <w NP0>River <w NN1-VVG>Crossing <w PRP>via <w NP0>Oxleas <w NP0-NN1>Wood<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>BP <w NN1>oil <w NN1>terminal <w PRP>at <w NP0>Kinneil<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Grangemouth <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Firth <w PRF>of <w NP0>Forth <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2471"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2472"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2473"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>against <w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am
</head>
<p>
<s n="2474"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>judge <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>11 <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>airline <w NP0-NN1>Pan <w AJ0>American <w NN1>World <w NN2>Airways <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>wilful <w NN1>misconduct<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>security <w NN2>procedures <w PRP>for <w NN1>baggage <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>flight <w UNC>PA103 <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988 <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>blown <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>over <w NP0>Lockerbie<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>270 <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36409-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2475"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>case <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w NN2>relatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>seeking <w NN2>damages <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am <w DTQ>which <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>bankruptcy <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVG>ceasing <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38123<c PUN>; <w CRD>38699<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2476"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w AT0>a <w NN1>jury <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w VVD>awarded <w NN2>damages <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>US&dollar;9,230,000 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06J>
<s n="2477"><w NN1>Air <w NN2-VVZ>crashes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2478"><w DT0>All <w CRD>71 <w NN0>people <w AV0>on board <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>airliner <w VVD>died <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>plunged <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>mountain <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="2479"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>air <w VVZ-NN2>crashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nepal <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2480"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>18 <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>crash <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Airlines <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>737 <w PRP>over <w NP0>Colorado<c PUN>, <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w ZZ0>p<c PUN>.
<s n="2481"><w UNC>R150<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w AJ0>known <w NN1>cause<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2482"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2483"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE <w NN1>RESEARCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2484"><w NP0>Giotto <w NN0>rendezvous
</head>
<p>
<s n="2485"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>distance <w PRF>of <w CRD>214 <w CRD>million <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NN1>earth<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>space <w NN1-VVB>probe <w NP0>Giotto <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESA<c PUR>) <w VVD>passed <w PRP>within <w CRD>250 <w NN0>km <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nucleus <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Comet <w NP0>Grigg-Skjellerup <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2486"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w NP0>Giotto<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w NN0>rendezvous <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>comet<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>encounter <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Halley<w POS>'s <w NN1>Comet <w VHG>having <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="2487"><w NP0>Giotto <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w AV0>almost <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>original <w NN2>instruments <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>intact<c PUN>.
<s n="2488"><w NN1>Mission <w NN2>scientists <w VVD-VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>detected <w NN2>traces <w PRF>of <w NN1>water<c PUN>, <w NN1>carbon<c PUN>, <w NN1>hydrogen <w CJC>and <w NN2>metals <w PRP>in <w NP0>Grigg-Skjellerup<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w AJC>further <w NN2>clues <w PRP>as to <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w AJ0>solar <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>4,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06K>
<s n="2489"><w VVB-NN1>Soyuz <w NN1>flight
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2490"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0-NN1>Soyuz <w CRD>TM-15 <w NN0>spacecraft <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>Russians <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>researcher <w AV0>on board <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>equipment <w TO0>to <w VVI>prolong <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mir <w NN1>space <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="2491"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>Russians <w VM0>would <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w VVZ-NN2>cosmonauts <w AV0>currently <w AV0>on board<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>stay <w PRP>in <w NN1>space <w PRP>until <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLMCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLMCA06L>
<s n="2492"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Shuttle <w NN1>flight
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2493"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w NP0>Columbia <w AV0>successfully <w VVN-VVD>completed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-day <w NN1>flight <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>longest <w AV0>ever <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1>crew<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prolonged <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN1>weightlessness <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>body <w VBD>were <w AV0>further <w VVN-VVD>studied<c PUN>.
<s n="2494"><w NN1>Protein <w NN2>crystals <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>grown <w CJC>and <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>activated <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-viral <w NN1>protein <w NN1>interferon<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>protein <w DTQ>which <w VVD>regulated <w NN1>blood <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>serum <w DTQ>which <w VVD>transported <w NN1>iron <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>liver <w PRP>to <w AJ0>immature <w AJ0-NN1>red <w NN1>blood <w NN2>cells<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2495"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2496"><w NP0-NN1>IMO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2497"><w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>8 <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>137th <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Maritime <w NN1>Organization<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2498"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2499"><w NP0>UN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2500"><w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>179th <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>accessions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>states <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38842<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2501"><w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2502"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2503"><w NP0>VATICAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2504"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>four-page <w NN1>document <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>unlike <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>origin<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>homosexual <w NN1>orientation <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>objective <w NN1>disorder<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>therefore <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unjust <w NN1>discrimination<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>orientation <w PRP>into <w NN1>account <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>placement <w PRF>of <w NN2>children <w PRP>for <w NN1>adoption<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>employment <w PRF>of <w NN2>teachers <w CJC>or <w AJ0>athletic <w NN2>coaches <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>recruitment<c PUN>.
<s n="2505"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>sent <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN2>bishops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VBD>was <w VVN>leaked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>press <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-July<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLN>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 53438 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 781 Kbytes running text, containing about 53438 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLN</idno><idno type="old"> krw208 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="5949"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="217"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="123"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="351"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="845"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="212"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2332"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="50886"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="5949"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="217"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="123"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="351"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="845"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="212"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2332"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="50886"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w NN1>Threat <w PRF>of <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>through <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>starvation
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN1>situation <w AJ0>critical <w PRP>throughout <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>dying <w AV0-AJ0>daily<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w NN1>Agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>secured <w AV0>locally <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>armed <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w NN1>Uncertainty <w VVD>surrounded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>likely <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>deployment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>despatched <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="7"><w AT0>The <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>unarmed <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w DPS>their <w NN1>compound <w AJ0>due <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w NN1>transport<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>three <w AJ0>local <w NN2>guards <w VBD>were <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w DT0>Some <w NN1>aid <w NN2>agencies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>concerned <w NN2>groups <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN-VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>looting <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>flooded<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA000></p>
<caption id=HLNCA000>
<s n="10"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>developments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>mission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="11"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>23-member <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Hansen <c PUL>(<w NP0>Denmark<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>including <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>Children<w POS>'s <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNICEF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>WHO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="12"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>brief <w VBD>was <w CJS>as <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38992<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38800<c PUN>, <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PNP>It <w VVD>completed <w DPS>its <w NN1>mission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <c PUL>(<w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>opponent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <c PUL>(<w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bardera<c PUN>, <w CRD>320 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>team <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>visited <w NP0-NN1>Kismayo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Baidoa <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Beletuen<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>with <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN0>militia <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA001></p>
<caption id=HLNCA001>
<s n="15"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>force
</caption>
<p>
<s n="16"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Sahnoun <c PUL>(<w PRP>since <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bardera<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>armed <w NP0>UN <w VVZ-NN2>guards <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>within <w CRD>21 <w NN2>days <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>brief <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN1>food <w NN1>distribution <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="18"><w ITJ>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>guard <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>airport <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>harbour<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>transport <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w PRP>to <w NN2>warehouses <w CJC>and <w NN1>distribution <w VVZ-NN2>points <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>deployment <w PRP>beyond <w NP0>Mogadishu <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NP0>UN <w NN1>deployment <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Sahnoun <w VVD>reported<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>despatch <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>10,000-strong <w NP0>UN <w NN1>force<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA002></p>
<caption id=HLNCA002>
<s n="21"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NN1>SNA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>clashes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="22"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w CRD>four <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks <w VVB>come <w AV0>together <w PRP>under <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NN1>SNA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="23"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SNA <w VVD>comprised <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>USC<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SSNM<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="24"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-August <w NN2>clashes <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>SNA <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>pro-Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Galgudud <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>inter-clan <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="25"><w DT0>All <w CRD>six <w NN2>groups <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>at <w NP0>Djibouti <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38322<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>USC <w CJT>that <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>adopted <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>number <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0-NN1>Sahnoun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>deployment <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN1>food <w NN1>distribution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA003></p>
<caption id=HLNCA003>
<s n="27"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops
</caption>
<p>
<s n="28"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>3,000 <w AJ0>armed <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>as <w CRD>four <w AJ0>750-strong<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN2>units<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="30"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>anticipated <w NN1>force <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>commanded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w VVB>Imtiaz <w NP0-NN1>Shaheen<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>consist <w AV0>mainly <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Canada <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w CRD>500 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA004></p>
<caption id=HLNCA004>
<s n="33"><w NP0>Kouchner<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="34"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN1>Action<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Kouchner<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4-5<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w PNP>He <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AV0>both <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>USC<c PUR>) <w NP0>Abdi <w NP0>Osman <w NP0>Farah <c PUL>(<w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<w POS>'s <w NN1>faction<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w NP0>Kouchner <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>port <w CJC>and <w NP0>Baidoa<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>saw <w AJ0>French <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VVB>arrive<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Kouchner <w VVD>spoke <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>seriousness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="38"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10-12<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Andrews <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>argue <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA005></p>
<caption id=HLNCA005>
<s n="39"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="40"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NN1>AI<c PUR>) <w VVD>cited <w AT0>a <w NN1>witness <w PNQ>who <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>executions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>inter-clan <w NN2>conflicts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AJ0>consistent <w PRP>with <w NN2>others <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w NN1>AI<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA006></p>
<caption id=HLNCA006>
<s n="41"><w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w NN1>food <w NN1>distribution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="42"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>brought <w AV0>more than <w CRD>83,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w PRP>into <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>through <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>different <w NN1>entry <w VVZ-NN2>points <w PRP>between <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>in <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w PRP>Since <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VVN>brought <w CRD>22,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>64,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w AJ0-VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>(<w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Guardian <w NN1>newspaper <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="44"><w DT0>Some <w NN1>aid <w NN2>workers <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VVN-VVD>sent <w PRP>since <w NP0>January <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stolen<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>some <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w VVD-AJ0>looted <w NN1>food <w AV0>eventually <w VVD-VVN>found <w DPS>its <w NN1>way <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w NP0-NN1>Sahnoun <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w VVN>promised<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="46"><w VVG>Praising <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w AV0>implicitly <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>WFP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NP0>UN <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w AV0>together <w AJ0>private <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN2>agencies <w VBD>were <w AV0>at present <w VVG>providing <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>minimum <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>food <w NN2-VVZ>needs<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w CRD>Eight <w AJ0>foreign <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w NN1>distribution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="48"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>UK-based <w PRP>Save <w AT0>the <w NN2>Children <w NN1>Fund <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w VVG>maintaining <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>agencies <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unco-ordinated<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Fund<w POS>'s <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>director <w NP0>Mike <w NP0>Aaronson <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shameful <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>infighting <w PRP>between <w NP0>UN <w NN2>agencies <w DTQ>which <w VVB>pursue <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>interests<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Davies <w PRF>of <w NN1>Interaction<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w NN1>relief <w NN2>organizations <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>one-fourth <w PRF>of <w NN2>children <w AV0>under <w CRD>five <w VBB>are <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>perished <w AV0>already<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="51"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AT0>an <w NN1>operation <w VVG>using <w CRD>two <w NN2>helicopters <w TO0>to <w VVI>convey <w NN1>food <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w AJ0>coastal <w NN2>towns <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu&mdash;Uarsciek<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Ataleh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harardera <w CJC>and <w NP0>Obbia<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>transport <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>by <w NN1>lorry <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN2>kitchens <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ICRC <w VBD>was <w VVG>operating <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="53"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>UNICEF <w VHD>had <w VVN>airlifted <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>towns <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>malnutrition <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>flight <w VVD>left <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>, <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>high-protein <w NN2>biscuits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Baidoa<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w DT0>some <w CRD>500-700 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>dying <w AV0-AJ0>daily<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w NN2>Airlifts <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hoddur <w CJC>and <w NP0>Baidera<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="56"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>shipment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kismayo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN0>militia <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>hired <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w PNP>it <w VVD>stole <w CRD>600 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="57"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>45-truck <w NP0>WFP <w NN1>convoy <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gelib<c PUN>, <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w VVG>carrying <w CRD>450 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NP0>WFP <w VHD>had <w VVN>flown <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w NN2>planeloads <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bardera<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="58"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>announced <w DT0>another <w CRD>79,200 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w PRP>for <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;26,000,000 <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>reckoned <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="59"><w NP0-NN1>Sahnoun <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CRD>10-15 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Somalia<w POS>'s <w CRD>70 <w NN2>hospitals <w VBD>were <w VVG>functioning<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w NN1>supply <w VHD>had <w VVN>collapsed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA007></p>
<caption id=HLNCA007>
<s n="60"><w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>government <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="61"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>charge <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-month <w NP0>US <w NN1>operation <w TO0>to <w VVI>airlift <w NN1>food <w PRP>into <w NP0>Somalia <c PUL>(<w CJC>or <w PRP>into <w NP0>Kenya <w PRP>for <w AJ0>onward <w NN1>distribution <w PRP>into <w NP0>Somalia <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>use <w PRP>in <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>camps<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="62"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w CRD>80,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>145,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w AT0>The <w NN1>operation <w VM0>would <w VVI>use <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>military <w NN1>cargo <w NN2>planes <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VVI>cost <w PRP-AVP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;200,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>lead <w PRP>in <w VVG>galvanizing <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>into <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="65"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>34-member <w NN1>team <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w VVD>flew <w PRP>into <w NP0>Mombasa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>base <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>fly <w NN1>food <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Wajir<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>trucked <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>border <w CJC>or <w VVN>sent <w PRP>by <w NN1>air <w PRP>into <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="67"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>president <w NP0>Daniel <w VVB-NN1>arap <w UNC>Moi <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>resolved <w NN2>tensions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>arisen <w PRP-AVP>over <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>perceived <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN0>aircraft <w VVG>overflying <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>airspace <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>300 <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>increased <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,550 <w NN2>Somalis <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained <w PRP>near <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN2>police <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>obtained <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="69"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>airlift<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w NP0>US <w NN2>planes <w VM0>would <w VVI>carry <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN1>emblem<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w TO0>To <w VVI>conform <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>ICRC <w NN1>practice<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>carry <w AJ0>armed <w NP0>US <w NN2>soldiers <c PUL>(<w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NP0>US <w NN1>plan <w VHD>had <w VVN>envisaged<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN2>planes <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>airlift <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Beletuen <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="73"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>military <w NN1>transport <w NN2>planes <w VVD>began <w VVG>flying <w NN2>planeloads <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w NP0>Djibouti <w PRP>to <w NP0>Baidoa<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>handed <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>ICRC <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="74"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>send <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ICRC <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVG>sending <w CRD>140 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NN2>Somalis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>camps <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yemen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="76"><w PRP>During <w NP0>August <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w VVG>pledging <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="77"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="78"><w DT0>FORMER <w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="79"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>issue
</head>
<p>
<s n="80"><w PRP>During <w NP0>August <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w AT0>THE <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>practicalities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w DT0>This <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>backdrop <w PRF>of <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>executions <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>, <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>expulsions <w PRP>through <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w NN1>intimidation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN2>facts <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>international <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>over <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="82"><w NN1>Fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bihac <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Goradze <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>Croatians <w VVN-VVD>consolidated <w DPS>their <w NN1>hold <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>named <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>Herzeg-Bosna <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39012<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>under <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VVD>continued <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>internationally <w VVN-AJ0>recognized <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>existed <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w AV0>internationally <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38848<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA008></p>
<caption id=HLNCA008>
<s n="84"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NN2>atrocities
</caption>
<p>
<s n="85"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w DTQ>which <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>holding <w AV0>both <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>reminded <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1949 <w NP0>Geneva <w NN2>Conventions <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>persons <w PNQ>who <w VVB>commit <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>order <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>conventions <w VBB>are <w AV0>individually <w AJ0>responsible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA009></p>
<caption id=HLNCA009>
<s n="87"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w NN1>session
</caption>
<p>
<s n="88"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13-14 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>strongly <w VVG>condemning <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>expulsions&mdash;the <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>name<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>etnicko <w NN1>ciscenje<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="90"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>hostile <w NN1>tone <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w AT0>The <w NN1>representative <w AV0>there <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Misha <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>concentration <w NN2>camps <w VVD>existed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>territory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>hidden <w NN1>camp <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>created<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>self-proclaimed<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w NN2>operations <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>refused <w AJ0>international <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w PNP>He <w VVD>made <w NN2>counter-accusations <w CJT>that <w CRD>42,000 <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>21 <w NN2>camps<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>Croats <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>6,000 <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>as <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>300,000 <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>terrorized <w PRP>into <w VVG>fleeing <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="94"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Commission <w VVN>assigned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Mazowiecki<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989-90<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>task <w PRF>of <w VVG>collecting <w DT0>all<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>available <w CJC>and <w AJ0>credible<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w CJC>and <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w NP0>Mazowiecki<w POS>'s <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>) <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w VVG>reporting <w AVP>on<c PUN>, <w VVG>stopping<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>assisting <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>tribunal <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w CJC>and <w AJ0>flagrant<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w CJC>and <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>under <w AJ0>international <w NN1>supervision<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>mistreatment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NP0>Serbs <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>however <w AJ0>repugnant<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w VVN-VVD>employed <w PRP>against <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Croatians <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00A>
<s n="98"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w NN1>detention <w NN2>camps
</caption>
<p>
<s n="99"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>approved <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>770<c PUN>, <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>authorized<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>measures <w AJ0>necessary<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w CRD>12 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w PNI>none<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w VVG-NN1>abstaining<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="101"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>last <w NN1>resort<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>several <w AJ0>European <w NN2>governments <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>caution<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w AT0>A <w NN1>second <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>771<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>adopted<c PUN>, <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AJ0>unimpeded <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>detention <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>personally <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00B>
<s n="103"><w NN2>Offers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN2>troops
</caption>
<p>
<s n="104"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w AT0>a <w UNC>1,100-strong<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>escort<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w NP0>Belgium <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="106"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>their <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>ground <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VDD>did <w AT0>an <w NN1>about-turn <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>1,800 <w NN2>soldiers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>convoys <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="108"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>sending <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>UNMLO <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w PRP>from <w NP0>March<c PUR>) <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN2>personnel <w VVB>see <w NP0>January&mdash;p. <w VVI>38704&mdash;and <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>months<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLNCA00C></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00C>
<s n="109"><w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>situation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="110"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Lewis <w NP0>MacKenzie<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Hussein <w NP0>Ali <w NP0-NN1>Abdelrasik<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>contingent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00D>
<s n="113"><w NP0-NN1>ICO <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>resolution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="114"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w AT0>The <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Senegal <w VBD>were <w VVN>designated <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>predicament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>ICO <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w NN1>Article <w CRD>42 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>charter<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>(<w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w NN1>1991&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38422<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1-NP0>ICO <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38970<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="118"><w NP0>Izetbegovic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w VHD>had <w VVN>addressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>import <w NN2>arms <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w CJC>and <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>self-defence<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Article <w CRD>51 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Charter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="119"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>adopted <w AV0>almost <w AV0>unanimously <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>47 <w NN1-NP0>ICO <w NN2>member-states<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>urgently <w VVB>contemplate<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w CJC>and <w VVB>restore <w AT0>the <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w PNP>It <w VVD>cited <w NN1>Chapter <w CRD>VII <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Charter<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w PNP>It <w VVD>reaffirmed <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>just <w NN1>struggle<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w CJC>and <w NN2>deportees<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00E>
<s n="123"><w NN2>Casualties <w CJC>and <w NN2>detainees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="124"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>, <w VVN>written <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN0>staff <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7-14<c PUN>, <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>35,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w PRP>since <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>Moslems <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w PNP>It <w VVD>speculated <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>deaths <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>come <w AVP>about <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN2>evacuations <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>villages<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w AV0>largely <w VVN>completed <w DPS>their <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>homogenous <w AJ0-NN1>Serb-populated <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="126"><w DT0>Some <w NP0>Croat <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>sources <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>estimated <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>70,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w DT0>those <w CRD>two <w NN2>communities <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w CRD>45 <w NN2>camps<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>others <w VVD>cited <w AJC>higher <w NN2>numbers<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>counter-accusations <w PRP>at <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="128"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zaghreb<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>received <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>authorities <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>families <c PUL>(<w DT0>some <w CRD>28,000 <w NN0>people<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bihac <w PNQ>who <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>voluntarily<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>for <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w NP0>UNHCR <w NN1>representative <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>contact <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w AJ0>military <w NN1>leadership <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>siege <w PRP>on <w CRD>four <w AV0>predominantly <w NP0>Croat <w NN1>towns&mdash;Prijedor<c PUN>, <w DT0>Sanski-most<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bosanka-Krupa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosanki-Petrovac&mdash;in <w NN1>north-west <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00F>
<s n="130"><w NP0>London <w NN1>Conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="131"><w AT0>The <w NP0>London <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26-27 <w VVN-VVD>brought <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w AJ0>concerned <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>political <w NN2>organizations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kosovo <w NN2>Albanians <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vojvodina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="132"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>hosted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>incumbent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>co-chaired <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w NP0>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="135"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Carrington<c PUN>, <w CRD>73<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0-NN1>EC-sponsored <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVD>opened<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Owen <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w PRP>as <w NP0>David <w NP0>Owen <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977-79 <w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NP0>Carrington<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w PRP>With <w NP0>Vance<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-chair <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN-EC <w NN1>peace <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>put <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="139"><w AT0>The <w NN1>delegation <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian-dominated <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Panic <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dobrica <w NN1>Cosic<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w AT0>The <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>by <w NN1>Panic <w PRP>from <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="141"><w NN1>Panic <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VM0>would <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>frontiers <w VVN-VVD>inherited <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>epoch <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tito<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>minorities <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>respected<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NP0>FRY <w AJ0>military <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>desirable <w CJT>that <w NN2>refugees <w VM0>should <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>places <w PRF>of <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>condemned <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>logistic <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>convoys<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w VVB-NN1>Panic <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>advocated <w AT0>the <w NN1>positioning <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>observers <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w NP0>Cosic <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="144"><w NP0>Karadzic<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>territory <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>relinquished<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>detention <w NN2>camps <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w DT0>these <w DT0>same <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w VVD-VVN>contained <w AT0>no <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>closed <w AVP>down <w PRP>within <w NN2>weeks <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w PNI>something <w PNP>he <w VVD>condemned<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="145"><w NP0>Izetbegovic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>his <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>for <w DT0>either <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>outlined <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>arrangement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>guarantee <w NN1>equality <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>major <w NN2>groups <w CJS>though <w AT0>a <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN2>decisions <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>tribunal <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>human <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00G>
<s n="147"><w AJ0-VVG>Closing <w NN1>declaration
</caption>
<p>
<s n="148"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w VVD>enunciated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>Conference<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>closing <w NN1>declaration <w VBD>were <w PRP>in line with <w DT0>those <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>guided <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w POS>'s <w NN1>peace <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>since <w CRD>mid-1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>widening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>, <w NN2>countries <w VVG>neighbouring <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="149"><w NN2>Participants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>Conference <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w DTQ>which <w VVD>condemned<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>communities <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>collate <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>outlined <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w DT0>Such <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>include<c PUN>: <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>present <w NN2>frontiers <w CJS>unless <w VVN>changed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>; <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN2>communities <w CJC>and <w NN0>minorities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>return <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expelled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="151"><w AJ0>Future <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>would <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>topics <w PRP>including<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>cessation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in terms of <w AJ0>personal <w CJC>or <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>conflict<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>grouping <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>weaponry <w PRP>under <w AJ0>international <w NN1>control<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>refugee <w CJC>and <w NN1>relief <w NN2>centres <w PRP>for <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>expelled <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w DPS>their <w NN1>return<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w AT0>The <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>control <w AJ0>military <w NN2>movements <w CJC>and <w VVB>undertake <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00H>
<s n="153"><w NP0>WEU
</caption>
<p>
<s n="154"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>Conference <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w AT0>the <w NN1>enforcement <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Adriatic <w NN1>sea <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Danube <w NN1>river<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN2>measures <w PRF>of <w NN1>enforcement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w CJC>and <w NP0>NATO <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39012-13<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>policy-making<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w VM0>would <w VVI>put <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AV0>almost <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>logistical <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00J><ptr target=HLNCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00J>
<s n="157"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<caption id=HLNCA00K>
<s n="158"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJC>Further <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="159"><w CJS-PRP>After <w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Minister-designate <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Gosev <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>returned <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>given <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>party&mdash;the <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>ex-communist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia&mdash;presented <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w NN1-NP0>Branko <w NN1-NP0>Crvenkovski <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Minister-designate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>installed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kiro <w NP0>Gligorov <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>included <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="162"><w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJS>as <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w NN2>protests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AVP>out <w PRP>against <w AJC>wider <w AJ0>European <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AT0>An <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w VVG>requiring <w DT0>all <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>citizens <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Macedonia <w AV0>less than <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00L>
<s n="165"><w NP0>Kosovo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="166"><w NN1-VVB>Panic <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>returned <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Serbia<w POS>'s <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w PNP>He <w VVD>emphasized<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVG>proposing <w DT0>any <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="168"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w NN1>Panic <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Aleksander <w NP0-NN1>Meksi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>leader <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tirana <w PRP>since <w CRD>1948<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w AJ0>Various <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>measures <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989-90 <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo <w PRP>by <w NP0>Serbia<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="170"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groupings <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w NN1>Panic <w CJT>that <w NN2>talks <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kosovo <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Kosovo <w NN2>Albanians <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serbs <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>under <w AJ0>international <w NN2>auspices <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NP0>London <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00M><ptr target=HLNCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00M>
<s n="171"><w NP0>Slovenia
</caption>
<caption id=HLNCA00N>
<s n="172"><w NP0>FRY <w NN1>recognition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="173"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>recognized <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovene <w NP0>President <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Kucan <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>recognition <w VVD>meant <w PNI>nothing<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PNX>itself <w VVZ>obtains <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>wide <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38703<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="174"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="175"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="176"><w NP0>ANC <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>action
</head>
<p>
<s n="177"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>action <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>made <w AJ0>various <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>during <w NP0>August <w TO0>to <w VVI>convince <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>good <w NN1>faith<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>these <w NN2>efforts <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w VVD>supported <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w VVB-NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="179"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>COSATU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SACP<c PUR>) <w VVD>intended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3-4 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>following <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AV0>nationally <w AJ0-VVN>co-ordinated <w NN2>protests <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>climax <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>protest <w NN1>action <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38948<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>4,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>heeded <w DPS>its <w NN1>strike <w NN1-VVB>call<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>Business <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>observed <w PRP>by <w DT0>half <w DT0>that <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce <w VVD-VVN>stayed <w AV0>away <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Johannesburg <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w NN1>figure <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Natal <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Mangosuthu <w NP0>Buthelezi<w POS>'s <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w NN1>Business <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>estimated <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w PRP>at <w UNC>R250 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;65,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="183"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2-4<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>police <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>clear <w CJS>whether <w AV0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w VBD>were <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="184"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>activity <w VBD>was <w VVN>monitored <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w AT0>The <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w NN1>tension <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>an <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>peace <w NN1>committee<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>made <w PNI>everyone <w VVI>behave <w AV0>better<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="186"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w NN1>team <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>intervened <w TO0>to <w VVI>avert <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ciskei<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="187"><w NP0>Ciskei <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>10<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>homelands<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w NN2>bantustans <w VVN>created <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>apartheid <w NN1>regime<c PUN>; <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Ciskei<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w DTQ>which <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VVN>recognized<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DTQ>which <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>post-apartheid <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ciskei <w AJ0>military <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>confronted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bantustan <w PRP>by <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>protesters<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>within <w NP0>Ciskei<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="189"><w NP0>Joshua <w NP0>Oupa <w NP0>Gqozo<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Gqozo <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ciskei <w PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w NN1>1990&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>37305<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>suggestions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NN1>1991&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w NN1-VVB>37992&mdash;that <w NP0>Gqozo <w VBD>was <w VVG>moving <w PRP>towards <w VVG>relinquishing <w NP0>Ciskei<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w AT0>A <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October-November <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>repression<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLNCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00P>
<s n="193"><w AJ0-NN1>Mass <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pretoria
</caption>
<p>
<s n="194"><w AT0>The <w NN1>climax <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>action <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w VVD-VVN>addressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>ANC <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN2>Buildings<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>seat <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pretoria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="195"><w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w UNC>80,000-strong <w NN1-VVB>crowd <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>strike <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>unquestionably <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>history<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w PNP>He <w VVD>applauded <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>observer <w NN1>team <w PRP>for <w VVG>contributing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peacefulness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w VVD>congratulated <w NN2>employers <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w PNP>He <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies <w VVD>wanted<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVZ>responds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>spirit<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN1>action <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>thing <w CJT>that <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>happened <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB-NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00R>
<s n="198"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>involvement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="199"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AT0>the <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special <w NP0>UN <w NN1>envoy <w NP0-NN1>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NP0>July <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="200"><w DPS>His <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>received <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>proposals <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiracial <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="201"><w AJ0>Key <w NN2>recommendations <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>expanded <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPC<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w AJ0>permanent <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>offices <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>replace <w NN1>dispute <w NN1>resolution <w NN2>committees<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>stationing <w PRF>of <w CRD>30 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>observers <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPC <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>draw <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>experience <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD>monitored <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>action <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Goldstone <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full-scale <w NN2>inquiries <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Police <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>SAP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kwazulu <w NN2>Police <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Umkhonto <w NP0>we <w NP0>Sizwe<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Azanian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>AZAPO<c PUR>) <w NN2>equivalents<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w NN2>findings<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NP0>NPC<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w NP0>UN <w NN1>reassessment <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>role <w AT0>every <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>deadlock-breaking<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>mechanism<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eminent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>impartial <w NN1>person<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vii<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bias <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="202"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w TO0>to <w VVI>plan<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>outline<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="203"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>passed <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>772 <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>observers<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w DTQ>which <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-operate <w AV0>fully <w PRP>with <w PNP>them<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00S>
<s n="205"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1-VVB>offer
</caption>
<p>
<s n="206"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>offenders <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>wipe <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w AJ0>clean <w CJC>and <w VVB>bury <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w AT0>a <w NN1>blanket <w NN1>amnesty<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>confession <w PRF>of <w NN1>wrongdoing<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>cover <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="208"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w PNP>It <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>300-400 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PNQ>who <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w PRP>under <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w DT0>all <w NN1>security <w NN1>force <w NN2>members <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w VM0>should <w VVI>face <w NN1>prosecution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="210"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>envoy <w NP0>Vance <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fruitless<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>because <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w AJ0>visible <w NN1>movement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in terms of <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN1>core <w NN2>demands <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38948<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w VVG>fulfilling <w DT0>these <w NN2>demands <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w CJS>before <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>could <w VVI>recommence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00T>
<s n="212"><w NN1>Reorganization <w PRF>of <w NN1>SAP
</caption>
<p>
<s n="213"><w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Hernus <w NP0>Kriel <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>13 <w NN2>police <w NN2>generals <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>SAP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="214"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>made <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>damning <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>academic <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Waddington <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>retrain <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w NN1>community <w NN1-VVG>policing <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>black <w NN2>officers <w PRP>to <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="215"><w NN1-NP0>Kriel <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>crimes <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>SAP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="216"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>new <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>board <w VM0>would <w VVI>consist <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>police <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w CRD>35 <w NN2>inspectors <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w NN2>lawyers <w CJC>and <w AV0>possibly<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>experts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>answerable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="217"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>moves <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>window <w VVG-NN1>dressing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>noting <w CJT>that <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>generals <w VVN-VVD>named <w PRP>in <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN2>excesses <w CJC>and <w NN1>assassination <w NN2>squads <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>removed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00U>
<s n="218"><w VVB-NN1>Boipatong <w NN1>inquiry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="219"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Goldstone <w NN1>Commission <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>45 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Boipatong <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38948<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>heard <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>vital <w AJ0>taped <w NN1>evidence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>erased<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="220"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w CRD>13 <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>recordings <w PRF>of <w NN2>communications <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>operations <w NN1>room <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>SAP <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>stability <w NN1>unit <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>erased <w AV0>accidentally<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><w AT0>The <w NN2>recordings <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w VVN>played <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="222"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11-12<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VVN-VVD>heard <w PRP>from <w CRD>seven <w NN2>witnesses <w PNQ>who <w VVD>testified <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVN-VVD>assisted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w NP0-NN1>Ntietsa <w NP0>Xaba<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>policeman <w VVG-NN1>living <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>township<c PUN>, <w VVD>testified <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fellow <w NN1>officer <w PNQ>who <w VVD>wanted <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w DPS>his <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="224"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>recess <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Boipatong <w PRP>until <w NP0>November<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00V>
<s n="225"><w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <w NN1>split
</caption>
<p>
<s n="226"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>strife <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CP<c PUR>) <w VVD>surfaced <w CJS>when <w CRD>five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="227"><w AT0>The <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cehill <w NP0>Pienaar<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NP0>CP <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orange <w NP0>Free <w NN1>State<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w PRP>after <w VVG>trying <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>hierarchy <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w DPS>their <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w AJ0-NN1>Afrikaner <w NN1>homeland <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>entering <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB-NN1>process<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>effectively <w VVI>mean <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w DT0>Both <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>proposals <w VVD>conflicted <w PRP>with <w AJ0>official <w NP0>CP <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="230"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Afrikaner-Volksunie <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Afrikaner <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Andries <w NP0>Beyers <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>known <w CJS>if <w NP0>Koos <w NP0>van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Merwe<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>advocate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB-NN1>process <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CP <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38850<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00W>
<s n="232"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gerhardt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="233"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Dieter <w NP0>Gerhardt<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Simonstown <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>serving <w AT0>a <w NN1>life <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG>acting <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>agent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>32659<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w AT0>An <w NN1>indemnity <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>considered <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>spied <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reasons <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w NN1>release <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>indemnity <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>deported <w PRP>to <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00X>
<s n="236"><w NN1>Decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Verwoerd<w POS>'s <w NN1>grandson <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NP0>ANC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="237"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Wilhelm <w NP0>Verwoerd<c PUN>, <w NN1>grandson <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hendrik <w NP0>Verwoerd<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w NN1>apartheid<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w AT0>The <w NN1>paper <w VVD>quoted <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VVB>hope <w DPS>our <w NN1>work <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>will<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVB>make <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>hurt <w VVN>caused <w PRP>to <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dr <w NP0>Verwoerd<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="239"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="240"><w NP0>NAMIBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="241"><w NN1-NP0>Walvis <w NN1>Bay <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="242"><w AJ0-VVG>Following <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38517<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w DT0>that <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Walvis <w NN1>Bay <w NN1>enclave<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Walvis <w NN1-VVB>Bay <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Administration <w NN1>Body <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>representation <w PRP>for <w DT0>both <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>neither <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>yield <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>claims <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bay <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>deep-water <w NN1>harbour <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Namibian <w NN1>coast<c PUR>) <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>order <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="246"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>demarcation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Namibia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>shift <w AT0>the <w NN1>boundary <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>bank <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orange <w NP0>River <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLNCA00Y>
<s n="247"><w NN1>Refusal <w PRF>of <w NN1>drought <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="248"><w NP0>Norway <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sweden <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w NN1>assistance <w TO0>to <w VVI>relieve <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>drought<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>purchase <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;29,000,000 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="249"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="250"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="251"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>reforms
</head>
<p>
<s n="252"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29-30<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w AJ0>Central <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>amendments <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>changing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w NN1>name <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>delete <w AT0>the <w NN2>words<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Popular<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>People<w VBZ>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w CRD>1975<c PUR>) <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>changes <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA010></p>
<caption id=HLNCA010>
<s n="256"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malanje
</caption>
<p>
<s n="257"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malanje<c PUN>, <w CRD>350 <w NN0>km <w AV0>inland <w PRP>from <w NP0>Luanda<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>) <w VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38180<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>triggered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>harassment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>population <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>militants<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w CRD>nine <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w CRD>dozen <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malanje<c PUN>, <w AV0>traditionally <w AT0>a <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola&mdash;Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>sources <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w VBD>was <w AV0>probably <w DT0>several <w NN2>times <w AV0>higher<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="261"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>Political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCPM<c PUR>) <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>tense<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN1>dismay <w CJT>that <w NN2>recommendations <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w DT0>some <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>setting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="263"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="264"><w NP0>ZAMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="265"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers
</head>
<p>
<s n="266"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Frederick <w NP0>Chiluba <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Ephraim <w NP0>Chibwe <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Supply <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>anomalies<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>buying <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>furniture <w PRP>for <w AJ0>official <w NN2>buildings<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chuulu <w NP0>Kalima<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w AV0>also <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>removed <w NP0>Stan <w NP0-NN1>Kristafor <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>Education <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0-NN1>racist <w NN2>remarks<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w DPS>His <w NN2>responsibilities <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dipak <w NP0>Patel<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="270"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="271"><w NP0>ZIMBABWE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="272"><w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>budget <w NN1>revolt
</head>
<p>
<s n="273"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Union&mdash;Patriotic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZANU-PF<c PUR>) <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Creation <w CJC>and <w NN2>Co-operatives <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Didymus <w NP0>Mutasa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="274"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>hostility <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>ministry <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>establishment <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38995<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w UNC>Z&dollar;40,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;8,500,000<c PUR>) <w NN1>allocation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>ministry<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w VVD>denounced <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>useless<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>department <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mutasa <w PRP>until <w DPS>its <w NN1>closure <w PRP>in <w NP0>June&mdash;ibid.<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>name<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA011></p>
<caption id=HLNCA011>
<s n="276"><w NN1>Shooting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Zimbabwean <w NN1>student <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow
</caption>
<p>
<s n="277"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Zimbabwean <w NN1>student <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Patrice <w NP0>Lumumba <w NN1>University <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>police <w NN1>officer <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w AT0>The <w NN1>killing <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVG>rioting <w PRP>by <w AJ0>African <w NN2>students <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>officer <w AV0>wilfully <w VVN>shot <w PRP>at <w AJ0>point-blank <w NN1>range<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>officer <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="280"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w VHD>had <w VVN>cancelled <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>MiG-29 <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>sources <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>tension <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unrelated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="282"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="283"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="284"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN2>clerics
</head>
<p>
<s n="285"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>leaders <w VVG>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>protests <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38804<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>rally <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>subversive<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>banned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>because of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN2>regulations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>organizers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="287"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rally<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w NN1>church <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>from <w DT0>several <w NN2>denominations <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>political <w NN1>freedom <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>Protestant <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>published <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>letter <w VVG>declaring <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w AT0>every <w NN1>generation <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="289"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>detained<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Leahy<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>priest <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>deported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w NN1>departure<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>church <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN1>church <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP-CJS>after <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>three <w VBD>were <w VVN>re-arrested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA012></p>
<caption id=HLNCA012>
<s n="292"><w NN1>Refusal <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>by <w NP0>Norway
</caption>
<p>
<s n="293"><w VVG>Turning <w AVP>down <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;22,000,000 <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN1-VVB>project<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>refuse <w AJ0>Malawian <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>abuses <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>Norwegian <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Namibia <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39038<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="294"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="295"><w NP0>MOZAMBIQUE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="296"><w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>accord
</head>
<p>
<s n="297"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Joaquim <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Chissano <w CJC>and <w NP0>Afonso <w NP0>Dhlakama<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Mozambique <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Resistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Renamo<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>declared <w PNX>themselves<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-AJ0>determined <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>all <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>catastrophe <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>combined <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w NN1>drought <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="299"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w AVQ>where <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>with <w NN2>mediators <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>16-year <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="300"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>after <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w NN1-NP0>Renamo<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rhodesia <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w CJS-PRP>after <w AJ0>Zimbabwean <w NN1>independence <w VVD>received <w AJ0>substantial <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Marxist <w NN1>regime <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mozambique <c PUL>(<w NP0>Frelimo<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w PRP>By <w CRD>mid-1992 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>displaced<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w PRP>From <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w VBD>were <w AV0>further <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>drought <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38755<c PUN>; <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="304"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rome <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Mugabe <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>persuading <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gaositwe <w NP0>K. <w NP0>T. <w NP0>Chiepe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Botswanan <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Colombo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Raffaelli<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>mediators<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1-VVB>mediators&mdash;the <w DT0>Most <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Gon&ccedil;alves<c PUN>, <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beira<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Riccardi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Don <w NP0>Matteo <w NN1-NP0>Zuppi <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Saint <w NP0>Egidio <w NN1>Order<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="305"><w AV0>Also <w NN1-AJ0>present <w VBD>was <w NP0>Roland<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Tiny<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Rowland<c PUN>, <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British-based <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>Lonhro <w PRP>with <w AJ0>extensive <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w NN1>east <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w NP0>Rowland <w VHD>had <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>in <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>from <w CRD>1984<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mediatory <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Daniel <w VVB-NN1>arap <w UNC>Moi <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kenya <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mugabe <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NP0>Chissano <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Dhlakama <w AV0>together<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA013></p>
<caption id=HLNCA013>
<s n="308"><w NN2>Details <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="309"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>undertakings <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rome <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>were <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="310"><w NP0>Chissano <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dhlakama <w VVD>pledged <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w NN2>conditions <w CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>complete <w AJ0>political <w NN1>freedom<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in accordance with <w AV0>internationally <w VVN-VVD>recognized <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Mozambican <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w CJC>and <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>monitoring <w CJC>and <w VVG>guaranteeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w VVN-VVD>contained <w PRP>in <w NN1>Protocol <w NN1>No. <w CRD>1 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38517<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>undertook <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w CJC>or <w VVI>apply <w NN2>laws <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>conflict <w PRP>with <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Renamo <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>behave <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AJ0>political <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>specifically <w VVG>committing <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG>incorporating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>agreements <w CJC>and <w NN2>protocols <w PRP>into <w NN1>law <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38517<c PUN>; <w CRD>38565<c PUN>; <w CRD>38804<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>an <w AJ0>agreed <w NN1>agenda <w CJC>and <w VVB>sign <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>incorporating <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="311"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Chissano <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>armistice<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>turned <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w VVG>Defending <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dhlakama <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w AV0>just <w VVI>call <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w PNP>You <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proper <w NN2>mechanisms <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w PNP>it<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="314"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>truce<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="315"><w PNP>We <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>refuse <w NN1>peace<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="316"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w VBZ>is <w NN1>peace <w PRP>with <w NN1>security<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="317"><w PRP>In <w AJC>later <w NN1>press <w NN2>interviews <w DT0>both <w NN2>men <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Chissano <w VVD>expected <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="318"><w AV0>Immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w NN2>negotiators <w VVD>began <w NN2>discussions <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w CJC>and <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w NN1-NP0>Renamo <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w PRF>of <w CRD>24,000 <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>1,000-strong <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w AJ0>800-strong <w NN1>navy<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w VVG>contributing <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w CRD>35,000-36,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA014></p>
<caption id=HLNCA014>
<s n="322"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Renamo <w NN1-AJ0>offensive
</caption>
<p>
<s n="323"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>spectacular <w NN2>operations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w VVD-VVN>accused <w NN1>Renamo <w PRF>of <w VVG>preparing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Zambezi <w NP0>River <w NN1>valley<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Mozambique<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="324"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="325"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="326"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tshisekedi <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="327"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>defiant <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1-NP0>Seko<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w VVN>elected <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Etienne <w NP0>Tshisekedi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDPS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w DPS>His <w NN1>election <w VVD>followed <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>met <w PRP>by <w NN2>scenes <w PRF>of <w NN1>jubilation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kinshasa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="329"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVD>suspended <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVG>following <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w PRP>before <w CRD>1971<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Congo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>flag<c PUN>, <w NN1>anthem <w CJC>and <w NN1>motto<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w PRP>After <w DT0>much <w NN1>discussion <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>implemented <w AV0>immediately <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>as <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="331"><w NP0>Tshisekedi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-week <w NN1>period <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38423<c PUN>; <w CRD>38515-16<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>2,651 <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w PNP>He <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>earliest<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft <w AT0>a <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="333"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w AJ0>21-member <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>appointed <w VBD>were <w NP0>Mathieu <w NP0>Bossunga <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pierre <w NN1-NP0>Lumbi<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>opposition<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NP0>Roger <w NP0>Gisanga <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
<s n="335"><w NP0>Nkanga <w NP0>Bongo<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>named <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA015></p>
<caption id=HLNCA015>
<s n="336"><w NN1>Opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tshisekedi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="337"><w NP0>Tshisekedi<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w PRP>Over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shaba <w NN1>province <w PRP>between <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w NN2>activists <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w NN2>Federalists <w CJC>and <w NN2>Republicans <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>UFERI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nguza <w NP0>Karl-I-Bond<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tshisekedi<w POS>'s <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>.
<s n="339"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Nguza<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NP0>Shaba<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w NP0>Tshisekedi<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="340"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w VVN-VVD>heightened <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Katanga <w NN2>Gendarmes<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secessionist <w NN1>movement <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nguza <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>awaiting <w DPS>his <w NN2>orders <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AJ0>military <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN1>activity <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="342"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="343"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="344"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<p>
<s n="345"><w NN1>Progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>recorded <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPR<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10-18 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arusha<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tanzania<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="346"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPR <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>specified<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>according to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>accord <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>envisaged <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>body <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>respect <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w NN2>Negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arusha <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>focus <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>national <w NN1>army <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w NP0>FPR <w NN2>fighters <w CJC>and <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="348"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w VVB-NN1>accord <w AV0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>complained <w PRF>of <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DT0>several <w NN2>occasions <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1>scepticism <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>commitment <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Juv&eacute;nal <w NP0>Habyarimana <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>FPR <w NN1>radio <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Habyarimana<w POS>'s <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>indulging <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>odious <w NN1>slaughter <w PRF>of <w AJ0>peaceful<c PUN>, <w AJ0>innocent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>defenceless <w NN2>civilians<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="350"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="351"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="352"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="353"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kenya <w NN1>Amendment <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w CRD>140 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>141 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="354"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>winning <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w AV0>nationwide<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>eight <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w PNP>It <w VDD>did <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVB>specify <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VVI>happen <w CJS>if <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>fulfilled <w DT0>this <w NN1>condition<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w CJC>Nor <w VDD>did <w PNP>it <w VVI>stipulate <w AVQ>how <w AV0>long <w AT0>the <w NN1>incumbent <w VM0>would <w VVI>hold <w NN1>office <w CJS>until <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w VVD-VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="357"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>candidate <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>nominated <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJS>even if <w DT0>that <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>tenure <w VBD>was <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w AJ0>five-year <w NN2>terms<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA016></p>
<caption id=HLNCA016>
<s n="359"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="360"><w NP0>Masinde <w NP0>Muliro<c PUN>, <w NN1>vice-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>collapsed <w CJC>and <w VVD>died <w PRP>at <w NP0>Jomo <w NP0>Kenyatta <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>from <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w AT0>The <w NN2>circumstances <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w VBD>were <w VVN>surrounded <w PRP>by <w NN1>controversy <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>suspicions <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>foul <w NN1-VVB>play <w PRP>within <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>circles<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w AJ0>Particular <w NN1>concern <w VBD>was <w VVN>expressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>post-mortem <w NN1>examination <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>instructions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Muliro<w POS>'s <w NN1>physician<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="363"><w NP0>Muliro <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AV0>together <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w PRP>within <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w VVD>led <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Matiba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oginga <w NP0>Odinga<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>differences <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>method <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>selection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate&mdash;both <w NN2>men <w VHG>having <w AJC>earlier <w VVN>declared <w DPS>their <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38902<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Matiba <w NN1>faction <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>ballot <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w CJS>while <w NP0>Odinga <w VVD>insisted <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>indirect <w NN1>method<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVN>increased <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w AVQ>when <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AJ0-VVG>founding <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w NP0-NN1>Odinga <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w NP0-NN1>Odinga <w VVD>ridiculed <w AT0>the <w NN1>attempt <w CJC>and <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w PRP>In <w DT0>these <w NN2>circumstances <w NP0>Muliro <w VVD>put <w PNX>himself <w AV0>forward <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>heal <w AT0>the <w NN2>rifts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>conference <w AJ0-NN1>due <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="369"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="370"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w AJ0>AFRICAN <w NN1>REPUBLIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="371"><w AJ0>Grand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Debate
</head>
<p>
<s n="372"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Grand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Debate<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1-31<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>postponed <w PRP>since <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38707<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>with <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN2>powers <w VBI>be <w VVN>convened<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>debate <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w NN1-AJ0>d&eacute;mocratique <w NN1>centrafricain <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="375"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ratified <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Grand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Debate<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <w NN2>regulations <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>semi-presidential <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>powers <w VVN>vested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister<c PUN>.
<s n="377"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w AV0>also <w VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Kolingba <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP>by <w NN1>decree <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>legislature <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="378"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>set<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>anxious <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>voting <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CFD<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w AV0>that <w AV0>early <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w AV0>inevitably <w VBI>be <w VVN>rigged<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>pressed <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="380"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Debate <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>strikes<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Claude <w NP0>Conjugo<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Alliance <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NN1>d&eacute;mocratie <w UNC>et <w UNC>le <w NN2>progr&egrave;s <c PUL>(<w NN1>ADP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w DPS>His <w NN1>death <w VVD-VVN>prompted<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ghost <w NN1>town<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>operations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Bangui<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>halt <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>striking <w NN2>workers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>crimes<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="383"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="384"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<caption>
<s n="385"><w NP0>Congo <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="386"><w NN1>Election <w NN2>victories <w PRP>for <w NN2>UPADS
</caption>
<p>
<s n="387"><w NP0>Pascal <w NP0-NN1>Lissouba<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-African <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPADS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>victorious <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w NN2>UPADS <w VHG>having <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>either <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="388"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>amid <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38950<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>UPADS <w VVG>winning <w CRD>39 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>125 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>senatorial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NN2>UPADS <w VVD>won <w CRD>23 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>60 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>single <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Congolese <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w PRP>with <w AV0>just <w CRD>19 <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w ORD>fifth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="391"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w NP0-NN1>Lissouba <w VVD>headed <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w AVP>through <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w PRP>round <w NN1>run-off <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>second-placed <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Kolelas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Congolese <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Integral <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCDDI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w NN2>Candidates <w VVN-VVD>eliminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Denis <w NP0>Sassou-Nguesso <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PCT<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0-NN1>Milongo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="394"><w NN1-NP0>Milongo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w AV0>only <w CRD>10.18 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>petitioned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w VVN-VVD>annulled <w PRP>because of <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>.
<s n="395"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w NP0-NN1>Milongo <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>satisfied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="396"><w NP0-NN1>Sassou-Nguesso<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>concede <w NN1-VVB>defeat<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>bow&lsqb;ed&rsqb; <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Congolese <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>serenity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w PNP>He <w AV0>later <w VVD>urged <w NN2>voters <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0-NN1>Lissouba <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN2>sources <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>UPADS <w VVD-VVN>entered <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>PCT<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="398"><w NN1-NP0>Lissouba <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>speech <w PNP>he <w VVD>indicated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>structures<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>parliament <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w NP0>Sassou-Nguesso <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN2>actions <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="401"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="402"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="403"><w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN2>primaries
</head>
<p>
<s n="404"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEC<c PUR>) <w VVD>cancelled <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w VVD>suspended <w DT0>all <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>rounds<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in consultation with <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>NRC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="406"><w VVN>Based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w VVG>voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>elections <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>select <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w NN2>aspirants<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w PRP>In <w DT0>all <w CRD>five <w VVZ>states <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>rigging<c PUN>, <w VVG>tampering <w PRP>with <w NN2>figures <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>and<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>double <w NN1>voting<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast <w VVN-VVD>exceeded <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>registered <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="408"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>vote-buying <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>scale<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w VVG-NN1>Voting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Borno <w NN1>State <w VBD>was <w VVN>disrupted <w PRP>by <w NN1>violence <w CJS>when <w NN2>agents <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <w AV0>openly <w VVN-AJ0>distributed <w NN1>cash<c PUN>.
<s n="410"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN0>media <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w NN1>campaign <w VVZ>rallies <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attended<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NN2>entertainers <w CJC>and <w AV0>often <w AJ0>local <w NN2>journalists<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>complaints <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>levies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w UNC>US&dollar;19,000 <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;25,000 <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>contestants<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w VVB>Segun <w NP0-NN1>Ogundimu<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>race<c PUN>, <w VVD>voiced <w AT0>the <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>moneybags <w VHB>have <w VVN>hijacked <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="413"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w CJS>as if <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w NN1>sale<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="414"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NEC <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2-VVZ>rounds <w PRP>between <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NN1>voting <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>permitted <w PRP>on <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership <w NN2>cards <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>issued <w PRP>to <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>interim<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="415"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="416"><w NP0>BENIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="417"><w NN1>Trial <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ciss&eacute; <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Army <w NN1>mutiny
</head>
<p>
<s n="418"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Amadou <w NP0-NN1>Ciss&eacute;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mathieu <w NP0>K&eacute;r&eacute;kou<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="419"><w NN1-NP0>Ciss&eacute;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NP0>K&eacute;r&eacute;kou<w POS>'s <w NN1>soothsayer<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>other <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>regime <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="420"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>them <w VVD-VVN>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w AV0>more than <w CRD>2,300 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA<c PUN>.
<s n="421"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>charges <w VVD-VVN>included <w VVG-AJ0>abetting <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>offences <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>abusing <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
<s n="422"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>believed <w CJT>that <w NN1>evidence <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>incriminate <w NN2>politicians <w AV0>still <w AJ0>active<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="423"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kaba <w AJ0>military <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Natitingou<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Pascal <w NP0>Tawes<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>firing <w PRF>of <w NN2>gunshots <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>escaped <w PRP>from <w NN1>detention <w PRP>with <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>proclaimed <w PNX>himself <w NN1>commander-in-chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kaba <w NN1>camp <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officers <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>27 <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mutiny <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AVQ>when <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>regained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>camp <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>arrested <w CRD>45 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w NP0>Tawes <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>apprehended<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="428"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="429"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="430"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition <w NN1>period
</head>
<p>
<s n="431"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w VVB>HCR&mdash;the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w VVD>extended <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJC>further <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w AV0>as <w AV0>well <w CJS>as <w PRP>for <w AJ0>municipal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="433"><w AT0>The <w NP0>HCR <w VBD>was <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN2>proposals <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Joint <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Commission <w DTQ>which <w VVD>comprised <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w UNC>du <w NN1-VVB>peuple <w NN1>togolais <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>recommendations <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eyadema <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38994<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>on <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government&mdash;on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>assassination <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>on <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Amefia<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w AV0>Moreover<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w PRP>to <w AJ0>postponed <w AV0>indefinitely <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>election <w NN2>offices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="436"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCR <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Eyadema <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w VVN-VVD>stripped <w PRP>from <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38379<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w AV0>Apparently <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>vacuum<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCR <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Eyadema <w VM0>could <w VVI>chair <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>meetings <w CJC>and <w VVB>represent <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w AT0>the <w NN1>clause <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VVG>prohibiting <w VVG-NN1>serving <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVG>allowing <w NP0-NN1>Eyadema <w TO0>to <w VVI>run<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w PRP>In <w DT0>another <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPT<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>theory <w AJ0>defunct <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38379<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="440"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="441"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="442"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>fighting
</head>
<p>
<s n="443"><w AJ0>Heavy <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ulimo<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>Doe<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w DT0>This <w NN1>activity <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w TO0>to <w VVI>blockade <w NP0>NPFL <w NN1>territory <w CJS>if <w NP0>Taylor <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yamoussoukro <w CRD>IV <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38993<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="445"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Monrovia <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w NN1>worker <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group<c PUR>) <w NN1>soldier<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>30,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>relative <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>reports <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>ECOMOG<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Ulimo <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>captured <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bomi <w NP0>Hills <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Grand <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Mount <w NN1>County <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Ulimo <w VHD>had <w VVN>besieged <w NP0>Tubmanburg<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>NPFL <w NN1>stronghold<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVG>pushing <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gbarnga<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>170 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="449"><w NN1-NP0>Ulimo <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w AJ0-VVD>professed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1>peace <w NN1>initiative <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AV0-AJ0>only <w VVG>fighting <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w VVD>abided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yamoussoukro <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>surrender <w DPS>their <w NN2>arms <w TO0>to <w VVI>ECOMOG <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="451"><w NP0>NPFL <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taylor <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>failed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberian <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w VVB>ECOMOG <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>categorically <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Ulimo <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>advance <w AV0>so <w AV0>rapidly <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w NN2>countries <w VVG>contributing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="454"><w NP0>Ishaya <w NP0>Bakut<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w AJ0>commanding <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>his <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="455"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN2>officials <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Ulimo <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Raleigh <w NP0>Seekie <w PRP>in <w NP0>Freetown<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w NP0-NN1>Ulimo<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w VVG>applying <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord <w CJC>and <w VVG>surrendering <w DPS>its <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w NP0-NN1>Seekie <w VVD>refused <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>contrary<c PUN>, <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>by <w NN2>Liberians <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <w NN2>interventions <w PRP>from <w AV0>outside<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="457"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="458"><w NP0>Bakut <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>observed <w PRP>around <w NP0>Monrovia <w CJC>and <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>preparing <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>hostilities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="459"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="460"><w NP0>CHAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="461"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Alleged <w NN1>massacre
</head>
<p>
<s n="462"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>reshuffled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8 <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Loum <w NP0>Hinassou <w NP0>Laina <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="464"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Opposition <w VVD>condemned <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>alleged <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>army <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>some <w CRD>12 <w NN2>schoolchildren<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Doba<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="465"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="466"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="467"><w NN1>Malnutrition <w CJC>and <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>from <w NN1>starvation <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east
</head>
<p>
<s n="468"><w NN1>Relief <w NN2>workers <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ethiopians <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ogaden <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>camps <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gode<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kelafo <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Dolo <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="469"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN0>M&eacute;decins sans Fronti&egrave;res <w NN1>organization <w VVD-VVN>reported <w NN1>malnutrition <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w CRD>43-50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>among <w NN2>children <w PRF>of <w AV0>newly <w VVG>arriving <w NN2>families <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Gode <w NN1>camp<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>families <w VBD>were <w NN2>Ethiopians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia <w TO0>to <w VVI>escape <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ogaden <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w CRD>1977 <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVG>returning<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA017></p>
<caption id=HLNCA017>
<s n="471"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Hijacking <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w NN2>executions <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>EPRDF
</caption>
<p>
<s n="472"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>list <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w AJ0>vacant <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>re-shuffled <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Natural <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>, <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>under <w NP0>Mesfin <w NP0>Abebe<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w VBD>was <w NP0>Mehitema <w NP0>Solomon <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yosef <w NP0>Kumalo <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="474"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>Ethiopians <w VVD>hijacked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN2>Airlines <w NN1-VVB>plane <w AV0>soon <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>left <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w PNP>They <w VVD>surrendered <w PRP>at <w NP0>Rome <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>after <w VVG>receiving <w NN2>assurances <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>deported <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AJ0>political <w NN1>persecution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="476"><w CJS>As <w NN2>tensions <w CJC>and <w NN2>clashes <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Ethiopia <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Oromo <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>OLF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>16 <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w CRD>13 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>summarily <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPRDF<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w NP0>March <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="477"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>1,751 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w PRP>due to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w NN1>affiliation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="478"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="479"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="480"><w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation
</head>
<p>
<s n="481"><w VVB>Helaf <w NP0>Orbis <w NP0>Ali <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPP<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>UOF<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>&mdash;an <w NN1>umbrella <w NN1>group <w PRP>including <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRUD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="482"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>since <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>: <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Djama <w NP0>Elabe<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NP0>Souleiman <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Lodon<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Adminstration<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w NP0>Orbis <w NP0>Ali<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AV0>Afar<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VVN>continued <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deteriorating <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="484"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD>Gouled <w NP0>Aptidon <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>legalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>UOF <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVN-VVD>addressed <w PRP>to <w NN1>President <w VVD-AJ0>Gouled <w NP0-NN1>Aptidon <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Consitutional <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA018></p>
<caption id=HLNCA018>
<s n="487"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>FRUD <w NN2>guerrillas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="488"><w AJ0>Intermittent <w NN2>clashes <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>from <w NP0>mid-June <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>FRUD <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coastal <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Obock <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6-9<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Garabaousse<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>UOF <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Djibouti<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>were <w VVG>dying <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>100 <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN1>drought <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN2>authorities <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVG>blocking <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="491"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="492"><w NP0>MADAGASCAR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="493"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>referendum
</head>
<p>
<s n="494"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>approval <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Forum<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>conference <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-AJ0>Comit&eacute; <w UNC>des <w NN2>forces <w VVZ>vives <w VVN>formed <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>voted <w VBD>were <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>enshrined <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unitary <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="496"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w VVN>marred <w PRP>by <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w AV0>almost <w CRD>one-quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>by <w NN2>protesters <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="497"><w NN1>Opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VVD>came <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Malagasy <w NN1>Socialism <c PUL>(<w NP0>MMSM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w VVG>supporting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Didier <w NP0>Ratsiraka<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w NP0-NN1>Ratsiraka <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AT0>a <w NN1>federation <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38378<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w NN1>declaration <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>disregarded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="499"><w PRP>On <w NN1-VVG>polling <w NN1>day <w AJ0>federalist <w NN2>supporters <w VVD-VVN>burned <w NN1>polling <w NN2>booths <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>ballot <w NN2-VVZ>boxes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maroantsetra<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>prevented <w NN0>people <w VVG>casting <w DPS>their <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Toliara <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w VVB>Tul&eacute;ar<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w AT0>No <w NN1>voting <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Antseranana <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Diego <w NP0>Suarez<c PUR>) <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AJ0>pro-Ratsiraka <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD-VVN>seized <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>airport <w CJC>and <w NN0>media <w NN2>facilities <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>directorate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="501"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>-incidents <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Toamasina<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VVN>regained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>towns<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Toamasina <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Comit&eacute; <w UNC>des <w NN2>forces <w VVZ>vives <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>MMSM<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="503"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD-VVN>approved<c PUN>, <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="504"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="505"><w NP0-NN1>SADCC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="506"><w NN1>Summit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Transformation <w PRP>into <w NP0-NN1>SADC
</head>
<p>
<s n="507"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w ORD>12th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Co-ordination <w NN1>Conference <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADCC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Windhoek<c PUN>, <w NP0>Namibia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>transform <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="508"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Windhoek <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SADC <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>from <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>, <w NP0>Botswana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lesotho<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malawi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mozambique<c PUN>, <w NP0>Namibia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Swaziland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tanzania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zambia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Ketumile <w NP0>Masire<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Botswana<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="510"><w VVB>Set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>29817<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SADCC <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>destabilization <w PRP-AVP>by<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>dependence <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w NN1>apartheid <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><w DT0>This <w NN1>purpose <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>under way<c PUN>, <w CJS>albeit <w AV0>falteringly<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="512"><w VVG>Responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>changed <w NN1>situation<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>SADC <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VM0>would <w PNX>itself <w VBI>be <w VVN>invited <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w AV0>democratically <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>desire <w PRP>to <w NN1>institute <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>for <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>integration <w PRP>before <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>safeguard <w PRP>against <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>domination <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VBD>was <w VVN>stressed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="514"><w NP0>Cyril <w NP0>Ramaphosa<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>cautious <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>post-apartheid <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="515"><w PNP>He <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>appalling <w NN1>legacy <w PRF>of <w NN1>apartheid<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>limit <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>contribution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="516"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w AJ0-VVN>designated <w NN1>community <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>80,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><w DPS>Its <w NN2>aims <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>harmonization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>trade <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w NN2>Officials <w AV0>also <w VVD>foresaw <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VVI>adopt <w AJ0-VVN>unified <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="519"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SADC <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38279<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="520"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="521"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<p>
<s n="522"><w NP0-NN1>Garga <w NP0>Hamam <w NP0-NN1>Adji <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Service <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>dealings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suppressed<c PUN>; <w NP0>Adjoudji <w NP0>Hamadjoda<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN0>Livestock<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>assigned <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>ministry<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="523"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="524"><w NP0>CEPGL
</head>
<p>
<s n="525"><w AT0>The <w ORD>14th <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NN2>Lakes <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Gisenyi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rwanda<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>; <w NN2>discussions <w VVN-VVD>concentrated <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>first <w NN1>objective<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="526"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="527"><w AT0>THE <w NP0>GAMBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="528"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dawda <w NP0>Kairaba <w NP0>Jawara <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="529"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="530"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<p>
<s n="531"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Amadou <w NP0>Toumani <w NP0-NN1>Tour&eacute;<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>in <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="532"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="533"><w NN2>OMVS
</head>
<p>
<s n="534"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdou <w NN1-NP0>Diouf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Senegal <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>River <w NP0>Senegal <c PUL>(<w NP0>OMVS<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>or <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nouakchott<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mauritania<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24-25<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="535"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="536"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="537"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<p>
<s n="538"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w NN1>convention<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w AT0>the <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>lead <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w PRP>by <w VVG>launching <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>character <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nominee <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w PRP>In <w DT0>several <w NN2>instances<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>tactic <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AJC>greater <w NN1>discomfort <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJS>than <w PRP>to <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>strengthened <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w AJ0>inept <w NN1>management<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="540"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>repudiate <w AT0>a <w NN1>newsletter <w VVN>written <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mary <w NP0>Matalin<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w NP0>Clinton <w PRF>of <w NN1>character <w NN2>failings <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>avoidance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w AJ0>marital <w NN1>infidelity <w PRP>to <w VVG>overeating<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="541"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>define <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<w POS>'s <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>family <w NN2>values<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AV0>severely <w AJ0>embarrassed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>front <w NN1>page <w NN1>story <w VVN-VVD>carried <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>Post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra-marital <w NN1>affair <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jennifer <w NP0>Fitzgerald<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>assistant <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>current <w NN1>protocol <w NN1>officer <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w AT0>The <w NN1>newspaper <w NN1>story <w VVN-VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NN1>coverage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>allegation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>infidelity<c PUN>.
<s n="543"><w CJS>When <w VVN>confronted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>by <w NN2>reporters <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w AV0>angrily <w VVN>refused<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>any <w AJ0>sleazy <w NN2>questions <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>other than <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>lie<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="544"><w DT0>Another <w AJ0>important <w NN1>development <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>convention <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>finalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>policy <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>platform <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="545"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w VVN-VVD>voted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>platform <w VM0>should <w AV0>once again <w VVI>contain<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w PRP>since <w CRD>1980<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w TO0>to <w VVI>prohibit <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w NN1>Opinion <w NN2>surveys <w VHD>had <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>found <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w XX0>not <w AV0>merely <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>Republicans<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sizable <w NN1>portion <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>as <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="547"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>deep <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>issue <w VBD>were <w VVN>illustrated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>softened <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>stance <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>under <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>recognising <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman<w POS>'s <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>choice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w PRP>Prior to <w CRD>1980 <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA019></p>
<caption id=HLNCA019>
<s n="549"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff
</caption>
<p>
<s n="550"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>revitalize <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w DT0>that <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>from <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w PNP>He <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Sam <w NP0>Skinner <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>ceremonial <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>.
<s n="552"><w NP0-NN1>Baker<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>key <w NN2>tasks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VHD>had <w VVN>included <w VVG>supervising <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Eagleburger<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="553"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Robert <w VVB>Teeter <w VVN>remained <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN-VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Baker <w VM0>would <w VVI>use <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>post <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PNP>it <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>coherence<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w AT0>The <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Treasury <w NN1>Secretary <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>trailing <w AV0>badly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>anticipated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01A>
<s n="555"><w AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention
</caption>
<p>
<s n="556"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Houston <w NN1>Astrodome<c PUN>, <w NP0>Texas<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>emphasis <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w PRP>on <w VVG>creating <w AT0>an <w NN1>impression <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>unity<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><w AT0>An <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>anti-abortion <w NN1>platform <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w AV0>openly <w VVN-VVD>debated <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>defeated<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidacy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0>main <w NN1>challenger <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>primaries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>journalist <w NP0>Pat <w NP0>Buchanan<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emotional <w NN1>speech <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Reagan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="559"><w NN2>Proceedings <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w VVD-VVN>involved <w AJ0>vitriolic <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassert <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>party <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>repository <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>family <w NN2>values<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="560"><w NN2>Speeches <w PRP>from <w NP0>Barbara <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Marilyn <w NP0>Quayle<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>wife <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w VVN>emphasized <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AV0>somewhat <w AV0>more <w AV0>indirectly <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NN1>motherhood<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w PRP>on <w NP0>Buchanan<w POS>'s <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hillary <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>symbol <w PRF>of <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>feminism<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="561"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>as <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>2,210 <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w DPS>His <w NN1>acceptance <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>evening<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>well <w VVN>delivered <w CJC>but <w AV0>generally <w VVN>perceived <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>lacking <w PRP>in <w NN1>detail<c PUN>.
<s n="563"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>his <w ORD>second <w NN1>term <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>crusade<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>offered <w DT0>few <w AJ0>new <w NN2>prescriptions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ailing <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w VVG>preferring <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>agenda <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w DT0>less <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJC>lower <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w VVG>Repudiating <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>judgment<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>his <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN1>taxes&mdash;a <w NN1-VVB>move <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>contravened <w DPS>his <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>pledge&mdash;Bush <w VVD>promised <w AJ0>across-the-board <w NN1>tax <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>indeterminate <w NN1>size<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN1>spending <w NN2>reductions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>debt <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w ORD>second <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="565"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVN>eliminated<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>lead<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01B><ptr target=HLNCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01B>
<s n="566"><w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>investigation
</caption>
<caption id=HLNCA01C>
<s n="567"><w NN1>Trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clair <w NP0>George
</caption>
<p>
<s n="568"><w AT0>A <w NN1>mistrial <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>CIA <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>covert <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clair <w NP0>George<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w AT0>The <w NN1>jury<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w VVG>deliberating <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>by <w NN1>defence <w NN2>lawyers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>dropped <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>judge <w NP0>Royce <w NP0-NN1>Lamberth<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>presided <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w VVB>set <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NP0>George<w POS>'s <w NN1>re-trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="571"><w NP0>George <w VHD>had <w VVN>pleaded <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>to <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>perjury <w CJC>and <w VVG>obstructing <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>inquiries <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w CJS>While <w VVG-AJ0>admitting <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w VHD>had <w VVN>contained <w NN2>inaccuracies<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>mislead <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>key <w NN1>prosecution <w NN1-VVB>witness <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Fiers<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>CIA <w NN2>operations <w NN1>chief <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>plea <w NN1-VVB>bargain <w PRP>with <w NN2>prosecutors <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38327<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="574"><w NP0>George <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>CIA <w NN1-AJ0>official <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>affair <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>four-week <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0>embarrassing <w NN2>revelations <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN2>practices <w CJC>and <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agency<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01D>
<s n="575"><w NN1>Clearing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Reagan <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Delay <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="576"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Walsh<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Reagan <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>office <w VVD>considered <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>simply <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>witness<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w NN1>indictment<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w NP0>Walsh <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>rule <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Reagan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w DT0>former <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>Edwin <w NP0>Meese <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="578"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>judge <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w VVD-VVN>postponed <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NN1-NP0>Caspar <w NN1-NP0>Weinberger <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w NN1-NP0>Weinberger <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest-ranking <w DT0>former <w NN1-AJ0>official <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>affair<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01E>
<s n="580"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Iraqgate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>affair
</caption>
<p>
<s n="581"><w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>William <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Barr <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>denied <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>Iraqgate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>affair&mdash;the <w NN1>allegation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>conceal <w DPS>its <w NN2>policies <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>by <w VVG>undertaking <w AT0>an <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>cover-up<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="582"><w AT0>The <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>counsel <c PUL>(<w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w VBD>were <w VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Watergate <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w NP0>Barr <w VVD>stated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w NN1-VVB>request <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>judiciary <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>prosecutor <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Iraqgate <w NN1>affair <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38998<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>contained<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>vague <w CJC>and <w AJ0>general <w NN2>allegations<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>meet <w DT0>these <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="585"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Iraqgate <w NN1>affair <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w AV0>fraudulently <w VVN>channelled <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlanta <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Banca <w UNC>Nazionale <w UNC>del <w NP0>Lavoro <c PUL>(<w NP0>BNL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w PRP>Prior to <w NP0>Barr<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>banking <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>subpoena <w AJ0>secret <w AJ0-NN1>Iraq-related <w NN2>documents <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CIA <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>government <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><w VVG>Following <w NP0>Barr<w POS>'s <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w NP0>Judge <w NP0>Marvin <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Shoob<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>presided <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>case <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>BNL <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>plea <w NN1-VVG>bargaining <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>probe <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w AV0>fully <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AJ0>unanswered <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0>crucial <w NN2>questions <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>role<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="588"><w NN2>Democrats <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w NP0>Barr<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w VVG>increasing <w DPS>their <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>obstruction <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Iraqgate <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>banking <w NN1>committee <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>rule <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>request <w PRP>to <w NP0>Barr <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01F>
<s n="589"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w NN1-NP0>King <w NN1>case
</caption>
<p>
<s n="590"><w DT0>All <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>acquittal <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rodney <w NN1-NP0>King <w NN1-VVG>beating <w NN1>case <w VVD>sparked <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38894<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>jury <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>on <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>violating <w NN1-NP0>King<w POS>'s <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w AT0>The <w NN2>indictments <w VVD-VVN>charged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Sgt. <w NP0>Stacey <w NP0-NN1>Koon <w CJC>and <w NN2>officers <w NP0>Laurence <w NP0>Powell<c PUN>, <w NP0>Timothy <w NN1>Wind <w CJC>and <w NP0>Theodore <w NP0>Briseno <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>wilfully <w CJC>and <w AV0>intentionally <w AJ0-VVN>used <w AJ0>unreasonable <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w NP0-NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>for <w VVG>speeding <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Koon <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unlawful <w NN1>assault<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>King <w PRP>by <w NN2>officers <w PRP>under <w DPS>his <w NN1>supervision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="592"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>savage <w NN1>beating <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>King<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>black<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>filmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>onlooker<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>acquitted <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>charges <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>white <w NN1>jury <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38856<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w AV0>Only <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>count<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w NP0>Powell<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>mistrial <w VVD-VVN>declared<c PUN>; <w NP0>Powell<w POS>'s <w NN1>retrial <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>charge <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>jury<w POS>'s <w NN1>indictment<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>retrial <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AV0>aside <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="595"><w CJS>Whereas <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>case <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>heard <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ventura <w NN1>County<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AV0>almost <w AV0>exclusively <w AJ0>white <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>decided <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>jury <w VVN>selected <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>pool <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>California <w NN2>counties <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>16,000,000 <w NN0>people<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>less <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>white <w PRP>in <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
<s n="596"><w CJS>If <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w NN1>defendant <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;250,000 <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01G>
<s n="597"><w NN1>Hurricane <w NP0>Andrew
</caption>
<p>
<s n="598"><w AJ0>Considerable <w NN1>damage <w CJC>and <w NN1>dislocation <w VBD>was <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NN1>Hurricane <w NP0>Andrew <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>swept <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bahamas <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>hurricane <w VVD>ravaged <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Florida <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>before <w VVG>proceeding <w AV0>westwards <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>Gulf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w AT0>The <w NN1>storm<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w NN2>winds <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>140 <w NN2>miles <w PRP>per <w NN1>hour<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25-26 <w VVD>hit <w AT0>the <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w NP0>Louisiana<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>60 <w NN2>miles <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Orleans<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>damage<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w CJS>As <w PNP>it <w VVD>moved <w AV0>inland <w DPS>its <w NN1>force <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>downgraded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tropical <w NN1>storm<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="602"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>33 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bahamas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Florida <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w VBD>was <w AJS>greatest<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Louisiana<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>figure <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>higher<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>200,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>left <w AJ0>homeless<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>damage <w PRP>to <w NN1>property <w PRP>in <w NP0>Florida <w AV0-AJ0>alone <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w NN0>&dollar;20,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w NP0>Andrew <w AT0>the <w AJS>costliest <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>disaster <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN0>people <w AV0>either <w VVN>fled <w CJC>or <w VBD>were <w VVN>evacuated <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coastal <w NN2>regions <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hurricane<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w DT0>This <w NN1>factor<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>damage <w VVN>caused <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>roads <w CJC>and <w NN1>power <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>, <w AV0>greatly <w AJ0-VVD>hampered <w NN1>relief <w NN2>efforts<c PUN>.
<s n="606"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>7,000 <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>troops <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>units <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>care<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1-VVG>looting <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>criticism <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>relief <w NN1>operation <w VBD>was <w AJ0>slow <w CJC>and <w AV0>badly <w VVN>organized<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01H><ptr target=HLNCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01H>
<s n="608"><w AV0>In brief
</caption>
<caption id=HLNCA01J>
<s n="609"><w NN1>Reduction <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milken<w POS>'s <w NN1>sentence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="610"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>junk <w NN1-VVB>bond<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>financier <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Milken <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>from <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w CRD>33 <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="611"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>judge <w NP0>Kimba <w NP0>Wood <w VVD>explained <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction&mdash;which <w VVD>made <w NP0>Milken <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w NN1>release <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w NN1>1993&mdash;on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>full <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0>good <w NN1>behaviour <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>illness <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>children<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01K>
<s n="612"><w NN0>Ethics <w NN1>committee <w NN1-VVB>rebuke <w PRP>for <w NN1>senator
</caption>
<p>
<s n="613"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w NN0>ethics <w NN1>committee <w VVD>rebuked <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Hatfield <c PUL>(<w NN1>Rep.<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oregon<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>improper <w NN1>conduct<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>accepting <w CJC>and <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>disclose <w NN2>gifts <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>travel <w NN2>expenses <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>university <w NN1>president <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w NP0>Hatfield<w POS>'s <w NN1>assistance <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w VVG>gaining <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>grant<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01L>
<s n="614"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>against <w NP0>Michigan <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="615"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w DT0>that <w NN1>County <w NN1>Circuit <w NN1>court <w NN1-VVB>judge <w NP0>Philip <w NP0>Schaefer <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Michigan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>18-month-old <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>law <w VVG>requiring <w NN2>girls <w AV0>under <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>age <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN1>permission <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>parent <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>probate <w NN1>court <w PRP>before <w VVG>obtaining <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="616"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="617"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="618"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package
</head>
<p>
<s n="619"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w AV0>agreement&mdash;popularly <w VVN>dubbed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1>accord&mdash;which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38999-39000<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w DT0>all <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>premiers<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>native <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>French-speaking <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37519-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="621"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1>package <w PRP>by <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NN2>provinces <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>concessions <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>surge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>sentiment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French-speaking <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="622"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>evident <w XX0>not <w AV0>merely <w PRP>among <w NN2>adherents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NP0-NN1>Parti <w NP0>Qu&eacute;becois<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Bourassa<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w CJS>Although <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preceding <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w AT0>a <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deep <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN2>gestures <w PRP>from <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>skilful <w NN1>diplomacy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bourassa<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>cool <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>enthusiasm <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w NN1-VVB>issue <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mulroney <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>reached <w DT0>some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inter-provincial <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="624"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>conference <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="625"><w DT0>This <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w NP0>Quebec <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>provinces <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w PNP>it<c PUR>) <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>sphere <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="626"><w NN2>Responsibilities <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1-VVG>mining<c PUN>, <w NN1>forestry<c PUN>, <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>, <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>housing <w CJC>and <w NN1>recreation<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVN>committed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>culture<c PUN>, <w NN1>immigration<c PUN>, <w NN2>telecommunications<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="627"><w CJS>While <w XX0>not <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec<w POS>'s <w NN2>separatists<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w NP0>Quebec <w AV0>also <w VVD>received <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>status <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>distinct <w NN1>society<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>guarantee <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>fall <w AV0>below <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0>single <w NN1>province <w VM0>could <w VVI>veto <w AJ0>future <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="630"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w AV0>also <w VVD>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w DT0>This <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>stumbling <w NN1>block <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber <w PRP>for <w AT0>every <w NN1>province&mdash;the <w AJ0>implacable <w NN1>demand <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>less <w AJ0>populous <w NN1>provinces&mdash;would <w VVB>mean <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w AV0>currently <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>heavily <w VVN>populated <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w NP0>Ontario <w CJC>and <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w AT0>The <w NN1>compromise <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVN>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w AJ0-NN1>62-member <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0-NN1>104-member <w AJ0-VVN>appointed <w NN1>chamber<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>limited <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>comprise <w CRD>six <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w NN1>province <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w DT0>This <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>acceptable <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w NN2>provinces <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>lose <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>by <w VVG>increasing <w DPS>their <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w AJ0>expanded <w PRP>from <w CRD>295 <w PRP>to <w CRD>337 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w NP0>Quebec <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ontario <w VM0>would <w DT0>each <w VVI>gain <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>British <w NP0>Columbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alberta <w VM0>would <w VVI>receive <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="635"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-government <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>750,000 <w AJ0>native <w AJ0-NN1>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN2>inhabitants<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>taxes <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>regulation <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="636"><w NP0>Ron <w NP0>George<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Native <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>native <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>become<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>contributing <w NN2>members <w PRP>instead of <w AJ0>poor <w NN0>statistics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="637"><w NP0-NN1>Mulroney <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>agreement <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>honourable <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>strengthen <w NP0>Canada<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Quebec <w VHD>had <w VVN>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN2>gains<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w DT0>These <w NN2>sentiments <w VBD>were <w VVN>echoed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bourassa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w PNX>himself <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleased <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>results<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accord <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Canada <w VBD>was <w AV0>now<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w NN1>stability <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="639"><w NP0>Bourassa<w POS>'s <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w UNC>4,000-member <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29-30<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>Premier <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>performance <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="640"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>version <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>drafting <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AJ0>operational <w AV0>only <w PRP>after <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>legislatures<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w PRP>In <w DT0>several <w NN2>provinces <w NN2>referendums <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>binding <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>legislatures<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>possible <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>option <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w PRP>at <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Chretien<c PUN>, <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>supported<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Mulroney <w NN1>government <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>uncommitted<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="643"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="644"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="645"><w NN1>State <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="646"><w NN1>Voting <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2 <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w NN2>governors<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>legislators <w CJC>and <w NN2>mayors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Durango<c PUN>, <w NP0>Veracruz<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oaxaca<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aguascalientes<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zacatecas <w CJC>and <w UNC>Baja <w NP0>California<c PUN>.
<s n="647"><w AT0>The <w NN1>abstention <w NN1>rate <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>states <w VBD>was <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>as <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VBD>were <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>participating <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="648"><w NP0-NN1>Cuauht&eacute;moc <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w NN1-NP0>Sol&oacute;zarno<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Revolution <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>public <w NN1>critic<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Institutional <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w VVG>consolidating <w DPS>its <w NN1>power <w PRP>through <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="649"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PRI <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w CRD>six <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRD <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAN<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>campaigning<c PUN>, <w NP0>PRI <w NN1>intimidation<c PUN>, <w NN1>theft <w PRF>of <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>boxes <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>manipulation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>results<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AV0>especially <w VVD-VVN>disputed <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>governorships <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Durango <w CJC>and <w NP0>Veracruz<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRD <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>PAN <w VVD>ran <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>slates<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>July <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w NP0>PRI <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chihuahua <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39000<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="652"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>40,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w VVD>gathered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>square <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w NN2>Analysts <w VBD>were <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="654"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="655"><w NP0>NORTH <w AJ0>AMERICAN <w AJ0>FREE <w NN1>TRADE <w NN1>AGREEMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="656"><w VVB-NN1>Draft <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="657"><w AT0>The <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAFTA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>trade <w NN1>pact <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>type <w VVG>linking <w CRD>two <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>powers <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>developing <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w PRP>Under <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NN1>expertise <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>combined <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>labour <w CJC>and <w NN2>resources <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>populous <w AJ0-NN1>free-trade <w NN1>market <w PRP>with <w CRD>360,000,000 <w NN2>consumers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>combined <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;6,450,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="659"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>legislatures <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>formally <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="660"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w CRD>14 <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37849<c PUN>; <w CRD>38140<c PUN>; <w CRD>38671<c PUN>; <w CRD>38761<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intensive <w AJ0>bilateral <w CJC>and <w AJ0>trilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>between <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="661"><w AT0>The <w NN1>urgency <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w NN1>convention <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AT0>the <w AJ0>troubled <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>by <w VVG>convincing <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>electorate <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>skills <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN1>field <w VHD>had <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="662"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w NN1>plan<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>600,000 <w NP0>US <w NN2>jobs <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w VVZ>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico <w VM0>would <w VVI>swell <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,000,000 <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NN1-NP0>Gortari <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>NAFTA <w VM0>would <w VVI>generate <w DT0>more <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w AJC>better <w NN2>wages <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>magical <w NN1>formula<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>come <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>faced <w PRP>with <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>FTA<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35959<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AJ0>modest <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w VVD>faced <w AT0>the <w AJS>stiffest <w NN1>test <w PRP>in <w VVG>gaining <w AJ0>public <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>NAFTA<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w NP0>Canada <w VBD>was <w VVN>judged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w AV0>primarily <w TO0>to <w VVI>safeguard <w NN2>concessions <w VVN-VVD>gained <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FTA<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01M>
<s n="666"><w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <w NN2>provisions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="667"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>key <w NN1>NAFTA <w NN2>provisions <w VBD>were <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="668"><w NN2>Tariffs<c PUN>.
<s n="669"><w VVG-NN1>Starting <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>20,000 <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>tariffs<c PUN>, <w NN2>duties <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>barriers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w DT0>most <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="670"><w TO0>To <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN2>operations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-NAFTA <w NN1>car <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w NN2>tariffs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>eliminated <w PRP>on <w AJ0>intra-regional <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w NN2>cars <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w DT0>each <w NN1>NAFTA <w NN1>country <w VVD-VVN>guaranteed<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>phase-in <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CRD>62.5 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>manufactured <w NN1>content <w CJC>and <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NN2>components<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w NN2>Taxes <w PRP>on <w NN2>vans <w VVN>imported <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>eliminated <w PRP>after <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Corporate <w AJ0-NN1>Average <w NN1>Fuel <w NN1>Economy <w NN1>Act <c PUL>(<w NN1>Cafe<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>currently <w VVD-VVN>discouraged <w NP0>US <w NN2>manufacturers <w PRP>from <w VVG>importing <w AJ0>small <w NN2>cars <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="673"><w NN2>Barriers <w PRP>on <w NN2>textiles <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>eliminated <w PRP>in <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w NN2>garments<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>country <w PRF>of <w NN1>origin<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>clause<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>produced <w PRP>from <w NN1>yarn <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>inside <w NP0-NN1>NAFTA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="674"><w NN1>Oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>Gas<c PUN>.
<s n="675"><w NP0>Mexico <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>privatize <w NP0-NN1>PEMEX<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN1>oil <w NN2>companies <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>explore <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VVB>operate <w NN2>refineries <w CJC>or <w AJ0>open <w NN1>petrol <w NN2>stations <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AJ0>guaranteed <w NN2>supplies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>oil <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w NP0>Mexico <w VVD>agreed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN2>companies <w VVB-NN1>access <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>PEMEX <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Electricity <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>procurement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w VVG>rising <w PRP>to <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>reservation <w PRP>after <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Mexican <w AJ0>petrochemical <w NN1>area <w VM0>would <w AV0>largely <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>gas <w NN2>companies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NP0-NN1>PEMEX <w NN1>supervision<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="679"><w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUN>.
<s n="680"><w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN2>investors <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w DPS>their <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>share <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>banking <w NN1>sector <w PRP>from <w CRD>8 <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w CRD>10 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN2>securities <w AV0>over <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>footing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="682"><w NN1>Environment<c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>standards <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>maintained <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>investments <w VVN>assessed <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w AJ0>Special <w NN1>settlement <w NN2>panels <w VM0>could <w VVI>call <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>scientific <w NN2>experts <w PRP>for <w NN1>advice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="685"><w NN2>Disputes<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w AT0>A <w NN1>NAFTA <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w NN1>precedence <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>dispute <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>mechanism<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>handle <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>instance<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w VVG>Failing <w AT0>a <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>binational <w NN1>panel<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-NN1>non-NAFTA <w NN2>members <w VM0>could <w VVI>serve <w TO0>to <w VVI>enhance <w DPS>their <w NN1>impartiality<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w NN1>Retaliation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w DTQ>which <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>a <w NN1>panel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>final <w NN1>report <w CJC>or <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w DT0>some <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>approved <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>within <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="689"><w AT0>An <w NN1>arbitration <w NN1>commission <w VM0>could <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>between <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investors <w CJC>and <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01N>
<s n="690"><w AJ0>Immediate <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="691"><w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>NAFTA <w VM0>would <w VVI>destroy <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>offered <w AV0>little <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>retraining<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="692"><w NP0>Major <w NP0>US <w NN2>criticisms <w AV0>also <w VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AV0>much <w VVN>vaunted <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>safeguards <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w DTQ>which <w NN2>environmentalists <w VVD>said <w VVD>lacked <w NN1>substance<c PUN>.
<s n="693"><w DT0>These <w NN2>issues <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AJ0>close <w NN1>attention <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fast-track<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VVI>vote <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVB>amend <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="695"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>expected <w PRP>until <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="696"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>calmly <w PRP>to <w NN1>news <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>belief <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN2>fortunes <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w NN2>obstacles <w VVN-VVD>remained <w CJS>before <w NP0>NAFTA <w VVD>became <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><w NN2>Unions<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>faced <w PRP>with <w AJ0>radical <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NN1>work <w NN2>practices<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>critical <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <w VVD>offered <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w NN1>immigration <w NN2>rules<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>benefiting <w AJ0>professional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>managerial <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>barring <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="698"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>welcomed <w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <w CJS>provided that <w PNP>it <w VVD>abided <w PRP>by <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>rules <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>trade <w NN1>bloc<c PUN>.
<s n="699"><w NP0>GATT <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>major <w NN1>development <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>trade<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="700"><w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVG>exporting <w NN2>goods <w PRP>in excess of <w UNC>US&dollar;200,000 <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>cautious<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>fear <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VBD>was <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>NAFTA<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>local <w NN1>content<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>country <w PRF>of <w NN1>origin<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>clauses <w VM0>would <w VVI>encourage <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w AV0>increasingly <w VVI>look <w PRP>to <w AJ0>low-wage <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>principal <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="702"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>felt <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <w VM0>could <w VVI>spur <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South-East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASEAN<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>redouble <w DPS>its <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>trade <w NN2>blocs <w VM0>might <w VVI>follow<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="703"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>business <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cool <w NN1>response <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>secretariat <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>in accord with <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>trade <w NN2>rules<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="704"><w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>Caricom<c PUR>) <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <w VM0>would <w VVI>diminish <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VHD>had <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>Basin <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0>CBI<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="705"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="706"><w NP0>BAHAMAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="707"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="708"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Free <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNM<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="709"><w VVN>Led <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hubert <w NP0>Ingraham<c PUN>, <w CRD>45<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FNM <w VVD>won <w CRD>33 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>49 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w AT0>a <w NN1>run <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN2>victories <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLP<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Lynden <w NP0>Pindling<c PUN>, <w CRD>62<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>retained <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLP<w POS>'s <w CRD>16 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="710"><w NP0>Pindling<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>black <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w CRD>1967 <w VVD>broke <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bay <w NP0>Street <w NN2>Boys<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w AJ0>colonial <w NN2>merchants <w PNQ>who <w VVD>dominated <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w VVD>ran <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>club<c PUN>.
<s n="711"><w PNP>He <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bahamas <w PRP>to <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="712"><w VVG>Calling <w PRP>for <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ingraham <w VVD>promised <w AT0>no <w NN2>victimizations <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>heal<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w CJC>and <w VVB>encourage <w NN2>blacks <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>whites <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="713"><w VVG>Campaigning <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>slogan<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>deliverance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FNM <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>change<c PUN>, <w CJS>given that <w DPS>its <w NN1>free-market <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w VVG>combating <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w AJ0>high <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w VVG>reviving <w AT0>the <w NN1>tourist <w VVN>based <w NN1>economy <w VVD-VVN>differed <w AV0>little <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLP<w POS>'s<c PUN>.
<s n="714"><w NP0-NN1>Ingraham <w VVD>appealed <w AV0>more <w PRP>to <w AJ0>young <w NN2>voters <w CJC>and <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>limit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="715"><w NN1-NP0>Ingraham<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>proteg&eacute; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pindling<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN2>officials <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w NN2>drugs <w VVG-NN1>trafficking <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33401-02<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w PRP>Under <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pindling <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w DTQ>which <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>colleagues <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>indicted <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>on <w NN1>drug <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJC>but <w NP0>Pindling <w VVD>denied <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>disparity <w PRP>between <w DPS>his <w AJ0>lavish <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>life-style <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>modest <w AJ0>Prime <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>salary<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="718"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="719"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="720"><w NP0>OAS <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>initiative
</head>
<p>
<s n="721"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Baena <w NP0>Soares<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>13-member <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Haiti <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18-21 <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VVD>remained<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>some <w NN2>opportunities<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>OAS <w NN2>interventions <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38522<c PUN>; <w CRD>38569<c PUN>; <w CRD>38670<c PUN>; <w CRD>38905<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Tropic<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN1>capital <w NN1-AJ0>Port-au <w NN1>Prince<c PUN>, <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Baena <w NP0>Soares <w VHD>had <w VVN>invited <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>army-backed <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marc <w NP0>Bazin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NP0>June <w NN1>inauguration <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38957<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>with <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>exiled <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jean-Bertrand <w NP0>Aristide<c PUN>, <w VVN>deposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430<c PUN>; <w CRD>38522-23<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="723"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w VVB>visit <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dead <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>known <w NN1>Aristide <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Port-au-Prince <w NN1>morgue<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Matine <w NP0-NN1>Remilien<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VHD>had <w VVN>co-founded <w NP0>Louvri <w NP0-NN1>Baye <c PUL>(<w VVB>Open <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gates<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Aristide <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w VVD-VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>fly-posting <w NN2>photographs <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Aristide<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>independent <w NN0>media <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w CRD>20 <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w NP0>August <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01P>
<s n="727"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="728"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w VVD>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>investigations <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Haiti <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>March<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>military <w PRF>of <w VVG>re-establishing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>repressive <w NN2>structures <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Duvalier <w NN1>dictatorship <w CJC>and <w VVD>concluded <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB-NN1>torture<c PUN>, <w NN2>executions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN2>arrests <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>life<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01R>
<s n="730"><w NN1>Questioning <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="731"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1-VVB>report <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w VVG>breaking <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>repatriating <w AJ0>fleeing <w AJ0>Haitian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>boat <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>without <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>identify <w DT0>those <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38905<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="732"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w VVZ-NN2>appeals <w NN1-VVB>court <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w VVG>giving <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>challengers <w PRP>until <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DPS>their <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="734"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>mid-August <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Coastguard <w CRD>27,440 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>37,381 <w NN2>refugees <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>repatriated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="735"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w AJ0>recorded <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>detained <w CRD>150 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w NN2>minutes <w CJS>after <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Port-au-Prince <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>coast <w NN1-VVB>guard<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="736"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="737"><w NP0>GUATEMALA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="738"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="739"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>five <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>URNG<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>to <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>army-sponsored <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Patrols&mdash;vigilante <w NN2>groups <w VVN>composed <w AV0>mainly <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>peasant <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>URNG <w VVD>dropped <w DPS>its <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Patrols<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>peasants <w VBD>were <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>join<c PUN>.
<s n="741"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>prosecutor <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommend <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>committed <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="742"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>peace <w AVP>round <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>30-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>rounds <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38141<c PUN>; <w CRD>38233<c PUN>; <w CRD>38251<c PUN>; <w CRD>38330<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="743"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>also <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-point <w NN1>plan <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>mediator <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>Rodolfo <w NP0>Quezada <w NP0>Toru&ntilde;o<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Bishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zacapa <w CJC>and <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w NN2>Bishops<w POS>' <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>document<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVB>punish<c PUN>, <w NN2>perpetrators <w PRF>of <w AJ0>past <w NN2>atrocities <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w VVN>captured <w NN2>rebels <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>disarmed<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w NP0-NN1>Quezada <w NP0-NN1>Toru&ntilde;o <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AV0>again<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>earliest <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>date<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01S>
<s n="745"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="746"><w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Perdomo <w NP0-NN1>Sandoval <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Hurtado <w NP0-NN1>Prem <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>protests <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>anti-riot <w NN2>police <w AV0>violently <w VVN>evicted <w CRD>500 <w NN2>campesinos <c PUL>(<w NN2>peasants<c PUR>) <w VVD>gathered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Plaza <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guatemala <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w AT0>The <w NN2>campesinos <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered <w TO0>to <w VVI>petition <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>land <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>; <w PRP>between <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w CRD>23 <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w NN1>baton <w NN2>charges <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="748"><w AJ0>Local <w NN1>press <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>stated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Serrano <w NP0>Elias <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w NP0-NN1>Hurtado<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>an <w NN1>embarrassment <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>misused <w NN2>funds <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AJ0>Chilean <w NN2>carabineros <c PUL>(<w NN1>security <w NN2>police<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>contracted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>restructuring <w CJC>and <w NN1>training <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Police<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w NP0-NN1>Hurtado<w POS>'s <w CRD>15 <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>escalation <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>abuses<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w NN1>repression <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>specially <w VVN>created <w NP0-NN1>Hunap&uacute; <w NN1>security <w NN1>force<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01T>
<s n="750"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="751"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Archbishopric <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guatemala <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w PNP>It <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>selective <w NN1>repression <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w CJC>and <w NN0>staff <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>University <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Carlos <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>displaced <w NN2>campesinos <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>.
<s n="753"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>intolerance <w PRP>towards <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>discontent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>stigmatization <w PRF>of <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w NN2>sectors <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>grievance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="754"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="755"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="756"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>intervention
</head>
<p>
<s n="757"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marrack <w NP0>Goulding<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w VVD>mediated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>faltering <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><w PNP>He <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>confidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>demobilize <w DPS>their <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>honour <w NN2>pledges <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2-VVZ>reforms <w VVZ-NN2>pledges <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>12-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38716<c PUN>; <w CRD>38809<c PUN>; <w CRD>38906<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="759"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>gave <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w TO0>to <w VVI>catch <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>commitments <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="760"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w VHD>had <w VVN>reaffirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>guerrillas <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>demobilize <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w CJS>as long as <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>re-integration <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>life <w VVD>remained<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>non-existent<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1>demobilization <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38957<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="761"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>legalized <w NN1>land <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>guaranteed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>oligarchic <w NN1>sector&mdash;the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w NN1>landowners&mdash;of <w VVG-NN1>exerting <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="762"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Arena <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>delaying <w NN2>tactics <w TO0>to <w VVI>obstruct <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>force <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>winning <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="763"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Cristiani <w NP0>Burkard <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>specific <w NN0>data <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VM0>would <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w AJ0>various <w NN1>government <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Rene <w NP0>Emilio <w NN1>Ponce<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w PRF>of <w AV0>deliberately <w VVG>delaying <w DPS>their <w NN1>demobilization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="765"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15-16 <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD>completed <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w AJ0-NN1>elite <w AJ0-NN1>US-trained <w NN1>counterinsurgency <w NN2>battalions<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>abuses<c PUN>.
<s n="766"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="767"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>concern<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bracamonte <w NN1>Battalion<w POS>'s <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w AJ0>new <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="768"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>1,600 <w NN2>guerrillas <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>demobilized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>number <w PRP>on <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>dates <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="769"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="770"><w NP0>PANAMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="771"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ford
</head>
<p>
<s n="772"><w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Ford <w NP0>Boyd <w VVD>resigned <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Policy <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AV0>locally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained <w ORD>Second <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="773"><w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Abadia<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>broad-based <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>movement <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Crusade <c PUL>(<w NP0>NCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>well <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ford <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>up <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>post<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w PNP>him<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w AT0>The <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>austerity <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ford <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>handle <w NN1>debt <w NN2>negotiations <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>direct <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>planning<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="775"><w NP0-NN1>Delia <w NP0>Cardenas <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Policy <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="776"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="777"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="778"><w AJ0>Common <w NN1>market <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mexico
</head>
<p>
<s n="779"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w NP0>Honduras <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nicaraguan <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Managua <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w VVN>Planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>in <w CRD>1996<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w VM0>would <w VVI>encompass <w CRD>27,000,000 <w NN2>consumers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>America <w VVD>added <w PRP>to <w CRD>84,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w NP0>Panama <w VBD>was <w AV0>initially <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w DPS>its <w NN2>origins <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tuxtla <w NP0>Guti&eacute;rrez <w NN1>trade <w NN1>accord <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chiapas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37957<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="782"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>interpreted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>market <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>bridge <w VVG>linking <w NN1>South <w NP0>America <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN>created <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAFTA<c PUR>) <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w VVG>comprising <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39045-46<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w AJ0>Current <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>America <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w DT0>little <w AV0>more than <w CRD>0.01 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>total <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN2>tariffs<c PUN>, <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>export <w NN1>diversity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>past <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="784"><w NP0>Pablo <w NP0>Pereira<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nicaragua<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Vice <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>market <w VM0>would <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>marginalization <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>economies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="785"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="786"><w NP0>SURINAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="787"><w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>accord
</head>
<p>
<s n="788"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJS>largest <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Surinamese <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SLA<c PUN>, <w AV0>commonly <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Jungle <w NN1>Commando<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ronnie <w NP0>Brunswijk <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tucayana <w NN2>Amazonas <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Sabajo <c PUL>(<w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Thomas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>surrender <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>supervised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="789"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>May <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>hostilities <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38907<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="790"><w AT0>The <w NN1>recruitment <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>groups <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>Police <w NN1>Force <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>consideration <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hostile <w NN1>response <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tucayana <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989 <w NP0-NN1>Kourou <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36811<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>afforded <w DT0>this <w NN1>provision <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="791"><w AT0>A <w NN1>blanket <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>activity <w PRP>since <w CRD>1985 <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>finalized <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>known <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>official <w NN2>inquiries <w PRP>into <w NN2>massacres <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w DT0>that <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mooiwana <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="792"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="793"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="794"><w NN1>Austerity <w NN2>measures
</head>
<p>
<s n="795"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>announced <w NN1>austerity <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>bills <w PRP>on <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN2>taxes <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration<w POS>'s <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w VVB>encourage <w AV0>more <w AJ0>private <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w VVB>accelerate <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="797"><w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>crisis <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>revenue-generating <w NN1>capacity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>backbone <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="798"><w NN1>Oil <w NN2>exports <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>earnings<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>revenue <w VVZ-NN2>estimates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>year <w VBD>were <w UNC>US&dollar;11,400 <w CRD>million <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w UNC>US&dollar;13,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="800"><w AT0>The <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>package <w VVD>included <w AV0>most <w AV0>significantly <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>employment <w PRP>by <w CRD>29,000 <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>freezing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVG>hiring <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w AJ0>new <w NN1>public <w VVZ>works <w PRP>until <w NP0>February <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;373,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>operating <w CJC>and <w NN2>personnel <w NN2-VVZ>costs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Petr&oacute;leos <w NP0>de <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w NP0>SA <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDVSA<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>no <w AJ0>new <w NN1>investment <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w PRP>by <w NP0>Petroqu&iacute;mica <w NP0>de <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w NP0>SA <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pequiv&eacute;n<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>PDVSA<w POS>'s <w AJ0>subsidiary <w AJ0>petrochemical <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>shares <w PRP>on <w NN1>world <w NN2>markets <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w DPS>its <w NN1>current <w UNC>US&dollar;7,600 <w CRD>million <w NN1>investment <w NN1>programme<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alcasa<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>aluminium <w NN1>producer<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sider&uacute;rgica <w UNC>del <w NP0>Orinoco<c PUN>, <w NP0>CA <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sidor<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>steel <w NN1>producer<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01U>
<s n="801"><w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>coup <w NN1>threat
</caption>
<p>
<s n="802"><w NP0>Lt-Col. <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez <w NP0>Frias<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>attempted <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>warned <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w NN1>interview <w VVN-VVD>conducted <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>awaiting <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dissident <w AJ0>Bolivarian <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MBR<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1>coup <w VBD>was <w VVG>gaining <w NN1>strength <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w NN2>arms <w AV0>once more <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>drastic <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="803"><w NP0-NN1>Ch&aacute;vez <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w AV0>currently <w VBG>being <w VVN>debated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>setback<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVD>ignored <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w NN2>grievances <w VVG-AJ0>existing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="804"><w PNP>He <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>MBR<w POS>'s <w NN1>task <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>profound <w NN1>transformation<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>juridical-political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN2>areas<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="805"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>MBR <w VHD>had <w CRD>one <w AJ0>final <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>will <w CJC>and <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty <w TO0>to <w VVI>attain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>agreements<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w VVG>Failing <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>threatened <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>MBR <w VM0>would <w AV0>once more <w VVI>resort <w PRP>to <w NN2>arms<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="807"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="808"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="809"><w NP0>OAS <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="810"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCD<c PUR>) <w VVN-VVD>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="811"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w AV0>locally <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>to <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>rule <w VVG>following <w DPS>his <w AJ0>army-backed <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>coup <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="812"><w PRP>In the light of <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>excuse <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01V>
<s n="813"><w NN1>Breakdown <w PRF>of <w NN1>dialogue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="814"><w DT0>Such <w NN1>participation <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>doubt <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakdown <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>talks <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>16-18<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="815"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>APRA<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w AV0>in part <w PRP>to <w NN1>court <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w VVZ-NN2>charges <w AJ0>pending <w PRP>against <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>party <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38959<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="816"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>centre-right <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>AP<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Bela&uacute;nde <w NP0>Terry <c PUL>(<w CRD>1980-1985<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>rejected <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVB>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more than <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVB>reverse <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38959<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="817"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1>delay <w VM0>would <w VVI>disrupt <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>democracy <w AV0>still <w VVG>functioning <w PRP>since <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="818"><w AT0>The <w NP0>AP <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>dialogues<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01W>
<s n="819"><w NN1>Modification <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="820"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>alienated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>decree <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22 <w VVG>governing <w AT0>the <w NN1>eligibility <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w VVG>representing <w AJ0>unregistered <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w NN2>alliances <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCD<c PUN>.
<s n="821"><w DT0>This <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>no <w AV0>less than <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>members<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>signature <w CJC>and <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>list <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w PNI>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="822"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>uncontested <w NN2>stipulations <w VBD>were <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCD <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>over <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>practising <w NN1>citizen <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>registry <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01X>
<s n="823"><w AJ0>Temporary <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Andean <w NN1>Pact
</caption>
<p>
<s n="824"><w VVG>Blaming <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>aid <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>temporarily <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Andean <w NN1>Pact<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-country <w NN1>trade <w NN1>bloc <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>.
<s n="825"><w NP0>Peru <w VM0>would <w VVI>assume <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Pact <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w AV0>Just <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fujimori <w VHD>had <w VVN>injected <w UNC>US&dollar;300,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>accumulated <w NN1>government <w NN2>savings <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLNCA01Y>
<s n="827"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ulloa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="828"><w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Ulloa <w NP0>Elias<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>AP <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bela&uacute;nde <w NP0>Terry <w PRP>from <w CRD>1980-82<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>cancer <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>69<c PUN>.
<s n="829"><w CJS>While <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>most <w VVN>noted <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ambitious <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN0>works <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="830"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="831"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="832"><w NP0>US <w NN1>aid <w NN1>agreement <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Anti-US <w NN1>feeling
</head>
<p>
<s n="833"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>La <w NP0>Paz<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;190,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;55,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>development <w NN2>projects<c PUN>, <w NN0>&dollar;66,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>payment <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>fulfilment <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN1>eradication <w NN2>targets<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;25,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>drug-related <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Paz <w NP0>Zamora <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>requested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVB>authorize <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Beni <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>sought <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN-VVD>escaped <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>censure <w PRP>for <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>requirement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>troops <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="836"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>temporarily <w VVG>suspending<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>study <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>for <w NN1>community <w NN1>development <w NN2>programmes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38143<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="837"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>type <w CJC>and <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w AJ0>active <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>figures <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w VVG>acting <w PRP>on <w NN1>community <w NN1>development <w NN2>programmes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-drugs <w NN2>operations <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="838"><w DT0>Both <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w NN2>initiatives <w VBD>were <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>anti-US <w NN1>feeling <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>weeks <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-drug <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="839"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>upsurge <w VHD>had <w VVN>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w AJ0>unannounced <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>26 <w PRF>of <w CRD>130 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>37th <w NP0>US <w NN1>task <w NN1>force <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Ana <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Beni <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="840"><w AT0>The <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w AV0>officially <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500,000 <w AJ0>civic <w NN1>action <w NN1>programme <w TO0>to <w VVI>repair <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>school <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>install <w AT0>a <w NN1>sewage <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w NN1>water <w NN1>treatment <w NN2>plants<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AT0>an <w AJ0>advance <w NN1>guard <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stepped-up <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w TO0>to <w VVI>eradicate <w AT0>the <w NN1>growing <w PRF>of <w NN1>coca<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>raw <w NN1>material <w PRF>of <w NN1>cocaine<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>viable <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>substitute<c PUN>, <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>peasant <w NN2>families <w VVN-VVD>depended <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>crop <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>livelihood<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="841"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>7 <w NN2>protesters <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Trinidad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beni<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>DEA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w AJ0-NN1>anti-drug <w NN1>Umopar <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN2>abuses <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="842"><w AT0>The <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>civic <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>raids<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>attempted <w NN2>murders<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unjustified <w NN2>arrests <w CJC>and <w NN2>abuses <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>communities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="843"><w NN1>Resentment <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>fuelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>DEA <w NN1>agent <w NN1>shot <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w AT0>a <w NN1>Bolivian <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bar<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VVD>disappeared <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="844"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="845"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="846"><w NN1>Investment <w NN1-VVB>grade <w NN1>rating
</head>
<p>
<s n="847"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Alejandro <w NP0>Foxley <w NP0>Rioseco <w VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Chile <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>category <w PRF>of <w AJ0>low <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>risk <w PRP>for <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w VVG>ranking <w PNP>it <w PRP>above <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>, <w NP0>Argentina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>.
<s n="848"><w DPS>His <w NN2>comments <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>credit <w NN1-VVG>rating <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Standard <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Poor<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>assigned <w AT0>a <w NP0>BBB <w NN1>investment <w NN1-VVB>grade <w NN1>rating<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America<w POS>'s <w NN1>problem <w NN2>debtors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AJ0>international <w NN2>standards <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>credit-worthiness<c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w NN1-NP0>Foxley <w VVB>forecast <w AT0>a <w NN1>surge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN2-VVZ>flows<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>totalled <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="850"><w AT0>The <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w VVN>predicted <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w PRP>by <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>inflation <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>18.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="851"><w NN1-AJ0>Standard <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Poor<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>cautioned<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>macro-economic <w NN1>success <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w VVG>widening <w AT0>the <w NN1>gap <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rich <w CJC>and <w AJ0>poor <w CJC>and <w PRP>through <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w PNP>It <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJC>greater <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>rectify <w DT0>this <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="853"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NN2>exports <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AV0>too <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w NN1>copper<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="854"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="855"><w AJ0>LATIN <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="856"><w NN2>Amendments <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tlatelolco <w NN1>Treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="857"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prohibition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN2>Weapons <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caribbean <c PUL>(<w NP0>Opanal<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chile <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico <w VVD>presented <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1967 <w NP0>Tlatelolco <w NN1>Treaty <w VVG>prohibiting <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>22505-07<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>approved <w NN2>amendments <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>co-operation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chile <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="859"><w NP0>France <w VVD>ratified <w NN1>Protocol <w NN1>No <w CRD>1 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>made <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>powers <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w NN2>territories <w PRP>under <w DPS>their <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP>within <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>case <w NN1-NP0>French <w NP0>Guiana<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="860"><w NP0>Cuba <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w AV0>once <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VHD>had <w VVN>assumed <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="861"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="862"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<p>
<s n="863"><w NP0>Nicanor <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Mendez<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Argentine <w NN1>diplomacy <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Falklands/Malvinas <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w CRD>1982<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>cancer <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>69<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="864"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="865"><w NP0>CARICOM
</head>
<p>
<s n="866"><w NP0>Edwin <w NP0>Carrington<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>African<c PUN>, <w NP0>Caribbean <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <c PUL>(<w NP0>ACP<c PUR>) <w NN1>group <c PUL>(<w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC-ACP <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w NN1>Convention<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Roderick <w NP0>Rainford <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>Community <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="867"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="868"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="869"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>rescue <w NN1>package
</head>
<p>
<s n="870"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w CRD>10,700,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;85,900 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>rescue <w NN1>package <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
<s n="871"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind&mdash;both <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nominal <w NN2>terms <w CJC>and <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy&mdash;in <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="872"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>package <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39050<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="873"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w VVN>constructed <w PRP>under <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0>political <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nikkei <w VVB-NN1>share <w AJ0-NN1>index&mdash;an <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w CRD>225 <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>companies&mdash;fell <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>14,000<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJS>lowest <w NN1>level <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="874"><w AV0>Together <w PRP>with <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>deepening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>slide <w PRP>in <w NN1>share <w NN2>prices <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w CJC>and <w VVD>fuelled <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>government <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>.
<s n="875"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Tsutomu <w NP0>Hata <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>discouraging <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w PRP>from <w VVG>selling <w NN2>shares <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>allowing <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AT0>the <w NN1>reporting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unrealised <w NN2>losses <w PRP>on <w NN1>share <w NN2>holdings <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w NP0-NN1>Hata <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w VVG>facing <w DPS>its <w AV0>most <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>period <w PRP>since <w CRD>1945<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN1>share <w CJC>and <w NN1>property <w NN2>prices <w VVN>combined <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>slowdown <w VHD>had <w VVN>triggered <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>system<w POS>'s <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>capacity <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN1>capital <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>unless <w VVN>eradicated<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>jeopardize <w DT0>any <w AJ0>potential <w NN1>recovery<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="877"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w VVG>showing <w DT0>some <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>recovery<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w CRD>10,700,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w CRD>2.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>estimated<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>by <w CRD>2.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w PRP>from <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="878"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w CRD>8,600,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>road <w CJC>and <w NN1>airport <w NN1>construction <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN1>land <w NN2>purchases<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w PRP>in addition to <w AT0>the <w CRD>6,900,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w AV0>already <w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>purpose <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>ending <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="880"><w AT0>The <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>package <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,100,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w NN1>loan <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>private <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="881"><w AJ0>Full <w NN1>enactment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>package <w VVN>required <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>budget <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJC>or <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA020></p>
<caption id=HLNCA020>
<s n="882"><w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru
</caption>
<p>
<s n="883"><w PRP>After <w DT0>several <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>comparative <w AJ0-NN1>quiet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal <w VVN-VVD>re-erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w AV0>once more <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>threaten <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="884"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN-AJ0>broken <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38721<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>involved <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>payments <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0>Kyubin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>affiliate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kyoto-based <w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>parcel <w NN1>delivery <w NN1>firm<c PUN>.
<s n="885"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>making <w AJ0>large <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Inagawa-kai <w NN1>crime <w NN1>syndicate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hiroyasu <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w VVG-AJ0>trucking <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>paid <w DT0>some <w CRD>70,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w CJC>or <w AV0>more <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>130 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>alleged<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w DT0>several <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>Shin <w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>current <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="887"><w CJS>While <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w NN1>bribery <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w DT0>those <w PRP>in receipt of <w DT0>such <w NN1>payments&mdash;the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>charge <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>benefit&mdash;the <w NN2>sums <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>politicians <w VBD>were <w AJ0>large <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>contravened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Funds <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Law <w DTQ>which <w VVD>restricted <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>donations <w CJC>and <w VVN>required <w DT0>those <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN0>yen <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>registered <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w NN1>donor<w POS>'s <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="888"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w VVD>claimed <w DPS>its <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>victim <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <w AVQ-CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru<c PUN>, <w CRD>77<c PUN>, <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>secretary <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w CRD>500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w VVD>accepted <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>payment <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w PNP>He <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>accepted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="891"><w AT0>The <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru<c PUN>, <w VVD>nicknamed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>Don<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>status <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Godfather<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>vice-presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>revitalize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unpopular <w CJC>and <w AV0>politically <w NN1>moribund <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><w PRP>By <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru <w VHD>had <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>bolstered <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>by <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>groupings<c PUN>.
<s n="894"><w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru <w VBD>was <w AJ0>instrumental <w PRP>in <w VVG>ensuring <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w NP0>Miyazawa<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>arranged <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>support <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w AT0>the <w NN1>Peace <w VVG>Keeping <w NN2>Operations <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKO<c PUR>) <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w AV0>overseas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38962-63<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w PRP>By <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VHD>had <w VVN>improved <w AV0>sufficiently <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>modest <w NN2>gains <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Upper <w NN1>House <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39003-04<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA021></p>
<caption id=HLNCA021>
<s n="896"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>imperial <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Commemoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War
</caption>
<p>
<s n="897"><w PRP>After <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>debate <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w NP0>Emperor <w NP0>Akihito<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate <w AT0>the <w ORD>20th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w AJ0-NN1>Sino-Japanese <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>nationalists <w PNQ>who <w VVD>feared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>Emperor <w TO0>to <w VVI>apologise <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>people <w PRP>for <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>brutal <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>between <w CRD>1931 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1945<c PUN>.
<s n="899"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>goodwill <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>include <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imperial <w NN1>apology <w PRP>for <w AJ0>past <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>actions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="900"><w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>appease <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>sentiment <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9 <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>reversal <w PRF>of <w PNP>his <w AV0>previously <w VVN-AJ0>stated <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yasukuni <w NN1>shrine<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>venerated <w NN1>memorial <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>war <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DT0>those <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="901"><w PRP>In view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>controversy <w VVN-VVD>generated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Yasuhiro <w NP0>Nakasone <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NN1>shrine<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>complications <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>strict <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w NN1>church <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>state&mdash;those <w VVN>commemorated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>shrine <w VBG>being <w VVN>revered <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>Shinto <w VVB-NN1>deities&mdash;and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>incipient <w NN1>militarism <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>enactment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>PKO <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>capacity<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="902"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VDD>did <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NN1>shrine <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>at least <w CRD>three <w NN2>others <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w PNP>it <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>most <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="903"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="904"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="905"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</head>
<p>
<s n="906"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>rapprochement <w PRP>between <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="907"><w AT0>A <w NN1>signing <w NN1>ceremony <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w CJC>and <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>Sang <w NP0-NN1>Ock<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23-25<c PUN>.
<s n="908"><w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w VVN>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>turning <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w NN1>world <w NN1>history<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>last <w AJ0>external <w NN1>constraint<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>reunification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="909"><w CJS>Although <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>fought <w PRP>against <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>war <c PUL>(<w CRD>1950-53<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>states <w VHD>had <w VVN>improved <w AV0>greatly<c PUN>.
<s n="910"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>regimes<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>allies <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988-91<c PUN>.
<s n="911"><w CJS>Although <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>improved <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AV0>less <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>pace<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>team <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Games <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38623<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="912"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>states <w AV0>steadily <w VVN-AJ0>increased <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>exchanged <w NN1>trade <w NN2>missions <w CJC>and <w VVD>conferred<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>most-favoured <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>trade <w NN1>status <w PRP>upon <w PNX>each other<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="913"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>total <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>reached <w UNC>US&dollar;5,800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>exceed <w NN0>&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>making <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w ORD>fourth <w AJS>largest <w NN1>trading <w NN1>partner <c PUL>(<w PRP>after <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="914"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>Exchange <w NN1>Bank <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>Sang <w NP0>Ock <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest-ranking <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0-NN1>China <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>attended <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="915"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>received <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>longstanding <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>ally<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>muted <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="916"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AJ0>anti-Korean <w NN2>protests <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vitriolic <w NN1>government <w NN1>statement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>condemned <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>for <w VHG>having<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>violated <w DPS>our <w NN1>trust <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>trampled <w PRP>on <w AJ0>international <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="917"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>were <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>severed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="918"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Taiwan <w VVD>maintained <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AV0>almost <w CRD>30 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w ORD>last <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>ally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
<s n="919"><w PRP>By <w VVG>normalizing <w DPS>its <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>position <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>right<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA022></p>
<caption id=HLNCA022>
<s n="920"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>postponed <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="921"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>settled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="922"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>postponement<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN2>mayors <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governors <w PRP>since <w CRD>1961<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>dictatorship <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><w NN1>Ill-feeling <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w VBD>was <w AV0>so <w AJ0>serious <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>paralysed <w PRP>since <w VVG>convening <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="924"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>postponement&mdash;announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w VVD>rationalized <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>involved <w AJ0>undue <w NN2>expense&mdash;was <w AV0>also <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>student <w NN2>protesters <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VVG>leading <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="925"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w NP0>Yung <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>postponed <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>settled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w PRP>upon <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="926"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VVD-VVN>resolved<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>down <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>DLP <w NN1>president <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="927"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN1>executive <w NN1>council <w VVD>chose <w NP0>Kim <w PRP>as <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>conferred <w PRP>upon <w NP0>Roh <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ceremonial <w NN1>title <w PRF>of <w AJ0>honorary <w NN1>party <w NN1>president<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA023></p>
<caption id=HLNCA023>
<s n="928"><w VVG>Unveiling <w PRF>of <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market
</caption>
<p>
<s n="929"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Rhee <w NP0>Yong <w NN1>Man <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-VVB>package <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>languishing <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>injection <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>3,000,000 <w CRD>million <w VVN>won <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1=780.697 <w VVN>won <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="930"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>providing <w NN1>tax <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>to <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w AJ0-VVN>required <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w NN1>insurance <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w NN2>stocks <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>encouraged <w NN1>pension <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>likewise<c PUN>.
<s n="931"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>package <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39049<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="932"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Korea <w NN2>Securities <w NN1>Stabilization <w NN1>Fund<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>revitalize <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>encouraged <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w CRD>500,000 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>won <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN1>stock<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="933"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="934"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="935"><w NN1>Stock <w NN1>market <w NN2-VVZ>riots <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shenzhen
</head>
<p>
<s n="936"><w AT0>A <w NN1>riot <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10-11 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Shenzhen <w VVG>involving <w CRD>50,000-60,000 <w AJ0>would-be <w NN2>investors <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>share <w NN1>application <w NN2-VVZ>forms<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sold <w AVP>out <w AV0>earlier <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="937"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shenzhen <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange <w VBD>was <w VVN>closed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon <w AV0>after<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-AJ0>shares&mdash;reserved <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>investors&mdash;fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>17 <w NN2>points<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="938"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shenzhen <w PRP>from <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9-11 <w NN1>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w NN2-VVZ>forms <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>share <w NN1-VVB>offer <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shenzhen <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange<c PUN>.
<s n="939"><w NN2>Applicants <w VVD>queued <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000,000 <w NN1>application <w VVZ-NN2>forms <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>first-come <w AJ0-NN1>first-served <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="940"><w AV0>Only <w CRD-PNI>one <w PRP>in <w CRD>10 <w NN2>applications <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AV0>up to <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w CRD>14 <w NN1>company <w NN2>flotations <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>raise <w CRD>500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yuan <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1=5.4556 <w NN0>yuan <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="941"><w NN2>Protestors <w VVD>complained <w PRF>of <w NN2>forms <w VBG>being <w VVN>resold <w PRP>at <w CRD>eight <w NN2>times <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>price<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>accused <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reserving <w NN1>share <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1>family <w CJC>and <w NN2>friends<c PUN>.
<s n="942"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>pushed <w NN2>queuers <w AV0>aside <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>room <w PRP>for <w NN1>family <w CJC>and <w NN2>friends<c PUN>.
<s n="943"><w NN2>Police <w VBD>were <w VVN>attacked <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>vehicle <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VVD-VVN>overturned<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>marched <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN2>offices <w VVG>chanting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AVP>Down <w PRP>with <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>!<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="944"><w NN2>Police <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>tear-gas<c PUN>, <w AJ0>electric <w NN2>batons <w CJC>and <w VVZ>sticks <w TO0>to <w VVI>disperse <w AT0>the <w NN2>crowds<c PUN>, <w VVG>arresting <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="945"><w CRD>One <w NN1>person <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>crush<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>200 <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>hospitalized<c PUN>.
<s n="946"><w AV0>Initially<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>media <w VVD>ignored <w AT0>the <w NN1>riot<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NP0>Xinhua <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>slight <w NN1>disruption <w PRF>of <w NN0>sales<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="947"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w NN1>popularity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN1>application <w NN1-VVB>issue <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>savings<c PUN>, <w AJ0>negative <w AJ0>real <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>share <w VVG-NN1>offering <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought <w AJ0>large <w NN2>gains <w PRP>to <w NN2>investors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="948"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shenzhen <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w DT0>some <w NN1>mishandling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN2>forms<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AVP>out <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="949"><w CRD>Seventeen <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>reselling <w NN1>share <w NN2>applications <w CJC>and <w NN2>vouchers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="950"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Lanqing<c PUN>, <w VVD>allayed <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>clampdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shenzhen <w NN1>riot<c PUN>.
<s n="951"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shenzhen <w NN1>riot<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Zou <w NP0>Jiahua<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA024></p>
<caption id=HLNCA024>
<s n="952"><w NN1>Crisis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Shanghai <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market
</caption>
<p>
<s n="953"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>panic <w NN1>selling <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w ZZ0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2-VVZ>shares <w PRP>at <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shanghai<c PUN>.
<s n="954"><w AT0>The <w NN1>exchange <w VVD>closed <w AVP-PRP>down <w CRD>9.5 <w NN2>points<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>prices <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>stocks <w VVG>falling <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="955"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>expanded <w NN1>market <w NN2>listings <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Shenzhen <w NN1>riot<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA025></p>
<caption id=HLNCA025>
<s n="956"><w NN1>Trial <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>activist
</caption>
<p>
<s n="957"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NN2>activists <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36720-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>poet <w CJC>and <w NN1>theorist <w NP0-NN1>Wu <w NP0>Jiaxing <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>counter-revolutionary <w NN1>incitement <w CJC>and <w NN1>propaganda<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVN>released <w PRP>for <w NN1>time <w VVD-VVN>served<c PUN>.
<s n="958"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>advisor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deposed <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1-AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Zhao <w NP0-NN1>Ziyang<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>researcher <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Committee <w NN1-AJ0>General <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wu <w NP0>Jiaxing <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w AV0>more than <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w VVG>awaiting <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="959"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Kamm<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>businessman <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>activist<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="960"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>a <w NP0>Beijing <w NN1>court <w VVD-VVN>handed <w AVP>down <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Gao <w NP0>Shan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>worked <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>institute <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>restructuring <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>revealing <w NN1>state <w NN2>secrets <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>democracy <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="961"><w NP0-NN1>Bao <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>superior<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39004<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA026></p>
<caption id=HLNCA026>
<s n="962"><w NN1>Amnesty <w PRP>for <w NN2>students <w AV0>abroad
</caption>
<p>
<s n="963"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>for <w NN2>students <w AV0>abroad <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w NN2>activities <w CJC>and <w NN2>organizations <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="964"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amnesty <w VVD>welcomed <w NN2>students <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NN1-NP0>China<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>no matter what <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w NN1>attitude <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>wrong <w NN2>things<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJC>or <w VVN>committed <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA027></p>
<caption id=HLNCA027>
<s n="965"><w NP0>Asia <w NN1-VVB>Watch <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>labour <w NN2>camps
</caption>
<p>
<s n="966"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>York-based <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Asia <w NN1>Watch <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w NN1-VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>labour <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w NN2>factories <w VVG>producing <w PRP>for <w NN1>export <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liaoning <w NN1>Province<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>rejecting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>prison-made <w NN2>products <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w PRP>for <w NN1>export<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA028></p>
<caption id=HLNCA028>
<s n="967"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NN1>Gang <w PRF>of <w CRD>Four <w NN1>member
</caption>
<p>
<s n="968"><w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Hongwen<c PUN>, <w CRD>58<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w CJS>while <w VVG>serving <w AT0>a <w NN1>life <w NN1>sentence <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Gang <w PRF>of <w CRD>Four<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="969"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Gang<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mao<w POS>'s <w NN1>wife <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Qing<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>excesses <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w CRD>1966-76 <w AJ0>Cultural <w NN1>Revolution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA029></p>
<caption id=HLNCA029>
<s n="970"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="971"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Sino-US <w NN1>trade <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19-21 <w PRP>on <w VVG>allowing <w AJC>greater <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN2>markets <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>any <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
<s n="972"><w AT0>A <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>might <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>punitive <w NN2>tariffs<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w PRP-AVP>about <w CRD>one-fifth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>for <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="973"><w NP0>Ira <w NP0>Wolf<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>assistant <w NP0>US <w NN1>Representative <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>too <w AJ0>slow <w PRP>in <w VVG>opening <w DPS>its <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="974"><w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>42 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w CJS>while <w NP0>US <w VVZ>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>18.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w NN0>US&dollar;15 <w CRD>billion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="975"><w AT0>The <w NN1>list <w VVD-VVN>targeted <w NN2>exports <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;3,900 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>shoes<c PUN>, <w NN1>jewellery<c PUN>, <w NN1>silk <w NN1>clothing<c PUN>, <w NN2>foods<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>household <w NN2>appliances<c PUN>.
<s n="976"><w NN2>Tariffs <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w DT0>these <w NN2>targets <w CJS>unless <w NP0>China <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>market <w NN1>opening <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w VVG>publicizing <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w VVG>removing <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>such as <w NN1>import <w NN2-VVZ>bans <w CJC>and <w AJ0>high <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w NN2>imports<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="977"><w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>target <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>industries <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimize <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>exports <w VBD>were <w VVN>manufactured <w PRP>in <w NN2>factories <w PRP>in <w NN1>south <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="978"><w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>list<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>retaliate <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>implemented<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="979"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="980"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="981"><w NN1>Confusion <w PRP>over <w NN1>investment <w NN2>loans <w NN1>policy
</head>
<p>
<s n="982"><w AJ0>Conflicting <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w NN1-VVG>banking <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w VVD>caused <w NN1>confusion <w PRP>over <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NN2>loans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN1>business <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="983"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Y. <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Sheu<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-run <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w AV0>publicly <w VVD>disavowed <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>release <w VVD>issued <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AV0>before <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>C. <w NN1>M. <w UNC>Pu<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
<s n="984"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>expose <w AT0>a <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>softening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>attitudes<c PUN>.
<s n="985"><w AT0>The <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>indirect <w NN1>business <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland<c PUN>, <w PRP>via <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w UNC>US&dollar;7,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w NN2>investments <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w VM0>could <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>said <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39005 <w PRP>for <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NP0>PRC<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="986"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="987"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="988"><w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>Beijing <w NN1>representative
</head>
<p>
<s n="989"><w CRD>Six <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39005<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Patten <w VHD>had <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0>useful<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>with <w NP0>Zhou <w NN1>Nan<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>official <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<c PUN>.
<s n="990"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>encounter <w PRP>with <w NP0>Zhou<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NP0>China <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AJ0>sick <w NN1>leave<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>billed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>get <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w PNP>you<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>sidestep <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="991"><w DT0>Both <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>reiterated <w DPS>their <w NN2>governments<w POS>' <w AJ0>stated <w NN2>positions <w PRP>on <w NN2>matters <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w UNC>HK&dollar;175,300 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;24,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w AJ0>new <w NN1>airport <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stalled <w PRP>over <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN2>objections <w PRP>to <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>financing <w NN2>arrangements <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38340<c PUN>; <w CRD>39005<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="992"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Patten <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12-14<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="993"><w PRP>Before <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Patten <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>policy <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02A>
<s n="994"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>deportations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Vietnamese
</caption>
<p>
<s n="995"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w VVD-AJ0>deported <w CRD>60 <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>flown <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>since <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="996"><w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent <w AVP>back <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrival<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w NN1>resistance<c PUN>.
<s n="997"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>May <w NP0>UK-Vietnam <w NN1>agreement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38912<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="998"><w NP0>Asia <w NN1-VVB>Watch<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w CJT>that <w CRD>133 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nung <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>camps <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN1>persecution <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="999"><w CRD>Sixteen <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NP0>Asia <w NN1>Watch<w POS>'s <w NN1>list <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>reported <w CJS>as <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>deported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1000"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1001"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1002"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN2>difficulties <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="1003"><w PRP>Throughout <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>maintained <w DPS>their <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w NN1>phase <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVD>estimated <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>fighters <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>assembled <w CJC>and <w VVN>disarmed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38864<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w CJS>Since <w PRP>about <w NP0>mid-June<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>refusing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yasushi <w NP0-NN1>Akashi<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>areas <w PNP>they <w VVD>controlled <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0>Pailin<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJS>even though <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w PNP>him <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w AV0>anywhere<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1005"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>announced <w DPS>their <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>, <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>worsened<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>outbreaks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w PRP>during <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="1006"><w AT0>The <w NN1>faction <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>demanding <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VVB>disarm <w CJC>and <w VVB>demobilize <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>stages<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>parallel <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>UNTAC <w VVB>provide <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1007"><w NP0>Akashi <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>dismissed <w DT0>these <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Vietnamese-installed <w NN1>administration <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>place <w CJS>until <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CJC>or <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1008"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>troops <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0>Akashi <w VVD>praised <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1009"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>Asian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>Rim <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus <w NN1>statement <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASEAN<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39005-06<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>obduracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>by <w VVG>sealing <w NN1>access <w VVZ-NN2>points <w PRP>to <w NN2>areas <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>adjacent to <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
<s n="1010"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Herald <w NN1>Tribune <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VBD>were <w VVG>keeping <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>disarmament <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJS>because <w DPS>their <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w AV0>so <w AJ0>small <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>lose <w NN1-VVB>influence <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w NN1-AJ0>public<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02B>
<s n="1011"><w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w NN1>boycott
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1012"><w CJS>As <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thai <w CJC>and <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>impasse<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w AV0>suddenly <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>dropping <w DPS>their <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVG>monitoring <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC<c PUN>.
<s n="1013"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Reuters <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>sending <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>provinces <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02C>
<s n="1014"><w NN1>Attachment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>to <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1015"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Norodom <w NP0-NN1>Sihanouk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>new <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="1016"><w DT0>All<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>treaties <w CJC>and <w NN2>agreements<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>entered <w PRP>into <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>occupation <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN2>borders <w VVD>delineated <w PRP>between <w NP0>Cambodia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>special <w NP0>SNC <w NN2>committees <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w NN1>adminstration <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1017"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pol <w NP0>Pot<c PUN>, <w NN1>author <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1975-79 <w NN1>reign <w PRF>of <w NN1>terror <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>definitely <w VVN>retired<c PUN>.
<s n="1018"><w VVG>Reporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Reuters <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>assumed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pol <w NP0>Pot <w VBD>was <w VVG>directing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w PRP>from <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>bases<c PUN>.
<s n="1019"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>agenda <w TO0>to <w VVI>regain <w AJ0>total <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>agency <w VVD-VVN>noted<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1020"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1021"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1022"><w NN1>Demotion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>figures
</head>
<p>
<s n="1023"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>assertion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Anand <w NP0-NN1>Panyarachun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>demoted <w CRD>three <w AJ0>top <w AJ0>military <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>widely <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38894-95<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1024"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VVD>anticipated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>military <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle <w AJ0-NN1>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1025"><w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Kaset <w NP0>Rojanani <w VBD>was <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander <w CJC>and <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-AJ0>Inspector-General<c PUN>.
<s n="1026"><w VVB-NN1>Kaset <w AV0>also <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN2>Airways<c PUN>.
<s n="1027"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w NP0>Noonpakdi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>demoted <w PRP>to <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>defence <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="1028"><w NP0>Lt-Gen.
<s n="1029"><w NP0>Chainarong <w NP0>Noonpakdi<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>army <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>directing <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w DTQ>which <w VVD>fired <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Institute <w PRF>of <w NN1>Army <w NN2>Academics<c PUN>.
<s n="1030"><w CRD>Nine <w AJ0>other <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>made<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02D>
<s n="1031"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1032"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vimol <w NP0>Wongwanich<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>unify <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w AJ0-VVD>ordered <w NN2>commanders <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP>in <w NN1>politics <w CJC>or <w VDB>do <w PNI>anything <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w CJC>or <w VVI>hinder <w DT0>any <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w NN1-NP0>Vimol <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w NN1>professionalism <w CJC>and <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>.
<s n="1034"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>Commander <w VBD>was <w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Gun <w NP0>Pimarnthip<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chetta <w NP0>Tanajaro <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="1035"><w NP0>Air <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Voranart <w NP0>Apichari <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Commander<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02E>
<s n="1036"><w NN1-VVB>Search <w NN1>committee
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1037"><w NP0>Anand <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>search <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
<s n="1038"><w PRP>To <w NN1>date<c PUN>, <w CRD>52 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>confirmed <w NN1>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>but <w CRD>400 <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>missing<c PUN>.
<s n="1039"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Banchop <w NP0>Bunnak<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>reveal <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w AJ0>military <w NN1>crackdown<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VBD>was <w AJ0>right<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02F>
<s n="1040"><w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>petition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1041"><w AT0>A <w NN1>petition <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w CRD>115 <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>personalities<c PUN>, <w VVG>requesting <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w CRD>1,300-1,500 <w NN1>member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>drew <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>drag <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarchy <w PRP>into <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1042"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>came <w AV0>originally <w PRP>from <w NP0>Chaianan <w NP0>Samudavanij<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>well <w VVN>known <w AJ0>political <w NN1>scientist<c PUN>.
<s n="1043"><w DPS>Its <w NN2>supporters <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>walks <w PRF>of <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>complementary <w NN1>institution<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>advise <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1044"><w PNP>They <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>mirror<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w AT0>the <w NN2>desires<c PUN>, <w NN2>opinions <w CJC>and <w NN2>hardships <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>society<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>so as <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN1>unity<c PUN>, <w VVB>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<w POS>'s <w NN2>grievances <w VBD>were <w VVN>heard<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>prevent <w AJ0>future <w NN2>crises <w PRP>from <w VVG>undermining <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1045"><w AT0>The <w NN2>petitioners <w AV0>also <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-election <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="1046"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w NN1>confusion <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Anand <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AJ0>unhindered <w PRP>up until <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02G>
<s n="1047"><w NN1-VVG>Bombing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1048"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Pattani <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PULO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outlawed <w NN1>group <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>four <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>railway <w NN1>station <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN1>Hat <w NP0>Yai<c PUN>, <w CRD>40 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="1049"><w CRD>Three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>73 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1050"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1051"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1052"><w NN1>Reopening <w PRF>of <w NN2>colleges
</head>
<p>
<s n="1053"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>30 <w NN2>universities <w CJC>and <w NN2>colleges <w VVD-VVN>resumed <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>orders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>closed <w PNP>them <w PRP>in response to <w NN1>student <w NN2-VVZ>riots <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38681<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1054"><w AJ0>Strict <w NN1>security <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NN2>campuses <w CJS>as <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>students <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NN2>classes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>incidents <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1055"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN2>closures <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>sent <w CRD>2,096 <w NN1>university <w NN2>teachers <w PRP>on <w AJ0>special <w NN1>training <w NN2>courses <w PRP>in <w NN2>techniques <w PRF>of <w NN1>student <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02H>
<s n="1056"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1057"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN2>detainees <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>sentences <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w VBD>were <w VVN>freed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>from <w NN2>prisons <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mandalay<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tharawaddy <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Toungoon<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Burma <w VVD>announced<c PUN>.
<s n="1058"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w NP0>Nai <w NP0>Khin <w NP0>Maung<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mon <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1059"><w AJC>Earlier <w NN2>reports <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,000 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>freed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38913<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02J>
<s n="1060"><w NN1>Accession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Geneva <w NN2>conventions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1061"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>U <w NP0>Ohn <w NP0-NN1>Gyaw <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials <w VVD>participated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0>Delapraz<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Myanma <w VVD>signed <w CRD>four <w CRD>1949 <w NP0>Geneva <w NN2>conventions <w PRP>on <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1062"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1063"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1064"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan
</head>
<p>
<s n="1065"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Begum <w NP0>Khaleda <w NP0>Zia <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9-11 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>Pakistani <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>.
<s n="1066"><w PNP>They <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>sharing <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets <w CJC>and <w NN2>liabilities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w CRD>228,000 <w NN2>Pakistanis <w AV0>still <w VVN-AJ0>stranded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
<s n="1067"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Bangladesh <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>spokesman <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0-NN1>Mecca-based <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabitah<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>repatriation <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>rehousing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1068"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w NN1>trade <w NN2>imbalances <w PRP>by <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1069"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>signed <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w NN1>electronics<c PUN>, <w NN1>food <w NN1>processing<c PUN>, <w NN1>silicon <w NN1>technology <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>research<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02K>
<s n="1070"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>India
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1071"><w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>India <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w NP0>All-India <w NN1>Radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1072"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>shared <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>waters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ganges<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tista <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>common <w NN2>rivers <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN2>Experts <c PUL>(<w NP0>JCE<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
<s n="1073"><w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>J. <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Dixit <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Dhaka <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>practical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constructive<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>involving <w NP0>Begum <w NP0>Zia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Mustafizur <w NP0>Rahman<c PUN>.
<s n="1074"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>JCE <w VVD>opened <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>Water <w NN2>Resources <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>V. <w NP0>C. <w NP0>Shukla<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02L>
<s n="1075"><w NN1-VVB>Defeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1076"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>survived <w PRP>by <w CRD>168 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>122 <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w NN1>lawlessness<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02M>
<s n="1077"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>charge <w PRP>against <w NP0>Ershad
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1078"><w NP0>Reuter <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-AJ0>Hussain <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Ershad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imprisoned <w DT0>former <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>facing <w AJ0>new <w NN2>charges <w VVG>alleging <w NN1>misappropriation <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000,000<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <w AJ0-VVN>funded <w NN1>project <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w NN1>conviction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ershad <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38763<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1079"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1080"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1081"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders
</head>
<p>
<s n="1082"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>landmine <w NN1>explosion <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>officers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0>Araly <w NN1>Point <w PRP>on <w NP0>Kayts <w NP0>Island <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jaffna <w NN1>Peninsula<c PUN>.
<s n="1083"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w VBD>were <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1084"><w NP0>Denzil <w NP0>Kobbekaduwa<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN1>chief-of-staff <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="1085"><w NP0>Vijaya <w NP0>Vimalaratne<c PUN>, <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w NN1>commander <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jaffna<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1086"><w AT0>The <w NN1>blast<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>LTTE<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>revived <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>backlash <w PRP>against <w NN2>Tamils <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombo <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1087"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD-VVN>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>explosion<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN1>village <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Batticaloa <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>25 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1088"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1089"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1090"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1091"><w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bombay <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38913<c PUN>; <w CRD>38967<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Madhavan<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bureau <w PRF>of <w NN1>Investigation <c PUL>(<w NP0>CBI<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>investigating <w NN1>team<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w VVD>denied <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>office <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w AJ0-NN1>Madhavan <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>go <w AV0>slow<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="1093"><w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>setting-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>committee <w PRP>with <w AJ0>extensive <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>probe <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1094"><w NN1-NP0>Madhavan <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>sought <w AJ0>early <w NN1>retirement<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w PNP>He <w VVD>denied <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>laid <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>person<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1096"><w NN1-VVB>Pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>widen <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w VVD-VVN>intensified <w AV0>further <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prevention <w PRF>of <w NN1>Corruption <w NN1>Act <w PRF>of <w NN0>V. <w NN1-NP0>Krishnamurti<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>technocrat <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1097"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38967<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>banks<c PUN>, <w NP0>Citibank <w CJC>and <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>America<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>contravened <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>banking <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>by <w VVG>using <w NN1>investment <w NN1>management <w NN2>schemes <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>deposit <w NN2>substitutes<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilize <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w NN2>corporations<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NP0>Citibank <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>operations <w CJC>and <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>accommodated<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w VVN-VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="1099"><w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>America <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>violated <w NN1>banking <w NN2>guidelines <w CJC>or <w VVD-VVN>issued <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVD>accepted <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN2>bankers<w POS>' <w NN2>receipts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1100"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1-VVB>bank <w NN1>Standard <w VVD-VVN>Chartered<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38967<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>transferred <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w UNC>US&dollar;200,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NN1>liquidity <w NN2>shortages <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="1101"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bank <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>incurred <w NN2>losses <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w NN0>US&dollar;299 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38967<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02N>
<s n="1102"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Ayodhya
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1103"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-man <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature<c PUN>, <w NN1>extent <w CJC>and <w NN1>magnitude<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>construction <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ayodhya<c PUN>.
<s n="1104"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
<s n="1105"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>ascertain <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>violated <w CRD>two <w NN1>court <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>by <w VVG>granting <w NN1>permission <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>militants <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>temple <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02P>
<s n="1106"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NN1>Vice-President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1107"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NN1>diplomat <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Union <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>K. <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Narayanan <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>S. <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Sharma<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02R>
<s n="1108"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>amendment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1109"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w VVG>granting <w AJ0>official <w NN1>language <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Konkani<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manipuri <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Nepali<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02S>
<s n="1110"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1111"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rao <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3-9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1112"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>fulfil <w DPS>its <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>technology <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w NN1>country <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>interfere <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1113"><w PRP>In <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>on <w NP0>India <w PRP>after <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indo-Russian <w NN1>deal <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>engine <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w VVD>violated <w AT0>the <w NN1>Missile <w NN1>Technology <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Regime <c PUL>(<w NP0>MTCR<c PUR>) <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02T><ptr target=HLNCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02T>
<s n="1114"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLNCA02U>
<s n="1115"><w NP0>Punjab
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1116"><w AJ0>Sikh <w NN2>separatists <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>massacred <w AV0>up to <w CRD>57 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>relatives<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Sikh <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w NP0>Gurjant <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Budhsinghwala<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khalistan <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>July&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>39008<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Navroop <w NP0>Singh <c PUL>(<w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sukhdev <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Babbar<c PUN>, <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Babbar <w NP0>Khalsa <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02V>
<s n="1117"><w NP0>Kashmir
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1118"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>rule <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVG>shelving <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>elect-ions<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w CRD>Twenty-three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN1>fighting <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indo-Pakistan <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1120"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1121"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1122"><w NP0>Indo-Pakistan <w NN2-VVZ>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="1123"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NP0>Indo-Pakistan <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>at <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>secretary <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17-19<c PUN>, <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>agreements <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w NN1>code <w PRF>of <w NN1>conduct <w PRP>for <w NN2>diplomats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1124"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w VVG>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>diplomat <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w AT0>The <w NP0>August <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shahryar <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>most <w AJ0>productive<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>so <w AV0>far<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1126"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Khan <w VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jammu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>described <w DT0>this <w NN1>development <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1-VVB>step <w AV0>forward<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1127"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJS>whether <w NN2>negotiations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>more <w AJ0>constructive <w PRP>with regard to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-standing <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w AV0>only <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>viewed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>measured <w CJC>and <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>approach <w PRP>to <w NN1>stabilization <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1128"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>agreed <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kashmir<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02W>
<s n="1129"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>alliance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1130"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>left-of-centre <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groups <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1131"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1132"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1133"><w NN1>Bombardment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabul
</head>
<p>
<s n="1134"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>1,800 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>1,500 <w VVD-VVN>wounded <w PRP>during <w NP0>August <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>heaviest <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>factions <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet-backed <w NN1-NP0>Najibullah <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38847<c PUN>; <w CRD>38915<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1135"><w AT0>The <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Burhanuddin <w NP0>Rabbani<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuous <w NN1>bombardment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>rockets<c PUN>, <w NN2>shells <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>cluster <w NN2>bombs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>followed <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>ground <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NN2>tanks<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1136"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Rabbani<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVD>dismissed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Sabur <w NP0>Fareed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN1>member <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>nominee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="1137"><w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Hakim<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1138"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VVD>retorted <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w NP0>Fareed <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>no longer <w VVD-VVN>recognized <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1139"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Rabbani <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>formally <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Leadership <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>authority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1140"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>126,000 <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fled <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1141"><w AT0>The <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>embassies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>27 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>left <w PRP>by <w NN1>road <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>embassy <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>in <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>fire<c PUN>.
<s n="1142"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>ambassador <w VBD>was <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>by <w NN1>shrapnel <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>local <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>French <w NN2>embassies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
<s n="1144"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>agencies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>prepared <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000,000 <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1145"><w NN1-NP0>Hekmatyar <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>peace <w NN1>delegation <w VVG>representing <w DT0>several <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>Rabbani <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kabul <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1-NP0>Uzbek <w NN0>militia <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<c PUN>.
<s n="1146"><w AT0>A <w DT0>former <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Najibullah <w NN1>regime <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>switched <w NN2>sides<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Dostam <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AT0>a <w NN1>mainstay <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1147"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>mount <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1-VVB>act<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>Uzbeks <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>vacate <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1148"><w PRP>Despite <w NP0>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>avowal <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>war <w VBD>was <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN0>militia <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w NN2>analysts <w VBD>were <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>stepped <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1-AJ0>Rabbani <w PRP>from <w VVG>consolidating <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w VVG>marginalizing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02X>
<s n="1149"><w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN1>stance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1150"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>72-hour <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD>went <w AJ0>unheeded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1151"><w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w NN2>bases <w PRP>inside <w DT0>that <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w VHD>had <w AV0>obliquely <w VVN>attacked <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pakistan <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN2>elements <w VVN-VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w VVG>undermining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1152"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1153"><w NP0>KAZAKHSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1154"><w NN2-VVZ>Accords <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</head>
<p>
<s n="1155"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Tuleutai <w NP0>Suleymenov <w VVD>flew <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>invitation <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NP0>March <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38814<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1156"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Xinhua <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w AV0>soon <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrival<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>enhanced <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN2>fields <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-AJ0>completed <w NN1>rail <w NN1>link <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>fields<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1157"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh <w NN1>radio <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>trade <w PRP>between <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ili <w NP0>Kazak <w VHD>had <w VVN>totalled <w UNC>US&dollar;122 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1158"><w CRD>Seven <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w AJ0-NN1>c-operation <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>during <w NP0>Suleymenov<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>qoted <w PNP>him <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN1>border <w NN1-VVG>crossing <w NN2>points <w CJC>and <w AJ0>visa-free <w NN1-VVB>travel<c PUN>; <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>with <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>in <w AJ0>geological <w NN1>prospecting<c PUN>, <w NN1>ore <w NN1>enrichment<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>laser <w CJC>and <w AJ0>biological <w NN1>technology<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>building <w AJ0>hydroelectric <w NN1>power <w NN2>stations<c PUN>.
<s n="1160"><w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>processing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>medicinal <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>reconstructing <w NN1-NP0>Dzhambul <w NN1>phosphate <w NN0>works <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>considered<c PUN>.
<s n="1161"><w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>publishing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>links <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>developed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w NN1>traffic <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NN1>Silk <w NN1>Route<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLNCA02Y>
<s n="1162"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1163"><w NN2>Delegations <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1164"><w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Dubynin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1165"><w VVB>Sagadat <w NP0>Nurmagambetov<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w DTQ>which <w VVD>concluded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>signature <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NN1>training<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1166"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1167"><w NP0-NN1>KIRGIZSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1168"><w NN1>Earthquake <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>damage
</head>
<p>
<s n="1169"><w CRD>Fifty <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>many <w AV0-AJ0>still <w AJ0>unaccounted <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>186 <w NN1>earth <w NN2>tremors <w VVD-VVN>struck <w NN1>mountain <w NN2>villages<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>agency <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1170"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Geological <w NN1>Survey <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>earthquake <w VVD>measured <w CRD>7.5 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Richter <w NN1>scale <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>centred <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Susamyr <w NN1>valley<c PUN>.
<s n="1171"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Askar <w NP0>Akayev <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>toured <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>before <w VVG>flying <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1172"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1173"><w NP0>TURKMENISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1174"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>pipeline <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</head>
<p>
<s n="1175"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Saparmurad <w NP0>Niyazov <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Rafsanjani<c PUN>.
<s n="1176"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w AV0>later <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w NN1>pipeline <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w NN1>gas <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w PRP>via <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1177"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>prices <w VBD>were <w VVN>deregulated <w AV0>so as <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PNP>them <w PRP>into line with <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1178"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1179"><w NP0>UZBEKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1180"><w NN1>Co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pakistan
</head>
<p>
<s n="1181"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13-14<c PUN>, <w VVG>signing <w CRD>three <w NN2>protocols <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NN1>promotion <w CJC>and <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>investments<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>fields <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w NN1>power <w NN1>generation<c PUN>, <w NN1>irrigation <w CJC>and <w NN1>reclamation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>telecommunica-tions<c PUN>.
<s n="1182"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Pakistani <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Tashkent <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA030></p>
<caption id=HLNCA030>
<s n="1183"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1184"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1185"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VM0>would <w VVI>issue <w NN2>banknotes <w CJC>and <w NN2>securities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>carry <w AVP>out <w AJ0>hard-currency <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA031></p>
<caption id=HLNCA031>
<s n="1186"><w NN1>Implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w NN1>legislation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1187"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN1>defence <w NN1>law <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD>became <w AV0>effectively <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neutral<c PUN>, <w AJ0>non-nuclear <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVG>renouncing <w DT0>all <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0-NN1>Interfax<c PUN>.
<s n="1188"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRF>of <w NN1>ground <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w NN1>air <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>task <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>guard<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1189"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1190"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1191"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Secretary
</head>
<p>
<s n="1192"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Garrucho<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>aide <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w AJ0>Philippine <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w DT0>little <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Edelmiro <w NP0>Amante<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1194"><w NP0-NN1>Garrucho<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>controversies <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1195"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>duty <w NN1>exemption <w PRP>on <w NN1>cement <w NN2>imports <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NN1>order <w VVG>instructing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bureau <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Inland <w NN1>Revenue <w TO0>to <w VVI>refund <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>mining <w NN2>companies <w DT0>some <w CRD>2,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>pesos <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1=23.8713 <w NN2>pesos <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w NP0>Garrucho <w VVD>ruled<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>exempt<c PUN>.
<s n="1196"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>consulted <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>either <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w AV0>later <w VVD>reversed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1197"><w NP0-NN1>Garrucho<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>illustration <w PRF>of <w NN1>disunity <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ramos <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w VVD>fuelled <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>racked <w PRP>by <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>President<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>repeated <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>teamwork<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1198"><w AT0>The <w NN2>differences <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>factional <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w AV0>hurriedly <w VVN>assembled <w PRP>in support of <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1199"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>disagreements <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>less <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>ideological <w NN2>differences <w CJS>than <w PRP>by <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>personality <w CJC>and <w NN1>style <c PUL>(<w PRP>unlike <w AT0>the <w NN1>factionalism <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>bedeviled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>predecessor<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA032></p>
<caption id=HLNCA032>
<s n="1200"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN1>chief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1201"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Philippines <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cesar <w NP0>Nazareno<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>100,000-strong <w NN1-VVB>force<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>widening <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>gambling<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>kidnapping <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA033></p>
<caption id=HLNCA033>
<s n="1202"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2-VVZ>controls
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1203"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismantling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w AJ0>current <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AV0>more <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1204"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVN>announced <w AV0>jointly <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ramos <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Cuisia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1205"><w PNP>It <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unimpeded <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w CJC>and <w NN1>gold <w PRP>into <w CJC>and <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN2>residents <w CJC>and <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>removed <w AT0>the <w NN1>requirement <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w VVD-VVN>earned <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Philippine-based <w NN1>commodity <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>service <w NN2>exporters <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>Manila-based <w NN2>banks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA034></p>
<caption id=HLNCA034>
<s n="1206"><w NN2>Issues <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1207"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>controls <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1-VVG>bearing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>prosecuting <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DPS>her <w AJ0>late <w NN1>husband <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1208"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>Manila <w NN1>judge <w VHD>had <w VVN>dismissed <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>39 <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Marcos <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>de-regulation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>dealings <w VHD>had <w VVN>removed <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w NN2>charges <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NN1>currency <w NN2>violations <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marcos<c PUN>.
<s n="1209"><w AV0>Initially <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>no <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>altered <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w VVG>following <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN1>governor <w NP0-NN1>Cuisia <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>individuals <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>let <w PRP-AVP>off <w AJ0>past <w NN2>breaches<c PUN>; <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0-NN1>Secretary <w NP0>Franklin <w NP0>Drilon<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w AV0>merely <w VVN>commented <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>erroneous <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>even <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>instructed <w NN1>government <w NN2>lawyers <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1210"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>gave <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ferdinand <w NP0>Marcos <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>flown <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hawaii <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lain <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AJ0>private <w NN1>interment <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>native <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ilocos <w NN1>Norte <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NN1-NP0>Luzon<c PUN>.
<s n="1211"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Aquino <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>resisted <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>destabilizing <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1212"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w NN2>days <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>transported<c PUN>, <w NP0>Imelda <w NP0>Marcos <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>burial <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>submit <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>indignity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w VVN>transported <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>cargo <w NN0>aircraft <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<w POS>' <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA035></p>
<caption id=HLNCA035>
<s n="1213"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>leaders <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Informal <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>insurgents
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1214"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outlawed <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippines-Marxist <w AJ0>Leninist <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1215"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>came <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Utrecht<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Eric <w NP0>Singson<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>CPP <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jose <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Sison<c PUN>.
<s n="1216"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unification <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>proclamation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>encouraging <w DT0>all <w NN2>insurgents <w TO0>to <w VVI>renounce <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1217"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>released <w VBD>were <w NP0>Romulo <w NP0-NN1>Kintanar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>since <w CRD>1968<c PUN>.
<s n="1218"><w AV0>Also <w VVN-VVD>freed <w VBD>was <w NP0>Saturnino <w NP0-NN1>Ocampo<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1219"><w AT0>The <w NN1>freeing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>communists <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w VVN>balanced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN1>army <w NN2>colonels <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>for <w VVG>participating <w PRP>in <w NN1>coup <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aquino <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1220"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>freed <w VBD>were <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Luisito <w NP0>Sanchez <w CJC>and <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Danilo <w NP0>Lim<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>elite <w ORD>First <w NN1-VVB>Scout <w NN1-NP0>Ranger <w NN1>regiment <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>occupied <w NP0>Manila<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>district <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1221"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1222"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1223"><w NN1-VVB>Launch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-corruption <w NN1>drive <w PRP>by <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader
</head>
<p>
<s n="1224"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Parliament <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>sworn <w PRP>into <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1225"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VVD>faced <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>allega-tions<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>avowed <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AJ0>official <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>.
<s n="1226"><w VVN>Assisted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w CJT>that <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>parliament <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>immune <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>for <w NN1>corruption <w CJS>even if <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>re-elected<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Julius <w NP0>Chan <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>dealings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1227"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Julius<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w VM0>would <w VVI>concentrate <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>on <w NN2>allegations <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>discretionary <w NN1>fund <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rabbie <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Pora<c PUN>.
<s n="1228"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Julius <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>resources <w CJC>and <w NN2>assets <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="1229"><w CJS>If <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>suggested<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1230"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Namaliu <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-NP0>Pangu <w NN1-NP0>Pati <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Michael <w NP0-NN1>Somare<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1231"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Michael <w VVD>followed <w NP0>Namaliu<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>from <w NN1>politics <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>ill<c PUN>.
<s n="1232"><w CJS>As <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Somare<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w VBD>were <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereupon <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Forests <w NP0>Jack <w NP0>Genia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1233"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1234"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1235"><w VVG>Unveiling <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Corruption <w NN2>cases <w PRP>against <w NP0>Nick <w NP0-NN1>Greiner <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Bond
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1236"><w NN1>Presentation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>expansionary <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1237"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>produced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>expansionary <w NN1>budget <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w VVD-VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>boost <w NN1>employment<c PUN>.
<s n="1238"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w VVG>winning <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w NN1>mid-1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1239"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CRD>1992-93 <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>ending <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1993<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AJ0>total <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>at <w UNC>A&dollar;109,900 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w CRD>4.1 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>; <w UNC>US&dollar;1=A&dollar;1.3798 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>revenue <w VBD>was <w VVN>calculated <w PRP>at <w UNC>A&dollar;96,500 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>0.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1240"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>key <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w PRP>worth <w UNC>A&dollar;4,500 <w CRD>million <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Treasurer <w NP0>John <w NP0>Dawkins <w VVD>described <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>with <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strong <w CJC>but <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>stimulus<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ambitious <w NN1>capital <w NN0>works <w CJC>and <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w NN1>mid-1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1242"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w VVN>involved <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>predicted <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w UNC>A&dollar;13,400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>A&dollar;9,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991-92<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w UNC>A&dollar;1,900 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>forecast <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasurer <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992-93 <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VM0>would <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w DT0>This <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>4.75 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>prediction <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Keating <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1245"><w NN2>Dawkins <w VVD>explained <w DT0>this <w AJC>slower <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w CJS>as <w PRP>due to <w NN1>drought<c PUN>, <w AJ0>subdued <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>activity <w PRP>among <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>trading <w NN2>partners <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fragile <w NN1>business <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>.
<s n="1246"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>predicted <w CJT>that <w NN1>inflation <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA036></p>
<caption id=HLNCA036>
<s n="1247"><w NN1>Corruption <w NN2>cases <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Greiner <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bond
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1248"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>South <w NP0>Wales <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>cleared <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nick <w NP0>Greiner<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>allegations <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38965<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1249"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>judged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w VVN>brought <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Greiner <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>Against <w NN1>Corruption <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>wrong <w PRP>in <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1250"><w AJ0>Bankrupt <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>entrepreneur <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Bond <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Criminal <w NN1>Appeal <w VVD>quashed <w AT0>a <w NN1>fraud <w NN1>conviction <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>evidence <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threw <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>veracity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>during <w NP0>Bond<w POS>'s <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>witness<c PUN>, <w NP0>Laurie <w NP0>Connell<c PUN>.
<s n="1252"><w NP0>Bond <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w CJS>for <w UNC>2&commat;1/2 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38917<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG>acting <w AV0>dishonestly <w PRP>during <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w TO0>to <w VVI>rescue <w NP0>Connell<w POS>'s <w NN2>Rothwells <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="1253"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal <w NN1>court<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w NP0-NN1>Bond <w VBD>was <w VVN>remanded <w PRP>on <w UNC>A&dollar;1000,000 <w VVB-NN1>bail <w PRP>until <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>Perth <w NN1>district <w NN1>court <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1254"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1255"><w NP0>NEW <w NP0>ZEALAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1256"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Muldoon <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Maori <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>rights
</head>
<p>
<s n="1257"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Muldoon<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>70<c PUN>.
<s n="1258"><w DPS>His <w NN1>funeral <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Auckland <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1259"><w NP0>Muldoon<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>throughout <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN1>career <w VBD>was <w AJ0>renowned <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>abrasive <w NN1>manner <w CJC>and <w AJ0>acerbic <w NN1>tongue<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974<c PUN>.
<s n="1260"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1975 <w PNP>he <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crushing <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>victory <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereafter<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1984 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>election <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1261"><w DPS>His <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>approach <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Muldoon<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1262"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>life <w NP0>Muldoon <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>command <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>among <w NN2>interventionists <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>caucus <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>factor <w DTQ>which <w AV0>consistently <w VVD>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w DPS>his <w NN1>leadership <w NN2>successors<c PUN>.
<s n="1263"><w NP0>Muldoon <w VHD>had <w VVN>retired <w PRP>from <w NN1>politics <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w AJ0-NN1>talk-show <w NN1-VVB>host <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NP0>Auckland <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA037></p>
<caption id=HLNCA037>
<s n="1264"><w NN1>Decision <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Waitangi <w NN1>Tribunal <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Maori <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>rights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1265"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Waitangi <w NN1>Tribunal<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<w POS>'s <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>body <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Maori <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>fisheries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>South <w NN1>Island <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ngai <w NN1-NP0>Tahu<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>smallest <w AJ0-NN1>Maori <w NN2>tribes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1266"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tribunal <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w DPS>its <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Ngai <w NN1-NP0>Tahu <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Waitangi <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>population <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Maoris <w PRP>in <w CRD>1840<c PUN>.
<s n="1267"><w PNP>It <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>South <w AJ0-NN1>Island-based <w NN1>tribe <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>exclusive <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>fish <w AV0>virtually <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NN1>Island <w NN1>coastline<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>200-mile <w AJ0>deep-water <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Bolger <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>recommendation <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted <w AV0>in full<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1269"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1270"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1271"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1272"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1273"><w NN1>COMMONWEALTH <w PRF>OF <w AJ0>INDEPENDENT <w NN2>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1274"><w NN1>Anniversary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>abortive <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>coup <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Yeltsin <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="1275"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>public <w NN2>appearances <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>coup <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38368-73<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accelerated <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>foreseeing <w NN1>success <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>turmoil <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1276"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>year <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>difficult<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>steps <w PRP>to <w NN1>normalization <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken<c PUN>.
<s n="1277"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VVN>surmounted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>test <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN1>price <w NN2>controls <w VBD>were <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w NN2>goods <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1278"><w VVG-NN1>Starting <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NN2>vouchers <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>roubles <w DT0>each <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>issued <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>Russians <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w AJ0>privatized <w NN1>state <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="1279"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>each <w NN1>voucher <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ticket <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w NN0>p. <w UNC>39057for <w AV0>more <w NN2>details <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>privatization <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
<s n="1281"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>pay <w NN2>rises <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>wage <w NN1>structure <w PRP>for <w NN2>employees <w PRP>in <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>fields<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1282"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>current <w NN2>problems<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w ORD>second <w NN1>putsch<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1283"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>priority <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="1284"><w NN1>Unemployment<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>predicted<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>reach <w AT0>the <w NN2>levels <w VVN-VVD>experienced <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1285"><w PNP>He <w VVD>forecast <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>grain <w NN1>harvest <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VVI>guarantee <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>go <w AJ0>hungry <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>winter<c PUN>.
<s n="1286"><w VVG>Predicting <w CJT>that <w NN2>conditions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJC>better <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>acknowledged<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0-VVG>moving <w NN1>agriculture <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>complicated <w NN1>problem<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>market <w NN2>mechanisms <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVG>working <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1287"><w PRP>In answer to <w NN2>questions<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB-NN1>help <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>transition <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w NN1>reform <w VVN-VVD>depended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Russia <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="1288"><w PNP>He <w VVD>put <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>countries <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>efficient <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>through <w NN2>credits<c PUN>, <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>helps <w DT0>least <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>respect<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1289"><w AT0>The <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>evolve <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>necessity <w PRP>for <w NN1>co-ordination <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1290"><w PNP>He <w VVD>affirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>rejected <w NN2>suggestions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w VBG>being <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NN2>Abkhazians <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>state <w NN2>authorities <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39058-59<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1291"><w VVG>Recalling <w AT0>the <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>outwitted <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>KGB <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Kryuchkov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VVD>identified <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>organizer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
<s n="1292"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>lured <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kremlin<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>protected<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>challenging <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Foros<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>resort <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w NP0>Gorbachev <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w DPS>their <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties<c PUN>.
<s n="1293"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>with <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>knew <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="1294"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>at <w NP0>Foros<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA038></p>
<caption id=HLNCA038>
<s n="1295"><w NP0>Gorbachev <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1296"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w VVD>urged <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>union <w VBI>be <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w PNP>He <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>drastic <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Utopian <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>neo-Bolshevism<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLNCA039></p>
<caption id=HLNCA039>
<s n="1298"><w AJ0>Congressional <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1299"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>countries <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1300"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>measure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1301"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;12,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NP0>US <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>authorization <w PRP>for <w PRP>up to <w UNC>US&dollar;3,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>fund <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>back <w NN1>stabilization <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03A>
<s n="1302"><w NN1>Statement <w PRP>on <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NN2>foreigners <w PRP>in <w NP0>Stalin <w NN1>era
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1303"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18. <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>foreigners <w VBD>were <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>labour <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>Josef <w NP0>Stalin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1304"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1305"><w NP0>Anatoly <w NN1-NP0>Krayushkin <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>directorate <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Reuters <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>prisoners <w VVD>included <w CRD>501 <w NN2>Bulgarians<c PUN>, <w CRD>155 <w NN2>Mongolians<c PUN>, <w CRD>116 <w NN2>Germans<c PUN>, <w CRD>29 <w NN2>Hungarians <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>Britons<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w NP0>Krayushkin <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>given <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN1>diplomat <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03B>
<s n="1307"><w NN2>Chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w NN1-VVG>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1308"><w NN2>Chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>republics <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>contacts <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w NN1>defence <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN0>headquarters <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>strengthened<c PUN>.
<s n="1309"><w AJ0>Permanent <w NN2>representatives <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>assigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>before <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w NN1>committee <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>high <w NN1-VVB>command<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>by <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>6 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39017-18<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1311"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1312"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1313"><w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN2-VVZ>credits <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>on <w NN1>debt <w NN1>repayment
</head>
<p>
<s n="1314"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Board <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;1,040 <w CRD>million <w NN1>drawing <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w AV0>over <w CRD>five <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>replenish <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency <w NN2>reserves <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1315"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVD>granted <w NP0>Russia <w AT0>a <w NN0>US&dollar;600 <w CRD>million <w NN1>loan <w PRP>for <w NN1>priority <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1316"><w AT0>The <w NN2>moves <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>steps <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>longer-term <w NN1>support <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;24,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>mapped <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38888<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1317"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>steps <w VBD>were <w AJ0>conditional <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VVG>implementing <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>market <w NN2>economies<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>control <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w VVB>facilitate <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1318"><w AJ0>Western <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AV0-AJ0>tight <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
<s n="1319"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Acting <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Gerashchenko<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>drive <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>debts <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1320"><w NP0-NN1>Gerashchenko <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>dangers <w PRF>of <w VVG>letting <w NN2>enterprises <w VVI>go <w AJ0>bankrupt<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w VVG>approving <w AJ0>new <w NN1>credit <w VM0>could <w VVI>undermine <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>to <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1321"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gerashchenko <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>statements <w VVN-VVD>sounded <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>fairy <w NN1>tale<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1322"><w NP0>IMF <w NN2>officials <w PNQ>who <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24-26 <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Gerashchenko<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w AJ0>general <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="1323"><w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Erb<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>early <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJS>whether <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>could <w VVI>meet <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>or <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w NN2>targets <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03C>
<s n="1324"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>debt <w NN2>repayments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1325"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>met <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w UNC>G-7 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w VVG-NN1>starting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w VVG>rescheduling <w PRF>of <w NN2>repayments <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VVN-VVD>inherited <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;70,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1326"><w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN2>arrears<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>repay <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1327"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>estimates <w VVB>put <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1>interest <w NN2>payments <w AV0>alone <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>amounted <w PRP>to <w AV0>almost <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1328"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Paris <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03D>
<s n="1329"><w NN1>Rouble <w NN1>weakness
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1330"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>fell <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-month <w NN1>low <w PRF>of <w CRD>205 <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Moscow <w AJ0>Interbank <w NN1>Currency <w NN1>Exchange <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0>Reuters <w VVD>reported<c PUN>.
<s n="1331"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plunge <w VVD-VVN>dented <w NN2>hopes <w PRF>of <w VVG>stabilizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w VVG>preparing <w PRP>for <w NN1>convertibility<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03E><ptr target=HLNCA03F></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03E>
<s n="1332"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLNCA03F>
<s n="1333"><w NN1>Privatization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1334"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>chose <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="1335"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>vouchers <w PRP>for <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>roubles<w POS>' <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>property <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>distributed <w AJ0>free <w PRP>to <w AT0>every <w NN1>citizen <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39056<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1336"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>provided <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w VVD-VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Management <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>Property<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w VVG>managing <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>.
<s n="1337"><w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Chubais<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee<w POS>'s <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w VVD>explained <w AT0>the <w NN2>ways <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>vouchers <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>used<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NN2>workers <w VM0>could <w VVI>acquire <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2>vouchers <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>at <w NN1>auction <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w NN2>enterprises <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>stock <w NN2>companies<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN2>vouchers <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>spent <w PRP>via <w AJ0>private <w NN1>investment <w NN2>funds <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN2>intermediaries <w PRP>in <w NN1>share <w NN1-VVG>purchasing<c PUN>; <w CJC>or <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w NN2>vouchers <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>for <w NN1>cash<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1338"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w NN1>price <w PRP>for <w NN2>shares <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>vouchers<c PUN>.
<s n="1339"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN2>rules <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w AV0>both <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>purchasers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03G>
<s n="1340"><w AJ0>Inter-enterprise <w NN1>debt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1341"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decision <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inter-enterprise <w NN1>debt <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>messy <w NN1>compromise<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1342"><w AT0>A <w NN1>telegram <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Gerashchenko<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>bank <w NN2-VVZ>branches <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>28 <w VHD>had <w VVN>authorised <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w NN2>debts <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,190,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w VVN-VVD>accumulated <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
<s n="1343"><w NN2>Reformers <w VVD-VVN>warned<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>move <w VM0>would <w VVI>jeopardize <w AJ0>international <w NN1>credit <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w VVB>undermine <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1344"><w AV0>Accordingly<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>debts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1345"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AV0>both <w NP0-NN1>Gerashchenko <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Yegor <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>implied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>credit <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>to <w NN2>enterprises <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand <w PRP>at <w PRP>about <w CRD>350,000-400,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
<s n="1346"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1>debt <w CJC>or <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w AJ0>net <w NN2>debtors<c PUN>, <w VVG>meshing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03H>
<s n="1347"><w NN1>Agriculture
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1348"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>warnings <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potential<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>scissors <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1920s<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>disparity <w PRP>between <w AJ0>agricultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>products <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w NN2>peasants <w TO0>to <w VVI>withhold <w NN1>grain<c PUN>.
<s n="1349"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AV0>up to <w CRD>12,000 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w NN1>tonne <w PRP>for <w AJ0>standard <w NN1>quality <w NN1>grain <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w NN2>producers <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>target <w NN1>figure <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>reserves <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>by <w NP0>mid-August<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1350"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>recommended <w NN1>price <w PRP>for <w NN1>grain<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>fixed <w PRP>in <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>with <w NN2>farmers <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w NN1>tonne<c PUN>.
<s n="1351"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>unilaterally <w AJ0-VVG>withholding <w NN2>deliveries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Khlystun<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>outlined <w DPS>his <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN2>monopolies <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w PRP>during <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Canada <w VVD>resumed <w NN2>shipments <w PRF>of <w NN1>wheat <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>interrupted <w PRP>from <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>because of <w NN1>payment <w NN2>arrears<c PUN>.
<s n="1354"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>stopped <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>reason<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03J>
<s n="1355"><w NN2>Industrialists<w POS>' <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1356"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>conferences <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite <w NN2>workers <w PRP>with <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>directors <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1357"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>conferences <w VVD>turned <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AV0>less <w AJ0>political <w NN1>weight <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="1358"><w AT0>An <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>structured <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>stemmed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRF>of <w NN2>interests <w PRP>between <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>directors <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>parliamentarians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>organized <w DT0>both <w NN2>conferences<c PUN>.
<s n="1359"><w NN2>Industrialists <w VVG>heading <w AJ0>soon-to-be <w AJ0>privatized <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>supporting <w NN2>calls <w TO0>to <w VVI>relax <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>concur <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w NN2>strikes <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NN2>parliamentarians <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>trades <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>perceived <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>making <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>political <w NN2>motives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1360"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>managers<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13-14 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>faction <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yury <w NP0>Gekht<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>fragmented<c PUN>.
<s n="1361"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0>major <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>All-Russian <w AJ0>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Industrialists<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Gekht<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>mandate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>Union <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>decrees <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>for <w NN1>judgment <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w AT0>The <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>government <w NN1>representative <w PRP>except for <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Titkin <w VVD>angered <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>.
<s n="1363"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w NP0>Georgy <w NP0>Khizha <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Shumeiko <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CJS>as <w NN2>ministers <w VVN>brought <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>industry <w NN1>sector <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>interest <w NN1>group <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="1364"><w NN1-NP0>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVN>summoned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w NN2>participants<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1365"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>alternative <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>programmes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>loosely <w AJ0-VVN>allied <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38974<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>published <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1366"><w AT0>The <w NN2>programmes <w VBD>were <w AV0>broadly <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w DT0>more <w NN1>state <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="1367"><w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme <w VM0>would <w VVI>cause <w AJ0>spiralling <w NN1>inflation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>broken <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strict<c PUN>, <w AJ0>consistent <w NN1>monetary-credit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>retreating <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1368"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>included <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Rutskoi <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN2>Industrialists <w CJC>and <w NN2>Entrepreneurs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arkady <w NP0>Volsky<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>distanced <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1369"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>All-Russian <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Conference <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>I. <w NP0>Konstantinov<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Deputy <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w VVG>organizing <w AT0>the <w NN2>Industrialists<w POS>' <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1370"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>described <w PNX>itself <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w VVG>uniting <w DT0>all <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>warning <w NN1-VVB>strike <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>create <w AJ0>local <w NN2>bodies <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1371"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>demands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w TO0>to <w VVI>state <w NN1>price <w NN1>control <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w NN2>decrees <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w CJC>and <w NN1>bankruptcy<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w NN1-NP0>Izvestiya<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w DTQ>which <w VVD>united <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>factions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>trades <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>called <w DT0>these <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>as <w AJ0>populist <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>irresponsible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1373"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>poll <w PRP>among <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="1374"><w PRF>Of <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN2>workers <w VVD-VVN>polled<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>86 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0-VVN>expressed <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>protest <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03K>
<s n="1375"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>action
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1376"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>air <w NN1>traffic <w NN2>controllers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>lasted <w AV0>less than <w CRD>24 <w NN2>hours <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VVD>collapsed<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Prosecutor <w NN1>General<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><w NN2>Controllers <w VBD>were <w VVG>demanding <w AJ0>doubled <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w AJ0>improved <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>traffic <w NN1>department <w NN1>independent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03L>
<s n="1379"><w NN0>Media <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1380"><w NN1-NP0>Izvestiya <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w VVN-VVD>printed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Management <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>Property <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w NN1-VVG>publishing <w NN1>house <w CJC>and <w AV0>formally <w VVG>abolishing <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1-NP0>Izvestiya <w NN1-VVG>publishing <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="1381"><w AV0>Thus <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>influential <w NN1-NP0>Izvestiya <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD>appeared <w VVN>settled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w PRP>out of <w NN1>reach <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="1382"><w AT0>The <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee<w POS>'s <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>instruction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1383"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39020<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper<w POS>'s <w AJ0>rightful <w NN1>owner<c PUN>.
<s n="1384"><w PRP>During <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w NP0>Izvestiya <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prosecutor<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Property <w NN1>Fund <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1385"><w NP0>Pravda<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>publication <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w NN2>times <w AJ0-AV0>weekly <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>saved <w PRP>from <w NN1>bankruptcy <w PRP>by <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>venture <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>businessman <w PNQ>who <w VVD>retained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controlling <w NN1>share<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1386"><w NP0>Pravda<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>difficulties <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38825<c PUN>; <w CRD>38874<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>its <w AJ0>pro-communist <w NN1>line <w VHD>had <w VVN>changed <w AV0>little <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>reappearance <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38418<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03M>
<s n="1387"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1388"><w AT0>The <w AV0>misleadingly <w VVN>named <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>banned <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="1389"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>annulled <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>registration<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>denying <w PNP>it <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ultra-nationalist <w NN1>formation<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Zhirinovsky<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>surprised <w NN2>commentators <w PRP>by <w VVG>coming <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38273<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>registration <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>annulled <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>falsification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w NN2-VVZ>lists<c PUN>.
<s n="1393"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>infringement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVG>governing <w AT0>the <w NN1>registration <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>connivance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>officials<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03N>
<s n="1394"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1395"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="1396"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>covered <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific<c PUN>, <w AJ0>technological <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1397"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1398"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1399"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN1>conflict
</head>
<p>
<s n="1400"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>between <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abkhazia <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>July&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>39018-19<c PUR>) <w VVD>escalated <w PRP>into <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fragile <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Abkhazia<w POS>'s <w NN1>status <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1402"><w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abkhazia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Caucasian <w NN2>republics <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w VVD>acted <w PRP>as <w NN1>mediator <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sochi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1403"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>census<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abkhazia <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>17.8 <w NN0>per cent <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w CJC>and <w CRD>45.7 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>Georgian <c PUL>(<w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups <w VBG>being <w NN2>Russians <w CJC>and <w NN2>Armenians<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>since <w CRD>1978 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w NN1>secession <w PRP>from <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>campaign <w VHG>having <w VVN>escalated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37665<c PUN>; <w CRD>38079<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1404"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>detachments <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>address <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Georgian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>employed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-AJ0>Roman <w NN1-NP0>Gventsadze <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ousted <w AJ0>Georgian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUN>.
<s n="1405"><c PUL>(<w NN1-NP0>Gventsadze <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1406"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>kidnapped <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostages <w VVN>captured <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Kavsadze <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39019<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1407"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN2>authorities <w VVN-VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>occupation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>permitted <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>Abkhazia <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w NN1>permission <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1408"><w PRP>Between <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>16 <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia<w POS>'s <w NN1>capital <w NN1-NP0>Sukhumi <w VVD>caused <w AV0>up to <w CRD>50 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reported <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Sukhumi <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>troops <w VVN>commanded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Tengiz <w NP0-NN1>Kitovani<c PUN>, <w VVD>shelled <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vladislav <w NP0>Ardzinba<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN1>leader <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>independence <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1410"><w CJS>As <w NP0>Ardzinba <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN2>parliamentarians <w VVN-VVD>fled <w NN1>north <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gudauta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>troops <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AJ0>major <w NN2>installations <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sukhumi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Givi <w NP0-NN1>Lomanidze<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Abkhazian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w VVN>deposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39019<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinstated<c PUN>.
<s n="1411"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kavsadze <w VBD>was <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1412"><w NP0>Shevardnadze <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>point <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrain <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w VVG>negotiating <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Ardzinba <w PRP>by <w NN1>telephone<c PUN>.
<s n="1413"><w PNP>He <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>back <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Georgy <w NP0>Karkarashvili<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w NP0-NN1>Gudauta <w CJS>if <w NP0>Ardzinba <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>surrender <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1414"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w VHD>had <w VVN>spread <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gagra<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gudauta<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1415"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w AJ0>complicated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caucasian <w NP0>Mountain <w NN2>Peoples <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38926<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>encouraged <w NN2>volunteers <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN2>Abkhazians<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>aggressors<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1416"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVG>emphasising <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Shevardnadze<w POS>'s <w NN1>insistence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>, <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w DPS>their <w NN2>actions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03P>
<s n="1417"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1418"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w VVG>celebrating <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w NN1>admission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVD>named<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tbilisi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1419"><w DT0>These <w NN2>restrictions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w CJS>since <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Gamsakhurdia <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38538<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1420"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>for <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38981<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1421"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1422"><w NP0>ARMENIA/AZERBAIJAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1423"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war
</head>
<p>
<s n="1424"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Azeri <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>territory <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Artsvashen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August <w VVD>prompted <w AJ0>Armenian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>security <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>(<w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>May&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>) <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w DPS>their <w NN2>obligations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1425"><w AT0>The <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w NP0>Armenia<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal <w VBD>was <w AJ0-AV0>cool<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>spokesman <w VVG>emphasising <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVD-VVN>envisaged <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>before <w DT0>any <w AJ0>military <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w CJC>and <w NN2>Premiers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1427"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w VVD>reflected <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>recoup <w AT0>the <w NN2>losses <w VVN-VVD>suffered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>spring<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>heavy <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Mardakert <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
<s n="1428"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Azeri <w NN1>bombing <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUN>.
<s n="1429"><w NP0>Armenia <w VVD>denied <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Lachin <w NN1>corridor <w VVG-AJ0>connecting <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>with <w NP0>Armenia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Azeri <w NN1>control<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03R>
<s n="1430"><w NN1>Peace <w NN2>negotiations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1431"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w NN1>mediation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kazakhstan<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>, <w AJ0>trilateral <w NN2>negotations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>level <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1432"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>produced <w AT0>no <w NN2>results<c PUN>.
<s n="1433"><w VVG>Visiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25-26<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Raffaelli<c PUN>, <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>60-day <w NN1>truce <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03S>
<s n="1434"><w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1435"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>aggression <w PRP>on the part of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>territory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>introduced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-month <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>mobilization<c PUN>.
<s n="1436"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Oleg <w NP0>Yesayan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>replaced <w PNP>it <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>invested <w PRP>with <w AJ0>governmental <w NN1>authority <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1437"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Kocharyan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w AJ0>Pan-National <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>.
<s n="1438"><w NP0>Karen <w NP0>Baguryan <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0-NN1>Georgy <w NP0-NN1>Petrosyan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03T>
<s n="1439"><w NP0>Armenia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1440"><w AT0>An <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w CJS>whether <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w VM0>should <w VVI>resign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1441"><w NN2-VVZ>Rallies <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>days <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVN>angered <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03U>
<s n="1442"><w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>currency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1443"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>manat <c PUL>(<w VVN>divided <w PRP>into <w CRD>100 <w NN1>gopik<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0-NN1>tender<c PUN>.
<s n="1444"><w AT0>The <w NN1>manat<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>circulate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>parallel <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w CRD>1 <w UNC>manat=10 <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1445"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1446"><w NP0>MOLDOVA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1447"><w AJ0>Apparent <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w NN1>ceasefire <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1448"><w AT0>The <w NP0>July <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>republic <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>holding <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>began <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>ties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1449"><w NP0>Russia<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NN1-NP0>Yegor <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Sangheli <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38976<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1450"><w NP0>Moldova <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>accused <w DT0>these <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Slav <w NN2>separatists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1451"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldovan <w CJC>and <w VVB>Dnestr <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0-NN1>Mircea <w NP0>Snegur <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w NN1>agreement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39019<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1452"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Nikolai <w NP0-NN1>Zhurbenko <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Creanga<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w VVG>monitoring <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>surrendered <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w AV0>mostly <w VVN>disbanded<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Zhurbenko <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AV0>soon <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="1453"><w VVG-AJ0>Peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>fire <w PRP>in <w AJ0>isolated <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>.
<s n="1454"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>47,400 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1455"><w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-month <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>300th <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Parachute <w NN1>Regiment <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kishinev<c PUN>.
<s n="1456"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1457"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>satisfaction <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>peace <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>restored <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1458"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>mediate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w PRP>over <w NP0>Dnestr<w POS>'s <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>both <w NN2>presidents <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals <w PRP>from <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>through <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03V>
<s n="1459"><w NN2>Agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1460"><w NN2>Sangheli <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Bucharest <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18-19 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theodor <w NP0-NN1>Stolojan<c PUN>.
<s n="1461"><w PNP>They <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>signed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w NN2>lines <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>to <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>grid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>rail <w CJC>and <w NN1>road <w NN2>improvements<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1462"><w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Romanian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1463"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1464"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1465"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet
</head>
<p>
<s n="1466"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yalta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>(<w NP0>RF<c PUR>) <w NN2>Presidents<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Fleet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1467"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38732<c PUN>; <w CRD>38878<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1468"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defection <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>frigate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39021<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>fostered <w NN2-VVZ>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>forthcoming <w PRP>at <w NP0>Yalta<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1469"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period <w VVG>extending <w PRP>to <w CRD>1995<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Fleet <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1470"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>fleet <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1471"><w AT0>The <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fleet <w PRP>from <w NN2>CIS <w NN1-VVB>command <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1472"><w AT0>The <w NP0>August <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>stipulated <w CJT>that <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VVI>exercise <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>command <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fleet<c PUN>; <w VVB>enjoy <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>bases <w CJC>and <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>; <w VVB-NN1>recruit <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w AV0>equally <w PRP>by <w NN1>conscription<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w VVB>allow <w NN2>servicemen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fleet <w TO0>to <w VVI>swear <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1473"><w PRP>At <w NP0>Yalta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>states <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>made <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>building <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NP0>June <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dagomys <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38973<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1474"><w NN2>Agreements <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0-AV0>visa-free <w NN1-VVB>travel <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>confirmation<c PUN>, <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>property <w VVD-VVN>located <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>trading <w NN2>missions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03W>
<s n="1475"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>16 <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1477"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kravchuk<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>sought <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>government <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Vitold <w NP0-NN1>Fokin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1478"><w PNP>It <w VVD>declared <w DPS>its <w NN1>goal <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>attainment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w NN1>state <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>asserted<c PUN>, <w VVD>necessitated <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>.
<s n="1479"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Rukh<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w CJS>considering <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>too <w AJ0>moderate <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1480"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Kravchuk <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRF>of <w NN2>greetings <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03X>
<s n="1481"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1482"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anatolii <w NP0>Voronkov<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Lanqing<c PUN>.
<s n="1483"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>furthered <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eight-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ukraine <w NN1-VVG>beginning <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1484"><w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1485"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1486"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1487"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>aid
</head>
<p>
<s n="1488"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>managing <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Camdessus<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tallinn <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w VVG-NN1>backing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>with <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>credits <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>support <w NN1>worth <w PRP>up to <w UNC>US&dollar;40,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1489"><w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Tiit <w NP0-NN1>Vahi <w VVD>compared <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NN1-VVB>Plan <w PRP>for <w AJ0>post-war <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1490"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>aid <w NN1>business <w NN1>restructuring <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>economy <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0-NN1>Vahi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w VVG>withstanding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tenfold <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w AJ0>raw <w NN1>material <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>export <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="1491"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>debt <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>32.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>prices <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>211.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1492"><w NP0-NN1>Camdessus <w VVD>praised <w NP0>Estonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>kroon<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1-AJ0>tender <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38971<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>bank <w NN1-NP0>Forex <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w CJC>and <w VVI>sell <w NN2>kroons<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>bank <w NP0-NN1>Litimpex<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1494"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>to <w AJ0>double <w NP0>Estonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>credit <w NN1-VVB>limit <w PRP>for <w VVG>buying <w NN1>grain <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLNCA03Y>
<s n="1495"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w NN1>debt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1496"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>officials <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>writing-off <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>debt <w PRP>between <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1497"><w AT0>The <w NN1>surprise <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>zero <w NN1>option<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Vahi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>.
<s n="1498"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN2>hopes <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Estonian-Russian <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1499"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>side <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>demand <w CJT>that <w NP0>Estonia <w VM0>should <w VVI>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AVP>off <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>USSR<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1500"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1501"><w NP0>LATVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1502"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>indicators
</head>
<p>
<s n="1503"><w NP0>Latvia <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>IBRD&mdash;the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w AT0>an <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>contribution <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;5,700,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><w NP0>Latvia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38937<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1505"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>came <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>new <w NN2>indications <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w NP0>Latvia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="1506"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVZ>Ivars <w NP0-NN1>Godmanis <w VVD>told <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0-VVG>rising <w NN1>energy <w NN2>prices <w VM0>could <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN2>enterprises <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w NN1>production <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>forecast <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>redundancies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1507"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w VVN>incurred <w VVG>buying <w NN1>energy <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>on <w NN1>credit<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>rising<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0-NN1>Godmanis<c PUN>.
<s n="1508"><w NN1>Coal <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ekibastuz <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VBD>were <w VVN>halted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>because of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unpaid <w CRD>100 <w CRD>million <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>debt <w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1509"><w NP0-NN1>Godmanis <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>borrow <w UNC>US&dollar;12,000,000 <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN2>enterprises <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>for <w NN1>grain<c PUN>, <w NN1>dairy <w CJC>and <w NN1>meat <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>buy <w NN1>seed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>winter <w NN1-VVG>sowing<c PUN>.
<s n="1510"><w NN1>Payment <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AVP>up <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>cash <w NN1>shortage<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>mean <w VVG-NN1>selling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>produce <w PRP>at <w AJ0>convertible <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>promised <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w TO0>to <w VVI>compensate <w PRP>for <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA040></p>
<caption id=HLNCA040>
<s n="1512"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1513"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Godmanis <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Vitold <w NN1-NP0>Fokin <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <w NN0>onAug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1514"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1515"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1516"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>proposals <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Energy <w NN2>problems
</head>
<p>
<s n="1517"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lithuania <w VBD>were <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Yegor <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar<c PUN>.
<s n="1518"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VVD-VVN>involved <w VVG>establishing <w NN1>trading <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>, <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w NN1>trade <w NN2>missions<c PUN>, <w VVG>settling <w NN1>finance <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>credit <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1519"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>into <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="1520"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>early <w NN1>focus <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>debt <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1521"><w PRP>As of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w VVN>owed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>firms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lithuania <w VBD>was <w VVN>calculated <w PRP>as <w CRD>11,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN2>businesses <w VVD>owed <w NP0>Russia <w CRD>4,700 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1522"><w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Bronislovas <w NP0>Lubys <w VVD>complained <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>enterprises <w VHD>had <w VVN>doubled <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w NN1>petrol <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AVP-PRP>off <w NN2-VVZ>supplies <w PRP>within <w NN2>days <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>bills <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>paid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA041></p>
<caption id=HLNCA041>
<s n="1523"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>movement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1524"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>13 <w NN1>Fraternity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>constituted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1525"><w AT0>The <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w CRD>14 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>over <w NP0>Lithuania<w POS>'s <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USSR <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37944-45<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1526"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,000 <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Seimas <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1527"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1528"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1529"><w NN1-VVB>Visit <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin
</head>
<p>
<s n="1530"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>guest <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVG>signing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>cooperation <w PRP>before <w VVG>leaving <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1531"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1532"><w AJ0>Separate <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN1>cooperation <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1533"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w VVD>foreshadowed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>independence <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>formalized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w NN1>6&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>39036<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>country <w AV0>alone <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w DPS>its <w NN1>name<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1534"><w DPS>His <w NN2>remarks <w VVD>gave <w NN1>offence <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w NN1>neighbour<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>ambassador <w VBD>was <w VVN>instructed <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Skopje <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>historical <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>constituted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unfriendly <w NN1>stance <w PRP>with <w AJ0>negative <w NN2>consequences <w PRP>for <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA042></p>
<caption id=HLNCA042>
<s n="1535"><w NP0>Zhivkov<w VBZ>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>plea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1536"><w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Todor <w NP0>Zhivkov<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>on <w AJ0>various <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>pleaded <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>court <w NN1>defence <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>charge<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1>embezzlement<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1537"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w VVD>granted <w NP0>Zhivkov<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w DT0>more <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w PNP>him <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w DPS>his <w NN1>defence <w PRP>in connection with <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>discrimination <w CJC>and <w NN1>incitement <w PRP>to <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>hatred <w PRP>against <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Turks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1538"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w PRP>aged <w CRD>80<c PUN>, <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>embezzlement <w NN1>charge <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39014<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA043></p>
<caption id=HLNCA043>
<s n="1539"><w NN1>Government<w POS>'s <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget <w NN1-VVB>draft
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1540"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Kostov <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>constitute <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>most <w AJ0>trying <w NN1>ordeal <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1541"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>challenges <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN1>service <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="1542"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w VVG>going <w PRP>before <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA044></p>
<caption id=HLNCA044>
<s n="1543"><w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w NN1>uranium <w NN2>mines
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1544"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN1>discontinuation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>extraction <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>processing <w NN2>plants<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>angering <w NN1>uranium <w NN2>miners<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w DPS>their <w ORD>last <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN2>packets <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1545"><w AT0>An <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>closures <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NN2>stages<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="1546"><w PRP>At <w DT0>several <w NN2>sites<c PUN>, <w VVG>protesting <w NN2>miners <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN2>pits <w CJC>and <w VVD>stayed <w AV0>there <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>.
<s n="1547"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Smolyan <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w CRD>67 <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>below <w NN1>ground <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39014 <w PRP>for <w NN1>labour <w NN1>unrest<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA045></p>
<caption id=HLNCA045>
<s n="1548"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Podkrepa <w NN1>union <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1549"><w NP0>Konstantin <w NP0>Trenchev<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1-NP0>Podkrepa <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>incitement <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AJ0>public <w NN1>property <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w CRD>37 <w NN2>others <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sofia <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37666<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1550"><w VVG>Returning <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w NP0>Trenchev <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>waged <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="1551"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0>Podkrepa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Svilen <w NP0>Marinov<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA046></p>
<caption id=HLNCA046>
<s n="1552"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w NN1>King
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1553"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Barcelona <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>closing <w NN1>ceremony <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>Olympic <w NN2>Games <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39073<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exiled <w DT0>former <w NN1>King <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Simeon <w CRD>II<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>relaxed <w AJ0>private <w NN1>conversation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1554"><w NP0>Dimitrov <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Carlos <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1555"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1556"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1557"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w NN1>partition
</head>
<p>
<s n="1558"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VM0>would <w AV0>formally <w VVI>split <w PRP>into <w CRD>two <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1559"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>modalities <w PRF>of <w VVG>dividing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state <w VHD>had <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1560"><w AT0>The <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>abandonment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>federation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>gathering <w NN1>pace <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38944-45<c PUN>; <w CRD>39015<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1561"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Meciar<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Interior <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Cermak <c PUL>(<w AJ0>federal<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jozef <w NP0>Tuchyna <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Slovak<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Ruml <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Czech<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>at <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava <w PRP>on <w VVG>devolving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry<w POS>'s <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republics <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w NN1>partition<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0-NN1>Lidove <w NP0-NN1>Noviny <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>close <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>ties <w PRP>under <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Czecho-Slovak <w NN1>Union<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w PRP>upon <w NN1>partitition<c PUN>.
<s n="1564"><w PNP>It <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>counterpart <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w ORD>next <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1565"><w PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w ORD>next <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>meeting <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w AV0>then <w VVB>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVB>Meciar <w AV0>suddenly <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>HZDS <w NN1>side <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG>attending<c PUN>.
<s n="1566"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NP0>Klaus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>considered <w AV0>further <w VVZ-NN2>talks<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unsuitable<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>up to <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w PNP>he <w VVD>turned <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="1567"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>invitation <w NN1>letter<c PUN>, <w VVD>cited <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Klaus <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>leader <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconsider<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1568"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>volte face<c PUN>, <w NP0>Meciar <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w PRP>after <w DT0>all <w VVB>attend<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>merely <w AJ0>consultative<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>Klaus <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w PRP>at <w NP0>Brno<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1569"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>break <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w NP0>Meciar <w VVD>told <w NN2>journalists <w CJT>that <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VM0>would <w VVI>cease <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1570"><c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>added<c PUN>.
<s n="1571"><w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>cited <w PNP>him <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w NP0>Klaus <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w NN2>moves <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>split <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VVG>preparing <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>at <w AV0>both <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w NN1>republic <w NN1>level <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1572"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>men <w VVD>strove <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reassuring <w NN1>front <w CJS>when <w VVN>asked <w PRP>about <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>republics <w PRP>against <w NN1>separation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1573"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Klaus <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Meciar <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VHD>had <w VVN>foreseen <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>state <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>left <w DT0>several <w NN2>issues <w AJ0>unresolved <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39015<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1574"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>deferred <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>dissolution <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>optimistic <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>laws <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w CJC>and <w VVB>divide <w DPS>its <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="1575"><w PRP>By <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>drawn <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>their <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>budgets<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>pass <w AT0>a <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>approved<c PUN>, <w VVG>legalising <w CRD>four <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG>winding <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>: <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>; <w PRP>by <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics<c PUN>; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN1>secession <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>republic<c PUN>; <w CJC>or <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA047></p>
<caption id=HLNCA047>
<s n="1577"><w NN2>Measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>dislocation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1578"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>currency <w NN1>zone <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>currencies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>linked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
<s n="1579"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>fixed <w AT0>no <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w VVG>introducing <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>currencies <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-to-one <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1580"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w VVD-VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>jeopardise <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1581"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w NN1>report <w VVN>noted <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>given <w DT0>any <w VVB-NN1>promise <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>renew <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>association <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>expired <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA048></p>
<caption id=HLNCA048>
<s n="1582"><w ORD>Second <w CJC>and <w ORD>third <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1583"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>selling <w PRF>of <w NN2>vouchers <w PRP>under <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>procedure <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w VVG>commencing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w CJC>and <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>stages <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38469<c PUN>; <w CRD>38734<c PUN>; <w CRD>38777<c PUN>; <w CRD>38921<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1584"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>vouchers <w VVD-VVN>purchased <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>traded <w PRP>for <w NN1>company <w NN2>shares<c PUN>.
<s n="1585"><w AT0>The <w NN0>sales <w VBD>were <w VVN>organized <w AV0>separately <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA049></p>
<caption id=HLNCA049>
<s n="1586"><w NN1>Future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1587"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>Czechoslovakian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Imrich <w NP0>Andrejcak <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>split <w AVP>up<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>manner <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>combined <w NN1>command<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1588"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>fit <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>co-ordinated <w NN1>organ <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>type<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04A>
<s n="1589"><w NN1>Future <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN0>media
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1590"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w NN2>services <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>back-up <w CJC>and <w NN2>operations <w PRF>of <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w NN1>coverage <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1591"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Milan <w NP0>Knazko<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>International <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>television <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w PNP>it <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>bias<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04B>
<s n="1592"><w NN1>Failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1593"><w NP0>Czechoslovakia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>failed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>round <w NN1>ballot <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39015<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1594"><w AT0>No <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w VVG>forcing <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w PRP>until <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04C>
<s n="1595"><w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>leftist <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1596"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Left<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJS>largest <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Weiss<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Dubcek<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04D>
<s n="1597"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cardinal <w NP0>Tomasek
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1598"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Prague<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cardinal <w NP0>Frantisek <w NP0>Tomasek<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>rule <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>symbol <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>freedom<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>aged <w CRD>93<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1>heart <w NN1>failure <w VVN>complicated <w PRP>by <w NN1>pneumonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1599"><w AT0>The <w NN1>funeral <w PRP>in <w NP0>St <w NP0>Vitus<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cathedral <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>Presidents <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0-NN1>Klestil <w PRF>of <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w AJ0>Czechoslovakian <w AJ0>political <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="1600"><w NP0>Klaus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Havel <w VVD>delivered <w NN1>funeral <w NN2>orations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1601"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1602"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1603"><w NN1>World <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>Congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN1>ownership <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Klaus
</head>
<p>
<s n="1604"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>an <w NN1>interval <w PRF>of <w CRD>54 <w NN2>years <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Hungarians <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>third <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19-21<c PUN>.
<s n="1605"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VVD-VVN>represented <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Hungarians <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>world&mdash;Hungary<w POS>'s <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN2>Hungarians <w PRP>as well as <w DT0>some <w CRD>5,000,000 <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Hungarians <w VVG>living <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sizeable <w NN2>minorities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Transylvania <c PUL>(<w NP0>Romania<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vojvodina <c PUL>(<w NP0>Serbia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1606"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>closing <w NN1>statement <w AT0>the <w CRD>195 <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w AJ0>European <w NN2>peoples<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>serve <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moral <w CJC>and <w AJ0>intellectual <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>Hungarians<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>independent <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>governments<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w PNP>They <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>granting <w AJ0>national <w NN2>minorities <w NN2>forms <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>concomitant <w PRF>of <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1608"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall <w VVD>reiterated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Hungary <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP>on <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>duty <c PUL>(<w VVN>stated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Hungarians <w VVG>living <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04E>
<s n="1609"><w NN2>Decisions <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN1>ownership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1610"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>160 <w NN2>companies <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AV0>wholly <w CJC>or <w AV0>partly <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1611"><w CJS>As <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w NN1>state <w NN1>control <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>maintained <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w NN2>telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="1612"><w NN1>State <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>restricted <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>state <w NN1>equity <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>holding <w NN1>company <w NN1>structure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04F>
<s n="1613"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Klaus
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1614"><w VVB-NN1>Antall <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>impending <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>federation<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three <c PUL>(<w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Poland&mdash;see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38930<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0-NN1>free-trade <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>stressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>wish <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Slovakia <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w DT0>both<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1616"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1617"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1618"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>unrest
</head>
<p>
<s n="1619"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>month-long <w NN1>strike <w PRP>for <w AJC>better <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>by <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>40,000 <w NN2>workers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGHM <w NP0>Polska <w NP0>Miedz <w NN1>Copper <w VVB-NN1>Combine <w PRP>in <w NP0>Legnica <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>strikers <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w DPS>their <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN2>increases <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1620"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Radio <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Privatization <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w AJ0>Jerzy <w NN1-NP0>Osiatynski <w CJC>and <w NP0>Janusz <w NP0-NN1>Lewandowski<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>denied <w NN2>claims <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w NN1>committee <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>pay <w NN2>demands <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>met<c PUN>.
<s n="1621"><w PRP>Under <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w NN2>strikers <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>duration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>stoppages<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VM0>would <w AV0>drastically <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>enterprise<w POS>'s <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="1622"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>apparently <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>rule <w AVP>out <w AJ0>eventual <w NN2>increases<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>these <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>met <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="1623"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Lewandowski <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>recommend <w VVG>shutting <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>copper <w NN1>complex<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Lubin <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VVD>continued<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1624"><w AT0>A <w NN1>company <w NN1>spokesman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0>Pietraszek<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>25,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electrolytic <w NN1>copper <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w CRD>320,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>.
<s n="1625"><w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>KGHM <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w UNC>US&dollar;70,000,000 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>strikers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w AJ0>one-off <w NN2>payments <w AJ0-NN1>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;100 <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;130 <w DT0>each <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1626"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>copper <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39017<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w AJ0>other <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="1627"><w DT0>This <w NN1>call <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w NN2>collieries <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN1>railway <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>disrupting <w NN1>rail <w NN1>freight <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>causing <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>one-quarter <w PRF>of <w NN1>passenger <w NN2>ser-vices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Silesia<c PUN>.
<s n="1628"><w AJ0>Sporadic <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>, <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w NN2>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>mines <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVG>following <w AJ0>case-by-case <w NN1>wage <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>.
<s n="1629"><w PRP>At <w AJ0>other <w NN2>pits<c PUN>, <w AJ0>union-management <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>continuing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04G>
<s n="1630"><w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>warning <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unreasonable <w NN2>demands<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1631"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>warned <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>workers <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unrealistic <w NN2>demands<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>denounced <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>compare <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w CRD>1980<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1632"><w NP0>Walesa <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>mediating <w AV0>discreetly <w PRP>with <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>sectors <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04H>
<s n="1633"><w VVB-NN1>Strike <w PRP>at <w NP0>FSM <w NN1>car <w NN1>plant <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ursus <w NN1>tractor <w NN1>plant
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1634"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Suchocka<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w DPS>her <w AJ0>native <w NN1>Poznan <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRP>after <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39017<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>applauded <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w VVD>criticized <w AJ0-VVG>striking <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>belong <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>groups <w DTQ>which <w VVD>earned <w AV0>least<c PUN>.
<s n="1635"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>yield <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>promised<c PUN>.
<s n="1636"><w DPS>Her <w AJ0>main <w NN1>criticism <w VBD>was <w VVN>directed <w PRP>at <w NN2>workers <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>FSM <w AJ0>small <w NN1>car <w NN1>plant <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Tychy <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVG>jeopardising <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>proposed <w AJ0>new <w NN1>contract <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Fiat <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w DTQ>which <w AT0>no <w NN1>pay <w NN2>rises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="1637"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>3,800 <w NN2>strikers <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total <w CRD>7,000 <w AJ0>Tychy <w NN2>workers<c PUR>) <w VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w NN1>factory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AT0>no <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w NN1>sight<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1638"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<w POS>'s <w NN2>troubles<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fiat <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>confirmed <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AT0>a <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>stake <w PRP>in <w NP0>FSM<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>manufactured <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fiat <w CRD>500 <w NN1-VVB>model <w PRP>under <w NN1>licence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1639"><w PRP>During <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w VVG-AJ0>mediating <w NN1>union <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>threatened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w NN2>strikers <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>by <w CRD>8 <w AV0>am <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1640"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>3,500 <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVG>continuing <w AT0>a <w NN1>sit-in<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1641"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NN2>workers <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ursus <w NN1>tractor <w NN1>plant <w PRP>near <w NP0>Warsaw<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1642"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>5,000 <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ursus<w POS>'s <w CRD>7,600 <w NN2>employees <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>offices<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w NN1>salary <w NN2-VVZ>increases <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>rescue <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="1643"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>strikers <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>were <w VVN>broken <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>factory<w POS>'s <w NN1>strike <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AT0>the <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="1644"><w NN1-NP0>Suchocka <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>refused <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN2>strikers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1645"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w NN2>workers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gdansk <w NN1>shipyard<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>workforce <w PRF>of <w CRD>9,000<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w CRD>38 <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04J>
<s n="1646"><w AJ0>Minimum <w NN1>wage <w NN1-VVB>increase
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1647"><w NN1-AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Policy <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jacek <w NP0-NN1>Kuron <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>8.33 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,300,000 <w NN2>zlotys <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;98<c PUN>: <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=13,217 <w NN2>zlotys <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUR>) <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>in line with <w NN1>forecast <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1648"><w AJ0>Average <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VBD>was <w CRD>2,900,000 <w NN2>zlotys <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;215<c PUR>) <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1>PAP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04K>
<s n="1649"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>20 <w NN1>investment <w NN2>funds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>stock <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>manage <w DT0>some <w CRD>400 <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>PAP<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>equity <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>enterprise <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>available <w AJ0>free <w PRP>to <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Treasury<c PUN>.
<s n="1652"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>still <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>before <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04L>
<s n="1653"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>amendments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1654"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>redefining <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1655"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>241 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>55 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1656"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>such as <w DT0>those <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short-lived <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38972-73<c PUN>; <w CRD>39016<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1657"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Walesa <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>object <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>far <w AV0>enough <w PRP>in <w VVG>changing <w AT0>the <w CRD>1952 <w AJ0>Stalinist <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04M>
<s n="1658"><w NN1>Emergence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Olszewski <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VVD>gave <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emergent <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>patriotic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>independence-oriented<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>groupings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-right<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>television <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1660"><w NP0>Olszewski <w VBD>was <w VVN>cited <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>oriented <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>putsch<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04N>
<s n="1661"><w NN2>Appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1662"><w VVB>Jacek <w NP0-NN1>Kozlowski<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN1>office <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Krzysztof <w NP0>Bielecki<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w PRP>until <w DPS>its <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38685-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinstated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Suchocka <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Wilecki <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Army <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Zdzislaw <w NP0>Stelmaszuk<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>command<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>412,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>217,000 <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04P>
<s n="1664"><w NN1>Forest <w NN1>fire
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1665"><w AT0>A <w NN1>fire <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<w POS>'s <w NN1>history <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>raged <w PRP>out of <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Katowice <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>ten <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hot<c PUN>, <w AJ0>dry <w NN1>weather<c PUN>.
<s n="1666"><w CRD>Six <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>flames <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>smoke <w CJC>and <w AV0>up to <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w NN1>forest <w VBD>were <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>.
<s n="1667"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>8,000 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w NN2>firemen <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w NN1>fire <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1668"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1669"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1670"><w ORD>First <w NN1>privatization
</head>
<p>
<s n="1671"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Vranco <w NN1>textile <w NN1>factory <w VVD>became <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>undergo <w NN1>privatization <w CJS>when <w DPS>its <w NN2>shares <w VBD>were <w VVN>sold <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN1-NP0>Incom <w VVD>purchased <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>49 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>were <w VVN>divided <w PRP>between <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w NN1>management<c PUN>.
<s n="1672"><w NN1-NP0>Vranco <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>major <w NN2>firms <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>privatized <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1673"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>related <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN2>statutes <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership <w NN2>funds <c PUL>(<w NP0>POFs<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w NN2>Romanians <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w AT0>an <w NN1>ownership <w NN1-VVB>stake <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>POF&mdash;a <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w AJ0>embryonic <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>fund&mdash;by <w VVG>registering <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>vouchers <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>issued <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AJ0>eligible <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
<s n="1675"><w AT0>The <w NP0>POFs <w VBD>were <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquire <w NN2>shares <w PRP>in <w NN2>enterprises <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>privatized<c PUN>; <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN>created <w NN1-VVB>State <w NN1>Ownership <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>SOF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>6,200 <w NN2>companies <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04R>
<s n="1676"><w NN1>Refusal <w PRF>of <w NN1>visa <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NN1>king <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1677"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NN1>king<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mihai <w CJC>or <w NP0>Michael<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVG-AJ0>living <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>denied <w AT0>a <w NN1>visa <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1678"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>visit <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>inopportune<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1679"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Romanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Polish <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w NP0>Victor <w NP0>Babiuc <w CJC>and <w NP0>Andrzej <w NP0-NN1>Milczanowski<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Warsaw <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>, <w VVD>organized <w AJ0>international <w NN1>crime<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN2>drugs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>crime<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>crime <w PRP>against <w AJ0>human <w NN1>life <w CJC>or <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1680"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1681"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>unrest
</head>
<p>
<s n="1682"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>month-long <w NN1>strike <w PRP>for <w AJC>better <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>by <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>40,000 <w NN2>workers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGHM <w NP0>Polska <w NP0>Miedz <w NN1>Copper <w VVB-NN1>Combine <w PRP>in <w NP0>Legnica <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>strikers <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w DPS>their <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN2>increases <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1683"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Radio <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Privatization <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w AJ0>Jerzy <w NN1-NP0>Osiatynski <w CJC>and <w NP0>Janusz <w NP0-NN1>Lewandowski<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>denied <w NN2>claims <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w NN1>committee <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>pay <w NN2>demands <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>met<c PUN>.
<s n="1684"><w PRP>Under <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w NN2>strikers <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>duration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>stoppages<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VM0>would <w AV0>drastically <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>enterprise<w POS>'s <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="1685"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>apparently <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>rule <w AVP>out <w AJ0>eventual <w NN2>increases<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>these <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>met <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="1686"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Lewandowski <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>recommend <w VVG>shutting <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>copper <w NN1>complex<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Lubin <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VVD>continued<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1687"><w AT0>A <w NN1>company <w NN1>spokesman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jerzy <w NP0>Pietraszek<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>25,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electrolytic <w NN1>copper <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w CRD>320,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>.
<s n="1688"><w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>KGHM <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w UNC>US&dollar;70,000,000 <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>strikers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w AJ0>one-off <w NN2>payments <w AJ0-NN1>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;100 <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;130 <w DT0>each <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1689"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>copper <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39017<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w AJ0>other <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="1690"><w DT0>This <w NN1>call <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w NN2>collieries <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN1>railway <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>disrupting <w NN1>rail <w NN1>freight <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>causing <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>one-quarter <w PRF>of <w NN1>passenger <w NN2>ser-vices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Silesia<c PUN>.
<s n="1691"><w AJ0>Sporadic <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>, <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w NN2>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>mines <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVG>following <w AJ0>case-by-case <w NN1>wage <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>.
<s n="1692"><w PRP>At <w AJ0>other <w NN2>pits<c PUN>, <w AJ0>union-management <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>continuing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04S>
<s n="1693"><w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>warning <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unreasonable <w NN2>demands<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1694"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w VVD>warned <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>workers <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unrealistic <w NN2>demands<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>denounced <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>compare <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w CRD>1980<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1695"><w NP0>Walesa <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>mediating <w AV0>discreetly <w PRP>with <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>sectors <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04T>
<s n="1696"><w VVB-NN1>Strike <w PRP>at <w NP0>FSM <w NN1>car <w NN1>plant <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ursus <w NN1>tractor <w NN1>plant
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1697"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Suchocka<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w DPS>her <w AJ0>native <w NN1>Poznan <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRP>after <w VVG>taking <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39017<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>applauded <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w VVD>criticized <w AJ0-VVG>striking <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>belong <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>groups <w DTQ>which <w VVD>earned <w AV0>least<c PUN>.
<s n="1698"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>yield <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>promised<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w DPS>Her <w AJ0>main <w NN1>criticism <w VBD>was <w VVN>directed <w PRP>at <w NN2>workers <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>22 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>FSM <w AJ0>small <w NN1>car <w NN1>plant <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Tychy <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVG>jeopardising <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>proposed <w AJ0>new <w NN1>contract <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Fiat <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w DTQ>which <w AT0>no <w NN1>pay <w NN2>rises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="1700"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>3,800 <w NN2>strikers <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total <w CRD>7,000 <w AJ0>Tychy <w NN2>workers<c PUR>) <w VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w NN1>factory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AT0>no <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w NN1>sight<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1701"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<w POS>'s <w NN2>troubles<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fiat <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>confirmed <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AT0>a <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>stake <w PRP>in <w NP0>FSM<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>manufactured <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fiat <w CRD>500 <w NN1-VVB>model <w PRP>under <w NN1>licence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1702"><w PRP>During <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w VVG-AJ0>mediating <w NN1>union <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>threatened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w NN2>strikers <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>by <w CRD>8 <w AV0>am <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1703"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>3,500 <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVG>continuing <w AT0>a <w NN1>sit-in<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1704"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NN2>workers <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ursus <w NN1>tractor <w NN1>plant <w PRP>near <w NP0>Warsaw<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1705"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>5,000 <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Ursus<w POS>'s <w CRD>7,600 <w NN2>employees <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>offices<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w NN1>salary <w NN2-VVZ>increases <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>rescue <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="1706"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>strikers <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>were <w VVN>broken <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>factory<w POS>'s <w NN1>strike <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AT0>the <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><w NN1-NP0>Suchocka <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>refused <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN2>strikers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1708"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w NN2>workers <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gdansk <w NN1>shipyard<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>workforce <w PRF>of <w CRD>9,000<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w CRD>38 <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04U>
<s n="1709"><w AJ0>Minimum <w NN1>wage <w NN1-VVB>increase
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1710"><w NN1-AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Policy <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jacek <w NP0-NN1>Kuron <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>8.33 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,300,000 <w NN2>zlotys <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;98<c PUN>: <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=13,217 <w NN2>zlotys <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUR>) <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>in line with <w NN1>forecast <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1711"><w AJ0>Average <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VBD>was <w CRD>2,900,000 <w NN2>zlotys <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;215<c PUR>) <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1>PAP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04V>
<s n="1712"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1713"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>20 <w NN1>investment <w NN2>funds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>stock <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>manage <w DT0>some <w CRD>400 <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
<s n="1714"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>PAP<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>equity <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>enterprise <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>available <w AJ0>free <w PRP>to <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Treasury<c PUN>.
<s n="1715"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>still <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>before <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04W>
<s n="1716"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>amendments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1717"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>redefining <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1718"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>241 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>55 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1719"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>such as <w DT0>those <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short-lived <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38972-73<c PUN>; <w CRD>39016<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1720"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Walesa <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>object <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>far <w AV0>enough <w PRP>in <w VVG>changing <w AT0>the <w CRD>1952 <w AJ0>Stalinist <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04X>
<s n="1721"><w NN1>Emergence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>coalition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1722"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Olszewski <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VVD>gave <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emergent <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>patriotic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>independence-oriented<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>groupings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-right<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>television <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1723"><w NP0>Olszewski <w VBD>was <w VVN>cited <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>oriented <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>putsch<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLNCA04Y>
<s n="1724"><w NN2>Appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1725"><w VVB>Jacek <w NP0-NN1>Kozlowski<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN1>office <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Krzysztof <w NP0>Bielecki<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w PRP>until <w DPS>its <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38685-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinstated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Suchocka <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1726"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Wilecki <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Army <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Zdzislaw <w NP0>Stelmaszuk<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>command<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>412,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>217,000 <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA050></p>
<caption id=HLNCA050>
<s n="1727"><w NN1>Forest <w NN1>fire
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1728"><w AT0>A <w NN1>fire <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>press <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<w POS>'s <w NN1>history <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>raged <w PRP>out of <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Katowice <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>ten <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hot<c PUN>, <w AJ0>dry <w NN1>weather<c PUN>.
<s n="1729"><w CRD>Six <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>flames <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>smoke <w CJC>and <w AV0>up to <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w NN1>forest <w VBD>were <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>.
<s n="1730"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>8,000 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w NN2>firemen <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w NN1>fire <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1731"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1732"><w NP0>CROATIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1733"><w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="1734"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1735"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDZ<c PUR>) <w VVD>secured <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>victory <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN1>secession <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38274-75<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1736"><w NP0>Tudjman <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AV0>both <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37924<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1737"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w NP0>Drazen <w NP0>Budisa<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HSLS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>complained <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Vukovar <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>camps<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>tens <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Croats <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Bosnia <w PRP>about <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>information<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w DPS>their <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>nationality <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1738"><w NP0>Tudjman <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>HDZ<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
<s n="1739"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zagreb <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>HSLS <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HKDS<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>named <w DPS>their <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w NP0>Budisa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Cesar<c PUN>.
<s n="1740"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>candidates <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w NN1>race <w AV0>subsequently <w VBD>were <w NP0>Savka <w NP0>Dabcevic-Kucar<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HNS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dobroslav <w NP0>Paraga<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ultra-rightist <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>HSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Silvije <w NP0-NN1>Degen<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anton <w NN1>Vujic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Marko <w NP0>Veselica<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1741"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>extended <w NN1>voting <w NN2>rights <w PRP>to <w AV0>virtually <w PNI>anyone<c PUN>, <w AVQ>wherever <w PNP>they <w VVD>lived<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w CRD>one <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>parent <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w AV0>merely <w AT0>an <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>acquiring <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
<s n="1742"><w NN1-NP0>Zagreb <w NN1>television <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>commentary <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>3,000,000 <w NN2>votes <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>cast <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>counts <w VBG>being <w VVN>phoned <w AVP>in <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>embassies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1743"><w AJ0-NN1>Final <w NN2>results <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Zagreb <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><w PNP>They <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w CRD>3,575,032 <w NN2>voters <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>registers<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>2,677,764<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>74.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1745"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>results <w VVN>carried <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tanjug <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NP0>HDZ <w CRD>42.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>HSLS <w CRD>17.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>HNS <w CRD>6.9 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>HSP <w CRD>6.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1746"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Change <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w VVD>polled <w CRD>5.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN2>SNS<c PUR>) <w CRD>1.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w NP0>Tanjug <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>600,000 <w NP0>Serbs <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>200,000 <w NN0>people <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>Serb-dominated <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>UN-patrolled <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w AV0>roughly <w CRD>one-quarter <w PRF>of <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="1749"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>200,000 <w AJ0>Croatian <w NP0>Serbs <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>to <w NP0>Serbia <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1750"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>HSP <w NN1>chairman <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w VVG>rigging <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>manipulating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN0>media<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA051></p>
<caption id=HLNCA051>
<s n="1751"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1752"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zagreb <w NN1>radio <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tudjman <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0-NN1>Franjo <w NP0>Greguric <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1753"><w NP0>Greguric<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Hrvoje <w NN1>Sarinic<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1754"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN1>Deputy <w NN2>Premiers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Seks<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Mate <w AJ0>Granic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Darko <w NP0>Cargonja<c PUN>.
<s n="1755"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gojko <w NP0>Susak<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Jarnjak <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zdenko <w NP0>Skrabalo <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w PRP>as <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1756"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tudjman <w VHD>had <w VVN>appointed <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Milas <w PRP>as <w DT0>another <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Smiljo <w NP0-NN1>Sokol <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Goran <w NP0>Radin <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jurica <w NN1>Malcic<c PUN>.
<s n="1757"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>television <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministries <w UNC>from20 <w PRP>to <w CRD>14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA052></p>
<caption id=HLNCA052>
<s n="1758"><w NN1>Prisoner <w NN2>exchanges
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1759"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Greguric <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rump <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Panic<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>mediation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0-NN1>Antall<c PUN>.
<s n="1760"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w NN2>exchanges <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w VVD-VVN>followed<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cornelio <w NP0>Sommaruga<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w NN2>exchanges <w VVG>involving <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nemetin<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Osijek <w PRP>in <w NN1>territory <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1761"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1762"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1763"><w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greece <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Opinion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>application <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>banana <w NN2>imports
</head>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Vouli<c PUN>, <w VVD>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38658-9<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<w POS>'s <w CRD>300 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CRD>286 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w PRP>against<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Communists <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>main <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="1766"><w CJS-PRP>After <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Luxembourg<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece <w AV0>thus <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>member <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA053></p>
<caption id=HLNCA053>
<s n="1767"><w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>application
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1768"><w PRP>On <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>issued <w DPS>its <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w NN1>application <w AV0>formally <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sweden <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38353<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1769"><w PNP>It <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>insurmountable <w NN2>obstacles <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>recommended <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>formal <w NN2>negotiations <w VBB>be <w VVN>opened <w AV0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1770"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sweden<w POS>'s <w AJ0>long-standing <w NN1>neutrality<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>urged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>government <w VBB>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>give<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>specific <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>binding <w NN2>assurances<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NP0>EC <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VVI>emerge <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1771"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>government <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w NN1>view <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>neutrality <w CJC>or <w NN1>defence <w NN2>considerations <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>form <w AT0>an <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sweden<w POS>'s <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA054></p>
<caption id=HLNCA054>
<s n="1772"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>banana <w NN2>imports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1773"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>agreed <w AT0>a <w NN1>regime <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>importation <w PRF>of <w NN2>bananas <w PRP>from <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>.
<s n="1774"><w NN2>Quotas <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <c PUL>(<w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w CJS>for <w CRD>1993<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>countries <w PRP>except <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>African<c PUN>, <w NP0>Caribbean <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pacific <c PUL>(<w NP0>ACP<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w NN2>customs <w NN1>duty <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38910<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1775"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>controversial<c PUN>.
<s n="1776"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>market <w PRP>for <w NN2>bananas <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Germany <w AV0>in particular <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>penalize <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>traditionally <w DPS>its <w AJ0>main <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN2>bananas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1777"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>quota <w CJC>and <w NN1>duty <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN1>producer <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>violated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1778"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1779"><w NP0>SWEDEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1780"><w NN1>Security <w NN2>issues
</head>
<p>
<s n="1781"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>bugging <w NN2>devices<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>consulate <w PRP>in <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg<c PUN>.
<s n="1782"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carl <w NP0>Bildt<c PUN>, <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>surveillance <w NN1>equipment <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>installed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1783"><w PNP>He <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lasting <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1784"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Howard<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Central <w NN2>Investigations <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>CIA<c PUR>) <w NN1>agent <w PNQ>who <w VVD>defected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>refused <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sweden <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>security <w NN1>risk<c PUN>.
<s n="1785"><w PNP>He <w AV0>thereupon <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="1786"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w NP0>Stockholm <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1787"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1788"><w NP0>FINLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1789"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>trade <w NN1>minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1790"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Pekka <w NP0-NN1>Tuomisto <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Kauko <w NP0>Juhantalo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>given <w AJ0>lucrative <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>to <w AJ0>various <w NN2>firms <w PNP>he <w VVD>owned<c PUN>.
<s n="1791"><w DT0>Both <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Esko <w NP0-NN1>Aho<w POS>'s <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KESK<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w VVB-NN1>change <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38872<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1792"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1793"><w NP0>DENMARK
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1794"><w VVB-NN1>Draft <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993
</head>
<p>
<s n="1795"><w AT0>The <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w VVD>submitted <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1796"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0>main <w NN2>features <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>major <w NN1>spending <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>through <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>commerce <w CJC>and <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w NN1>rationalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
<s n="1797"><w AV0>Overall <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>by <w CRD>33,900 <w CRD>million <w NN1>kroner <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;6,300 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w CJC>or <w CRD>3.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GNP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1798"><w AJ0>Left-wing <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w AV0>instead <w PRP>for <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVG>spending <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1799"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>securing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1800"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVB-NN1>forecast <w NN1>GNP <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>(<w AVP>up <w PRP>from <w CRD>1.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>inflation <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.3 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w CJS>as <w VVN>predicted <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1801"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1802"><w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1803"><w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>information
</head>
<p>
<s n="1804"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dublin <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD>prevented <w CRD>14 <w NN2>students <w PRP>from <w VVG>providing <w NN1>information <w PRP>within <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>about <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>services <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1805"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VVD>referred <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN2>Prosecutions <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN2>students <w VVN>involved <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>for <w VVG>breaching <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>court <w NN2>orders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1806"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>conflicted <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w DT0>that <w AJ0>special <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>union <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>information <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>services <w AV0>lawfully <w AJ0>available <w PRP>in <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38942<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1807"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1808"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1809"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>UDA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1810"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NN1>midnight<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1811"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NP0-NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Mayhew<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>review<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>satisfied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UDA <w VBZ>is <w AV0>actively <w CJC>and <w AV0>primarily <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>criminal<c PUN>, <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2-VVZ>acts <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w VVZ>merits <w NN1>proscription<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1812"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UDA <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>23 <w NN2>years <c PUL>(<w AV0>more than <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>civilians <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>period<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1813"><w CRD>Ten <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w AV0>specifically <w VVN>proscribed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
<s n="1814"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w AJ0>banned <w AJ0>loyalist <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Freedom <w NN2>Fighters<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w NN1>Volunteer <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Hand <w NN2>Commandos<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UDA<c PUN>.
<s n="1815"><w AT0>The <w CRD>six <w AJ0>banned <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>INLA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>groups&mdash;the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>IPLO<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>broke <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cumann <w UNC>na <w NN1-AJ0>mBan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN2>women<w POS>'s <w NN1>group <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fianna <w UNC>na <w NN1-VVB>hEireann <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA<w POS>'s <w NN1>youth <w NN1>wing<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saor <w NP0>Eire <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>organization <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN2>robberies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1960s<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1816"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1817"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1818"><w NP0>Rostock <w NN2-VVZ>riots
</head>
<p>
<s n="1819"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>nights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>reception <w NN1>centre <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Lichtenhagen<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rostock <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Baltic<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22-26 <w VVN>marked <w AT0>a <w NN1>resurgence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-foreigner <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1820"><w AT0>The <w NN2>attacks <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w VVD>reported<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>voices <w VVG-NN1>warning <w PRP>against <w NN2>politicians <w VVG>giving <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change <w VM0>will <w VVI>solve <w PNI>everything<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1821"><w AJ0>Neo-Nazi <w NN2>skinheads <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>scale <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>hostel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Saxon <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hoyerswerda <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38447<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1822"><w DT0>Each <w NN1>night <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-day <w NN1>period <w PRP>from <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>neo-Nazis <w CJC>and <w NN2>skinheads <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>reception <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="1823"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>about <w CRD>280 <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w NP0>Romania<c PUR>) <w AV0>either <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w CJC>or<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>space<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>camping <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="1824"><w DT0>Some <w VBD>were <w VVN>evacuated <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>locations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>; <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Vietnamese<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1825"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>football <w NN1-VVB>match<c PUN>, <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>extremists <w VVD>stormed <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w CJC>and <w VVB>set <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w NN1>floor <w AJ0>ablaze<c PUN>.
<s n="1826"><w NP0>Rioters <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>salute <w CJC>and <w VVD>shouted <w NN2>slogans <w PRP>such as<c PUQ>&quot; <w UNC>Sieg <w NP0>Heil<c PUN>!<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>,
<s n="1827"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Foreigners <w AVP>out<c PUN>!<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Germans<c PUN>!<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1828"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>cases <w VVD-VVN>cheered <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>bystanders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1829"><w AV0>Initially <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>seriously <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>underestimated <w AT0>the <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w PRP>after <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN2>reinforcements <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AJ0>special <w AJ0-NN1>anti-riot <w NN2>units <w PRP>from <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Germany<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1830"><w NP0>Siegfried <w NP0>Kordus<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mecklenburg <w NN2>police <w NN1>chief <w PRP>in <w NN1>charge <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>replaced<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w NN2>citizens<w POS>' <w NN1>band <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>protesters <w VHD>had <w VVN>driven <w AVP>in <w PRP>from <w NP0>Berlin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamburg <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1831"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w VBD>was <w VVN>handled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mecklenburg-West <w NP0>Pomerania<c PUN>.
<s n="1832"><w AV0>In particular <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lothar <w NP0-NN1>Kupfer<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>initially <w VVD>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>understanding<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>rioters<c PUN>.
<s n="1833"><w NN1-NP0>Berndt <w NN1>Seite<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mecklenburg-West <w NP0>Pomerania <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38822<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w AV0>under <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AV0>severely <w AJ0>depressed <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rostock<w POS>'s <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>major <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>shipbuilding<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA055></p>
<caption id=HLNCA055>
<s n="1834"><w AJ0-NN1>Anti-racism <w NN2>marches
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1835"><w PRP>In <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rostock <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>anti-racism <w NN2>marches <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <c PUL>(<w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>2,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Frankfurt <c PUL>(<w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1836"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29 <w DT0>some <w CRD>15,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>marched <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rostock<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN2>pogroms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA056></p>
<caption id=HLNCA056>
<s n="1837"><w AJ0>Renewed <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>attacks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1838"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29-30 <w AV0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>extremist <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>at least <w CRD>15 <w NN2>towns<c PUN>, <w AV0>primarily <w CJS>although <w XX0>not <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w VBD>was <w VVN>detonated <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NP0>Berlin <w NN1>memorial <w VVG>commemorating <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>holocaust<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA057></p>
<caption id=HLNCA057>
<s n="1840"><w NN1>Asylum <w NN0>statistics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1841"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>seven <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>233,000 <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>(<w AV0>primarily <w PRP>from <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>excluding <w NN2>refugees <w VVN>driven <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w AV0>there<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1842"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w VBD>was <w CRD>256,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA058></p>
<caption id=HLNCA058>
<s n="1843"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>organizations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1844"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>39,800 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>organizations <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>24,000 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Union&mdash;DVU&mdash;for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>showing <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38871<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1845"><w DT0>This <w NN1>total <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>32,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>figures <w VVD-VVN>applied <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w NP0>West <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1846"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN2>groupings <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>1,200 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w CRD>6,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1847"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>assaults <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>270 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,300 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>attacks <c PUL>(<w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA059></p>
<caption id=HLNCA059>
<s n="1848"><w NP0>SPD <w NN1>policy <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1849"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22-23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>modify <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>.
<s n="1850"><c PUL>(<w NN2>Proposals <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN1>area<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1851"><w CJS>As <w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN2>grassroots <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>left <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Bj&ouml;rn <w NP0>Engholm <w VVD>declared <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>immigration <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>braked <w CJC>and <w VVD>controlled<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1852"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>currently <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>persons <w VVN>persecuted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>grounds <w VM0>shall <w VVI>enjoy <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>asylum<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1853"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SPD <w VM0>would <w VVI>favour <w AT0>an <w AJ0>amended <w NN1>wording<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>expulsion<c PUN>, <w AV0>for instance<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN2>asylum-seekers <w PRP>from <w NN2>countries <w CJS-AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>persecution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05A>
<s n="1854"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1855"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>injunction <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38977<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1856"><w AT0>The <w NN1>request <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w CRD>247 <w AJ0>conservative <w NN0>MPs <w PRP>including <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bavarian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<w POS>'s <w NN1>constitutionality <w VHD>had <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>meantime <w AJ0>different <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05B>
<s n="1858"><w NN1>Trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>RAF <w NN1>member
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1859"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Inge <w NP0>Viett<c PUN>, <w CRD>48<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Faction <c PUL>(<w NP0>RAF<c PUR>) <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>murder <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w NN1>policeman<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>she <w VVD>shot <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>neck <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w VVB-NN1>chase<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1860"><w NN1-NP0>Viett <w VBD>was <w VVN>cleared <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Allied <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Europe <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Haig <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>29913<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>Viett<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1990 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37828<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1861"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1862"><w NP0>BELGIUM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1863"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993
</head>
<p>
<s n="1864"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-left <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1865"><w NN1>Austerity <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>from <w CRD>5.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w CRD>5.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>to <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1996 <w CJS>as <w VVN>required <w PRP>under <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w NN1>EMU<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1866"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>aim <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>freeze <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1867"><w NN1>Income <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w VVG>suspending <w NN1>indexation <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN1>allowance <w NN2>thresholds<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets <w CJC>and <w AJ0>partial <w NN2>privatizations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>raising <w NN1>fuel <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>indirect <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>.
<s n="1868"><w AJ0>Substantial <w NN2>funds <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>diverted <w TO0>to <w VVI>service <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>124 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GNP <w PRP>to <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GNP <w PRP>by <w CRD>1996 <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>EMU<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1869"><w AJ0>Overall <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CRD>1,707,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;53,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>income <w CRD>1,353,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1870"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>economists <w PRP>for <w VBG>being <w AV0>too <w AJ0>soft<c PUN>.
<s n="1871"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>analysts <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>ambitious <w NN1>target <w PRP>in <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1872"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1873"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1874"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption
</head>
<p>
<s n="1875"><w NP0>Jean-Claude <w NP0>Gaudin<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>senator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Provence-Alpes-C&ocirc;te <w NN0>d'Azur <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1876"><w NP0-NN1>Gaudin <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w AV0>successfully <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extremist <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Tapie<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>millionaire <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Olympique <w NP0>Marseille <w NN1>football <w NN1>club<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38820-21<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1877"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Gaudin <w VHD>had <w AV0>corruptly <w VVN>employed <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>supporter <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NP0>Tapie<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="1878"><w NP0-NN1>Tapie <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Towns <w PRP>amid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>business <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38928<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1879"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawsuit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>filed <w PRP>against <w NP0>Henri <w NP0>Emmanuelli<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39023 <w PRP>for <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w NN1>report<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05C>
<s n="1880"><w NN1>Defection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>embassy <w NN1>official
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1881"><w AT0>A <w NN1>counsellor <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Oshchenko<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acknowledged <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>service <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>missing <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>posting <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w NN1>daughter<c PUN>.
<s n="1882"><w PRP>In <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>processing <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVB>leave <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05D>
<s n="1883"><w NN1>Escalation <w PRF>of <w NN1>gangland <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Corsica
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1884"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>murders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>days <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRP>in <w NP0>Corsica<w POS>'s <w NN1>crime <w NN1>wave <w PRP>to <w CRD>28 <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1885"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN2>victims <w VVD>included <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Orsini<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>early <w NN1>career <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transatlantic <w NN1>drug-smuggler <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>inspired <w AT0>the <w NN1>film <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Connection<c PUN>.
<s n="1886"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NN1>sight <w PRF>of <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>diners <w PRP>at <w NN1>kerbside <w NN2>restaurants <w PRP>in <w NP0>Calvi <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1887"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>interministerial <w NN1>committee <w VVN-VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Quiles <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Corsica <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>two <w NN2>companies <w PRF>of <w NP0>CRS <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>gendarmerie <w NN1>presence <w PRP>to <w CRD>2,200<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1888"><w NN2>Orsini<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>shepherd<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>retired<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moncale<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Calvi<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w DPS>his <w NN1>release <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>for <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>evidence <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0-NN1>cocaine-smuggling <w NN1>racket<c PUN>.
<s n="1889"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>after <w VVG>serving <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>25-year <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w NN1>heroin <w VVG-NN1>smuggling <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w AJ0-VVN>Repeated <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia <w VBD>was <w PRP>behind <w NN1>extortion <w NN2>rackets <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<c PUN>, <w VVG>sheltering <w PRP>behind <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>business <w NN2>investments<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>prompted <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Corsica <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNLC<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>future<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>intervene <w AV0>militarily<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>Mafia <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="1891"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FLNC <w VHD>had <w PNX>itself <w VBN>been <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>rival <w NN2>movements<c PUN>, <w NP0>Resistenza<c PUN>, <w NP0>Accolta <w NP0>Naziunali <w NP0>Corsa <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w UNC>du <w NP0>Peuple <w NP0>Corse <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>revolution <w NN1>tax<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>extorted <w PRP>from <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wealthy <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1892"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1893"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1894"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1895"><w NN1-VVB>End <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>truce <w PRP>with <w NN1>ETA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1896"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Basque <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Euzkadi <w ITJ>ta <w NP0>Askatasuna <c PUL>(<w NN1>ETA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>ending <w NN2>hopes <w VVN>raised <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>offered <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unofficial <w AJ0>two-month <w NN1>truce <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39024<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1897"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-west <w NP0>France <w VVD>arrested <w NP0>Stanislao <w NP0>Villanueva <w NP0>Herrera <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>Txapu<c PUR>) <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w NN1>ETA <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38823-24<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1898"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>a <w NN1>gunman <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>two <w AJ0>off-duty <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>guards <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Oyarzun<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>to <w CRD>622 <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>ETA <w NN2>victims <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CRD>18 <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w NP0>January <w PRP>to <w NP0>March<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05E>
<s n="1899"><w AJ0>Illegal <w NN2>immigrants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1900"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Spain <w VVD>deported <w CRD>195 <w NP0>North <w NN2>Africans<c PUN>, <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>Moroccans<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w AT0>the <w NN1>crossing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Melilla<c PUN>, <w VVG>bordering <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Almeria <w PRP>in <w NN1>mainland <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>15-metre <w NN1>motor <w NN1>boat<c PUN>.
<s n="1901"><w AT0>The <w NN1>interception <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>boat <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>pattern <w PRF>of <w NN1>interception <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>would-be <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>into <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1902"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22-23 <w CRD>three <w AJ0>African <w NN2>migrants <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w VVN>drowned <w PRP>near <w NP0>Tarifa<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>dumped <w AV0>offshore <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38982<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05F>
<s n="1903"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1904"><w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez <w NP0>Ordo&ntilde;ez<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w CRD>1985 <w CJS-PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38978<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>aged <w CRD>62<c PUN>.
<s n="1905"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>political <w NN1>figure <w PRP>since <w NP0>Spain<w POS>'s <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w PRP>from <w CRD>1977-79 <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CRD>1980-81<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1906"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1907"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1908"><w AJ0>Anti-Mafia <w NN1>legislation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1909"><w NN1>Legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w PRP>in <w VVG>combating <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime <w VVD>received <w AJ0>final <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>cross-party <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1910"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>adopted <w VBD>were <w AV0>largely <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0-NN1>Giovanni <w NP0-NN1>Falcone <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38895-96<c PUN>; <w CRD>38978<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>emphasis <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w VVG>encouraging <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>evidence <w VVN-VVD>extracted <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w NN1>Mafia <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VVI>give <w NN1>evidence <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w AV0-AJ0>alone <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>provisions <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38979<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1912"><w NN2>Police <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AJ0>undercover <w NN2>operations <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>tap <w NN2>telephones <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-Mafia <w NN2>investigations<c PUN>.
<s n="1913"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VVD-VVN>introduced <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w DTQ>which <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NN2>politicians <w VVD>discovered <w VVG>making <w NN2>payments <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN2>votes <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w AV0>up to <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="1914"><w NN1>Opposition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>) <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>omission <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>allowed <w NN2>police <w TO0>to <w VVI>detain <w NN2>suspects <w PRP>without <w NN1>charge <w PRP>for <w AV0>up to <w CRD>48 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1915"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w AV0>also <w VVD>dissolved<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>December <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fight <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1980s <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w DT0>little <w NN1>success<c PUR>) <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Anti-Mafia <w NN1>Investigation <w NN1>Directorate <c PUL>(<w NN1>DIA<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05G>
<s n="1916"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-Mafia <w NN2>officials
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1917"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1-VVB>judge<c PUN>, <w NP0>Giuseppe <w NP0>di <w NP0>Gennaro<c PUN>, <w CRD>68<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>DIA <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="1918"><w NP0-NN1>Liliana <w NP0-NN1>Ferraro<c PUN>, <w CRD>48<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>assassinated <w NN1>Falcone <w PRP>as <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry<w POS>'s <w AJ0>penal <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>division<c PUN>.
<s n="1919"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w NP0>Angelo <w NP0>Finocchiaro <c PUL>(<w PRP>since <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w AJ0>anti-Mafia <w AJ0>high <w NN1>commissioner<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>transferred <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilize <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05H>
<s n="1920"><w NN1>Television <w NN1>legislation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1921"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN1>television <w NN2>companies <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>awarded <w AJ0>official <w NN2>concessions <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AV0>thus <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG>broadcasting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>an <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1922"><w NN1>Approval <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>national <w NN2>channels <c PUL>(<w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>approved <w VBG>being <w AV0>privately <w VVN>owned<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>831 <w AJ0>local <w NN2>channels<c PUN>.
<s n="1923"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>channels <w VVN-VVD>approved <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w VVD-VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w NP0>Fininvest<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>holding <w NN1>company <w PRF>of <w NP0>Silvio <w NP0>Berlusconi<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w NN0>media <w NN1>ownership <w VHD>had <w VVN>attracted <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>.
<s n="1924"><w NN2>Berlusconi <w AV0>also <w AV0>indirectly <w VVD-VVN>controlled <w CRD>three <w AJ0>pay-TV <w NN2>channels<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>pay-TV <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>deferred <w PRP>until <w NP0>February <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1925"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN0>media <w NN1>law <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37624<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>allocate <w NN1>television <w NN2>frequencies <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>regulate <w AT0>the <w NN1>chaos <w DTQ>which <w VVD>prevailed <w PRP>as <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>television <w NN2>stations <w VVD>crowded <w AT0>the <w NN2>airwaves<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05J>
<s n="1926"><w NN2>Incidents <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sardinia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1927"><w CRD>Six <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w AV0>slightly <w VVN>injured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>grenade <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Nuoro <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sardinia<c PUN>.
<s n="1928"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>carabinieri <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w DT0>another <w CRD>100 <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>already <w VVG>providing <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>troops <c PUL>(<w AV0>largely <w NN2>conscripts<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>21 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stationed <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly <w PRP>for <w NN1>training <w NN2-VVZ>exercises<c PUN>.
<s n="1929"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>incidents <w VVD>left <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>11 <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>injured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1930"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1931"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1932"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="1933"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1934"><w AT0>The <w NN1>daughter <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Constantine <w NP0>Mitsotakis<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dora <w NP0>Bakoyannis<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Under-secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>her <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38403<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1935"><w AT0>The <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Michalis <w NP0-NN1>Papaconstantinou<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>native <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Kozani <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>defender <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>identity<c PUN>.
<s n="1936"><w NN1>Responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mitsotakis <w PNX>himself <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Antonis <w NP0>Samaras <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38873<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1937"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ioannis <w NP0-NN1>Varvitsiotis <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1938"><w NP0>Stefanos <w NP0>Manos <w VVD>remained <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Economy <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>assumed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>Finance <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="1939"><w NP0-NN1>Ioannis <w NP0>Paleokrassas <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1940"><w NP0>Manos<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>capacity <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w AJ0>steep <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>on <w NN1>bank <w NN2-VVZ>deposits <w PRP>from <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>scales <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1-VVB>tax <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>rates <w AV0>more <w PRP>in line with <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>policy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05K>
<s n="1941"><w AJ0>Public-sector <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1942"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Vouli <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w PRP>in <w NP0>Athens<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1943"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>Workers <c PUL>(<w NP0>GSEE<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>mobilization <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <w AV0>in general<c PUN>.
<s n="1944"><w NN2>Employees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>publicly <w VVN-VVD>owned <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w NN1>company <w NN2>EAS <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>strike <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>running <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>transport <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1945"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1946"><w NP0>CYPRUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1947"><w AJ0>Direct <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="1948"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NP0>July <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VHD>had <w NN2>discussions <w AV0>separately <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cyprus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgios <w NN1-NP0>Vassiliou<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Cyprus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rauf <w NP0-NN1>Denktash<c PUN>.
<s n="1949"><w AJ0>Face-to-face <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12-14 <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Denktash <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Vassiliou <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w NN1>initialling <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>or <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>map <w VVG>illustrating <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>adjustments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1950"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>proximity <w VVZ>talks<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>framework <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in line with <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>750 <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38873<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38980<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1951"><w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w AV0>again <w VVD>presented <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w NP0>Cyprus <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-zone <w NN1>federation <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>communities <w VVN>overseen <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secular <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
<s n="1952"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>legislature <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w PRP>with <w AJ0>upper <w CJC>and <w AJC>lower <w NN2>houses<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>50:50 <w NN1>ratio <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>Cypriots <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>Cypriots <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>70:30 <w NN1>ratio<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1953"><w AT0>The <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>flexibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Cypriot <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>direction<c PUN>.
<s n="1954"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>774<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>enshrined <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>proposals <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>map <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cyprus <w NN1>problem<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1955"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN>produced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Cypriot <w NN1>administration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w AJ0-VVD>rejected <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>774 <w PRP>as <w XX0>not <w VVG>constituting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>healthy <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cyprus <w NN1-VVG>negotiating <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1956"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1957"><w NP0-NN1>Denktash <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>map <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w VVG>showing <w AT0>the <w NN1>demarkation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w CRD>two <w NN2>zones<c PUN>.
<s n="1958"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Turkish-Cypriot <w NN1>zone <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w CRD>28.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<c PUN>, <w PRP>instead of <w AT0>the <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>occupied <w AV0>at present<c PUN>.
<s n="1959"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>adjustments <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>return <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Varosha <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Famagusta <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>citrus-producing <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Morphou <c PUL>(<w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>in <w NN1>Turkish <w CJS>as <w NP0>Guzelyurt<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Greek-Cypriot <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>proposed <w CJT>that <w CRD>80,000-100,000 <w NN1>Greek-Cypriot <w AJ0-VVD>displaced <w NN2>persons <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1961"><w NP0-NN1>Denktash<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN2>proposals <w VVD>involved<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>29 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>plus<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w VVG>remaining <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Cypriot <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
<s n="1962"><w PNP>He <w VVD>accepted <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>return<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>Cypriot <w NN2>refugees <c PUL>(<w AV0>apparently <w VVG>abandoning <w DPS>his <w NN1>preference <w PRP>for <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>compensation<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>suggested <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>restrictions <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVB-NN1>limit <w DT0>that <w NN1>right<c PUN>.
<s n="1963"><w NP0-NN1>Denktash <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w NP0>UN <w NN2>proposals <w VM0>would <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w CRD>40,000 <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>Cypriots <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NN2>homes <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w AVP>in <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1964"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1965"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1966"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sirnak
</head>
<p>
<s n="1967"><w CRD>Forty <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>gun-battles <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sirnak <w PRP>from <w AJ0>late <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<w POS>'s <w CRD>25,000 <w NN1>population <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w PRP>to <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>villages<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1968"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>20 <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>five <w NN2>soldiers<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AV0>about <w CRD>400 <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
<s n="1969"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w VVD>began <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>buildings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w NN1>centre <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>fighters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PKK <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Ocalan<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NP0>Istanbul <w NN1>newspaper <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVD>repudiated <w DT0>this <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w NN2>events <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>mounted <w AT0>a <w NN1>provocation <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sirnak<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1971"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>curfew<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>journalists <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-VVN>restricted <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="1972"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NN1>army <w NN2>personnel <w VBD>were <w AV0>officially<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>continuing <w DPS>their <w NN2>searches <w CJC>and <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>inhabitants<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1973"><w NN2>Witnesses <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>troops <w VVB>set <w NN1>fire <w PRP>to <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>tank-fire <w VBD>was <w VVN>directed <w PRP>at <w NN2>houses <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>disorder <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sirnak <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38833<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1974"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>official <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>following <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>meetings <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0>military <w NN2>measures <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w AJ0-AV0>hand-in-hand <w PRP>with <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="1975"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<w POS>'s <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>Come <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="1976"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>the <w NN1>disaster <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>terrorists<c PUN>.
<s n="1977"><w AT0>The <w NN1>state <w VVZ>embraces <w PNP>you<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1978"><w NN2>Clashes <w CJC>and <w NN2>scores <w PRF>of <w NN2>casualties <w VVD-VVN>continued <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w PRP>about <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>150,000 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05L>
<s n="1979"><w NP0>PKK<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>halting <w PRF>of <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Kurds
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1980"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDP<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>trucking <w PRF>of <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kurdish-controlled <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>via <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Habur <w NN1-VVB>bridge <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zahko<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="1981"><w DT0>This <w NN1>traffic <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>object <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>toleration <w PRP>in spite of <w VBG>being <w AV0>theoretically <w PRP>in <w NN1>contravention <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="1982"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>traffic <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05M>
<s n="1983"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1984"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Hikmet <w NP0>Cetin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Damascus<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w VVG>ending <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>water-sharing<c PUN>.
<s n="1985"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>aggravated <w PRP>by <w NN2>remarks <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Demiral <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ataturk <w NN1-VVB>dam <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>lay <w NN1-VVB>claim <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w VVD>drew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Euphrates <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tigris <w NN2>rivers<c PUN>.
<s n="1986"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>reiterated <w DT0>both <w NN2>governments<w POS>' <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>protocol <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in addition <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG>releasing <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>current <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>cubic <w NN2>metres <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>.
<s n="1987"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>covering <w NN1>economics<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport<c PUN>, <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug <w NN1>policing<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1988"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1989"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1990"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Romany <w NN1>Parliament
</head>
<p>
<s n="1991"><w CRD>Twenty-two <w NP0-NN1>Romany <w CJC>or <w NN1>gypsy <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>from <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Romany <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1992"><w AT0>The <w NN2>statutes <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Eurom<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>in <w NN1>abbreviation<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>main <w NN1>objective <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Europe<w POS>'s <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN2>Romanies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1993"><w AT0>The <w NN2>participants <w AV0>also <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>addressed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>politicians <w CJC>and <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>demanded <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w NN2>Romanies <w PRP>against <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>from <w AJ0>racist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1994"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1995"><w NP0>PORTUGAL
</head>
<p>
<s n="1996"><w NN2>Measures <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w AJ0>authorized <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w NN2>firms <w TO0>to <w VVI>borrow <w AV0>freely <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>capital <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>non-residents <w VM0>would <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquire <w AJ0>Portuguese <w NN1>government <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1997"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1998"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1999"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone
</head>
<p>
<s n="2000"><w AT0>An <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>protecting <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Marsh <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>population <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>proclaimed <w PRP>by <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="2001"><w PNP>They <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>proposal <w VVG>inviting <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>wise <w NN2>men<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>non-aligned <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2002"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>its <w NN2>proponents <w VVD>saw <w PNP>it <w CJS>as <w VVG>coming <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w VVG>providing <w AT0>a <w AJC>safer <w NN1>environment <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>reconnaissance <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>688 <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>repression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>population<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38127<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2003"><w PNP>It <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>flights <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>helicopters <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fixed-wing <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>32nd <w NN1>parallel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN1>map<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2004"><w NP0>Iraq <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>informed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>through <w DPS>its <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0-NN1>Amir <w NN1>al-Anbari<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>requiring<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>firm<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>shall <w VVI>choose <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>way <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>confront <w DT0>this <w AJ0>outrageous <w NN1>aggression<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2005"><w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>including <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yemen <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w VVG>regarding <w PNP>it <w CJS>as <w VVG>setting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN1>precedent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w CJS>as <w VVG>signalling <w AT0>the <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0-NN1>three-way <w NN1>partitioning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Kurdish<c PUN>, <w NN1>Sunni <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>blocs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2006"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN2>reservations <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>.
<s n="2007"><w AJ0>Other <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-Operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w VVD>registered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lukewarm <w NN1>response<c PUN>.
<s n="2008"><w NP0>Kuwait <w AV0>alone <w AV0>publicly <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39069 <w PRP>for <w VVG>strengthening <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>troop <w NN1>presence <w AV0>there<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05N>
<s n="2009"><w NN1>Background <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NN1>south
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2010"><w NN2>Prospects <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imminent <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>action <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August <w VVG>following <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>military <w NN1>activity <w CJC>and <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN1>population <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2011"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>rapporteur <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NP0>Max <w NP0>Van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Stoel<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVN>convened <w PRP>by <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>documentary <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>policy <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w CJC>and <w NN1>culture <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shia <w NP0>Marsh <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="2012"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <w NP0>Van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Stoel <w VHD>had <w VVN>charged <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>with <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN1>population <w CJC>and <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>688 <w VVG-NN1>ordering <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>repression <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>.
<s n="2013"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Stoel<w POS>'s <w NN2>allegations <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>inaccurate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2014"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w PRP>over <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2015"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disclosure <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>despatch <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN1-NP0>Tornado <w NN2>jets <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>surveillance <w NN1>operation <w PRP>over <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2016"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>France <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>contribute <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Mirage <w CRD>2000 <w NN2>jets<c PUN>; <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w AV0>already <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>operating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2017"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>comment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>denounced <w AJ0>Western <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>aerial <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>imperialist <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>dismembering <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>devised <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>active <w NN1>co-operation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2018"><w NN1>Reaction <w PRP>among <w NN1-AJ0>Arab <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w NN1>war <w NN2>allies <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>hostility <w VHD>had <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for <w NN2>delays <w PRP>in <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2019"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Egypt <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="2020"><w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>oppose <w DT0>any <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>directed <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2021"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>official <w NN2>statements <w PRP>from <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yemen <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>maintaining <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w NN1>plan <w VM0>would <w VVI>heighten <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>tension<c PUN>.
<s n="2022"><w VVZ-NN2>Reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>Dhahran <w NN1>air <w NN1>base <w PRP>to <w NN1>station <w NP0>UK <w NP0-NN1>Tornado <w NN2>jets <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Office <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2023"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>consulted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>broadly <w AJ0>supportive <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="2024"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w AJ0>INC<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w DT0>any <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>disintegration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2025"><w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Bakr <w NP0>al-Hakim<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SAIRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>approved<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>safe <w NN2>havens<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>back <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2026"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>enforcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved <w AJ0>effective<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>ground <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Shia <w NN2-VVZ>rebels<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05P>
<s n="2027"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>south
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2028"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>protest <w VVG>alleging <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w VBD>was <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2029"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w NP0>Iran <w PRF>of <w VVG>infiltrating <w AV0>over <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>into <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>presence<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w DT0>This <w NN1>charge <w VBD>was <w VVN>denied <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVN-VVD>sent <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Javad <w NP0>Zarif<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1-VVB>cover <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w DT0>own<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shias <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2031"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNSC<c PUR>) <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AT0>no <w NN2>circumstances <w VM0>should <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w CJC>and <w NN1>independence <w VBI>be <w VVN>marred<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05R>
<s n="2032"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2033"><w AT0>A <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>nuclear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors <w VVD-VVN>conducted <w NN2>inspections <w PRP>at <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>unnamed <w NN2>sites <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7-18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2034"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nikita <w NP0>Smidovich<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>operations <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>three-week <w AJ0>stand-off <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VVD>precipitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors <w VVB-NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39026<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2035"><w AT0>The <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>crisis <w VVG>involving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>attack <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>targets <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>revived <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>grant <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors <w VVB-NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>buildings <w CJC>and <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2036"><w NP0>Smidovich <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>supplied<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>good <w NN1>information<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN1>missile <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="2037"><w DPS>His <w NN1>team <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>gained <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Industrialization<c PUN>.
<s n="2038"><w AT0>A <w NN1>summary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>team<w POS>'s <w NN2>findings <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>showed <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>capability <w PRF>of <w VVG>producing <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>guidance <w CJC>and <w NN1>control <w NN2>systems <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ballistic <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05S>
<s n="2039"><w NN1>Non-renewal <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>memorandum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2040"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w NN1>Emergency <w NN1>Relief <w NN1>Co-ordination<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Eliasson<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17-21 <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding <w VVG-AJ0>covering <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2041"><w NN1>Entrance <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>visa <w NN2>requirements <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>personnel <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>tightened <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>memorandum <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2042"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>businessman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paul <w NN1-VVB>Ride<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w AV0>illegally <w VVG>entering <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>without <w NN1>travel <w NN2-VVZ>documents <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="2043"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>British <w NN1>cyclist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Wainwright<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>detained <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>entry <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05T>
<s n="2044"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2045"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39026<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN2>merchants <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>profiteering<c PUN>.
<s n="2046"><w AV0>Around <w CRD>42 <w AJ0>private <w NN2>traders <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>500 <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w NN2>observers <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>reflection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>critical <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2047"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Mehdi <w NP0-NN1>Saleh <w VVD>disclosed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>clampdown<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jordan <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>businessmen <w AJ0>fearful <w PRF>of <w VVG>incurring <w NN2>penalties <w VBD>were <w AV0>no longer <w VVN>prepared <w AV0>even <w TO0>to <w VVI>transport <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>essential <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05U>
<s n="2049"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khoei
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2050"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Grand <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Abolqassem <w NP0>al-Khoei<c PUN>, <w CRD>93<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kufa <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>holy <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Najaf <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2051"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN1>mourning<c PUN>, <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>government-organized <w NN1>funeral <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>ploy <w TO0>to <w VVI>preempt <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>.
<s n="2052"><w NN1>Tension <w VVN-VVD>heightened <w CJS>after <w NN1>family <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Khoei<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>recovering <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>suspicious<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2053"><w AJ0-NN1>Iranian-born <w NP0>Khoei<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>scholar <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>written <w AV0>more than <w CRD>90 <w NN2>books <w PRP>on <w NN1>theology<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AV0>adamantly <w AJ0>apolitical <w NN1>stance<c PUN>.
<s n="2054"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w DPS>his <w ORD>last <w NN2>years <w PRP>under <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kufa<c PUN>.
<s n="2055"><w PRP>In <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w DPS>his <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w PRP>in support of <w NN1>government <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Shias <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38081-82<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>shocked <w NN2>followers<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2056"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2057"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2058"><w NN1>Arrival <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops
</head>
<p>
<s n="2059"><w CJS>As <w NN1>tension <w VVD>rose <w AVP-PRP>over <w AJ0>international <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w CRD>2,400 <w NP0>US <w NN1>troops&mdash;a <w VVD>reinforced <w AJ0>armoured <w NN1>battalion&mdash;would <w AV0>shortly <w VVB>arrive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>for <w NN1>training <w VVZ-NN2>exercises <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2060"><w AT0>The <w NN2>units <w VVD-VVN>comprised <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>mechanized <w NN0>infantry<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>exercise <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2061"><w DT0>This <w NN1>exercise <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>brought <w AV0>forward<c PUN>.
<s n="2062"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w DT0>such <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>exercises<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>marine <w CJC>and <w AJ0>amphibious <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>already <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2063"><w CRD>Three <w NP0>US <w NN2>marines <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w CRD>16<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>helicopter <w CJC>and <w NN1>plane <w VVZ-NN2>crashes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>exercises<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3-17 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>total <w AV0>about <w CRD>5,000 <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05V>
<s n="2064"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2065"><w AT0>A <w NN1>defence <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w CJC>and <w AJ0>French <w NN1>government <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS>as <w AV0>slightly <w AV0>less <w AJ0>extensive <w CJS>than <w DT0>those <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Kuwait <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w AV0>respectively <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38455<c PUN>; <w CRD>38790<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2066"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exercises <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>military <w NN2>advisors <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="2067"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sophisticated <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>weaponry<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>document<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05W>
<s n="2068"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election <w NN1>date
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2069"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>50-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP-CJS>as <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>voter <w NN1>registration <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38789<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05X>
<s n="2070"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w NN2>servants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2071"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>Watch <w NN1>organization <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w VVG>detailing <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Asian <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>servants <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w AJ0>private <w NN2>households <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>.
<s n="2072"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>correct <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN1>rape<c PUN>, <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w NN2>passports <w CJC>and <w NN1>confinement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2073"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2074"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2075"><w NP0>Washington <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<p>
<s n="2076"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38513-15<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>resumed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38945-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2077"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1-VVB>break <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="2078"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>initial <w NN1>optimism <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>negotiators <w VBD>were <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>autonomy <w NN2>proposals <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2079"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>side <w NP0-NN1>Itamar <w NP0>Rabinovich<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rector <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv <w NN1>university<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>.
<s n="2080"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>spokeswoman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bushra <w NP0>Kanafani <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>noted <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>different <w NN1>style<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="2081"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>statements <w VVD-VVN>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>government <w CJS>in that <w PNP>they <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>land-for-peace<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>&mdash;as <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>242 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1967<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>&mdash;meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2082"><w AJ0>Detailed <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w VBD>were <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="2083"><w PNP>They <w VVD>defined <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>authority <w CJC>or <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>council <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>controlling <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>transport<c PUN>.
<s n="2084"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>mention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>demarcations<c PUN>.
<s n="2085"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>180-member <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>powers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLNCA05Y>
<s n="2086"><w NN1-VVG>Granting <w PRF>of <w NN1>loan <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2087"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w VM0>should <w VVI>provide <w NN2>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Israel <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>favourable <w NN2>terms <w VVZ>credits <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w AJ0>private <w NN2>banks<c PUN>.
<s n="2088"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>communicated <w DPS>his <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w NN2>chambers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2089"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>holiday <w AV0>home <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kennebunkport<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maine<c PUN>.
<s n="2090"><w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>final <w NN1>cost <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>loan <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>taxpayer<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2091"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>loan <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38787<c PUN>; <w CRD>38452 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>months<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
<s n="2092"><w NP0-NN1>Bush<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>relationship<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>: <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>relationship<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w CRD>two <w AJ0>close <w NN2>friends <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>partners<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2093"><w PNP>He <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>qualitative <w AJ0>military <w NN1>superiority<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w NN2>neighbours <w VVD-VVN>maintained<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2094"><w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NN2>guarantees <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AJ0>military <w NN1>superiority <w VBD>were <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>PLO <w NN1>representative <w VVG>attending <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="2095"><w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Faruq <w NP0-NN1>ash-Shar<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>should <w ORD>first <w VHI>have <w VVN>secured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>halt <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>settlement-building<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w VM0>would <w VVI>demand <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Washington <w VVB>play <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>mediator<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unbiased <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2096"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>on <w AJ0>private <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLNCA060></p>
<caption id=HLNCA060>
<s n="2097"><w VVG>Freeing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>prisoners
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2098"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>800 <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
<s n="2099"><w PRP>In <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>releases <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w CRD>465 <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>freed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2100"><w AT0>The <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN>released <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VVN>served <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>.
<s n="2101"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w CRD>7,429 <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>prisons <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>intifada-related <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>standing <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
<s n="2102"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>303 <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>under <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>detention<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2103"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>280 <w NN2>houses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>strip <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sealed <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>unsealed<c PUN>.
<s n="2104"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w DT0>those <w NN2>houses <w VVN-VVD>sealed <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2105"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>streets <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w AVP>off <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>gradually <w VVN>re-opened<c PUN>.
<s n="2106"><w NN2>Inhabitants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w VVG>wishing <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>Israel <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>permit <w CJS>if <w PRP>aged <w CRD>50 <w CJC>or <w AVP-PRP>over <c PUL>(<w PRP>instead of <w CRD>60<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2107"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>cancelled <w CRD>11 <w NN1>deportation <w NN2>orders <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>against <w AJ0>alleged <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w NN2>activists <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38740<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2108"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w AV0>instead <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>detention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Qeziot <w NN1>detention <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Negev<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2109"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>preparing <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1986 <w NN1>law <w VVG>outlawing <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2110"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2111"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2112"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>ministers
</head>
<p>
<s n="2113"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>Arabs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nawaf <w NP0>Masalha <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Walid <w NP0>Sadek <c PUL>(<w NP0>Meretz<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>deputy <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="2114"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN2>offices <w NN2>Arabs <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w PRP>since <w CRD>1973<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Abdel-Aziz <w NP0>Zoabi <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA061></p>
<caption id=HLNCA061>
<s n="2115"><w NN1>Demonstration <w PRP>over <w NN2>settlements <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2116"><w AV0>Approximately <w CRD>800 <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>many <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jerusalem <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2117"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Knesset <w NN2>members <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>party <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>elections<c PUR>)<c PUN>: <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Eitan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Sharon <w CJC>and <w NP0>Benjamin <w NP0-NN1>Netanyahu<c PUN>.
<s n="2118"><w NN2>Speakers <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Labour-led <w NN1>coalition<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>settlement-building <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39027-28<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2119"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w AJ0>private <w NN1>settlement-building <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Housing <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Benyamin <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Eliezer <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>freezing <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>land <w NN1>allocation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVN-AJ0>occupied<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>territories <w PRP>pending <w AT0>an <w AJ0>in-depth <w NN1>study <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AV0>privately <w AJ0>funded <w NN1>building<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2120"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w AV0>at first <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>contradict <w NP0>Eliezer<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w DT0>such <w NN1>freeze <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
<s n="2121"><w VVG-NN1>Housing <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w AJ0>concerned <w NN1>land <w NN1>allocation <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>affect <w NN2>plots <w AV0>already <w VVN>purchased <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w VVB-NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN1>government <w NN1>settlement-building <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39027-28<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA062></p>
<caption id=HLNCA062>
<s n="2122"><w VVB-NN1>Protest <w AVP-PRP>over <w VVG>overcrowding <w PRP>among <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ethiopia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w DT0>some <w CRD>150 <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ethiopia <w VBD>were <w VVN>persuaded <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>a <w NN1>march <w CJC>and <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w VVG>overcrowding <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ashkelon <w NN1>holiday <w NN1>village <w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN>housed<c PUN>.
<s n="2124"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Absorption <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Yair <w NP0-NN1>Tzaban <w VVD>met <w AT0>the <w NN2>marchers <w CRD>25 <w NN0>km <w PRP>outside <w NP0-NN1>Ashkelon<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w CJS>provided <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>housing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>20,000 <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN2>immigrants <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38174-75<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA063></p>
<caption id=HLNCA063>
<s n="2125"><w NN2>Munitions <w NN1>explosion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2126"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w AV0>completely <w VVD-VVN>destroyed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Israel <w AJ0>Military <w NN2>Industries <w NN2-VVZ>munitions <w VVB-NN1>plant <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nof <w NP0>Yan<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv<c PUN>.
<s n="2127"><w CRD>Two <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA064></p>
<caption id=HLNCA064>
<s n="2128"><w NP0>Peres<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2129"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21-23 <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kosyrev<c PUN>.
<s n="2130"><w AT0>A <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2131"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2132"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2133"><w NN2>By-elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amman
</head>
<p>
<s n="2134"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Amman <w NN1-VVB>governorate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>during <w NN2>by-elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w CRD>two <w NN2>deputies <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2135"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Madaba-Dhiban <w NN1>constituency <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quwaysimah <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Amman<c PUR>) <w VVD>returned<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w DT0>These <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN2>affiliations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>incumbents<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA065></p>
<caption id=HLNCA065>
<s n="2137"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>deputy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2138"><w VVB-NN1>Yaqub <w NN1-AJ0>Qirrish<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>along with <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in connection with <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w VVG>organizing <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>activists<c PUN>.
<s n="2140"><w NN2>Machine-guns <w CJC>and <w NN2>explosives <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>seized<c PUN>.
<s n="2141"><w NP0>Qirrish<w POS>'s <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>immunity <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA066></p>
<caption id=HLNCA066>
<s n="2142"><w NN1>Corruption <w NN2>charges
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2143"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mahmud <w NP0>al-Hawamidah <w PRP>for <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>public <w VVZ>finds <w CJC>and <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>authority <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>highway <w PRP>from <w NN1>Azraq <w PRP>to <w NN1>Jafr<c PUN>.
<s n="2144"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Zaid <w NP0>al-Rifai <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Awdah<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2145"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2146"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2147"><w ORD>First <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="2148"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>since <w CRD>1972 <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in spite of <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w AJ0>Maronite <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="2149"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting&mdash;in <w NN1>north <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mount <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w VVD>30&mdash;produced <w DT0>some <w NN2>wins <w PRP>for <w NP0>Hezbollah<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>aligned <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>policy-making <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w VVG>participating <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>party<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA067></p>
<caption id=HLNCA067>
<s n="2150"><w AJ0>Maronite <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2151"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Maronite <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Maronite <w NN1>Patriarch <w NP0>Nasrallah <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Sfeir<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Bkirki <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN2>circumstances <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN2>conditions <w VVB>exist<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>threaten <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2152"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Bkirki <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Phalangist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>al-Kataeb<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Saadeh<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bloc <w AJ0>National <c PUL>(<w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Raymond <w NP0>Edd&eacute;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dory <w NP0-NN1>Chamoun<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w NP0>Samir <w NP0>Geagea<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2153"><w AT0>The <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>up-to-date <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>rolls<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AJ0>displaced <w NN2>persons <w CJC>and <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>for <w NN2>expatriates <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>non-Lebanese <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2154"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>for <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21-23<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA068></p>
<caption id=HLNCA068>
<s n="2155"><w NN1-AJ0>Phalangist <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2156"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Phalangist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w DT0>much <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG>presenting <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="2157"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Saadeh <w VHD>had <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement<c PUN>.
<s n="2158"><w DT0>Former <w NN1>President <c PUL>(<w PRP>until <w CRD>1988<c PUR>) <w NP0>Amin <w NP0>Gemayel <w VVD>returned <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>visit <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
<s n="2159"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Phalangist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>spokesperson <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVZ>regrets <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gemayel <w VHZ>has <w VVN>reopened <w NN2>wounds <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>disputes <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>homeland<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA069></p>
<caption id=HLNCA069>
<s n="2160"><w NP0>Hezbollah
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2161"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>election <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Nasrallah <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVD>asserted <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Zionist <w NN1>occupation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>support<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>resistance <w NN2>fighters<c PUN>, <w VVG>facilitating <w DPS>their <w NN1>jihad <w CJC>and <w VVG>providing <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>official <w CJC>and <w AJ0>popular <w AJ0>political <w NN1>protection<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2162"><w NP0-NN1>Nasrallah <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w NN2>parties <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w AV0>nevertheless <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w VVD>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>guns<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2163"><w AT0>The <w NN1>programme <w VVD>promised <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>sectarianism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law<c PUN>; <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w NN0>media <w NN2>freedoms<c PUN>, <w VVG>guaranteeing <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>religion <w CJC>and<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sanctity <w PRF>of <w NN1>religion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>old-age <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Lebanese<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>improved <w AJ0>technical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
<s n="2164"><w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>announced <w CRD>12 <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baalbek<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06A>
<s n="2165"><w NP0>Amal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2166"><w NP0>Nabi <w NP0-NN1>Berri<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Amal <w CJC>and <w AV0>currently <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement <w VBD>was <w AJ0>undesirable <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVB>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w VVG>targeting <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taif <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2167"><w NP0>Amal <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hezbollah <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06B>
<s n="2168"><w NN2>Resignations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2169"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hussein <w NP0>al-Husseini<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="2170"><w VVN>Known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>pro-Syrian<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>argued <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>stood <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Charter <w NN1>List <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa<c PUN>.
<s n="2171"><w DPS>His <w NN1>party <w AJ0-VVD>alleged <w NN1>intimidation <w PRP>at <w NN1-VVG>polling <w NN2>stations <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hezbollah<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Baalbek <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2172"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Expatriate <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Faris <w NP0>Buwayz<c PUN>, <w NN1>son-in-law <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Hrawi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Phalangist <w NN1>leader <w NN1-NP0>Saadeh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN2>Posts<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="2173"><w VVB-NN1>Buwayz <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Saadeh <w VHD>had <w AV0>again <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>argue <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2174"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>withdrawals <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Maronite <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates <w VVG>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Assad <w NP0>Shaftari<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Al-Waad <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidature <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w VVD>reserved <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN2>Christians<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2175"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2176"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>SAHARA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2177"><w NN1>Defection <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>member
</head>
<p>
<s n="2178"><w VVB>Brahim <w NP0-NN1>Hakim<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w NP0>Algeria <w PRP>for <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>various <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>greeted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>defection <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN2>ranks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2179"><w NP0-NN1>Hakim <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>acted <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>Saharan <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w VVB>SADR&mdash;which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>movement <w NP0>Polisario <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>struggling <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara <w PRP>since <w CRD>1976<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2180"><w AV0>More <w AV0>recently <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NP0>Polisario<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2181"><w AJ0>Numerous <w NP0>Polisario <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN2>sources <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>similarly <w VVN>defected <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NP0>Polisario <w NN2>members <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>good <w NN2>intentions<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>as <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>clement <w CJC>and <w AJ0>forgiving<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN1>homeland<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2182"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rabat <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w NP0-NN1>Hakim <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>specifically <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Khalid <w NP0-NN1>Nezzar<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>changed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w VVD>recommended <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>settlement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>Morocco <w VBI>be <w VVN>found<c PUN>.
<s n="2183"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w NN1-VVB>interview <w PNP>he <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>leadership <w VVG>dating <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>rallying <w PRP>against <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>stubbornly <w VVG>persisting <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disastrous <w NN1>situation <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>a <w NN1>dead-end <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2184"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13 <w AJ0-VVD>accused <w NN1>Hakim <w PRF>of <w NN1>treason<c PUN>.
<s n="2185"><w NP0>Polisario <w NN2>sources <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>investigation <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>diversion <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Polisario<c PUN>, <w NP0>Algeria <w VVD>remained <w AV0>firmly <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2187"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2188"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2189"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="2190"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>23-member <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="2191"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>preside <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN1>date <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2192"><w VVB>Azzedine <w NP0-NN1>Laraki<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Karim <w NP0>Lamrani<c PUN>, <w CRD>72<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>economist <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRP>in <w NN1>business <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
<s n="2193"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unchanged<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>five <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w VBG>being <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Abderrahim <w NP0-NN1>Harrouchi <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2194"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>technocrats<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w NN1>party <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>minister <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>party <w NN1>affiliation <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN1>post&mdash;Moulay <w NN1>Alaiou <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Rally <w PRF>of <w NN2>Independents <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>RNI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>remained <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
<s n="2195"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w AV0>therefore <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>signal <w PRP>from <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w AV0>traditionally <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>palace <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VVI>receive <w AJ0>favourable <w NN1>treatment <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0-NN1>Bloc <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>formation <w PRP-AVP>in <w VM0>May <w VVI>see <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38982<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2196"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2197"><w NP0>TUNISIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2198"><w AJ0>Mass <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>activists
</head>
<p>
<s n="2199"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w CRD>171 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outlawed <w NN1-NP0>Nahda <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>after <w CRD>50 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>hearings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2200"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>accused<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>included <w DT0>some <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>faced <w NN2>charges <w PRP>in connection with <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>plot <w TO0>to <w VVI>assassinate <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zine <w NP0>al-Abidine <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Ali <w PRP>by <w VVG>shooting <w AVP>down <w DPS>his <w NN1>plane<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>uprising <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2201"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>171 <w NN2>defendants<c PUN>, <w CRD>37 <w VBD>were <w VVN>tried <w AV0>in absentia<c PUN>; <w CRD>thirty-five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>accused <w AJ0>received <w NN1>life <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w AJ0>exiled <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>: <w NP0>Rachid <w NP0-NN1>Ghannouchi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salah <w NP0-NN1>Karkar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Habib <w NP0-NN1>Mokni<c PUN>.
<s n="2202"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sadok <w NP0-NN1>Chourou <w CJC>and <w NP0>Habib <w NP0>Ellouz<c PUN>.
<s n="2203"><w CRD>Four <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>acquitted <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w VVD-VVN>received <w NN2>sentences <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2204"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sentences <w VBD>were <w VVN>pronounced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>panel <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1-AJ0>civilian <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w AJ0>military <w NN2>judges<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN1>prosecutor <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w CRD>19 <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>imposed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2206"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>including <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>Watch<c PUN>.
<s n="2207"><w PNP>They <w VVD>alleged <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>judicial <w NN2>procedures <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>conform <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN2>norms <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>confessions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>proved <w AJ0>crucial <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>convictions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>extracted <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>torture<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><w VVN>Interviewed <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>France <w NP0>Internationale <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exiled <w NN1-NP0>Ghannouchi <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>trials <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unjust <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVB>address <w AJ0>false <w NN2>problems<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w NN1>remedy <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>barracks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2209"><w PRP>In <w DT0>another <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN0>barracks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w CRD>108 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w PRP>in connection with <w DPS>their <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Commandos <w PRF>of <w NN1>Sacrifice<c PUN>.
<s n="2210"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>prosecutor <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w CRD>nine <w NN1>death <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>sentences <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w CRD>five <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>acquitted<c PUN>, <w CRD>11 <w AJ0-VVD>received <w NN2>sentences <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Habib <w AJ0-VVD>Lessoued <w AJ0>received <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="2211"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>evidence <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Commandos <w PRF>of <w NN1>Sacrifice <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Nahda <w NN1>splinter <w NN1>group<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06C>
<s n="2212"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2213"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>3 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w VVB-NN1>reshuffle <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38982<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>Hedi <w NP0>M'Henni <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Daly <w NP0-NN1>Jazi <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Fadhel <w NP0>Khelil <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0-NN1>Smaoui <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-VVB>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2214"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2215"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2216"><w NN1>Airport <w NN1-VVB>bomb
</head>
<p>
<s n="2217"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>at <w NP0>Algiers<w POS>'s <w NP0>Houari <w NP0-NN1>Boumedienne <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w VVD-VVN>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>nine <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVD>injured <w CRD>128<c PUN>.
<s n="2218"><w AT0>No <w NN1>organization <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w AJ0>random <w NN1>bombing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="2219"><w AJ0>Sporadic <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>, <w AV0>meanwhile<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2220"><w NN1>Responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>assassination <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>against <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Tolba<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AV0>officially <w VVN>dissolved<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>clandestine <w NN2>newsheets<c PUN>.
<s n="2221"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2222"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FIS <w VVB-NN1>newsheet <w NP0>Mihrab <w NP0>al-Jumaa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w AJ0-VVD>denied <w NP0>FIS <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>combatants <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>authorize <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>without <w VHG>having <w AV0>precisely <w VVN>defined <w DPS>their <w NN1>objective <w PRP>within <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>rules <w PRF>of <w NN1>Islam<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06D>
<s n="2223"><w NN1>Newspaper <w NN2>closures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2224"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decree <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w CJC>or <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>enterprise <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>endanger <w AJ0>public <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w AJ0>public <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>functioning <w PRF>of <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJC>higher <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2225"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCD<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Saadi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>return <w TO0>to <w VVI>power <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ruined <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2226"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>newspapers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w NN1>publication <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="2227"><w NP0>Le <w NP0>Matin<c PUN>, <w NP0>La <w NP0>Nation <w CJC>and <w NP0>Al-Jazair <w NN1>al-Yawm <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>published <w AJ0>erroneous <w NN1>information <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AJ0>national <w NN2>interests<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06E>
<s n="2228"><w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>groups
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2229"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1-2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VVN>arrested <w AV0>about <w CRD>30 <w AJ0-VVD>presumed <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w NN2>explosives<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AJ0>al-Oued<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
<s n="2230"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>gang<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baba <w NP0>Hacene<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tipasa <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="2231"><w CRD>Ten <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="2232"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22 <w CRD>five <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>men <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN-VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>gendarmerie <w NN1>unit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mendes <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w DPS>their <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>,
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2233"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2234"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2235"><w NN1>Renewal <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="2236"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>120 <w NN2>days <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38883<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2237"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w ORD>first <w VVB-NN1>review <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVN>deemed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>conditions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2238"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0-NN1>Mubarak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2239"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Petrovsky <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamer <w NP0>al-Kadhafi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing <w NN2-VVZ>suspects<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w NN2>days <w CJC>or <w NN2>weeks<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>review <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>possibly <w VVB>strengthen<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
<s n="2240"><w AJ0>Petrovsky <w AV0>also <w VVD>delivered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>leader <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2241"><w NP0>Kadhafi <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VBZ>is <w PRP>like <w AT0>an <w NN1>oven <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>cooked<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>said<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>Eat<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2242"><w NN2>Observers <w VVN-VVD>noted<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>urged <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>negotiate <w AV0>directly <w PRP>with <w NP0>America<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NP0>UN <w NN1>mediation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2243"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2244"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2245"><w VVB>Fereydun <w NP0>Farokhzad<c PUN>, <w CRD>48<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>singer<c PUN>, <w NN1>poet <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>dissident <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w VVN>stabbed <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2246"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2247"><w NP0>IRAN-UK
</head>
<p>
<s n="2248"><w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Rajavi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRF>of <w NP0>Geoffrey <w NP0>Brammer<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>UK <w NN1>diplomat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39027<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0-NN1>national <w VVN-VVD>employed <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>accountant <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NP0>UK <w NN2>citizens <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2249"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2250"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>ARAB <w NP0>EMIRATES
</head>
<p>
<s n="2251"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w DPS>its <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>numbered <w CRD>40,000 <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990-91 <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w NN1>crisis<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVB>replace <w DPS>its <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Arab <w CJC>and <w AJ0>non-Arab <w NN2>expatriates <w PRP>with <w NP0>UAE <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2252"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2253"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2254"><w NN1>Completion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="2255"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w NN1>possession<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>manufacture <w CJC>and <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w VBD>was <w VVN>presented <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w PRP>to <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Disarmament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJC>or <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2257"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>stalled <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>stalemate <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w CRD>39 <w AJ0>participating <w NN2>countries <w VBD>was <w AV0>gradually <w VVN>broken <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w CJS>as <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>superpowers <w VVN>improved <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>developments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38217<c PUN>; <w UNC>R153<c PUN>; <w CRD>38986<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2259"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN2-VVZ>stocks <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>period <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>inspections <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w NN1>compliance<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06F>
<s n="2260"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w NP0>NPT
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2261"><w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>proliferation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2262"><w PRP>Since <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPT<w POS>'s <w NN1>adoption <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>sign <w PNP>it <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VVD>granted <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>superpowers <w AT0>a <w AJ0>privileged <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="2263"><w DT0>This <w AV0>no longer <w VVN>applied <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>geopolitical <w NN1>situation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06G>
<s n="2264"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>test <w NN1-VVB>ban
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2265"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>by <w CRD>68 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>26 <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN2-VVZ>tests <w PRP>for <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN2>tests <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>permanently <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w DT0>all <w NN2>tests <w PRP>by <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2266"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>majority <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>George <w NP0>J. <w NP0>Mitchell<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>vote<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>noting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DT0>any <w NN2>limits <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>testing <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2267"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>its <w NN1>veto <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="2268"><w AT0>The <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w NN1>approval <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VVI>command <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>majority <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto <c PUL>(<w VVG>requiring <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2269"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>margin<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06H>
<s n="2270"><w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w NN1>disarmament <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2271"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>disarmament <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shanghai<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17-19<c PUN>.
<s n="2272"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>were <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>peninsula<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w NN1>forum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>opportunities <w PRP>for <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06J>
<s n="2273"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>under <w NP0>CFE
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2274"><w CJS>As <w NN2>officials <w VVD>lit <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>cutting <w NN1>torch <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Soviet-made <w AJ0>armoured <w NN1>car <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>cannon <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>base <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Erfurt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w NN2>arms <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conventional <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>) <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37838<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2275"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CFE <w NN1>treaty <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>40,000 <w NN2>tanks<c PUN>, <w NN1>artillery<c PUN>, <w NN2>helicopters <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2276"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2277"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL <w AJ0>MONETARY <w NN1>SITUATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2278"><w AJ0-AV0>Sharp <w NN1-VVB>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar
</head>
<p>
<s n="2279"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w VVD>saw <w AJ0>major <w NN2>upheavals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar <w AJ0>falling <w PRP>in <w NN1>value <w PRP>against <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w CJC>and <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="2280"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>repeated <w NN2>interventions <w PRP>by <w AJ0>central <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>fell <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN1>low <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM1.40 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2281"><w AT0>The <w NN1>switch <w PRP>by <w NN1>currency <w NN2>dealers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark&mdash;not <w AV0>least <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>gap <w PRP>in <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VVG>obtaining <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN1>countries&mdash;also <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>pound <w NN1>sterling <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN0>lira <w AV0>in particular <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN2>banks <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AV0>both <w PRP>within <w DPS>their <w AJ0>permitted <w NN2>ranges <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community<w POS>'s <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <c PUL>(<w UNC>ERM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2283"><w AT0>The <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>affected <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>share <w NN2>values <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frankfurt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Milan <w VVG>falling <w PRP>to <w AJ0>new <w NN2>lows <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w AV0>also <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="2284"><w AV0-AJ0>Only <w NP0>Tokyo <w VBD>was <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>buoyant<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>package <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39049<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2285"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2286"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2287"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN2>purchases
</head>
<p>
<s n="2288"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Safeworld <w NN1>Foundation<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>organization <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Middle <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w PRP>worth <w PRP>between <w UNC>US&dollar;435,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;445,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="2289"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>purchaser <w VBD>was <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>supplier <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>all <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>powers <w VVD-VVN>made <w AJ0>major <w NN2>purchases <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>received <w NN2>orders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2290"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Safeworld <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>unless <w NN2>arms <w NN2-VVZ>transfers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VBB>are <w VVN>reduced <w CJC>and <w VVN>controlled<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>hopes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>&hellip; <w VM0>may <w VVI>disappear <w PRP>beneath <w AT0>an <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>race <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>perpetuates <w NN1>instability<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>conflict <w CJC>and <w NN1>bloodshed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2291"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2292"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2293"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>pollution
</head>
<p>
<s n="2294"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Laboratory<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVD>concluded <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>pollution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>waters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>war <w VBD>was <w AV0>much <w AV0>less <w AJ0>serious <w CJS>than <w AV0>originally <w VVN>feared<c PUN>.
<s n="2295"><w AJ0>Initial <w NN2>reports <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>marine <w NN1>ecosystem <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AJ0>irreparable <w NN1>damage <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>oil <w NN2>spills <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>action <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37937-38<c PUN>; <w CRD>37988<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2296"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w AJ0>marine <w NN2>scientists<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>analysed <w NN2>samples <w PRF>of <w NN2>sediments<c PUN>, <w NN2>molluscs <w CJC>and <w NN0>fish <w VVN-VVD>collected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2297"><w PNP>They <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>pollution <w VBD>was <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w CRD>400 <w NN0>km <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>coastline <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>spills <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>digested <w PRP>by <w NN2>microbes<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>sea-bed <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>cancer-causing <w NN2>chemicals <w VVN>produced <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>burning <w NN1>oil <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w DT0>those <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w NN2>estuaries <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2298"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>pollution <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>waters <w PRP>around <w NP0>Bahrain <w VBD>was <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>team <w VVD-VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>tanker <w NN1>traffic <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-month <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLNCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLNCA06K>
<s n="2299"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NN1-AJ0>waste <w NN2>imports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2300"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>import <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>refuse<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w NN2>quantities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hazardous <w NN1>waste <w VVN-VVD>concealed <w PRP>in <w NN2>consignments <w PRF>of <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>rubbish <w VVN-VVD>imported <w PRP>from <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>for <w NN1>disposal <w PRP>in <w NN1>landfill <w NN2>sites <w PRP>in <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="2301"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>hazardous <w NN2>elements <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>syringes <w CJC>and <w NN1>blood <w NN2>bags <w PRP>from <w NN2>hospitals<c PUN>.
<s n="2302"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>action <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>interception <w PRP>by <w NN2>customs <w NN2>officers <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>German <w NN2>lorries <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN1>waste<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2303"><w AV0-AJ0>Tight <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>recycling <w NN2>laws <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>for <w VVG>encouraging <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste <w PRP>in <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2304"><w AT0>A <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NP0>Greenpeace <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w AV0>that <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w AJ0>harmful <w NN1>waste <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>organized <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>networks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2305"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>, <w NN1>Nature <w NN1>Conservation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>T&ouml;pfer<c PUN>, <w AV0>initially <w VVN-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w PNP>it <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Strasbourg <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>S&eacute;gol&egrave;ne <w AJ0>Royal<c PUN>, <w PRP>pending <w AJC>further <w NN2>talks <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2306"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2307"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2308"><w NN1>Air <w VVZ-NN2>crashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nepal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia
</head>
<p>
<s n="2309"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN2>investigators<c PUN>, <w VVG>concerning <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN2>Airways <w NN1>Airbus <w DTQ>which <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Himalayas <w PRP>near <w NP0>Kathmandu <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w DT0>all <w CRD>113 <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w NN1>crew <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39033<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>pilot <w VHD>had <w VVN>struggled <w PRP>with <w AJ0>faulty <w NN1>wing <w VVZ>flaps <w NN2>minutes <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>accident<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2310"><w DT0>All <w CRD>82 <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w NN1>crew <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJS>when <w AT0>an <w NN1>Aeroflot <w NN1>plane <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w CJS>while <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w PRP>in <w NN1>rain <w CJC>and <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fog <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Ivanovo<c PUN>, <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="2311"><w AJ0>Initial <w NN2>investigations <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>crash <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>weather <w CJC>and <w AV0>either <w VVB-NN1>pilot <w NN1>error <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>failure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>communications <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2312"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2313"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE <w NN1>RESEARCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2314"><w NN1-NP0>Atlantis <w NN1>mission
</head>
<p>
<s n="2315"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Space <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1-NP0>Atlantis <w VVN-VVD>landed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-day <w NN1>mission <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w VVZ-NN2>astronauts <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>deploy <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>satellite <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD>20 <w NN0>km <w AJ0-VVN>sheathed <w NN1>copper <w VVB>tether<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2316"><w AT0>The <w UNC>US&dollar;373,000,000 <w AJ0>Tethered <w NN1>Satellite <w NN1>System <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>pulled <w PRP>through <w NN1>space <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electrical <w NN2>properties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>atmosphere<c PUN>.
<s n="2317"><w AJC>Earlier <w NN2>predictions <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>volts <w PRF>of <w NN1>energy <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>generated <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w VVB>tether <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>crossed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Earth<w POS>'s <w AJ0>magnetic <w NN1>field <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>28,000 <w NN0>kph<c PUN>.
<s n="2318"><w PRP>Due to <w NN1-VVG>jamming<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w VVB>tether <w VM0>could <w AV0>initially <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>wound <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>230 <w NN2>metres <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>freed<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>attempt <w VBD>was <w VVN>cancelled <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>jettison <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Agency <w NN1>satellite <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>safely <w VVN>recovered<c PUN>.
<s n="2319"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>full <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2320"><w NN2>Engineers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w AV0>successfully <w VVN-VVD>fired <w NN2>thrusters <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESA<c PUR>) <w UNC>US&dollar;400,000,000 <w ITJ>Eureka <w NN1-VVB>research <w NN1>satellite <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>altitude <w PRF>of <w CRD>507 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AV0>dangerously <w AJ0>low <w NN1>orbit <w PRF>of <w NN0>100km <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>stuck <w PRP>due to <w NN0>data <w NN1>communication <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="2321"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Atlantis <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2322"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2323"><w AJ0>OLYMPIC <w NN2>GAMES
</head>
<p>
<s n="2324"><w AT0>The <w NN2>games <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>25th <w NP0-NN1>Olympiad <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Barcelona<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w NP0>25-Aug. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2325"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Barcelona <w NN2>Olympics <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AV0>ever <w NN1>summer <w NN2>games<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>more than <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>competitors <w CJC>and <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2326"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>notable <w NN2>features <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w NN2>athletes <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Unified <w NN1>Team<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>arrangement<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>participation <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w VVD>readmitted <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>banned <w PRP>since <w CRD>1960 <w PRP>because of <w DPS>its <w NN1>apartheid <w NN1>policy<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>rigorous <w NN1>testing <w PRP>for <w NN1>drug <w NN1>abuse<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>disqualification <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>athletes <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>tested <w AJ0>positive <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>games <w PRP>for <w AJ0>banned <w NN2>substances <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w DT0>each <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>, <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unified <w NN1>Team <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>exactly <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w VVN-VVD>disqualified <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Seoul <w NN2>games <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2327"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2328"><w NP0>IMF
</head>
<p>
<s n="2329"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>membership <w NN1>application <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2330"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2331"><w NP0>WCC
</head>
<p>
<s n="2332"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Churches<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>association <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Protestant <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Orthodox <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>churches <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>elected <w NP0>Konrad <w NP0-NN1>Raiser <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w NN1>professor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>theology <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ruhr <w NN1>University <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bochum<c PUN>, <w NP0>Raiser <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Castro <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

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<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 60953 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 889 Kbytes running text, containing about 60953 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLP</idno><idno type="old"> krw209 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7225"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="253"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="126"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="358"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="947"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="244"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2563"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="57718"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7225"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="253"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="126"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="358"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="947"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="244"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2563"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="57718"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w NN1-NP0>Bisho <w NN1-VVB>massacre <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>29 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>over <w CRD>200 <w AJ0-VVD>injured <w CJS>when <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>nominally <w AJ0>independent <w NP0>Ciskei<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>homeland<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NN1>bantustan<c PUR>) <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVG>marching <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ciskei <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Bisho<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA000></p>
<caption id=HLPCA000>
<s n="5"><w NN1>Background <w PRP>to <w NN2>killings
</caption>
<p>
<s n="6"><w NP0>Brig.
<s n="7"><w NP0>Joshua <w NP0>Oupa <w NP0>Gqozo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>ruler <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ciskei<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>marchers <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w NP0>Ciskei <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39037 <w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>confrontation<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>demonstration <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>aim <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>rebellion<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>deterred <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>whichit <w VVD-VVN>considered <w AJ0>illegitimate <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="9"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>defended <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>stage <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>action <w NN1>campaign <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39037<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gqozo<w POS>'s <w NN1>regime <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ciskei <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>prohibited <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVG>organizing <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>homeland<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>850,000<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>strategy <w TO0>to <w VVI>weaken <w AT0>the <w NN2>attempts <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w TO0>to <w VVI>forge <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>black <w NN1>bantustan <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA001></p>
<caption id=HLPCA001>
<s n="11"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>march <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Shooting <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Aftermath
</caption>
<p>
<s n="12"><w AV0>Early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>magistrate <w VVD>granted <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>march <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>stadium <w AV0>just <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ciskei <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Cyril <w NP0>Ramaphosa<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>intended <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w PRP>on to <w NP0-NN1>Bisho <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w CRD>1 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>stadium<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w AT0>A <w NN1>crowd <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w CRD>70,000 <w VVD>approached <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Police <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>SAP<c PUR>) <w NN1>escort <w VVD>withdrew<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="15"><w CJS>As <w NP0>Ramaphosa <w VBD>was <w VVG>beginning <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Secretariat <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w NN2>intermediaries <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ciskei <w NN2>authorities<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN2>marchers <w VVD>broke <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>razor-wire <w NN1>border <w NN1>fencing <w CJC>and <w VVD>started <w VVG>moving <w PRP>towards <w NP0-NN1>Bisho<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ronnie <w NP0>Kasrils<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SACP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w PRP>At <w DT0>this <w NN1>point <w NP0>Ciskei <w NN2>troops <w PRP>without <w NN1>warning <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w NP0>Brig.
<s n="19"><w NP0>Gqozo <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>attack <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>in <w NN1>self-defence<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>eye <w NN2>witnesses <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>statement <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>no <w NN1>time <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ciskei <w NN2>troops <w VVN>endangered<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="21"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>distance <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>march <w VVN>stipulated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>magistrate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VHD>had <w VVN>known<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>shot<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>wanted <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>shot<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w VVN-VVD>ascribed <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>provocative <w NN2>actions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="23"><w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Hernus <w NP0>Kriel <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ciskei <w NN2>shootings <w VBD>were <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>contention <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ciskei <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w AV0>there <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>property<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w AJ0>white <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="25"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>defended <w DPS>its <w NN2>actions<c PUN>, <w VVG>repeating <w DPS>its <w NN1>contention <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>peaceful <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>engage <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>peaceful <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w PNP>It <w VVD>declared <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w VVD>lay <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w AJ0>financial<c PUN>, <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ciskei <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrain <w NP0>Gqozo<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w DT0>This <w NN1>view <w VBD>was <w VVN>echoed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <w VVD>bore <w AJ0>full <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>keeping <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ciskei <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>bantustans <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="29"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>King <w NP0>William<w POS>'s <w NP0>Town<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>70,000 <w AJ0>angry <w NN2>mourners <w VVD-VVN>gathered <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>from <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>SACP<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w NP0>Walter <w NP0>Sisulu<c PUN>, <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w VBB>be <w PNP>it <w NP0>Ciskei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bophuthatswana <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Kwazulu<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>no-go <w NN2>areas <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>singling <w AVP>out <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bantustans <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>restricted <w CJC>and <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Hani<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SACP <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN1>revenge<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Gqozo <w VM0>must <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVB-NN1>massacre<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>told <w NN2>mourners<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>accidental <w PRP>about <w NP0-NN1>Bisho<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>operation<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="34"><w PNP>I <w VVB>blame <w AT0>the <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLPCA002></p>
<caption id=HLPCA002>
<s n="35"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>by <w NP0>Goldstone <w NN1>Commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="36"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Goldstone <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38991<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>at <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w VVD>began <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bisho <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AJ0>reasonable <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>negotiated <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN2>demonstrations <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>tolerated <w AV0>anywhere <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w PNP>It <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ciskei <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>reprehensibly<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deliberate <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>causing <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w NN2>injuries <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w NP0-NN1>Goldstone <w VVD>dismissed <w AV0>as <w AJ0>improbable <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="40"><w NP0>Gqozo<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>claim <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w PRP>at <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators <c PUL>(<w NN1>ballistics <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w AJ0>dead <w NP0>Ciskei <w NN1>soldier <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN2>soldiers<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w PNP>It <w VVD>recommended <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w VBB>be <w VVN>brought<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>indiscriminate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>prolonged <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>at <w AJ0>innocent <w NN2>demonstrators <w VBZ>is <w AV0>morally <w CJC>and <w AV0>legally <w AJ0>indefensible <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>deserving <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>censure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Kasrils <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w DPS>their <w NN2>actions <w CJS>as <w AJ0>irresponsible<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>censure <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w CJC>and <w NP0>SACP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA003></p>
<caption id=HLPCA003>
<s n="43"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="44"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="45"><w NP0-NN1>Ramaphosa <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>Roelf <w NP0>Meyer<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w PNP>He <w VVD>emphasized<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>attendance <w PRP>at <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVG>meeting <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>conditions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38948<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w AJ0>chief <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>sides<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w NN2>occasions <w PRP>between <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>discussing <w CRD>three <w AJ0>specific <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>preconditions<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1>surveillance <w PRF>of <w NN1>migrant <w NN1>worker <w NN2>hostels<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>display <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w NN2>Sources <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>stumbling <w NN1>block <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>identification <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Meyer <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ramaphosa <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>progressed <w AV0>sufficiently <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>President <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mandela <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA004></p>
<caption id=HLPCA004>
<s n="50"><w NN1>Record <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Understanding
</caption>
<p>
<s n="51"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Johannesburg <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>between <w NP0>Meyer <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ramaphosa<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>encapsulated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Record <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Understanding<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38948<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-racial <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="53"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Record <w PRF>of <w VVG>Understanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>already <w VVN>released <w DT0>some <w CRD>150 <w NN2>prisoners <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w AJ0>good <w NN1>faith<c PUN>, <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>the <w AJ0>phased <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>abandoned <w DPS>its <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>for <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>SAP <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN1>state <w NN2>officials <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39037<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="55"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Record <w PRF>of <w NN1>Understanding <w VVN>identified <w CRD>24 <w NN1>migrant <w NN1>worker <w NN2>hostels <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>fenced <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w DT0>This <w NN1>compromise <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>hostels <w VBB>be <w PRP>subject to <w NN2>restrictions <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0>Goldstone<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w PNP>he <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w DT0>all <w NN2>hostels <w VBB>are <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w VM0>should <w AV0>properly <w VBI>be <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NN1>criminality <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostels<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>effective <w NN2>steps <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w AT0>the <w NN1>carrying <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dangerous <c PUL>(<w PRP>including<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>traditional<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NN2>weapons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38661<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVN>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>high-level <w NN2>discussions <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>between <w NP0>Meyer <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ramaphosa<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w PRP>As well as <w VVG>preparing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations <w DT0>these <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VVI>focus <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA005></p>
<caption id=HLPCA005>
<s n="61"><w NN1>Reaction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buthelezi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="62"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Mangosuthu <w NP0>Buthelezi <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>reached <w PRP>between <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mandela<c PUN>, <w PNP>his <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Zulu <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="63"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Shaka <w NP0>Day<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w VVG>celebrating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Zulu <w NN1>hero<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>brandishing <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>traditional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buthelezi <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm <w NP0>Inkatha <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>defied <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>fencing <w PRP>around <w NN1>migrant <w NN1>worker <w NN2>hostels<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN2>strongholds<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>emphatically <w VVN>rejected<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>an <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA006></p>
<caption id=HLPCA006>
<s n="65"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners
</caption>
<p>
<s n="66"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>notorious <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>McBride <w CJC>and <w NP0>Barend <w NP0-NN1>Strydom<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="67"><w NP0>McBride<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AV0>most <w AJ0>contentious <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>prisoner<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>after <w VVG>planting <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>three <w AJ0>white <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w VVD>injured <w CRD>87 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w DPS>His <w NN2>actions <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>reviled <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>prisoner<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>thought <w CJT>that <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>release <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Meyer <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ramaphosa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="70"><w NN1-NP0>Strydom<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>white <w NN1>supremacist<c PUN>, <w VVD>shot <w CJC>and <w VVD>killed <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>black <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>random <w NN1>attack <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36322<c PUN>; <w CRD>36647<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>regarded <w NP0-NN1>Strydom <w XX0>not <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>prisoner <w CJC>but <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>racist <w NN1>psychopath<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>release <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>appease <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>community <w VVN>angered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>McBride<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="73"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="74"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="75"><w VVB>Vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>impeach <w NP0>Collor
</head>
<p>
<s n="76"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>stripped <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>434 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>34 <w TO0>to <w VVI>impeach <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w VVG>abusing <w DPS>his <w NN1>authority<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w NN2>Deputies <w VVD>sang <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>anthem <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVD>reached <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>336 <w AJ0-VVN>required <w PRP>for <w NN1>impeachment<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>100,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>building <w VVD-VVN>celebrated<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>; <w CRD>one <w NN1>street <w NN1>demonstration <w AV0>completely <w VVD-VVN>blocked <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Paulo<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AT0>The <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets <w VVD>showed <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>rises<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="80"><w NP0>Collor<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>promising <w TO0>to <w VVI>root <w AVP>out <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN2>practices <w PRP>in <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w NN1>impeachment <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w CJS>If <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w AV0>permanently <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>barred <w PRP>from <w VVG>holding <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elective <w NN1>position <w PRP>for <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w AV0>currently <w VBG>being <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aristides <w NP0>Junqueira<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA007></p>
<caption id=HLPCA007>
<s n="83"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>resignations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="84"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w AV0>en masse<c PUN>, <w VVG>joining <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Bornhausen<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="85"><w PRP>By <w VVG>resigning <w NP0>Bornhausen <w VVD>broke <w AT0>a <w NN1>pact <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>undertook <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>an <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>held<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethical <w NN2>ministers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marcilio <w NP0>Marques <w NP0>Moreira <w CJC>and <w PRP>including <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>C&eacute;lio <w NP0>Borja <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bornhausen<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VVN>signed <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>pact<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>governability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>out of <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w NP0>Collor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="87"><w NN1>Education <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Goldemburg <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>over <w AJ0>drastic <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>education <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w VVG>complaining <w CJT>that <w NP0>Collor <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w AJ0>political <w NN1>survival <w CJS>than <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>well-being <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39002<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="88"><w NP0>Marco <w NP0>Maciel<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-time <w NP0>Collor <w AJ0-NN1>loyalist<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Odacir <w NP0>Soares<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-government <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA008></p>
<caption id=HLPCA008>
<s n="89"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="90"><w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Itamar <w NP0>Franco<c PUN>, <w CRD>61<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1>politician <w CJC>but <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>unknown <w CJC>and <w AJ0>untouched <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>name <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="92"><w NP0>Franco<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN2>ideas <w PRP>at <w NN2>odds <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>free-market <w AJ0>neo-liberal <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w NP0>Collor<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberalization <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA009></p>
<caption id=HLPCA009>
<s n="93"><w AT0>The <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>impeachment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="94"><w AT0>The <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN2>Attorneys<w POS>' <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAB<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN1>Press <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>ABI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w PRP>for <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>removal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ibsen <w NP0>Pinheiro<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>49-member <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>committee <w VVD>began <w VVG>examining <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>after <w VVG>studying <w AT0>the <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>Inquiry <c PUL>(<w NN0>CPI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother <w PRP>against <w NN1>businessman <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Farias<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>manager <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38909-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="98"><w AT0>The <w NN0>CPI <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>contained <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>from <w AJ0>seized <w NN1>computer <w NN2>files <w DTQ>which <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w NN2>Farias<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w NN1>influence <w VVG-NN1>peddling<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>diverted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;6,500,000 <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>phantom<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Collor <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w NN2>Receipts <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>firm <w PRF>of <w NN1>landscape <w NN2>gardeners <w AV0>alone <w VVN-VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Collor <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500,000 <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tropical <w NN1>garden <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bras&iacute;lia<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w NN2>Farias <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>manipulated <w NN1>government <w NN2>funds <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>contracts <w TO0>to <w VVI>benefit <w PNX>himself <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>associates <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w PRP>Among <w NN2>beneficiaries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fraud <w VVN>named <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VBD>was <w DT0>former <w NN1>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Zelia <w NP0>Cardoso <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello <w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monthly<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>salary<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Farias<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="102"><w AV0>Equally <w VVG-AJ0>damaging <w PRP>to <w NP0>Collor <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>police <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Argentine <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficker <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1-NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Farias<w POS>'s <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN1>acetone <w CJC>and <w NN1>ether <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Paraguay<c PUN>, <w VVG>returning <w PRP>with <w AJ0>refined <w NN1>cocaine <w CJC>and <w NN1>coca <w NN1>paste<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="103"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Farias <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w AJ0>private <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Claudio <w NP0>Vieira<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>obstructing <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w NN1>government <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w NN1-VVB>Bank <w NN2>documents <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Vieira <w VVD>controlled <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;2,370,000 <w NN1-VVB>fund <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AT0>the <w NN1>president<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>household <w NN2>expenses<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>inquiry <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w DPS>his <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w NN2>monies <w VVN-VVD>unearthed <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>investigations <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>residue <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w NN1>fund <w PRP>from <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="106"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w VVD>fuelled <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>resentment <w PRP>at <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w VBD>was <w VVN>united <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>governors<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w NN2>students <w PRP>in <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-impeachment <w NN1>campaign <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w CJC>and <w VVN>driven <w PRP>by <w NN2>demonstrations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>grew <w PRP>in <w NN1>size <w CJC>and <w NN1>frequency <w PRP>between <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w AJ0-AV0>alone<c PUN>, <w CRD>700,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Paulo <w VVG>demanding <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w CRD>300,000 <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Recife <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="109"><w NN1>Army <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Tinoco <w NP0>Ribeiro <w NP0>Gomes <w VVD>dismissed <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w CRD>1964-1985<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="110"><w VVG-AJ0>Lacking <w AJ0>political <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w NP0>Collor <w VVD>turned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w TO0>to <w VVI>question <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJS>while <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>needed <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w DPS>his <w NN1>defence <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>declined <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AT0>the <w NN1>impeachment <w NN2>proceedings <w CJC>but <w VVD>gave <w NP0>Collor <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Sept <w CRD>22 <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w DPS>his <w NN1>defence <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w PNP>him <w PRP>until <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>consequence<c PUN>, <w NP0>Collor <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w DPS>his <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19-22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="113"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w AJ0>legal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>rejected <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>postponement<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>ordered <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>open <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>by <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>ballot<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w PRP>in response to <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>advisers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>using <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VVI>solicit <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>168 <w NN2>deputies <w VVN-VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>fend <w AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="116"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="117"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="118"><w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>French <w NN1>referendum
</head>
<p>
<s n="119"><w PRP>During <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>union <w CJS>as <w VVN>envisaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38785<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>thrown <w PRP>into <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>setback <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>integration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>realignment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <c PUL>(<w UNC>ERM<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>System <c PUL>(<w NP0>EMS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN1>currency <w NN1>speculation <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w PRP>by <w NN1>sterling <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>on <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>so <w AJ0>narrow <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispel <w AJ0>growing <w NN2>doubts <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>integration <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVG>rejecting <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>similarly <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38942<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="123"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>currency <w VVD>stood <w PRP>near <w DPS>its <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>permitted <w NN1>ERM <w NN1>floor <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark <w PRF>of <w NN0>&pound;1.00=DM2.778<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN0>lira <w VBD>was <w AV0>likewise <w PRP>at <w PRP-AVP>around <w DPS>its <w NN1>ERM <w NN1>floor <w PRF>of <w UNC>L765.4=DM1.00<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="124"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w DPS>its <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>borrow <w AT0>an <w NN1>amount <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>10,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN2>units <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=ECU1.434 <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>stage<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>currencies <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>for <w NN1>sterling <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>market <w PRP>in addition to <w DT0>any <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>market <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy <w VVD>raised <w DPS>its <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>13.25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lombard <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>14.75 <w PRP>to <w CRD>16.50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>amidst <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>support <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="126"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bath <c PUL>(<w NP0>UK<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN2>governors <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN2>rates<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>stood <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>present <w NN2>circumstances <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>German <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="127"><w AJ0>European <w NN2>markets <w VBD>were <w AV0>further <w VVN>unsettled <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w PRP>by <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>Finland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w NN2>applicants <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38834<c PUN>; <w CRD>38353<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>step <w PRP>by <w NP0>Norway <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37782<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VVN>associated <w DPS>their <w NN2>currencies <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38297<c PUN>; <w CRD>38202<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="128"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>outflow <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>markka <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>float<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereupon <w PNP>it <w VVD>depreciated <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1-NP0>Rijksbank <w VVD>raised <w DPS>its <w AJ0>marginal <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w VVG>lending <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system <w PRP>from <w CRD>16 <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD>arranged <w AT0>a <w NN1>currency <w NN1>loan <w PRF>of <w UNC>ECU16,000 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>krona<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00A>
<s n="130"><w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>devaluation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="131"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>stand<c PUN>, <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government <w VVD>sought <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>emergency <w NN2-VVZ>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>present <w CJC>or <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>crises <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39113<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>markets <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="132"><w DT0>These <w NN2>steps <w VVD-VVN>failed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.5 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>currencies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>participants <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="133"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>realignment <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upward <w NN1>revaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NN1>West<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>German<c PUN>, <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Belgian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Luxembourg <w NN2>currencies <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34889<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>since <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w VBN>been <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>in conjunction with <w DPS>its <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>narrow <w CRD>2.25 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>fluctuation <w NN1>band <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37196<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="134"><w NP0>UK <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>reiterated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w DTQ>whatever <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w UNC>DM2.95 <w AJ0>central <w NN1>parity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="135"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w CRD>8.75 <w PRP>to <w CRD>8.25 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NP0>Lombard <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>9.75 <w PRP>to <w CRD>9.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NN1>rate <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w CJC>and <w NP0>Austria <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>discount <w NN2>rates <w VVN>cut <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>case <w PRP>from <w CRD>8.5 <w PRP>to <w CRD>8.25 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Sweden <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="137"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>German <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w NN1>sterling <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w PRP>about <w UNC>DM2.78 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>just <w PRP>above <w DPS>its <w AJ0>permitted <w NN1>floor <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w VVN>weakened <w PRP>to <w PRP>over <w UNC>DM800 <c PUL>(<w PRP>around <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>central <w NN1>rate<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00B>
<s n="138"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w UNC>ERM <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>devaluation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="139"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>lending <w NN1>rate <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN2>banks<w POS>' <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>turbulent <w NN2>conditions <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>then <w VVN>announced <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w AV0>further <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w AJ0>equal <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>peak <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989-90<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w UNC>DM2.75<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="141"><w VVN>Faced <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>situation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>same <w NN1>evening <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>suspended <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w NN1>increase <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>rescinded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="142"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2>officials<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN2>authorities <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>abstain <w AV0>temporarily <w PRP>from <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w VM0>would <w AV0>likewise <w VVI>float <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>peseta <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>argued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w CJT>that <w NN2>requests <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>for <w NP0>Germany <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>its <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="144"><w AT0>The <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w NN2>words<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w AV0>in particular <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="145"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>blame <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>for <w VVG>producing <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Chancellor<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w AV0>later <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>inappropriate <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>minister<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>referred <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1-VVB>interview <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>fault <w NN2>lines <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>past <w DT0>few <w NN2>days<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNX>itself <w VVD-VVN>needed <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0-NN1>Bundesbank <w NN1>president <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Schlesinger <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>needed <w CJS>before <w NN1>sterling <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>readmitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLPCA00C><s n="148"><w NP0>Belgium/Luxembourg <w CRD>42.4032 <w CRD>42.0639 <w CRD>41.9547 <w NP0>Denmark <w CRD>7.84195 <w CRD>7.77921 <w CRD>7.75901 <w NP0>France <w CRD>6.89509 <w CRD>6.83992 <w CRD>6.82216 <w NP0>Germany <w CRD>2.05586 <w CRD>2.03942 <w CRD>2.03412 <w UNC>Greece* <w CRD>205.311 <w CRD>251.202 <w CRD>250.550 <w NP0>Ireland <w CRD>0.767417 <w CRD>0.761276 <w CRD>0.759300 <w UNC>Italy** <w CRD>1538.24 <w CRD>1636.61 <w CRD>1632.36 <w NP0>Netherlands <w CRD>2.31643 <w CRD>2.29789 <w CRD>2.29193 <w NP0>Portugal <w CRD>178.735 <w CRD>177.305 <w CRD>176.844 <w NP0>Spain <w CRD>133.631 <w CRD>132.562 <w CRD>139.176 <w AJ0>United <w UNC>Kingdom** <w CRD>0.696904 <w CRD>0.691328 <w CRD>0.689533
</p>
<caption id=HLPCA00C>
<s n="149"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>central <w NN1>currency <w NN2>rates <w PRP>against <w NN0>ECU <w NP0>pre-Sept. <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14-17 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17
</caption>
<p>
<s n="150"><w UNC>*Non-participant <w PRP>in <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="151"><w UNC>**Withdrew <w PRP>from <w NN1>ERM <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLPCA00D><s n="152"><w AJ0>European <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>system<c PUN>; <w NP0>Germany <w VVZ>promises <w XX0>not <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVB>raise <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w CJC>but <w VVZ>refuses <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>: <w AT0>The <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN0>markka<c PUN>, <w VVN>pegged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>ECU <w PRP>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>float <w AV0>freely<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w AT0>a <w NN1>run <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Nordic <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8-9<c PUN>: <w NP0>Sweden <w VVZ>raises <w DPS>its <w AJ0>marginal <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>16 <w PRP>to <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>: <w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>realignment <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS <w PRP>since <w CRD>1987 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN0>lira <w VBZ>is <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>: <w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank <w VVZ>cuts <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lombard <w NN1>rate <w PRP>by <w CRD>0.25 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PRP>by <w CRD>0.5 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w NN2>Rates <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w VVN>cut <w PRP>in <w NN2>countries <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN2>currencies <w VBB>are <w AV0>most <w AV0>closely <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark <c PUL>(<w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Sweden<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>prevent <w NN2>markets <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w AJC>weaker <w NN1>ERM <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>: <w NN1>Sterling<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>peseta <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w VVN>forced <w PRP>below <w DPS>their <w NN1>ERM <w NN2>floors <w PRP>by <w AJ0>speculative <w NN1>selling<c PUN>; <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN2>interventions <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVZ>announces <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>10 <w PRP>to <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP>to <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>effective <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NN1>sterling<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVZ>withdraws <w NN1>sterling <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w DPS>its <w NN1>value <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>float<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVZ>falls <w DT0>some <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark <w PRP>to <w AV0>below <w UNC>DM2.52 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ>cuts <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w NP0>Sweden <w VVZ>raises <w DPS>its <w AJ0>marginal <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>rate <w PRP>to <w CRD>500 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w VVN>brought <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>: <w AT0>The <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Committee <w VVZ>agrees <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w AT0>The <w NN1>peseta <w VBZ>is <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w VVZ>cuts <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>: <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>referendum <w VVZ>produces <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w AV0>narrowly <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w NP0>Major <w VVZ>calls <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>summit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Maastricht <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS <w PRP>for <w NP0>mid-October<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>: <w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w VVZ>cuts <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w PRP>to <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23<c PUN>: <w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>French <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN1>government <w VVB>intervene <w AV0>heavily <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>markets <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w NN1>franc<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w NP0>Spain <w VVZ>reintroduces <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2-VVZ>controls<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>: <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal <w VVB>introduce <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2-VVZ>controls<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>: <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w VVB>reaffirm <w DPS>their <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS <w PRP>despite <w NP0>UK <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00D>
<s n="172"><w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5<c PUN>: <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN2>ministers <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bath <w VVB>discuss <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the
</caption>
<caption id=HLPCA00E>
<s n="173"><w NN2>Repercussions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>upheaval
</caption>
<p>
<s n="174"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w VHD>had <w AJ0>wide <w NN2>repercussions <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>preoccupation <w PRP>at <w NN2>discussions <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w UNC>IMF/World <w NN1>Bank <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39119<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="175"><w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w NN1>Base <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w AV0>further <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w DPS>its <w AJS>lowest <w NN1>level <w PRP>since <w CRD>mid-1988 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>stood <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Lombard <w NN1>rate<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w NN1>sterling <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w AV0>just <w AV0>below <w NN0>&pound;1.00=DM2.52<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w AJ0-VVD>revived <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <w PRP>over <w NP0>EC <w NN1>policy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>UK <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39112<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Schlesinger <w VVD>made <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJC>greater <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>DM44,000 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN0>DM <w NN0>sales<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bundesbank <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in support of <w NN1>sterling <c PUL>(<w DT0>this <w NN1>figure <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>excluding <w NN2>operations <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22-23 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>franc <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>pressure <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="180"><w NP0>Italy<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w NN1>rate <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w CRD>876<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>8.5 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>rate <w VVN-VVD>set <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="182"><w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w AT0>The <w NN1>franc <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w VVG>falling <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>to <w AV0-AJ0>just <w PRP>above <w DPS>its <w UNC>F3.43 <w NN1>ERM <w NN1>floor <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>French-German <w NN1>intervention <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>raising <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>key <w NN1>money <w NN1>market <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NN1>franc <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>F3.38 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="185"><w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w NP0>Spain <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AV0>effectively <w VVN-VVD>reintroduced <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>controls <c PUL>(<w VVN>abolished <w AV0>as <w AV0>recently <w CJS>as <w NP0>February<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>interest-free <w NN2>deposits <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>counterpart <w PRP>to <w AJ0>various <w NN2>categories <w PRF>of <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN2>pesetas <w CJS>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w AV0>both <w AJ0-VVN>limited <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>operations <c PUL>(<w VVG>including <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>case <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>punt <w VVB-NN1>swap <w NN2>activities <w PRP>by <w NN2>non-residents<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>raised <w DPS>its <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>10.75 <w PRP>to <w CRD>13.75 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="187"><w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sweden <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>reduced <w DPS>its <w AJ0>marginal <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>75 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>outflows <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>level <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w VVN-VVD>raised <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>draconian <w CRD>500 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w NN1>maximum <w VBD>was <w VVN>cut <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>later <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="189"><w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Swiss <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank<w POS>'s <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w VVN>lowered <w PRP>from <w CRD>7 <w PRP>to <w CRD>6.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="191"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN2>ministers<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>calm <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>action <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>factor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00F>
<s n="192"><w NP0>French <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>referendum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="193"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w VVN-VVD>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>electorate <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w VBD>was<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN0>people <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w VVG-NN1>authorizing <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union<c PUN>?<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLPCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00G>
<s n="194"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="195"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38942<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w DPS>His <w NN1>announcement <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>flagging <w NN1>popularity<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w AJ0>French <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>European <w NN1>integration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>setback <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>expose <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>over <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Gaullist <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w UNC>R&eacute;publique <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1-NP0>Union <w UNC>pour <w UNC>la <w NN1>d&eacute;mocratie <w UNC>fran&ccedil;aise <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="197"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VBD>were <w VVG>indicating <w AT0>an <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>balance <w PRP>between <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w VVN>revealed <w AJ0>renewed <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <c PUL>(<w AV0>now <w VVN-AJ0>united<c PUR>) <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>result <w VVD>aggravated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>exposed <w AJ0>deep <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>over <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>driving <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>integration<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="200"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jack <w NP0>Lang<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w AJ0>Prominent <w NN2>advocates <w PRF>of <w NN1>ratification <w VVD>included <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>President <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>stay <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>mandate <w CJS>if <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vote <w VVN>won<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPR <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Chirac <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Val&eacute;ry <w NP0>Giscard <w NP0>d'Estaing<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>many <w NP0>RPR <w CJC>and <w NP0>UDF <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="202"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>S&eacute;guin<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-88<c PUN>, <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Epinal <w PRP>since <w CRD>1983 <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NP0>RPR <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Pasqua<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-88 <w CJC>and <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPR <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w PRP>Among <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters <w VBD>were <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>de <w NP0>Villiers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean-Pierre <w NP0>Chev&egrave;nement<c PUN>, <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Marchais<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Parti <w NN1>communiste <w NN1>fran&ccedil;ais<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Pen<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Front <w AJ0>National<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="204"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w NN1>court<c PUR>) <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>ratification <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38942<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>constitutional <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>case <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-August <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pasqua <w CJC>and <w CRD>69 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>senators <w VVG>alleging <w NN1>unconstitutionality <w PRP>on <w AJ0>various <w NN2>counts <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>result <w VVG>rendering <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1-VVB>process <w NN1>invalid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="205"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>key <w NN1>television <w NN1>debate <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Mitterrand <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>more <w AJ0>successful<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>S&eacute;guin<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w VVD>diminished <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <c PUL>(<w AV0>largely <w PRP>by <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRP>under <w AJ0>inter-governmental <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>some <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>powers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w NN1-NP0>S&eacute;guin<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>eloquence <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w VVD>stressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>fear <w CJT>that <w NP0>Maastricht <w VM0>would <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="208"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>75-year-old <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VM0>might <w VVI>resign <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w NN1>Surgery <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w NN1>prostate <w NN1>cancer<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>left <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>saw <w AT0>no <w NN1>reason <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w AV0-AJ0>early<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00H>
<s n="210"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>referendum <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="211"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>differing <w AV0>marginally <w PRP>from <w NN2>figures <w VVD-VVN>published <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>13,162,992 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CJC>or <w CRD>51.04 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>valid <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUR>) <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>ratification <w CJC>and <w CRD>12,623,582 <c PUL>(<w CJC>or <w CRD>48.95 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w PRP>against<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>difference <w PRF>of <w CRD>539,410 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>69.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w CRD>38,305,534<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>909,377 <w AJ0>null <w CJC>or <w AJ0>void <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="214"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Maastricht <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w CRD>62.5 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>favoured <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Switzerland <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>66 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alsace<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>homogeneous <w NN1>group <w NN1-VVG>voting <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urban <w AJ0>middle <w NN1>class <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>against <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rural <w AJ0>poor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="216"><w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>shown <w CJT-DT0>that <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>France<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>inspiring <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w TO0>to <w VVI>equal <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>biggest <w NN2>powers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w NP0-NN1>Pasqua <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>one <w NN1>Frenchman <w PRP>out of <w AT0>every <w CRD>two <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NP0>Europe <w DTQ>which <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w NN0>people <w PRP>into <w NN1>account<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="218"><w AJ0>Previous <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>referendums <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Fifth <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>September <w CRD>1958<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>for <w NP0>Algeria <c PUL>(<w NP0>January <w CRD>1961<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NP0>Evian <w NN2>accords <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>independence <c PUL>(<w NP0>April <w CRD>1962<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>by <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage <c PUL>(<w NP0>October <w CRD>1962<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN1>regionalization <w CJC>and <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w NP0>April <w CRD>1969<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN1>enlargement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <c PUL>(<w NP0>April <w CRD>1972<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vii<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>New <w NP0>Caledonia <c PUL>(<w NP0>November <w CRD>1988<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00J>
<s n="219"><w NN2>Reactions <w PRP>to <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>result
</caption>
<p>
<s n="220"><w AV0>Late <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>country <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>call <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>summit <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w CJC>and <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>particular <w NN2>problems <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>revealed <w NN2>shortcomings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-AJ0>fixed <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Birmingham<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="222"><w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VM0>would <w VVI>ease <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EMS<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>speedy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>conclusion<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>without <w NN1>renegotiation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>specify <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>persuaded <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w AV0>instead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>schedule <w VVN-VVD>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w DTQ>which <w CJS>provided that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w VM0>could <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w AV0>later <w CJS>than <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1>process <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AV0>then <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="225"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="226"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="227"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>national <w NN1>army <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="228"><w AT0>The <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bicesse <w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jonas <w NN1>Savimbi <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38180<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>culminated <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>national <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="229"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAPLA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNITA<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>FALA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>disbanded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>national <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Antonio <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;a <w NP0-NN1>Ndalu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Arlindo <w NP0>Chenda <w NP0>Pena <w NP0>Ben-Ben <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>Chiefs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="231"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>FAPLA <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>FALA <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>trained <w CJC>and <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FAA<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>back <w PRP>by <w NN2>delays <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38706<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w PRP>In spite of <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>four-week <w NN2>courses <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Portuguese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>British <w NN1>training <w NN2>officers <w PRP>for <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>army <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>for example<c PUN>, <w VVN>cut <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w AV0>only <w CRD>8,800 <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w DT0>Those <w NN2>soldiers <w XX0>not <w VVN>incorporated <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FAA <w VBD>were <w VVN>meant <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>disarmed <w CJC>and <w VVD>demobilized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>army <w VBD>was <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w CRD>one <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>source <w AV0>only <w CRD>38 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>FAPLA <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>officially <w VVN>demobilized<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>number <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cabinda <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>theory <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w NN1>assembly <w NN2-VVZ>points<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w PRP>By <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>mutinied <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>non-payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>confinement <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN2>camps <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>source <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>FALA <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>demobilized <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>UNITA <w VVD>retained <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w CRD>47,000 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>equipment <w AJ0>intact<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00K>
<s n="240"><w AJ0>Multiparty <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="241"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29-30<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CRD>11 <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>sought <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>223-seat <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>contestants <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Angola-Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Savimbi <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNITA <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="243"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w VVD>provided <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0>logistical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w DT0>This <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>airlift <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w CRD>40 <w CRD>MI-8 <w AJ0>20-passenger <w NN2>helicopters <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>fixed-wing <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VVI>transport <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w NN2-VVZ>stations <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>voters <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w CRD>4,800,000<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>living <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>areas <w AJ0>inaccessible <w PRP>by <w NN1>road<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AV0>also <w VVN>provided <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w CRD>800 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>monitored <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>at <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>6,000 <w NN1>polling <w NN2>stations<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w DT0>All <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>conduct <w VHD>had <w VVN>exceeded <w DT0>all <w NN2>expectations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="247"><w NN2>Observers <w VHD>had <w VVN>feared <w CJT>that <w NN1>violence <w VM0>would <w AV0>seriously <w VVI>disrupt <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>incidents <w DTQ>which <w VVD>revealed <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>potential <w PRP>for <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w CJS>For <w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>MPLA-PT <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVG>plotting <w TO0>to <w VVI>assassinate <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi<c PUN>, <w VVD>seized <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>anti-riot <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w VVD>burned <w CRD>three <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Cuito<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NN1>government <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>supporters <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>disrupting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>MPLA-PT <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Huambo<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>eight <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luena <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>activists <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Kundi <w NP0>Paihama<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>MPLA-PT <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>manager <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>assassination <w NN1-VVB>attempt <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="253"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w DT0>several <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Cabinda <w NN1>enclave<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NP0-NN1>FAPLA <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>activity <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Cabinda <w NN1>Enclave <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLEC<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>boycott <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="254"><w CJS-PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi <w DT0>each <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AT0>a <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>to <w NN2>individuals <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>defeated <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>victor <w VM0>would <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>guarantee <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation <w CJC>and <w NN1>reconstruction<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w AV0>specifically <w VVD-VVN>excluded <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>President <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>his <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>marked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>policy <w NN1-VVB>change <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VVN>ruled <w AVP>out <w AJ0>political <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>MPLA-PT<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="257"><w ORD>First <w NN2>results <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1-VVB>lead <w PRP>for <w NN1>President <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>MPLA-PT<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>result<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi <w VVD>indicated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0>Full <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN1>News <w NN1-VVB>Digest<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="260"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="261"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="262"><w NN1>Adoption <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="263"><w NN2>Delegates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w AT0>a <w AJ0>71-article <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>political <w NN1>framework <w CJC>and <w VVG>spelling <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>principles<c PUN>.
<s n="264"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>move <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassert <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN1>status <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38852<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w AV0>also <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w PRP>before <w CRD>1971<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Congo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w DPS>its <w DT0>former <w NN1>flag<c PUN>, <w NN1>motto <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN1>anthem <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39039<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w NN1-NP0>Chiluba<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kikongo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lingola <w CJC>and <w NN1>Swahili <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>designated <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>languages <w PRP>in addition to <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>franc <w AJ0>chosen <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>za&iuml;re <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="266"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VVD>came <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>renewed <w AJ0>political <w NN2>initiatives <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1-NP0>Seko <w VVD>gave <w AT0>an <w NN1>assurance <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w CJC>or <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>referendum <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>based <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>semi-presidential <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>embodying <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>inviolability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>charter <w VVG>freeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>control <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37366<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00L>
<s n="269"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nguza <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN1>post
</caption>
<p>
<s n="270"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jean <w NP0>Nguza <w NP0>Karl-I-Bond <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w NN1-NP0>Nguza<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w NP0>Etienne <w NP0>Tshisekedi <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39039<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>assumed <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>post <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>ordinance <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00M>
<s n="272"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shaba
</caption>
<p>
<s n="273"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>20 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Likasi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaba <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>residents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shaba <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neighbouring <w AJ0-NN1>Kasai <w NN1>province <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11-14<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w NP0>Nguza <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w NP0>Shaba<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w NP0>Tshisekedi<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39039<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="276"><w NP0>Mahele <w NP0>Liyeko<c PUN>, <w VVD>cautioned <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>behaviour <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>oblige <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00N>
<s n="277"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Belgium
</caption>
<p>
<s n="278"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w AJ0-NN1>Belgian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Willy <w NP0>Claes <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Z&auml;irean <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Lumbi<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>Belgian <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w NN1>student <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w DT0>some <w CRD>50 <w NN2>students <w VVD-VVN>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37553<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w AJ0>Discriminatory <w NN2>measures <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>against <w NP0>Belgium <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of <w CRD>700 <w AJ0>Belgian <w NN1>development <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="280"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="281"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="282"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="283"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>elected <w NP0>President <w NP0>Pascal <w NP0>Lissouba <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39040<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Stephane <w NP0>Bongho-Nouarra<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>administrations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1960s<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="285"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w NN2>parties <w VVG>making <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Renewal <c PUL>(<w NP0>URD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w DT0>Several <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1>party <w NN2>affiliations <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>detailed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="287"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>described <w DPS>his <w NN1>team <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>war <w NN1>cabinet<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>launch <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>all-out <w NN1>assault<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w PNP>He <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>chosen <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>expertise <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VHD>had <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>experience<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="289"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Isidore <w NP0>Mvouba <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVG>attending <w AV0>instead <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AJ0>ruling<c PUR>) <w NN0>Congolese <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCT<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00P>
<s n="290"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="291"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>official <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w NP0>Congo <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AVP>off <w NN1>debt <w NN2>arrears <w VVN-VVD>owed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NP0>Congo <w CJC>and <w DT0>these <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLPCA00R><s n="292"><w NP0>Stephane <w NP0>Bongho-Nouarra <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w NN2>Priorities <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>M'beri <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>Parliament <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Raymond <w NP0>Damase <w NP0>Ngollo <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Condition <w NP0>Benjamin <w NP0>Bounkoulou <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN2>Hydrocarbons <w NP0>Clement <w NP0>Mouamba <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>Forecast <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Reforms <w NP0>Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Tchibinda <w NP0>Kouangou <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals <w NP0>Andr&eacute;-Georges <w NP0>Mouyabi <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Service <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN2>Reforms
</p>
<caption id=HLPCA00R>
<s n="293"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Congo <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="294"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="295"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="296"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>primaries
</head>
<p>
<s n="297"><w NN2>Groups <w PRF>of <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>contested <w PRP>by <w NN2>candidates <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>nominations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w AJ0>military-backed <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>NRC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="298"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>process <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>aborted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39041<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>abuses <w PRP>including <w NN1-AJ0>vote-buying<c PUN>, <w AJ0>double <w NN1>counting <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVG>flying<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>voters <w PRP>from <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>by <w VVG>promulgating <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w DTQ>which <w VVB>impose <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>penalties <w PRP>on <w PNI>anyone <w VVD>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w NN2>electors <w VVD-VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>malpractice <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN2>fines <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>5,000 <w NN1>naira <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1=18.45 <w NN1>naira <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>banned <w PRP>from <w VVG>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>process <w CJC>but <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>supporting <w CJC>or <w VVG>sponsoring <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w VBD>was <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w CRD>10,000 <w NN1>naira <w AJ0>fine <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w NN2>Candidates <w VVD-VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>malpractice <w VBD>were <w AJ0>liable <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>disenfranchised <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>banned <w PRP>from <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>elective <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="302"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1-VVB>decree <w AT0>the <w NN2>primaries <w VBD>were <w VVN>bedeviled <w PRP>with <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w NP0>SDP <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>bias <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w AJ0>Provisional <w NN2>results <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="305"><w NP0>Shehu <w NP0>Musa <w NP0>Yar'Adua<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w DT0>most <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDP <w NN2>primaries<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w NN1>Run-off <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w AV0>finally <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>nominees<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>rescheduled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="307"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="308"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="309"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition
</head>
<p>
<s n="310"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39041<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Kokou <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh <w AV0>officially <w VVD-VVN>dissolved <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>asked <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>role<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="311"><w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gnasssingbe <w NP0>Eyadema <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>delayed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>two-stage <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>poll<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>stages<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="312"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>tension <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-AV0>high<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28-29<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w NP0>Raphael <w NP0>Houyenga<c PUN>, <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>bombed<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nguessan <w NP0>Ouattara<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Peoples<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Madeleine <w NP0>Adayoma<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>flogged <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>personnel <w CJS>as <w PNP>she <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w NN1>radio <w NN2>studios <w PRP>after <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w NN1>Equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Amefia<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>escaped <w AT0>an <w NN1>assassination <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="317"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Togo <w VVB>broadcast <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>read <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVG>attacking <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh<w POS>'s <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>failure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w CJS>unless <w NP0>Koffigoh <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w AV0>so <w PRP>by <w CRD>11 <w AV0>a.m<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w AV0>GMT <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w PRP>At <w NN1>noon <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w VVN>broadcast <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NN1>discipline<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="320"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w CRD>18 <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in addition to <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>appointments <w VBG>being <w NP0>Inoussa <w NP0>Traore <w NP0>Bouraima <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ouatara <w NP0>Fambare <w NP0>Natachaba <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cooperation<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Aregba <w NN1>Polo <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Komlan <w NP0>Mensah <w NP0>Benjamin <w NP0>Agbeka <c PUL>(<w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yandja <w NP0>Yentchabre <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Kwassivi <w NP0>Kpetigo <w VVD>remained <w PRP>as <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w NN1-NP0>Amefia <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Tete <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0-NN1>Atikpo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="322"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>France <w NP0>Internationale <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>communication <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Togolese <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVG>protesting <w CJT-DT0>that <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>above<c PUR>) <w AJ0>key <w NN2>portfolios <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eyadema<w POS>'s <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Togolese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Rally <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCR <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN1>list<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00S>
<s n="323"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>referendum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="324"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w NN1>Security <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Mensan <w NP0>Agbeyome <w NP0>Kodjo <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>99.09 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in favour of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="325"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="326"><w NP0>GHANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="327"><w NN1>Decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rawlings <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="328"><w NP0>Ghana<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Flt. <w NP0>-Lt<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Rawlings<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>retired <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w NN1>commander-in-chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>through <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Provisional <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNDC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w DPS>His <w NN1>retirement <w VVD>made <w NP0>Rawlings <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0>eligible <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Coast<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="331"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Eagle <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>subsume <w PNX>itself <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>NDC <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidacy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rawlings <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Eagle <w NN1>Party <w VHG>having <w PNX>itself <w VVN>asked <w NN2>Rawlings <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DPS>its <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="332"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>speculation <w PRP-AVP>over <w CJS>whether or not <w NN2>Rawlings <w VM0>would <w VVI>compete <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>contest <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1981 <c PUL>(<w VHG>having <w AV0>previously <w VVN>chaired <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w NP0>Ghana <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w PRP>to <w NP0>September <w CRD>1979 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>30437-51<c PUN>; <w CRD>31477-86<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>prohibited <w NN1>party <w NN1>politics <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>fostered <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w NN1>patronage <w CJC>and <w NN1>tribalism<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rawlings <w VHD>had <w AV0>finally <w VVN>given <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w AJ0>domestic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w PRP>In <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>the <w NP0>NDC<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>power <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>sake <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>justice <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="335"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>Rawlings <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nkrumahist <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="336"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>unity <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w AV0>under way <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>political <w NN2>heirs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kwame <w NP0>Nkrumah <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Nkrumahist <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>NIP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PHP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unregistered <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPDD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w VVG>pledging <w PNX>themselves <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>200 <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="337"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="338"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="339"><w NN2>Obstacles <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>efforts
</head>
<p>
<s n="340"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOMOG<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>during <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="341"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL<w POS>'s <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w PRP>at <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>at <w NP0>Gbarnga <w VVD>repeated <w AT0>the <w NN1>Front<w POS>'s <w NN1>call <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39041<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Nigeria <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>using <w NP0>Liberia <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>test <w NN1>case<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>African <w NN1>superpower<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NPFL <w VVD>accused <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w PRF>of <w VVG>supporting <w DPS>its <w NN1>rival<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>allegedly <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone-based <w AJ0-VVD>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ulimo<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39041-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w ORD>Next <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w NN1>field <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="344"><w NP0>Ishaya <w NP0>Bakut<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>withdrawing <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="345"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w NP0-NN1>ECOMOG <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w PRF>of <w AV0>forcibly <w VVG-AJ0>disarming <w AJ0-VVG>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NP0>Liberia<w POS>'s <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amos <w NP0>Sawyer<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>guerrillas <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AV0>more than <w CRD>400 <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w NN2>soldiers <w NN1>hostage<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w VVN-VVD>Freed <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w CRD>236 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Monrovia <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="348"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Babangida <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nigeria <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Liberian <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yamoussoukro <w CRD>lV <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38993<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="349"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nigeria <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="350"><w NP0>Bakut <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>ECOMOG <w NN1>field <w NN1>commander <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="351"><w NP0>Adetunji <w NP0>Olurin<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Nigerian<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="352"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>fleeing <w NN1-AJ0>Bomi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Grand <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Mount <w NN2>Counties <w PRP>in <w AJ0>north-western <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN2>battles <w VBD>were <w VVG>raging <w PRP>between <w NP0>NPFL <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Ulimo <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w NN1>News <w NN2>agencies <w VVD>cited <w NP0>NPFL <w VVZ>reports <w DT0>that <w CRD>1,500-2,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>exhaustion <w CJC>and <w NN1>hunger <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>.
<s n="354"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NN1-NP0>ELBC <c PUL>(<w NP0>Monrovia<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>at <w AJ0>persistent <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>massacres <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w PRF>of <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="355"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="356"><w NP0>SENEGAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="357"><w AJ0>Renewed <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Casamance
</head>
<p>
<s n="358"><w AJ0>Separatist <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Casamance <c PUL>(<w UNC>Mouvement <w UNC>des <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w NN2>d&eacute;mocratiques <w NP0>de <w NP0>Casamance <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>MFDC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w VVN-VVD>clashed <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w PRP>at <w NP0>Kaguitt <w NN1>village <w PRP>in <w NP0>Senegal<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Casamance<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w CRD>50 <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>soldiers <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>army <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w CRD>Sixty-nine <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="360"><w AT0>An <w NN1>army <w NN1>spokesman <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>attacked <w CJS>while <w VVG>pitching <w NN1>camp <w PRP>at <w NP0>Kaguitt<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w NN2>Reinforcements <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w AVP>in <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Ziguinchor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN1>search <w NN1>operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>succeeding <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>bloodiest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>troubled <w AJ0-NN1>post-independence <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w NP0>Casamance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>MFDC <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="363"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>virtual <w NN1>blockade <w PRP>on <w NP0>Casamance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VBD>were <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<w POS>' <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w VVB>Marcel <w NP0>Bassene<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Casamance <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Management <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38711<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>violence <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>MFDC<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="365"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="366"><w NP0>NIGER
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="367"><w NN1>Army<w POS>'s <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels
</head>
<p>
<s n="368"><w AJC>Lower <w NN2>ranks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>troubled <w NN1>Tuareg <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Niger <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>imposed <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>Agades<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arlit <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Tchirozerine<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>members <w CJC>or <w NN2>sympathizers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NN1>Air <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azawad <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLAA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="369"><w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Ewangai<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>introduced <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>France <w NP0>Internationale <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>FLAA<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels<w POS>' <w NN1>response <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>simple<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>FLAA <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>harass <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government <w NN2>threats <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38708<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="371"><w AT0>The <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>taking <w NN2>orders <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>de facto<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>high <w NN1>command<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gendarmerie<c PUN>, <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>guard <w CJC>and <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Baraje <w CJC>and <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Agades<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Daouda <w NP0>Rabiou<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>going <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w NN2>men<w POS>'s <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>seemed <w AJ0>powerless <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>otherwise<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Niger <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>USTN<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers<w POS>' <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="374"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Moussa<c PUN>, <w PNX>himself <w AT0>a <w NN1>Tuareg<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>national <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="375"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept <w CRD>6 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>by <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w VVD-VVN>included <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Khamed <w NN1-NP0>Abdoulaye<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>aide <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Cheiffou <w NP0-NN1>Amadou<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>personalities<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>186 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="377"><w NN2>Soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Agades <w VVD>rioted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVG>threatening <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>110 <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN2>civilians <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>executed <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VVD>freed <w CRD>40 <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>army <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>within <w CRD>48 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>restored <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="378"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="379"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="380"><w NN1>Proclamation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>government <w NN2>powers
</head>
<p>
<s n="381"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>proclamation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>respective <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="382"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ethiopia <w NN1>radio <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>proclamation <w VBD>was <w PRP>in keeping with <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ethiopia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Charter <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38322<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w NN2>ministries <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AJ0>answerable <w PRP>to <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>councils<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00T>
<s n="383"><w AJ0>Eritrean <w NN1>referendum <w NN2-VVZ>plans
</caption>
<p>
<s n="384"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Broad <w NN2>Masses <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eritrea <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>from <w NP0>Asmara <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>observers <w PRP>to <w NP0>Eritrea <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38855<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00U>
<s n="385"><w NP0>Hijacking
</caption>
<p>
<s n="386"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <w VVN>armed <w PRP>with <w NN2>grenades <w VVD>hijacked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN2>Airlines <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>727 <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>flight <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Dire <w NN1-NP0>Dawa <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Ethiopia <w PRP>to <w NP0>Addis <w NP0>Ababa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>pilot <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w PRP>in <w NP0>Djibouti <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w VVG-NN1>hijacking <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39042<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="387"><w AT0>The <w CRD>50 <w NN2>passengers <w VBD>were <w VVN>released<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>hijackers <w VVD>held <w CRD>four <w NN1>crew <w NN2>members <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours <w PRP>during <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Djibouti <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>embassy <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w AT0>The <w NN2>hijackers <w VVD>gave <w PNX>themselves <w AVP>up <w PRP>after <w VVG>receiving <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>seek <w NN1>asylum <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="389"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="390"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="391"><w NN1>Adoption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="392"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD>Gouled <w NP0-NN1>Aptidon <w VBD>was <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="393"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>75.16 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>120,000 <w AJ0>eligible <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provisional <w NN2>figures <w VVD>showed <w CRD>96.84 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>as <w VVG>approving <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5<c PUN>; <w CRD>96.79 <w NN0>per cent <w VVG>approving <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>proposition <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Djibouti <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="395"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="396"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="397"><w NN1>Arrival <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops
</head>
<p>
<s n="398"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>66 <w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>500-strong <w AJ0>armed <w NP0>UN <w NN1>contingent <w VBG>being <w VVN>dispatched <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>food <w NN1>distribution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>from <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>aboard <w CRD>six <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CRD>C-130 <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN2>planes<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rest <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrive <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w PRP>At <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>port<c PUN>, <w AJ0>rival <w NN2>gangs <w PRF>of <w NN2>gunmen <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w TO0>to <w VVI>obstruct <w AT0>the <w NN1>transport <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia<w POS>'s <w NN1>famine <w NN2>victims<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="401"><w VVB>Abdulkarim <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Ali<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>USC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>greeted <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>airport<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w NN1>approval <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NN1>SNA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>USC <w NN1>faction <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN1>member <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>opposed <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>deploy <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>3,500 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>USC <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>500 <w NN2>Pakistanis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39034<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="403"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVD>ordered <w CRD>four <w NP0>US <w NN1>navy <w NN2>warships <w PRP>with <w CRD>2,400 <w NN2>marines <w AV0>aboard <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Aydid <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w AT0>the <w NN2>marines<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>3,000 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>presence <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>solve <w NP0>Somalia<w POS>'s <w NN2>problems<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00V>
<s n="405"><w NN1>Evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>worsening <w NN1>famine
</caption>
<p>
<s n="406"><w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Sahnoun<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>famine<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1>relief <w NN2>agencies <w VHD>had <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w AV0>far <w AJC>worse <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>realised<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="407"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>extended <w DPS>its <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>airlift <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baidoa<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w CRD>hundreds <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>dying <w PRP>from <w NN1>starvation <w DT0>each <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Associated <w NN1>Press <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>delegation <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Aydid <w CJC>and <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intensive <w AJ0>100-day <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w NN1>food <w PRP>through<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>corridors <w PRF>of <w NN1>tranquillity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AJ0>starving <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>general <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="409"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN1>effort <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>double <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>original <w CRD>68,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>to <w CRD>140,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00W>
<s n="410"><w NN1-VVB>Visit <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="411"><w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Uffe <w NP0>Ellemann-Jensen <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dura <w NP0>Barroso<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>delegation <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>for <w CRD>20 <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>slowness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>effort<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>pledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>EC <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w VHD>had <w VVN>totalled <w CRD>185,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="414"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="415"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="416"><w NN1>Rivalry <w PRP>over <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate
</head>
<p>
<s n="417"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w CRD>one <w NN1>faction <w VVG>claiming <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>) <w VVD>gathered <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>elected <w NP0>Jaramogi <w NP0>Oginga <w NP0>Odinga <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w VVD>designated <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>faction <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Matiba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Shikuku<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>differed <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Odinga <w PRP>over <w NN2>methods <w PRF>of <w VVG>selecting <w NP0-NN1>FORD<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39040<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Matiba <w NN1>faction <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>statement <w VVG>declaring <w NP0>Odinga<w POS>'s <w NN1>election<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>irregular<c PUN>, <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>null <w CJC>and <w AJ0>void<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>held <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>elections <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Matiba <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>unopposed <w CJS>as <w NP0-NN1>FORD <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="420"><w AT0>A <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>bomb <w NN2>explosions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>venue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Odinga <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w NN1>congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>sparked <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0>tribal <w NN1>violence <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Luo <c PUL>(<w NN2>followers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Odinga<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Kikuyu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Luhya <c PUL>(<w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Matiba <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shikuku <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="421"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Odinga <w NN1>faction <w VVD>met <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>difficulties <w CJS>when <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>elections <w VVD>validated<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Matiba <w NN1>group <w VHG>having <w VVN>lodged <w AT0>a <w NN1>complaint <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>registrar <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVG>questioning <w AT0>the <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Odinga <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="422"><w AT0>A <w NN1>section <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Matiba <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Rubia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>launched <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kenya <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>KNC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Rubia <w VHD>had <w VVN>explained <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>strategy <w CJT>that <w VM0>could <w VVI>help <w VVI>bring <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="424"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="425"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="426"><w AJ0>Inconclusive <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="427"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPR<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7-17 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arusha<c PUN>, <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Tanzania<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tanzanian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN2>Relations <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Diria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="428"><w NN1>Peace <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arusha <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebellion <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37765-66<c PUN>; <w CRD>38950<c PUN>; <w CRD>38996<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w VVD>opened <w NP0>Rwanda<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boniface <w NP0>Ngulinzaira<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPR <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>violated <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FPR<w POS>'s <w NN1>Radio <w NP0-NN1>Muhabura<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w VVD>carried <w AT0>the <w NN1>allegation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Front<w POS>'s <w NN2>positions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPR <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>offensive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="431"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AV0>unsatisfactorily<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>becoming <w VVN>bogged <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>over <w AJ0>power-sharing <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Tanzania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>cited <w NP0>Diria <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>home <w CJC>and <w VVI>clarify <w DPS>their <w NN2>positions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="433"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Zimbabwean <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moven <w NP0-NN1>Mahachi<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Harare <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>sending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rwanda <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NN1>peace <w NN2>monitors <w VVN>invited <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w AT0>An <w NP0>OAU <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Observer <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>GOM<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="435"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="436"><w NP0>TANZANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="437"><w VVG>Freeing <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader
</head>
<p>
<s n="438"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Tanzanian <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD-VVN>quashed <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>against <w NP0>Christopher <w NP0>Mtikila<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unregistered <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>lower <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>accused <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN1>documentation <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>defence <w NN2>submissions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="440"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>assembly <w CJS>while <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dodoma<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>designated <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>capital <w CRD>400 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dar <w NP0>es <w NP0>Salaam<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>recruitment <w NN1-VVB>drive <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w NN2>rallies <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>government <w NN1>control <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AJ0>permissible <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00X>
<s n="442"><w VVG>Rescheduling <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="443"><w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tanzania <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN2>debts<c PUN>, <w VVG>totalling <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;40,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="444"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="445"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="446"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group
</head>
<p>
<s n="447"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>Aford<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>13-member <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>committee <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionist <w NP0>Chakufwa <w NP0>Chihana<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>group <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w VVD-VVN>organized <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>for <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="449"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>coinciding <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>formation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aford <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>pressure <w NN1>group <w VVD-VVN>formed <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w AV0>openly <w PRP>through <w AJ0>peaceful <w CJC>and <w AJ0>lawful <w NN0>means <w PRP>for <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w VVG>Stressing <w CJT>that <w NN2>members<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w VVN>come <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>open <w NN1-VVB>face <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w NN1>arrest <w CJC>and <w NN1>detention<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aford <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>sustain <w AJ0>diplomatic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Malawian <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="451"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda <w VVD>accused<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>backing<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>dissidents<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>trying<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>disturb <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AV0>economically <w CJC>and <w AV0>politically<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="452"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chihana<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38851<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>release <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subsequent <w AJS>rearrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38995-96<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>deferred <w PRP>until <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>counsel <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>on the part of <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>a <w NN1>miscarriage <w PRF>of <w NN1>justice<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="453"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="454"><w NP0>COMOROS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="455"><w AJ0>Attempted <w NN1>coup
</head>
<p>
<s n="456"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>seized <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w CJC>and <w NN1>airport <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Moroni<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>President <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Djohar <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w AT0>The <w NN2>rebels <w VVD>gave <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>up to <w AJ0>loyal <w NN2>officers <w AV0>later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="458"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Indian <w NP0>Ocean <w NN1>Newsletter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w VHD>had <w VVN>infuriated <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>setting <w AV0>unilaterally <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>imposing <w AJ0>new <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN2>parties<w POS>' <w NN1>participation<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>boycott <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="460"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>Radio <w UNC>Fran&ccedil;aise <w NP0>d'Outre-Mer <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nearby <w AJ0-NN1>French-administered <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mayotte<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>30 <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Abderamane <w NP0>Abdallah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Cheikh <w NP0>Abdallah<c PUN>, <w NN2>sons <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Abdallah <w NP0>Abderrahman<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37033-34<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="461"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w AJ0-VVD>quoted <w NN1-NP0>Djohar <w CJS>as <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Taki <w NP0-NN1>Abdoulkarim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>4 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38996<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38706-07<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><w PRP>According to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>ringleader<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Captain <w NP0>Combo<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>escaped<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w AT0>The <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD>described<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Captain <w NP0>Combo<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Guard <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>close<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Denard<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>mercenary <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in charge of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdallah<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Guard <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989 <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>since <w AV0>then <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="464"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="465"><w NP0>BENIN
</head>
<p>
<s n="466"><w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Amadou <w NP0-NN1>Ciss&eacute;<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mathieu <w NP0>K&eacute;r&eacute;kou<w POS>'s <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>adviser <w CJC>and <w NN1>soothsayer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w VVD>fined <w CRD>3,000,000 <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <w PRP>after <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG>embezzling <w CRD>3,500 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1=238.522 <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w CRD>nine <w NN2>co-defendants <w VVD-VVN>received <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="467"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="468"><w NP0>GUINEA-BISSAU
</head>
<p>
<s n="469"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Samba <w NP0>Lamine <w NN1>Mane <w VVN>disclosed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>deserted <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>appalling <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards<c PUN>; <w AT0>every <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN1>unit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w NN2>desertions <c PUL>(<w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>specify <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exact <w NN1>number<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>80 <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>strike <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>accommodation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="470"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="471"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<p>
<s n="472"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVG-NN1>following <w AJ0-VVD>repeated <w NN2>requests <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w CRD>45 <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Souleymane <w NP0-NN1>Bate <w PRP>by <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Toumani <w NP0-NN1>Cissoko <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="473"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="474"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="475"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<caption>
<s n="476"><w AJ0>Formal <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="477"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Day <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVD>saw <w AT0>an <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w NN1>nominee <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>rival <w CJC>and <w AJ0>incumbent <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AT0>the <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>suggested <w VVD-VVN>enjoyed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>lead<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w DPS>his <w AJ0>relentless <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush-Reagan <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VVD>repeated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>underlying <w NN1>message <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="479"><w PRP>Amid <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>desperation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-pronged <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w DPS>his <w NN2>powers <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>actions <w VVN-VVD>calculated <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>his <w NN1>popularity<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w NN0>staff <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>content <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w VVG>intensifying <w DPS>their <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>character <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in regard to <w DPS>his <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>student <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w VBG>being <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="480"><w PRP>With <w AV0>newly <w VVN>appointed <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w AV0>firmly <w PRP>in charge of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>re-election <w NN1-VVB>bid<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VVN-VVD>shifted <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>religious <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>agenda <c PUL>(<w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>family <w NN2>values<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>implacable <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>so <w VVN-AJ0>pronounced <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>past <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shown <w AV0>consistently <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>out of <w NN1>alignment <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>mainstream <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="481"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>in <w NP0>Detroit<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>package <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AJ0>large <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>promise <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>taxes <w AV0>again<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>ever<c PUN>, <w AV0>ever<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>visiting <w AT0>the <w NP0>McDonnell <w NP0>Douglas <w NN1-VVB>plant <w PRP>near <w NP0>St <w NP0>Louis<c PUN>, <w NP0>Missouri<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>72 <w CRD>F-15 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>to <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>guarantee <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w DT0>This <w NN1>pattern <w VBD>was <w VVN>repeated <w PRP>in <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>states <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NN1-VVB>trail<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Florida <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>rebuild <w AT0>the <w NN1>Homestead <w NN1>air <w NN1>base <w VVN>shattered <w PRP>by <w NN1>Hurricane <w NP0>Andrew<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w NP0>Dakota <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>offered <w NN0>&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>new <w NN2>subsidies <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>grain <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="484"><w AT0>The <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>character <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>included <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>revelations <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>uncle <w PRF>of <w PNP>his <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>his <w NN1>influence <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w VBG>being <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>for <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w NN1>record <w VBD>were <w AV0>tortuously <w AJ0>complex <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AJ0>common <w NN1>consent<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>relevance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w NN2>Republicans <w VVD-VVN>made <w DT0>some <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>political <w NN1>capital <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>repeated <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>evasive <w PRP>over <w VVG>admitting <w AT0>the <w NN1>truth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w DT0>this <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>inability <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AT0>the <w NN1>record <w AV0>straight <w DTQ>which <w AV0>increasingly <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>degree <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>character <w VBD>was <w AJ0>suitable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w CJS>Although <w AV0>initially <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>remained <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>aloof <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emotional <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w PRP>in <w NP0>Salt <w NP0>Lake <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w NP0>Utah<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w AV0>obliquely <w VVD>touched <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>opponent <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>questioning <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN2>credentials <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>commander-in-chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>military<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w PRP>In <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nominee <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVN>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>truth<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>issue<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLPCA00Y>
<s n="489"><w NN2>Preparations <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-enter <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="490"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w VBD>was <w AJ0>complicated <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>billionaire <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>undeclared <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>race <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VVN>withdrawn <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38997-98<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>his <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w DT0>some <w NN0>&dollar;500,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>a <w NN1>skeleton <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>structure <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w CRD>64 <w NN2>offices <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w VVN>filed <w NN2>petitions <w VVG>ensuring <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>included <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w NP0>Perot <w VVD>informed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>Times <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>candidates <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>ignore <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-enter <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>propriety <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA010></p>
<caption id=HLPCA010>
<s n="493"><w AJ0>Primary <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="494"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w NP0>Steven <w NP0>Solarz<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>rubbergate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38807<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w NP0>Solarz <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chester <w NP0>G. <w NP0>Atkins<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Democrat <w VVG>representing <w NP0>Massachusetts<c PUN>, <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NN2>incumbents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w NN2>primaries <w PRP>to <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w PRP>since <w CRD>1945<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="496"><w NP0>Geraldine <w NP0>Ferraro<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984<c PUN>, <w AV0>once again <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>because of <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<w POS>'s <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>connections <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>seat <w PRP>for <w NP0>New <w NP0>York<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="497"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marion <w NP0>Barry<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w VVG>resuming <w DPS>his <w AJ0>political <w NN1>career <w PRP>by <w VVG>winning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>seat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>council<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w NP0>Barry <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w AV0>secretly <w VVD-VVN>videotaped <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>act <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>smoking <w NN1>crack <w NN1>cocaine<c PUN>.
<s n="499"><w PRP>Despite <w AJC>further <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>publicity <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w NP0>Barry <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>incarceration <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>undergone <w AT0>a <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>rebirth<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA011></p>
<caption id=HLPCA011>
<s n="500"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w NN1>Family <w NN1-VVB>Leave <w NN1>bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="501"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVB>cast <w AT0>the <w ORD>32nd <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>presidency <w AVQ-CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Family <w NN1-VVB>Leave <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w NP0-NN1>Bush<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>vetoed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>measure <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37605<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>place <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intolerable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unnecessary <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="503"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>permit <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w NN2>companies <w PRP>with <w AV0>more than <w CRD>50 <w NN2>employees <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AV0>up to <w CRD>12 <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unpaid <w NN1-VVB>leave <w AV0>annually <w TO0>to <w VVI>care <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sick <w CJC>or <w AJ0>new <w NN1>child<c PUN>, <w VVB>receive <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>treatment <w CJC>or <w VVB>tend <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>ill <w NN1>spouse <w CJC>or <w NN1>parent<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>an <w NN1>alternative <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN2>businesses <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w AV0>voluntarily <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>leave <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="505"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>68 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>31 <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>reconsidered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber <w VVN>voted <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>258 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>169 <w TO0>to <w VVI>override<c PUN>.
<s n="507"><w PRP>By <w VVG>falling <w CRD>27 <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w VVD>ensured <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>maintained <w DPS>his <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w AV0>never <w VHG>having <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w VVN>overturned<c PUN>.
<s n="508"><w AV0>Furthermore<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>approached <w DPS>its <w NP0>October <w NN1>adjournment<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>precipitate <w NN1>veto <w NN2>confrontations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="509"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w NN1-VVB>veto <w PRP>on <w VVG>linking <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w NN1>preference <w NN1>status <w PRP>with <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39095<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLPCA012></p>
<caption id=HLPCA012>
<s n="510"><w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>investigation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="511"><w NP0>Independent <w NP0>Counsel <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Walsh <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>scandal <w VBD>was <w VVG>nearing <w DPS>its <w NN1>end<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w AJ0>new <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>expect <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w NN2>indictments <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="512"><w AT0>The <w NN1>investigation <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>into <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>profits <w AV0>clandestinely <w VVN>diverted <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>contra <w NN2>rebels <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nicaragua <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1986<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w PNP>It <w VVD>cost <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;32,500,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>guilty <w NN2>pleas <w CJC>or <w NN2>convictions <w PRP>against <w CRD>eight <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>former <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>aide <w NP0>Oliver <w NN1>North<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinvigorated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w NN2>notes <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NP0-NN1>Caspar <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>indictment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38955<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="515"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>retired <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <w NN1-AJ0>official <w NP0>Duane <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Clarridge <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AV0>directly <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>retrial <w PRF>of <w NP0>CIA <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NP0>Clair <w NP0>E. <w NP0>George<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w ORD>first <w NN1>trial <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>verdict <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39043<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="516"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>winding <w NN1>down <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>inquiry <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>pose <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>for <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="517"><w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Reagan <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>loop<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>knew <w AV0>very <w DT0>little <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>operation <w CJS>until <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w NN1-AJ0>public<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>documentary <w NN1>material<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>indictment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger<c PUN>, <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>merely <w VVN>known <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>encouraged <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>objections <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>George <w NP0>Shultz<c PUN>.
<s n="519"><w AT0>The <w NN1>allegation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN>given <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Richard <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Secord<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0>logistical <w NN1>officer <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>memoirs<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Secord<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>advocate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>arms <w NN1>sale <w CJC>and <w VVD>knew <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>stage<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w DT0>This <w NN1>view <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinforced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w VVN>given <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Howard <w NP0>Teicher<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>personally<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>briefed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1>Vice-President <w DT0>several <w NN2>times<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="522"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w VVD>continued <w DPS>their <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>character <w CJC>and <w NN1>judgment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fresh <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN2>revelations <w TO0>to <w VVI>question <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w CJC>and <w NN1>honesty <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bush<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA013></p>
<caption id=HLPCA013>
<s n="523"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN2>ramifications <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tailhook <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="524"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w NP0>Inspector <w NP0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Derek <w NP0>J. <w NP0>Vander <w NP0>Schaaf<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w DPS>his <w NN1>report <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tailhook <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>scandal <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>broken <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>military <w PRP>for <w NN2>decades<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy <w PRF>of <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>harassment <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>assault <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tailhook <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>Navy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Marine <w NN2>aviators<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Las <w NP0>Vegas <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="526"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>Navy <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Garrett <w CRD>III <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w NN1>Navy <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Paula <w NP0>Coughlin<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>ordeal <w VVN>experienced <w PRP>by <w PNX>herself <w CJC>and <w AV0>at least <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>female <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>drunken <w AJ0-NN1>male <w NN2>aviators<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w PRP>Prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal <w NP0-NN1>Garrett <w VHD>had <w VVN>commissioned <w NP0>Vander <w NP0>Schaaf <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AJ0>thorough<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="528"><w NP0>Vander <w NP0>Schaaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>allowed <w DPS>their <w NN1>concern <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy <w TO0>to <w VVI>obscure <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w NN1>accountability <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>misconduct<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w NN1>criticism <w VVD>included <w AJ0-NN1>Rear <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="530"><w NP0>Duvall<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Mac<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Williams<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Naval <w AJ0>Investigative <w NN1>Service <w NN1-VVB>Command <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>handled <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>inquiries<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Rear <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="531"><w NP0>John <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Gordon<c PUN>, <w NN1>Navy <w NN1-VVB>Judge <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Advocate <w NN1>General <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>service<w POS>'s <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>officer<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Rear <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="532"><w NP0>George <w NP0>W. <w NP0>Davis<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy <w NP0>Inspector <w NP0>General<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>J. <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Howard<c PUN>, <w NN1>Under-Secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="533"><w VVG-AJ0>Acting <w NN1>Navy <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Sean <w NP0>C. <w NP0>O'Keefe<c PUN>, <w NP0>Garrett<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Williams <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gordon <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w AJ0>early <w NN1>retirement<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Davis <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reassigned <w PRP>to <w DT0>another <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>O'Keefe <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>taking <w AT0>no <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Howard<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>a <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>adopted <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>attitudes <w PRP>towards <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AJ0>future <w NN2>investigations <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA014></p>
<caption id=HLPCA014>
<s n="535"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>manager <w PRF>of <w NN1>House <w NN1>Post <w NN1>Office
</caption>
<p>
<s n="536"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>jury <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w AJ0-VVN>determined <w CJT>that <w NN2>employees <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Post <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>conspiracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>defraud <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VVI>benefit <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>three-count <w NN1>indictment <w VVD-VVN>named <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>defendant<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joanna <w NP0>G. <w NP0>O'Rourke<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>manager <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>Post <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="538"><w NP0>O'Rourke <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w VVD>pleaded <w AJ0>guilty <w TO0>to <w VVI>misdemeanour <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>embezzlement <w CJC>and <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>funds <w DTQ>which <w VVD>carried <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>plea <w NN1-VVB>bargain <w NN1>arrangement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>prosecutors <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>felony <w NN1>charge<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="539"><w NP0>O'Rourke <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>House <w AJ0>postal <w NN1>supervisor <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w DPS>Her <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0>subordinate<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>C. <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA015></p>
<caption id=HLPCA015>
<s n="541"><w AJ0>Californian <w NN1>budget <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="542"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>California<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pete <w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>, <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>state <w PRP>by <w VVG>signing <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;56,600 <w CRD>million <w NN1>budget <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="543"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1-VVB>end <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w NP0>Wilson <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Democrat-controlled <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislature <w PRP-AVP>over <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN0>&dollar;10,700 <w CRD>million <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w AT0>The <w NN1>impasse <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w NP0>California <w VHG>having <w AT0>no <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>65 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w AV0>more than <w NN0>&dollar;3,000 <w NN1>million-worth <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>warrants<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NN2>IOUs<c PUR>) <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NN1>payroll <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>contractual <w NN2>obligations<c PUN>.
<s n="545"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w AT0>the <w NN2>warrants<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>precipitate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>offices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="546"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>underlying <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w CRD>1978 <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Proposition <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w VVN-AJ0>halved <w AJ0>local <w NN1>property <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>impoverishing <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w AT0>The <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w CJC>and <w VVI>support <w NN2>services <w PRP>such as <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>programmes <w CJC>and <w NN1>county <w NN2>hospitals <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w AV0>otherwise <w VHI>have <w VVN>collapsed<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NP0>Reagan-Bush <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>California <w VVD>fell <w AV0>sharply <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VVG>spiralling <w AV0>upwards<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wilson <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>without <w NN1>recourse <w PRP>to <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>taxation<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>, <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>payments <w VBD>were <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>engine<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>powering <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>recipients <w VBD>was <w VVG>rising <w CRD>four <w NN2>times <w AV0>faster <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w AV0>at large<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="550"><w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN1>election <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>Republican <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>adamant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>rectified <w PRP>through <w AJ0>public <w NN1>expenditure <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>by <w AJC>further <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w AT0>A <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>accepted <w NN1>budget <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;7,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unprepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>another <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AV0>even <w AJC>deeper <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="552"><w AV0>Eventually<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislature <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>budget <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VVD>contained <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN1-VVG>spending <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>including <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;1,700 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>welfare <w NN2>programmes <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;1,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>designated <w NN0>&dollar;1,0000 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>education <w NN1>budget <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>repaid <w PRP>from <w AJ0>future <w NN2>allocations<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w AV0>Even <w AV0>then <w NP0>Wilson <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>bill <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN1>congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w VVG-AJ0>enabling <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>school <w NN1-VVG>financing <w NN1>requirement <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>at <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN1>fund<c PUR>) <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w NN1>education <w NN1>loan <w VBI>be <w VVN>ruled <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w PRP>in <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><w NN1>Congress <w AV0>reluctantly <w VVD-VVN>capitulated <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1-VVB>demand <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>opening <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w NP0>Wilson <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>by <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>bill <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA016></p>
<caption id=HLPCA016>
<s n="557"><w NN1>Abortion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="558"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>5th <w NN1>Circuit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>struck <w AVP>down <w AT0>a <w NP0>Louisiana <w NN1>statute <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-VVD>prohibited <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>instances <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w AJ0>draconian <w NN2>penalties <w PRP>for <w NN2>doctors <w PNQ>who <w VVD>performed <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>abortions<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w AT0>The <w NN1>judgment <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Planned <w NN1>Parenthood <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Southeastern <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Casey<c PUN>, <w VVG>upholding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w CJC>but <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>a <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>place <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>undue <w NN1>burden<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w NN1>termination <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38954-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="560"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Louisiana <w NN1>law <w VVD-VVN>criminalized <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN2>instances <w PRP>apart from <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger <w CJC>or <w AVQ-CJS>where <w NN1>pregnancy <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>from <w NN1>rape <w CJC>or <w NN1>incest<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>rape <w CJC>and <w NN1>incest <w NN2>clauses <w VVD-VVN>applied <w AV0>only <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NN1>gestation<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="562"><w NN2>Doctors <w VVG>performing <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>abortion <w VBD>were <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>to <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w NN2>fines <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;100,000<c PUN>.
<s n="563"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>three-judge <w NN1>panel <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>5th <w NN1>Circuit <w VVD>found <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>clearly <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>June <w CRD>29 <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>judgment <w VDD>did <w DT0>little <w TO0>to <w VVI>clarify <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w AJC>lower <w NN2>courts <w VM0>would <w VVI>interpret <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>undue <w NN1>burden<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA017></p>
<caption id=HLPCA017>
<s n="564"><w NN1>Success <w PRF>of <w NN1>child<w POS>'s <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>separation <w PRP>from <w NN1>mother
</caption>
<p>
<s n="565"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>circuit <w NN1>court <w NN1-VVB>judge <w PRP>in <w NP0>Orlando<c PUN>, <w NP0>Florida<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w VVD-VVN>ruled <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-year-old <w NN1>boy<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parental <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>mother<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="566"><w AT0>The <w NN1>boy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gregory <w NP0>Kingsley<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>biological <w NN1>mother<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>for <w AV0>only <w CRD>seven <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>neglected <w CJC>and <w VVN>abandoned <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>initiated <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w AT0>a <w NP0>Florida <w AJ0-NN1>juvenile <w NN1>court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>sue <w DPS>his <w NN1>mother <w PRP>for <w NN1>neglect <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>adoption <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0>foster <w NN2>parents<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>assisted <w PRP>in <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>by <w NP0>George <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Russ<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0>foster <w NN1>father <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="569"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>family <w NN2>values<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AJ0-AV0>high <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VVD>aroused <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>feeling<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w CJS>While <w DT0>some <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w NN2>others <w VVD>saw <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>overturn <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>family <w NN2>links <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>pander <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>child<w POS>'s <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquire <w AJC>richer <w NN2>parents<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>complication <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kingsley<w POS>'s <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Roman <w NN1>Catholic <w PNQ>who <w VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>son <w VBG>being <w VVN>brought <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Russ <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w NN2>Mormons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="572"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w NN2>lawyers <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kingsley<w POS>'s <w NN1>mother <w VVD>announced <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>5th <w NN1>District <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>in <w NP0>Florida<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><w CJS>If <w VVN>upheld <w PRP>in <w AJ0>appellate <w NN1>court <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VM0>could <w VVI>form <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>precedent <w PRP>in <w NN1>family <w NN1>law<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA018></p>
<caption id=HLPCA018>
<s n="574"><w NN1>Hurricane <w NN1-NP0>Iniki <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>relief <w NN1>operation <w VVG>following <w NN1>Hurricane <w NP0>Andrew
</caption>
<p>
<s n="575"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hawaii <w VVD>suffered <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>damage <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>struck <w PRP>by <w NN1>Hurricane <w NN1-NP0>Iniki<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>hit <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hawaiian <w NN2>islands <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>20th <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>area <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w NN2>transports <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>airlift <w PRF>of <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>supplies <w CJC>and <w NN1>search <w CJC>and <w NN1>rescue <w NN2>teams<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="577"><w AT0>The <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kauai <w VVD>bore <w AT0>the <w NN1>brunt <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>storm<c PUN>, <w VVG>experiencing <w NN1>wind <w NN2>gusts <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>250 <w NN0>kph <w CJC>and <w AJ0>six-metre <w NN2>waves <w DTQ>which <w VVD>left <w AV0>at least <w CRD>8,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<w POS>'s <w CRD>51,000 <w NN2>inhabitants <w AJ0>homeless<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w AT0>The <w NN1>infrastructure <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>island<w POS>'s <w NN1>tourist <w CJC>and <w NN1>sugar <w NN2>industries <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>pillars <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kauai<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>suffered <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>damage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="579"><w NP0>Iniki <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AV0>fractionally <w AJC>weaker <w CJS>than <w NN1>Hurricane <w NP0>Andrew<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>damage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bahamas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Florida <w CJC>and <w NP0>Louisiana <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39044<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w AV0>Even <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>subsided<c PUN>, <w NN1>Hurricane <w NP0>Andrew <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w NN2>problems <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fierce <w AJ0>political <w NN1>controversy <w VVN>generated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>speed <w CJC>and <w NN1>efficiency <w PRF>of <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="581"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>estimates <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN1>insurance <w NN2>companies <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AV0>up to <w NN0>&dollar;7,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>damage <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w NP0>Andrew<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>costly <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>catastrophe <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>275,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hurricane<w POS>'s <w NN2>victims <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>without <w NN1>electricity <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>150,000 <w VBD>were <w AJ0>homeless<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>affected <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hurricane<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Florida <w CJC>and <w NP0>Louisiana <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>pledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>relief <w NN1>operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w VBZ>is <w VDN>done<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>advantage <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>securing <w NP0>Florida<w POS>'s <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w NN2>votes <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>essential <w CJS>if <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>reimbursement <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>for <w NN1>recovery <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>customary <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="585"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN0>&dollar;11,100 <w CRD>million <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>relief <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w NN2>Hurricanes <w NP0>Andrew <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Iniki<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w NN2>Negotiators <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NN1>deficit <w VVG-NN1>financing <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN0>&dollar;6,300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>stricken <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;4,800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN2>loans<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA019></p>
<caption id=HLPCA019>
<s n="587"><w AV0>In brief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="588"><w NP0>Yahweh <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Yahweh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Miami-based <w NN1>Nation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Yahweh <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>sect <w CJC>and <w AJ0>multi-faceted <w NN1>business <w NN1>empire <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>for <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>14<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>white <w NN2>devils<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wayward <w NN2>disciples<c PUN>; <w NP0>Yahweh <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>followers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>conspiracy <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="589"><w NP0>Willie <w NP0>Leroy <w NP0>Jones <w VBD>was <w VVN>executed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elderly <w NN1>couple <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jones <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NP0>Virginia <w NN1>prisoner <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>executed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>16th <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-instatement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="590"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>judge <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<w POS>'s <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>impeachment <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>judge <w NP0-NN1>Alcee <w NP0>L. <w NP0>Hastings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w NP0>Hastings<w POS>'s <w NN1>guilt <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>defective<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="591"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="592"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="593"><w NN1-VVG>Calling <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>package <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alberta <w NN1>Premier
</head>
<p>
<s n="594"><w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney<c PUN>, <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w CJC>or <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>package <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>French-speaking <w NP0>Quebec <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>native <w NN2>Indians <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN2>populations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>offered <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>representation <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN2>provinces <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39044-45<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="596"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w VVD>absorbed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>arranged <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quebec <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="597"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>conference <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>included <w AJ0>federal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>provincial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>native <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>collapsed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="598"><w PRP>Like <w DPS>its <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>package <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>known <w AV0>initially <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w CJC>and <w AV0>latterly <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Charlottetown <w NN1>Agreement <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>required <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0>individual <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>legislatures<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Quebec<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Bourassa<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NP0-NN1>Parti <w NP0>Qu&eacute;becois <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w CJS>While <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>binding<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>likelihood <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unanimous <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>ratification <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w PRP>from <w VVG>suffering <w AT0>a <w NN1>fate <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="601"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>recalled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mulroney <w VVD>joined <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jean <w NP0-NN1>Chr&eacute;tien <w CJC>and <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDP<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Audrey <w NP0>McLaughlin <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>truce <w AVQ>whereby <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w AJ0>partisan <w NN1>politics <w VBD>were <w VVN>put <w AV0>aside <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>maximize <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w NN2>Advocates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dire <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>consequences <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>arise <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<w POS>'s <w NN1>rejection<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NP0>Canada <w VVD-AJ0>fragmented<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w VM0>would <w VVI>average <w AV0>only <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>decade <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>projected <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>intact<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century <w DPS>its <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>level <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>increased <w PRP>to <w CRD>10-15 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w CRD>7-11 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01A>
<s n="604"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Getty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="605"><w NP0>Don <w NP0>Getty <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alberta <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<w POS>'s <w VVG-AJ0>governing <w NP0>PCP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="606"><w NP0>Getty<c PUN>, <w CRD>59<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Premier <w PRP>since <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w PNP>He <w VVD>cited<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w AVP>down <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>selection <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>party <w NN1>convention<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>expected <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="608"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="609"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="610"><w NN2>Protests <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Michoac&aacute;n <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="611"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>15,000 <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Revolution <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>gathered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>square <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morelia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Michoac&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w PRP>against <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demonstration <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eduardo <w NN1-NP0>Villase&ntilde;or <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Institutional <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>) <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>state <w NN1>governor<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Gortari <w CJC>and <w VVN>protected <w PRP>by <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="613"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PRD<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>supporters <w VVN-VVD>proclaimed <w DPS>their <w NN1>candidate <w NP0-NN1>Crist&oacute;bal <w NP0>Arias <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rightful <w AJ0>new <w NN1>state <w NN1>governor<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>produced <w NN2>copies <w PRF>of <w AT0>every <w NP0>PRD <w NN1>ballot <w NN1>paper <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w CJT>that <w NP0>Arias <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cheated <w PRF>of <w NN1>victory <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>Michoac&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w NN1>home <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRD<w POS>'s <w NN1>founder<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cuauht&eacute;moc <w NP0>C&aacute;rdenas <w NP0-NN1>Sol&oacute;rzano <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39000-01<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w NP0>PRD <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w NN1>picket <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>palace<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1-NP0>Villase&ntilde;or <w PRP>from <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01B>
<s n="615"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vatican
</caption>
<p>
<s n="616"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>restored <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="617"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1917 <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>legalize <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVB>end <w CRD>75 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN1>antagonism <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Salinas <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38569<c PUN>; <w CRD>38671<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01C>
<s n="618"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NN1>union <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="619"><w NP0>Joaqu&iacute;n <w NP0>Hern&aacute;ndez <w NP0>Galicia<c PUN>, <w CRD>69<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>for <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN1>Oil <w NN2>Workers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>STPRM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>35 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="620"><w NN1-NP0>Galicia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36392<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <w NN1>official <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Salinas <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>hailed <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>blow <w PRP>against <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Galicia <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VBG>being <w VVN>targeted <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="622"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="623"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="624"><w NN1>Demotion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aldana
</head>
<p>
<s n="625"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>through <w AJ0>local <w NN0>media <w NN2>sources <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Aldana<c PUN>, <w CRD>50<c PUN>, <w AV0>generally <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>third <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stripped <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>ideology<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>culture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="626"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demotion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aldana <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w AV0>officially <w VVN>confirmed <w CJC>and <w VVD>put <w AVP>down <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>errors <w CJC>and <w NN2>deficiencies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Robaina<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>politburo <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN2>Communists<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Aldana <w VHD>had <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>lifestyle <w PRP>above <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w NN2>Rumours <w VVD>persisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w UNC>US&dollar;20,000 <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w NN0>sales <w NN1-VVB>contract <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sony <w NN1>Corporation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cuba <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>spy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="629"><w NP0-NN1>Aldana<w POS>'s <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>rise <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>PCC <w PRP>since <w CRD>1986 <w VHD>had <w VVN>reflected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>trend <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>demotion <w VVD>suggested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>concentration <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w NP0>Ruz<c PUN>, <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w NN1>Constitution <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39000<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w AJ0>Overall <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>ideology <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w PRP>to <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Ram&oacute;n <w NP0-NN1>Balaguer<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NP0>Cuba<w POS>'s <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>culture <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>politburo <w NN1>member <w NP0>Mar&iacute;a <w UNC>de <w UNC>los <w NP0>Angeles <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01D>
<s n="631"><w NP0>Castro<w POS>'s <w NN1>anniversary <w NN1>speech
</caption>
<p>
<s n="632"><w NP0>Castro <w VVD>delayed <w DPS>his <w AJ0>traditional <w NP0>July <w CRD>26 <w NN1>speech <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1953 <w VVB-NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Moncada <w NN0>Barracks<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pivotal <w NN1>event <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>combined <w PNP>it <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>35th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cienfuegos <w NN1>uprising<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w NN1>address<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>south-central <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN2>Cienfuegos <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w VVB>broadcast <w AV0>nationwide<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>provided <w NN0>statistics <w TO0>to <w VVI>illustrate <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>damage<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>severing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>trading <w VVZ-NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="634"><w VVG>Comparing <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>with <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w UNC>US&dollar;4,734 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>lost <w AV0>annually <w PRP>through <w AJC>lower <w NN1>export <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w AV0>indirectly <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>destabilization <w PRF>of <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>, <w NN2>problems <w VVG>involving <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other<c PUN>, <w AJ0>financial<c PUN>, <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>government <w NN2>calculations<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>added<c PUN>, <w NN1>purchasing <w NN1>power <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;8,139 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>expected <w UNC>US&dollar;2,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="636"><w NP0>Castro <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unbelievable<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>achievement <w AT0>the <w NN1>harvesting <w PRF>of <w CRD>7,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>sugar <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w NN1>period<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extreme <w NN1>rationing <w PRF>of <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>, <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>transport<c PUN>.
<s n="637"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NN2>resources <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>harvest <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sold<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>in return for <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>buy <w AV0>only <w AV0>about <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Castro <w VVD>stated<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>agreements <w CRD>one <w NN1>tonne <w PRF>of <w NN1>sugar <w VHD>had <w VVN>bought <w CRD>7.5 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="639"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>deepen <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1-VVB>Act <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>30-year <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>building <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>order <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38858-59<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>awaited <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01E>
<s n="641"><w NN1-AJ0>Halting <w PRF>of <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant
</caption>
<p>
<s n="642"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cienfuegos <w NN1>speech <w NP0>Castro <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB-NN1>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Juraga <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cienfuegos<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972 <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>complete <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>halted <w AV0>indefinitely <w PRP>for <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w PNP>He <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>offer <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w TO0>to <w VVI>finish <w AT0>the <w NN1>project <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>insufficient <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVG>stopping <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet-designed <w NN1>plant <w VM0>would <w VVI>save <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01F>
<s n="644"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>troop <w NN2>withdrawals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="645"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9-14 <w PRP>between <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>government <w NN1>delegation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>for <w AJ0>special <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w NP0>Viacheslav <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Ustinov<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Nicolayev<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>3,000-strong <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN1>training <w NN1>brigade <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <c PUL>(<w AV0>now <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>forces<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN2>stages<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>electronic <w AJ0-NN1>intelligence-gathering <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w VVN>staffed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="647"><w NP0>Cuba <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>dropped <w DPS>its <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>demand<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN1>withdrawal <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>simultaneous <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Guant&aacute;namo <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east <w NN1>tip <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cuba <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430-31<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38669<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="648"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="649"><w NP0>HAITI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="650"><w NN1>Arrival <w PRF>of <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>mission
</head>
<p>
<s n="651"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>six-member <w AJ0>advance <w NN1>team <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>) <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Port-au-Prince <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>18-strong <w NP0>OAS <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>mission <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>presence <w VBD>was <w AV0>nominally <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>deter <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>advise <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>modification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>evaluate <w NN1>progress <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>crisis <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>overthrew <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Jean-Bertrand <w NP0>Aristide <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38430<c PUN>; <w CRD>38522-23<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="654"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>pro-government <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mobilization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Thought <w CJC>and <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>GRAD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w AJ0-VVD>condemned <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Marc <w NP0-NN1>Bazin <w PRP>for <w VVG>agreeing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>occupation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="655"><w AT0>The <w NN1>readiness <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bazin<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>army-backed <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mission <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>proof <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>effective<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w NN2>Analysts <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>modest <w NN1>size <w VVD>reflected <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bazin <w NN1>regime <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w VHD>had <w AV0>thus <w AV0>far <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>in <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>reinstatement <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38905<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="657"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>influenced <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AV0>forcibly <w VVG>repatriating <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN2>refugees <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38905<c PUN>; <w CRD>39046<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NN1-NP0>Bazin <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38957<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="658"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Santo <w NP0>Domingo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Bazin <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Joaqu&iacute;n <w NP0>Balaguer <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>eager <w TO0>to <w VVI>mediate <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Haitian <w NN1>crisis<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w NP0>Robert <w NP0-NN1>Pastorino<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="659"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Bazin <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Francois <w NP0>Benoit<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>invited <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1-4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>OAS-mediated <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Aristide<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fr <w NP0>Antoine <w NP0>Adrien <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>August <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>initiative <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39046<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="660"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w CJC>but <w NP0>Bazin <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NP0>OAS <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Baena <w NP0>Soares <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Aristide <w VBD>was <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unavoidable <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="661"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="662"><w NP0>BAHAMAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="663"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>programme
</head>
<p>
<s n="664"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Free <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNM<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hubert <w NP0>Ingraham<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39046<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>presented <w DPS>its <w NN1>programme <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="665"><w NP0-NN1>Ingraham <w VVD>promised <w NN1>openness <w CJC>and <w NN1>morality <w PRP>in <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>accountability <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>monopoly <w PRP>in <w NN1>broadcasting<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>privatize <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>hotels <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>tax <w NN2>casinos<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>offer <w NN1>tax <w NN2>concessions <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>funds <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bahamas <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>boost <w NN1>manufacturing <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small-business <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN2>Utilities <w NN1>Commission <w VM0>would <w VVI>review <w NN1>electricity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
<s n="668"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>employment <w NN2>laws <w PRP>regarding <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>, <w NN1>redundancy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sick <w NN1>leave <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>church <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="669"><w NP0-NN1>Ingraham<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cabinet <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Ingraham <w PNX>himself <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN2>portfolios <w CJC>and <w NP0>Orville <w NP0>Alton <w NP0>Turnquest <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="670"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="671"><w NP0>HONDURAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="672"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador
</head>
<p>
<s n="673"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>protracted <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w NP0>Honduras <w CJC>and <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w VVG>dating <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w CRD>1839 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>football <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w CRD>1969 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>23526-27<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>settled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>ruling <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICJ<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <c PUL>(<w NP0>Netherlands<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>dealt <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w NN2>pockets <w PRF>of <w NN1>mainland <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>islands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="675"><w NP0>Honduras <w VM0>would <w VVI>receive <w AV0>roughly <w CRD>two-thirds <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w CRD>290 <w NN0>sq km<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w PRP>under <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>full <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>delta <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Goascor&aacute;n <w NN1>river <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>segments <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NP0>Negro-Quiagara <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Sazalapa <w NN2>rivers<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<w POS>'s <w CRD>one-third <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w CRD>150 <w NN0>sq km<c PUR>) <w VVD>included <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>pocket <w AV0>near <w CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>Honduras-El <w NP0>Salvador <w NN1>border <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>segments<c PUN>, <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Sumpul <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Torola <w NN2>rivers<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>apportioned <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w VBD>was <w VVN>awarded <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands <w PRF>of <w NP0>Meanguera <w CJC>and <w NP0>Meanguerita<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Honduras <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>El <w NP0>Tigre <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Gulf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fonseca<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w PNX>itself <w VHD>had <w AV0>now <w PRP>to <w AJ0>shared <w PRP>with <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="680"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dispute <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>ICJ <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34415<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01G>
<s n="681"><w VVB-NN1>Kidnap <w NN1>drama <w CJC>and <w NN1>airport <w NN1>siege
</caption>
<p>
<s n="682"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rican <w NN1>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Minster <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Fishman <w NP0-NN1>Zonzinski<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Honduran <w NN1>Bishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Rosa <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cop&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alfonso <w NP0>Santos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico<w POS>'s <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jes&uacute;s <w NP0>Cabrera <w NP0>Mu&ntilde;oz <w NP0>Ledo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Honduran <w NN2>police <w NN1>colonel<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>seized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rican <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>San <w NP0>Jos&eacute;<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Honduran <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1-NP0>Cinchonero <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPLC <w CJC>or <w NP0>Cinchoneros<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w NN1>drama <w AT0>the <w NN1>kidnapper<c PUN>, <w NP0>Orlando <w NP0>Ordo&ntilde;ez <w NP0>Betancourt<c PUN>, <w AV0>successfully <w VVN-VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>be <w VVN>flown <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>airport <w NN1>siege <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>passage <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="684"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD-VVN>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ordo&ntilde;ez<c PUN>, <w CRD>33<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>wanted <w PRP>on <w NN1>rape<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>assault <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>murder <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
<s n="685"><w DPS>His <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w PNP>he <w AV0>eventually <w VVD>took <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Honduran <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>mediated <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Fishman<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>Hondurans <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>disappeared<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="686"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="687"><w NP0>NICARAGUA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="688"><w NN2>Decrees <w PRP>on <w NN1>property <w NN2>rights
</head>
<p>
<s n="689"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Violeta <w UNC>Barrios <w UNC>de <w NP0>Chamorro <w VVD>signed <w CRD>three <w NN2>decrees <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>property <w NN2>rights <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>contentious <w NN1>issue <w VVG>facing <w DPS>her <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>4,600 <w NN2>claims <w PRP>for <w NN1>redress <w PRP>from <w NN2>owners <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w NN1>land <w VVD>expropriated <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Sandinista <c PUL>(<w NP0>FSLN<c PUR>) <w NN1>regime <w PRP>between <w CRD>1979 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="690"><w TO0>To <w VVI>decide <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>matters <w PRF>of <w NN1>compensation <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>decrees <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>Property <w NN1>Ombudsman<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w AV0>within <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subordinate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVD>re-established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Review <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Property <w NN1>Ombudsman<w POS>'s <w NN1>office<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVD>expanded <w AT0>the <w NN2>duties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Reorganization <c PUL>(<w NP0>OOT<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w NN2>assignments <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>property <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN2>officials <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chamorro<w POS>'s <w NN1>inauguration <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="691"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>specified <w CJT>that <w NN2>properties <w AV0>unjustly <w VVN>confiscated <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>rightful <w NN2>owners<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN2>owners <w VBI>be <w VVN>compensated <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="692"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chamorro <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w NN1>land <w VVN-VVD>confiscated <w CJC>and <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>among <w NN2>peasants <w PNQ>who <w AV0>now <w VVD>held <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>title <w CJC>or <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>confiscated <w PRP>for <w AJ0>important <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>purposes<c PUN>.
<s n="693"><w NN1>Property <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1-NP0>Somoza <w NN1>dictatorship <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>private <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AV0>even <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN2>anomalies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>examined<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01H>
<s n="694"><w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="695"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Maisto<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1-AJ0>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Nicaraguan <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Managua <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AJ0>continued <w NP0>US <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="696"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PRF>of <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>Republican <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Jesse <w NP0>Helms<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>blocked <w AT0>the <w NN1>disbursement <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w NP0>Chamorro <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>sharing <w NN1>power <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Sandinistas<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w VVD-VVN>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>government <w NN2>offices <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38957<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01J>
<s n="697"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>police <w NN1>chief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="698"><w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Caldera <w NP0>Azmitia<c PUN>, <w CRD>37<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sandinista<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="699"><w AT0>The <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Caldera <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w DT0>another <w NP0>Sandinista<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NN2>Vivas<c PUN>, <w VVD>enraged <w NP0>Chamorro<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>opponents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Opposition <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNO<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Aviles<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>cattleman<c PUN>, <w NN1>businessman <w CJC>and <w DT0>former<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>contra<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>specially <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Vice-Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>authority <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w CRD>Eleven <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>police <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>removed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01K>
<s n="701"><w AJ0>Tidal <w NN1>wave <w NN1>disaster
</caption>
<p>
<s n="702"><w AJ0>Tidal <w NN2>waves <w AV0>up to <w CRD>15 <w NN2>metres <w AJ0>high<c PUN>, <w VVN>triggered <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>earthquake <w PRP>beneath <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NP0>Ocean<c PUN>, <w VVD>crashed <w PRP-AVP>along <w CRD>227 <w NN0>km <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicaragua<w POS>'s <w AJ0>low-lying <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>coast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVG>missing<c PUN>, <w CRD>300 <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>, <w CRD>4,200 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>left <w AJ0>homeless <w CJC>and <w CRD>16,000 <w VVD>evacuated<c PUN>.
<s n="704"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fishing <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism <w NN2>industries <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>region <w VVD-VVN>depended <w VBD>were <w VVN>devastated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="705"><w VVG>Registering <w CRD>7 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Richter <w NN1>scale<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>earthquake <w VBD>was <w VVN>centred <w CRD>120 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Managua<c PUN>.
<s n="706"><w AJ0-VVG>Surrounding <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela <w VVD>supplied <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>relief <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>also <w VVN>contributed <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="707"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="708"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="709"><w NN1>Guerrilla <w NN2>attacks
</head>
<p>
<s n="710"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1-AJ0>offensive<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>renewal <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38809<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>suspended <w AV0>indefinitely <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="711"><w PRP>In <w CRD>two <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>attacks <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Colombia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FARC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>ELN<c PUR>) <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Villavicencio<c PUN>, <w CRD>75 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bogot&aacute;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Santander<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>300 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-west<c PUN>, <w CRD>14 <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w DT0>more <w AJ0-VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dynamiting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>pipeline <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-western <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Segovia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zaragoza <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ELN<c PUN>, <w VVD>killed <w CRD>three <w NN2>children <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01L>
<s n="713"><w NN1>Murder <w PRF>of <w NN1>judge <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Surrender <w PRF>of <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficker <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Conditions <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Escobar<w POS>'s <w NN1>surrender
</caption>
<p>
<s n="714"><w NN1>Evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>drug <w NN2>cartels <w VHD>had <w VVN>infiltrated <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>security <w NN1>system <w VVD>came <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>Myriam <w NP0>Roc&iacute;o <w NP0>V&eacute;lez<c PUN>, <w CRD>38<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>district <w NN1>court <w NN1-VVB>judge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Medell&iacute;n<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w NN1-NP0>V&eacute;lez <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>judges <c PUL>(<w VVZ>jueces <w NN1-VVB>sin <w NN1>rostro<c PUR>) <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>identity <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>kept <w VVN>hidden <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w DT0>such <w NN2>attacks <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w DPS>their <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="716"><w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Avenda&ntilde;o <w NP0-NN1>Arango<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w PNQ>who <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pablo <w NP0>Escobar <w NP0>Gaviria<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39001<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Escobar<w POS>'s <w AV0>most<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>trusted <w NN2>men<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>surrendered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Escobar <w VM0>would <w VVI>follow <w NN1>suit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="718"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>taped <w NN1>message <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Escobar <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>printed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>El <w NP0>Nuevo <w NP0>Siglo <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w VVG>surrendering <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>ensured <w DPS>his <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>placed <w PNP>him <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Antioqu&iacute;a<c PUN>.
<s n="719"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VBG>being <w VVN>hunted <w PRP>by <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w CRD>17 <w NN2>helicopters <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN0>aircraft <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>DEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="720"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Prosecutor-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gustavo <w NP0-NN1>Greiff<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Escobar<w POS>'s <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>acceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="721"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="722"><w NP0>ECUADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="723"><w NN1>Austerity <w NN2>measures <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Protests <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>strikes
</head>
<p>
<s n="724"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AV0>recently <w VVN>elected <w NP0>President <w NP0>Sixto <w NP0>Dur&aacute;n <w NP0>Ball&eacute;n <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39001-02<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN1>austerity <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w VVG>Following <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>street <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>looting <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>bomb <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Quito <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guayaquil<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>mobilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="726"><w AT0>The <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>burgeoning <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w UNC>US&dollar;800 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><w PNP>They <w VVD>involved <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline <w NP0>EEA<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>spending <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;35,000,000 <w CJC>or <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>employment<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sucre <c PUL>(<w AV0>initially <w PRP>by <w CRD>27.6 <w NN0>per cent <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=1,789.24 <w NN2>sucres <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>rate<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>price <w NN2>increases <w PRF>of <w CRD>125-165 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AJC>higher <w NN1>grade <w NN1>petrol <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w CRD>25-125 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN1>electricity<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w VVZ>curbs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>free <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>travel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="728"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>10,000 <w NN1>sucre <w NN1>cost-of-living <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1-VVB>grant <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bottled <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w DT0>most <w NN2>households<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1-VVB>promise<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>payment <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NN1>month<w POS>'s <w NN1>pay<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="731"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FUT<c PUR>) <w VVD>brought <w NP0>Ecuador <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>standstill <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>culmination <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN2>protests <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="732"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>Nationalities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ecuador <c PUL>(<w NP0>Conaie<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>disobedience<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Conaie <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Macas<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>rule <w AVP>out <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>rebellion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w NP0>Conaie<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Vicente <w NP0>Maldonado<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>strikes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>suppressed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="734"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="735"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="736"><w NN1-VVB>Capture <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sendero <w NN1>leader
</head>
<p>
<s n="737"><w NP0>Abimael <w NP0>Guzm&aacute;n <w NP0-NN1>Renoso<c PUN>, <w CRD>57<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>founder <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Maoist <w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="738"><w NN1-NP0>Guzm&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Chairman <w NP0-NN1>Gonzalo<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>philosophy <w NN1>professor <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ayacucho<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN2>followers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>sword <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>revolution <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Marx<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lenin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mao <w NP0>Zedong<c PUN>.
<s n="739"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>mystique <w VVG>surrounding <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>criminal<c PUN>, <w VVG>parading <w PNP>him <w PRP>before <w CRD>300 <w NN2>journalists <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>iron <w NN1>cage <w VVN-VVD>erected <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>patio <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lima <w NN2>police <w NN0>headquarters<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w VVN>Dressed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>striped <w NN1>prison <w NN1-VVB>suit <w VVG>bearing <w DPS>his <w NN1>prison <w NN1>number<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guzm&aacute;n <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>defiant<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VVD>ignored <w DT0>all <w NN2>questions <w CJC>and <w AV0>instead <w VVN>launched <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-minute <w NN1>address<c PUN>, <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>simply <w AT0>a <w NN1>bend <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>road<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Sendero<w POS>'s <w AJ0>12-year<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w AV0>finally <w VVI>end <w PRP>in <w NN1>triumph<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="741"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>presented <w NP0>Guzm&aacute;n<w POS>'s <w NN1>capture <w CJS>as <w VVG>justifying <w DPS>his <w NN1>assumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dictatorial <w NN2>powers <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38846-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w NN2>Fujimori <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>wipe <w AVP>out <w NP0>Sendero <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>in <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="743"><w DPS>His <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>standing <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>18 <w NN2>points <w PRP>in <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Guzm&aacute;n<w POS>'s <w NN1>capture<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>analysts <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>government-sponsored <w NN2>candidates <w AV0>now <w VVD>stood <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>commanding <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCD<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39048<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01M>
<s n="744"><w NP0-NN1>Guzm&aacute;n<w POS>'s <w NN1>capture <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Impact <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sendero <w NN1>war
</caption>
<p>
<s n="745"><w NN1-NP0>Guzm&aacute;n <w VBD>was <w VVN>seized <w PRP>in <w NN2>rooms <w PRP>above <w AT0>a <w NN1>ballet <w NN1>school <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>comfortable <w AJ0>middle <w NN1>class <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Surco <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>captured <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w VBD>was <w NP0>Sendero<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>presumed <w NN1>number <w CRD>two <w NP0>Elena <w NP0>Reboredo <w NP0-NN1>Iparaquirre<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>co-ordinator <w AJ0-NN1>Germ&aacute;n <w AJ0>Cipian <w NP0-NN1>Tavara <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>political <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>suspects <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AJ0>succeeding <w NN2>days <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>security <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="748"><w AT0>The <w NN1>swoop <w PRP>by <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Counter-terrorism <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Directorate <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dincote<c PUR>) <w VVD>followed <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>surveillance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="749"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>analysts <w VVN-VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrests <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sendero<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>military <w NN1>command <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>untouched<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>cited <w NP0>Sendero<w POS>'s <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>cell <w NN1>structure <w CJC>and <w AJ0>proven <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>regroup<c PUN>.
<s n="750"><w NN1-NP0>Guzm&aacute;n <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AV0>potentially <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>dangerous<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w DPS>his <w NN2>followers <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DT0>all <w AJ0>possible <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w DPS>his <w NN1>release<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="751"><w AT0>The <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sendero <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>23,000 <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;22,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>damage<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w NP0>Sendero<w POS>'s <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>retaliation <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrests <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>as <w AJ0>great <w CJS>as <w VVN>feared<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>policeman <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>explosions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01N>
<s n="753"><w NN2>Prospects <w PRP>for <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="754"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w NP0-NN1>Guzm&aacute;n <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>La <w NP0>Punta <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Callao <w PRP>near <w NP0>Lima <w TO0>to <w VVI>await <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>treason<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="755"><w NN2>Fujimori <w VVN-VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>G&uacute;zman<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w XX0>not <w VVN>permitted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD-VVN>made <w PNP>it <w VVN>known <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>G&uacute;zman <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w AJ0>perpetual <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="757"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN2>modifications <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>code <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sendero<w POS>'s <w NP0>July <w AJ0-NN1>offensive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39002<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w NN1>terrorism <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVN>considered<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>traitors <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fatherland<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01P>
<s n="758"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>appointment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="759"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Arnaldo <w NP0>Velarde <w VBD>was <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>Commander <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Nadal <w NP0>Payva<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="760"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="761"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="762"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w NN1>privatization <w NN1-VVB>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="763"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>alleged <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>influence <w VVG>peddling <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>criticisms <w VVD>forced <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Paz <w NP0>Zamora <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>hotels <w PRP>in <w NP0>La <w NP0>Paz<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN2>irregularities <w VBD>were <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sealed <w NN2>tenders<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>accusations <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w NP0>Aldo <w NP0>Fort&iacute;<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>adjudicate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>bids <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>La <w NP0>Paz <w NN1>Hotel <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sheraton<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>present <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>hacienda <c PUL>(<w AJ0>large <w NN1>farm<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Zamora<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="766"><w AT0>The <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>opposition <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38718<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>state-run <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>14 <w NN2>hotels <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>military-run <w NN2>corporations<c PUN>.
<s n="767"><w AT0>The <w NN1>take-up <w PRP>on <w DT0>many <w NN2>options <w VBD>was <w AJ0>poor<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>.
<s n="768"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>airlines <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w NN1>stake <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>carrier <w NP0>Lloyd <w NP0>A&eacute;reo <w NP0>Boliviano <c PUL>(<w NN1>LAB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>refused <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>inadequate<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iberia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>state <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="769"><w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-ordination <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>Doria <w NP0>Medina <w VVD>admitted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>area <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>very <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zamora<w POS>'s <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>; <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01R>
<s n="770"><w NN1>Allegation <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN1>corruption
</caption>
<p>
<s n="771"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Police <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>investigated <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>testimony <w PRF>of <w NN2>Police <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Waldo <w NP0>Panozo<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w NP0>31-Sept. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w NP0-NN1>Panozo <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>police <w NN2>chiefs <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG>protecting <w DT0>this <w NN1>traffic<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="773"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="774"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="775"><w NN1>Army <w NN1>mobilization
</head>
<p>
<s n="776"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Pinochet <w NP0>Ugarte<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>military <w NN1>dictator<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w NN1>alert <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>telephone <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>from <w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Aylwin <w NP0-NN1>Az&oacute;car<c PUN>.
<s n="777"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AV0>locally<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w VVD>remained <w AV0>fully <w VVN>mobilized<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="778"><w AT0>The <w NN1>alert <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="779"><w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Lucar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>Army <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pinochet<w POS>'s <w NN1>absence <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>on <w NN1>holiday <w PRP>in <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crisis <w VVD>arose <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>, <w PRP>outside <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>repair <w NN1>shop<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>identified <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disguised <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Battalion <c PUL>(<w NP0>BIE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="781"><w AT0>The <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leak <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Directorate <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>DINA<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NP0>BIE <w VBD>was <w VVN>tied<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="782"><w NP0>BIE <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>employing <w CRD>600 <w NN2>agents <w PRP>in <w VVG>tapping <w AT0>the <w NN2>telephones <w PRF>of <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>clergy<c PUN>, <w NN1>business <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>unionists <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>relevant<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>personalities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01S>
<s n="783"><w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN1>anniversary <w NN2>demonstrations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="784"><w AT0>The <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pinochet<w POS>'s <w NN1>coup <w DTQ>which <w VVD>overthrew <w NP0>President <w NP0>Salvador <w NP0>Allende <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w VVN>commemorated <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>holiday <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VHG>having <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>year <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w DT0>this <w NN1>holiday<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>21-gun <w NN1>salute <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
<s n="785"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>counter-demonstrators <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w NP0>Santiago <w PRP>to <w NP0>Allende<w POS>'s <w NN1>grave<c PUN>.
<s n="786"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w CRD>three <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>gunman <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unnamed <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>organization <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>metropolitan <w NN1>area <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Pareto<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01T>
<s n="787"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="788"><w AT0>The <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w VBD>were <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>Education <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Lagos <w NP0-NN1>Escobar <w AV0>in particular <w VVG>stepping <w AVP>down <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Ominami <w NP0>Pascual <c PUL>(<w NN1>Economy<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="789"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointees <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Arrate <c PUL>(<w NN1>Education<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Marshall <c PUL>(<w NN1>Economy<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Germ&aacute;n <w NP0-NN1>Molina <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AJ0-NN1>Germ&aacute;n <w NP0>Correa <w NP0>Diaz<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alejandro <w NP0>Hales <c PUL>(<w NN2>Mines<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Hamilton <w NP0>Depassier<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="790"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="791"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="792"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="793"><w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Le&oacute;n <w NP0>Carlos <w NN1>Arslani&aacute;n <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w NN1>interference <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w CRD>235 <w VVZ-NN2>judges <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>penal <w NN2>appeals <w NN2>courts<c PUN>.
<s n="794"><w NN1-NP0>Arslani&aacute;n <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Maiorano<c PUN>, <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="795"><w AT0>The <w NN2>courts <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>administer <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>code<c PUN>, <w VVD>unveiled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>written <w NN2>trials <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>public <w AJ0-NN1>oral <w NN2>trials <w PRP>for <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w NP0-NN1>Arslani&aacute;n <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>accepted <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>recommendations <w CJC>but <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>four <w NN2>judges<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>merit <w PRP>other than <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="797"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Radical <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>ending <w DT0>all <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="798"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>UCR <w VVN-VVD>regarded <w NN1-AJ0>Arslani&aacute;n<w POS>'s <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Menem<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>authoritarian <w NN2>excesses<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>affecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w AV0>also <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVZ-NN2>judges <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>packed <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37608<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>warn <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>grave <w NN2>problems <w VVN>posed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>juridical <w NN1>insecurity <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vigorous <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>by <w NN1>decree<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="800"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>UCR<w POS>'s <w CRD>85 <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>resorting <w PRP>to <w NN2>bribes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>favours <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>119 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRF>of <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>hydrocarbons <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="801"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w VVD>paved <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company <w NP0>Yacimientos <w NP0>Petrol&iacute;feros <w NP0>Fiscales <w NP0>Sociedad <w UNC>del <w NP0>Estado <c PUL>(<w NP0>YPF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="802"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="803"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<caption>
<s n="804"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="805"><w AJ0>Thai <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<p>
<s n="806"><w AT0>The <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>won <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>election <w VBB>are <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w NN1>parenthesis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="807"><w UNC>*Chart <w NP0-NN1>Patthana <w CJC>and <w NP0>Seritham<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVB>Arthit <w NP0-NN1>Urairat<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>formed <w PRP>after <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01U>
<s n="808"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="809"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="810"><w AT0>The <w NN1>victory <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-military <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="811"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>demonstrators <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>confrontation <w DTQ>which <w AV0>ultimately <w VVD-VVN>forced <w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38816<c PUN>; <w CRD>38865<c PUN>; <w CRD>38894-95<c PUN>; <w CRD>38966<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01V>
<s n="812"><w NN1-VVB>Conduct <w PRF>of <w NN1>election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="813"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>contest <w PRP>between<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>angel<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Aspiration <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Palang <w NP0>Dharma <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ekkaparb<c PUR>) <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>devil<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w AJ0>pro-military <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="814"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>principal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>devil<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w NN1>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NP0-NN1>Patthana<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w AT0>The <w DT0>latter <w NN1>formation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>created <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w NN1>election <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="816"><w NP0>Chatichai <w NP0>Choonhaven <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39007<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>drawing <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w AV0>largely <w PRP>from <w NN1>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chatichai<w POS>'s <w AJ0>old <w NN1>party<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sammakkhi <w NP0>Tham<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force<w POS>'s <w NN1>prot&eacute;g&eacute; <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>79<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>disintegrated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Suchinda <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="817"><w AJ0>Nationwide <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AJ0-AV0>high<c PUN>, <w VVG>averaging <w CRD>62.05 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="818"><w NN1>Poll <w NN1-VVB>Watch<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>group <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>marred <w PRP>by <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>seven <w NN2>canvassers <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w AJ0>political <w NN2>rivals <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="820"><w NN2>Politicians <w VBD>were <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>paid <w AVP>out<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>sum <w PRF>of <w NN1>money<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>poorer <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01W>
<s n="821"><w NN1>Election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="822"><w CJS>As <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>general <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats<c PUN>; <w CRD>12 <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w VVD>took <w NN1>part<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <c PUL>(<w NP0>Palang <w NP0>Prachachon<c PUR>) <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>any <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="823"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>grouping <w PRP>with <w CRD>79 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>36 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>45 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>heartlands <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
<s n="824"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w VVD>won <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUR>) <w VVG>capturing <w CRD>eight <w PRP>from <w NP0>Palang <w NP0>Dharma<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>still <w VVD>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w CRD>23 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="825"><w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NP0-NN1>Patthana <w VVD>performed <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Isarn<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>northeastern <w NN1>region<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01X>
<s n="826"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democrat-led <w NN1>coalition <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="827"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <w VVN-VVD>entered <w PRP>into <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>angel<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>parties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <w AV0>together <w VVD-VVN>mustered <w AV0>only <w CRD>185 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AV0>barely <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="829"><w AT0>A <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>formed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>SAP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in<c PUN>, <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>to <w CRD>207<c PUN>.
<s n="830"><w CJS>While <w DT0>these <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w AV0>under way<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NN1-NP0>Thai <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Chart <w NP0-NN1>Patthana <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Aspiration <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit <w NP0>Yongchaiyut <w AV0>publicly <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="831"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w NP0>Adulyadej <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="832"><w PRP>In <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Marut <w NP0>Bunnak<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>House <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="833"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chuan <w NP0-NN1>Leekpai<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w DPS>His <w NN1>nomination <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w CRD>216 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w AJ0>military <w NN1>background <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>mid-1970s<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w NN1-NP0>Chuan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w NN1>experience <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>mid-1970s<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>moderate <w CJC>and <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>clean<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>politician<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="837"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Chuan <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN0>people <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>join <w NN2>hands <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>perfect<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><w PNP>He <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>create <w DT0>another <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>pretext <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLPCA01Y>
<s n="839"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="840"><w NN1-NP0>Chuan <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NP0>Anand <w NP0-NN1>Panyarachun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="841"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unelected <w NN2>technocrats<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Tharin <w NP0-NN1>Nimmanhemin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Siam <w AJ0>Commercial <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>; <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Amnuai <w NP0-NN1>Wirawan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bangkok <w NN1-NP0>Bank<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suphachai <w NP0>Phanitchaphak<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Thai <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="842"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Wichit <w NP0>Sukmak<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>respected <w NN1>soldier <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>prot&eacute;g&eacute; <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>privy <w NN1>councillor <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Prem <w NP0>Tinsulanonda<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>unelected<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><w NP0-NN1>Chuan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>under <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="844"><w NP0>Sanan <w NP0>Khachonprasat<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>instead <w VVD>appointed <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="845"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Squadron <w NP0>Ldr<c PUN>.
<s n="846"><w VVB>Prasong <w NP0-NN1>Sonsiri<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palang <w NP0>Dharma <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="847"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palang <w NP0>Dharma<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="848"><w NP0>Chamlong <w NP0>Srimaung<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>performance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>representation <w PRP>from <w CRD>41 <w PRP>to <w CRD>47<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w NP0-NN1>Chamlong<w POS>'s <w NN1>second-in-command<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Winai <w NP0>Somphong<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>portfolio <w AV0>long <w VVN>tainted <w PRP>by <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chaovalit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>NAP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="851"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SAP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Montri <w NP0-NN1>Pongpanich<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>politicians <w VVD-VVN>ruled<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>unusually <w AJ0>rich<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA020></p>
<caption id=HLPCA020>
<s n="853"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="854"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>military <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w VVG>involving <w CRD>557 <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>colonel<c PUN>.
<s n="855"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>generals <w AV0>directly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w VBD>were <w VVN>shifted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>inactive <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
<s n="856"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>top <w AJ0>military <w NN2>figures <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39052<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="857"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>feature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>graduates <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chulachomklao <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Academy<w POS>'s <w NN1>Class <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>graduating <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>1958 <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Suchinda <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>army <w NN1>commander <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Issarapong <w NP0>Noonpakdi<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="858"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="859"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="860"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN2>provisions <w CJC>and <w NN1>curfew
</head>
<p>
<s n="861"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>revoked <w CRD>two <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN2>orders<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AJ0>administrative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>judicial <w NN2>functions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0>military <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w NN2>decrees<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>public <w NN2>gatherings<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="863"><w AT0>A <w NN1>night <w NN1>curfew <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1988 <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA021></p>
<caption id=HLPCA021>
<s n="864"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="865"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>leading <w NP0>SLORC <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vice-Adml<c PUN>.
<s n="866"><w NP0>Maung <w NP0>Maung <w NP0-NN1>Khin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="867"><w NN1>Tin <w NN1-NP0>Tun<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN2>posts <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Mines <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="869"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern<c PUN>, <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>regions <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="870"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>in <w NN1>parenthesis<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Rear <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="871"><w CJS>Than <w NP0-NN1>Nyunt <c PUL>(<w NN1>Health<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="872"><w NP0>Thein <w VVB-NN1>Win <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transport<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="873"><w NP0>Tun <w NP0>Kyi <c PUL>(<w NN1>Trade<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen <w NP0>Kyaw <w NP0>Ba <c PUL>(<w NN2>Hotels <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="874"><w NP0>Maung <w NP0>Thint <c PUL>(<w NN1>Development <w PRF>of <w NN1>Border <w NN2>Areas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Races<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="875"><w ITJ>Aye <w NP0>Thaung <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="876"><w NP0>Kyaw <w NN0>Min <c PUL>(<w NN2>Mines<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="877"><w VVB>Lun <w NP0>Maung <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="878"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="879"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="880"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>over <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan
</head>
<p>
<s n="881"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>persistent <w NN1>failure<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w VBD>was <w VVG>obstructing <w AJ0>full <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="882"><w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD-AJ0>proposed <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w NN2>co-chairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>conference<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in co-operation with <w NP0>Yasushi <w NP0-NN1>Akashi<c PUN>, <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVB>undertake <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>finding <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>impasse<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="883"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>other <w NN2>respects<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <w VBD>was <w VVG>proceeding <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="884"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w AT0>no <w AJC>later <w CJS>than <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>115,000 <w NN2>refugees <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>repatriated <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="885"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Akashi <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>as <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>wanting <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>sacrifice <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN0>people <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>markets <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>expansionists<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="886"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>officers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>rejoined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mixed <w AJ0>Military <w AJ0>Working <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>MMWG<c PUR>) <w NN2>talks <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Sanderson<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UNTAC <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander<c PUN>.
<s n="887"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NP0>MMWG <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA022></p>
<caption id=HLPCA022>
<s n="888"><w NN1>Arrival <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="889"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w AV0>overseas <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>eight-officer <w NN1>group <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>during <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39097<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA023></p>
<caption id=HLPCA023>
<s n="891"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>visitors
</caption>
<p>
<s n="892"><w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="893"><w NP0-NN1>Xu <w NP0-NN1>Dunxin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Vice-Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>visited <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="894"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NN1-NP0>Xu <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>failed <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese-backed <w NN1>faction <w TO0>to <w VVI>rejoin <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="895"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>visitors <w VVD>included<c PUN>: <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Benny <w NP0>Murdani<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Joxe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alastair <w NP0>Goodlad<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="896"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="897"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="898"><w AJ0>Internal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs
</head>
<caption>
<s n="899"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="900"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39007 <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38864-65 <w PRP>for <w ORD>11th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="901"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>elected <w AJ0>Senior <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Le <w NN1>Duc <w NN1>Anh <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="902"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>President <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="903"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Anh <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>second-ranking <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPV<c PUR>) <w NN1>politburo <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>.
<s n="904"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>faction <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>conservative<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="905"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>posts <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23-24<c PUN>.
<s n="906"><w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Thi <w NP0-NN1>Binh <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>.
<s n="907"><w VVB-NN1>Nong <w NN1>Duc <w NN1-NP0>Manh <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Quang <w NP0>Dao<c PUN>.
<s n="908"><w NN1-NP0>Manh<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38271-72<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tay <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>group <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>highest-ranking <w NN1>minority <w NN1>leader<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA024></p>
<caption id=HLPCA024>
<s n="909"><w NP0>Hijacking <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Fulro <w NN2>rebels
</caption>
<p>
<s n="910"><w NP0>Ly <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>South <w NN0>Vietnamese <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>pilot <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w VVD>hijacked <w AT0>an <w NN0>aircraft <w VVG>flying <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="911"><w NP0>Tong <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>pilot <w TO0>to <w VVI>circle <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>unload <w AJ0>anti-communist <w NN2>leaflets <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="912"><w PNP>He <w AV0>eventually <w VVD>parachuted <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="913"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w NN1>edition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Oppressed <w NN2>Races <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fulro<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Montagnard <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>army <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>for <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Highlands <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1960s<c PUN>.
<s n="914"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Fulro <w NN1>leadership <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mondolkiri <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>until <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>enjoyed <w AJ0-AV0>close <w NN2-VVZ>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>; <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,500 <w NN1-NP0>Fulro <w NN2>fighters <w VBD>were <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Highlands<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA025></p>
<caption id=HLPCA025>
<s n="915"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>exploration <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="916"><w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>issued <w NN1>protest <w VVZ-NN2>notes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w VVG>demanding <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVB>halt<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>oil <w NN1>exploration <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Gulf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tonkin<c PUN>.
<s n="917"><w VVG>Rejecting <w DT0>this <w NN1>accusation<c PUN>, <w NP0>China <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>drilling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>north-south <w NN1>boundary <w NN1>line <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Gulf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tonkin <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1887 <w PRP>by <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AV0>then <w AJ0>colonial <w NN1>ruler<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="918"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>restored <w AJ0>normal <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w NN2>relations <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>strained <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>outstanding <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>disputes <w PRP>on <w NN1>land <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NN1>sea<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="919"><w NP0-NN1>Xu <w NP0-NN1>Dunxin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>Vice-Foreign <w NP0>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18-21<c PUN>.
<s n="920"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>disputes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA026></p>
<caption id=HLPCA026>
<s n="921"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w VDB>Do <w AJ0>Muoi <w PRP>to <w NP0>India
</caption>
<p>
<s n="922"><w AT0>A <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>CPV <w NN1>secretary <w AJ0>general <w VDB>Do <w NP0>Muoi <w VVD>visited <w NP0>India <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8-13<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NN1-NP0>Muoi <w VVD>met <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>.
<s n="924"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>All-India <w NN1>Radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PRP>among <w NN2>topics <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VBD>was <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>fields <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>energy <w CJC>and <w NN1>oil <w NN1>exploration<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="925"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="926"><w NP0>SINGAPORE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="927"><w NN1>Nomination <w PRF>of <w NN0>MPs
</head>
<p>
<s n="928"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>committee <w VVN>appointed <w CRD>six<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>non-elected <w NN0>MPs<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NN1>Parliament <w DTQ>which <w VVD>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="929"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>two <w AJ0-VVD>nominated <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="930"><w AJ0>Controversial <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w VVD>empowered <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>nominate <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>non-elected <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>81-member <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37574<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="931"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>nominated <w NN2>MPs <w VHD>had <w AJ0>full <w NN1>voting <w NN2>rights <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>issues <w PRP-CJS>except <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w NN1>confidence <w NN2>motions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>money <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>supply <w NN2>bills<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="932"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>MPs <w VVD-VVN>included<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>some <w AJ0>articulate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>long-time <w NN2>critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="933"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="934"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="935"><w NN1-NP0>Price <w NN1>liberalization <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Appointments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>dissident
</head>
<p>
<s n="936"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>lifted <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>for <w CRD>593 <w NN2>items <w CJC>and <w NN2>materials<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w VVN-VVD>described <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w VVG>liberalizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="937"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w NN2>producers<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w AJ0>state-owned<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NN2>goods <w PRP>such as <w NN1>petroleum<c PUN>, <w NN1>asphalt<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>lead<c PUN>, <w NN1>aluminium<c PUN>, <w VVG>lubricating <w NN2>oils <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>grease<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1>steel <w NN2>products <w CJC>and <w DT0>most <w NN1>machinery <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electronic <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="938"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>89 <w NN2>commodities <w VVD>remained <w AV0>directly <w VVN>priced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA027></p>
<caption id=HLPCA027>
<s n="939"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN2>Railways <w NN2>Ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="940"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Liu <w NP0>Zhongli <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="941"><w PNP>He <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Wang <w AJ0-NN1>Bingqian<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w NN1>State <w NN1>Councillor<c PUN>.
<s n="942"><w NP0>Liu<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Vice-Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="943"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Han <w NP0>Zhubin <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Senmao <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Railways<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA028></p>
<caption id=HLPCA028>
<s n="944"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN1>dissident
</caption>
<p>
<s n="945"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>authorities <w VVN>arrested <w UNC>Shen <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="946"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w UNC>Shen <w VHD>had <w VVN>scheduled <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w DPS>his <w NN1>application <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NP0>Beijing <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>China <w NN1>Fund<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="947"><w UNC>Shen <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>student <w NN1>leader <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="948"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>young <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qi <w NP0-NN1>Dafang <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chen <w NP0>Liyun<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>with <w UNC>Shen<c PUN>.
<s n="949"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>French <w NN2>journalists <w VVG-AJ0>accompanying <w UNC>Shen <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w VBD>were <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="950"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>with <w UNC>Shen <w VBD>was <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Terrill<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>academic<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA029></p>
<caption id=HLPCA029>
<s n="951"><w VVB-NN1>Surge <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade
</caption>
<p>
<s n="952"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>figures <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w NN2>exports <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w CRD>21.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;7,880 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
<s n="953"><w NN2>Imports <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w CRD>18 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;6,610 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="954"><w PRP>From <w NP0>January <w PRP>to <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w VVN-VVD>totalled <w UNC>US&dollar;4,700 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>exports <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;50,630 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;45,930 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02A>
<s n="955"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="956"><w NP0>China <w VVD>reacted <w AV0>angrily <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w CRD>150 <w NN1>F-16 <w NN1>fighter <w NN2>planes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="957"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>Vice-Foreign <w NP0>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liu <w NP0>Huaqiu<c PUN>, <w VVD>summoned <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stapleton <w NP0>Roy<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w VVD>told <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>decision<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>grossly <w VVZ>interferes <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w AV0>seriously <w VVZ>jeopardizes <w AJ0>Sino-US <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w VVZ>obstructs <w CJC>and <w VVZ>undermines <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>reunification<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="958"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sale <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>a <w AJ0>US-China <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>committed <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w CJC>and <w AV0>eventually <w VVB-NN1>phase <w AVP>out <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>31621-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="959"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>China <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w VVG>importing <w NP0>US <w NN1>wheat <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>reverse <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="960"><w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>purchaser <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>wheat <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVG>buying <w AV0>up to <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NP0>US <w NN1>wheat <w NN1>production <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="961"><w DT0>This <w NN1>development <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>looming <w NN1>trade <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VHG>having <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w CJS>unless <w NP0>China <w VVD>removed <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>products <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>market <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>punitive <w NN2>tariffs <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Chinese-made <w NN2>imports <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;3,900 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39051<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38530 <w PRP>for <w VVG>opening <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>under <w NN1>Section <w CRD>301 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Act<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="962"><w NP0-NN1>China <w VVD>responded <w PRP>in <w NN1>kind <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>punitive <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>tariffs <w VBD>were <w VVN>introduced<c PUN>.
<s n="963"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NN1>trade <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14-16 <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w ORD>last <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="964"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>most-favoured-nation <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFN<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>status <w PRP>with <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>record <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="965"><w VVG>Justifying <w DPS>his <w NN1>veto<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>bill <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38814<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w VVG-NN1>placing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>broad <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NP0>MFN <w NN1>renewal <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AJC>faster <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w VVG>advancing <w DPS>our <w NN2>goals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="966"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>the <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>overturn <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>veto<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02B>
<s n="967"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="968"><w NP0-NN1>Zou <w NP0>Jiahua<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8-26<c PUN>.
<s n="969"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tour <w VBD>was <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>promoting <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2-VVZ>links<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="970"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="971"><w NP0>MACAO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="972"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="973"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Macao<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36765 <w PRP>for <w ORD>last <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1988<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="974"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>23 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w DT0>all<c PUN>: <w CRD>eight <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN1>business <w NN2>associations <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>eight <w PRP>by <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>suffrage<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>seven <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Vasco <w NP0>Rocha <w NP0>Vieira<c PUN>.
<s n="975"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>pro-Chinese <w NN2>associations <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>elective <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="976"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="977"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="978"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="979"><w NP0>Puntsagiyn <w NP0>Jasray<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39010<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="980"><w NP0>Choyjilsurengiyn <w NP0>Purevdorg <c PUL>(<w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="981"><w NP0>Shagalyn <w NP0>Jadambaa <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tserenpilyn <w NP0>Gombosuren <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Relations<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w CJC>or <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>; <w AJ0-NN1>Dalrain <w NN1-NP0>Davaasambuu <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Namsraijavyn <w NP0>Luvsabjav <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Justice<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tsevenjavyn <w NP0>Oold <c PUL>(<w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="982"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="983"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="984"><w NP0>Major <w NP0>US <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>deal
</head>
<p>
<s n="985"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>150 <w NN1>F-16 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w PRP>worth <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w VM0>would <w AV0>substantially <w VVI>upgrade <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ageing <w NN1>air <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>consisted <w AV0>mainly <w PRF>of <w AJ0>30-year-old <w NN2>F-5Es <w CJC>and <w AJ0>40-year-old <w UNC>F-5 <w NN2>fighters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="987"><w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w AV0>effectively <w VVN-VVD>lifted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>1982 <w AJ0>Sino-US <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>exceed <w AV0>either <w PRP>in <w AJ0>qualitative <w CJC>or <w AJ0>quantitative <w NN2>terms <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="988"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>The <w NP0>USA<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVZ>intends <w AV0>gradually <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>its <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>31621-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="989"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVD>justified <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRP>by <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>between <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>after <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>Russian <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>Su <w CRD>27 <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="990"><w DT0>Some <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVG>negotiating <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Su <w CRD>27s<c PUN>.
<s n="991"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="992"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal <w AV0>apparently <w VVD>safeguarded <w DT0>some <w CRD>6,000 <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Texas <w NN1>plant <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Dynamics<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>F-16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN1>decision<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="993"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>deal <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;161,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w CRD>12 <w AV0>SH-2F <w NN2>helicopters <w VVN>built <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kamen <w NN1>Corp. <w PRF>of <w NP0>Connecticut <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>detect <w CJC>and <w VVI>attack <w NN2>submarines<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02C>
<s n="994"><w VVN-AJ0>Reported <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>deal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="995"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>60 <w NP0>Mirage <w CRD>2000-5 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;2,600 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="996"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Dominique <w NP0>Strauss-Kahn<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w AV0>formally <w VVI>announce <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>finalized <w PRP>between <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Mirage<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dassault <w NN1>Aviation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision<c PUN>&hellip; <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>act <w PRF>of <w NN1>aggression <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02D>
<s n="997"><w AJ0>Proposed <w NN1>improvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="998"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Mainland <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>MAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w VVG>overseeing <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19-20<c PUN>.
<s n="999"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>stopped <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>postal <w NN2>links<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1000"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Executive <w NN0>Yuan <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>rules <w PRP>on <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainland <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>relaxed<c PUN>.
<s n="1001"><w AJ0>Taiwanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>banks <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w PNX>each other<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>offices<c PUN>.
<s n="1002"><w AJ0>Taiwanese <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>with <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>bank <w NN2-VVZ>branches <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="1003"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN2>businesses <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>remit <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w NP0>China <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02E>
<s n="1004"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1005"><w NP0>Taiwan <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w AJ0>unofficial <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN2>offices<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>model <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>for <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="1006"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>approved <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1007"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AV0>nominally <w AJ0>private <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN2>visas <w CJC>and <w VVB>represent <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="1008"><w NP0>Taiwan <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vladivostok<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>in <w NP0>Taipei <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kaohsiung<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1009"><w NP0>Oleg <w NP0>Lobov<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>mission<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16-21<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN2>memorandums <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>on <w NN1>aviation <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>intent <w TO0>to <w VVI>enhance <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>research<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02F>
<s n="1010"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Latvian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1011"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ivars <w NP0-NN1>Godmanis<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-September<c PUN>.
<s n="1012"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Latvia <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>upgrading <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riga <w TO0>to <w VVI>consulate <w NN1>status <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1013"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1014"><w NN1>NORTH-SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1015"><w ORD>Eighth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="1016"><w AT0>The <w ORD>eighth <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pyongyang <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>.
<s n="1017"><w AT0>A <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>round <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21-24 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seoul<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1018"><w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w DT0>Yon <w NN1-VVB>Hyong <w NN1-NP0>Muk <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Chung <w VVD>Won <w NP0>Shik <w VVD>signed <w CRD>three <w NN2>agreements <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>non-aggression<c PUN>, <w NN1>reconciliation <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>exchange <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1>pact <w VVD-VVN>signed <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38659-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1019"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>North-South <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1020"><w NP0>Chung <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>agreements <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>another <w AJ0-NN1>giant <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w VVG>opening <w AT0>an <w NN1>era <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconciliation <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w CJS>While <w VVG>reiterating <w AT0>the <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>auxiliary <w NN2>agreements <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>include <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>burdensome <w NN2>measures <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>accord<c PUN>.
<s n="1022"><w DT0>Neither <w VBD>was <w NN1>progress <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>intractable <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>insist <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unscheduled <w CJC>and <w AJ0>reciprocal <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>inspections<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w NN2>inspections <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>begun <w VVG>making <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>.
<s n="1023"><w AT0>The <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VVD>restated <w DPS>its <w NN1>position <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>at <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>were <w VVN>opened <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1024"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>no <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN2>reunions <w PRP>for <w NN2>families <w VVN>divided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="1025"><w AT0>The <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w VVD>outlined <w CRD>three <w NN2>preconditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>question<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>abandonment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>South<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>linking <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>issue <w PRP>with <w AJ0>inter-Korean <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>exchange<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>scrapping <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>US-South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exercises<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Li <w PRP>In <w NP0>Mo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>army <w NN1>officer <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1026"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1027"><w NP0>NORTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1028"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>unrest
</head>
<p>
<s n="1029"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>September <w PRF>of <w AJ0>violent <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>ignited <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w PRP>in <w NN1>circulation <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>devalue <w AT0>the <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AV0>around <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1030"><w PRP>In <w DT0>some <w NN2>areas <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w NP0>ben <w VVN>deployed <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1031"><w AT0>The <w NN1>devaluation <w VBD>was <w VVN>contained <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>exchange <w AJ0>old <w NN2>banknotes <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>limit <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w DT0>each <w NN1>citizen <w VM0>could <w VVI>exchange<c PUN>.
<s n="1032"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>food <w NN2>shortages <w PRP>by <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchasing <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w NN2>households <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>limiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>quantity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>black <w NN1>market <w NN2>provisions <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>obtained<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1033"><w AT0>The <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>apparently <w VVD>originated <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>diplomats <w PRP>in <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>news <w NN2>agencies <w CJC>but <w AV0>totally <w VVD-VVN>repudiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1034"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1035"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1036"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>party
</head>
<p>
<s n="1037"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>political <w NN1>grouping <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>until <w NP0>August <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39050<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w AV0>currently <w VVD-VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>honorary <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="1038"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>instructed <w DT0>all <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>vice-ministers <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1039"><w PRP>In <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w PNP>he <w VVD>conceded <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-VVB>demand <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>ended <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1040"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>poll <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unrealistic<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>timing <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>as of <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>importance <w PRP>in <w VVG>determining <w AT0>the <w NN1>fairness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>contest <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1042"><w AT0>The <w NN1>postponement <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w NN2>functions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>discharged <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials <w PNQ>who <w VVD>held <w NN1>office <w PRP>by <w NN1>virtue <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>feared <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w VM0>would <w VVI>use <w DPS>their <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>manipulate <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
<s n="1043"><w DT0>These <w NN2>fears <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>credence <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>revelation <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>bribed <w NN2>voters <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NP0>DLP <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="1044"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>allegations <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>agency <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>practices <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>DLP <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="1045"><w AT0>The <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1-VVB>influence <w PRP>from <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Planning <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>theory <w AV0>at least<c PUN>, <w VVB>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>ability <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w DT0>these <w NN2>offices <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>favour <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1046"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w NP0>Yung<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="1047"><w PNP>They <w VVD>announced <w DPS>their <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w NP0>Roh <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>truly <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1048"><w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>marking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>break <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>tense <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w PNX>himself <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>designated <w NN1>heir<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>.
<s n="1049"><w PRP>Without <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim<w POS>'s <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w VVG>winning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>weakened<c PUN>.
<s n="1050"><w AV0>Furthermore<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>unpopular <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
<s n="1051"><w CJS>Whereas <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>forge <w CJC>and <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>diverse <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w PNP>him <w EX0>there <w VVD>appeared <w AT0>every <w NN1>chance <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>might <w VVI>break <w PRP>into <w DPS>its <w NN1>constituent <w NN2>elements<c PUN>.
<s n="1052"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AJ0>local <w NN1>level <w AJ0>anti-Kim <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1053"><w AT0>The <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Chan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>challenged <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38911<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>organization <w VVN-VVD>called <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Politics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1054"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="1055"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0-NN1>founding <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>drawn <w AV0>heavily <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>contest <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>damage <w AV0>further <w AT0>the <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w VVG>securing <w NN1>victory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02G>
<s n="1056"><w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1057"><w VVG>Following <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39050<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27-30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1058"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trip <w VBD>was <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cordial <w NN1>atmosphere<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>satisfaction <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>signalled <w DPS>its <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>reunification <w PRP>by <w VVG>assuming <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>honest <w NN1>broker<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1059"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Roh <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w VVD>attended <w AT0>a <w NN1>signing <w NN1>ceremony <w VVG>covering <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1060"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1061"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1062"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1063"><w NN1>Deterioration <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin <w NN1-VVB>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1064"><w AJ0>Russo-Japanese <w NN2>relations <w VVN-VVD>worsened <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>late <w NN1>night <w NN1-VVB>telephone <w NN1>conversation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>informed <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>postponing <w DPS>his <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1065"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>cited <w AJ0-VVG>compelling <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>problems <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="1066"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>new <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1067"><w PRP-CJS>Notwithstanding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN2>explanations<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w NN2>observers <w VVD>interpreted <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>display <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>displeasure <w PRP>over <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>relentless <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>.
<s n="1068"><w AT0>The <w NN2>islands<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Russians <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>Kuriles<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w CRD>1945 <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>dispute <w AJ0>significant <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>prevented <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>from <w VVG>concluding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>treaty <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="1069"><w AT0>The <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergence <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>state <w VHD>had <w VVN>kindled <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>expectations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>settled<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>significant <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>aid <w VVN>required <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Russians <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>outstanding<c PUN>.
<s n="1070"><w PRP>Under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>nationalists<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>overt <w NN2>statements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>weeks <w VVG>preceding <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>right <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w AJ0>major <w NN1>alteration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>flexibility <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>islands<c PUN>.
<s n="1071"><w PRP>With <w AT0>no <w NN1>likelihood <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>cancelled <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>a <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>accompanied <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1072"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>feeling <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>humiliation <w PRP>for <w NP0>Japan <w VBD>was <w VVN>underlined <w PRP>by <w NN2>reports <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NP0>ITAR-Tass <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VM0>would <w VVI>visit <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12-13 <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>trip <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December<c PUN>.
<s n="1073"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Seoul <w CJS>while <w VVG>returning <w PRP>from <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>informed <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>trip <w PRP>prior to <w VVG>informing <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1074"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>strained <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>further <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sakhalin <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>company <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w NN1>project <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Shikotan<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>islands<c PUN>.
<s n="1075"><w AT0>The <w NN1>contract <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VVG>receiving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>50-year <w NN1>lease <w PRP>on <w CRD>278 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w NN1>land<c PUN>.
<s n="1076"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lodged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>protest <w PRP>over <w DT0>this <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1077"><w PRP>Towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w VVG>repairing <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="1078"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AJ0>cordial <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>deputies <w VM0>should <w VVI>resume <w NN2>talks <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>territories <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>earliest <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>opportunity<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>paving <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>rescheduling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yeltsin <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02H>
<s n="1079"><w NN1-VVB>Dispatch <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1080"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,800 <w NN1>Self-Defence <w NN1>Force <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cambodia <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coming <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w NN1>handful <w PRF>of <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>.
<s n="1081"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>came <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVG>permitting <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w AV0>overseas <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38962-63<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>from <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>.
<s n="1082"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN2>units <w VVD>left <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39094<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02J>
<s n="1083"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1084"><w NP0-NN1>Sanzo <w NP0>Nosaka<c PUN>, <w CRD>100<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>renowned <w CJC>and <w AJ0>respected <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Japan <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>JCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w AJ0>honorary <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1085"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>revelation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Nosaka<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>JCP<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>falsely <w VVN>accused <w DT0>another <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>party <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenzo <w NP0-NN1>Yamamoto<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>spying <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1086"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accusation<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>in <w CRD>1939 <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w AV0>recently <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>opened <w NN2>archives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resulted <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Yamamoto<w POS>'s <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>execution <w PRP>by <w NP0>Stalin<w POS>'s <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1087"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1088"><w NP0>TAJIKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1089"><w NN1-VVG>Ousting <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nabiyev
</head>
<p>
<s n="1090"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>political <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rakhmon <w NP0>Nabiyev <c PUL>(<w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38582<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1091"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>an <w NN1>escalation <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Kurgan <w NP0>Tyube <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NP0>Nabiyev<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>failed <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN-VVD>ousted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1093"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w VHD>had <w VVN>deprived <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>powers <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38916<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>on <w VVG>extricating <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVD>censured <w PNP>him <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>indecisive <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NN2>times <w AJ0>incompetent <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVB>take <w DT0>all <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39010<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1094"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>deadline <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nabiyev <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>stability <w CJC>or <w VVB>resign<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nurullo <w NP0>Khuvaidullayev<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unknown <w NN2>persons <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>.
<s n="1096"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nabiyev <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kurgan <w NP0>Tyube <w VVD>escalated<c PUN>.
<s n="1097"><w NN2>Casualties <w VBD>were <w VVN>put <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>thousands <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kurgan <w NP0>Tyube <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>verify<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w NP0>Nabiyev<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>killed <w CRD>five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurgan <w NP0>Tyube <w NN1>city <w NN1>soviet <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1099"><w NN1>Deputy <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w VVD-AJ0>Djamshed <w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Akbar <w NP0>Mirzoyev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1100"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Khodjent<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>quorum <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Presidium <w PRP>on <w VVG>removing <w NP0>Nabiyev <w PRP>from <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VHG>having <w VVN>gone <w PRP>into <w VVG>hiding <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w CJS-PRP>after <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>invaded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Palace<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1101"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moslem- <w AJ0-VVD>dominated <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>surrounded <w NP0>Dushanbe <w NN1>airport <w NN1>terminal<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38916<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>prevented <w NP0>Nabiyev <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>home <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Khodzhent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>after <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVD>forced <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>.
<s n="1102"><w AV0>Constitutionally<c PUN>, <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Akbarsho <w NP0>Iskandrov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w VVD-AJ0>appointed <w NP0-NN1>Abdumalik <w NP0>Abdullojanov <w CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1103"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Iskandrov <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>no <w NN1>minister <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02K>
<s n="1104"><w NN1-VVB>Concern <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1105"><w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w AJ0>alarmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>forces <w VVG>gaining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>hand <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1106"><w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>minority<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Tajik <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>allay <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tajikistan <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1107"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh<c PUN>, <w UNC>Kirgiz<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbek <w NN2>presidents<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tajikistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>reinforcements<c PUN>.
<s n="1108"><w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>put <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w NN1>jurisdiction <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1>weaponry <w PRP>via <w DT0>this <w NN1>route<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1109"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tajikistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27-28 <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nabiyev <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w AT0>the <w NN2>possibilities <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>deploying <w NN2>CIS <w VVG>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1110"><w NP0>Iskandrov <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>handed <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>installations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>points <w VVG>separating <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>sides <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tajikistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>garrison<c PUN>.
<s n="1111"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>remained <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>.
<s n="1112"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w VVN>reinforced <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w CRD>800 <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>ordered <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dushanbe <w NN1>airport<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1113"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>up <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>tightened <w NN1>border <w VVZ-NN2>controls <w PRP>with <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>.
<s n="1114"><w NP0>Iskandrov <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NN2>Uzbeks <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>driven <w PRP>out of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1115"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1116"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1117"><w NN1>Security <w NN1>situation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1118"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>between <w AJ0>pro-government <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>faction <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39054<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1119"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombardment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w NN0>militia <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0>Dostam <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
<s n="1120"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN2>militias <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VBN>been <w VVN>absorbed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime<w POS>'s <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1121"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>elements <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>brokered <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD-VVN>created <w AT0>a <w NN1>buffer <w NN1>zone <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1122"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>neutral <w NN2>factions <w VVD-VVN>created <w AT0>a <w UNC>1,000-strong <w NN1>force <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>, <w NP0>Logar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wardak<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Nangarhar <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Parwan <w PRP>to <w NN2>police <w AT0>the <w NN1>truce <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>suburbs<c PUN>.
<s n="1123"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN1>order <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>disarming <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>fighters <w VVG>roaming <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="1124"><w AT0>The <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jalalabad <w VVD>banned <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN2>firearms <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN2>streets <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVG>extending <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>clean-up <w VBG>being <w VVN>enforced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1125"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Hekmatyar <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Burhanuddin <w NP0>Rabbani <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1126"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>until <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kushal <w NP0>Mena <w NN1>suburb <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>Iranian-backed <c PUL>(<w NP0>Shia<c PUR>) <w NP0>Hezb-i-Wahdat <w NN1>faction <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Saudi-backed <c PUL>(<w NN1>Sunni<c PUR>) <w NP0>Ittehad-i-Islami<c PUN>.
<s n="1127"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w CRD>eight <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>200 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02L>
<s n="1128"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Najibullah <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rafi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1129"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s<c PUR>) <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Message <w PRF>of <w NN1>Freedom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Najibullah <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>moved <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>fled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>outset <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>regime<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mazar-i-Sharif<c PUQ>&quot; <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w AV0>now <w VVZ>lives <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>intimidation <w CJC>and <w NN1>torture <w PRF>of <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unholy <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1130"><w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1131"><w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Rafi<c PUN>, <w NN1>Vice-President <w VVB-NN1>inthe <w DT0>former <w NN1-NP0>Najibullah <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>at <w NP0>Kabul <w NN1>airport <w CJS>while <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w NN1>disguise<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02M>
<s n="1132"><w AJ0>Public <w NN2>executions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1133"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>criminals <w VBD>were <w VVN>hanged <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w AJ0-NN1>cheering <w NN1>crowd <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AV0>recently <w VVN>introduced <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>code <w PRF>of <w NN2>laws <c PUL>(<w NN1>sharia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1134"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w VVD>tried <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>confessed <w TO0>to <w VVI>murder<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>looting <w CJC>and <w NN1>robbery<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Afghan <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Press <w NN1>Agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>execution <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jalalabad <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02N>
<s n="1136"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1137"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>: <w VVB>Abdol <w AJ0-VVD>Wahed <w NN1-NP0>Sorabi <c PUL>(<w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Yaqub <w NP0>Lali <c PUL>(<w NN2>Mines <w CJC>and <w NN2>Industries<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mawlawi <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Nazar <w NP0>Balkhi <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Sayd <w NP0>Eshaq <w NP0>Gowhari <c PUL>(<w NN1>Revival <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yaqub <w NP0>Barakzai <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Health<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02P>
<s n="1138"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1139"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Rabbani <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26-27 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1140"><w NN2>Rabbani <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27-29<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Rafsanjani<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1141"><w PRP>During <w NP0>Rabbani<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran <w VVD>offered <w PRP>up to <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>credits <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>supplying <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Afghans<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02R>
<s n="1142"><w NN1>Flooding
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1143"><w AJ0>Flash <w NN2-VVZ>floods <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Afghan <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>Kush <w NN2>mountains <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w VVD>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>800 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN2>workers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>floods <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1144"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Halo <w NN1-VVB>Trust<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w NN1>charity <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w VM0>could <w VVI>reach <w CRD>3,000<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1145"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1146"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1147"><w VVB-NN1>Flood <w NN1>devastation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1148"><w PRP>Between <w CRD>2,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>3,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>at least <w CRD>3,000,000 <w VVN-VVD>rendered <w AJ0>homeless <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-September <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>worst <w NN2>floods <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="1149"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN1>government <w NN2>estimates <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;400,000,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>other <w NN2>estimates <w VBD>were <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>as <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1150"><w AT0>The <w NN2>floods <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continuous <w AJ0>torrential <w NN2-VVZ>rains <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>spread <w AV0>quickly <w PRP>through <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Punjab <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sind<c PUN>, <w VVG>threatening <w NN2>sites <w PRF>of <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>interest<c PUN>, <w VVG>engulfing <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>villages <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>inundating <w AJ0>vast <w NN2>acres <w PRF>of <w NN1>cropland<c PUN>.
<s n="1151"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Punjab<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w AJ0-VVN>affected <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,700,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>land <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>affected <w CJC>and <w CRD>20-50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>partially <w VVN>harvested <w NN1>cotton <w NN1>crop<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>earner<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>destroyed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1152"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;3,000,000 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>received <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN2>donations <w PRP>in keeping with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>professed <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-sufficiency<c PUN>.
<s n="1153"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w DPS>its <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN2>warnings <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sluice-gates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Mangla <w VVB-NN1>Dam <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w VVG>flooding <w AT0>the <w NP0>Indus <w NN1>basin <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w VVD>prompted <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>negligence <w CJC>and <w NN1>incompetence <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN2>critics <w CJC>and <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="1154"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sluice-gates <w VHD>had <w AV0>directly <w VVN>caused <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>400 <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02S><ptr target=HLPCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02S>
<s n="1155"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLPCA02T>
<s n="1156"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rafsanjani
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1157"><w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6-9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1158"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lahore <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w DT0>all <w NN2-VVZ>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>partition <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AJ0>international <w NN2>bodies <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w NN2>Moslems <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Herzegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>denied <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arms<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>indicate <w CJS>whether <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>mediate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>violence <w PRP>between <w NP0>Shias <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sunnis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38968<c PUN>; <w CRD>39009<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Pakistani <w NN2>Shiites <w VVB>decide <w PRP>for <w PNX>themselves<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02U>
<s n="1160"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1161"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Joxe <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Ishaq <w NP0>Khan <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1162"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>military <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>officially <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38726<c PUN>; <w CRD>38812<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>defence <w NN1>pact <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38968<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1163"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w PRP>for <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Security <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Lilley<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ishaq <w NP0>Khan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>defence <w NN2>officials <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1164"><w AJ0>Bilateral <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>negotiations <w VHD>had <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38577<c PUN>; <w CRD>38762<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>deteriorating <w NN2>relations <w VVD>triggered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1165"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1166"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1167"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bofors
</head>
<p>
<s n="1168"><w AT0>The <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>intervened <w TO0>to <w VVI>quash <w AT0>an <w NN1>application <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bureau <w PRF>of <w NN1>Investigation <c PUL>(<w NP0>CBI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>pay-offs <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1986 <w NP0>Bofors <w NN2>armaments <w VVB-NN1>deal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35336<c PUN>; <w CRD>35382<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1169"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>passed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>order <w VVG>staying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>order <c PUL>(<w VHG>having <w AV0>already <w VVN>overruled <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>judgment <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>court<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1170"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>ruling <w VM0>would <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w NP0>CBI<w POS>'s <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DPS>its <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w DT0>several <w AJ0>numbered <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>since <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1171"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w NN1>judgment <c PUL>(<w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w VVN>filed <w PRP>by <w NN1-VVB>Win <w NP0-NN1>Chadha<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>named <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>CBI <w CJS>as <w AV0>centrally <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>intervened <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cantonal <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w DPS>its <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w NP0>CBI<w POS>'s <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1172"><w NN1-VVB>Interest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bofors <w NN1>case <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rekindled <w CJS>when <w NP0>Madhavsinh <w NP0>Solanki <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>March<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>admitted <w VVG>asking <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w AVP>down <w DPS>its <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Bofors-related <w NN2>pay-offs <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38813<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02V><ptr target=HLPCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02V>
<s n="1173"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLPCA02W>
<s n="1174"><w NN1>Liberalization <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN1>market
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1175"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>institutions <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>invest <w AV0>directly <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="1176"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>guidelines<c PUN>, <w VVG>extending <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>liberalization<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>authorized <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>pension <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Securities <w CJC>and <w NN1>Exchange <w NN1>Board <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SEBI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquire <w AV0>up to <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>equity<c PUN>.
<s n="1177"><w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>holdings <w VBD>were <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02X>
<s n="1178"><w AJ0>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1179"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w VVB>forecast <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJC>weaker <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>expected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1180"><w AJ0>Real <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>from <w CRD>5.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91 <w PRP>to <w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991-92 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>June<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w CRD>3.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1181"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>prices <w PRP>by <w CRD>18 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1182"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>loss <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bombay <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38913<c PUN>; <w CRD>38967<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUN>; <w CRD>39053<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Venkitaraman<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>about <w UNC>Rs5,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;177,200,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1183"><w NP0-NN1>Venkitaraman <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w AJ0>foreign <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>circular <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>faced<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>severe <w AJ0>penal <w NN1>action<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>flouted <w AJ0>RBI <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1184"><w NP0-NN1>Harshad <w NP0>Mehta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>broker <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w NN1>bail <w PRF>of <w UNC>Rs1,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;39,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>after <w VVG>spending <w CRD>110 <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w NN1>detention<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA02Y><ptr target=HLPCA030></p>
<caption id=HLPCA02Y>
<s n="1185"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLPCA030>
<s n="1186"><w NP0>Rao<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1187"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28-30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1188"><w AT0>The <w NN2>discussions <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>space <w NN1>technology<c PUN>.
<s n="1189"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>French <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>agree <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w DT0>any <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>technology <w CJS>unless <w NP0>India <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Missile <w NN1>Technology <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Regime <c PUL>(<w NP0>MTCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w NP0>India <w PRF>of <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w NP0>MCTR <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38914<c PUN>; <w CRD>39053<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1190"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2>accusations <w VVG>centring <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>prosecute <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bombay-based <w NN1-VVB>Shroff <w NN1-AJ0>chemical <w NN1>company <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA031></p>
<caption id=HLPCA031>
<s n="1191"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1192"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Sharad <w NP0>Pawar <w VVD>met <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>defence <w NN2>officials <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6-12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1193"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>minister <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>finalize <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>ahead of <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1194"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w VVD>denied <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>purchase <w PRP>by <w NP0>India <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Russian <w CRD>MiG-27 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA032></p>
<caption id=HLPCA032>
<s n="1195"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1196"><w NN2>Agreements <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VVG-AJ0>covering <w AJ0>anti-terrorist <w NN2>measures <w ORD>first <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38727<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>sanction <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>confiscating <w NN2>assets<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1197"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38727<c PUN>; <w CRD>38741<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA033></p>
<caption id=HLPCA033>
<s n="1198"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1199"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Jharkand <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>JPP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w VVN>called <w PRP-AVP>off <w DPS>its <w AJ0>15-day <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Jharkand <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bihar<c PUN>.
<s n="1200"><w AJ0>Widespread <w NN1>flooding <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kashmir <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>killed <w CRD>220 <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39098 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1-VVB>flood <w NN1>disaster<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1201"><w AT0>The <w NN1>founder-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagaland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Charlie <w NP0>Kabichoosa<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unknown <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1202"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w VVD-VVN>won <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>70 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>95 <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>committees <w PRP>in <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1203"><w AT0>The <c PUL>(<w NN0>CPI-M<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bengal <w VVD>called <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-hour <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1204"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1205"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1206"><w AJ0>Renewed <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>attacks
</head>
<p>
<s n="1207"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVD>launched <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>against <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1208"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>22 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>bicycle <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crowded <w NN1>marketplace <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sainthamarathu<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>village <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w VVN>populated <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>by <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>.
<s n="1209"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>rebels <w VVN-VVD>ambushed <w CJC>and <w VVD>killed <w CRD>20 <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-east<c PUN>.
<s n="1210"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w NN1>ferry <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Trincomalee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>killed <w CRD>24 <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
<s n="1211"><w DT0>Another <w CRD>30 <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>died <w PRP>during <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>ambushes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA034></p>
<caption id=HLPCA034>
<s n="1212"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bandaranaike <w NN1>petition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1213"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w AV0>unanimously <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sirimavo <w NP0>Bandaranaike<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLFP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>challenging <w NP0>Premadasa<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1214"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1215"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1216"><w NN1>Introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-terrorist <w NN2>measures
</head>
<p>
<s n="1217"><w AJ0>Escalating <w NN1>violence <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>promulgation <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-September <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>laws <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-NN1>curbing <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>.
<s n="1218"><w AJ0>Special <w NN2>tribunals <w VM0>would <w VVI>try <w NN2>crimes <w VVG>extending <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wilful <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w NN2>vehicles <w CJC>and <w NN1>property <w TO0>to <w VVI>murder<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>judges <w VBD>were <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>within <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>conviction<c PUN>, <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1219"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>lawlessness<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AV0>more than <w CRD>150 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>murdered<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>fuelled <w PRP>by <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>student <w NN2>groups <w VVG>competing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>scarce <w NN1>dormitory <w NN2>spaces <w PRP>at <w NP0>Dhaka <w NN1>University<c PUN>.
<s n="1220"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Hasina <w VVD-AJ0>Wajed<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Awami <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w AV0>temporarily <w VVD-VVN>suspended <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>student <w NN1>front <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NP0>Dhaka <w NN1>University <w NN2>students<c PUN>.
<s n="1221"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Khaleda <w NP0>Zia <w VVD>reciprocated <w PRP>by <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jatiyabadi <w NP0>Chattra <w NN1>Dal <c PUL>(<w NP0>JCD<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN1-AJ0>Nationalist <w NN1>Student <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>allied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1222"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>tabled <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order <w NN1>situation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39053<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w CJS>as <w AJ0>undemocratic<c PUN>.
<s n="1223"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Awami <w NN1>League <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>blatant <w NN1>disregard <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>norms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA035></p>
<caption id=HLPCA035>
<s n="1224"><w NN1>Re-election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Hasina <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Awami <w NN1>League <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1225"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Awami <w NN1>League <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>re-elected <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Hasina <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVG>signalling <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA036></p>
<caption id=HLPCA036>
<s n="1226"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1227"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>57,500,000 <w AJ0>special <w NN1>drawing <w NN2>rights <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;85,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>tranche <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0>enhanced <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38533-34<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA037></p>
<caption id=HLPCA037>
<s n="1228"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1229"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conversion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bangladesh <w NP0>Shilpa <w NP0>Rin <w NP0>Sangstha<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>development <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA038></p>
<caption id=HLPCA038>
<s n="1230"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>India
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1231"><w AJ0>Military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>delegations <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19-21 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20-21<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1232"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Saifur <w NP0>Rahman <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1-4 <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manmohan <w NP0>Singh <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>trade <w NN2>barriers<c PUN>.
<s n="1233"><w NN2>Scientists <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>India <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993-94<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1234"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1235"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1236"><w AJ0>Improved <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>insurgents
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1237"><w NN1>Legalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1238"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w AV0>simultaneously <w VVN-AJ0>approved <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>bills <w DTQ>which <w VVD>legalized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippines-Marxist <w AJ0>Leninist <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPP<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w VVG>repealing <w AT0>the <w CRD>1957 <w AJ0>anti-subversion <w NN1>statute <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>outlawed<c PUN>.
<s n="1239"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>committee <w VVD>drew <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>bills <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>duly <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>chambers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>into <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1240"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w VVD>relayed <w AJ0-AV0>live <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Malacanang <w NN1>Palace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>characterized <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>our <w AJ0>national <w NN1>stability<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>resilience <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w VM0>would <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w NN2>insurgents <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>compete <w PRP-AVP>under <w DPS>our <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w PRF>of <w NN2>ideas <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w VVN>guaranteed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>rule <w PRF>of <w NN1>law<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w AJ0>young <w NN2>insurgents<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>courage<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w AV0>specifically <w VVD>acknowledged<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>accept <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w PRP>with <w NN1>honour <w CJC>and <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>enable <w PNP>them <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>rejoin <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>mainstream <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>society<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1242"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>23-year <w NN1>insurgency <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPP<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>cost <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>21,000 <w NN2>lives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w AT0>The <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>tone <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPP <c PUL>(<w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>an <w NN1>order <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ramos <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39055<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>a <w AV0>significantly <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>approach <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>towards <w DPS>its <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJC>further <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>insurgents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1245"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>front <w NN1>organization <w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>NPA<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w NN2>offices <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>venue<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>soil<c PUN>, <w AV0>partly <w PRP>out of <w NN1>concern <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>negotiators<c PUN>.
<s n="1246"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>move <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w VVG>gaining <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>struggle<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w DT0>such <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>resisted <w AV0>steadfastly <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ramos<w POS>'s <w NN2>predecessors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1247"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>approach <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ramos <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w AV0>in part <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pragmatic <w NN1-VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AJ0>political <w NN1>stability <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w NN1>investor <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>declining <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>support <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>.
<s n="1249"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incentive <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>NPA <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>gaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>many <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NN2>supporters <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="1250"><w PRP>From <w DPS>its <w NN1>peak <w NN1-VVB>combat <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>20,000 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marcos <w NN1>era <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>13,000 <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>by <w CRD>mid-1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>movement<w POS>'s <w AJ0>much-feared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>sparrow<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>units<c PUN>, <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVG>specializing <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>assassinations<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>weakened <w AV0>significantly <w PRP>through <w NN2>arrests <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>degeneration <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>units <w PRP>into <w NN1>criminality<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA039></p>
<caption id=HLPCA039>
<s n="1252"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>insurgents
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1253"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Moro <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNLF<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>amnesty<c PUN>.
<s n="1254"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>organization <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>NPA<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>rival <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>insurgency <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>state <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>offer <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>could <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mindanao <w AV0>simply <w PRP>by <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1976 <w NP0>Tripoli <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>28440<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03A>
<s n="1255"><w NN1>Renunciation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>claim <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sabah
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1256"><w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Romulo <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Badawi<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuala <w NP0>Lumpur <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ramos <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>abandon <w DPS>its <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>claim <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Malaysian <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sabah<c PUN>.
<s n="1257"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Romulo <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unequivocal <w NN1>pledge<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1258"><w NP0>Ramos <w AV0>further <w VVN-VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>desire <w PRP>on the part of <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>East <w AJ0>Asian <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ASEAN<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>stability <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1259"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proprietary <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heirs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Sultan <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sulu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w AJ0>effective<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03B>
<s n="1260"><w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1261"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Navy <w VVD>decommissioned <w DPS>its <w NP0>Subic <w NN1>Bay <w NN1>base<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN1>supply <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>repair <w NN1>centre <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w ORD>Seventh <w NN1>Fleet<c PUN>.
<s n="1262"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w PNP>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>leases<c PUN>.
<s n="1263"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>1,000 <w NN0>staff <w PRP>at <w NP0>Subic<c PUN>, <w CJS>once <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NP0>US <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>facility <w PRP>outside <w NN1>north <w NP0>America<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Cubi <w NN1>Point <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>air <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w PNX>itself <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN1>control <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1264"><w AT0>The <w NN1>manner <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w CRD>25,000 <w NN1>hectare <w NP0>Subic <w NN1>site <w VM0>would <w VVD>redeveloped <w VVN-VVD>remained <w AJ0>uncertain<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03C>
<s n="1265"><w AJ0>Widespread <w NN1>flooding
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1266"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>flooding <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baguio<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Pangasinan<c PUN>, <w NP0>La <w NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Benguet <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nueva <w NP0>Vizcaya <w VBD>was <w AV0>so <w AJ0>severe <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>calamity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1267"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1268"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1269"><w NN1>Commando <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands
</head>
<p>
<s n="1270"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>lodged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>protest <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seaborne <w NN1>raid <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Papuan <w NN2>commandos <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>left <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w AT0>The <w NN1>note <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>an <w NN1>apology <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>relatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w VVD>abducted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>raiders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1272"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Papuan <w NN2>forces <w VVD>destroyed <w AT0>a <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>depot <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Kamaleai <w NN1>bay<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Shortland <w NP0>Island<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PNP>they <w VVD>shot <w AJ0>dead <w AT0>the <w NN1>depot<w POS>'s <w NN1>owner <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>sister<c PUN>, <w VVD>wounded <w AT0>a <w NN1>child <w CJC>and <w VVD>abducted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dead <w NN1>woman<w POS>'s <w NN1>husband<c PUN>.
<s n="1274"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VVD>followed <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>raids <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Papuan <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38818<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1275"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>severely <w VVN>strained <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>persistent <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomons <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AV0>formally <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>geographically <w CJC>and <w AV0>ethnically <w AV0>closer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>.
<s n="1276"><w PRP>Like <w AT0>the <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>incidents <w AT0>the <w NN1>raid <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>desire <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Papuan <w NN1>military <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>fuel <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bougainville <w NN2-VVZ>rebels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1277"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paias <w NN1-NP0>Wingti<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>raid <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>atrocious <w NN1>act<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>disciplinary <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="1278"><w NN2>Wingti <w AV0>also <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abducted <w NN1>man <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Honiara<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1279"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Islands <w VVN-VVD>deployed <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shortland <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>approached <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>for <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>in <w VVG>constructing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w AJ0>military <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>deter <w AJC>further <w NN2>incursions <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Papuan <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1281"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1282"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1283"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Australia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1284"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Bannon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>since <w CRD>1982<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w NN1>acknowledgment <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>losses <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
<s n="1285"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bannon<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>admitted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRP>to <w NN2>taxpayers <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w NN2>losses <w VBD>was <w UNC>A&dollar;3,500 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=A&dollar;1.3928 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1286"><w NN1-NP0>Bannon <w VBD>was <w VVN>succeeded <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lynn <w NP0>Arnold<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1287"><w NP0-NN1>Bannon<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN2>difficulties <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>ALP <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>recording <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>popularity <w NN2>ratings <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>election <w XX0>not <w AV0>later <w CJS>than <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1288"><w NN1-NP0>Bannon <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN2>leaders <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Hawke<c PUN>, <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>state <w NN2>premiers <w NP0>Neville <w NP0>Wran<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Cain <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Burke <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>revitalized <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w CRD>1975 <w NN1>ejection <w PRP>from <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="1289"><w VVG>Adopting <w AT0>a <w NN1>laissez faire <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>approach <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w VVG>working <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w NN2>entrepreneurs<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VVN>transformed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ALP <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>level <w PRP>throughout <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1290"><w NN1-NP0>Bannon <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>premier <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w NN1>disgrace <w PRP>since <w CRD>1982<c PUN>.
<s n="1291"><w DPS>His <w NN1>departure <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>meant <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>six <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>leaders <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Wayne <w NP0-NN1>Goss <w PRP>in <w NP0>Queensland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ray <w NN1-VVB>Groom <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tasmania <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>achieved <w NN1>office <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1292"><w AT0>The <w NN2>others <w VHD>had <w AV0>all <w VBN>been <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w NN1>party <w NN2>colleagues <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w AVP-PRP>over <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>mismanagement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03D>
<s n="1293"><w NN1>State <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Queensland
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1294"><w AV0>Only <w PRP>in <w NP0>Queensland<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>after <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>corrupt <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w AJ0>free <w PRF>of <w NN1>scandal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>record <w AJ0>healthy <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>ratings<c PUN>.
<s n="1295"><w NP0>ALP <w VVB-NN1>state <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Wayne <w NP0>Goss<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>called <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVD>sought <w AT0>no <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>in <w NP0>Canberra <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>speeches <w AV0>even <w VVD-VVN>denounced <w DPS>their <w NN1>behaviour<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1296"><w AJ0>Restrained <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVG>spending <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Goss <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>confounding <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>ensured <w CJT>that <w NP0>Queensland <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>least <w AJ0>indebted <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NP0>Queensland<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>tourism-driven <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w VVG>growing <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rate <w NN1>second <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mineral-rich <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1298"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>available <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN2>returns <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Goss <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>unchanged <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1299"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1300"><w NP0>NEW <w NP0>ZEALAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1301"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>change
</head>
<p>
<s n="1302"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NN1>electorate <w VVD-VVN>voted <w AV0>decisively <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1303"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>85 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN-VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>plurality <w AJ0>single <w NN1>member <w NN1>system <c PUL>(<w AJ0>first-past-the-post<c PUR>) <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w NN1>use<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>preference <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mixed <w NN1>member <w AJ0>proportional <c PUL>(<w NP0>MMP<c PUR>) <w NN1>system <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w VVD-VVN>used <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1304"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>two-part <w NN1>referendum <w VVD>asked <w NN2>voters <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w CJS>whether or not <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>express <w AT0>a <w NN1>preference <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>systems<c PUN>.
<s n="1305"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRF>of <w NN1>significance <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>desire <w PRP>for <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1306"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>favoured <w NP0>MMP <w NN1>system <w CRD>60 <w NN2>legislators <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>from <w AJ0>single-member <w NN2>constituencies <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>plurality<c PUN>.
<s n="1307"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>60 <w NN2>seats <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>filled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN2>electors <w VM0>would <w VVI>express <w DPS>their <w NN1>preference <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>rather than <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w VBG>being <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>by <w DT0>each <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1308"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>political <w NN2>groupings <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>dominated <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w PRP>since <w CRD>1935<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>.
<s n="1309"><w PRP>Prior to <w DPS>its <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="1310"><w CJS>While <w VVG>conceding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>plurality <w NN1>method <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w AV0>accurately <w VVI>reflect <w AT0>the <w NN1>preference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <c PUL>(<w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>election <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>69 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>with <w CRD>48 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN2>advocates <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>producing <w AJ0>decisive <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>majorities<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w VVG>accomplishing <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1311"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>grouping <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>achieved <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>election <w CJC>but <w VVD>secured <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>97 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVD>campaigned <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>for <w NN1>change <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>system <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>impossible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AJ0>significant <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1312"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>committed <w TO0>to <w VVI>devise <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NP0>MMP<c PUN>.
<s n="1313"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w TO0>to <w VVI>coincide <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w NP0>November <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NN2>voters <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>straight <w NN1>choice <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>MMP <w NN1>proposal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1314"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1315"><w NP0-NN1>APEC
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1316"><w NP0>APEC<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Intra-regional <w NN1>trade <c PUL>(<w CRD>1991<c PUR>)
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="1317"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1318"><w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w CRD>15 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <c PUL>(<w NP0>APEC<c PUR>) <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>move <w PRP>towards <w VVG>formalizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>loose <w NN1>APEC <w NN1>forum <w PRP>by <w VVG>approving <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>secretariat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38580 <w PRP>for <w ORD>third <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Seoul <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1319"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretariat<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>budget <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000,000 <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN1-NP0>APEC <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>research <w NN2>projects <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>work <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="1320"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>working <w NN1>group <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asia-Pacific <w NN1>region <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1321"><w DT0>Many <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>countries <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39045-46<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>linking <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w VM0>might <w VVI>divert <w NN1>investment <w PRP>away from <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>.
<s n="1322"><w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>interests <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>harmed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1323"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1324"><w NP0>BRUNEI
</head>
<p>
<s n="1325"><w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Hassanal <w NP0-NN1>Bolkiah <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brunei <w VVD>visited <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15-21<c PUN>; <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brunei <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1326"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1327"><w NP0>FIJI
</head>
<p>
<s n="1328"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Canberra <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w AJ0>Fijian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Sitiveni <w NP0>Rabuka<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Fiji <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>normalize <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1329"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1330"><w NP0>KAZAKHSTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1331"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21-23 <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept <w CRD>23-25<c PUN>.
<s n="1332"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w VVG>discussing <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Germans <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>encouraged <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>emigrate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1333"><w PRP>In <w NP0>France <w PNP>he <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Charter<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1334"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1335"><w NP0>TURKMENISTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1336"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38828<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkmen <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w AV0>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Konstyantin <w NP0-NN1>Masik <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmenistan<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saparmurad <w NP0>Niyazov<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VVI>pay <w NN1>transport <w VVZ-NN2>costs <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>gas <w PRP>in addition to <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w AJ0>cubic <w NN1>metre<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1337"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1338"><w NP0>UZBEKISTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1339"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>letter <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shakurulla <w NP0>Mirsaidov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NP0>Uzbek <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>openness <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>authoritarian <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>repression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>noted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>preceding <w NN2>months <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39010<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1340"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1341"><w DT0>FORMER <w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1342"><w PRP>During <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>moved <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>interventionist <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w AV0>more <w AJ0>military <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>relief <w NN2>convoys<c PUN>.
<s n="1343"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>initial <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>no-fly <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>over <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1344"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>entity <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rump<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>federation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38848<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>seat <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39121<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>compounded <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Serbian <w CJC>and <w VVB>FRY <w NN2>leaders <w AJ0-VVN>inclined <w PRP>towards <w NN1>compromise <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w VVG>advocating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1345"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>moves <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>union <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>enclaves <w PRP>in <w NP0>non-Serb <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1346"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>indications <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>situation <w VVG>emerging <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>Presidents<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dobrica <w NN1>Cosic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman<c PUN>, <w VVG>issuing <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>normalizing <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN2>developments <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>report<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03E>
<s n="1347"><w AJ0>Permanent <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1348"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VVN>co-chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Owen <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="1349"><w NN2>Negotiations <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>communities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18-21<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>they <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>jointly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1350"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN1>diplomat <w NP0-NN1>Martti <w NP0-NN1>Ahtisaari<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>as <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>closely <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>with <w NP0>Namibia<w POS>'s <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Cutilheiro<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>negotiator <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1351"><w NP0>Vance <w CJC>and <w NP0>Owen<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>made <w DT0>several <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>during <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w VVB>FRY <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dobrica <w NN1>Cosic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Panic <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VVG>outlining <w NN1>peace <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w AV0>largely <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN2-VVZ>accords <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39036<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w VVN>addressed <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVG>restoring <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG>re-opening <w AT0>the <w NP0>Belgrade-Zagreb <w NN1>motorway<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>convoys<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>pink <w NN2>zones<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Serb-populated <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w XX0>not <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>still <w VVD-VVN>patrolled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w VVG>placing <w NP0>Croatia<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Prelavka <w NN1>peninsula <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AV0>only <w AV0>partially <w VVN>observed <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VBD>were <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>place <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision <w DPS>their <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>weaponry <c PUL>(<w NN1>artillery <w AV0>over <w NN0>100mm <w NN1>calibre<c PUN>, <w NN0>82mm <w NN2>mortars<c PUN>, <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w NN1>rocket <w NN2>launchers<c PUR>) <w VVN>deployed <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Gorazde<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bihac <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Jajce<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03F></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03F>
<s n="1354"><w AJ0-VVD>Increased <w NP0>UN <w NN1>presence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1355"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>from <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>6,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>in addition to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1,500 <w AV0>already <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w CRD>15,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN1>aid <w VVN>destined <w PRP>for <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NN1>force <w PRP>for <w NN1>self-defence<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w CJS>when <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w DPS>their <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>.
<s n="1357"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>designate <w DT0>more <w NN1>protection <w NN2>zones<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1358"><w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w VVD>abstained <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVG>voting <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>text <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>770 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>abstained <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39035<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1359"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>contingents <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>cost <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>borne <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="1360"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w VVD>offered <w CRD>6,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>troops <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w VVG>protecting <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>convoys<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1361"><w AT0>The <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>French <w NP0>UN <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>relief <w NN1>convoy <w VVG-NN1>travelling <w PRP>from <w NP0>Belgrade <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVD>lent <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>to <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN2>escorts <w PRP>for <w NN1>relief <w NN2>convoys<c PUN>.
<s n="1362"><w AV0>Initially<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>blamed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJC>later <w NP0>UN <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>convoy <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>caught <w PRP>in <w NN1>crossfire <w PRP>between <w NP0>Serb <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1363"><w CRD>16 <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP-CJS>since <w NN1>deployment<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03G><ptr target=HLPCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03G>
<s n="1364"><w AT0>The <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<caption id=HLPCA03H>
<s n="1365"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1366"><w NN1>Relief <w NN2>flights <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38970<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w AV0>on board <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>aid <w NN1>flight <w PRP>from <w NP0>Split <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>.
<s n="1367"><w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w VVD-AJ0>supported <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government <w NN2>findings <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>plane <w VBD>was <w VVN>brought <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>missile<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>responsibility <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>attributed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1368"><w PRP>Despite <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w NN1>aid <w NN2>flights<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-VVN>suspended<c PUN>.
<s n="1369"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sadako <w NP0>Ogata<c PUN>, <w VVG>presenting <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>appeal <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN0>&dollar;434,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>warned <w PRF>of <w AJ0>potential <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>starvation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>approaching <w NN1>winter<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03J>
<s n="1370"><w NN1>Casualty <w NN2>figures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1371"><w NN2>Figures <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>from <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>to <w NN1>date<c PUN>, <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>more than <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>; <w CRD>2,037 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJC>and <w CRD>12,293 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w CRD>53,200 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>eliminated<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03K>
<s n="1373"><w NP0>CSCE <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NN1>detention <w NN2>camps
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1374"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>Officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w NP0>29-Sept. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w CRD>21 <w NN1>detention <w NN2>camps<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1375"><w NN2>Conditions <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w NN2>Croats<c PUN>, <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serbs <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w CJS>as <w AV0>equally <w AJ0>deplorable<c PUN>; <w NP0>Serbs <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>running <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>camps<c PUN>.
<s n="1376"><w NN2>Detainees <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AV0>virtually <w DT0>all <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w VVG>tending <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w AT0>the <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>shooting <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Mazowiecki <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39035<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Non-Aligned <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w NN1-VVB>issue <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38937<c PUN>; <w CRD>39122<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1377"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w DPS>its <w NN1>monitoring <w NN2>missions <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>tension<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vojvodina <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sandzak <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Moslem-inhabited <w NN2>areas <w VVG>spanning <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03L>
<s n="1378"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>fighting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1379"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference <w NN1>requirement <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>artillery <w NN2>attacks <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>early <w CJS>as <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>suffering <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>water <w CJC>and <w NN1>electricity <w NN2>shortages <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>supply <w NN2>lines <w VBD>were <w VVN>interrupted<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1380"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w NP0>Vance <w CJC>and <w NP0>Owen <w VVD>wrote <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w NN1>leader <w NN1-AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadzic <w VVG>deploring <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bihac<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Cazin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sokolac <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dobronica<c PUN>.
<s n="1381"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN2>forces <w DTQ>which <w VVD>commanded <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>left <w PRP>behind <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>JNA <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1382"><w NN1-NP0>Visegrad <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tomislavgrad <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>bombed<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1383"><w NP0>Karadzic <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>enemy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w VVG>profiting <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN2>agreements <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NN1>siege <w PRF>of <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>towns <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>retake <w NN1>territory<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>forces <w VDD>did <w AV0>indeed <w VVI>advance <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Gorazde <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03M>
<s n="1384"><w VVB-NN1>Appeal <w PRP>for <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1385"><w AJ0-NN1>Bosnian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27-28<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="1386"><w PNP>He <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>stop <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey <w AV0>en route <w PRP>to <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>.
<s n="1387"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN2>attitudes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>countries <w CJS>as <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Non-Aligned <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39122<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLPCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03N>
<s n="1388"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Croatia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1389"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w VVB-NN1>annex <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NP0>June <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38971<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>.
<s n="1390"><w PNP>They <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <w AJ0>diplomatic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>aggression <w PRP>against <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w DT0>little <w TO0>to <w VVI>alleviate <w AT0>the <w NN1>suffering <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w NP0>Tudjman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VVD>invoked <w NN1>Chapter <w CRD>VII <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Charter <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>requested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBI>be <w VVN>revoked<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1392"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>HVO<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>Herceg-Bosna <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>as <w VVG>helping <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>overcome <w DT0>some <w NN2>misunderstandings<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1393"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>Herceg-Bosna <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBN>been <w VVN>proclaimed <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03P>
<s n="1394"><w VVB>FRY <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1395"><w AT0>The <w AV0>more <w AJ0>moderate <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>opinion <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prevailing <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>Panic <w VVD-VVN>replaced <w DT0>some <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>by <w CRD>66 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1396"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w VBD>was <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SRS<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vojislav <w NP0>Seselj <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN2>SPS<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Borisav <w NP0>Jovic<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN2>SPS <w VVD-VVN>recommended <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>deputies <w VVB-NN1>vote <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>President <w NP0>Cosic<c PUN>.
<s n="1397"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1-AJ0>nationalist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ex-communist <w NN2>deputies <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w NN1>Panic<w POS>'s <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w VVG>betraying <w NP0>Serbia <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03R>
<s n="1398"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Jovanovic <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1399"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladislav <w NN1>Jovanovic <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1400"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ilija <w NN1>Djukic<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w NN1-VVB>Panic <w VVN>appointed <w CRD>four <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in addition to <w NN1-AJ0>Djukic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11<c PUN>: <w NP0>Dragan <w NN1>Jovanovic <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Branko <w NN1>Maricic <c PUL>(<w NN1>Trade<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Vujicic <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ratko <w NN1>Lazarevic <c PUL>(<w NN1>Agriculture<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1402"><w NN1>Panic <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>portfolio <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio <w NP0-NN1>Ljubisa <w AJ0-NN1>Rakic <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w VVG>co-ordinating <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>international <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1403"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NN1>Panic <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Serbian <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN1>Montenegrin <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="1404"><w DT0>This <w VVD>contradicted <w DPS>their <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1405"><w NN1>Panic <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<w POS>'s <w NN1>expulsion <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="1406"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN1>Panic <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NN1>oil <w PRP>to <w NP0>Belgrade <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>suffering <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>shortages <w PRP>from <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions<c PUN>.
<s n="1407"><w NN1>Panic <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN2>relations <w VVB>tour <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21-30<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03S>
<s n="1408"><w NN1>Provision <w PRP>for <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1409"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w CRD>169 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>13 <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>20 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1410"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>splinter <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <c PUL>(<w NN2>SPS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>registered <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1411"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w NN2>DEPOS <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>registered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03T>
<s n="1412"><w AJ0>Proposed <w NN1>union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1413"><w AT0>The <w NN1>parliament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>(<w NP0>SRBH<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w CRD>63.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>declared <w PNX>itself <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>union <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1414"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <c PUL>(<w NP0>RSK <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUR>) <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>RSK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>SRBH<c PUN>.
<s n="1415"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>RSK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>SRBH<c PUN>, <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w NN1-NP0>Zdravko <w NN1>Zecevic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Branko <w NP0>Djeric <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVD>envisaged <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w VVG>harmonising <w DPS>their <w AJ0>political <w NN2>systems <w CJC>and <w NN2>economies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03U>
<s n="1416"><w NP0>Kosovo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1417"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Rugova <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38919<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>with <w NP0>Owen <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vance <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>position <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kosovo <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>treated <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>.
<s n="1418"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>factor <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kosovo <w NN2>Albanians<w POS>' <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>FRY <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>teaching <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Albanian <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo <w NN2>schools<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03V>
<s n="1419"><w VVB-NN1>Sandzak
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1420"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sandzak <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w VVG>spanning <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NN1>north-east <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUN>, <w AV0>home <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>200,000 <w NN2>Moslems<c PUR>) <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w CRD>70,000 <w NN2>Moslems <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>military<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terror<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1421"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sulejman <w NP0-NN1>Ugljanin<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w VVG>seeking <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03W><ptr target=HLPCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03W>
<s n="1422"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<caption id=HLPCA03X>
<s n="1423"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1424"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>proposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39036<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Branko <w NP0-NN1>Crvenkovski<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDSM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1425"><w AJ0>Prominent <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w NP0-NN1>Stevo <w NP0-NN1>Crvenkovski <w CJS>as <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vlado <w NP0-NN1>Popovski <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>retained <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w NP0-NN1>Becir <w NP0>Zuta <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jovan <w NP0>Andonov<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ljubomir <w NP0-NN1>Frckoski<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Denko <w NP0-NN1>Malevski<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLPCA03Y>
<s n="1427"><w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1428"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>committee <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>decided <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>crisis <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w DPS>its <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>mission <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1429"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1430"><w NP0>CROATIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1431"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1432"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39064<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>; <w CRD>seven <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w NN2>posts <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1433"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stipe <w NP0>Mesic <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w DPS>its <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>no <w NN1>law <w VVG-AJ0>governing <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Districts<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed<c PUN>.
<s n="1434"><w AV0>Constitutionally<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>assume <w AT0>the <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>President <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VBI>be <w VVN>incapacitated<c PUN>.
<s n="1435"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Districts <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1436"><w PRP>With <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>new <w NN1>state <w NN2>bodies <w VBD>were <w VVN>created<c PUN>: <w AT0>a <w AJ0>32-member <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AJ0>advisory <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman<c PUN>.
<s n="1437"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>membership <w VVD>included <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tudjman<w POS>'s <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>advisers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLPCA040><s n="1438"><w VVB>Hrvoje <w AJ0>Sarinic <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Sek <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<caption id=HLPCA040>
<s n="1439"><w AJ0>Key <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1440"><w UNC>*Mate <w AJ0>Granic <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Darko <w NP0>Cargonja <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="1441"><w UNC>*Gojko <w NP0-NN1>Susak <w NN1>Defence
</p>
<p>
<s n="1442"><w UNC>*Ivan <w NP0>Jarnjak <w NN1>Interior
</p>
<p>
<s n="1443"><w UNC>*Zdenko <w NP0>Skrabalo <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1-AJ0>Zoran <w NN1-AJ0>Jasic <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w NP0-NN1>Ivica <w AJ0-NN1>Crnic <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Administration
</p>
<p>
<s n="1444"><w UNC>*Franjo <w NP0-NN1>Kajfez <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry
</p>
<p>
<s n="1445"><w UNC>*Served <w PRP>in <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1446"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1447"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1448"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="1449"><w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w ORD>last <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Ramiz <w NP0>Alia<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Berisha <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38878<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>under <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>guard <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>daughter<w POS>'s <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tirana<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1450"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG-AJ0>misusing <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>funds <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA041></p>
<caption id=HLPCA041>
<s n="1451"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1452"><w AT0>The <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maksim <w NP0>Haxhia<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>hearing <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w DPS>his <w NN2>duties <w AV0>properly <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>falsified <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>documents<c PUN>.
<s n="1453"><w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Haxhia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>at <w NP0>Tirana <w NN1>airport <w CJS>while <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>board <w AT0>a <w NN1>plane <w PRP>for <w NP0>France<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA042></p>
<caption id=HLPCA042>
<s n="1454"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1455"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>League <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Xhemal <w NP0>Borova<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reorganization<c PUN>.
<s n="1456"><w AV0>Subsequently<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>paper <w NN1-NP0>Dielli <w VVD>reported<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>League<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w VVN>changed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1457"><w VVB>Bashkim <w NP0>Driza <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1458"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Teodor <w NP0>Keco<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>group <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>independent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA043></p>
<caption id=HLPCA043>
<s n="1459"><w NN2>Protests <w PRP>over <w AJ0>ecclesiastical <w NN1>appointment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1460"><w NN2>Deputies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>protested <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Greek <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1-NP0>Exarch <w NN2>Januallatos <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Patriarch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0-NN1>Autocephalic <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1461"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1462"><w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<p>
<s n="1463"><w UNC>*Formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>renamed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38881<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLPCA044><s n="1464"><w NN1>Candidate <w NN2>Votes <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <c PUL>(<w NP0>DNSF<c PUR>) <w CRD>5,633,456 <w NP0>Emil <w NP0>Constantinescu <c PUL>(<w NP0>DCR<c PUR>) <w CRD>3,717,006 <w NP0>Gheorghe <w NP0>Funar <c PUL>(<w NP0>RNUP<c PUR>) <w CRD>1,294,388 <w NP0>Caius <w NP0>Dragomir <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSF<c PUR>) <w CRD>564,655 <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Manzatu <c PUL>(<w NP0>RP<c PUR>) <w CRD>362,485 <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0>Druc <c PUL>(<w AJ0>independent<c PUR>) <w CRD>326,866 <ptr target=HLPCA045></p>
<caption id=HLPCA044>
<s n="1465"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w NN1>round
</caption>
<caption id=HLPCA045>
<s n="1466"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1467"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ceausescu <w NN1>regime <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>elections <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37441-37442<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1468"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w NP0>DCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>centre-right <w AJ0-NN1>18-party <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVD>performed <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AJ0>ex-communist <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>DNSF<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>nominated <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1469"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>received <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w PRP>round <w NN1>run-off <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>contested <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iliescu <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>DCR <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Emil <w NP0-NN1>Constantinescu<c PUN>.
<s n="1470"><w NN1-VVG>Campaigning <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN2>qualities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>; <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>minorities <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>substantive <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1471"><w VVG>Assessing <w AT0>the <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w NP0>Constantinescu <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>showed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w NN1>change <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alarming <w NN1>trend <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>left<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA046></p>
<caption id=HLPCA046>
<s n="1472"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1473"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w VHD>had <w VVN>redefined <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w CRD>42 <w NN2>counties <w PRP>according to <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1474"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>328 <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w CRD>387<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w NN2>seats <w VVN-VVD>reserved <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJC>smaller <w AJ0>national <w NN2>minorities <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN2>Hungarians<c PUR>) <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>got <w AT0>an <w NN1>aggregate <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>1,327 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="1475"><w CRD>One <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w CRD>13 <w NN0>minorities <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>under <w DT0>this <w NN1>provision<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>143 <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w CRD>119<c PUR>) <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1477"><w NN1>Election <w VBD>was <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>party <w NN2>lists<c PUN>.
<s n="1478"><w ZZ0>A <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>threshold <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>alliances <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>threshold <w AJ0>necessary <w VBG>being <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA047></p>
<caption id=HLPCA047>
<s n="1479"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1480"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w AJ0>notable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w AJ0>main <w NN2>candidates <w VVD-VVN>attracted <w AV0>substantially <w DT0>more <w NN2>votes <w CJS>than <w DPS>their <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJS>even though <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Constantinescu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rector <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bucharest <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>choice <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w NP0>DCR <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>NLP <w VHG>having <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>its <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AJ0>ex-King <w NP0>Mihai <c PUL>(<w NP0>Michael<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1481"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Funar <w VBD>was <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cluj-Napoca <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w PRP>for <w AJ0>anti-Hungarian <w NN2>measures <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>Dragomir <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>chosen <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>NSF <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>25 <w PRP>after <w NP0-NN1>Petre <w NP0-NN1>Roman<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NP0>NSF <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38881<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>; <w NP0>Manzatu<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>professor <w CJC>and <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ceausescu <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Druc<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w VVD>campaigned <w AV0>solely <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>unification <w NN1>issue<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA048></p>
<caption id=HLPCA048>
<s n="1482"><w NP0>Bishop <w NP0>Tokes<w POS>'s <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1483"><w NP0>Bishop <w NP0>Laszlo <w NP0>Tokes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>Timisoara <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>demand <w NN1>justice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>post-communism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>the <w NN1>identification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w CRD>1,033 <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>uprising <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="1484"><w NP0>Tokes <w VVD>suspended <w DPS>his <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJ0>pre-electoral <w NN1>controversy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w PNP>it <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1485"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tokes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iliescu <w VVD>rejected <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w NN1>repression <w CJC>and <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>minority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1486"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>nationality<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Culture <w NP0-NN1>Andro <w NP0>Horvath<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>efficiency <w NN1-VVB>drive<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA049></p>
<caption id=HLPCA049>
<s n="1487"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2>subsidies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1488"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>for <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w AJ0>-backed <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1489"><w PRP>In <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>subsidy <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>in consultation with <w NN2>trades <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimize <w DPS>their <w NN1>effect <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>pay <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>16 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>12,920 <w NN2>lei <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=391.55 <w NN2>lei <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1490"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1491"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1492"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zhivkov
</head>
<p>
<s n="1493"><w NP0>Todor <w NP0>Zhivkov<c PUN>, <w CRD>81<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>leader <w PRP>from <w CRD>1954 <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>misappropriation <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w NN1>embezzlement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="1494"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>repay <w CRD>21,000,000 <w NN1>leva <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=20.1204 <w NN1>leva <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1495"><w NP0>Zhivkov<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>trial <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38017<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<w POS>'s <w AJ0>disgraced <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1496"><w NP0>Zhivkov <w VBD>was <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>panel <w PRF>of <w NN2>judges <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD>4-to-3 <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1497"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>; <w NN2>prosecutors <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="1498"><w NP0>Zhivkov <w AV0>also <w VVD>faced <w AV0>further <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>sponsoring <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>, <w VVG>establishing <w NN1>labour <w NN2>camps<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>inciting <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>hatred <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>assimilation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bulgaria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>Turk <w NN1>minority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1499"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Milko <w NP0>Balev<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>under <w NP0>Zhivkov<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>currency <w NN2>transactions <w CJC>and <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04A>
<s n="1500"><w VVG-AJ0>Mounting <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1501"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>war <w PRP>against <w PNI>everyone<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AV0>instead <w VVB>adopt <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>.
<s n="1502"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UDF<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>pursued<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0>basically <w AJ0>erroneous <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w AJ0>extra-parliamentary <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>Church<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1503"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>defended <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP>against <w NP0>Zhelev<w POS>'s <w NN2>criticisms <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Dogan<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Turks<w POS>' <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>Freedoms <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRF <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>support <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Zhelev<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>objective<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1505"><w NP0>Krustyu <w NP0>Petkov<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulgaria <c PUL>(<w NP0>CITUB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>praised <w NP0>Zhelev<w POS>'s <w NN1>statement <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1506"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w NP0>Zhelev<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>attack <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>reverberating<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>21-member <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18-20 <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF<c PUN>.
<s n="1507"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>political <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w NN2-VVZ>needs <w VVG>updating<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>changing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dimitrov<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition<w POS>'s <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in spite of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>turn <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1508"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NP0>UDF <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w NN2>calls <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>for <w NP0>Zhelev<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1509"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NP0>MRF <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP<c PUR>) <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>members <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0>Stefan <w NP0>Savov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UDF-affiliated <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1510"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>democracy <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>MNF-BSP <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w NP0>Savov<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w NP0>Savov<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>rehearsal <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1512"><w PRP>Despite <w NP0>Dimitrov<w POS>'s <w AJ0>staunch <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w NP0>Savov <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1513"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Snezhana <w NP0>Botusharova<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1514"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1515"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1516"><w NP0>Slovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>republican <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1517"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>into <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39061-62<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>by <w CRD>114 <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1518"><w DT0>All <w CRD>16 <w NN2>opponents <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Movement <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Carnogursky<c PUN>.
<s n="1519"><w AT0>The <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>walked <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN2>alterations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>wording<c PUN>.
<s n="1520"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>minority <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Miklos <w NP0-NN1>Duraj <w PRF>of <w NN1>Coexistence <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bela <w NN1-NP0>Bugar <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1521"><w AT0>The <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>ceremony <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava <w NN1>Castle <w PRP>by <w NP0>SNC <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Ivan <w NN1>Gasparovic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Meciar<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>appeared <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>balcony <w PRP>before <w VVG>cheering <w NN2>crowds<c PUN>.
<s n="1522"><w NP0>Carnogursky <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN2>celebrations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1523"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing<c PUN>, <w NN1>Gasparovic <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>for <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN2>countrymen <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Hungarian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Ukrainian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Polish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>Romany <w NN1>population<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>drawing <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AV0>constitutionally <w VVN-AJ0>enshrined <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="1524"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romanies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NP0>Helsinki <w NN1-VVB>Watch <w NN1>report <w VVG>alleging <w NN1>discrimination <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>Slovakia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>minority <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>Hungarians<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>welcomed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alojz <w NP0>Pompa<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Romany <w NP0-NN1>Unity<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04B>
<s n="1525"><w NN2>Problems <w PRF>of <w NN1>partition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1526"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>leftist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>spoke <w AVP>out <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>liquidation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
<s n="1527"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>divide <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1528"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>law <w VVG>laying <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN2>modalities <w PRF>of <w NN1>partition <w CJC>and <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reallocation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w NN2>debts <w CJC>and <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w PRP>before <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1529"><w NN1>Division <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovakia <w VHG>having <w AV0>approximately <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bohemia-Moravia<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>compensation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>by <w DT0>either <w NN1>republic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1530"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minster <w NP0>Imrich <w NP0>Andrejcak <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>possible <w TO0>to <w VVI>divide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1531"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>distributing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>major <w NN2>imbalances<c PUN>; <w DT0>most <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN2>installations <w CJC>and <w NN2>planes <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>Lands<c PUN>, <w AV0>for example<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1-VVG>training <w NN2>centres <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tank <w NN2>depots <w VBD>were <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1532"><w VVG>Returning <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>with <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Camdessus<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>spoke <w AV0>positively <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fund<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<w POS>'s <w NN2>attitudes <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>republics<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04C>
<s n="1533"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>press <w NN1>agency <w NN1>chief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1534"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Uhl<c PUN>, <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>press <w NN1>agency <w NP0>CSTK <w CJC>and <w VVN>known <w PRP>for <w NN1>leftist <w NN2>views<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tomas <w NP0>Kopriva<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Klaus<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04D>
<s n="1535"><w NN2>Problems <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1536"><w VVB-NN1>Meciar<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AV0>abroad <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jozsef <w NP0-NN1>Antall <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>issues <w VVG>causing <w NN1>friction <w PRP>between <w NP0>Slovakia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hungary <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>examined <w PRP>by <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>committees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1537"><w PRP>On <w NN1>minority <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>600,000 <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Hungarians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w CJC>and <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>Slovaks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Meciar <w VHD>had <w AV0>categorically <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Geza <w NP0>Jeszenszky<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Bratislava <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>collective <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1538"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN2>Gabcikovo-Nagymaros <w VVB-NN1>dam <w CJC>and <w AJ0>hydroelectric <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w NN1>project <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Danube<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>25 <w VVD>renounced <w AT0>the <w CRD>1977 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>grounds <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38843<c PUN>; <w CRD>38939<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB-NN1>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>side <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w AV0>ahead<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>facility <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AJ0>partial <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NP0>CSTK <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>construction <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>completion <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1539"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN2>objections<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w NN2>consultations <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w AJ0>ecological <w NN2>aspects<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>findings <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>at <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1540"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1541"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1542"><w AJ0>Anti-right <w NN1>march
</head>
<p>
<s n="1543"><w DT0>Several <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>ideologist <w NP0-NN1>Isatvan <w NP0>Csurka <w VVD>gathered <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Arp&aacute;d <w NP0>G&ouml;ncz <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>.
<s n="1544"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>counter-demonstration<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>organized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Charter <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w NN1>march <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>50,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>marches <w PRP>in <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>towns<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>protest <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w NN1>right <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>related <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>racist <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.
<s n="1545"><w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Charter<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>perceived <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>distance <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w NP0>Csurka<w POS>'s <w NN2>views<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1546"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>novelist <w CJC>and <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NN1>MDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Csurka<c PUN>, <w VVG>exploiting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>historical <w NN1>vein <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extreme <w NN1>nationalism <w CJC>and <w NN1>anti-Semitism<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>published <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NN1>moderation <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>compromise<c PUN>.
<s n="1547"><w PNP>He <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w NN2>Jews<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>elite<c PUN>, <w NN2>liberals <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>bankers <w VBD>were <w VVN>linked <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>conspiracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVB>smother <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>revival<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04E>
<s n="1548"><w NN1-NP0>Bill <w PRF>of <w NN2>rights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1549"><w AT0>A <w NN1>bill <w PRF>of <w NN2>rights <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>minorities <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1550"><w NN1>Warning <w PRP>against <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>assimilation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>culture<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>self-identity <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fostering <w PRF>of <w NN1>mother <w NN2>tongues<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>mother <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN1>self-government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04F>
<s n="1551"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dissident <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>spring <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Endre <w NP0>Borbely<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1553"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>centrist <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDSz<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>reform <w AJ0-NN1>communist <w NN1-NP0>Imre <w NN1-NP0>Pozsgay<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Zoltan <w NN1>Biro <w CJC>and <w NP0>Istavan <w NP0-NN1>Kukorelli<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1554"><w NP0>Zoltan <w NP0>Kiraly<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>MP<c PUN>, <w VVD>founded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1555"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Pensioners<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>gained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>seat <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>deputy <w NP0-NN1>Imre <w NP0>Barcza <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1556"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1557"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1558"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>amendments <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Plan <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises
</head>
<p>
<s n="1559"><w PRP>Against <w AT0>the <w NN1>recommendation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>1 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39063<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1560"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>failed <w PRP>by <w CRD>18 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>63 <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1561"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w CRD>40 <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>retaining <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<w POS>'s <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>broadening <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w VBD>was <w VVN>unveiled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>after <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>by <w NN2>trades <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>enterprise <w NN1>pact<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w NN2>managers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w AT0>a <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scheme <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w CRD>five <w NN2>models<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1564"><w AJ0>Partial <w NN1>debt <w NN1>remission <w VM0>would <w VVI>reward <w NN2>enterprises <w DTQ>which <w VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>restructuring <w NN1>programme <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>creditors<c PUN>.
<s n="1565"><w NN2>Proposals <w PRP>for <w NN1>tax <w NN2>adjustments <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxation <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN2>profits <w NN1-VVB>tax<c PUN>.
<s n="1566"><w AJ0>Negotiated <w NN1>wage <w NN2>controls <w VM0>would <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN1>wage <w NN2-VVZ>increases <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>popiwek<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1567"><w NN1>Privatization <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Janusz <w NP0-NN1>Lewandowski <w AV0>narrowly <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1568"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>201 <w NN2>votes <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>they <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w PRP>by <w CRD>189 <w PRP>to <w CRD>174 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1569"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Ursus <w NN1>tractor <w NN1>factory <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-week <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Tychy <w NN1>car <w NN1>plant <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39063<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>successes <w PRP>in <w NN1>labour <w NN1>policy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04G>
<s n="1570"><w AJ0>Martial <w NN1>law <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1571"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Wojciech <w NP0>Jaruzelski<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w ORD>last <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>leader <c PUL>(<w PRP>from <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>predecessor <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVG>stepping <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Accountability <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>ex-leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
<s n="1572"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Confederation <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NP0>Poland <c PUL>(<w NP0>KPN<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>submitted <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>for <w VVG>introducing <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><w NP0>Jaruzelski <w VVD>took <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>act<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>his <w NN1>assertion <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w AT0>the <w AJC>greater <w NN1>evil <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>invasion <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04H>
<s n="1574"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1575"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Coalition <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>KdR<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jan <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Parys <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romuald <w NP0-NN1>Szeremietiew<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Antoni <w NP0>Macierewicz<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>amid <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>collaborators <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38972<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>inception<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Olszewski <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>dangers <w AJ0>inherent <w PRP>in <w NN2>delays <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1577"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w VVD>lost <w DPS>its <w NN1>place <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>party <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w CRD>six <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Forum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Right <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UD<c PUN>.
<s n="1578"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLD<c PUR>) <w AV0>thus <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>bloc <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>table <w PRF>of <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39016<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1579"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1580"><w NN2>CIS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1581"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1582"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kirgizstan<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w VVG>finalizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN2>documents <w PRP>for <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1583"><w AT0>The <w NN1>postponement<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>stemmed <w PRP>from <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1584"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bishkek <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <c PUL>(<w NP0>Byelarus<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1585"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39018<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VBZ>is <w AV0>wrongly <w VVN>given <w PRP-CJS>as <w NP0>June<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>for fear of <w AT0>a <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="1586"><w AT0>The <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3-4 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w AJ0>satisfactory <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bishkek <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>passed <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1587"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3-4 <w NN1>meeting <w VDD>did <w AV0>successfully <w VVI>negotiate<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN2>servicemen <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>defence-related <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1588"><w AT0>An <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Command <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w NN2>duties <w PRP>as of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
<s n="1589"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Command <w VM0>would <w VVI>manage <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVB>co-ordinate <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w VVB>oversee <w VVG-AJ0>peacemaking <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>conflicts<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04J>
<s n="1590"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1591"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1-NP0>Turkestan <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>District<c PUN>, <w VVG>encompassing <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>abolished <w PRP>as of <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>; <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VBD>were <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>national <w NN2>armies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38825<c PUN>; <w CRD>38916<c PUN>; <w CRD>39010<c PUN>; <w CRD>39012<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1592"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Transcaucasus <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>District <w VBD>was <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>by <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w PRP>in line with <w NN2>reductions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1593"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>peripheral <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tajikistan <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>commission <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>regime <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN2-VVZ>states <w CJC>and <w NP0>China<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04K>
<s n="1594"><w AJ0>Interparliamentary <w NN1>assembly
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1595"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>interparliamentary <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1596"><w AJ0-VVG>Participating <w VBD>were <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tajikistan <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w NN2>states <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interparliamentary <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38874<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w VVD>sent <w AT0>no <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="1597"><w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-year <w NN1>term <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>seat <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <c PUL>(<w NP0>Russia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1598"><w NP0>Khasbulatov <w VVD>spoke <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in favour of <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w VVG>going <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w TO0>to <w VVI>mention <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>supranational <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>common <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1599"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1600"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1601"><w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Economy
</head>
<p>
<s n="1602"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>after <w DPS>its <w NN1>summer <w NN1>recess<c PUN>.
<s n="1603"><w AJ0>Controversial <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>bankruptcy <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38974<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1604"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>a <w NN1>Law <w PRP>on <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>.
<s n="1605"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>adoption<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>delayed <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1606"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>amendment <w CJT>that <w AJC>higher <w AJ0>military <w NN2>appointments <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>) <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>without <w NN1>endorsement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w DT0>This <w VVD-VVN>conformed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w CJC>and <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>situations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04L>
<s n="1609"><w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<w POS>'s <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1610"><w AJ0>Acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VVD>presented <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w PRP>In <w PNP>it <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>credit <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>May <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reversed <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>credit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1612"><w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>encouraged <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Chairman <w NP0-NN1>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w AV0>usually <w AT0>a <w NN1>critic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>asked <w NN2>deputies <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>such <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>mistake<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1613"><w AJ0>Key <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>indicators <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VVD>cited <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w VVD>illustrated <w AT0>the <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1614"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>month-on-month <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w AV0>over <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>production <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN1>investment <w CRD>50-55 <w NN0>per cent <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1616"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>13,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VVG>living <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN1>poverty <w NN1>line <c PUL>(<w CRD>1,200 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w NN1>month<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1617"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>rising <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w NP0>August<c PUN>;<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>tightening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1618"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>fell <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>trading <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=205.50 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=241 <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
<s n="1619"><w PNP>It <w VVD>fell <w AV0>further <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=309 <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
<s n="1620"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>July <w NN1-VVB>exchange <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN0>statistics <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39021<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1621"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gaidar <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>policy <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>exit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>zone <w PRP>by <w NN2>countries <w VVG>creating <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>currencies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below <w PRP>for <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w VVZ-NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>swift <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1622"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Chubais<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Management <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN1>Property<c PUN>, <w VVD>answered <w NN2>deputies<w POS>' <w NN2>questions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scheme <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39057<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1623"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scheme <w VBD>was <w VVN>debated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBB>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>months <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>defeated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04M>
<s n="1624"><w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w NN1>expenditure <w NN1>resolution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1625"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <c PUL>(<w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>17 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39020<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AJ0>full <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rossiiskaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1626"><w NN1>Expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w PRP>at <w CRD>3,319,333.8 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>with <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w CRD>334,200 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
<s n="1627"><w AJ0>Certain <w AJ0>protected <w NN2>expenses <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>financed <w AV0>in full <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
<s n="1628"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w NN2>pensions <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>grants<c PUN>, <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>heating <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>rent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w NN1>limitation <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>clean-up <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>tests <w CJC>and <w NN2>accidents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1629"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w NN1>expenditure <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>13,600 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w TO0>to <w VVI>subsidize <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>scientific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>expenses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w NN1>purchasing <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1630"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unified <w NN1>wage <w NN1>structure <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>rationalizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRP>according to <w NN2>qualifications<c PUN>.
<s n="1631"><w AJ0>Large <w NN1>wage <w NN2>increases <w VBD>were <w AV0>thus <w VVN>envisaged <w PRP>for <w NN2>doctors <w CJC>and <w NN2>teachers<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AV0>lowest <w VVN>paid <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>strike <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38923<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1632"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCB<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD-AJ0>budgeted <w NN1>revenue <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>forecast <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1633"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NN1>Economics <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Nechayev<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Interfax<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCB <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>credit <w PRP>to <w NN1>industry <w PRP>to <w CRD>500,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1634"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="1635"><w AJ0>Easy <w NN1>credit <w PRP>to <w AJ0>unprofitable <w NN2>industries <w VBD>was <w VVG>undermining <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCB <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>freed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>unaccountability <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>hindering <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04N>
<s n="1636"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Debt <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1637"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCB<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>suspended <w AV0>indefinitely <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>orders <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1638"><w NN2>Transactions <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments <w VVD-VVN>settled <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>payments <w PRP>for <w NN2>goods <w VVD-VVN>supplied<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1639"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>revoked <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>chairmen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>central <w NN2>banks <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w VVD>demonstrated <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>RCB <w NN1>chairman <w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Gerashchenko <w CJC>and <w NN2>reformers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1640"><w NP0>Russia <w VVD>contended <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>exporting <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN2>enterprises <w VVD-VVN>purchased <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>goods <w PRP>with <w NN2>credits <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w CJS>for <w CJS>although <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>monopoly <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>printing <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VM0>could <w VVI>issue <w NN2>credits <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="1641"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>on <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>zone <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>progress <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AJ0>RCB-government <w NN1>conflict <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39057<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1642"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>assume <w DT0>these <w NN2>republics<w POS>' <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w PRP>in return for <w DPS>their <w NN1>portion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w NN2>assets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>CIS <w VVB>March <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1-NP0>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w NN1>p. <w CRD>38824<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04P>
<s n="1643"><w NN1>Oil <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>rise
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1644"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>regulation <w PRF>of <w NN1>energy <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>regulate <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>export <w PRP>from <w AJ0>fixed <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>floating <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="1645"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>April <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>price <w NN2>rises <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38876<c PUN>; <w CRD>38923<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1646"><w AT0>The <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w NN1>tonne<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>limit <w PRP>on <w NN2>profits <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NN1>production <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="1647"><w DT0>These <w NN2>prices <w VVD-VVN>excluded <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>excise <w NN2>duties<c PUN>.
<s n="1648"><w NN2>Prices <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AV0>well <w PRP>below <w NN1>world <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1649"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w AV0>partly <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>output <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>exhausted <w CJC>and <w AJ0>outdated <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>.
<s n="1650"><w NN1-NP0>Extraction <w NN2>levels <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w AV0>about <w CRD>86 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>quantities <w PRP>according to <w NN1>government <w NN2>calculations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1651"><w AT0>The <w NN1>world <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>at <w AJ0>current <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Nezavisimaya <w NP0-NN1>Gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w CRD>15,000 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w NN1>tonne<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>pre-September <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>oil <w VBD>were <w CRD>1,800-2,000 <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>per <w NN1>tonne<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1652"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>prices <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>government <w NN2>economists<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>damage <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sectors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>frail <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1653"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>oil <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>keeping <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w PRP>at <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
<s n="1654"><w NN2>Prices <w PRP>for <w NN2>consumers <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>by <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>subsidies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AJ0>disadvantaged <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="1655"><w NN2>Subsidies <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>enterprises <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NN1-VVB>oil <w NN1>price <w NN2>rises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w NN1>consumer <w PRP>in <w AJC>higher <w NN2>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="1656"><w NN1>Economics <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Nechayev<c PUN>, <w VVG>commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>regulating <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w AJ0>applicable <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w NN1>oil <w AV0>so <w AV0>far<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>profitability <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>contribute <w NN2>resources <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>fund <w PRP>for <w AJ0>compensatory <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w DT0>Much <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>oil <w NN1>revenue <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>lost <w PRP>through <w AJ0>illegal <w NN0>sales <w CJC>and <w NN1>theft<c PUN>.
<s n="1658"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w CJC>and <w VVI>recentralize <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>licensing <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>.
<s n="1659"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>framework<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>low <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>insecure <w NN2>borders <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VVD-VVN>encouraged <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>exports <w PRP>for <w NN1>resale <w PRP>at <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="1660"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w NP0>Financial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Legal <w NN1>Control <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VVG>Combating <w NN1>Corruption<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gurtovoi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>investigating <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>exports <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>businesses <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>bribing <w NN2>producers<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN1>oil <w AV0>cheaply <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>resell <w PNP>it <w PRP>at <w NN1>profit<c PUN>.
<s n="1661"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>consultancy <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>track <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VVN-VVD>lost <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>way <w VVD>said <w AV0>that <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>deposited <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>banks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04R>
<s n="1662"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>reorganization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>efficiency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1664"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN2>decrees <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1665"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>executive <w NN2>bodies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>131 <w PRP>to <w CRD>73<c PUN>.
<s n="1666"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministries <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished <w VBD>were <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w VVG>corresponding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>command-administrative <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DT0>these <w NN2>ministries <w VHD>had <w VVN>directed <w NN2>supplies <w CJC>and <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>market-led <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1667"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>structure <w CJS>as <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>by <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Shumeiko<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reorganization<c PUN>, <w VVD>comprised <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-tier <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1668"><w NN2>Ministries <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>committees <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members <w VVD>came <w PRP>above <w AJ0-VVG>co-ordinating <w NN2>committees <w CJC>and <w NN2>departments <w XX0>not <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>above <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>agencies <w CJC>and <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="1669"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>bodies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>downgraded <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>personnel <w NN2>levels <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>3,500 <w PRP>to <w CRD>2,500<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Material <w NN2>Resources <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w AV0>initially <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>contract <w NN2>corporations <w VVN-VVD>organized <w CJS>as <w AJ0>joint-stock <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>capital <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>regulate <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>between <w NN2>producers<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w PRP>In addition to <w DPS>their <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>supply <w NN2-VVZ>links<c PUN>.
<s n="1672"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NN1>abolition<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w VVN-VVD>directed <w PRP>towards <w VVG>drafting <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1673"><w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Experts <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN1>body<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>mistakes <w CJC>and <w NN2>blunders<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>projects<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>avoided<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04S>
<s n="1674"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1675"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>opposition<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sovietskaya <w NP0-NN1>Rossiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1676"><w VVN>Signed <w PRP>by <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>patriotic <w NN2>movements <w CJC>and <w AJ0>communist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>socialist <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>united <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national-state <w NN1>salvation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1677"><w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVB>bore <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>ruining <w NP0>Russia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>by <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>coup d'etat <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w NN1>clique<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>.
<s n="1678"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>proposals <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>reversal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w NN1>reform <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-AJ0>anti-crisis <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1679"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>united <w NN1>opposition<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1680"><w PRP>At <w DPS>its <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25-26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kadets<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>convening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1917 <w CJC>and <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Bolsheviks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1681"><w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJS>if <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN2>programmes <w VBD>were <w VVN>watered <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>nomenklatura <w VBD>were <w AV0>once more <w VVN>put <w PRP>in <w NN1>command<c PUN>.
<s n="1682"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>pro-government <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Reforms<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>intending <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>President <w PRP>in support of <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="1683"><w AV0>Both <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <w VBD>were <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>land <w NN1>privatization <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-government <w NN1>bloc <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39020<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1684"><w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>bloc <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38974<c PUN>; <w CRD>39058<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>anti-crisis <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="1685"><w NP0>Arkady <w NP0>Volsky<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN2>Industrialists <w CJC>and <w NN2>Entrepreneurs<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>a <w AJC>closer <w NN1>study <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>preserved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="1686"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motto <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CU <w NN1>bloc <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>reforms <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1687"><w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>CU<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>CU <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>propose <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>action <w CJC>and <w AV0>actively <w VVB>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1688"><w NN2>Rutskoi <w AV0>also <w VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>cause <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>radical <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>changed <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1689"><w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>cash <w NN1-VVB>supply <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w NN1>production <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w NN1>monopoly <w NN1>production <w VVB>bring <w AVP>about<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>an <w NN1>upsurge <w PRP>in <w NN2>prices<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04T>
<s n="1690"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>All-Russia<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1691"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<w POS>'s <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w NN2>regions <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Cheboksary <c PUL>(<w NP0>Chuvash<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1692"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>motivation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>all-Russia <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>localities<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>reported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>reported <w PRP>to <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>.
<s n="1693"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>at <w AV0>both <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="1694"><w CJS>While <w VVG>criticising <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>too <w AJ0>tenacious <w NN2>traditions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unitarian <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w NN1>criticism <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>leaders <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>he <w VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>adopting <w NN2>laws <w PRP>at <w NN1>variance <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>(<w NP0>RF<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1695"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w NN2>observers <w VVD>saw <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade-off<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>bodies <w VM0>would <w VVI>serve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w UNC>2&commat;1/2 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>full <w NN1>term <c PUL>(<w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>80 <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>administration <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1696"><w AT0>The <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w AV0>prematurely <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>averted<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0-AJ0>direct <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>control <w AV0>also <w VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="1697"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>power <w PRP>at <w AJ0>local <w NN1>level <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>localities <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>threats <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38875<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1698"><w NN1-NP0>Chechnia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w DPS>their <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>RF <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>during <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bashkortostan <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Bashkiria<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>drafting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38825-26<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1700"><w AT0>The <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bashkortostan <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>held <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>preserving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>space<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1701"><w NP0>RF <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AJ0>worried <w PRP>by <w NN2>moves <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yakutia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w NN1>diamond <w VVG-AJ0>producing <w NN1>region <w VVD>lay<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>diamond <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w VVG>bypassing <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1702"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>diamond <w NN1>consortium<c PUN>, <w NP0>De <w NN2>Beers<c PUN>, <w VVD>opened <w DPS>its <w NP0>Moscow <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLPCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04U>
<s n="1703"><w NP0>Kabardino-Balkaria
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1704"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>60-day <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Nalchik<c PUN>, <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>North <w NP0>Caucasus <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabardino-Balkaria<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>by <w NN2>protesters <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caucasus <w NP0>Mountain <w NN2>Peoples<c PUN>, <w NP0>Musa <w NP0>Shanibov<c PUN>, <w VVN>detained <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>for <w VVG>forming <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>units <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Abkhazian <w NN2>separatists <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w NP0>Georgia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39110<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1705"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabardino-Balkaria<w POS>'s <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Valery <w NP0>Kokov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>introduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>.
<s n="1706"><w AT0>The <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>violent<c PUN>, <w VVG>requiring <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>Troops<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1707"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1708"><w NP0>ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1709"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>defence <w NN2>issues
</head>
<p>
<s n="1710"><w AT0>The <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Issues<c PUN>, <w AJC>higher <w PRP>in <w NN1>rank <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <c PUL>(<w AV0>currently <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vazgen <w NP0>Sargsyan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1711"><w NP0-NN1>Vazgen <w NP0-NN1>Manukyan<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>basis <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37664<c PUN>; <w CRD>38418<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1712"><w NP0>Armenia <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>created <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>conflict <w VBD>were <w NN2>volunteers<c PUN>.
<s n="1713"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w NP0>Armenia <w VHD>had <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w VVG>invoking <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>security <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38922<c PUN>; <w CRD>39059<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1714"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1715"><w NP0>AZERBAIJAN/ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1716"><w NN2>Ceasefires <w CJC>and <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1717"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD>mediated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabkah <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39059<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>produced <w AV0>little <w VVB-NN1>respite <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1718"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w VVD>brokered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NN2>protocols <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>prisoner <w NN1>exchange<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>stationing <w NN2>observers <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1719"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w VBD>was <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>other <w PRF>of <w VVG>breaking <w DT0>this <w AJ0>new <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1720"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Kazakh-brokered <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AJ0>plenipotentiary <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>Presidents <w VVN>committed <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>undertake <w NN2>actions <w DTQ>which <w VVB>violate <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>border<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1722"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>days <w VVD>saw <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>firing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1723"><w AJC>Further <w AJ0>Kazakh-brokered <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alma <w NP0>Ata <w VVD>failed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1724"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w NN2>negotiations <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w AJ0>preparatory <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>also <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="1725"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>failed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRP>because of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Azeri <w NN1>intransigence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>over <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1726"><w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>launched <w CRD>two <w NN2>offensives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w VVD-VVN>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Lachin <w NN1>corridor <w DTQ>which <w VVD>linked <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>with <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w PRP>through <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>territory <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>enclave <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Mardakert <c PUL>(<w NP0>Agdere<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Agdam <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>map <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1727"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04V>
<s n="1728"><w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>request <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>grain
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1729"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Armenia <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>grain <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w VVN-VVD>perceived <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>allied <w PRP>with <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="1730"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>unstable <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>transport <w NN1>route <w PRP>to <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>since <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veiled <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w DPS>its <w NN1>neutrality <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04W>
<s n="1731"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Azeri <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN0>staff
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1732"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Nureddin <w NP0>Sadykhov <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w CJC>and <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>promoted <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1>major-general<c PUN>.
<s n="1733"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Abulfez <w NP0>Elchibey<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38976<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>reorganizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1734"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1735"><w NP0>MOLDOVA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1736"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania
</head>
<p>
<s n="1737"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0-NN1>Snegur <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sofia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1738"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>clause <w VVD>guaranteed <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Bulgarians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>89,000 <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w CRD>150,000-170,000 <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1739"><w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1740"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nicolae <w NP0-NN1>Andronaci <w CJC>and <w PRP>including <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>directors <w PRF>of <w NN2>enterprises <w CJC>and <w NN1>banking <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04X>
<s n="1741"><w VVB-NN1>Dnestr <w NN1>republic
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1742"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <w PRP>within <w NP0>Moldova <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w NN1>structure <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1743"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w CRD>13 <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w NN2>committees <w CJC>and <w NN2>directorates<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN2>languages <w VVD>recognized <w NP0-NN1>Moldovan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Romanian<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w PRP>as <w AJ0>official <w NN2>languages <w PRF>of <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="1745"><w NN1-NP0>Moldovan <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>written <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Cyrillic <w NN1>alphabet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1746"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>related <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Snegur <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>address <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>making <w NP0-NN1>Moldovan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Romanian<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>language <w CJC>and <w VVG>returning <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Latin <w NN1>script<c PUN>, <w VVD>regretted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="1747"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Moldovan <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aleksandru <w NP0-NN1>Moshanu<c PUN>, <w VVD>reiterated <w NP0>Snegur<w POS>'s <w NN2>views<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Moldova <w VM0>should <w VVI>identify <w PNX>itself <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w VVG>dropping <w AT0>the <w NN1>term<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>Moldovan <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dogma <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>colonizers <w TO0>to <w VVI>separate <w PNP>us <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>Romanians<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLPCA04Y>
<s n="1748"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1749"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second<c PUN>, <w AJ0>inconclusive<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Moldova <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kishinev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB>Dnestr <w NN2>representatives <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military <w VBD>were <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="1750"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Snegur <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>officers <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>region <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moldovan <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Moldova <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Dnestr <w NN1>republic<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1751"><w AJ0>Critical <w NN2>statements <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>Army<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Aleksandr <w VVD-AJ0>Lebed<c PUN>, <w VVD>drew <w AT0>a <w NN1>rebuke <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>become <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="1752"><w AJ0>Gen. <w AJ0>Lebed <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>statements <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39019<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1753"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>RIA<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Gen. <w AJ0>Lebed <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1>lieutenant-general<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w NN1-NP0>Nezavisimaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>regiment <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kishinev <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39060<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>halted <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>Moldovan <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2-VVZ>protests <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1755"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>regiment<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Aleksei <w AJ0-VVD>Lebed <c PUL>(<w NN1>brother <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1756"><w AJ0>Lebed<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w DT0>these <w NN2>claims<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1757"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1758"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1759"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>reform <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1760"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>swift <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>bitter <w NN2>arguments <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Supreme <w NP0-NN1>Rada<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>siding <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Vitold <w NN1-NP0>Fokin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1761"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>met <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN2>topics <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1762"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>slogan<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>movements <w CJC>and <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Rukh <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39060<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w UNC>3,000,000-signature <w NN1-VVB>petition <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="1763"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VHD>had <w VVN>sent <w DPS>his <w NN2>greetings <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>amid <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>pace <w VM0>would <w VVI>jeopardize <w NP0>IMF <w NN2-VVZ>credits <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>entry <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39120<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>amid <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ-NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1765"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w NP0-NN1>Fokin<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>wish<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJC>further <w NN1>exacerbation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1766"><w NP0-NN1>Fokin <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w NN1>replacement <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1767"><w VVN>Assessed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>patchwork <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>reformist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>reactionary <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>command-administrative <w NN2>methods<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <w VVD>detailed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>reintroduced <w AJ0>central <w NN1>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="1768"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>privatization <w NN1-VVB>account<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>worth <w CRD>30,000 <w NN1>kupony <c PUL>(<w NN2>coupons<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NN2>savings <w NN2-VVZ>banks <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>citizen<c PUN>.
<s n="1769"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>EBRD<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w UNC>ECU2,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;2,700,000<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>programme <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA050></p>
<caption id=HLPCA050>
<s n="1770"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>action
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1771"><w NN1-VVB>Transport <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>miners <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG>affecting <w DT0>most <w NN2>airports<c PUN>, <w AJ0>major <w NN1>railway <w NN2>junctions <c PUL>(<w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>causing <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>on <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>railways<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>39 <w NN1>coal <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="1772"><w AT0>The <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w DPS>their <w NP0>July <w VVB-NN1>strike <w NN1>threat <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39021<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>recognition <w AJ0-NN1>equal <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="1773"><w CJS>When <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN0>staff <w VVD>broke <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
<s n="1774"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AV0>reportedly <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>acceded <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation<w POS>'s <w NN2>demands <w CJC>and <w VVD>revoked <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NN2>strikers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA051></p>
<caption id=HLPCA051>
<s n="1775"><w NN2>Amendments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>constitution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1776"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>Republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w VVG-NN1>sitting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w NN2>amendments <w VBD>were <w VVN>adopted <w TO0>to <w VVI>rectify <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>defects<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJS>as <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38924<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1777"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>article <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>Republic <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>democratic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>secular <w NN1>state <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>jurisdiction<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBZ>is <w VVN>determined <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>delimitation <w PRF>of <w NN2>powers <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1778"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>9 <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA052></p>
<caption id=HLPCA052>
<s n="1779"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Romania
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1780"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Zlenko <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
<s n="1781"><w AJ0>Minor <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>cultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consular <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full-scale <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="1782"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>minorities <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>.
<s n="1783"><w NP0-NN1>Zlenko <w VVD>rejected <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>speculation <w VVN>exploited <w PRP>by <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>for <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>purposes<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>any <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>formerly <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1784"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1785"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1786"><w NN1-VVB>Conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1787"><w NN1-VVG>Fighting <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Abkhazian <w NN2>separatists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abkhazia <w VVD>threatened <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>into <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>with <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1788"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN1>monitoring <w CJC>and <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w NN1>agreement <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>troops <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w VVG>binding <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Caucasian <w NN2>republics <w CJC>and <w NN2>regions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>(<w NP0>RF<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w VVG>entering <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>; <w NN2>volunteers <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>region <w VBD>were <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Abkhazian <w NN2>separatists<c PUN>.
<s n="1790"><w NN1>North <w NP0>Caucasus <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechnia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1791"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>frequent <w AJ0>high-level <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>held<c PUN>, <w VVG>skirmishing <w AJ0-VVN>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="1792"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w CRD>189 <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w CRD>823 <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1793"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w AJ0>confused <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>split <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>along <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>lines<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Georgians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0>Tamaz <w NP0-NN1>Nadareyshvili<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>chair <w NP0>Vladislav <w NP0>Ardzinba<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1794"><w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Dzhoni <w NP0-NN1>Khetsuriani <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>it <w CJS>as <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>discriminatory <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>gave <w CRD>28 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>65 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Abkhazians<c PUN>, <w AV0>actually <w AT0>a <w NN1>minority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39058<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN2>Georgians <w VHD>had <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1795"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>denouncing <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>tries <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w TO0>to <w VVI>solve <w AJ0>complicated <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inter-ethnic <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1796"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>resolution <w VVD>suspended <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w AV0>already <w VVN>contracted <w PRP>for <w NN1>transfer<c PUN>.
<s n="1797"><w NP0>Georgia <w VVD>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>accusing <w NP0>Russia <w PRF>of <w NN1>interference<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>sent <w AV0>about <w CRD>10 <w AJ0-VVD>motorized <w NN2>battalions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Caucasus <w NN2>republics <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>RF<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NP0>RF <w NN2>borders <w CJC>and <w VVB>maintain <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1799"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1800"><w NP0>BALTIC <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1801"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lithuania
</head>
<p>
<s n="1802"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>reversal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>territory <w PRP>by <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>troops <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38972<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>estimated <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>varied <w PRP>from <w CRD>20,500 <w PRP>to <w CRD>38,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>insisted <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>troops <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>before <w CRD>1997-99 <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN2>difficulties <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>housing <w VVG-AJ0>returning <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1805"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD-VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>technical<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>difficulties<c PUN>.
<s n="1806"><w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>construct <w VVG-NN1>housing <w PRP>for <w NN2>servicemen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kaliningrad <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>territory <w VVN>separated <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w AJ0>proper <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1>hardware <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Fleet <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>basis <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>navy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1807"><w AT0>A <w AJ0-NN1>routine <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>Council <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tallinn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w VVD>praised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian-Russian <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1808"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39031<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>softening <w CJS>when <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w CRD>1994 <w NN1>withdrawal <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="1809"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>retention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2-VVZ>states <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>upkeep<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Russian-speaking <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1810"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kuranty <w NN1>newspaper <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vitaly <w NP0>Churkin <w VVD>explained <w CJT>that <w VVG>withdrawing <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia <w VVD>presented <w AJ0>other <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="1811"><w PNP>He <w VVD>specified <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>military <w NN2>installations<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>give <w AVP>up <w AV0>so <w AV0>easily<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>affecting <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Russian-speaking <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w AV0>specifically <w AT0>the <w NN1>citizenship <w NN2>laws <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38880<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1812"><w NP0-NN1>Churkin <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Estonia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>non-Estonian <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>disenfranchised<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1813"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania <w VHD>had <w AV0>proportionally <w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest <w AJ0-NN1>Russian-speaking <w NN1>minority<c PUN>; <w PRP>according to <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>census <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w NN2>Lithuanians <w VVD>formed <w CRD>79.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w PRP>as against <w AT0>the <w CRD>53.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>titular <w NN1>nationality <w PRP>in <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w CRD>64.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1814"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1815"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1816"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prunskiene <w NN1>case
</head>
<p>
<s n="1817"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Kazimiera <w NP0>Prunskiene<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>conscious <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1818"><w NN1-NP0>Prunskiene<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37944<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>consistently <w VVD-VVN>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>accusations <c PUL>(<w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38880<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VVG>bearing <w DPS>her <w NN1>signature <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>she <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>KGB <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>forgery <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w AV0>politically <w VVN-AJ0>motivated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1819"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>politicians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>investigated <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0>KGB <w VVD>included <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Virgilius <w NP0>Cepaitis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1820"><w AT0>A <w NN1>de-Sovietization <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVG>banning <w DT0>former <w NP0>KGB <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN2>employees <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>reading <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA053></p>
<caption id=HLPCA053>
<s n="1821"><w NN1>Fuel <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>increases <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Warnings <w PRF>of <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>rationing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1822"><w NN2>Increases <w PRF>of <w PRP>up to <w AV0>fivefold <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w NN1>electricity <w CJC>and <w NN1>petrol <w PRP>to <w NN2>consumers<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NN2>warnings <w PRF>of <w NN1>energy <w NN1>rationing<c PUN>.
<s n="1823"><w NN2>Supplies <w PRF>of <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>since <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w NN1>reliance <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ignalia <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w PRP>near <w NP0>Vilnius <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>reactor <w NN1>design <w VBD>was <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRP>at <w NP0>Chernobyl<c PUR>) <w VVD>increased<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN1>safety <w NN2-VVZ>fears<c PUN>.
<s n="1824"><w AT0>The <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w VVD>underwent <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>shut-down <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1825"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1826"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1827"><w NN2>Elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1828"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Estonia<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>post-independence <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>Fatherland <w NN1>group <c PUL>(<w NP0>Isamaa<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>parties <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>Riigikogu<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>633 <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w CRD>101 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1829"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>gained <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>candidates <w AV0>thus <w VVN>passed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1830"><w AT0>The <w NN1>franchise <w VBD>was <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eligible <w NN2>voters <w PRP>at <w AV0>about <w CRD>690,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w NN1>Turnout <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w CRD>67 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1832"><w AT0>The <w NN1>barring <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-Estonian <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>Russians<c PUN>, <w NN2>Ukrainians <w CJC>and <w NN2>Byelarussians<c PUN>, <w VVD>drew <w NN2>protests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>to <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>tension <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Estonia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1833"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Ulemnoukogu <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>until <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VVD-VVN>called <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>last <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1834"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37322<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>began <w NP0>Estonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>move <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>independence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA054></p>
<caption id=HLPCA054>
<s n="1835"><w AJ0>Free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1836"><w NP0>Estonia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tiit <w NP0-NN1>Vahi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="1837"><w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w NN2>difficulties <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVG>referring <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLPCA055><s n="1838"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>Seats <w VVD-VVN>won <w NN1>Fatherland <w NN1>group <c PUL>(<w NP0>Isamaa<c PUR>) <w CRD>29 <w AJ0>Safe <w NN1>Home <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kindel <w NN1>kogu<c PUR>) <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w CRD>15 <w NN2>Moderates <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN2>Citizens <w CRD>8 <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>Royalists <w CRD>8 <w NN2>Greens <w CRD>1 <w NN2>Entrepreneurs<w POS>' <w NN1>party <w CRD>1 <ptr target=HLPCA056><w NN1>Candidate <w NN2>Votes <w NN1>Percentage <w NP0>Arnold <w NP0>Ruutel <w CRD>195,743 <w CRD>42.2 <w NP0>Lennart <w NP0-NN1>Meri <w CRD>138,317 <w CRD>29.8 <w VVB-NN1>Rein <w NP0-NN1>Taagepera <w CRD>109,631 <w CRD>23.7 <w NP0>Lagle <w NP0>Parek <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>f<c PUR>) <w CRD>19.837 <w CRD>4.3 <w NP0>Ruutel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kindel <w NP0>Kogu<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>chaired <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>presidium <w PRP>from <w CRD>1983 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37322<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><w PNP>He <w CJC>and <w NP0>Taagepera<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lecturer <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>citizen <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AJ0>moderate <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="1840"><w NN2>Meri<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>March <w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Finland <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38879-80<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>principal <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Isamaa <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>; <w NP0>Parek <w VBD>was <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>political <w NN1>prisoner<c PUN>.
</p>
<caption id=HLPCA055>
<s n="1841"><w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<caption id=HLPCA056>
<s n="1842"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1843"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1844"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1845"><w NN1>Crisis <w PRP>over <w VVG>financing <w AT0>the <w NN1>east
</head>
<p>
<s n="1846"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>crisis <w VVN>developed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w NN1>unification <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AJC>further <w NN1>tax <w NN2>increases <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unavoidable<c PUN>.
<s n="1847"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>crisis <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39080-81<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1848"><w AT0>An <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>partners <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>on <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>stimulating <w AT0>a <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east<c PUN>.
<s n="1849"><w NP0>Wolfgang <w NP0>Sch&auml;uble<c PUN>, <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NN1-VVG>financing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>compulsory <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>interest-free <w NN1>investment <w NN1-VVB>bond<c PUN>, <w AJ0>repayable <w PRP>after <w CRD>1996<c PUN>, <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVG>earning <w PRP-AVP>over <w UNC>DM5,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>month <w VVB>gross <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>bought <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>solidarity <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>; <w CJC>or <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN2>businesses <w PRP>with <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20 <w NN2>employees <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>invested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east<c PUN>.
<s n="1850"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>idea <w VVD-VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theo <w NP0>Waigel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>voluntary<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Germany <w NN1-VVB>bond<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>offering <w AJ0>low <w NN1>interest <w CJC>but <w AJ0>tax-free<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1851"><w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<w POS>'s <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w PRP>on <w UNC>Sept.8<c PUN>, <w VVG>reviewing <w DPS>his <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w NN2>mistakes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>unification <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Germany <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w UNC>DM150,000 <w CRD>million <w AV0>annually <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>east<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>come<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1852"><w PNP>He <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>call<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w AJ0>regional<c PUN>, <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>solidarity <w NN1>pact<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>unification<c PUN>.
<s n="1853"><w NP0>Kohl <w AV0>also <w VVD>quashed <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w NP0>Sch&auml;uble <w CJC>and <w NP0>CDU <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Volker <w NP0>R&uuml;he <w VBD>were <w VVG>planning <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1854"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SPD<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Bj&ouml;rn <w NP0>Engholm <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>issues<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>countered <w NP0>Kohl<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>strategy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>firm <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>were <w AJ0>necessary <w CJS-PRP>before <w DT0>such <w NN2>talks <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AJ0>worthwhile<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w AV0>notably <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>surcharge <w PRP>on <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38109<c PUN>; <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38297-98<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA057></p>
<caption id=HLPCA057>
<s n="1855"><w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1856"><w NP0>Waigel <w VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w DPS>his <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>medium-term <w NN2>targets <w AV0>up to <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>criticized <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AJ0>unrealistic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>irrelevant <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1858"><w NP0>Waigel <w VVB>forecast <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM38,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w UNC>DM22,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="1859"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>stated <w NN1>goal <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>from <w CRD>4.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w PRP>between <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
<s n="1860"><w NP0>Waigel <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>taxation <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>competitiveness <w PRF>of <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>depreciation <w NN2>allowances <w PRP>on <w AJ0>movable <w NN2>assets <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="1861"><w PNP>He <w VVD>criticized <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>banks <w PRP>for <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN2>clients <w TO0>to <w VVI>deposit <w DPS>their <w NN1>capital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luxembourg <w NN2>subsidiaries <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJ0>new <w NN1>taxation <w PRP>on <w NN2>savings <w NN2-VVZ>accounts <w VVG>entering <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA058></p>
<caption id=HLPCA058>
<s n="1862"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>support <w NN1>scheme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1863"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>east <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w VVB>protect <w CRD>400,000 <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AJ0>subsidised <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>construction <w NN2>contracts <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>export <w NN1>credit <w VVZ>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>barter <w NN2>deals <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w PRP>until <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="1864"><w VVN>Administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Treuhand <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>financed <w PRP>out of <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>fund <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kreditanstalt <w NN1>f&uuml;r <w NN1>Wiederaufbau <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>east <w AJ0>European <w NN1>trade <w PRP>at <w AJ0>below-market <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA059></p>
<caption id=HLPCA059>
<s n="1865"><w AJ0>Right-wing <w NN2>gains <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bavaria
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1866"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Passau <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bavaria<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN2>Republicans <w NN1>Party <w VVD>doubled <w DPS>its <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w AJS>third-largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w NN1>council<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05A>
<s n="1867"><w NN1>Health <w NN1>service <w NN2>reforms
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1868"><w NN2>Reforms <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w NN1>service <w PRP>by <w UNC>DM11,400 <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>tabled <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1869"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w AV0>initially <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>charges <w PRP>to <w NN2>patients <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>DM3,200 <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w NN2>savings <w PRP>on <w NN2>fees<c PUN>, <w NN1>hospital <w NN2>charges <w CJC>and <w NN2>drugs <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w DT0>another <w UNC>DM8,200 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1870"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w VVD>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w CJS>after <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w VVN>borne <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>patients <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM1,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pharmaceutical <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w UNC>DM10,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1871"><w NN2>Limits <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>doctors <w VVN>registered <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug <w NN2>companies <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w NN2>prices <w PRP>by <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>freeze<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05B>
<s n="1872"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w AJ0-NN1>anti-foreigner <w NN1>violence <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Sentences <w PRP>on <w NN2>participants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1873"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>violence <w PRP>against <w NN2>foreigners <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>west<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brandenburg <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Alwin <w NP0>Ziel <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN2>organizations <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>believed <w VBD>were <w VVG>masterminding <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cottbus-based <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Alternative <c PUL>(<w UNC>DA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1874"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>prosecutor<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w VVD>began <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Detmold <c PUL>(<w AJ0>western <w NP0>Germany<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Ku <w NP0>Klux <w NP0>Klan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>chapter <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Rhine-Westphalia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1875"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rostock <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>22-26 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39065<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>hostel <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Cottbus <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Brandenburg <w NN2>towns <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29-30<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>hostel <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>in <w NP0>Eisenh&uuml;ttenstadt <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN2>nights <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4-5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>200 <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>called <w AVP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="1876"><w AT0>A <w NN1>hostel <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quedlinburg<c PUN>, <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Magdeburg <c PUL>(<w NP0>Saxony-Anhalt<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>besieged <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>nights <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8-11 <w CJC>and <w CRD>71 <w NN2>arrests <w VBD>were <w VVN>made<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>instance <w AJ0>local <w NN2>politicians <w CJC>and <w NN2>sympathisers <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>residents <w VVD>stood <w NN1-VVB>guard <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>assailants<c PUN>.
<s n="1877"><w AT0>The <w NN1>stabbing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>German <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Romanian <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Wismar <w VVD>sparked <w AVP>off <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>hostel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
<s n="1878"><w DT0>Several <w NN1>arson <w NN2>attacks <w VVD>occurred<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w PRP>including <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w VBG>being <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Halle <w PRP>in <w NN2>fires <w VVD>started <w PRP>by <w NN2>skinheads <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Yugoslavian <w NN2>children <w VBG>being <w AV0>badly <w VVN>burned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hemsbach <c PUL>(<w NP0>Baden-Wurttemberg<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1879"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>skinheads <w VBD>were <w DT0>each <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Frankfurt-an-der <w NP0-NN1>Oder <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w VVG>beating <w AVP-PRP>up <w CRD>three <w AJ0>African <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>died<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Eberswalde <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1880"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>others <w VVD-VVN>received <w AV0>respectively <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
<s n="1881"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Rostock <w AVQ>where <w CRD>32 <w NN2>arrests <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NN1>connexion <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>August <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>man <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w UNC>Sept.10 <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w UNC>Sept.15 <w CRD>one <w NN1>youth <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w PRP>on <w NN1>probation <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<w POS>' <w AJ0-NN1>juvenile <w NN1>detention<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05C>
<s n="1882"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>deportation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Romanians
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Romania <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AVP>back <w DT0>all <w NN2>Romanians <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>living <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in return for <w UNC>DM30,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>reintegration <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="1884"><w AT0>The <w NN2>deportations <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>43,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w NN2>gypsies <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>targets <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05D>
<s n="1885"><w AJ0>Anti-Semitic <w NN2>attacks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1886"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>an <w NN1>arson <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN0>barracks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1-NP0>Sachsenhausen <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Berlin<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Kinkel <w VVD>laid <w AT0>a <w NN1>wreath <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>site <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brandenburg <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>, <w NP0>Heinrich <w NP0>Enderlein<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>apologising <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1887"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>felt <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kohl <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>visited <w AV0>both <w DT0>this <w NN1>site <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>scenes <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AJ0-NN1>anti-foreigner <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-Semitic <w NN2>attacks <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1888"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Berlin <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>cemetery <w VBD>was <w VVN>damaged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w CRD>three <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorial <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w VVD>dedicated <w PRP>to <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>holocaust<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05E>
<s n="1889"><w NN1>Discovery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>grave
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN2>graves <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>12,500 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP>from <w CRD>1945 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1950 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>prison <w NN1>camp <w VVN-VVD>located <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1-NP0>Sachsenhausen <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp <w VBD>were <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>site <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="1891"><w AT0>The <w NN2>skeletons <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>12,000-16,000 <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN>feared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bautzen <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>excavations <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05F>
<s n="1892"><w NN2>Charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Wolf
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1893"><w NP0-NN1>Markus <w NP0>Wolf<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>intelligence <w PRP>from <w CRD>1958 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1987 <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gave <w PNX>himself <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38447<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>with <w NN1>treason<c PUN>, <w NN1>espionage <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1894"><w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Voigt<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>officer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <c PUL>(<w NP0>Stasi<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Athens <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>months<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w VVG>entering <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>false <w NN1>passport<c PUN>.
<s n="1895"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>request <w DPS>his <w NN1>extradition <w PRP>in connection with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w NN2>terrorists <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w CRD>1983 <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1-VVB>consulate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33039<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1896"><w NP0>Klaus <w NN1>Croissant<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>defence <w NN1>lawyer <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Faction <c PUL>(<w NP0>RAF<c PUR>) <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>providing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stasi <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w NN1>information <w PRP>between <w CRD>1981 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1987<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05G>
<s n="1897"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Main-Danube <w NN1>canal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1898"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>171-km <w NN1>canal <w NN1-VVB>link <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Main <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Danube <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Germany <w VBD>was <w VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w UNC>3,500-km <w AJ0>continuous <w AJ0>navigable <w NN1>waterway <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NP0>North <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rotterdam <w PRP>to <w NP0>Constanza <w PRP>on <w NP0>Romania<w POS>'s <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1899"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1900"><w NP0>NORWAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1901"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reorganization
</head>
<p>
<s n="1902"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gro <w NP0>Harlem <w NP0>Brundtland <w VVD>replaced <w CRD>six <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w VVD>reorganized <w DT0>several <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVD-VVN>designed <w AV0>primarily <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AJC>stronger <w NN1>focus <w PRP>on <w VVG>tackling <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
<s n="1903"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tove <w NP0>Strand <w NP0>Gerhardsen<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>split <w PRP>into <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Gunnar <w NN1-NP0>Berge <w VVG>taking <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oddny <w NP0>Alexandersen <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1904"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>divided<c PUN>, <w NP0>Werner <w NP0>Christie <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w NN1>portfolio <w CJC>and <w NP0>Grete <w NP0>Knudsen <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="1905"><w NP0>Kari <w NP0>Nordheim <w NP0>Larsen <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Grete <w NP0-NN1>Faremo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN2>Police<c PUN>.
<s n="1906"><w NP0-NN1>Finn <w NP0>Kristensen <w VVD>assumed <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>Industry <w PRP>within <w DPS>his <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>portfolio <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>.
<s n="1907"><w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Henry <w NP0>T. <w NP0>Olsen<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>opponent <c PUL>(<w PRP>like <w NP0>Strand <w NP0>Gerhardsen<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Norwegian <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Fisheries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1908"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1909"><w NP0>SWEDEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1910"><w AJ0>Government-opposition <w NN1>pact
</head>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w AJ0>Conservative <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carl <w NP0>Bildt <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>SAP<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Ingvar <w NP0>Carlsson <w VVD>agreed <w AV0>unprecedentedly <w PRP>on <w UNC>Sept.17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>overcome <w NP0>Sweden<w POS>'s <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1920s <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39080-81<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1912"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>spending <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w CJC>and <w NN1>tax <w VVZ>increases <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w CRD>40,600 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <c PUL>(<w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w AV0>over <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w CRD>102,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <c PUL>(<w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1913"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>changes <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>welfare <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w NN2>benefits <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN1>insurance <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w AV0>gradually <w PRP>to <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>yielding <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>savings <w PRF>of <w CRD>45,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor<c PUN>.
<s n="1914"><w AT0>The <w NN1>pact <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w NN2>sectors <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1915"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>supplemented <w PRP>by <w NN2>measures <w PRP>worth <w CRD>10,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>employment<c PUN>, <w NN2>pensions <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pensionable <w NN1>age <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>raised <w PRP>from <w CRD>65 <w PRP>to <w CRD>66 <w AV0>over <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1916"><w NN1>Sickness <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>, <w VVG>housing <w NN1>construction <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w NN1>spending <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w NN1>aid <w VBD>were <w VVN>cut<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>child <w NN1-VVB>benefit <w NN2-VVZ>increases <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>family <w NN1>allowance <w VBD>were <w VVN>postponed <w CJS>as <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w NN2-VVZ>gains <w NN1-VVB>tax <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="1917"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>petrol <w CJC>and <w NN2>cigarettes <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1918"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>package <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>tourism <w VBD>was <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>18 <w PRP>to <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>general <w NN1>VAT <w NN2>cuts <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>deferred<c PUN>.
<s n="1919"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>statutory <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>holiday <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>weeks <w VBD>was <w VVN>cut <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>production<c PUN>.
<s n="1920"><w NN2>Employers<w POS>' <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2>contributions <w VBD>were <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>4.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w NN2>allowances <w VBD>were <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05H>
<s n="1921"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>submarine <w NN2>incursions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1922"><w AT0>The <w NN1>navy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w AJ0-VVD>fired <w NN2>grenades <w CJC>and <w NN1>depth <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>suspected <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>submarine <w PRP>near <w NP0>Oxel&ouml;sund <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
<s n="1923"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w AVQ>when <w NN1>depth <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w VVN>fired <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>intruder <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stockholm <w NN1>archipelago<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bildt <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>submarines <w VHD>had <w VVN>violated <w NP0>Sweden<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>pursued<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1924"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1925"><w NP0>FINLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1926"><w NN1>Settlement <w PRF>of <w NP0>&Ouml;resund <w NN1>bridge <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Denmark
</head>
<p>
<s n="1927"><w NP0>Finland<w POS>'s <w NN1>objection <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>road <w CJC>and <w NN1>rail <w NN1>bridge <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NN1>Belt <c PUL>(<w NP0>&Ouml;resund<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>linking <w NP0>Copenhagen <w PRP>with <w NP0>Malm&ouml; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Sweden <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38402<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1928"><w NN2>Proceedings <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w VBD>were <w AV0>formally <w VVN>discontinued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVG>removing <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>irritant <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Nordic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1929"><w AT0>The <w NN1>settlement <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w UNC>DKr90,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;16,600,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1930"><w DT0>This <w NN1>money <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN1>construction <w NN1>company <w NP0>Rauma-Repola <w AV0>Offshore<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>large <w NN1>oil <w VVG>drilling <w NN2>rigs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w NP0>Sea <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>fully <w AJ0-VVN>assembled <w NN1>condition <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>bridge <w VBD>was <w VVN>finished<c PUN>.
<s n="1931"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>hitherto <w VBN>been <w VVG>pressing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>plans<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>incorporate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>section <w VVG>allowing <w NN1>passage <w PRP>for <w NN2>rigs <w AV0>over <w CRD>65 <w NN2>metres <w AJ0>high<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1932"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1933"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1934"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mellor
</head>
<p>
<s n="1935"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>David <w NP0>Mellor<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38869<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>succeeded <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Brooke<c PUN>, <w CRD>58<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1936"><w NP0>Mellor <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>driven <w PRP>out of <w NN1>office <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>tabloid <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>pursued <w PNP>him <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>extramarital <w NN1>affair <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>actress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonia <w NP0>de <w NP0>Sancha<c PUN>.
<s n="1937"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w PNP>he <w VVD>denied <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>impropriety <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w NN2-VVZ>favours <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wealthy <w NN1>property <w NN1>developer<c PUN>.
<s n="1938"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>resignation <w VVD>followed <w NN2>disclosures <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>family <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mona <w NP0>Bauwens<c PUN>, <w NN1>daughter <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>official <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>lavish <w NN1>holiday <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>resort <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Marbella<c PUN>.
<s n="1939"><w NP0>Mellor <w VVD>insisted <w AV0>throughout <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>improper <w PRP>in <w VVG>accepting <w DT0>this <w NN1>hospitality<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1940"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>MP <w NP0>Bryan <w NP0>Gould <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Shadow <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>differences <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05J>
<s n="1941"><w NP0>Commons <w NN1-VVB>debate <w PRP>on <w NN1>economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1942"><w NN2>MPs <w VVN>gathered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Common <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>322 <w PRP>to <w CRD>296 <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w VVG>expressing <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1943"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VHD>had <w VVN>defended <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>sterling <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <c PUL>(<w UNC>ERM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>choice<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN2>partners<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>speculative <w NN1>turmoil <w PRP>in <w NN1>currency <w NN2>markets <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>derailed <w NN1>sterling <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39080-81<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1944"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w NP0>Major <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>devalued <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>devalued <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05K>
<s n="1945"><w NP0>Maxwell <w NN1>bankruptcy <w NN1>case
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1946"><w NP0>Kevin <w NP0>Maxwell<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Maxwell <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38588<c PUN>; <w CRD>38688<c PUN>; <w CRD>38977<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w AJ0-NN1>bankrupt <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1947"><w NP0>Maxwell<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<w POS>'s <w AJS>biggest <w AJ0-NN1>bankrupt <w PRP>with <w NN2>debts <w VVG>totalling <w AV0>more than <w NN0>&pound;405,000,000<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>public <w AJ0-NN1>humbling<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1948"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1949"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1950"><w AJ0>Temporary <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0>DUP <w PRP>from <w AJ0>round-table <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="1951"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Paisley<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>walked <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strand <w CRD>two<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inter-party <w AJ0>round-table <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
<s n="1952"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>DUP<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>cast <w AT0>a <w NN1>shadow <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN2>talks <w VVB-NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1953"><w CJS-PRP>After <w DPS>his <w NN1>walkout <w NP0>Paisley <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>DUP <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>rejoin <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w NN2>Articles <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w CRD>3 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>priority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>Articles <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>placed<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1954"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DUP <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w VVB>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w VVG>sponsoring <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN2>Articles<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>insist <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>provide <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>guarantee <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1955"><w NP0>Paisley <w VVD>rejoined <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Stormont <w NN1>Castle <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>Articles<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05L>
<s n="1956"><w NP0>Dublin <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1957"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>moved <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dublin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21-23<c PUN>.
<s n="1958"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DUP <w VVD>boycotted <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>round<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>main <w AJ0-NN1>unionist <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NP0>Ulster <w NN2>Unionists<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>attended<c PUN>.
<s n="1959"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>extended <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>strand <w CRD>two<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w AJC>further <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w NP0>Ken <w NP0>Maginnis<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NN2>Unionists<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dublin <w PRP-AVP>round <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>satisfactory<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1961"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>round <w NN1>table <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>DUP <w VVD>resumed <w DPS>its <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>negotiating <w NN1>table<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05M>
<s n="1962"><w NP0>Major-Reynolds <w NN1>meeting <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Anglo-Irish <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>date <w NN1>set
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1963"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>met <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Reynolds <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1964"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w VVD>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>solve <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>Anglo-Irish <w AJ0>intergovernmental <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1965"><w NN2>Unionists <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VM0>would <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>cut-off <w NN1>point <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>round <w NN1>table <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1966"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1967"><w NP0>BELGIUM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1968"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform
</head>
<p>
<s n="1969"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>amended <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>BF21,800 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AT0>the <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>shortfall<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w UNC>BF5,200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w VVG>devolving <w AJC>further <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>these <w VVD>required <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>command<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w PRP>through <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1971"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w DT0>these <w NN2>issues <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>brink <w PRF>of <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39066<c PUN>; <w CRD>39023<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1972"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>constitutional <w NN2-VVZ>reforms <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>in <w NN1>size <w PRP>from <w CRD>212 <w PRP>to <w CRD>150 <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>from <w CRD>182 <w PRP>to <w CRD>71<c PUN>.
<s n="1973"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>kingdom <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1974"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Flanders<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wallonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brussels <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w DPS>their <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>research<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>matters<c PUN>.
<s n="1975"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Flanders <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Wallonia <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>parliaments <w CJC>and <w NN2>governments <c PUL>(<w PRP>as opposed to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>councils <w CJC>and <w NN2>executives<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1976"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>resulting <w NN1>redrawing <w PRF>of <w NN1>constituency <w NN2>boundaries <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w NN2>French-speakers <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>suburbs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brussels <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brabant <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w NP0>Brussels <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w VVI>lose <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w AJ0>French <w NN2>speakers <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>parliaments<c PUN>.
<s n="1977"><w AJ0>Walloon <w NN2>Socialists <w AV0>reluctantly <w VVN-VVD>conceded <w CJT>that <w NN2>French-speakers <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>Flanders <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Happart<c PUR>) <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>political <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wallonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1978"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Flemish <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allocate <w AV0>more <w AJ0>national <w NN2>revenues <w PRP>to <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>budgets<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1979"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1980"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1981"><w NN1>Corruption <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Emmanuelli
</head>
<p>
<s n="1982"><w AT0>The <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>treasurer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Henri <w NP0>Emmanuelli<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>with <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>illicit <w NN1>party <w NN1>financing <w VVG>involving <w NN2>funds <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w NN1>construction <w NN2>businesses <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>preference <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>tenders<c PUN>.
<s n="1983"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>predicted <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39023-24<c PUN>; <w CRD>39066<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w NP0>Renaud <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Ruymbeke<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>examining <w NN1>magistrate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rennes<c PUN>.
<s n="1984"><w NN2>Emmanuelli<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>suspected <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>enrichment<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>them <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>artificial<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AV0>politically <w VVN-AJ0>motivated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1985"><w VVG-NN1>Defending <w NN1-AJ0>Emmanuelli <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w NN1>interview <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>indictment<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Emmanuelli <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN2>donations <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>treasurer <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>honesty <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>doubt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1986"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>solidarity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Emmanuelli<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w NN1>Council <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w VVG>agreeing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AV0>collectively <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38591<c PUN>; <w CRD>38197<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05N>
<s n="1987"><w NN2>Floods
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1988"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>80 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>feared <w AJ0>dead <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0-NN1>flash <w NN2>floods<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRP>in <w CRD>34 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>swept <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NN2>regions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ard&egrave;che<c PUN>, <w NN1>Dr&ocirc;me <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Vaucluse <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23-24<c PUN>.
<s n="1989"><w CRD>Three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJC>further <w NN2>storms <w DTQ>which <w VVD>lashed <w AT0>the <w NN2>departments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aude <w CJC>and <w NN2>Pyr&eacute;n&eacute;es-Orientales <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1990"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dead <w VBD>were <w NN2>residents <w CJC>or <w NN2>tourists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vaison-la-Romaine<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>40 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Avignon<c PUN>.
<s n="1991"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>declared <w AT0>the <w NN1>flood <w NN2>regions <w AT0>a <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>earmarked <w UNC>F5,000,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,000,000<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NN2>victims <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>repair <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>damage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1992"><w NN2>Ecologists <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>death <w NN1-VVB>toll <w PRP>on <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>deforestation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AV0>flimsily <w VVN>built <w AJ0>prefabricated <w NN2>homes <w CJC>and <w NN1>caravan <w NN2>sites <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>river<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1993"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1994"><w NP0>SWITZERLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1995"><w NN2>Referendums
</head>
<p>
<s n="1996"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w NN2>voters <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,304,365 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CRD>63.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>747,304 <c PUL>(<w CRD>36.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>trans-Alpine <w NN1>rail <w NN2>tunnels <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>St <w NP0>Gotthard <c PUL>(<w CRD>50 <w NN0>km<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>L&ouml;tschberg <c PUL>(<w CRD>30 <w NN0>km<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>costing <w AV0>at least <w UNC>SFr14,900 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1997"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN2>referendums <w NN2>voters <w VVN>accepted <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,230,262 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CRD>61.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>771,162 <c PUL>(<w CRD>38.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w NN1>stamp <w NN2>duties <w PRP>on <w NN2>securities <w NN2>transactions<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,057,833 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CRD>53.6 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>915,979 <c PUL>(<w CRD>46.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>land <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="1998"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>reform <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>remuneration <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>allowances <w PRP>for <w NN2>parliamentarians <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>majorities<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>increasing <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w CRD>58.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>41.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1999"><w AT0>The <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>referendums <w VBD>was <w CRD>45.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2000"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2001"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2002"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>powers
</head>
<p>
<s n="2003"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>crisis <w DTQ>which <w AV0>later <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39080<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0>Scalfaro <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>request<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>powers <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w AV0>rapidly <w PRP>by <w NN1>decree <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>endangered<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2004"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Credito <w NP0-NN1>Italiano<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>sixth-largest <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nuovo <w NP0-NN1>Pignone<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>subsidiary <w PRF>of <w NP0>ENI<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>energy <w NN1>corporation<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>income <w NN1>assessment <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2005"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39025<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>drastic <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-night <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
<s n="2006"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD>involved <w AJ0>public <w NN1>spending <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w UNC>L93,000,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>through <w AJ0>new <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>affort <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>from <w UNC>L160,000,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w UNC>L150,000,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>10.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2007"><w AT0>The <w NN1>eligibility <w NN1>age <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>pensions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>raised <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>decade <w PRP>from <w CRD>60 <w PRP>to <w CRD>65 <w PRP>for <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w CRD>55 <w PRP>to <w CRD>60 <w PRP>for <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
<s n="2008"><w AT0>An <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>frozen<c PUN>.
<s n="2009"><w DT0>Most <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>salaries <w VBD>were <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>at <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>levels <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>13th <w NN1>month<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>wage <w NN2>payments <w VBD>were <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2010"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>tax <w PRF>of <w CRD>0.75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>businesses <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w AV0>immediately <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-off <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>companies <w PRF>of <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>worth <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w NN1>decree<c PUN>.
<s n="2011"><w NN2>Taxes <w VBD>were <w VVN>extended <w PRP>to <w AV0>more <w AJ0>luxury <w NN2>items <w CJC>and <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>health <w NN2>concessions <w VBD>were <w VVN>restricted <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVG>earning <w PRP-AVP>over <w UNC>L40,000,000 <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2012"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>confederations <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>four-hour <w AJ0>regional <w NN1-AJ0>general <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22-29 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="2013"><w AJ0>Massive <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>protests <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bologna <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>with <w NN2>stones <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
<s n="2014"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>CGIL <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>confederation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>reconfirmed <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Bruno <w NP0>Trentin <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39025<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05P>
<s n="2015"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2016"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1947 <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="2017"><w VVG>Consisting <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN2>senators <w CJC>and <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ciriaco <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Mita <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>brief <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>competences <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05R>
<s n="2018"><w NN2>Drugs <w NN1>operation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Mafia <w NN2>arrests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2019"><w CRD>Twenty-nine <w NN0>people <w PRP>including <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Camorra <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Neapolitan <w NN1>Mafia<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w AJ0>Corleonese <w NN1>clan <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN1>Mafia <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>international <w NN2>drugs <w NN1>operation <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w NN1>drug <w NN2>cartels <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2020"><w AT0>The <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>spanned <w CRD>nine <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w CRD>200 <w NN2>arrests <c PUL>(<w CRD>112 <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN1>cash <w CJC>and <w NN2>drugs<c PUN>.
<s n="2021"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Operation <w AJ0>Green <w NN1>Ice<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Pope<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Colombian <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>linkman <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Felipe <w NP0-NN1>Villaquir&aacute;n<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2022"><w AJ0>Key <w NN1>Mafia <w NN2>figures <w VVN>arrested <w AV0>independently <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VBD>were <w NP0>Giuseppe <w NP0>Madonia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN1>Mafia<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w PRP>in <w NN1>command<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6<c PUN>; <w NP0>Pasquale<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paolo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaspare <w NP0>Cuntrera<c PUN>, <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>Sicilian <w NN1>Mafia<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>bankers<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>extradited <w PRP>from <w NP0>Venezuela <w PRP>on <w UNC>Sept.11 <w PRP>after <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN2>delays<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Carmine <w NN1-NP0>Alfieri<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camorra <w NN1>chief <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w AJ0>major <w NN1>gangster<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Domenico <w NP0-NN1>Libri<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supposed <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Calabrian <w NN1>Mafia <w CJC>or <w NP0>N'Drangheta<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Marseille <w PRP>on <w UNC>Sept.16<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05S>
<s n="2023"><w VVB-NN1>Challenge <w PRP>to <w NP0>Craxi<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Milan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Reggio <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>affairs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2024"><w NP0-NN1>Bettino <w NP0>Craxi<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>usually <w AV0>still <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVG>following <w DPS>his <w AJ0>verbal <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>magistrate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Di <w NP0>Pietro<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milan <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39025<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2025"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>main <w NN1>challenger<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Claudio <w NP0>Martelli <c PUL>(<w NN1>PSI <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>party <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>including <w NP0-NN1>Rino <w NN1>Formica<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w NN1>PSI <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2026"><w NP0-NN1>Sergio <w NP0-NN1>Moroni<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>for <w NP0>Milan <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Craxi<c PUN>, <w AJ0>committed <w NN1>suicide <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>person <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>scandal <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2027"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Reggio <w NP0>Calabria<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>commissioner <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>council <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRF>of <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w CRD>50 <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>22 <w NN0>people <w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>deputies <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2028"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2029"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2030"><w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN2-VVZ>strikes <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2>reforms
</head>
<p>
<s n="2031"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>general <w NN2>strikes <w VVN-VVD>paralysed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN2>sectors <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9-10 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2>reforms <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="2032"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>preceding <w NN2>weeks <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>punctuated <w PRP>by <w NN2>strikes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2033"><w AT0>The <w NN2>reforms <w VVD>entailed <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>employees<w POS>' <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>from <w CRD>3 <w PRP>to <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>wage<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>raising <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pensionable <w NN1>age <w PRP>from <w CRD>63 <w PRP>to <w CRD>65 <w PRP>for <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w CRD>58 <w PRP>to <w CRD>60 <w PRP>for <w NN2>women<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special <w NN2>allowances <w PRP>for <w AJ0>particular <w NN2>categories <w PRF>of <w NN2>employees<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w NN1>pension <w NN2>funds<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05T>
<s n="2034"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2035"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39067<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Constantine <w NP0>Mitsotakis <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aegean <w CJC>and <w NP0>Andreas <w NP0>Andrianopoulos <c PUL>(<w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>) <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>alternating <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Spokesman <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vassilis <w NP0>Magginas<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2036"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2037"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2038"><w NN1>Defection <w PRF>of <w NN1>coalition <w NN0>MPs
</head>
<p>
<s n="2039"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NN1>survival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>coalition <w VBD>was <w VVN>endangered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>defection <w PRF>of <w CRD>21 <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Populist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SHP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>temporarily <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Integration <w NN1>Party<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>merger <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w AJ0-VVN>revived <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CHP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2040"><w DT0>This <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>229 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>450 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w CRD>16 <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>MPs <w VHG>having <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>SHP <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38873<c PUN>; <w CRD>38739<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2041"><w CRD>One <w NN1>MP <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>defected <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Motherland <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANAP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2042"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CHP <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kemal <w NP0>Atat&uuml;rk<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>reconstituted <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Deniz <w NP0>Baykal <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2043"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HEP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>closely <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>elected <w NN1-NP0>Ahmet <w NN1>Turk <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leader <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19-20<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05U>
<s n="2044"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2045"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>wrecking <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sirnak <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39067-68<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>normally <w AJ0>pro-government <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0-NN1>Daily <w NN1>News <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VVN>run <w AV0>amok<c PUN>.
<s n="2046"><w NN2>Journalists <w VBD>were <w VVN>refused <w NN1>entry <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Curkurca <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Dargecit <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Kurdish <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0-NN1>Yeni <w NP0>Ulke <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRF>of <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2047"><w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>forces <w VVD>mounted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>security <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NP0>Cudi <w NN1>mountain <w NN1>region <w PRP>from <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>500 <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>border <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>near <w NP0>Semdinli <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>borders <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2048"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>53 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>43 <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="2049"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CRD>174 <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w CRD>29 <w NN1>soldierswere <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-hour <w NN1>battle <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Semdinli <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>bloodiest <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eight-year <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2050"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0>&Ouml;zal <w VVD>told <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Uludere <w PRP>near <w NP0>Sirnak<c PUN>, <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>many <w NN2>problems <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>solved<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w CRD>500,000 <w NN2>Kurds <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>resettled <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2051"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PKK <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>ferry <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w VVG>damaging <w AT0>a <w NN1>bridge<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>consulate-general<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2052"><w PRP>Between <w NP0>February <w CJC>and <w NP0>September <w AV0>at least <w CRD>nine <w NN2>journalists <w VBD>were <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east<c PUN>.
<s n="2053"><w CRD>Four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dead <w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Kurdish <w NN1-NP0>&Ouml;zg&uuml;r <w NN1-NP0>G&uuml;ndem <w CJC>and <w VVD>included <w NP0>Musa <w NP0>Anter<c PUN>, <w CRD>74<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veteran <w AJ0>Kurd <w NN1>journalist<c PUN>, <w NN1>author <w CJC>and <w NN1>founder-member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>HEP<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Diyarbakir <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Goz-Ok <c PUL>(<w NP0>Grey <w NN1>Arrow<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>group<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05V>
<s n="2054"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>contracts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2055"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VVD-AJ0>United <w NN2>Technologies <w NN1>Corporation <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;855,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>with <w CRD>75 <w NP0>Sikorsky <w UNC>S-70A <w NP0>Black <w NP0-NN1>Hawk <w AJ0>military <w NN2>helicopters<c PUN>.
<s n="2056"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVB-NN1>GIAT <w NN2>Industries <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w VVN>awarded <w AT0>a <w NN0>&dollar;116,000,000 <w NN1>contract <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN2>guns <w CJC>and <w NN2>turrets <w PRP>for <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>vehicles<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05W>
<s n="2057"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12-15 <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ismet <w NP0-NN1>Sezgin <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Abdollah <w NP0>Nouri <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
<s n="2059"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>10-member <w NN1>committee <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w AV0>chiefly <w TO0>to <w VVI>discourage <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Mujaheddin <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2060"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2061"><w NN1>COUNCIL <w PRF>OF <w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2062"><w AJ0>Extraordinary <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2063"><w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>27 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10-11 <w VVD>held <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2064"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>convened <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJC>closer <w NN2>ties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN1>membership <w AV0>as <w AV0>rapidly <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bulgaria <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38930 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>while <w NP0>Hungary <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NN1>applicant <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>formerly <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2065"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>granted <w NP0>Ukraine <w NN1>guest <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2066"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w CRD>27 <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>ignored <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reported <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>opting <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>take<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AJ0>Serbian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>aggression <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2067"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2068"><w NP0-NN1>VISEGRAD <w CRD>THREE
</head>
<p>
<s n="2069"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Zruby <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Imrich <w NP0-NN1>Andrejcak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>pact <w CJC>or <w VVB>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2070"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2071"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2072"><w AJ0>Tacit <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone
</head>
<p>
<s n="2073"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>reinforced <w DPS>its <w NN2>orders <w VVG>directing <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w VVN>enforced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>allies <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>32nd <w NN1>parallel <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39069<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>instructed <w NN1-AJ0>ground <w NN2>forces <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Western <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>.
<s n="2074"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Basra <w NN1>province <w VVD>reassured <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>pilots <w VVG>enforcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>no-fly <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>fear <w CJS>if <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>bail <w AVP>out <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>mechanical <w NN1>failure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN2>guidelines <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>issued <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <w VHD>had <w VVN>counselled <w NN1>patience<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w AJ0>Western <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVD-VVN>strengthened <w DPS>their <w AJ0>military <w NN1>presence<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>addition <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>French <w NN1-NP0>Mirage <w NN2>jets <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>despatch <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>warships<c PUN>.
<s n="2077"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>declared <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>enforcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>ban <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>halted <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>military <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w NP0>Shia <w VVZ-NN2>rebels <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>32nd <w NN1>parallel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2078"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AV0>simultaneously <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>denunciation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w AJ0>Western <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismember <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2079"><w NP0>Saddam <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>repelled <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>infiltrate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>marshes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept <w CRD>8 <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>inflict <w NN2>losses <w PRP>on <w PNI>anyone <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>tamper <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2080"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Hasan <w NN1>al-Majid <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>mobilization <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>foil <w NN1>enemy <w NN2>schemes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Majid <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Basra <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Saddam <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>military <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w NP0>Shia <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
<s n="2081"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>urged <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0>tribal <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w NN2>arms <w PRP>against <w NP0>Shia <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2082"><w AJ0>Iran-based <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>2,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2083"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>UK-based <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>negligence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
<s n="2084"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>reports <w VVG>alleging <w NN1>arson <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>Shia <w NN2>villages <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Basra <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05X>
<s n="2085"><w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>reactions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2086"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>warning <w AV0>yet <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Western <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>leader <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>hazards <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2087"><w NN1>Escalation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>military <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>risks <w VVG>turning <w DT0>this <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w NN1>zone<c PUN>&hellip; <w AJ0>harmful <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2088"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>pro-Western <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w NN1>Co-Operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jeddah <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8-9<c PUN>, <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>enforcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39116<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLPCA05Y>
<s n="2089"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w CRD>33 <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2090"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>70 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w CRD>33 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Salahuddin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shaqlawah<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Arbil<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Kurdish-controlled <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23-27<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>proclaimed <w DPS>their <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2091"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w AV0>openly <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AV0>together <w DT0>all <w AJ0>major <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>including <w DT0>several <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>major <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38985<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2092"><w NN2>Critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vienna <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tehran-based <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SAIRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>said <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AV0>more <w AJ0>accessible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exiled <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="2093"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>between <w NP0>SAIRI <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w AJ0>INC <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>sponsor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vienna <w NN1>conference<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>SAIRI<w POS>'s <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>INC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>high <w NN1>profile <w PRP>among <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2094"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w VVD-VVN>referred <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>committee<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-man <w NN1>presidency <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Kurd<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Sunni<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>174-member <w NN1>assembly <w AV0>equally <w VVN>divided <w PRP>between <w NN2>parties <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vienna <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2095"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>state-run <w AJ0>daily <w NP0-NN1>al-Jumhuriya <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Kurdish<c PUN>, <w NN1>Sunni <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>intellectuals <w VVG>appealing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>single-party <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA060></p>
<caption id=HLPCA060>
<s n="2096"><w NN1>Merger <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2097"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDPK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KSP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDIP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>PASOK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>merged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN1-NP0>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2098"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUK<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>placed <w DPS>their <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>forces <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>command<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA061></p>
<caption id=HLPCA061>
<s n="2099"><w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NN2>Kurds <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Prospects <w PRP>for <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>relief <w NN2-VVZ>supplies <w CJC>and <w NN1>oil <w NN0>sales
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2100"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>confidential <w NP0>UN <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP>by <w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Kurds <w VVD>faced <w AT0>a <w NN1>winter <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unbearable <w NN1>hardness<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NN1>fuel <w VVZ-NN2>supplies<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Saddam <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38548<c PUN>; <w CRD>38598<c PUN>; <w CRD>38743<c PUN>; <w CRD>38789<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w NN1>aid <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2101"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-open <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN2>medicines <w PRP>to <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w VHG>having <w VVN>refused <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>memorandum <w VVG-AJ0>governing <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>supplies <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39069<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2102"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>UN-supervised <w NN1>oil <w NN0>sales<c PUN>, <w VVD>stalemated <w PRP>since <w NP0>mid-July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39026<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2103"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>pre-empt <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w AJ0>frozen <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>assets <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w VVG>compensating <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w NN2>victims <w CJC>and <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>relief <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Kurdish <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA062></p>
<caption id=HLPCA062>
<s n="2104"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>chemical <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2105"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Vienna-based <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Atomic <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>IAEA<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clean <w NN1>bill <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>sphere<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2106"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>clarification<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maurizio <w NP0>Zifferero<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IAEA <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>13th <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>team <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39026<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>zero<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>following <w VVD>repeated <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspections <w CJC>and <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>bombing <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="2107"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w NP0-NN1>Zifferero <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>arms <w NN2>suppliers <w VVD>stood <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2108"><w AT0>The <w NN1>destruction <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN2>stockpiles <w PRF>of <w NN1>nerve <w CJC>and <w NN1>mustard <w NN1>gas <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ron <w NP0>Manley<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>experts <w DTQ>which <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="2109"><w NN1-VVB>Progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>at <w NP0>Muthanna<c PUN>, <w CRD>130 <w NN2>kms <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bernhard <w NP0>Brunner<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w VVB-NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA063></p>
<caption id=HLPCA063>
<s n="2110"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2111"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>distribute <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<w POS>'s <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w NN2-VVZ>rations <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
<s n="2112"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w CRD>42 <w NN1>food <w NN2>merchants <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>profiteering <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39026<c PUN>; <w CRD>39069<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>26 <w NN2>Iraqis <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>black <w NN1>market <w NN1>currency <w NN1>trading<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2113"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>international <w NN1>study<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>New <w NP0>England <w NN1>Journal <w PRF>of <w NN1>Medicine<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>rate <w PRP>among <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>children <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w VHD>had <w VVN>tripled <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w PRP>owing to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>disease <w CJC>and <w NN1>malnutrition <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>reduced <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>health <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
<s n="2114"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>risk <w VBD>was <w AJS>lowest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w CJC>and <w AJS>highest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA064></p>
<caption id=HLPCA064>
<s n="2115"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>nationals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2116"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVD>lodged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>protest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Wainwright<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AV0>illegally <w VVG>entering <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2117"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w DT0>another <w NP0>UK <w AJ0-NN1>national <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w VVG>entering <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kuwait <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39069<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2118"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN2>engineers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w VVD>received <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>also <w VBG>being <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>entry<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2119"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2120"><w NP0>SAUDI <w NP0>ARABIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2121"><w NP0>US <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>F-15 <w NN2>fighters
</head>
<p>
<s n="2122"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRF>of <w CRD>72 <w NP0>McDonnell <w NP0>Douglas <w CRD>F-15 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>worth <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;9,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="2123"><w AT0>The <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>40,000 <w NP0>US <w NN2>jobs <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2124"><w AT0>The <w NN1>contract <w NN1>value <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>72 <w CRD>F-15s <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;2,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w NN2>munitions <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;120 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w NN1>training<c PUN>.
<s n="2125"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>supplied <w CRD>48 <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>version<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>F-15E <w NN1-VVB>Strike <w NN1>Eagle <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>never <w AV0>before <w VVN>exported <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>although <w PRP>with <w AV0>slightly <w AJ0-VVN>downgraded <w AJ0>navigational <w CJC>and <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>systems<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA065></p>
<caption id=HLPCA065>
<s n="2126"><w NN1>Nomination <w PRF>of <w NN1>Speaker <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2127"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w VVD-AJ0>appointed <w NP0>Muhammad <w VVB-NN1>ibn <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NN1-VVB>ibn <w NN1-NP0>Jubair<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>Chairman <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>60-member <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>majlis <w NN1>ash-shoura<c PUR>) <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>creation <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>1 <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38839<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2128"><w NP0>Abdullah <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Muhammed <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>al-Shaikh <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="2129"><w NP0-NN1>Shaikh <w NP0-NN1>Nasir <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Hamad <w NN1>al-Rashid <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Board <w PRF>of <w NN2>Grievances<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank<c PUN>.
<s n="2130"><w NP0-NN1>Shaikh <w NP0-NN1>Salih <w VVB-NN1>Bin <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>al-Lihaydan <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Judicial <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRP>with <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2131"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2132"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>ARAB <w NP0>EMIRATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2133"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gulf <w NN2>islands
</head>
<p>
<s n="2134"><w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>its <w NN1>claim <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN2>islands <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunb <w NP0>al-Kubra <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tunb <w NP0>al-Sughra<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>six-nation <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2135"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>troops <w VVD>garrisoned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa <c PUL>(<w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w CRD>1971 <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>adminstration <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sharjah<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w NN1>emirate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w NN2>installations <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38887<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>islands <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2137"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>aggression<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>deciding <w PRP>to <w AV0>forward <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="2138"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>supposed <w AJ0>historical <w NN2>claims <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-Iraq <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2139"><w VVG>Following <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>mediation <w CJC>and <w NN2>visits <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Zaid <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w NN1>al-Nahayan<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>UAE <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>delegations <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Dhabi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="2140"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w NN1>delegation <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA066></p>
<caption id=HLPCA066>
<s n="2141"><w NN1>Statement <w PRP>by <w NP0>GCC <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2142"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>states <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUR>) <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jeddah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2143"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w VVG>expressing <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>current <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>rejecting <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>occupation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>islands <w CJC>and <w VVG>affirming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w DT0>any <w NN2>measures <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w VM0>might <w VVI>take <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>affirm <w DPS>its <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2144"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>reaffirming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>islands <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC<w POS>'s <w NN1>use <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>inappropriate <w NN2>words<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA067></p>
<caption id=HLPCA067>
<s n="2145"><w NN1-VVB>Support <w PRF>of <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w NN2-VVZ>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2146"><w AT0>The <w NP0>GCC <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>in <w NP0>Doha <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w AJ0>Syrian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Damascus <w NN1>Declaration <w NN2>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38116-17<c PUN>; <w CRD>38885<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2147"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>expressed <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>action <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>aegis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>non-proliferation <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <c PUL>(<w CJS>while <w VVG>criticizing <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>for <w NN1>noncompliance <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
<s n="2148"><w PNP>It <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>chain <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>deployment <w NN2>forces <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>from <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2149"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w AV0>also <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>suffering <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>condemned <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2150"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2151"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2152"><w NP0>Rafsanjani<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>China
</head>
<p>
<s n="2153"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>protocols <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2154"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Rafsanjani <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>guest <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Logistics <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Akbar <w NN1-NP0>Torkan<c PUN>.
<s n="2155"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>supply <w AT0>a <w AJ0>300-MW <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2156"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>submarines <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>acquisition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39122<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLPCA068></p>
<caption id=HLPCA068>
<s n="2157"><w AJ0>Violent <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Berlin
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2158"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Iraq-based <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Mujahedin-e-Khalq<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN2>Guards <w VVN-VVD>intervened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NN1>north <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>between <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="2159"><w AT0>A <w NN1>bomb <w VHD>had <w VVN>exploded <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Tehran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27 <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>caused <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w NN2>injuries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2160"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Kordestan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>KDPI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sadeq <w NP0>Sharafbandi<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unknown <w NN2>men <w PRP>with <w NN2>sub-machine-guns <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>sat <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>restaurant <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="2161"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Rahman <w NP0-NN1>Qasemlu <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36833<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2162"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2163"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2164"><w AJ0-VVG>Improving <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="2165"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14-16<c PUN>.
<s n="2166"><w PRP>After <w DPS>his <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="2167"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sachsenhausen <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp <w NN1>site <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Berlin <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp <w NN1>site <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>urged <w NN2>Germans <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w PRP>against <w NN1-AJ0>neo-Nazism<c PUN>.
<s n="2168"><w NP0>Rabin <w AV0>also <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>International <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15-16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2169"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7-10<c PUN>, <w VVG>discussing <w AJ0>European <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39119<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2-VVZ>ties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2170"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15-16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>ofChina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>official <w AV0>ever <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="2171"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38741<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2172"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Qian <w VHD>had <w VVN>assured <w NP0>Peres <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VDI>do <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>complicate <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHB>have <w VVN>made <w NN1>headway<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2173"><w NP0>Sergei <w NP0-NN1>Tereshchenko<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>republic <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2174"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arp&aacute;d <w NP0>G&ouml;ncz<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2175"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Gambia <w VVD>resumed <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-September<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA069></p>
<caption id=HLPCA069>
<s n="2176"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>grouping <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tehiya <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2177"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Authority <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>right-wing<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>One <w NP0>Israel<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>group <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2178"><w VVN>Led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>hardline <w DT0>former <w NN1>Housing <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Sharon <w PRF>of <w NP0>Likud<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VBD>was <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>activists <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>Settlements <w PRP>in <w NP0>Judea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Samaria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2179"><w NP0>Yuval <w NP0-NN1>Ne'eman <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w CJS>as <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1-AJ0>ultra-nationalist <w NP0-NN1>Tehiya <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2180"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2181"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2182"><w NN1>Hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>prisoners
</head>
<p>
<s n="2183"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>5,000 <w AJ0>Palestinian <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>jails <w VVD>started <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>over <w AJ0>harsh <w NN1>prison <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2184"><w AT0>The <w NN2>prisoners <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AJ0>solitary <w NN1>confinement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nitsan <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ramleh <w NN1>prison <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NP0>Beersheva <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Negev<c PUN>.
<s n="2185"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>demands <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>recreation <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w VVG>overcrowding<c PUN>, <w DT0>fewer <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>body <w NN2>searches <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>aims <w TO0>to <w VVI>humiliate <w PNP>us<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2186"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>hunger <w NN2>strikers <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip <w CJC>and <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="2187"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w NN2>clashes <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <w CJS>as <w NN2>demonstrators <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w VVD-VVN>confronted <w PNX>each other <w PRP>outside <w NN2>offices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06A>
<s n="2188"><w NN2>Fatah-Hamas <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2189"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NN2>clashes <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khan <w NP0-NN1>Yunis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Al-Fatah<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>mainstream <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hamas <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2190"><w AV0>Up to <w CRD>70 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>injured <w PRP>in <w VVG>fighting <w CJS>after <w NP0>Hamas <w NN2>cadres <w VVD>firebombed <w AT0>a <w NN1>house <w CJC>and <w VVD>opened <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="2191"><w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w NP0>Al-Fatah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hamas <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39028<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06B>
<s n="2192"><w ITJ>Fatah <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Janin <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>commerce <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2193"><w NP0>Al-Fatah <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sweeping <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Janin <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w NN1>commerce <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="2194"><w NP0>Al-Fatah <w VVD>won <w DT0>all <w CRD>nine <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>, <w AV0>easily <w AJ0-VVG>defeating <w NP0>Hamas <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2195"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2196"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2197"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="2198"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w AJ0>final <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>since <w CRD>1972 <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
<s n="2199"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>north <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mount <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39071<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2200"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Maronite <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>parties <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>two <w NN2>rounds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2201"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>List<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nabi <w NP0-NN1>Berri<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NP0>Shia<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Amal <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>22 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>23 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>at <w NN1>stake <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
<s n="2202"><w NP0>Amal <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>performed <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in <w NN1>east <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w NP0>Beirut <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NP0>Amal<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w VVB-NN1>rival <w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVG>winning <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>all<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVD-VVN>emerged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>bloc <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>128-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2203"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>filled<c PUN>.
<s n="2204"><w AT0>The <w CRD>five <w AJ0>vacant <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Maronite <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Kesrouan <w CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>boycott <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>complete<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w AJ0>Fresh <w NN2>elections <w AV0>here <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>contested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>26 <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Faris <w NP0>Buwayz<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Expatriate <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06C>
<s n="2206"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2207"><w NP0>Syria <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>considerable <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>redeploy <w DPS>its <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Beirut <w CJC>and <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>upon <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2208"><w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Maronite <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>questioned <w AT0>the <w NN1>legitimacy <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>army <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="2209"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Hrawi <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w PRF>of <w NP0>Syria <w VVD>discussed <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w NP0>Latakia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Syria<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12-13<c PUN>.
<s n="2210"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese-Syrian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VVI>convene <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06D>
<s n="2211"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2212"><w NP0>Samir <w NP0>Geagea<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Phalangist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="2213"><w NP0-NN1>Ahmad <w NP0>Sami <w NP0>Minqarah<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NN1>Sunni <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tripoli<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w AV0>formally <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="2214"><w NN1-NP0>Geagea <w CJC>and <w NP0>Minqarah <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38933<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2215"><w DT0>Both <w VHD>had <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>boycotted <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>.
<s n="2216"><w AT0>The <w NP0>August <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buwayz <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Saadeh <c PUL>(<w NN2>Telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN2>Posts<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w AV0>formally <w VVN-AJ0>approved <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39071<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2217"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Samaha<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>Tourism<c PUN>; <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Nasri <w NP0-NN1>al-Maalouf <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Expatriate <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>al-Murr <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w NN2>Telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN2>Posts<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06E>
<s n="2218"><w NN1>Abduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w AJ0-NN1>Phalangist <w NN1>politician
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2219"><w NP0>Butros <w NP0>Khwand<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Al-Kata'eb <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Phalangist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Geagea<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Sin <w AJ0>el-Fil <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beirut<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06F>
<s n="2220"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2221"><w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Hawi <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LCP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="2222"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>basis <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Faruq <w NP0>Dahruj<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>LCP <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>plan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>organizational <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w VVB>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w CJC>and <w VVB>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06G>
<s n="2223"><w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>airman
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2224"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39119<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>informed <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>airman <w NP0>Ron <w NP0>Arad <w VBD>was <w AV0>definitely <w AJ0>alive<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>know <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>held<c PUN>.
<s n="2225"><w NP0>Arad<c PUN>, <w VVD>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>over <w NP0>Sidon <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AJ0>pro-Iranian <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2226"><w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w DPS>his <w NN1>release <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hostages <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06H>
<s n="2227"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2228"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w PRP>between <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli-backed <w NN1>South <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2229"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>five <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>clashes <w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>assault <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>SLA <w NN1>position <w PRP>within <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>self-declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w NN2>militiamen <w CJC>and <w VVG>losing <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w DT0>own<c PUN>.
<s n="2230"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Unifil <w NN1-AJ0>contingent <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Zone<c PUN>; <w CRD>one <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>peacekeeper <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>clash<c PUN>.
<s n="2231"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Israelis <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>SLA <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>artillery <w NN1>barrage <w PRP>against <w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>controlled <w NN2>villages <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Zone<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
<s n="2232"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NN1-AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>jets <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w NN2>targets <w PRP>at <w NP0>Deir <w NP0-NN1>Kanoun <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Ain <w NP0>Abu <w NP0-NN1>Souar<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06J>
<s n="2233"><w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>training <w NN1>base
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2234"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w AV0>peacefully <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>training <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w NN1>valley <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kurdistan <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>for <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="2235"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>ejected <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa<c PUN>.
<s n="2236"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>enter <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>camp <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJC>later <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2237"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2238"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2239"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies
</head>
<p>
<s n="2240"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w NP0>Laith <w NP0-NN1>Shbeilat <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yaqoub <w NP0-NN1>Qarrash<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>Islamists<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>charged<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w VVG>plotting <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VHG>having <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2241"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w NP0-NN1>Shabab <w NP0>al-Nafeer <w NN1>al-Islami <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Vanguard <w NN1>Youth<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>possessing <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="2242"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>trial <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <ptr target=HLPCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06K>
<s n="2243"><w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>decree <w VVG>approving <w NN2>parties <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2244"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>decree <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31 <w VVG-AJ0>approving <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w DTQ>which <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39027<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06L>
<s n="2245"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein<w POS>'s <w NN1>return
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2246"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Jordan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-week <w NN1>absence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>undergone <w NN1>kidney <w CJC>and <w AJC>ureter <w NN1>surgery<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2247"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Jordan <w NN1>radio<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>over <w CRD>one <w CRD>million<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w NP0>Amman <w TO0>to <w VVI>greet <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrival<c PUN>.
<s n="2248"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Reuters <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>homecoming <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w PRF>of <w NN1>nationalism <w AJ0>unprecedented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN1>nation<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06M></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06M>
<s n="2249"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iraq
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2250"><w PRP>During <w NP0>September <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>signs <w CJT>that <w NP0>Jordan <w VBD>was <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>distance <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w DT0>former <w NN2>allies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf<c PUN>.
<s n="2251"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w NN2-VVZ>remarks <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>about <w VBG>being <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>understand <w AVQ>why <w DT0>some <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>clung <w PRP>to <w NN1>power <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>suffering <w DT0>this <w VVN-VVD>caused <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN0>people<c PUR>) <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jalal <w NP0-NN1>Talabani<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w NN1-NP0>Taha <w NN1-NP0>Yassin <w NN1>Ramadan<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Jordan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06N></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06N>
<s n="2253"><w VVB>Produce <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>by <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2254"><w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VVD>barred <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN0>fruit <w CJC>and <w NN2>vegetables <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>shipments <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>contaminated <w PRP>with <w NN1>sewage <w CJC>and <w NN2>pesticides<c PUN>.
<s n="2255"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>ban <w VVD>came <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w CJS>after <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VHD>had <w VVN>lifted <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>expected <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>new <w NN1-VVB>ban <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>debt-ridden <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>.
<s n="2257"><w CJS>Until <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>crisis <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VHD>had <w VVN>imported <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>earners<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2258"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2259"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2260"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey
</head>
<p>
<s n="2261"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>round <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>closed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Assad<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38837<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2262"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w NN1>Radio<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>presidents <w VVD>reviewed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w NN2>events<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2263"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Harbah <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ismet <w NP0>Sezgin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w NP0>Sezgin-Assad <w NN1>meeting <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38874<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2264"><w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>Republic <w NN1>Radio <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>committees<c PUN>.
<s n="2265"><w NP0-NN1>Harbah <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>productive<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06P></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06P>
<s n="2266"><w AJ0-VVN>Reported <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Atasi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2267"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Monte <w NP0>Carlo <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Syria <w VHD>had <w VVN>released <w NN1-NP0>Nureddin <w NN1>al-Atasi<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRP>from <w NP0>February <w CRD>1966 <w PRP>until <w DPS>his <w NN1>overthrow <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970 <w AJ0>bloodless <w NN1>coup <w DTQ>which <w VVD>brought <w NP0>Assad <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w CRD>22 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="2268"><w AT0>The <w NN1>radio <w AV0>also <w VVD>cited<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2>sources<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0>Rabah <w NP0>al-Tawil<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>under <w NP0-NN1>Atasi<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2269"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2270"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2271"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>referendum
</head>
<p>
<s n="2272"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ-NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>apathy <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w CRD>99.96 <w NN0>per cent<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vote <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="2273"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>97.25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>11,000,000 <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2274"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Bloc <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38982<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>voiced <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
<s n="2275"><w AJ0>Istiqlal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Popular <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>USFP<c PUR>) <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>OADP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w UNC>Nationale <w UNC>des <w NN2-VVZ>Forces <w NP0>Populaires <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNFP<c PUR>) <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2276"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NN2>voters <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>modifications <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="2277"><w PNP>He <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>proviso <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVB>choose <w PNI>someone <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="2278"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="2279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>parliament <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>new <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w NN2>investigations<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>monarch <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>upon <w PRP>within <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="2280"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>commented <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>modifications <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>token <w NN1>difference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w AJ0>real <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2281"><w DT0>Much <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>press <w NN1-VVB>comment<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>sceptical <w AV0>both <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN2>results <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>motives <w PRP>behind <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>focussed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>, <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<w POS>'s <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>ready <w NN1>participation<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>shown <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>proof <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>supposed <w NN1>attachment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38982<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2283"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2284"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2285"><w AJ0>Increasing <w NN1>violence
</head>
<p>
<s n="2286"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>against <w NN1>security <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="2287"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>gendarmerie <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>core <w PRF>of <w CRD>19-24 <w NN2>terrorists <w VBD>was <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>radicals<c PUN>.
<s n="2288"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Kafi<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w VVN>broadcast <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>stamp <w AVP>out <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>vicious <w NN1>disease<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2289"><w AT0>The <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1>airport <w VVG-NN1>bombing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39072<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>128 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2290"><w ITJ>Rabah <w NP0-NN1>Kebir<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>figure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>escaped <w PRP>from <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamist <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1>airport <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>HCS <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Boudiaf <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38981<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2291"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>source <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>announcing <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>guard <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Boudiaf<w POS>'s <w NN1>assassination<c PUN>.
<s n="2292"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>named <w CJS>as <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Abdelwahab <w NP0-NN1>Madjber <w CJC>and <w NP0>Captain <w NP0>Sadek <w NP0>Sayah<c PUN>, <w VVD>joined <w CRD>21 <w NN2>others <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presumed <w NN1>assassin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lembarek <w NP0>Boumaraaf <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38981<c PUN>; <w CRD>39029-30<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06R></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06R>
<s n="2293"><w NN1>Government <w NN2-VVZ>attempts <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2294"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Hardi <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>daily <w NP0>El <w NP0>Watan <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w NN2>detainees <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>freed <w AV0>soon<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process <w VVN-VVD>interrupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>resumed <w CJS>if <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>state <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w AVP>up <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2295"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVG>Monitoring <w NN1>Group <w VBD>was <w VVN>cited <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w CRD>1,200 <w NN2>detainees <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>freed<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCS<c PUR>) <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w CRD>4,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>held<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2296"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCS <w VVD>began <w AJ0>promised <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06S></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06S>
<s n="2297"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2298"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>an <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>introducing <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>import <w NN2-VVZ>controls <w CJC>and <w AJC>higher <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>.
<s n="2299"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>including <w NN1>tax <w NN2>breaks <w VBD>were <w VVN>offered <w PRP>for <w AJ0>innovative <w AJ0-NN1>import-substitution <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2300"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2301"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2302"><w NP0>Washington <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<p>
<s n="2303"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVD-VVN>closed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39070 <w PRP>for <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>24<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2304"><w PRP>Despite <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>optimistic <w NN2>assessments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRP>by <w NN2>commentators<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Syrian-Israeli <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2305"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>longest <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38945-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2306"><w NN2>Negotiations <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>recess <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>before <w AV0>finally <w VVG>ending <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="2307"><w DT0>All <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06T></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06T>
<s n="2308"><w NP0>Israel-Syria
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2309"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>recess <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3-13<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>side <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>optimism <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>.
<s n="2310"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>.
<s n="2311"><w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>said<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>In <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>promises <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w VVZ>opens <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRP>between <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>normalization<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>UN <w NN2>Resolutions<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CRD>242 <w CJC>and <w CRD>338<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="2312"><w DT0>This <w VVZ>implies<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>compromise<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="2313"><w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>angry <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w NN2>settlers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Golan <w PNQ>who <w VVD>condemned <w DPS>his <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>trade <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2314"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>presented <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>draft <w NN1>discussion <w NN1>document <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="2315"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Golan <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>therefore <w XX0>not <w AJ0>serious<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2316"><w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Syrian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w PRP>in <w NP0>Latakia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2317"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>broke <w AVP-PRP>off <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w AJ0>useless <w CJS>while <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Golan<c PUN>.
<s n="2318"><w NP0>US <w NN2>diplomats <w VVD>persuaded <w NP0>Syria <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>negotiating <w NN1>table <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>ended <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06U></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06U>
<s n="2319"><w NN2>Israel-Palestinians
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2320"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>presented <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>10-point <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>self <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="2321"><w NN2>Topics <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w CJC>and <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jerusalem<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>settlements <w CJC>and <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2322"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN2>issues <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>remained <w AV0>deeply <w VVN>divided <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2323"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>body<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVD>insisted <w PRP>on <w NN1>discussion <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN2>concepts<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w NN2>details<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2324"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>radical <w NP0>PLO <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>divided <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>DFLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2325"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>Palestinians <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2326"><w NN2>Talks<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AV0>as <w AJ0>cordial<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jordan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06V></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06V>
<s n="2327"><w NN2>Delegations <w PRP>at <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2328"><c PUL>(<w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>in <w NN1>parenthesis<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <c PUL>(<w NP0>Itmar <w NP0>Rabinovitch<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>delegation <c PUL>(<w NP0>Muwaffaq <w NP0>al-Allaf<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <c PUL>(<w NP0>Haider <w NN1-AJ0>Abdel-Shafi<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>delegation <c PUL>(<w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Salam <w NP0>Majali<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>delegation <c PUL>(<w NP0>Suhayl <w NP0>Shammas<c PUR>)
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2329"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2330"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<p>
<s n="2331"><w NP0>UK <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Malcolm <w NP0>Rifkind <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>intention<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>, <w AV0>possibly <w PRP>including <w NP0>Vickers <w NN1>Challenger <w CRD>2 <w NN2>tanks<c PUN>, <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Aerospace <w NP0-NN1>Hawk <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>vessels<c PUN>; <w NP0>Rifkind <w VVD>left <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2332"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2333"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2334"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>GPC <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Parliament<c PUR>) <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Law <w NN1>Number <w CRD>Nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Year <w CRD>1992<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN2>enterprises <w CJC>and <w VVG>permitting<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>individuals <w CJC>or <w NN2>groups <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>professions <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>invest <w AV0>freely <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN2>sectors<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2335"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2336"><w NP0>IMF <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>WORLD <w NN1>BANK
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2337"><w NN1>Autumn <w NN2>meetings <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Action <w PRP>on <w NN1>currency <w NN1>turmoil
</head>
<p>
<s n="2338"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN2>banks <w VVG>representing <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w ORD>47th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22-25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2339"><w VVG>Opening <w AT0>the <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Camdessus <w VVD>urged <w AJC>stricter <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>control <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w DPS>their <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>, <w VVG>emphasising <w CJT>that <w VVG-AJ0>manipulating <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>heal <w AT0>the <w AJ0>underlying <w NN2>causes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w NN1>currency <w NN2>fluctuations<c PUN>.
<s n="2340"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AV0>sharply <w AJ0>contrasting <w NN1>assessment<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>Treasury <w NP0>Nicholas <w NP0>Brady <w VVD>argued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJC>lower <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VVD-VVN>encouraged <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w NN1>productivity <w CJC>and <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>when <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VVB>remain <w AJ0>high <w PRP>for <w DTQ>whatever <w NN1>reason<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>returns <w PRP>on <w NN1>investment <w VVB-NN1>stay <w AJ0>sterile <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2341"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Solchaga <w NN1>Cat&aacute;lan<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w AJ0>benign <w NN1>neglect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>nor <w AT0>the <w NN1>monetarism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1-AJ0>German<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2342"><w UNC>G-7 <w NN2>ministers <w VVG>meeting <w AV0>separately <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w VHD>had <w VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>stable<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates <w CJC>but <w VVD>recommended <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>concrete <w NN2>measures <w PRP>amid <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w DPS>its <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="2343"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>study <w PRF>of <w AJ0>global <w NN1>capital <w VVZ-NN2>flows <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Ten <c PUL>(<w CRD>G-10<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NN1>world <w NN1>currency <w NN2>markets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39080-81<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2344"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>problems <w VBD>were <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Committee <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20-21<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>delays <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;12,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06W></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06W>
<s n="2345"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>debt <w VVG>rescheduling
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2346"><w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w VVN>assured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w UNC>G-7 <w DT0>that <w AJ0>expeditious <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Club <w PRF>of <w NN1>creditor <w NN2>nations <w VM0>would <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w NN1>burden <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>presently <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w UNC>US&dollar;65,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;70,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2347"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Alexsandr <w NP0-NN1>Shokhin<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w UNC>G-7 <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>could <w VVI>pay <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>debt <w NN1>service <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;19,900 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>due<c PUN>.
<s n="2348"><w AT0>The <w UNC>G-7 <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>divided <w PRP-AVP>over <w VVG>rescheduling<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>(<w AV0>by far <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>creditor<c PUR>) <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>delay <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2349"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>debt <w NN2>problems <w VBD>were <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>study <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w DTQ>which <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;20,000 <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w AJ0>external <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>resources <w AV0>annually <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>sustain <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="2350"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Committee <w VVD>urged <w NP0>Russia <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>currency <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>qualify <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w NN2>loans <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="2351"><w AV0>So <w AV0>far <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR2,876 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>&dollar;&dollar;<c PUN>, <w CRD>150 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>negotiated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>arrangment <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR719 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;1,040 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2352"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Frankfurt<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>roll <w AVP>over<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w NN1>debt <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06X></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06X>
<s n="2353"><w NN1>Expansion <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Board <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>membership
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2354"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Board <w PRF>of <w NN2>Governors <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w NN1>expansion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Board <w PRP>from <w CRD>22 <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w CRD>19 <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>executive <w NN2>directors<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w DT0>each <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2355"><w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN2>directors <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>term <w VVG>commencing <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Switzerland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38937<c PUN>; <w CRD>38987<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2356"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>membership <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>to <w CRD>173<c PUN>.
<s n="2357"><w NN2>Countries <w VVG>joining <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <c PUL>(<w VVZ>dates <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>brackets <w VVB>denote <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w NN2>Articles <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agreement<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <c PUL>(<w NP0>July <w CRD>10<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <c PUL>(<w NP0>July <w CRD>15<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova <c PUL>(<w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>12<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>San <w NP0>Marino <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA06Y></p>
<caption id=HLPCA06Y>
<s n="2358"><w CRD>G-24 <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2359"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>24 <c PUL>(<w CRD>G-24<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVG>urging <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>adequate <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>flows<c PUN>&hellip; <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>their <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>growth<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>expressing <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>preoccupation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>richer <w NN2>nations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis <w VM0>would <w VVI>affect <w AJ0>future <w NN1>aid <w NN2-VVZ>flows<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA070></p>
<caption id=HLPCA070>
<s n="2360"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Outlook
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2361"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF<w POS>'s <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Outlook<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>publication <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w VVD>trimmed <w DPS>its <w NN2>expectations <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN1>world <w NN1>output <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>from <w CRD>1.4 <w NN0>percent <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38888<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>to <w CRD>1.1 <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>from <w CRD>3.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>to <w CRD>3.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2362"><w NN1-VVB>Output <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN1>world <w VBD>was <w VVN>projected <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>by <w CRD>6.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>3.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA071></p>
<caption id=HLPCA071>
<s n="2363"><w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2364"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Sustainable <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>poverty<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w VVN>defined <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN2>priorities <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2365"><w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVG-NN1>lending <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VVD>fell <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;16,400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;15,200 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>lending <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="2366"><w VVG-NN1>Lending <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>IDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank<w POS>'s <w NN1>affiliate <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>soft <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>poorest <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w UNC>US&dollar;6,600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w UNC>US&dollar;7,400 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2367"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lewis <w NP0>Preston<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NN1>donor <w NN2>nations <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w VM0>must <w XX0>not <w VVI>turn <w DPS>its <w NN1>back <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2368"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2369"><w NP0-NN1>UNCTAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2370"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Report
</head>
<p>
<s n="2371"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Report <w CRD>1992 <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNCTAD<c PUR>) <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>government <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w TO0>to <w VVI>stimulate <w AJ0>global <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery<c PUN>.
<s n="2372"><w VVG>Anticipating <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w AT0>the <w AJC>higher <w NN2>costs <w VVN>involved<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AJC>higher <w NN1>government <w NN1>spending <w VM0>would <w VVI>raise <w NN2>incomes <w CJC>and <w AV0>actually <w VVB>reduce <w NN1>budget <w NN2>deficits<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2373"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>drew <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>German <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>levels <w TO0>to <w VVI>permit <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w NN2>rates <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <c PUL>(<w UNC>ERM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2374"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w PNP>it <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Federal <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Board <w TO0>to <w VVI>revert <w PRP>to <w AJ0>pre-1979 <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP>on <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>rather than <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w NN1>supply<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2375"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w VBD>were <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990s <w VHB>have <w VVN>started <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>shadow <w PRF>of <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2376"><w PNP>It <w VVD>warned <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Keynesian <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>debt <w NN1>deflation<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>afflicting <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>economies <w VM0>could <w VVI>ensure <w DT0>another<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVD>lost <w NN1>decade<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2377"><w VVG>Acknowledging <w AT0>the <w AJ0>downward <w NN1>spiral <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>severe <w AJ0>global <w NN1>recession <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w NN1>world <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w VM0>would <w VVI>rise <w PRP>from <w CRD>1.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mere <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2378"><w NN1>World <w NN1>commodity <w NN2>prices <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w AV0>about <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>fuel <w NN2>prices <w AV0-AJ0>alone <w VVG-NN1>climbing <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2379"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2380"><w NP0>OPEC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2381"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2382"><w AT0>The <w ORD>92nd <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ecuador <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>member <w PRP>since <w CRD>1973<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>member <w NN1>state <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>OPEC <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJ0>32-year <w NN1>history<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2383"><w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>stance <w VVD-VVN>reflected <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NP0>OPEC<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>share<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>i.e. <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>aggregate <w NN1>production <w NN1>ceiling<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>22,982,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>24,200,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NN0>bpd<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA072></p>
<caption id=HLPCA072>
<s n="2384"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ecuador
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2385"><w NP0>Ecuador<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>OPEC<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>conveyed <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w AJ0-NN1>annual <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000,000 <w NN1>membership <w NN1>fee<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>against <w NP0>OPEC<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NP0>Ecuador<w POS>'s <w NN1>production <w NN1>quota <w PRP>from <w CRD>320,000 <w NN0>bpd <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>about <w CRD>1.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>output<c PUN>.
<s n="2386"><w NP0>Ecuador <w VVD>remained <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>associate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2387"><w NP0>OPEC <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>minimise <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ecuador<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>between <w AJC>larger <w NN1>oil <w NN1-VVG>exporting <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA073></p>
<caption id=HLPCA073>
<s n="2388"><w NN1-VVB>Dispute <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>output <w CJC>and <w NN2>prices <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NN1>communiqu&eacute;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2389"><w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN1-NP0>Subroto <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJT>that <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>crude <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>weakness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar <w VHD>had <w VVN>pushed <w AJ0>real <w NN2>prices <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>6 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38938<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2390"><w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>Oil <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gholamreza <w NP0-NN1>Agazadeh <w VVD>urged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w NP0>OPEC <w VM0>should<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>seriously <w VVB>consider<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>taking <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>prices <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>reference <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;21 <w AT0>a <w NN1>barrel<c PUN>.
<s n="2391"><w AJ0>Strong <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>position <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Libya <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>.
<s n="2392"><w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <c PUL>(<w NP0>UAE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VVN>expressed <w NN1>satisfaction <w PRP>with <w AJ0>present <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="2393"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>backing <w PRP>for <w NP0>UAE <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>over <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39116<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2394"><w NP0>Iran <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJS>as <w AJ0>detrimental <w PRP>to <w AJC>higher <w NN1>oil <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2395"><w NN1-NP0>Agazadeh <w VVN-VVD>raised <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w NN1>speech <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VM0>would <w VVI>respond <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>output<c PUN>, <w CJS>rather than <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>low <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="2396"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w PNP>he <w VVD>hinted <w AV0>further <w PRP>at <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>output <w PRP>within <w NP0>OPEC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>aggregate <w NN1>ceiling<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>belongs <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>production <w NN1>capacity <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2397"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2398"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2399"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w ORD>47th <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Exclusion <w PRF>of <w NP0>FRY
</head>
<p>
<s n="2400"><w AT0>The <w ORD>47th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Stoyan <w NP0>Ganev<c PUN>.
<s n="2401"><w VVN>Attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w CRD>179 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>exclusion <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w NN1>state <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA074></p>
<caption id=HLPCA074>
<s n="2402"><w NN2>Costs <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>peacekeeping <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Financial <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>over <w NN1>contribution <w NN2>arrears
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2403"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>report <w CJS>as <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>defined <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w NN1>mission <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>transforming <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>hope <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NN1>era <w PRF>of <w AJ0>completed <w NN2>tasks<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2404"><w VVG-NN1>Drawing <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>total <w UNC>US&dollar;3,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD>urged <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>dues <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>US&dollar;908,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;845,000,000 <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2405"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>debtor <w VVG>owing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;700,000,000-US&dollar;800,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>regular <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>dues<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w VVB>ensure <w AJ0>adequate <w AJ0>financial <w NN1-VVB>support <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w VVG-NN1>peacekeeping <w CJC>and <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2406"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peacekeeping <w AJ0-NN1>reserve <w NN1>fund<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w NP0>end-August <w NP0>EC <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>contributions <w VVN>collected <w PRP>for <w AJ0>various <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA075></p>
<caption id=HLPCA075>
<s n="2407"><w NN1>Exclusion <w PRF>of <w NP0>FRY
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2408"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>127 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Swaziland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tanzania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zambia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w CRD>26 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>exclude <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN2>proceedings <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w VVG>accepting <w DPS>its <w NN1>claim <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w AV0>automatically <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>seat <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SFRY<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2409"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w AV0>formally <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="2410"><w VVB>FRY <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Panic <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN1>precedent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w CJS>while<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VVZ>pertains <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w AV0>tomorrow <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2411"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>SFRY <w VHD>had <w VVN>comprised <w CRD>six <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AV0>together <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38848<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>obtained <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39033<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>(<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39036-37<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2412"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>777 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>by <w CRD>12 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w PNI>none <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>abstentions <c PUL>(<w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>recommending <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VBB>be <w VVN>asked <w PRP>to <w AV0-AJ0>reapply <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="2413"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>watered <w AVP>down <w CJS>after <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NP0>UN <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AV0>instead <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBB>be <w AV0>merely <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2414"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD-VVN>denounced <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2>distortions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>mission <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>continues <w DPS>its <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w VVZ>represents <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NP0>UN <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2415"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w CJS>while<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w VVD>insisted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exclusion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>share <w DT0>this <w NN1>view<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2416"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NN1>Panic <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>outcome<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>exclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w CJS>because<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2417"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2418"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2419"><w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>uranium <w NN1-VVB>supply
</head>
<p>
<s n="2420"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRF>of <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>uranium <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>dismantled <w NN2>warheads <w PRP>for <w NN1>conversion <w PRP>into <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>for <w AJ0>commercial <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>plants <w VBD>was <w VVN>initialled <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2421"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w VVG-NN1>implementing <w NN1>contract <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w AJ0>enriched <w NN1>uranium <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>totalling <w CRD>500 <w NN2>tonnes <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>for <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>currency <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>repairs <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN2>plants<c PUN>.
<s n="2422"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>by <w VVG>acquiring <w AJ0>low-cost <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>fuel <w CJS>while <w VVG>ensuring <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>material <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>manufacture <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2423"><w VVG>Confirming <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>will <w VVI>help <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVB-NN1>grade <w NN1>material <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>fall <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wrong <w NN2>hands<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>providing <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>market-based <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="2424"><w VVG>Anticipating <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>depressed <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>shrunk <w PRP>to <w CRD>one-fifth <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w CRD>1980 <w NN1>output <w PRP>owing to <w AT0>a <w NN1>surge <w PRP>in <w AJ0>low-cost <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>commercial-grade <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>emphasised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VM0>would <w VHI>have<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w AJ0>adverse <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w AJ0>American <w NN2>jobs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA076></p>
<caption id=HLPCA076>
<s n="2425"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>germ <w NN1>warfare <w NN1>inspection
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2426"><w AJ0>Senior <w AJ0-NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10-11 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>inspections <w PRP>at <w AJ0>relevant <w AJ0>non-military <w NN2>sites<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>unlimited <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>samples <w CJC>and <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>at <w DT0>these <w NN2>sites<c PUN>.
<s n="2427"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>inspection <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN1>enterprise <w PRP>in <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>military <w NN2>experts <w VVD-VVN>suspected <w VBD>was <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>cover <w PRP>for <w AJ0>illicit <w AJ0>military <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2428"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord <w AV0>also <w VVD>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>observance <w PRF>of <w NN2>conventions <w VVG>banning <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2429"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Grigory <w NP0>Berdennikov <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>violating <w AT0>a <w CRD>1972 <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>banning <w NN1-VVB>germ <w NN1>warfare<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>official <w VVD>denied <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w VVG>alleging <w AT0>the <w NN1>testing <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>nerve <w NN1>gas<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA077></p>
<caption id=HLPCA077>
<s n="2431"><w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>global <w NN1>defence <w NN1>system
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2432"><w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>global <w NN1>defence <w NN1>system <c PUL>(<w NP0>GDS<c PUR>) <w VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21-22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38744-45<c PUN>; <w CRD>39031<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2433"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>positive<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>continue <w VVG>discussing <w AT0>the <w NP0>GDS <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>lay <w AT0>the <w NN2>foundations <w PRP>for <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0>international <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2434"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>co-chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian-American <w AJ0>Bilateral <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NN2>prisoners-of-war <c PUL>(<w NN2>POWs<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malcolm <w NP0>Toon<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>public <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>getting <w AV0>awfully <w AJ0>impatient<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>search <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN2>POWs <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2435"><w NP0-NN1>Toon <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>found <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>substantiate <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN2>POWs <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39031<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA078></p>
<caption id=HLPCA078>
<s n="2436"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>testing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2437"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w AV0>formally <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0>nine-month <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w AJ0>underground <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>test <w NN2>explosions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>ban <w PRP>by <w NP0>October <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2438"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>approval <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39073<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2439"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>55 <w PRP>to <w CRD>40<c PUN>, <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>proposal <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>90-day <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w VVD-VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>testing <w PRP>until <w CRD>1998<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2440"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>expressed <w NN1>disappointment <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>tests <w CJS>while <w AJ0>other<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>forward-looking<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="2441"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-September <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>test <w NN1>site <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nevada<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA079></p>
<caption id=HLPCA079>
<s n="2442"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w VVB-NN1>ban
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2443"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>39-nation <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Disarmament <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w NN1>use<c PUN>, <w NN1>production <w CJC>or <w NN1>stock-piling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w PNP>it <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2444"><w NP0>Iran <w VVD>expressed <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>about <w DT0>some <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w PNP>them <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>hinted <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>product <w PRF>of <w CRD>24 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>protracted <w NN2>negotiations <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>often <w VBN>been <w VVN>deadlocked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War <w NN1>rivalry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07A></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07A>
<s n="2445"><w AJ0>Argentine-French <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>energy <w NN1>co-operation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2446"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Argentine <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-VVB>Telam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>energy <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>programme <w PRP>between <w NP0>Argentina <w CJC>and <w NP0>France<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AV0>exclusively <w AJ0>peaceful <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AJ0>military <w NN2>terms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2447"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2448"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2449"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="2450"><w NN1>Confirmation <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unscheduled <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38365-66<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2451"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRF>of <w CRD>150 <w NN1>F-16 <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="2452"><w NP0-NN1>China <w VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w CJS>as <w PRP>in <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>1982 <w AJ0>Sino-US <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="2453"><w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>action <w VDD>did <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVB>affect <w DPS>its <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w DTQ>which <w VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07B></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07B>
<s n="2454"><w AJ0>Controversial <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>trade <w NN2>issues <w VVG>involving <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2455"><w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
<s n="2456"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>intended <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>diesel <w NN2>submarines <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>aroused <w AJ0>strong <w NP0>US <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN1>trade <w NN2>payments<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="2457"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>acquired <w CRD>four <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2458"><w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2459"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>German <w NN2>nationals <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w AJ0>suspended <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bochum<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>for <w AV0>illegally <w VVG-AJ0>exporting <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>engine <w NN2>parts <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2460"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN2>authorities <w VVN-VVD>admitted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w NN1>state <w NN2>arms <w VVG-NN1>trading <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kintex<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN2>arms <w VVZ>deals <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2461"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2462"><w AJ0>NON-ALIGNED <w NN1>MOVEMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2463"><w ORD>10th <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2464"><w CRD>Fifty-nine <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Non-Aligned <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAM<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1-6 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jakarta<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>President <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suharto<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2465"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>admission <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Myanma<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>bringing <w AJ0>total <w NN1>membership <w PRP>to <w CRD>108<c PUN>.
<s n="2466"><w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="2467"><w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <w VVD>attended <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>guests<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w VBD>was <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>controversial<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>entity <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUR>) <w VVG>representing <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>member<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2468"><w DT0>Some <w NP0>NAM <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w VVD>tried <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>expulsion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>claim <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rightful <w NN1>successor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="2469"><w NN2>Delegates <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w AV0>only <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w NN1>action <w CJS>until <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39121<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2470"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>Moslems <w VVD-VVN>elicited <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>universal <w NN1>condemnation<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-AJ0>expressed <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>about <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM <w NN1>summit <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w AJ0>inter-religious <w NN1>confrontation<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>nations <c PUL>(<w VVG>forming <w AV0>about <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM <w NN1>membership<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVG>waging <w AT0>a <w NN1>jihad <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>holy <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2471"><w AJ0>Urgent <w NN2>questions <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-Cold <w NN1>War <w NN1>era <w VBD>were <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>delineated <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>opening <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>realistic <w NN1>re-ordering<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>NAM<w POS>'s <w NN2>priorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>polarization <w PRP>between <w NN1>North <w CJC>and <w NN1>South<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD>loomed <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>unresolved <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>time<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2472"><w NP0-NN1>Suharto <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>restructuring <w CJC>and <w NN1>democratization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>role<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2473"><w AJ0>Other <w NP0>NAM <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>monopoly <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2474"><w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD-VVN>told <w NN2>delegates <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World<c PUN>&hellip; <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>concord <w CJC>and <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>temptation <w TO0>to <w VVI>dominate<c PUN>, <w AV0>either <w AV0>worldwide <w CJC>or <w AV0>regionally<c PUN>, <w VVZ>remains<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2475"><w NP0>Malaysia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamed <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prevailing <w NN1>discontent <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>post-Cold <w NN1>War<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>world <w NN1>order<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>it <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>revival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>colonialism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2476"><w PNP>He <w VVD>denounced <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>complacency<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Bosnians<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>stood<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>stark <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2477"><w AJ0>Specific <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN1>policy <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2478"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Cuba<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Almeida <w NP0>Bosque<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VVN>become<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more <w AJ0>aggressive<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>ignominious<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>brutal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>forcing <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w NN1>poverty <w CJC>and <w NN1>hunger<c PUN>.
<s n="2479"><w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Taha <w NP0-NN1>Yassin <w NN1>Ramadan<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39068<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN1>decision <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>violates <w AT0>the <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07C></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07C>
<s n="2480"><w NN1>Communiqu&eacute;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2481"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w VVN>dubbed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Jakarta <w NN1>Message<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>obnoxious <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing <w PRP>by <w NP0>Serbs <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2482"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>naming <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbs <w CJS>as <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>inserted <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>document<c PUN>.
<s n="2483"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w PNP>it <w AV0>too <w AJ0>condemned<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>groups<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>sides <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AV0>also <w NN2>Croats <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>practices<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2484"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>document <w VVD>reaffirmed <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0>political <w NN1>force <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1-VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>accord <w AJ0>high <w NN1>priority <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w AJ0>equitable <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2485"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>construed <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w VVN>omitted <w DT0>any <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>air <w NN1>exclusion <w NN1>zone <w PRP>over <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2486"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w VVN>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w NN1>criticism <w PRP-AVP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>its <w AJ0>unneighbourly <w NN2>actions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Cuba<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>urged <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2487"><w CJS>While <w VVG>refraining <w PRP>from <w VVG>citing <w AT0>the <w NN1>brutality <w PRF>of <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>factions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>role <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>&hellip; <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>tragedy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w NP0>Somalia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2488"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w AV0>earlier <w NP0-NN1>Suharto <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>NAM <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w AV0>immediately <w TO0>to <w VVI>donate <w UNC>US&dollar;250,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2489"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2490"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL <w NN1>PARTY <w NN2>ORGANIZATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2491"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>International
</head>
<p>
<s n="2492"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>800 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w AJ0>socialist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w CRD>132 <w NN2>countries <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>19th <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w UNC>SI<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15-17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2493"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry <w PRP>into <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>renamed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2494"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w VVD>included <w NP0>Haiti<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Movements <c PUL>(<w NP0>Konakom<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDPS<c PUR>) <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>membership <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2495"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Forces <w NN1-VVB>Front <c PUL>(<w NN2>FFS<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ivorian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>FPI<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire <w VVD>became <w AJ0>associate <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="2496"><w CRD>Two <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CRD>M-19 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Colombia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sandinista <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FSLN<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w VVG>following <w DPS>their <w NN1>conversion <w PRP>to <w AJ0>social <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="2497"><w NN2>Delegates <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MSzP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>decision <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2498"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16 <w NN2>delegates <w VVN>elected <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Mauroy <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>president <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1-AJ0>German <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Willy <w NP0>Brandt <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>absence <w PRP>due to <w NN1>illness <c PUL>(<w NN0>hw <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>overshadowed <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2499"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2500"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-whaling <w NN1>body
</head>
<p>
<s n="2501"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Faroe <w NP0>Islands<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greenland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iceland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w AJ0>Marine <w NN2>Mammals <w NN1-VVB>Commission<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Troms&ouml;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>.
<s n="2502"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>organization <w VVD>declared <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0-NN1>whale-hunting <w NN2>countries <w VM0>could <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>stand <w AVP-PRP>by <w CJC>and <w VVI>watch <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w NN1>management <w PRF>of <w NN1>whale <w NN2>stocks <w VVN-VVD>crumbled <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>pressure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>extremists<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2503"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Whaling <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>IWC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>June-July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39032-33<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>both <w NP0>Norway <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iceland <w VHD>had <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>resisted <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>uphold <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>whaling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07D></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07D>
<s n="2504"><w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AJ0>marine <w NN1>pollution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2505"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>Pollution<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>controlling <w AT0>the <w NN1>dumping <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlantic <w NP0>Ocean<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>by <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2506"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>reached <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>debate <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AJ0>radioactive <w NN1>waste<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2507"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>Convention<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>known<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w CJT>that <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>harmful <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>human <w CJC>or <w AJ0>marine <w NN1>health <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>dumped<c PUN>.
<s n="2508"><w AV0>In particular<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention <w AJ0-VVN>committed <w NN1>signatory <w VVZ-NN2>states <w PRP>to <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVG>adopting <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w AJ0>available <w NN2>techniques <w PRP>for <w VVG>controlling <w AJ0>marine <w NN1>pollution<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN2>discharges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>toxic <w NN1>waste <w PRP>to <w AJ0>harmless <w NN2>levels <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>observing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-year <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dumping <w PRF>of <w AJ0>radioactive <w NN1>waste<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2509"><w DT0>This <w ORD>last <w NN1>point <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Scandinavian <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>option <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>sea <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>dumping <w NN1>ground <w PRP>for <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>radioactive <w NN2>components <w PRP>from <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>submarines <w CJC>and <w NN1>power <w NN2>stations<c PUN>.
<s n="2510"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>the <w NN1>moratorium<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w VVG>dumping <w PRP>after <w CRD>2007 <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN1>signatory <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>.
<s n="2511"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>interim<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AJC>further <w NN1-VVB>research <w PRP>into <w AJ0>land-based <w NN1>disposal<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07E></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07E>
<s n="2512"><w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>waste
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2513"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>S&eacute;gol&egrave;ne <w AJ0>Royal<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w AV0>potentially <w AJ0>harmful <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>waste <w PRP>from <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
<s n="2514"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w VVN>taken <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>shipment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electric <w NN2>transformers <w PRP>for <w NN1>decontamination <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>factory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Saint-Vulbas<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w NN2>imports <w PRF>of <w NN1>hospital <w NN1-VVB>waste <w PRP>from <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39073<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07F></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07F>
<s n="2515"><w AJ0>Somali <w NN1>waste <w NN1>dumping <w NN1>controversy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2516"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Programme<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mostafa <w NP0>Tolba<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>5 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>European <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>store <w CJC>and <w VVI>dispose <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w NN1>hospital <w NN1-VVB>waste <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>effect <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>factions <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2517"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>company <w NP0>Acher <w NN2>Partners <w VVD>admitted <w DPS>its <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>simply <w VVN>arranged <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract <w PRP>on behalf of <w NN1>Progresso <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="2518"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nur <w NP0>Ilmi <w NP0-NN1>Uthman<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2519"><w PNP>It <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>550,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>specified <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>could <w VVI>include <w AJ0>toxic <w NN2>elements<c PUN>.
<s n="2520"><w AT0>The <w NN1>concession <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>20-year <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w PRP>in <w CRD>2011<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2521"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>investigations <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>toxic <w NN1>waste <w NN2>shipments <w VHD>had <w AV0>actually <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0-NN1>dumping <w NN2>plans <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>aborted<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2522"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2523"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2524"><w NN1>Air <w VVZ-NN2>crashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nepal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nigeria
</head>
<p>
<s n="2525"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Pakistan <w AJ0>International <w NN2>Airlines <w NN1>Airbus <w CRD>A-300 <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kathmandu<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>flight <w PRP>from <w NP0>Karachi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w DT0>all <w CRD>167 <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w NN1>crew<c PUN>.
<s n="2526"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accident <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>major <w NN1>air <w NN1>disaster <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Himalayas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN2>Airways <w NN1>Airbus <w CRD>A-310 <w VVB-NN1>crash <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39033<c PUN>; <w CRD>39073<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2527"><w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN1>accident <w NN2>investigators <w VVD-VVN>blamed <w NN1>pilot <w NN1>error<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>crashed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>weather<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>approached <w NP0>Katmandu<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Tribhuvan <w NN1>airport <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>height<c PUN>.
<s n="2528"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>aviation <w NN2>officials <w AT0>the <w CRD>A-300 <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>feet <w AJC>higher <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>jagged <w NN1>mountain <w NN1-VVB>face<c PUN>.
<s n="2529"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>stressed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w NN1>radar <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>at <w NP0>Katmandu <w NN1>airport <c PUL>(<w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN0>aircraft <w VBD>were <w VVN>guided <w PRP>by <w NN1>radio <w NN2>beacons<c PUR>) <w VVD>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>accidents<c PUN>.
<s n="2530"><w AJ0>Unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neglected <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>problems <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>malfunction <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>weather <w NN2>radars<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>identified <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07G></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07G>
<s n="2531"><w AJ0>Nigerian <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>crash
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2532"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Nigerian <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NP0>Hercules <w CRD>C-130 <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN0>aircraft <w VVG>heading <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kaduna <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w AV0>soon <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN1>take-off <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lagos<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w DT0>all <w CRD>163 <w NN2>passengers <w AV0>on board<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
<s n="2533"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>rescuers <w VHD>had <w VVN>recovered <w AV0>up to <w CRD>180 <w NN2>bodies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>wreckage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2534"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crash<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria<w POS>'s <w AJS>worst <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>accident<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>known<c PUN>.
<s n="2535"><w AJ0>Nigerian <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>crash <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>lump <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07H></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07H>
<s n="2536"><w NP0>US-Netherlands<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2537"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>accord <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>4 <w VVG>giving <w NP0>KLM <w AJ0>Royal <w AJ0>Dutch <w NN2>Airlines <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN2>carriers <w AJ0>unrestricted <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>aviation <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="2538"><w NP0>US <w NN2>carriers <w VBD>were <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>widen <w AT0>the <w AV0>already <w AJ0>liberal <w NN2>rights <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="2539"><w NN2>Airlines <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AJ0>open <w AJ0-NN1>code-sharing <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN2>carriers <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>benefit <w PRP>from <w AJ0>non-discriminatory <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w NN1>computer <w NN1>reservation <w NN2>systems<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2540"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>US<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN2>skies<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVN-AJ0>prepared <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>European <w NN1>aviation <w NN1>policy <w VVG>requiring <w NP0>EC <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>block<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2541"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2542"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE <w NN1>RESEARCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2543"><w NP0>Mars <w NN1-VVB>launch
</head>
<p>
<s n="2544"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Aeronautics <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Space <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>NASA<c PUR>) <w VVD>launched <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;511,000,000 <w NP0>Mars <w NN1>Observer <w NN1-VVB>probe <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2545"><w AT0>The <w NN1>probe <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>craft <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Mars <w PRP>since <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
<s n="2546"><w PNP>It <w AJ0>primary <w NN1>mission <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>map <w PRP>at <w AJ0>low <w NN1>resolution <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>planet<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AJ0>new <w NN2>insights <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>global <w NN1>climate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AJ0>high <w NN1>resolution <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w NN1>geology <w CJC>and <w AJ0>small-scale <w NN2>changes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07J></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07J>
<s n="2547"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NN1>space <w NN1>station
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2548"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>63 <w PRP>to <w CRD>34 <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>space <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>constructed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AV0>currently <w VVN-AJ0>predicted <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;40,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="2549"><w AT0>The <w UNC>US&dollar;2,100 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>earmarked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w UNC>US&dollar;840,000,000 <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w CJC>but <w UNC>US&dollar;400,000,000 <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLPCA07K></p>
<caption id=HLPCA07K>
<s n="2550"><w NN1>Shuttle <w NN1>flight
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2551"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Shuttle <w NN1>Endeavour <w VVD>ended <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eight-day <w NN1>mission <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="2552"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>crew <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w VVD>included <w NP0>Mae <w NP0>Jemison<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>black <w NN1>woman <w PRP>in <w NN1>space<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>married <w NN1>couple <w PRP>in <w NN1>space<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Mamoru <w NP0-NN1>Mohri<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1-VVB>astronaut <w TO0>to <w VVI>fly <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>space <w NN1>craft<c PUN>.
<s n="2553"><w PRP>In <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>space <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>array <w PRF>of <w NN2>experiments <w VBD>were <w VVN>performed <w PRP>in <w NN1>Space <w NN1>Lab<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>laboratory <w NN1>module <w VVN-VVD>carried <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>shuttle<w POS>'s <w NN1>cargo <w NN1>bay<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN0>fish<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>frogs<c PUN>, <w CRD>180 <w NN2>hornets<c PUN>, <w CRD>7,600 <w NN2>flies <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>fertilized <w NN1>chicken <w NN2>eggs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2554"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2555"><w NP0>CSCE
</head>
<p>
<s n="2556"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>creation <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w NN2>leaders <w VVG>representing <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>for <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-Operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39030-31<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2557"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2558"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<p>
<s n="2559"><w NP0>Mozambique <w CJC>and <w NP0>Namibia <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>104th <w CJC>and <w ORD>105th <w AJ0>contracting <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>27 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="2560"><w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2561"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2562"><w NP0>WHO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2563"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>WHO<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w ORD>180th <w CJC>and <w ORD>181st <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLR>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 63983 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 932 Kbytes running text, containing about 63983 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLR</idno><idno type="old"> krw210 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7621"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="254"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="140"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="6"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="398"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="970"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="236"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2657"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="60741"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="7621"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="254"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="140"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="6"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="398"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="970"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="236"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2657"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="60741"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>Charlottetown <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>electorate <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>54.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>44.6 <w NN0>per cent <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NP0>Charlottetown <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>negotiated <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NP0>Meech <w NP0>Lake <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>delicate <w NN1>balance <w PRP>between <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>by <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French-speaking <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NP0>Quebec <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>native <w AJ0-NN1>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJC>wider <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>Senate <w CJS>where <w DT0>all <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>provinces <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>equally <w VVN>represented <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39000<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Mulroney <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Liberals <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVI>win <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>approval <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NP0>Newfoundland<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Brunswick <w CJC>and <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Edward <w NN1>Island<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ontario <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>contained <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w VBD>was <w AV0>so <w AJ0>tiny <w CJS>as <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Pyrrhic <w NN1>victory <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w AJ0>populist<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Reform <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>campaigned <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>margins <w PRF>of <w NN1>rejection <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="9"><w NP0-NN1>Mulroney <w VVD>accepted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>result <w VHD>had <w VVN>consigned <w AT0>the <w NP0>Charlottetown <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>history<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-AJ0>rejected <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>reverse<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>step <w AVP>down <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PNP>He <w VVD>accepted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w VVN>remained <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VVI>switch <w DPS>its <w AJ0>central <w NN1>focus <w PRP>from <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>issues <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>revitalize <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ailing <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="11"><w AJ0>Indian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Inuit <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>anger <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w NP0>Ron <w NP0>George<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Native <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>as <w VHG>having<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>perpetuated <w NN1>apartheid <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVN>increased <w NN1>violence <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>peoples<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>currently <w VVD>constituted <w AV0>around <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="13"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NP0-NN1>Parti <w NP0>Qu&eacute;becois<c PUN>, <w NP0>-Jacques <w NP0>Parizeau<c PUN>, <w VVD>interpreted <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>result <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Quebec<w POS>'s <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>separation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian <w NN1>federation<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulk <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<w POS>'s <w AJ0>French-speaking <w NN1>population <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>province <w VBD>were <w AJ0>insufficient<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Parizeau <w VBD>was <w AJ0>optimistic <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>winning <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quebec<w POS>'s <w ORD>next <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>due <w PRP>by <w CRD>1994 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>for <w NP0>Quebec<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA000></p>
<caption id=HLRCA000>
<s n="15"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yukon
</caption>
<p>
<s n="16"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN>formed <w NP0>Yukon <w NN1>Party <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>John <w NP0>Ostashek <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yukon <w NN1>Territory <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="17"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>17-member <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>six <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>NDP <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w NN1>power <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36457<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Liberals <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w NN2>independents<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yukon <w NN1>Party <w VVD>began <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="19"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="20"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="21"><w ORD>14th <w NP0>CCP <w NN1>congress
</head>
<p>
<s n="22"><w AT0>The <w ORD>14th <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w NN1>communism <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12-18<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w ORD>13th <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>35576-77<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
<s n="24"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,989 <w AV0>indirectly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>delegates <w CJC>and <w CRD>41<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>specially <w VVN-VVD>invited <w NN2>delegates<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>delegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>invited<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="26"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high-profile <w AJ0>political <w NN1-VVG>campaigning <w PRP>by <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>reformists<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>line <w VVD>propounded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>88-year <w AJ0>old <w AJ0>paramount <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w NP0>Deng <w PNX>himself <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>much-publicised <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>zones <c PUL>(<w NP0>SEZs<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0-NN1>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38722<c PUN>; <w CRD>38764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="28"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VVD>proved <w AT0>a <w NN1>triumph <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>reformists<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>in terms of <w NN2>policies <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN2>personnel <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>conservatives <w PNQ>who <w VVD>opposed <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w AJ0>market-oriented <w NN2>reforms <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>retired <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>CAC<c PUR>) <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>arch-conservative <w NP0>Chen <w NP0>Yun<c PUN>, <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>rival<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="30"><w NP0>Deng <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>man <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>ideas <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w VVN>lauded <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>style <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>reminiscent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>personality <w NN1>cult <w DTQ>which <w VVD>surrounded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NN1>Chairman <w NP0>Mao <w NP0>Zedong<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w NP0>Deng <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>plenum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="32"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>analysts <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Mao-style <w NN1>personality <w NN1>cult <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w NP0>Deng <w AV0>only <w VVN>served <w TO0>to <w VVI>highlight <w AT0>the <w AJ0>precarious <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w PNP>They <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reformist <w NN2>policies <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w VM0>might <w VVI>signal <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>backlash <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>predicted <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA001></p>
<caption id=HLRCA001>
<s n="34"><w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<w POS>'s <w NN1>keynote <w NN1>speech
</caption>
<p>
<s n="35"><w NN1-VVB>Party <w NN1-AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>the <w NN1>keynote <w NN1>speech <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>work <w NN1>report<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>at <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="37"><w AV0>For the most part <w NP0>Jiang<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>recapitulation <w CJC>and <w NN1>celebration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>achieving<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>modernization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w CRD>2050<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w PRP>Towards <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>end <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>widen <w DPS>its <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>world <w CJC>and <w VVB>deepen <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w AV0>already <w AV0>under way<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w AJ0>Loss-making <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>; <w NN2>impediments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w PRP>for <w NN2>stocks <w CJC>and <w NN2>bonds<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w DT0>more <w NN2>areas <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w PRP>up to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w PRP>On <w NN1>income <w NN1>distribution<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jiang <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>simultaneous <w NN1>prosperity <w PRP>for <w PNI>everyone<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>impossible<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sake <w PRF>of <w NN1>efficiency<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>widen <w NN2>differences <w PRP>in <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>income <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>degree<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="42"><w NP0>Jiang <w VVD>set <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>growth <w NN2>targets <w PRF>of <w CRD>8-9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991-95 <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w AV0>significantly <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>double-digit <w NN1>expansion <w NN2>rates <w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Deng<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJC>greater <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>target <w VVN>advanced <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>work <w NN1>report <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38861-62<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="43"><w AT0>The <w NN1>emphasis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>speech <w VBD>was <w AV0>firmly <w PRP>on <w NN1>economics<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w NP0>Jiang <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w AJ0>party-political <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w AT0>The <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>socialist <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>absolutely <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Western<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w PRP>In <w VVG-AJ0>pursuing <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jiang <w VVD>warned <w NN2>cadres <w TO0>to <w VVI>guard <w PRP>against <w DT0>both<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>left<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>right<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>tendencies<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PNP>He <w VVD>exhorted <w NN2>delegates <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w NN1>bureaucracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>incompetence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="48"><w PRP>On <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relations <w NP0>Jiang <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>favourable <w AJ0>international <w NN1>environment <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVG>opening <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w NN1>modernization<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>make <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>to <w NN1>world <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA002></p>
<caption id=HLRCA002>
<s n="49"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="50"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35577 <w PRP>for <w NN2>amendments <w VVN>approved <w PRP>at <w ORD>13th <w NN1>congress<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w AT0>The <w NN2>revisions <w VVD>gave <w NN1>prominence <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>text <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>to <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>theory <w PRF>of <w NN1>building <w NN1>socialism <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>characteristics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>enshrined <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>core <w NN1>objective<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA003></p>
<caption id=HLRCA003>
<s n="52"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee
</caption>
<p>
<s n="53"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w PNP>It <w VVD>comprised <w CRD>189 <w AJ0>full <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w CRD>130 <w AJ0>alternate <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>175 <w AJ0>full <w CJC>and <w CRD>110 <w AJ0>alternate <w NN2>members <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>members <w VVN>accounted <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>47 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="56"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AJ0>young <w CJC>or <w AJ0>middle-aged <w NN2>technocrats <w PNQ>who <w VVD>replaced <w AJ0>old <w NN2>conservatives<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>increased <w AJ0>military <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership<w POS>'s <w NN1>concern <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w VM0>might <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>representation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w DTQ>which <w VVD>surprised <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators<c PUN>, <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sons <w CJC>and <w NN2>daughters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>top <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>princelings<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>elevated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA004></p>
<caption id=HLRCA004>
<s n="60"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NN1>politburo <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>organs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="61"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN>elected <w ORD>14th <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1-AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plenum <w AV0>also <w VVD>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretariat <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="63"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w VBD>were <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>middle-aged <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN2>secretaries <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coastal <w NN2>provinces <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dengist <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>drive<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w DT0>These <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Xie <w NP0>Fei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wu <w NP0-NN1>Bangguo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Chunyun<c PUN>, <w NN1>party <w NN2>secretaries <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guangdong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shanghai <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shandong<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="65"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yang <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>strongmen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w NN1>equation<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w ORD>first <w NN1>vice-chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>CMC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<w POS>'s <w AJC>younger <w NN1>half-brother<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CMC<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretariat <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLA<c PUR>) <w AJ0>general <w AJ0>political <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Yang <w NN2>brothers <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AJ0>close <w NN2>allies <w PRF>of <w NP0>Deng<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>commented <w CJT>that <w NP0>Deng <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>fear <w PNP>them <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>incipient <w AJ0-NN1>alternative <w NN1>power <w NN1>centre<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA005></p>
<caption id=HLRCA005>
<s n="71"><w NN1>Membership <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>organs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="72"><w AT0>The <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>party <w NN2>organs <w VBD>was <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows <c PUL>(<w UNC>*new <w NN1>member<c PUN>; <w UNC>**promoted <w PRP>from <w AJ0>alternate <w NN1>member<c PUR>)<c PUN>:
</p>
<p>
<s n="73"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qiao <w NP0>Shi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Ruihuan<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="74"><w UNC>*Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Liu <w NP0>Huaqing<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Hu <w NP0-NN1>Jintao<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="75"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>full <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Tian <w NN1>Jiyun<c PUN>, <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Tieying<c PUN>, <w UNC>**Ding <w NP0-NN1>Guangen<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Li <w NP0>Lanqing<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="76"><w UNC>*Yang <w NP0>Baibing<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Wu <w NP0-NN1>Bangguo<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Zou <w NP0>Jiahua<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="77"><w UNC>*Chen <w NP0-NN1>Xitong<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Jiang <w NP0-NN1>Chunyun<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="78"><w UNC>*Wei <w NP0>Jiangxing<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Xie <w NP0>Fei<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Tan <w NP0>Shaowen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="79"><w AJ0>Alternate <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>: <w UNC>*Wen <w NP0>Jiabao<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="80"><w UNC>*Wang <w NN1-NP0>Hanbin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="81"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretariat<c PUN>: <w UNC>Ding <w NN1-NP0>Guangen<c PUN>, <w UNC>**Wen <w NP0>Jiabao<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="82"><w UNC>*Hu <w NP0>Jintao<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Wei <w NP0>Jiangxing<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Ren <w NN1-NP0>Jianxin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="83"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CMC<c PUN>: <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Liu <w NP0>Huaqing <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Zhang <w NP0>Zhen <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Vice-Chair<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Chi <w AJ0-NN1>Haotian<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Zhang <w AJ0-NN1>Wannian<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Yu <w NP0-NN1>Yongbo<c PUN>, <w UNC>*Fu <w NN1-NP0>Quanyou<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="84"><w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w PNI>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>new <w NN1>standing <w NN1>committee <w NN2>members <w PRP>with <w AJ0>thorough <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN2>credentials<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Shanghai <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier <w CJC>and <w NN1>economics <w NN1>expert <w PRP>at <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>behest <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38145<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Zhu <w VVD>enjoyed <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>patronage<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>support <w NN1>base <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="86"><w NP0>Liu <w NP0>Huaqing<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>76-year-old <w NN1>general <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>vice-chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CMC<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>military <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w AJ0>neutral<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>no-nonsense <w NN1>professional<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>push <w PRP>for <w NN1>depoliticization <w CJC>and <w NN1>modernization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="87"><w NP0>Hu <w NP0>Jintao<c PUN>, <w CRD>49<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>party <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tibet<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hu <w NP0>Yaobang<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reformist <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w VVN-VVD>ousted <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="88"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w VVN-VVD>re-elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<w POS>'s <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w AJ0>equivocal <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>sympathies<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin <w VBD>was <w AJ0>supportive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>line<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>lightweight <w VVG>lacking <w AJ0>deep <w NN2>roots <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Ruihuan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>ideology <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NP0>Deng<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w NP0-NN1>Qiao <w NP0-NN1>Shi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>security <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>enigmatic<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN1>swing <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>reformer<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>proteg&eacute; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>party <w NN1>elder <w NP0>Peng <w NP0>Zhen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="92"><w NP0>Yao <w NP0>Yilin <w CJC>and <w NN1>Song <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>conservatives<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA006></p>
<caption id=HLRCA006>
<s n="93"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>on <w NP0>Zhao <w NP0-NN1>Ziyang
</caption>
<p>
<s n="94"><w PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>convened <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w ORD>ninth<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>final<c PUN>, <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5-9<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>verdict <w CJT>that <w NP0>Zhao <w NP0-NN1>Ziyang<c PUN>, <w NP0>CCP <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987-89<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>turmoil<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>split <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36722<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w NN1-NP0>Zhao <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>face <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w AV0>effectively <w VVN-VVD>foreclosed <w DT0>any <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>early <w NN1>rehabilitation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="97"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="98"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="99"><w VVG-AJ0>Continuing <w NP0>ANC-Inkatha <w NN1>conflict
</head>
<p>
<s n="100"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Natal <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <w VVD-VVN>escalated<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>doubled <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AJ0>intensified <w NN2>police <w NN1>activity <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>include<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>high <w NN1>density <w NN2>patrols<c PUN>&hellip; <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>infiltration <w PRF>of <w NP0>MK <w NN2>members<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Umkhonto <w NP0>we <w NP0>Sizwe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Mangosuthu <w NP0>Buthelezi <w PRF>of <w NP0>Inkatha <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="103"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24-26 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>33 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Natal<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Mpushini<c PUN>, <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Durban<c PUN>, <w NN2>gunmen <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>20 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>homestead <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w AJ0>Local <w NN1>peace <w NN1>initiative <w NN2>activities <w VBD>were <w PNX>themselves <w AT0>the <w NN2>targets <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Reggie <w NP0>Hadebe<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>left <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>restoring <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w DPS>His <w NN1>death <w AJ0-VVD>intensified <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>agents provocateurs <w PRP>with <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38896-97<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w AJ0-NN1>Local <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mozambique <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Resistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Renamo<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>training <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN2>youths <w AV0>locally<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="109"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>Inkatha <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38422<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0-VVD>expressed <w NN1>unwillingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>meetings <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>produced <w AJ0>effective <w NN2>results <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37951-52<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w AT0>The <w NN1>organization <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>troop <w NN1>deployment<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w AT0>a <w NN1>licence <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>members <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>guise <w PRF>of <w VVG>stopping <w AJ0>alleged <w NP0>MK <w NN1>activity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA007></p>
<caption id=HLRCA007>
<s n="111"><w AJ0>Right-wing <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="112"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Concerned <w NP0>South <w NN2>Africans<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Johannesburg <w VVD>brought <w AV0>together <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Buthelezi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="113"><w NP0>Joshua <w NP0>Oupa <w NP0>Gqozo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>ruler <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ciskei<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>homeland<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NN1>bantustan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lucas <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Mangope<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bophuthatswana <w NN1>bantustan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andries <w NP0-NN1>Treurnicht<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Andries <w NP0>Beyers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>established <w AJ0-NN1>Afrikaner <w NP0-NN1>Volksunie <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39038<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="114"><w VVG>Issuing <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>warnings <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>scrapping <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>CODESA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38897<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>Record <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>Understanding <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>reached <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39078-79<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w NP0-NN1>Mangope <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w AT0>the <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buthelezi <w CJC>and <w VVB>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39079<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w NN1>bloodshed <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVI>decide <w TO0>to <w VVI>march <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bophuthatswana<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w NP0>Gqozo <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w AJ0-NN1>Afrikaner <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>AWB<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w AJ0>military <w NN1>support <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w AV0>again <w VVD>entered <w NP0>Ciskei <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39078-79<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w VVB-NN1>Treurnicht <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>promised <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w NN2>homelands <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w NP0>Buthelezi <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>part <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Kwazulu <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w NN1>secession <w CJS>if <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>negotiations <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>guarantee <w AJ0>adequate <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>structure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA008></p>
<caption id=HLRCA008>
<s n="120"><w NP0>Government-PAC <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="121"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAC<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>forced <w AJ0>major <w NN2>concessions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Gaborone<c PUN>, <w NP0>Botswana<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23-24<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unrepresentative<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PAC <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>disband <w NP0-NN1>CODESA <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>forum<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>CODESA <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w DT0>more <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA009></p>
<caption id=HLRCA009>
<s n="124"><w NN1>Amnesty <w NN1>bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="125"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>measure <w VVG>giving <w NN1>blanket <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>to <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>committed <w AT0>a <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>motivated <w NN1>crime <w PRP>before <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39037<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VVD>became <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w DPS>its <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Delegates<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>tricameral <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="126"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>on <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w NN1>initiative <w CJC>and <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN2>crimes <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>described <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>debate <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>charter <w PRP>for <w NN2>crooks<c PUN>, <w NN2>criminals <w CJC>and <w NN2>assassins<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w VVN>Faced <w PRP>with <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>, <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>referred <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>body <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>used <w DT0>this <w NN1>mechanism <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w PRP>through <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>nullify <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>gained <w AJ0>political <w NN1>power<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00A>
<s n="129"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>detention <w NN2>camps
</caption>
<p>
<s n="130"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>released <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN2>detainees <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>ANC <w VVZ-NN2>camps <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>during <w DPS>its <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="131"><w AT0>The <w NN2>commissioners<c PUN>, <w VVZ>advocates <w NP0>Louis <w NP0>Skweyiya <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gilbert <w NP0>Marcus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bridgette <w NP0>Mbandla <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>department<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>found <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>staggering<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>brutality <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>torture <w TO0>to <w VVI>extract<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>confessions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AJ0>alleged <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>spies<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w PNP>They <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>abuses <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>committed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>notorious <w NN1>Quatro<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rehabilitation <w NN1>centre<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NP0>ANC <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tanzania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uganda <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zambia <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>way <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>remotely <w AJ0>acceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w PNP>They <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NN2>men <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>mutiny <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Quatro <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>executions <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AV0>summarily<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="134"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>commissioners <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AV0>visibly <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>Mbandla <w CJC>and <w NP0>Skweyiya <w VBD>were <w DT0>both <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>members<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w AV0>further<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>identification <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w NP0>ANC <w NN2>officials <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w DT0>These <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>commissioners <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NN2>positions <w PRF>of <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>influence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>recommendations <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w NN2>detainees <w VVN>held <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w PRP>with <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unequivocal <w NN1>apology <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>wrongs <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>suffered<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w NN1>abuse <w CJS>whether or not <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>proved <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>agents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="137"><w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>accepted <w AJ0>full <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>damning <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>commission <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w VBD>was <w VVG>considering <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<w POS>'s <w AJ0>other <w NN2>recommendations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00B>
<s n="138"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="139"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Gerrit <w NP0>van <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Viljoen <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>retire <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>State <w NN2>Affairs<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in light of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increasing <w NN2>demands <w VVN>posed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB-NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w DPS>His <w NN1>decision <w VVD>prompted <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w NP0>Leon <w NP0>Wessels <w VM0>would <w VVI>relinquish <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tertius <w VVB>Delport <w DPS>his <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN1>Government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Fanus <w NP0-NN1>Schoeman <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>as <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w VVB>Delport <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Schoeman <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB-NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="143"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="144"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="145"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>(<w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUR>)
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="146"><w NN1>Election <w NN2>results <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>UNITA<w POS>'s <w NN1>Stance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="147"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>speculation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29-30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39082<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>published<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w CJS>As <w AV0>widely <w VVN>expected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Angola-Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1-AJ0>level <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>it <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>MPLA-PT <w VVD>won <w CRD>49.57 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w DPS>His <w AJS>nearest <w NN1>rival <w VBD>was <w NP0>Jonas <w NN1>Savimbi <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w CRD>40.07 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w NP0>UNITA <w AV0>also <w VVD>took <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="152"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>UNITA<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>results <w VVG>indicating <w DPS>its <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN2>irregularities <w CJC>and <w VVD>threatened <w AT0>a <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="153"><w AJ0>Independent <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39082<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w NN2>Savimbi<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NP0>UNITA<w POS>'s <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>war <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>MPLA-PT<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w NP0>UNITA <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>national <w NN1>army <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Herman <w NP0>Cohen <w CJT>that <w NP0>UNITA <w VBD>was <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38180<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>tension <w VVG-NN1>mounting<c PUN>, <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>armed <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luanda<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w CJS>As <w NN2-VVZ>clashes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w VVD>continued <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Malange<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Huambo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Huila<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="158"><w PRP>Against <w DT0>this <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Cohen <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AJ0-NN1>Savimbi <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>his <w NN1>threat<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>protesting<c PUN>, <w NP0>Savimbi <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AJ0>insistent<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VM0>should <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>MPLA-PT <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>part <w VVD>welcomed <w AJ0>increased <w NP0>UN <w NN1>involvement <w CJC>but <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>UNITA <w VVB>resume <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w VVB>end <w DPS>its <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w NN2>Savimbi <w AV0>also <w VVD>pressed <w PRP>for <w NP0>UNITA <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJC>greater <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>demand <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>MPLA-PT <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="163"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVG>continuing <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>compromise <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NP0>UNITA <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>voice <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>adminstration <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>govern <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>run-offs<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>until <w NP0>December <w CJC>or <w AV0>possibly <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLRCA00C><s n="166"><w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NN2>Votes<c PUN>, <w NN0>%<c PUN>, <w NN2>Seats<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w NN2>Votes<c PUN>, <w NN2>Seats<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w VVB>&circ; <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Angola-Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>2,124,126<c PUN>, <w CRD>53.74<c PUN>, <w CRD>70<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>2,087,528<c PUN>, <w CRD>59<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>129 <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,347,636<c PUN>, <w CRD>34.10<c PUN>, <w CRD>44<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,298,538<c PUN>, <w CRD>26<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>70 <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>94,742<c PUN>, <w CRD>2.40<c PUN>, <w CRD>3<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>20,053<c PUN>, <w CRD>2<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>94,267<c PUN>, <w CRD>2.39<c PUN>, <w CRD>3<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Renovated <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>89,875<c PUN>, <w CRD>2.27<c PUN>, <w CRD>3<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>41,484<c PUN>, <w CRD>3<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Renewal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>35,293<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.89<c PUN>, <w CRD>1<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>) <w NN1>Coalition<c PUN>, <w CRD>34,166<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.86<c PUN>, <w CRD>1<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>33,088<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.84<c PUN>, <w CRD>1<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Angola <w NN1>Youth<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w NN1>Worker<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAJOCA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>13,924<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.35<c PUN>, <w CRD>1<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Forum <c PUL>(<w NP0>FDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>12,038<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDP-ANA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>10,620<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>10,281<c PUN>, <w CRD>0.26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>1 <w NN2>Others<c PUN>, <w CRD>52,219<c PUN>, <w CRD>1.33<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>, <w CRD>0<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>0 <w AJ0>Total <w NN2>seats<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>130<c PUN>,<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w CRD>90<c PUN>,<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w UNC>*220 <w NN1>Turnout<c PUN>: <w CRD>91.34 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<caption id=HLRCA00C>
<s n="167"><w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>National <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w UNC>+<c PUN>, <w UNC>+<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Provincial <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w UNC>+<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Total <w NN2>seats
</caption>
<p>
<s n="168"><w UNC>*The <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>decided<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>consent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>seats <w PRP>for <w NN2>Angolans <w AV0>abroad <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>filled<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="169"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="170"><w NP0>MOZAMBIQUE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="171"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="172"><w PRP>After <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>delay <w NP0>President <w NP0>Joaquim <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Chissano <w CJC>and <w NP0>Afonso <w NP0>Dhlakama<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Mozambique <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Resistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Renamo<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w AT0>a <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>16-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="173"><w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>points <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39039<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>Dhlakama <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>sign <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues <w VVD-VVN>remained <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>satisfaction<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w DT0>These <w PNP>he <w VVD>identified <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>stationing <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Renamo-controlled <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>before <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="175"><w NN2>Mediators <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0-AJ0>deep <w VVB-NN1>regret<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w NP0>Dhlakama<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>points <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>covered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>objections <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>justify <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w AV0>There <w AV0>then <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>frenzied <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Renamo <w NN1>leader <w VBD>was <w VVN>encouraged <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Roland<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Tiny<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Rowland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>UK-based <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>Lonrho <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVB-NN1>process <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39039<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00D>
<s n="177"><w NN2>Terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>ceasefire
</caption>
<p>
<s n="178"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mozambique <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w NN2>Troops <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>assemble <w PRP>at <w AJ0>predetermined <w NN2>points <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>surrender <w DPS>their <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>monitors <w PRP>within <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w TO0>To <w VVI>encourage <w DT0>this <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>monitors <w VM0>would <w VVI>distribute <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w NN2-VVZ>points<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w UNC>30,000-strong <w AJ0>national <w NN1>defence <w NN1>force <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w PRP>from <w NN2>volunteers <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>assembled <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVG>contributing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops<c PUN>; <w AJ0-VVG>remaining <w NN2>troops <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>demobilized<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Zimbabwean <w NN2>troops <w VVG>guarding <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>corridors <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>process <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>supervised <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Verification <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w AJ0-VVG>mediating <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="184"><w AJ0>Presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJS>once <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w AJ0>complete<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="185"><w PRP>For <w DPS>its <w NN1>part <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w NN2>donors <w TO0>to <w VVI>assemble <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>assistance <w NN1>package <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mozambique<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00E>
<s n="186"><w NN1>Implementation <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace
</caption>
<p>
<s n="187"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mozambique <w NN1>legislature <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>incorporated <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>Protocol <w NN1>Number <w CRD>3 <w VVD-VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Renamo <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>covering <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38804<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>passed <w VVG-AJ0>enabling <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJC>further <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="189"><w VVG>Following <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chissano <w VVD-VVN>promulgated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>approving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w AJ0>political <w NN1>amnesty<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amnesty <w VVD>covered <w DT0>all <w NN2>crimes <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w DTQ>which <w VVD>committed <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w DT0>all <w CJC>but <w AJ0>common <w NN2>criminals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="191"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>from <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w AJ0-NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Representative <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mozambique <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispatch <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>observers <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maputo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="193"><w AT0>The <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Zimbabwean <w NN2>troops <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>despite <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>Renamo <w NN2-VVZ>raids <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VVG>taking <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>towns <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Angoche<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maganja <w NP0>da <w NP0>Costa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Memba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lugela<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w NN1-NP0>Dhlakama <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w AJ0>defensive <w NN2>actions <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>its <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NN2>areas <w PRP>under <w NP0-NN1>Renamo <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="195"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maputo <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>hastening <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>working <w NN2>commissions <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="196"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="197"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="198"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>power <w NN1-VVB>struggle <w PRP>over <w NN1>transition
</head>
<p>
<s n="199"><w PRP>In defiance of <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1>Seko <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w AJ0>Pro-Mobutu <w NN2>troops <w VVD>surrounded <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building <w PRP>with <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>vehicles <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w DT0>this <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="201"><w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w VHD>had <w VVN>intended <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AVP>up <w AV0>largely <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w UNC>Mouvement <w NN1>populaire <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NN1>r&eacute;volution <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VVI>draft <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w VVD-VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39082-83<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w AV0>poorly <w VVN>attended<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>many <w NN2>members <w VVG>heeding <w NN2>calls <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Etienne <w NP0>Tshisekedi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w NN1>chairman <w NP0-NN1>Monsengwo <w NP0-NN1>Pasinya <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w NN1-VVB>report <w AV0>at least <w CRD>three-quarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>chamber <w VBD>was <w AJ0>empty<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-Mobutu <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w PRP>as of <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="204"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w NN2>troops <w VVD>ended <w AT0>an <w AJ0>18-day <w NN1>siege <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>Banque <w UNC>du <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <c PUL>(<w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>governor<c PUN>, <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tshisekedi<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="205"><w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>surround <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>Tshisekedi <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>dismissed <w NP0>Nyemba <w NP0-NN1>Shabani <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w CJT>that <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000,000 <w VBD>was <w VVG>missing <w PRP>from <w AJ0>central <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="206"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="207"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<caption>
<s n="208"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cameroon <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="209"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="210"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVG>alleging <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Biya <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>slim <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cameroon<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="211"><w NP0>Biya <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>to <w NN1>wrong-foot <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38802<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVG>updating <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>register <w VVD-VVN>permitted <w AV0>only <w PRP>between <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w DT0>some <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>500,000 <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="213"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NN2>lawyers <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Fru <w NP0>Ndi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bello <w NP0>Bouba <w NP0>Maigari<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>filed <w NN2>petitions <w VVG>asking <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w TO0>to <w VVI>annul <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>petition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="214"><w AT0>The <w NN2>petitions <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w NP0>Biya <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>adding <w NN2>names <w PRP>to <w NN1>voter <w NN1>registration <w NN2-VVZ>lists<c PUN>, <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AJ0>fake <w NN1>polling <w NN2>stations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>withholding <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>papers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="215"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>observers <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w NN2>Observers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Institute <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>problems<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>voter <w NN1>registration <w VBD>was <w AJ0>incomplete<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>registers <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>open <w PRP>for <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Biya <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allocated <w CRD>142 <w NN2>minutes <w PRF>of <w NN1>coverage <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>television <w NN1>service <w PRP>between <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w NN1>polling <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>candidates <w VVD-VVN>shared <w AV0>only <w CRD>12 <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="217"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>national <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1-VVG>rioting <w PRP>in <w NN1>North-West <w NN1>Province<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Fru <w NP0>Ndi <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>claimed <w NN1>victory <w PNX>himself<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>three-month <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bamenda<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Tita <w NP0>Fomukong<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cameroon <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w NP0>Biya<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Douala <w CJS>after <w PNP>they <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>by <w NP0>Fru <w NP0>Ndi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w NP0>Biya <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>countdown <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="221"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="222"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w AJ0>AFRICAN <w NN1>REPUBLIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="223"><w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="224"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="225"><w NN1>Voting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>hours <w CJS>after <w NN1>polling <w VVD>began<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>premeditated <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>sabotage<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Ismaila <w NP0>Nimaga<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="226"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w NN1>announcement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>compilation <w CJC>and <w NN1>circulation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>voter <w NN2-VVZ>registers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>multiple <w NN1>voter <w NN1>registration<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1>polling <w NN2>stations <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Bangui <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>interior<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>theft <w PRF>of <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>boxes <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN2>cards<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="228"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Kolingba <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Grand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Debate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39040<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w AT0>No <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="230"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="231"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="232"><w NN1>Cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN2>primaries
</head>
<p>
<s n="233"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>government-created <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>NRC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w VVG>Speaking <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AV0>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFRC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Babangida <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>caretaker <w NN2>committees <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>adminstration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PRP>in conjunction with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVB>draw <w AVP>up <w AJ0>new <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>selection <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN2>executives <w PRP>at <w AJ0>local<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>audit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="236"><w NN2>Groups <w PRF>of <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJC>but <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>following <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39041<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39083<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>NEC <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>AFRC <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NEC <w VVD>gave <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NN2>abuses <w VBD>were <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>virtually <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>factionalized <w NN2>executives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w NN2>levels<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w NN1>bribery <w VBD>was <w AJ0>rife<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1>party <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>paid <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w DT0>several <w NN2>times <w PRP>at <w AJ0>different <w NN1>polling <w NN2>stations<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unfavourable <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w VVN>nullified<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>instances <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w AV0>deliberately <w VVN>miscounted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="240"><w AV0>Neither <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w CJC>nor <w AV0>subsequently <w VDD>did <w NP0>Babangida <w VVI>confirm <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VVG>envisaging <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>administration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>met<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>comment <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifespan <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>adminstration<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NN2>commentators <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>hint <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>democratic <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>rule <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="242"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>contending <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>30 <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>governors <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>adminstration <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>a <w AJ0>smooth <w PRF>of <w NN1>handover <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w NN2>students <w CJC>and <w AJ0>academic <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>AFRC <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>extend <w DPS>its <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="244"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="245"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="246"><w NN1>Army <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w NN1>building
</head>
<p>
<s n="247"><w NN2>Troops <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w NP0>Eyadema <w AV0>again <w VVD>disrupted <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>period <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39041<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>100-strong <w NN1>force <w VVN-VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>building <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w AV0>successfully <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>unfreezing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>assets <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w UNC>du <w NN1-VVB>peuple <w NN1>togolais <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38379<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="248"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>HCR <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>Sanouko <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Kpodzro<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>38 <w AJ0>other <w NP0>HCR <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w AVQ>when <w NP0-NN1>Kpodzro <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>unfreeze <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPT<w POS>'s <w NN2>assets<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w CJS>so that <w DT0>all <w NN2>contributions <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPT <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>reimbursed<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>contributions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>compulsory <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPT<w POS>'s <w NN1>dissolution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="250"><w AT0>The <w NN1>army <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w AV0>severely <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Kokou <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Kpodzro<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w AJ0>invalid <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>under <w NN1>duress <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>HCR<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="251"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPT<w POS>'s <w NN2>assets <w AJ0-VVN>unfrozen<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w NN2>sanctions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>against <w DT0>those <w VVN>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>military <w NN1>disruption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>questioned <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>action <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>local <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-VVB>strike <w NN1>call <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>observed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="254"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="255"><w NP0>GHANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="256"><w VVB-NN1>Change <w PRP>to <w NN1>detention <w NN2>laws <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Challenge <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rawlings
</head>
<p>
<s n="257"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Provisional <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNDC<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1982 <w AJ0>Protective <w NN1>Custody <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Habeas Corpus <w NN1>Amendment <w NN1>Law <w PRF>of <w CRD>1984 <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>laws <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>persistent <w NN1>demand <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>order <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w VVN>promulgated <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>detain <w NN2>individuals <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <w NN1>suspicion <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>person<w POS>'s <w NN2>actions <w VM0>could <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>robbery <w CJC>or <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>conflict <w CJC>or <w VM0>could <w VVI>deprive <w AT0>a <w NN1>community <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>essentials <w PRF>of <w NN1>life<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w VVD>required <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>publish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>weekly <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w VVN>detained <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Review <w NN1>Court <w PRP>with <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w NN1>detention <w NN2>orders <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>initial <w AJ0>14-day <w NN1>detention <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="263"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>an <w NN1>action <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Freedom <w CJC>and <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NP0>Flt. <w NP0>-Lt<c PUN>.
<s n="264"><w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Rawlings<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNDC <w CJC>and <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>father <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Scottish <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>allegiance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ghana <w VM0>could <w AV0>therefore <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>for <w VVN>granted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>because <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AJ0>outstanding <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w VVG>arising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>coups <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w NP0>June <w CRD>1981 <w CJC>and <w NP0>December <w CRD>1981 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>30437-51<c PUN>; <w CRD>31477-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="265"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="266"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="267"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Monrovia
</head>
<p>
<s n="268"><w CJS>As <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Cotonou<c PUN>, <w NP0>Benin<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECOWAS <w VVG>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>ECOMOG <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>battled <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="269"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NPFL <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w VVG>deploying <w NN2>mortars <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>machine <w NN2>guns <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>heaviest <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Monrovia <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24 <w DT0>some <w CRD>100,000 <w AJ0>suburban <w NN2>residents <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>relative <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w NN2>Hospitals <w VVD-VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24<c PUR>) <w CRD>four <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w AJ0-VVD>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Monrovia <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>besieged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL<c PUN>, <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>supplies <w VM0>would <w VVI>run <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="273"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVB>ECOMOG <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AV0>essentially <w AJ0>defensive <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>stance<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>used <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VVI>bomb <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w CRD>5 <w NN0>km <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w AJ0-NN1>offensive <w AJ0-VVN>failed <w CJC>and <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VVD>ended<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w AT0>a <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>target <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00F>
<s n="275"><w NN1-NP0>Cotonou <w NN1>summit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="276"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>Benin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Burkina <w NP0>Faso<c PUN>, <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau <w CJC>and <w NP0>Togo<c PUR>) <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Cotonou <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19-20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="277"><w NN2>Participants <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>necessity <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>observed <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULIMO<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>factions <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w CRD>15 <w NN2>days <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yamoussoukro <w CRD>IV <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38518<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="278"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w VM0>should <w DT0>either <w NN1-VVB>party <w VVI>fail <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply<c PUN>, <w NN2>sanctions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>imposed<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w DT0>These <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>ensuring <w AT0>the <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>land<c PUN>, <w NN1>air <w CJC>and <w NN1>sea <w NN2>points <w PRF>of <w NN1>entry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39041<c PUN>; <w CRD>39084<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>further <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w DT0>this <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w AJ0>mandatory <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NP0>UN <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="281"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="282"><w NP0>GUINEA-BISSAU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="283"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers
</head>
<p>
<s n="284"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Bernardo <w NP0>Vieira <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVG>dismissing <w CRD>eight <w NN2>ministers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>J&uacute;lio <w NP0-NN1>Semedo<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Natural <w NN2>Resources <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w CJC>and <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Cruz <w NP0>Pinto <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>dismissed<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w NP0>Bernardino <w NP0>Cardoso<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>16-member <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="287"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="288"><w NP0>MAURITANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="289"><w NN1>Currency <w NN1>devaluation
</head>
<p>
<s n="290"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ouguiya<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w VBD>was <w VVN>met <w PRP>by <w NN1-VVG>rioting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nouakchott <w CJS>as <w AJ0>local <w NN2>merchants <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>food <w NN2>prices <w PRP>by <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=105.852 <w NN1>ouguiya <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="291"><w NN1>Riot <w NN2>police <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas <w PRP>against <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dusk-to-dawn <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>until <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="292"><w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Michel <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>devaluation <w VBD>was <w PRP>in accordance with <w NN2>agreements <w AV0>recently <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>restructuring <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>objectives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>3-5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w CRD>3.6 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>per annum <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>external <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w PNP>He <w VVD>acknowledged <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>awareness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>adverse <w AJ0>social <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>devaluation <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>alleviate <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN2>wages <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>compensating <w NN1>government <w NN2>employees <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="295"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="296"><w NP0>SENEGAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="297"><w VVB>Split <w PRP>in <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition
</head>
<p>
<s n="298"><w NN2>Divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38134<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Senegal <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>) <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>: <w NP0>Abdoulay&eacute; <w NP0>Wade <c PUL>(<w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ousmane <w NP0>Ngom <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Professional <w NN1>Training<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean-Paul <w NP0>Diaz <c PUL>(<w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Integration<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aminata <w AJ0>Tall <c PUL>(<w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w NN1>Literacy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Promotion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Languages<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="299"><w NP0>Wade<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>figure<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w CRD>1983 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w VVG>coming <w ORD>second <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abdou <w NP0-NN1>Diouf <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>occasions<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w VVG>Explaining <w DPS>their <w NN2>resignations <w PRP>in terms of <w AT0>the <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>recover <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DPS>their<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>freedom<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wade <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NP0>PDS <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>excluded <w PRP>from <w NN1>government <w NN1>action <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w NN1>party <w PRP>to <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>trivial<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w PNP>He <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>challenging <w NN1>Diouf <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="302"><w AT0>The <w NN2>resignations <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1-VVG>serving <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NP0>Famara <w NP0>Ibrahima <w NP0>Sagna<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>added <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Integration <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>as <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00G>
<s n="303"><w VVB-NN1>Rebel <w NN1-VVB>attack
</caption>
<p>
<s n="304"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>31 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>group <w VVG-NN1>numbering <w AV0>about <w CRD>20 <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>village <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cap <w VVG>Skirring <w NN1>tourist <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CRD>600 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w AT0>The <w NN2>assailants <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Casamance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w AT0>The <w NN2>victims <w VBD>were <w AV0>mainly <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w VVD>included <w DT0>several <w NN2>children<c PUN>; <w CRD>three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>September <w VVB-NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w NP0>MFDC <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39084<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="308"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="309"><w NP0>MALI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="310"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="311"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Alpha <w NP0>Oumar <w NP0>Konare <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PRP>to <w AJ0>given <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>peace <w NN1>pact <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN2>rebels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38853<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w NP0-NN1>Konare <w VVD>estimated <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w VVG>integrating <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>army <w PRP>at <w CRD>600 <w CRD>million <w NN2>francs <w NP0>CFA <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w AT0>The <w NP0>September <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN2>organizations <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Azaouad <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Brahim <w NP0-NN1>Lidmi <w VBD>was <w VVN>noted<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="314"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="315"><w NP0>CHAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="316"><w NN1>Government <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Peace <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NN2>rebels
</head>
<p>
<s n="317"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Yodemane <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohiaddine <w NP0>Salah <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Safi <w NP0-NN1>Abdelkader<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>Public <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w VVB>Beade <w NP0>Toira <w NP0>J&eacute;r&eacute;mie <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mahamat <w NP0>Habib <w NP0>Doutoum<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>, <w NN2>Mines <w CJC>and <w NN1>Water <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="320"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Mahamat <w NP0>Garfa<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDHT<c PUR>) <w CJT>that <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>massacred <w CRD>150 <w NN0>people <w PRP>at <w NP0>Doba <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="321"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>signature <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN2>movements<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDD <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38952<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Revival <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w NN1>Peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSNPD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Radiodiffusion <w UNC>Nationale <w NP0>Tchadienne <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ndjam&eacute;na<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w AV0>just <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>Chadian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNT<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00H>
<s n="323"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>conference <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Strikes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="324"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>French <w NN2>journalists <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Franco-African <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libreville<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gabon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39134<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Idriss <w NP0>D&eacute;by <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>promised <w AJ0-NN1>Sovereign <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Conference <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w VM0>would <w VVI>start <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="325"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chadian <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions <c PUL>(<w NP0>UST<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-month <w NN1>strike <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>service <w NN2>employees <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w VVG>protesting <w AVP-PRP>over <w AT0>an <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w NN1-VVB>increase <w CJC>and <w NN1>non-payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>UST <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w VVD-VVN>claimed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="327"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="328"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="329"><w AJ0>Renewed <w NN1>fighting
</head>
<p>
<s n="330"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Sudan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>) <w VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w NP0>Juba <w PRP>during <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w PRP>around <w NP0>Malakal<c PUN>, <w CRD>500 <w NN0>km <w AV0>further <w NN1>north<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w CJS>after <w NN2>rebels <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malakal<c PUN>, <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w AV0>again <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="332"><w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>al-Bashir<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NN1>Radio <w NN1-NP0>Omdurman <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="333"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w NN1>government <w NN2>spokesmen <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>controlled <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w VVG>asserting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>split <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Garang<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN2>desertions <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Garang'sDinka <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="335"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN2>bishops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w DT0>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Juba <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>burning <w NN2>homes<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AJ0>suspected <w NP0>SPLA <w NN2>sympathizers<c PUN>, <w VVG>mining <w NN2>roads <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w CJC>and <w VVG>using <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>as <w AJ0>human <w NN2>shields<c PUN>.
<s n="336"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w AJ0-VVD>alleged <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Juba <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="337"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>group <w NP0>Africa <w NN1>Watch <w VBD>was <w VVN>cited <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>eradicate <w NP0>Sudan<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NP0>Nuba <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w AJ0>African <w NN1>community <w NN1>dwelling <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab-dominated <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w AV0>also <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA<w POS>'s <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights <w PRP>into <w NP0>Juba<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>halted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>fire <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38993 <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>airlift<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="339"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>investigating <w NN1>team <w VHD>had <w VVN>flown <w PRP>into <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Sudan <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nairobi <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1-AJ0>official <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Norwegian <w NN1>journalist<c PUN>; <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NP0>UN <w NN0>staff <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>missing<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>suspending <w DPS>its <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="341"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="342"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="343"><w AJ0>Worsening <w NN1>famine <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Ogaden
</head>
<p>
<s n="344"><w NN1>Relief <w NN2>agencies <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>200 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>dying <w PRF>of <w NN1>starvation <w DT0>each <w NN1>week <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ogaden <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remote <w NN1>south-east<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN2>reports <w PRP>from <w NP0>mid-October<c PUN>; <w NN1>malnutrition <w VHD>had <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>increased<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>rate <w VVG>rising <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w PRP>per <w CRD>10,000 <w AJ0-AV0>daily <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NN1>aid <w NN2>workers <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>worsening <w NN1>situation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39042<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00J>
<s n="345"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>reforms <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="346"><w NP0>Ethiopia<w POS>'s <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>birr<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>by <w CRD>58.6 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=4.9398 <w NN1>birr<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ethiopia <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-VVD>raised <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w VVD-VVN>raised <w NN1>government <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w NP0>Emperor <w NP0>Haile <w NP0>Selassie <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>110 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="348"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>arrangement <w VVG>authorizing <w NN2>loans <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>SDR49,420,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;70,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Ethiopia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>medium-term <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w PRP>Up to <w UNC>SDR14,120,000 <c PUL>(<w NN0>&dollar;20,000,000 <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992/93<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00K>
<s n="350"><w NN1>Opposition <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Eritrean <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="351"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>Eritrean <w NN2>groupings <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Eritrean <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPLF<c PUR>) <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asmara <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>formed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Eritrean <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Pact <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>ENPA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>dictatorship<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="352"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Eritrean <w NN1>Liberation <w AJ0>Front-Central <w NN1>Command <c PUL>(<w NN0>ELF-CC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Eritrean <w NN1>Liberation <w AJ0>Front-Unified <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w UNC>ELF-UO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Eritrean <w NN1>Liberation <w AJ0>Front-Revolutionary <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>ELF-RC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Eritrean <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>EDLM<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jeddah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="353"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="354"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="355"><w NN2>Obstacles <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN2>efforts
</head>
<p>
<s n="356"><w AT0>The <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>Pakistani <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>port <w PRP>from <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39085 <w PRP>for <w NP0>mid-September <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w NN1>group<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN2>gunmen <w VVG>fighting <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w VVN-VVD>intended <w PRP>for <w NN1>famine <w NN2>victims<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w PRP>up to <w DT0>some <w CRD>4,200<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="358"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest <w NN1>faction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NN1>SNA<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>object <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w NP0>UN <w NN1>presence<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>undermine <w AJ0>Somali <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="359"><w AT0>A <w NN1-AJ0>Canadian <w CRD>C-130 <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>during <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>port <w CJC>and <w NN1>airport <w PRP>between <w NP0>Aydid<w POS>'s <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>loyalists <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>repeated <w NN2>clashes <w CJC>and <w AJC>further <w NN2>disruptions <w PRP>to <w NN1>port <w CJC>and <w NN1>airport <w NN1>traffic <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00L>
<s n="361"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP-AVP>over <w NP0>Bardera <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Worsening <w NN1>plight <w PRF>of <w NN1>famine <w NN2>victims
</caption>
<p>
<s n="362"><w NN2>Fighters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNF<c PUR>) <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0>Hersi <w NP0>Morgan <c PUL>(<w NN1>son-in-law <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deposed <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Siyad <w NP0>Barre<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>overran <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bardera<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>, <w CRD>300 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>.
<s n="363"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w VVB>Imtiaz <w NP0-NN1>Shaheen<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>flown <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bardera <w TO0>to <w VVI>evacuate <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>relief <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>providing <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>care <w TO0>to <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>200,000 <w NN1>famine <w NN2>victims<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="365"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w CRD>250 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>hunger <w AV0>daily <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bardera <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers <w VVD-VVN>left<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>Television <w NN1>Network <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Aydid <w NN1>faction <w VHD>had <w VVN>recaptured <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intercommunal <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>port <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kismayu<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hungry <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>fleeing <w AV0>northwards<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00M>
<s n="368"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Envoy <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="369"><w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Sahnoun<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>rebuked <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>for <w VVG>criticising <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w NN1-NP0>Shaheen <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pending <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Sahnoun<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="372"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Mary <w NP0>Robinson <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Somalia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>emotional <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-VVG>offending <w NN1>justice<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG>acting <w AV0>slowly <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w PNP>She <w AV0>again <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="374"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="375"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="376"><w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament
</head>
<p>
<s n="377"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Daniel <w VVB-NN1>arap <w UNC>Moi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>dissolved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>term <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>prelude <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="378"><w PNP>He <w VVD>set <w AT0>no <w NN1>date<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0-VVN>required <w NN2>elections <w PRP>within <w CRD>90 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>specified <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AV0>at least <w CRD>six <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w NN1>polling<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="379"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w UNC>Moi <w VBD>was <w VVG>hoping <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39085<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w DT0>These <w NN2>divisions <w VBD>were <w VVN>formalized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1-NP0>FORD <w NN2>factions <w VVN-VVD>registered <w PRP>as <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w AT0>The <w NN1>faction <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oginga <w NP0>Odinga <w VBD>was <w VVN>registered <w PRP>as <w NP0>FORD-Kenya <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Matiba <w NN1>faction <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NN1>FORD-Asili<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00N>
<s n="382"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="383"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w NN1>President <w UNC>Moi <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Ojwanga <w NP0-NN1>K'Ombudo <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Development <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Mathews <w NP0>Onyango <w NP0>Midika<c PUN>.
<s n="384"><w AT0>No <w NN1>explanation <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w NP0>James <w NP0>Njiru <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Services<c PUN>; <w UNC>Moi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>dismissal <w VBD>was <w VVN>necessitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w NP0-NN1>Njiru <w VHD>had <w AV0>apparently <w VBN>been <w AJ0>relieved <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Kenya <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>African <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>KANU<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="387"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="388"><w NP0>UGANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="389"><w VVB-NN1>State <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India
</head>
<p>
<s n="390"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Yoweri <w NP0-NN1>Museveni <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-day <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>in <w CRD>11 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="391"><w VVG>Seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VVD>asked <w NN1>forgiveness <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>Ugandans <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>origin <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>excesses <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>dictator <w NP0>Idi <w NP0>Amin<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>welcome <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>80,000 <w NN2>Ugandans <w NN2>Asians <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972 <w VBD>were <w VVN>forced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Amin <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>25469-70<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>recover <w DPS>their <w NN1>property <w CJC>or <w VVB>seek <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>losses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="393"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>committee <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w NP0>Uganda<w POS>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;60,000,000 <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>research<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00P>
<s n="395"><w NN1>Demobilization <w PRF>of <w NN1>army
</caption>
<p>
<s n="396"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>delayed <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>cost <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38953<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dusk-to-dawn <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>lone <w AJ0>armed <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>defence <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="398"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="399"><w NP0>RWANDA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="400"><w AJ0>Partial <w AJ0-NN1>power-sharing <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="401"><w AT0>A <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0-NN1>Rwandan <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPR<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6-29 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arusha<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tanzania<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>share <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w VVB>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>two-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>protocol <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="403"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FPR <w AV0>initially <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>council <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>college <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w NN2>presidents<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>argued <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>power <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN2>prerogatives <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>surrender <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="407"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN2>concessions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>protocol <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Juv&eacute;nal <w NP0>Habyarimana <w VM0>would <w VVI>share <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>power <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPR<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w AV0>also <w VVD>undertook <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="409"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arusha <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="410"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="411"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="412"><w NN1-VVB>Promise <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum
</head>
<p>
<s n="413"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>move <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w NN2>Malawians <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the <w AJ0>one-party <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w AT0>No <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="415"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>reflect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Banda <w PNQ>who <w VVD>remained <w AV0>steadfastly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w NN1-VVB>change<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>calling <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VVI>expose <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>lies<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>spread <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>dissidents<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>politics<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVB>give<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN0>people <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>party<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>convention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Malawi <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MCP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AV0>unanimously <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>plural <w NN1>system<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00R>
<s n="418"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Orton <w NP0>Chirwa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="419"><w NP0>Orton <w NP0>Chirwa<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malawi<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>from <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>causes<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tortured <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w NN1-AJ0>ill-treatment <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="420"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>black <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chirwa <w VBD>was <w AJ0>active <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w NN1>struggle <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MCP<c PUN>.
<s n="421"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>by <w NP0>Banda <w PRP>in <w CRD>1964<c PUN>.
<s n="422"><w PRP>In <w NN1>exile <w PNP>he <w VVD>established <w CJC>and <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w NP0>Malawi <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Mafremo<c PUR>) <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1981 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w NP0>Vera <w UNC>&lt;Vera <w UNC>Chirwa&gt; <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>kidnapped <w PRP>from <w NP0>Zambia <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Malawian <w NN2>agents<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>treason <w CJC>and <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVG>following <w AJ0>international <w NN1>condemnation <w AT0>the <w NN2>sentences <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <w VVD>commuted <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33018<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00S>
<s n="424"><w NN1-NP0>Chihana <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="425"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN1>sedition <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>campaigner <w NP0>Chakufwa <w NP0>Chihana <w VBD>were <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39086<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w AJ0>concerned <w NN2>acts <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>incite <w NN0>people <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>until <w NP0>November<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00T>
<s n="428"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>group
</caption>
<p>
<s n="429"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-October <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MCP <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="430"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="431"><w NP0>SWAZILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="432"><w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament
</head>
<p>
<s n="433"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Mswati <w CRD>III <w VVD>dissolved <w AT0>the <w NP0>Libandla <c PUL>(<w NN1>Parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>rule <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>powers<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>converted <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>government <w CJS>while <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>drafted <w CJC>and <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="434"><w AT0>The <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w VVD>followed <w DPS>his <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>commission <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w CRD>Vusela-2<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered <w NN2>views <w PRP>from <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Mahlalengangeni <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38517<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w PRP>Among <w DPS>its <w NN2>recommendations <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>discarding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w AVQ>whereby <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Libandla <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>secret <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>80-member <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w AT0>The <w NN1>King <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w PRP>by <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>ballot<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>candidates <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>chiefs <w CJC>and <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0>tribal <w NN2>communities <c PUL>(<w NN1>tinkundla<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>proposals <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>Vusela-2 <w NN1>report <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>expansion <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w VVG>increasing <w PRP>from <w CRD>40 <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>elective <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>from <w CRD>10 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="438"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>practice <w AVQ>whereby <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>10 <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w DT0>each <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>education <w PRP>about <w AJ0>constitutional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w AT0>The <w NN1>King <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>despatch <w AT0>a <w NN1>delegation <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AT0>the <w CRD>Vusela-2 <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>implications<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="441"><w NN2>Mswati <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>specify <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>decide <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>incorporation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>Vusela-2 <w NN2>recommendations <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w AV0>neither <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="442"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="443"><w NP0>COMOROS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="444"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>rebellion
</head>
<p>
<s n="445"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Djohar <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AV0>at least <w CRD>22 <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>between <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="446"><w AT0>The <w NN2>clashes <w VVD>began <w CJS>when <w DT0>some <w CRD>100 <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Comorian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>FCD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Lava<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AJ0>assassinated <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Abdallah<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>, <w VVD>forced <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Kandani <w AJ0>military <w NN1>camp <w CRD>5 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Moroni<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w PNP>They <w VVD>failed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39086<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Abdallah<w POS>'s <w NN2>sons<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Cheikh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Abderamane <w UNC>&lt;Cheikh <w NP0>Abdallah <w NP0>Abderamane <w UNC>Abdallah&gt;<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w AT0>The <w NN2>rebels <w AV0>then <w VVD>established <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>camp <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Moroni<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Djohar <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Azali <w NP0>Assoumani<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FCD<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="449"><w AT0>The <w NN1>camp <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>surrounded <w PRP>by <w NN2>troops <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Djohar<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>fighting <w VVD-VVN>ensued<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Hamahamet <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Mbeni <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Njazidja <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Grande <w NP0>Comore<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DT0>another <w AJ0>main <w NN1>island<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nzwani <c PUL>(<w NP0>Anjouan<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w NN2>Moroni<c PUN>, <w VVN>situated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Njazidja<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>clashes <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="452"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unclear <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w AJ0>French <w NN1>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VHD>had <w VVN>opted <w PRP>for <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>warfare<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>abandoned <w DPS>his <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39086<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reschedule <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w AV0>still <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>postponement<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="454"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="455"><w NP0>FRANCE-AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="456"><w AJ0>Franco-African <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="457"><w AT0>The <w ORD>17th <w AJ0>Franco-African <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libreville<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gabon<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5-7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>16th <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>La <w NP0>Baule<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37524<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="458"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>13 <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w NN1>number <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980 <w AJ0>Nice <w NN1>conference <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>31331<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w NN1>Ill-health <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>attendance <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>Presidents <w VVD>Said <w NP0>Mohammed <w NN1-NP0>Djohar <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Comoros <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hassan <w AJ0-VVD>Gouled <w NN1-NP0>Aptidon <w PRF>of <w NP0>Djibouti <w VVD>cited <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>instability <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>absence<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>notable <w NN2>absentees <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>Presidents <w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1>Seko <w PRF>of <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w NP0-NN1>Eyadema <w PRF>of <w NP0>Togo <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0-NN1>Kolingba <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cameroon<w POS>'s <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Biya<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVG>conducting <w NN1>election <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="461"><w DT0>Much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>debt <w NN1>relief <w NN1>fund <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>middle-income <w AJ0>African <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NP0>Cameroon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Congo<c PUN>, <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gabon<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>convert <w CJC>and <w VVI>cancel <w PRP>up to <w UNC>F4,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;840 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NN2>debts <w VVN-VVD>owed <w PRP>to <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w PRP>in favour of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>development <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DT0>more <w NN1-AJ0>understanding <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w VVG>urging <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>relax <w NN2>conditions <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>new <w NN1>lending <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>relief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="464"><w DT0>This <w NN1>sentiment <w VBD>was <w VVN>echoed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w DTQ>which <w VVD>asked <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>take <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVB>account <w AT0>the <w AJ0>particular <w NN2>circumstances <w AJ0-VVG>prevailing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w NN1>debt <w NN1>burden<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="465"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="466"><w NP0>GABON
</head>
<p>
<s n="467"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>Nigerians<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>either <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>immigrants <w CJC>or <w NN2>Nigerians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>volunteered <w TO0>to <w VVI>return<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>repatriated <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October<c PUN>, <w VVG>prompting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>protest <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>mistreated<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Gabonese <w NN1>Progress <w NN1>Party <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="468"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="469"><w NP0-NN1>GUINEA
</head>
<p>
<s n="470"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Rally <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Guinean <w NN0>People<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Guinean <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN1>Progress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Republic <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w NN1>Struggle <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>Government<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>front <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>beforehand<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="471"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="472"><w NP0>MADAGASCAR
</head>
<p>
<s n="473"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Guy <w NP0-NN1>Razanamasy <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Development <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="474"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="475"><w NP0>TANZANIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="476"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Mwinyi <w VVD>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Amran <w NP0>Mayagila <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Philemon <w NP0-NN1>Sarungi<c PUN>; <w NP0>Mayagila<w POS>'s <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN0>Livestock <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN2>Co-operatives <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jackson <w NP0>Makweta<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Sarungi<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="477"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="478"><w NP0>ZAMBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="479"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Kebby <w NP0-NN1>Musokotwane<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNIP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>party <w NN1>president <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w VVG>succeeding <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Kaunda <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>; <w NN2>others <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w NN1>party <w NN2>posts <w VVD>included <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Luvunga <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>vice-president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Malimba <w NP0>Masheke <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Benjamin <w NP0-NN1>Mibenge <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="480"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="481"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="482"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<caption>
<s n="483"><w AJ0-VVG>Closing <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="484"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w VVD>drew <w PRP>towards <w DPS>its <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w VVB-NN1>climax <w PRP>amidst <w AJ0>intensive <w NN1-VVG>campaigning <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w NN1>nominee <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>rival <w CJC>and <w AJ0>incumbent <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>enjoy <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consistent <w NN1>lead <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NN1>gap <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>closed <w AV0>sufficiently <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>causing <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>alarm <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>camp<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00U>
<s n="486"><w NN1>Declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>by <w NP0>Perot
</caption>
<p>
<s n="487"><w NN1>Texan <w NN1>billionaire <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>undeclared <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>race <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>withdrawn <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38997-98<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w VVG>Claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AV0>seriously <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1-VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>re-entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>race <w AV0>in order<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DPS>our <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>house <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w NN1>order<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w AJ0-NN1>running <w NN1>mate <w VBD>was <w NP0>James <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Stockdale<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>retired <w NN1>admiral <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w AJ0>political <w NN1>experience<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="490"><w NP0>Stockdale <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Navy <w NN1>pilot <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w CRD>1965 <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN1>prisoner <w PRP>for <w CRD>2,714 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VVD>suffered <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>maltreatment <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>torture<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>retired <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Navy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stockdale <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>research <w NN1>fellow <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Hoover <w NN1>Institute <w PRP>at <w NP0>Stanford <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w NP0>California<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00V>
<s n="492"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>debates <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Bush <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>character
</caption>
<p>
<s n="493"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>tradition <w PRF>of <w VVG>holding <w AJ0>televised <w NN2>debates <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>was <w VVN>maintained <w PRP>despite <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>indications <w CJT>that <w VVZ>disputes <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>format <w CJC>and <w NN1>procedure <w VM0>might <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>abandonment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>practice<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>debates <w VVG>involving <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w NP0>Perot <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>debate <w PRP>between <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="495"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>context <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>debates <w VBD>was <w VVN>created <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>character <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="496"><w AV0>Once again <w VVG>raising <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>avoidance <w PRF>of <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>denounced <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AJ0>anti-war <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJS>while <w VVG>residing <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>student <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>questioned <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>holiday <w PRP>in <w CRD>1969 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>implicit <w NN1>linking <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>issues <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>patriotism <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>yet <w VVN>mounted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Clinton <w NN1>team <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pathetic <w NN1>ploy <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>politician<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>charge <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVG>engaging <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NP0>McCarthyism <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN1>search <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>passport <w NN1>file <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>archives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>embassies <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oslo <w PRP>for <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>misconduct <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="499"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Clayton<c PUN>, <w NP0>Missouri<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVN>out-shone <w PRP>by <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>opinion <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w NN2>commentators <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>winner <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w VBD>was <w NP0>Perot <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>performance <w VBD>was <w VVN>characterized <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>approach <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AV0>engagingly <w AJ0>comic <w NN1>eccentricity<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Atlanta<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle <w AV0>ferociously <w VVD>attacked <w NP0>Clinton <w CJS>while <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Gore <w VVD>concentrated <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Stockdale <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>uncomfortable <w CJC>and <w AV0>poorly <w VVN>briefed<c PUN>.
<s n="501"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Richmond<c PUN>, <w NP0>Virginia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w AV0>again <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>student <w NN2>activities <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>sharply <w VVN>rebuked <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>opponent <w PNQ>who <w VVD>recalled <w AVQ>how <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>father <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ardent <w NN1>opponent <w PRF>of <w NP0>McCarthyism<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>East <w NP0>Lansing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michigan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>attacked <w NP0>Clinton <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AJ0>untrustworthy <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVN>assailed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Perot <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w PRP>prior to <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="503"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Perot <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>candidate <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN2>debates <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN1>rating <w CJS>than <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>entered <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>perception <w CJT>that <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w AV0>clearly <w VVN>outperformed <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w VVG>appearing <w AJ0>assured <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impressive <w NN1>array <w PRF>of <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>policy <w NN1>information<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>appeared <w AJC>keener <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>in <w NN1>innuendo <w CJC>and <w NN1>generality<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00W>
<s n="504"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1-VVB>smear <w NN2>tactics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="505"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN2>debates <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>back <w PRP>from <w AJC>further <w NN1>character <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w DTQ>which <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w AV0>privately <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>inevitability <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>defeat <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w AT0>a <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>dignity<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w DT0>This <w NN1>perception <w VBD>was <w VVN>heightened <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>focus <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>closing <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>mid-west<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>swing <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>those <w NN2>states <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w DPS>his <w NN1>hold <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>shore <w AVP>up <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>Republican <w VVZ-NN2>states <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Florida<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>pattern <w PRF>of <w NN1>behaviour <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>indicative <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w VBG>being <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>landslide<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="507"><w PRP>With <w NP0>Clinton <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>Republican <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Perot <w VVD>eschewed <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>in <w NN1>person <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>buying <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>amounts <w PRF>of <w NN1>television <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AJ0>lengthy<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>info-commercials<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>inform <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w NN1>analysis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties<c PUN>.
<s n="508"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Jersey<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w PNP>He <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>occasion <w TO0>to <w VVI>inform <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>public <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>Republican <w AJ0>dirty <w NN2>tricks <w VVB-NN1>campaign <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>smear <w DPS>his <w NN1>daughter <w PRP>through <w AJ0>manufactured <w NN2>photographs <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>disrupt <w DPS>her <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>wedding<c PUN>.
<s n="510"><w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>spokesman <w NP0>Marlin <w NP0>Fitzwater <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PRP>without <w NN1>foundation <w CJC>and <w VVD>denounced <w NP0>Perot <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>paranoid <w NN1>person <w PNQ>who <w VHZ>has <w NN2>delusions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00X>
<s n="511"><w AJ0>Fresh <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN2>allegations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="512"><w NN1>Evidence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Perot<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidacy <w VBD>was <w VVG>growing <w PRP>in <w NN1>popularity <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>hints <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>Clinton <w VVZ-NN2>camps <w CJT>that <w NP0>Perot <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>combined <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w NP0>Perot <w VVG-NN1>cutting <w PRP>into <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VBD>was <w VVG>showing <w DT0>some <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w NN1>improvement <w VVD>rejuvenated <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w CJC>and <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w TO0>to <w VVI>concede <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>much <w AJC>closer <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VBN>been <w VVN>thought <w AJ0-AV0>likely<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>camp <w VBD>was <w VVN>shaken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>revelations <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="515"><w AJ0>Grand <w NN1>jury <w NN2>documents <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Caspar <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger <w VVD>showed <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NP0>Reagan <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>in favour of <w AV0>secretly <w VVG>selling <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>hostages <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AJ0>pro-Iranian <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>contradicted <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>loop<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>operation <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w VVI>discover <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unaware <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>quid pro quo <w NN1>element <w PRP>in regard to <w AT0>the <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="517"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>revelation <w TO0>to <w VVI>accuse <w NN1-NP0>Bush <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>lied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>public <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>diminished <w AT0>the <w NN1>credibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>emphasized <w AV0>heavily <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>trust <w CJC>and <w NN1>character<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w AJS>latest <w NN1>revelation <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>damaging <w PRP>to <w PNP>him<c PUN>; <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>poll <w NN1>evidence <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VBD>was <w AV0>once again <w VVG>opening <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>lead<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLRCA00Y>
<s n="519"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Iraqgate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="520"><w PRP>After <w DT0>several <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>pressure <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Iraqgate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>affair <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>allegation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>covertly <w VVN>supplied <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>conceal <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>burst <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>open <w PRP>during <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="521"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conduit <w PRP>through <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;5,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>loans <w VBD>was <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NP0>Atlanta <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>majority <w AJ0>state-owned <w NP0-NN1>Banca <w UNC>Nazionale <w UNC>del <w NP0>Lavoro <c PUL>(<w NP0>BNL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="522"><w AT0>The <w NN1>branch <w NN1>manager<c PUN>, <w NP0>Christopher <w NP0>Drogoul<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>indicted <w CJC>and <w VVD>pleaded <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>to <w CRD>60 <w NN2>counts <w PRF>of <w VVG>defrauding <w NP0>BNL<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w AV0>neither <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>nor <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w AJ0-AV0>prior <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
<s n="523"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-week <w AJ0-NN1>sentencing <w NN1-VVG>hearing <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Judge <w NP0>Marvin <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Shoob<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>District <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NP0>Atlanta<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>believe <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Drogoul <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>orchestrator <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>loans<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>alluded <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>CIA<c PUR>) <w NN2>documents <w DTQ>which <w VVD>proved<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>definitely<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Drogoul <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w NP0>BNL<w POS>'s <w AJ0>head <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="524"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN2>comments <w VVB>Shoob <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>to <w NN2>requests <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w CJC>and <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>conclusions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w PRP>Before <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outspoken <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution<w POS>'s <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>let <w NP0-NN1>Drogoul <w VVI>change <w DPS>his <w NN1>plea <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>innocent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shoob <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN2>decisions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Department<c PUN>, <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Department <w CJC>and <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>community <w TO0>to <w VVI>shape <w DT0>this <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>information <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>withheld <w PRP>from <w AJ0>local <w NN2>prosecutors <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Drogoul<w POS>'s <w NN1>trial <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <c PUL>(<w AJ0>independent <w NN1>counsel<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="528"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>William <w NP0>Barr<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39044<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shoob <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <w AJ0-VVN>raised <w NN2>concerns<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>impartiality <w PRP>in <w VVG>handling <w DT0>this <w NN1>case<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="529"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rare <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>details<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>CIA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>accurate <w NN1>information <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>prosecutors<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agency <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>stated <w AV0>as <w AV0>recently <w CJS>as <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>unreleased <w NP0>BNL <w NN1>material<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>since <w VVN>discovered <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>transmissions <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CIA<w POS>'s <w NP0>Rome <w NN1>station <w DTQ>which <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rome <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w NP0>BNL <w VHD>had <w VVN>authorized <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agency <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w AJ0>new <w NN1>evidence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w AJ0>prosecuting <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DT0>this <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>prosecutors<w POS>' <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>plea <w NN1-VVB>bargain <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Drogoul<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>allowing <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w DPS>his <w NN1>plea <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>innocent<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w NP0>CIA <w NN1>Director <w NP0>Robert <w NN1>M. <w NN2>Gates <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>inquiry <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>launched <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="533"><w AT0>The <w NN1>revelation <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>closed <w NN2>sessions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w AJ0>select <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NN1>intelligence<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NN1>Democrat <w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Boren<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN2>hearings<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CIA <w AV0>apparently <w VVD>admitted <w VHG>having <w VVN>concealed <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0>Shoob<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>pressurized <w PRP>into <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>hearings<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Boren <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w NP0>William <w NP0>Barr <w VVD>obliged <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Bureau <w PRF>of <w NN1>Investigation <c PUL>(<w NP0>FBI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>William <w NN2>Sessions<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>embarking <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>misconduct <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>FBI <w VBD>was <w AV0>institutionally <w AT0>a <w NN1>part<c PUR>) <w PRP>with regard to <w AT0>the <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w NP0>CIA <w VVZ-NN2>reports<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w AJC>further <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>investigating <w NN2>Sessions <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w NN0>ethics <w NN2>rules<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>against <w NN2>Sessions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>originated <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anonymous <w NN1>letter<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>denounced <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w AV0>politically <w VVN>inspired <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>intimidate <w AT0>the <w NP0>FBI <w CJC>and <w VVB>discredit <w DPS>its <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="539"><w DT0>These <w NN2>developments <w VVD>reinforced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>pressure <w VBG>being <w VVN>exerted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>Democrats <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>judiciary <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>majority <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NP0>Barr <w VVB>reconsider <w DPS>his <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>demand <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>endorsed <w AV0>fully <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Boren<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><w NP0>Barr <w VVD>responded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>retired <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>judge <w NP0>Frederick <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Lacey<c PUN>, <w CRD>72<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>report <w AVP>back <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>30-day <w NN1>period <w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Barr <w VBD>was <w AV0>legally <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>reply <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="542"><w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Barr <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w NP0>Lacey<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>circumventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>selection <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>fully <w VVN-VVD>empowered <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>stall <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>BNL <w NN1>affair <w AV0>at least <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="543"><w PRP>By <w VVG>using <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>regulation <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>counsel <w NN1>statute <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>required <w AT0>a <w NN1>panel <w PRF>of <w NN2>judges <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointee<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Barr <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>ensured <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>alone <w VM0>could <w VVI>choose <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigator<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA010></p>
<caption id=HLRCA010>
<s n="544"><w NN1>Adjournment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="545"><w AT0>The <w ORD>102nd <w NN1>Congress <w VVN>adjourned <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUR>) <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>rancour <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>partisan <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>some <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>were <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>final <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>appropriations <w NN2>bills<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Republican <w VVG-NN1>filibustering<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>majority <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVI>succeed <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>overturning <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>many <w NN2>measures <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w VBB>are <w VVN>outlined <w AV0>below<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA011></p>
<caption id=HLRCA011>
<s n="549"><w NN1-VVB>Cable <w NN1>Television <w NN1-NP0>Bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="550"><w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>sequence <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN2>vetoes<c PUN>, <w AV0>all <w VVN>upheld <w PRP>in <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-regulate <w AT0>the <w NN1>cable <w NN1>television <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN2>charges <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>at <w AV0>twice <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>since <w NN1>deregulation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>74 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRP>by <w CRD>308 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>114 <w TO0>to <w VVI>overturn <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA012></p>
<caption id=HLRCA012>
<s n="552"><w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>crime <w NN2>bills
</caption>
<p>
<s n="553"><w AJ0>Major <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w NN1>crime <w NN2>bills <w VBD>were <w VVN>dropped <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>determined <w NN1>Republican <w NN1-VVB>filibuster <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crime <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w AV0>largely <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>enact <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-day <w NN1-AJ0>waiting <w NN1>period <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w NN2>handguns<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>education <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>upgrading <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>schools<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w NN2>Republicans <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w AT0>an <w NN1>administration <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>government <w NN2>vouchers <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NN2>parents <w PRP>in <w VVG>sending <w DPS>their <w NN2>children <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w NN2>schools<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w AV0>Also<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VVD-VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG>opposing <w DT0>both <w NN2>bills<c PUN>, <w NN2>Republicans <w PRP>in <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>were <w AJ0>anxious <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>embarrassment <w PRF>of <w VVG>vetoing <w PNP>them <w AV0>just <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>consequence <w NP0-NN1>Bush<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>once <w VVD-VVN>described <w PNX>himself <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>education <w NN1>president<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>ended <w DPS>his <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>without <w VHG>having <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w PNP>US <w NN2>schools<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA013></p>
<caption id=HLRCA013>
<s n="557"><w NN1-VVB>Tax <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid <w NN1>bill
</caption>
<p>
<s n="558"><w NN1>Congress <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <c PUL>(<w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-hour <w NN1-VVB>filibuster <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN0>&dollar;27,000 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w CJS>While <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>aim <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>urban <w CJC>and <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>zones<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD-VVN>included <w DT0>some <w CRD>three <w CRD>dozen <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>tax <w NN2>increases <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>likely <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VM0>would <w VVI>veto <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w AV0>either <w AV0>directly<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP-AVP>through <w AV0>simply <w VVG-AJ0>declining <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>procedure <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>pocket <w NN1>veto<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA014></p>
<caption id=HLRCA014>
<s n="560"><w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN1>water <w NN2>bills
</caption>
<p>
<s n="561"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>energy <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>promoted <w AT0>the <w VVG>phasing <w AVP>in <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>fuels<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>streamlining <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>licensing <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN2>plants<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>encouragement <w PRF>of <w NN1>energy <w NN1>conservation<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>major <w NN1>overhaul <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>energy <w NN1>policy <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970s<c PUN>.
<s n="563"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w NN1>water <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w DTQ>which <w VVD>covered <w AJ0>water-related <w NN2>projects <w PRP>in <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>western <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="564"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="565"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="566"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Michoac&aacute;n <w NN1>governor
</head>
<p>
<s n="567"><w NP0>Eduardo <w NN1-NP0>Villase&ntilde;or <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Institutional <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>Michoac&aacute;n <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39089<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>asked <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>one-year <w NN1>leave <w PRF>of <w NN1>absence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN2>words <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>meaning <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w DT0>another <w NP0>PRI <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ausencio <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="569"><w NP0-NN1>Michoac&aacute;n <w VHD>had <w VVN>witnessed <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w NN2>protests <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Revolution <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRI <w VHD>had <w VVN>cheated <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>July <w CRD>12 <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39000-01<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PRD <w VVD>greeted <w NP0>Villase&ntilde;or<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>instance <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Gortari <w VBG>being <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unpopular <w NP0>PRI <w NN1>governor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>cases <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38385<c PUN>; <w CRD>38524<c PUN>; <w CRD>38716<c PUN>; <w CRD>38905<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Porfirio <w NP0>Mu&ntilde;oz <w NP0>Ledo<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>number <w CRD>two<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRD<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Guti&eacute;rrez <w UNC>Barrios<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>Michoac&aacute;n<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="572"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="573"><w NP0>CARIBBEAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="574"><w VVB>CARICOM <w AJ0>special <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="575"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>CARICOM<c PUR>) <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Trinidad<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28-30<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommend <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>governments <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>tariff <w NN1>structure <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>healing <w AJ0>deep <w NN2>rifts <w PRP>among <w NP0>CARICOM<w POS>'s <w CRD>13 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>tariff <w NN2>levels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w NP0-NN1>CARICOM <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39003<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>external <w NN1>tariff <c PUL>(<w NP0>CET<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>between <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>45 <w PRP>to <w CRD>30-35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>CET <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>further <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>25-30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>, <w VVG>falling <w PRP>to <w CRD>20-25 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w AV0>more <w AJ0>substantial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="579"><w AT0>The <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Antigua <w CJC>and <w NP0>Barbuda<c PUN>, <w NP0>St <w NP0>Kitts-Nevis <w CJC>and <w NP0>St <w NP0>Lucia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CET<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA015></p>
<caption id=HLRCA015>
<s n="580"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Venezuela
</caption>
<p>
<s n="581"><w VVB>CARICOM <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>allowing <w CRD>1,300 <w NN2>products <w AJ0-AV0>duty-free <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w NP0>Venezuela <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w NN1-NP0>CARICOM <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>graduated <w NN1>scale<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w VBG>being <w AJ0>exempt <w PRP>from <w NN1>import <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995 <w CJC>and <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w PRP>In <w NN1>return<c PUN>, <w NP0>Venezuela <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>most <w AJ0>favoured <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>status <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN2>exports <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CARICOM <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>1996<c PUN>, <w AJ0>reciprocal <w AJ0>duty-free <w NN1>access <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38336<c PUN>; <w CRD>39003<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="584"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="585"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="586"><w NN1>Tightening <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo
</head>
<p>
<s n="587"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AV0>widely <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>Torricelli <w NN1>Law<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>its <w NN1>sponsor<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>J. <w NP0-NN1>Torricelli<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="588"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39090<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>subsidiaries <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>companies <w VVN>based <w AV0>anywhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w TO0>to <w VVI>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>closed <w NP0>US <w NN2>ports <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1>ship <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="589"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>declared <w NP0>US <w NN1>objective <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>accelerate <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>by <w VVG>forcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Castro <w NP0>Ruz <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>calculated <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>popular <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban-American <w NN1>electorate<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>to <w NN1>number <w CRD>700,000<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Free <w NP0>Cuba <w AJ0>political <w NN1>action <w NN1>committee <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jorge <w AJ0>Mas <w NP0-NN1>Canosa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>anti-Castro <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Foundation <c PUL>(<w NP0>CANF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>donated <w UNC>US&dollar;17,000 <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Torricelli <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reported <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;500,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>other <w NP0>US <w NN2>politicians <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="592"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>30-year <w NP0>US <w NN1>embargo<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>potential <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w AJ0>grave <w NN1>damage <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transatlantic <w NN1>relationship<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>accept <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>unilaterally <w VVZ>determines <w CJC>and <w VVZ>restricts <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>nation <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>designated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>peace <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>order<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN2>governments<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>encouraged <w AJ0-VVN>incorporated <w NP0>US <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>exploit <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>market <w NN2>opportunities <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w DT0>all <w AJ0>future <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w AT0>The <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chile <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w DPS>their <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>disapproval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA016></p>
<caption id=HLRCA016>
<s n="595"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="596"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Power <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANPP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VVD>established <w NN2>mechanisms <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>assemblies<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0>direct <w CJC>and <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>vote<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="597"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVD>lowered <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w NN1>age <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-VVD>elected <w NN2>officials <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w VM0>must <w VVI>deliver <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>reports <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39000<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA017></p>
<caption id=HLRCA017>
<s n="598"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Aldana <w PRP>from <w NP0>PCC
</caption>
<p>
<s n="599"><w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Aldana <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w NP0>Aldana<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>associate <w NP0-NN1>Ra&uacute;l <w NP0>Castellanos<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="601"><w NN1-NP0>Aldana<c PUN>, <w AV0>once <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Castro<w POS>'s <w AJS>closest <w NN2>aides<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stripped <w PRF>of <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>ideology<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1>culture <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39089<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="602"><w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Alarc&oacute;n <w NP0>de <w NP0>Quesada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Ram&oacute;n <w NP0>Balaguer <w NP0>Cabrera<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>respectively <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>ideology <c PUL>&lsqb;<w XX0>not <w AV0>solely <w VVB>Balaguer <w CJS>as <w VVN>given <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39089<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w TO0>to <w VVI>fill <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w NN2>vacancies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA018></p>
<caption id=HLRCA018>
<s n="603"><w AJ0>Brief <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w NN1>dissident
</caption>
<p>
<s n="604"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>dissident<c PUN>, <w NP0>Elizardo <w NP0>Sanchez<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w CJC>but <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="605"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="606"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="607"><w NN1>Threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="608"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Cristiani <w NP0>Burkard <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w DT0>all <w NN2-VVZ>moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform<c PUN>, <w VVI>purge <w CJC>and <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>accord <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas <w VHD>had <w AV0>completely <w VVN>disarmed <w CJC>and <w VVN>demobilized <w DPS>their <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="609"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>heightened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>tension <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w NP0>Cristiani<w POS>'s <w NN1>stance <w AV0>now <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>elements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>Arena<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w NP0-NN1>Marrack <w NP0>Goulding <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant-Secretary-General <w NP0-NN1>Alvaro <w NP0>de <w NP0>Soto <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Salvador <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>avert <w DT0>another <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>evolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38569-70<c PUN>; <w CRD>38672<c PUN>; <w CRD>38716<c PUN>; <w CRD>38759<c PUN>; <w CRD>38906<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA019></p>
<caption id=HLRCA019>
<s n="611"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>initiative
</caption>
<p>
<s n="612"><w NP0>Cristiani <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <c PUL>(<w AV0>currently <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w DT0>both <w NN2-VVZ>sides <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="613"><w PRP>In response to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>new <w NN2>guidelines <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>demobilized <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38957<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>disband <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w VVB>date <w PNP>it <w AV0>duly <w VVD-VVN>proceeded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarming <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>final <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w PRP>In <w NN1-VVB>turn <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>purged <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="615"><w DT0>This <w NN1>list <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w CRD>110 <w AJ0>senior <w CJC>and <w AJ0>middle-ranking <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Emilio <w NN1>Ponce<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>positions <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w AT0>The <w NN1>list <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cristiani <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>Truth <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w VVG>ascertaining <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <c PUL>(<w CRD>1980-1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="617"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>death <w NN1>squad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Maximiliano <w NP0>Hern&aacute;ndez <w NP0>Mart&iacute;nez <w NN1>Brigade<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat<c PUN>, <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>assassinate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1>leadership <w VVG-NN1>starting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01A>
<s n="618"><w NN1>Exhumation <w PRF>of <w NN2>bodies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="619"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>international <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w NN2>anthropologists <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>exhume <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>El <w NP0>Mozote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Moraz&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>FMLN <w NN1>stronghold <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dead <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>massacre <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1981 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>elite <w NN1-AJ0>US-trained <w NN1>Atlacatl <w NN1>battalion<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>disbanded<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>battalion <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Jesuit <w NN2>priests <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>housekeeper <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>daughter <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37037-38<c PUN>; <w CRD>37181<c PUN>; <w CRD>38716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="622"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="623"><w NP0>GUYANA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="624"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Guyana <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="625"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="626"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PPP<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Cheddi <w NP0>Jagan <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>running <w NN1>mate <w NP0>Sam <w NP0>Hinds <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="628"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>28-year <w NN1>rule <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w AV0>repeatedly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>postponement <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38142<c PUN>; <w CRD>38571<c PUN>; <w CRD>38673<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PPP <w NN1>list <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jagan <w VVD>received <w CRD>52.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>43.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNC <w NN1>list<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>President <w NP0>Desmond <w NP0-NN1>Hoyte<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>left-of-centre <w VVG-AJ0>Working <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>WPA<c PUR>) <w VVD>took <w CRD>1.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>TUF <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-NN1>conservative<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>1.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w DT0>each <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negligible <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="631"><w NN1-NP0>Jagan<c PUN>, <w CRD>75<c PUN>, <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>Stalinist<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1953<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-independence <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>as <w NN1>Leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>government <w VVD>suspended <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>perceived<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>subversion<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>13152<c PUN>; <w CRD>13177<c PUN>; <w CRD>13239<c PUN>; <w CRD>13523<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w VVN>Returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w CRD>1957 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1961<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>severe <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1964 <w NN2>elections <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRP>before <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1966<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>19841<c PUN>; <w CRD>21428<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jagan <w VVD>performed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>volte face<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>promising <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w NN2>policies <w AV0>latterly <w VVN>pursued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNC <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>chose <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Afro-Guyanese <w NP0>Hinds <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>running <w NN1>mate <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>minority <w NN1>community <c PUL>(<w AV0>generally <w VVN>identified <w AV0>largely <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w NN1>domination <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>PPP-supporting <w AJ0>Indo-Guyanese <w NN1>majority<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01B>
<s n="635"><w AJ0-NN1>Complex <w NN1>bargaining <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority
</caption>
<p>
<s n="636"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PPP <w VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w AJ0>protracted <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>WPA <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>TUF<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>majority <w PRP>with <w CRD>35 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="637"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w CRD>65 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AVP>up <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w CRD>53 <w AJ0-VVN>allocated <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w NN1>party <w NN2>lists <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>; <w CRD>10 <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>councils <w CJC>or <w NP0>RDCs <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>RDCs <w VHG>having <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>polling <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Local <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Organizations <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>NCLDO<c PUN>, <w PNX>itself <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NP0>RDC <w NN2>members<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="638"><w AT0>The <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>53 <w NN1>party <w NN1>list <w NN2>seats <w VBD>was <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w NP0>PPP <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>PNC <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>WPA <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w VVB>TUF <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="639"><w NP0>RDC <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w AV0>initially <w VVN>distributed <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w NP0>PPP <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w NP0>PNC <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>WPA <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>TUF <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>WPA <w VBD>was <w VVN>persuaded <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w NN1>seat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>TUF<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>return <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1-NP0>NCLDO <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w PNI>one <w PRP>to <w PNX>itself <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>WPA<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>seats <w VBD>was <w NP0>PPP <w CRD>35<c PUN>, <w NP0>PNC <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>WPA <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVB>TUF <w CRD>1<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01C>
<s n="641"><w NN1-VVB>Conduct <w PRF>of <w NN1>election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="642"><w DT0>Former <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jimmy <w NP0>Carter <w CJC>and <w NP0>David <w NP0>Peterson<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ontario<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w VVD>led <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>observers <w CJC>and <w VVD>testified <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proper <w CJC>and <w AJ0>impartial <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <c PUL>(<w CJS>whereas <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>general <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVG>returning <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNC <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>considered <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>flawed<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="643"><w AJ0>Outgoing <w NP0>PNC <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hamilton <w NP0>Green <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>election <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>hijacked<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Elections <w NN1-VVB>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>40,000 <w NN2>names <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revised <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>roll <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1-AJ0>suspect<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w NN1-NP0>Green <w PNX>himself <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>turned <w PRP>away from <w AT0>a <w NN1>polling <w NN1>station <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgetown<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>identity <w NN2>papers<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w VVD>prompted <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w NN1>slum <w NN2>districts<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rampage<c PUN>, <w VVG>attacking <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w NN0>headquarters <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>looting <w CJC>and <w VVG>vandalising <w NN2>scores <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>shops<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>200 <w NN2>others <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="647"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="648"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="649"><w VVB-NN1>Attack <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>motorcade
</head>
<p>
<s n="650"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>government <w NN2>denials<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN0>media <w NN2>sources <w VBD>were <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>motorcade <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>assassinate <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>border <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paraguaipoa<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zulia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="651"><w AT0>An <w NN1-AJ0>official<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>children <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>adults <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>truck <w VVN>driven <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w NP0-NN1>Goajira <w NN2>Indians <w VVD>drove <w PRP>at <w NN1>speed <w AV0>directly <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>motorcade<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w NN1>driver <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>passenger <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>armed <w CJC>and <w VVD>fired <w DT0>several <w NN2>rounds <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w AT0>The <w NN1>truck <w AV0>then <w VVD>ploughed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>crowd<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="654"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high <w AJ0>political <w NN1>tension <w VVN-VVD>fuelled <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <w PRP>by <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>protests <w PRP>against <w NN1>austerity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>official <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>persistent <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>repeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VBD>was <w AJ0>imminent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUN>; <w CRD>39048<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="655"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>closed <w AVP-PRP>down <w CRD>two <w NN1>radio <w NN2>programmes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>for <w VVG>broadcasting <w AT0>the <w NN2>opinions <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>unknown <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Justices <w PRF>of <w NP0>Venezuela <c PUL>(<w NP0>LJV<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivarian <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NN1>Liberation <c PUL>(<w NP0>FBL<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>supported <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w AJ0>corrupt <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>assassination <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Rios<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Workers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Venezuela <c PUL>(<w NP0>CTV<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>influence <w VVG-NN1>peddling<c PUN>.
<s n="657"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LJV <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Rios <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>name <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>hit <w NN1>list<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w CRD>127 <w AJ0>public <w NN2>figures <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>it <w VVD>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w AJ0>prominent <w PRP>among <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0-NN1>Lusinchi <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Blanca <w NP0>Ib&aacute;&ntilde;ez<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FBL <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivarian <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Movement <w CRD>200 <c PUL>(<w UNC>MRB200<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>grouping <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w DTQ>which <w VVD>instigated <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="659"><w CJS>As <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w VVN-VVD>mounted <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>cities <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>an <w NN1>escalation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>particulary <w DT0>those <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN2>students<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="660"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Directorate <c PUL>(<w VVB>DIM<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VVN>foiled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>plot <w PRP>by <w AJ0>disaffected <w NN2>elements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w CRD>20 <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>summoned <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>questioning<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="661"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="662"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="663"><w AJ0>Increased <w AJ0-NN1>anti-subversion <w NN1>spending
</head>
<p>
<s n="664"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w VVG-NN1>spending<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w NN1>subversion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>new <w NN1>counterinsurgency <w NN2>battalions <w PRP>in addition to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AV0>tentatively <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Gaviria <w NP0>Trujillo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="666"><w PRP>In <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Council <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NN2>associations<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>design <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>peace <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sim&oacute;n <w NP0>Bol&iacute;var <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guerrilla <w AJ0-VVG>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Board <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNGSB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>grouped <w AV0>together <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w NN2>purposes <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Colombia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FARC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>ELN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w DPS>its <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>stalled <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38809<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>truce<c PUN>.
<s n="668"><w AV0>Subsequently<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>CNGSB <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>terrorist <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>qualified <w DT0>this <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>repeating <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>still <w VVI>support <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN1>class<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w PNI>everyone <w AV0>else<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>solution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01D>
<s n="669"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel <w NN1>chief <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Surrenders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="670"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>elite <w NN1-AJ0>anti-drug <w NN2>police <w NN1>unit <w VVD-VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w NP0>Brance <w NP0>Mu&ntilde;oz <w NP0>M&oacute;squera<c PUN>, <w CRD>33<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>this <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>success <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w AV0>more <w AJ0>unlikely <w DT0>any <w AJ0>early <w NN1-VVB>surrender <w PRP>by <w NN1>cartel <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Pablo <w NP0>Escobar <w NP0>Gaviria<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>escaped <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39001<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="672"><w VVB-NN1>Mu&ntilde;oz<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>ignored <w AT0>a <w NN1>leniency <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>offered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gaviria <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37772<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>run <w PRP>since <w VVG>escaping <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>by <w NN1>helicopter <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w CJS>while <w VVG>awaiting <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NN1>murder <w NN2>charges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="673"><w CRD>Three <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Escobar<w POS>'s <w AJ0>important <w NN2>subordinates <c PUN>&mdash; <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Escobar <w NP0>Gaviria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Otoniel <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <w NP0>Jairo <w NP0>Vel&aacute;squez <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>surrendered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="674"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="675"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="676"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Guzm&aacute;n
</head>
<p>
<s n="677"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>the <w NN1>conviction <w PRP>for <w NN1>treason<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Abimael <w NP0>Guzm&aacute;n <w NP0-NN1>Renoso<c PUN>, <w CRD>57<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Maoist <w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w AT0>An <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Guzm&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>lodged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>War<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w AJC>higher <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>failed<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0-NN1>Guzm&aacute;n<w POS>'s <w NN1>capture <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>12 <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39091-92<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="680"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w VBD>were <w NP0>Elena <w NP0>Reboredo <w NP0-NN1>Iparaquirre<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sendero<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>presumed <w NN1>number <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zenon <w NP0>Walter <w NP0>Vargas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>co-ordinator<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><w DT0>All <w CRD>three <w VBD>were <w VVN>fined <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;25,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation <w NN2-VVZ>damages <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0>solitary <w NN1>confinement <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>on <w NP0>San <w NP0>Lorenzo<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>island <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Callao <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tried<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="682"><w NP0-NN1>Guzm&aacute;n<w POS>'s <w NN1>lawyer <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Crespo<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Lawyers <c PUL>(<w NP0>AAD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1>trial <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>farce<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>since <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w NN1>defence <w NN2>witnesses <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w AJ0>10-minute <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>client<c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>described <w NP0-NN1>Guzm&aacute;n <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>prisoner<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings <w VVD-VVN>met <w AJ0>international <w NN2>standards <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="684"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>military <w NN2>trials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arequipa <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Puno <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>leaders <w DT0>each <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>life <w NN2>sentences <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>fines <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>US&dollar;20,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="685"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sendero<w POS>'s <w NN1>leadership <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN>imprisoned<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>captured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>massive<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>indiscriminate<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>search <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>arrest <w NN2>operations <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-terrorist <w NN2>police <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dincote<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="687"><w PNP>They <w VVD>included <w NP0>Marta <w NP0>Huatay<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>AAD <w NN1>lawyer <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w AJS>highest-ranking <w NN1>leader <w AV0>then <w AV0>still <w AV0>at large<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Carlos <w UNC>Flores<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>prosecutor <w NP0>V&iacute;ctor <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Potilla <w NP0>Alva <w PNQ>who <w AV0>immediately <w VVD>resigned<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01E>
<s n="688"><w AJ0>Possible <w NN1>reintroduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty
</caption>
<p>
<s n="689"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>gave <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>reintroducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>San <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NN1>Pact<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>entered <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="690"><w DT0>Some <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>experts <w VVD>held <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>even if <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>reintroduced<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Peruvian <w NN1>law <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>passed <w AV0>retroactively <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Guzm&aacute;n<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w NN2>Others <w VVD-VVN>believed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Fujimori <w VBD>was <w VVG>considering <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>innovation <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NN2>leaders <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AJ0>accountable <w PRP>for <w NN2>actions <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w DT0>those <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>after <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>80 <w NN2>killings <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sendero <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Guzm&aacute;n<w POS>'s <w NN1>arrest <w VVD>included <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>execution<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w CRD>44 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>self-defence <w NN1>committee <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Andean <w NN1>community <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Huayo<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>La <w VVB>Mar <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Sendero <w NN1>column <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="693"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="694"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<caption>
<s n="695"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="696"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="697"><w NP0>Itamar <w NP0>Franco<c PUN>, <w CRD>61<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w PRP>as <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>notice <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w AV0>formally <w VVG>acknowledging <w DPS>his <w AJ0>180-day <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VVB-NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w TO0>to <w VVI>impeach <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>charges <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39079<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="699"><w NP0>Collor <w VVD>claimed <w AV0>never <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>tarnished <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dignity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>truth <w CJC>and <w NN1>justice <w VM0>will <w VVI>prevail<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <w PRF>of <w NN1>President <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>trial <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>must <w XX0>not <w VVI>extend <w DT0>any <w AJ0>official <w NN2>privileges <w PRP>to <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w NP0>Collor <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRP>by <w NP0>Franco <w PRF>of <w VVG>wishing <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01F>
<s n="702"><w NP0>Franco<w POS>'s <w AJ0>broad-based <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="703"><w NP0>Franco <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w AJ0>honest <w NN1>administration <w AJ0>free <w PRF>of <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w AJ0>high <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
<s n="704"><w PRP>Amid <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>party <w AJ0>political <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2-8 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>spectrum<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFL <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w NN1>mainstay <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Collor <w NN1>government<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brazil <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSDB<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDT<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Brazilian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w CRD>one <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w UNC>PT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>personal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>capacity <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>PT <w VHG>having <w VVN>turned <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="705"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Brazilian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>PMDB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>stage <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w NP0>Franco<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>choice <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>candidate <w VVD-VVN>nominated<c PUN>.
<s n="706"><w NP0>Franco<w POS>'s <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gustavo <w NP0>Kraus<c PUN>, <w CRD>46<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little-known <w NP0>PFL <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pernambuco<c PUN>, <w VVD>caused <w AT0>an <w NN1>uproar <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w VVD>fell <w AV0>sharply<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="707"><w AV0>Reportedly <w VVN>stung <w PRP>by <w NN0>media <w NN1>criticism <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mediocre <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Franco <w AV0>personally <w VVD>contacted <w NP0>PMDB <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Orestes <w NP0>Qu&eacute;rcia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Paulo <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>wary <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>government <w CJS>in case <w PNP>it <w VVD>affected <w DPS>his <w NN2>chances <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1994 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="708"><w NP0>Franco<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>reported <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w NP0>PMDB <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fundamental<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>elicited <w AT0>a <w NP0>PMDB <w NN1>about-face <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD-VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>give<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unconditional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVB>accept <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="709"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Freire<c PUN>, <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Brazilian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>named <w PRP>by <w NP0>Franco <w PRP>as <w NN1>government <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01G>
<s n="710"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="711"><w NN2>Kraus <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>Haddad <w VVD>unveiled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>13-point <w AJ0>90-day <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>restart <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="712"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plan <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>freezes <w CJC>or <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollarization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w VVN-VVD>invested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="713"><w PNP>It <w VVD>sought<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Collor <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VDN>done<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>competition <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>import <w NN1>tariff <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w CJS>as <w VVN>scheduled<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>privatization <w CJC>and <w NN1>deregulation <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>expected <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strategic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>companies <w VBD>was <w VVN>contemplated<c PUN>.
<s n="714"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>guard <w PRP>against <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>auditing <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN2>workings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="715"><w AJ0>Fiscal <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>considered <w AJ0>vital <w PRP>to <w VVG>improving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>inflation <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annualized <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,055.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>priority<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w NP0>Franco <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-step <w NN1>reform <w TO0>to <w VVI>simplify <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NN1>performance <w NN2>targets <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38719-20<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>disbursement <w PRF>of <w NN2>credits<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><w NP0>Brazil <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DT0>these <w NN2>targets <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>quarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NP0>Franco <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>renegotiate <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w NP0>IMF <w VVB-NN1>support <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w NN1>accord <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>outline <w PRP>with <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>creditor <w NN2-VVZ>banks <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39002<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01H>
<s n="718"><w NN1>Prison <w NN1-VVB>massacre
</caption>
<p>
<s n="719"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Paulo <w NN1>Casa <w NP0>de <w NP0>Detencao<c PUN>, <w VVN>built <w PRP>for <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>inmates <w CJC>but <w VVG>housing <w AV0>over <w CRD>7,000<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>violence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN2>police <w VVD>stormed <w AT0>the <w NN1>building<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>a <w NN1>riot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="720"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>church <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>surviving <w NN2>inmates <w VVD-VVN>accused <w NN2>police <w PRF>of <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w AJ0>deliberate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>systematic <w NN2>executions<c PUN>, <w VVG>blaming <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVB>put <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w CRD>200 <w CJC>and <w CRD>400<c PUN>, <w PRP>as against <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>toll <w PRF>of <w CRD>111 <w NN2>inmates <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>35 <w NN2>inmates <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w VVN-AJ0>wounded<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="721"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVN-VVD>denied <w DT0>such <w NN2>charges <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>PMDB <w NN1>state <w NN1>governor <w NP0>Luiz <w NP0>Ant&oacute;nio <w NP0>Fleury <w NP0-NN1>Filho <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w PRP>by <w AJ0>hostile <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Franco <w NP0>de <w NP0>Campos<c PUN>, <w NN1>state <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>public <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Mauricio <w NP0>Correa <w NP0>Lima <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="723"><w NP0-NN1>Fleury <w NP0-NN1>Filho <w VHD>had <w VVN>delayed <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w VM0>would <w VVI>prejudice <w AT0>the <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w NP0>PMDB <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01J>
<s n="724"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guimaraes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="725"><w NP0>Ulysses <w NP0>Guimaraes<c PUN>, <w CRD>75<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>PMDB <w NN1>leader <c PUL>(<w CRD>1971-1989<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJC>elder <w NN1>statesman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>helicopter <w NN1-VVB>crash<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>senator <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>pilot<c PUN>, <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>resort <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Paraty<c PUN>, <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w NP0>Guimaraes <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>from <w AJ0>near <w NN1>retirement <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w TO0>to <w VVI>impeach <w NP0>Collor<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="727"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="728"><w AJ0>LATIN <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="729"><w ORD>500th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbus
</head>
<p>
<s n="730"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>Indians <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>supporters <w VVD-VVN>staged <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>across <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>succeeded <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>turning <w AT0>the <w ORD>500th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w NP0>Christopher <w NP0>Columbus <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Americas <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>celebration <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>reflection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>plight <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>40,000,000-strong <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="731"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w TO0>to <w VVI>coincide <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w CJC>and <w VVG>cataloguing <w AT0>a <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w NN1>discrimination<c PUN>, <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>injustice<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>peoples <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN>reduced <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>500 <w NN2>years <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AV0>never <w VVN>stopped<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="732"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>focal <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continental <w NN1>protest <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indigenous<c PUN>, <w AJ0>African <w AJ0-NN1>American <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Resistance<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Managua<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6-12<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><w AT0>The <w CRD>300 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w CRD>27 <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w VVN>told <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rigoberta <w NP0>Menchu<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>campaigner <w PNQ>who <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>received <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NN2>Europeans <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought <w NN1>disease<c PUN>, <w NN1>slavery <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>cultures<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>peoples <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Americas <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVG>celebrating <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>survival<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="734"><w NN2>Police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombia <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>broken <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>march <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>Indians<c PUN>, <w CRD>21 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Popyan<c PUN>.
<s n="735"><w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>groups <w VVD>marched <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w CRD>thousands <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>blocked <w NN2>roads <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>square <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Panama <w VVD>marched <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>palace <w PRP>in <w NP0>Panama <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>burned <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN2>flags <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Jos&eacute;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>.
<s n="736"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Temuco<c PUN>, <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VVG>using <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>riot <w NN2>vehicles <w VVN>dispersed <w CRD>1,500 <w NN1-NP0>Mapuche <w NN2>Indians <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>demonstrating <w PRP>for <w NN1>land <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>state <w NN1>visit <w PRF>of <w NN1>Crown <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Felipe <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01K>
<s n="737"><w NN1>Award <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize
</caption>
<p>
<s n="738"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>crowning <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>achievement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>protests <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>award <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rigoberta <w NP0>Menchu<c PUN>, <w CRD>33<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Quiche <w NN1-AJ0>Indian<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39170-71<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="739"><w PRP>Since <w VVG>fleeing <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico <w PRP>from <w NP0>Guatemala <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN2>parents <w CJC>and <w NN1>brother <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w AT0>a <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN2>peoples<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w DPS>Her <w AJ0>constant <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>abuses <w VVD>earned <w DPS>her <w DT0>many <w NN2>enemies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Serrano <w NP0>Elias <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>thwart <w DPS>her <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>by <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Prize<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Menchu <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>guerrilla <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>URNG<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="741"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Serrano <w NN1>government <w VVD>sent <w NP0-NN1>Menchu <w AJ0>belated <w NN2>congratulations <w CJC>but <w VVD>refused <w PNP>her <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>reception<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NN1-NP0>Gortari <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>offered <w PNP>her <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>audience <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>keys <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mexico <w NN1>City <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01L>
<s n="743"><w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic <w NN1>lighthouse <w NN1>inauguration <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Papal <w NN1>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="744"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w AV0>formally <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="745"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Faro <w AT0>a <w NN1>Col&oacute;n <c PUL>(<w NP0>Columbus <w NN1>Lighthouse<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>favourite <w NN1>project <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Joaqu&iacute;n <w NP0-NN1>Balaguer <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>cost <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;25,000,000<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pope <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w CRD>II <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9-14<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>sustained <w NN2>demonstrations <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20-21 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>indiscriminate <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN1>army <w NN1>fire<c PUR>) <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vatican <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pope<w POS>'s <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>inauguration<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>shifted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Baena <w NP0>Soares<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN1>figure<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w CJC>and <w NN1>Queen <w PRF>of <w NP0>Spain <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>declined <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="748"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Pope <w VDD>did <w VVI>officiate <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>mass <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Lighthouse <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Columbus <w VHD>had <w VVN>brought <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>precious <w NN1>seed <w PRF>of <w NN1>faith<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Americas<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>characterized <w CJS-PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NN1>history<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront <w PRF>of <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w AT0>the <w NN2>abuses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>colonists<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01M>
<s n="750"><w AJ0>Episcopal <w NN1>Conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="751"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Pope <w AV0>also <w VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRP>in <w NP0>Santo <w NP0>Domingo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>Fourth <w AJ0-NN1>General <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Episcopal <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12-28<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w PRP>In <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>theology <w PRF>of <w NN1>liberation<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>large <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>clergy <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w DT0>such <w NN2>issues <w CJS>as <w NN1>landlessness<c PUN>, <w NN1>poverty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>racial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN1>discrimination<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pope <w VVD>urged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AJ0>social <w NN1>activism<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="753"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="754"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="755"><w NP0>Gonzalo <w NP0>S&aacute;nchez <w NP0>de <w NP0>Lozada <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Nationalist <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>race<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w AJ0>Recent <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>MNR <w VHD>had <w VVN>culminated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>death <w NN1>threat <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Lozada <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>received<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NN1>gunpoint<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Ciro <w NP0>Humboldt <w NP0-NN1>Barrero <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>turbulent <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>MNR <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN1>Sucre<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="757"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="758"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<p>
<s n="759"><w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>J&iacute;menez <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Jara <w VVD>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Aylwin <w NP0-NN1>Az&oacute;car <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>given<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>freedom<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>overcome <w AT0>the <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>situation <w VVG>affecting <w AJ0>intensive <w NN1>care <w NN2>units<c PUN>.
<s n="760"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Silva <w NP0>Rojas<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="761"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="762"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="763"><w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="764"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>burgeoning <w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w NN1>Shin <w NN1>Kanemaru <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39049-10<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVD>forced <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w DPS>his <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>from <w AJ0>public <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>enforced <w NN1>retirement <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>outcry <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>leniency <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>payments <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0>Kyubin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>affiliate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Kyoto-based <w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>parcel <w NN1>delivery <w NN1>firm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01N>
<s n="766"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Shin <w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru
</caption>
<p>
<s n="767"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kanemaru <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w DPS>his <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>grouping <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
<s n="768"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>let <w PNP>it <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>faction <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="769"><w DT0>This <w NN1>threat <w VVD>held <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>consequences <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>ingredient <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>survival <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="770"><w PRP>Within <w DT0>this <w NN1>context<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>observers <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>surprised <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prosecuting <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>reached <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unusual <w NN1>plea <w NN1-VVB>bargain <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru<c PUN>.
<s n="771"><w VVD-VVN>Spared <w AT0>the <w NN1>indignity <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>in <w NN1>person<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w NN2>lawyers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NN1>power <w NN1>broker <w VHD>had <w VVN>delivered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>written <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Prosecutor<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DPS>their <w NN1>client <w VVD>acknowledged <w VVG>breaching <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Funds <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Law <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w CRD>500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=121.928 <w VVB>yen <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w PRP>In <w NN1-VVB>return <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prosecuting <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>their <w NN1>demand <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVB>appear <w PRP>for <w VVG>questioning <w PRP>in <w NN1>person <w CJC>and <w VVD>chose <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w AT0>a <w NN1>summary <w NN1>indictment <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>dispensed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>trial <w CJC>and <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maximum <w NN1>fine <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>200,000 <w NN0>yen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="773"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leniency <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru<w POS>'s <w NN1>treatment <w VBD>was <w VVN>highlighted <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kiyoshi <w NP0-NN1>Kaneko <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AV0>falsely <w VVG>reporting <w AT0>a <w NN1>donation<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>indictment <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>trial <w CJC>and <w VVD>carried <w AT0>a <w NN1>penalty <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>fine <w PRF>of <w CRD>300,000 <w NN0>yen<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w NP0-NN1>Kaneko <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Niigata <w NN1>prefecture <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>amidst <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>payments <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin<c PUN>.
<s n="775"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>concern <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>heightened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prosecuting <w NN2>authorities <w VBD>were <w VVG>ending <w DPS>their <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>was <w VVN>named<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>money <w AV0>originally <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01P>
<s n="776"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Struggle <w TO0>to <w VVI>select <w AJ0>new <w NN1>faction <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="777"><w NN1>Public <w NN1>outrage <w PRP>over <w NP0>Kanemaru<w POS>'s <w NN1>treatment <w VBD>was <w VVN>translated <w PRP>into <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>particularly <w VVN>given <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0>Kyubin<w POS>'s <w NN2>connections <w PRP>with <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="778"><w PNP>He <w VVD>gave <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sparked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>110-member <w NN1-NP0>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Kanemaru <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>personally <w VVG>grooming <w NP0>Ichiro <w NP0>Ozawa <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>retirement <w VVD>allowed <w NP0>Ozawa<w POS>'s <w NN2>opponents <w TO0>to <w VVI>mount <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w NN1>succession<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w VBD>was <w DT0>such <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ozawa <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w VVG>choosing <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>nominate <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Tsutomu <w NP0-NN1>Hata<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bitter <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>debate <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <c PUL>(<w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>plea <w PRP>from <w NP0>Miyazawa <w TO0>to <w VVI>conclude <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>selection <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Keizo <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Noboru <w NP0>Takeshita<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>faction <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="782"><w NN2>Obuchi<c PUN>, <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>Diet <w NN1>member <w PRP>since <w CRD>1963<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>under <w NP0>Takeshita<c PUN>.
<s n="784"><w XX0>Not <w AJ0>renowned <w PRP>for <w AJ0>outstanding <w AJ0>political <w NN2>skills <w CJC>or <w NN1>vision<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w AV0>principally <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>antipathy <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ozawa <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>unswerving <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w NP0>Takeshita<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="785"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Ozawa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hata <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>disapproval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>boycotting <w NN1>occasion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi<w POS>'s <w NN1>selection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="786"><w NN1-NP0>Ozawa <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>constitute <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w CRD>67 <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w AJC>younger <w NN2>members <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>procedural <w NN1>validity <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi<w POS>'s <w NN1>selection <w CJC>and <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>breakaway <w NN1>faction <w CJS>rather than <w VVI>accept <w DPS>his <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="787"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>important <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>direction <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AV0>following <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi<w POS>'s <w NN1>confirmation <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w NP0-NN1>Hata <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <w NN1>study <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>creating<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>faction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
<s n="789"><w DT0>This <w NN1>division <w VBD>was <w VVN>aggravated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Obuchi <w VVD>chose <w TO0>to <w VVI>fill <w DT0>all <w AJ0-NN1>executive <w NN2>positions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG-AJ0>declining <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AV0>even <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconciliation <w PRP>towards <w DPS>his <w NN2>opponents<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01R>
<s n="790"><w NN1-AJ0>Convening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN1>Diet <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Apology <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="791"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w VVD>apologised <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="792"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w AV0>acutely <w VVB>feel <w CJT>that <w AV0>public <w VVI>distrust <w PRP>in <w NN1>politics <w VBZ>is <w AV0>more <w AJ0>serious <w CJS>than <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AV0>ever <w VVN>experienced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="793"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>an <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>person <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>sincerely <w VVB>apologise <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="794"><w PNP>He <w VVD>promised<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w AV0>far <w VVG>reaching <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>the <w NN1>root <w NN2-VVZ>causes <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w VVN>bred <w AV0>today<w POS>'s <w NN1>distrust <w PRF>of <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>ensuring <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>political <w NN1>transparency <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>funding <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>facilitating <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>contested <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>policy <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w DTQ>which <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>require <w AJ0>vast <w NN2>sums <w PRF>of <w NN1>money<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="795"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>budget <w DTQ>which <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>10,700,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stimulation <w NN1>package <w VVD>unveiled <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39049<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1>insistence <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w CJC>and <w NP0>Takeshita <w VVB>testify <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>disrupt <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>session<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="797"><w PRP>In addition to <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kaneko<c PUN>, <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0>other <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>received <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>payments <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hiroyasu <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin<c PUN>.
<s n="798"><w CJS>While <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w NN1>bribery <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w DT0>those <w PRP>in receipt of <w DT0>such <w NN2>payments <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>charge <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>benefit <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN2>sums <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>politicians <w VBD>were <w AJ0>large <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>contravened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Funds <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Law <w DTQ>which <w VVD>restricted <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>donations <w CJC>and <w VVN>required <w DT0>those <w AV0>over <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN0>yen <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>registered<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01S>
<s n="799"><w NN1>Trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Watanabe
</caption>
<p>
<s n="800"><w PRP>Unlike <w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hiroyasu <w NP0>Watanabe <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>spared <w AT0>the <w NN1>ignominy <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>trial <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="801"><w CJS>When <w DPS>his <w NN1>trial <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>District <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>consternation <w PRP>by <w VVG>pleading <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>making <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
<s n="802"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>confession <w PRP>during <w AJ0>pre-trial <w NN1>questioning<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w NP0-NN1>Watanabe <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>truth<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>paid <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01T>
<s n="803"><w NN1-VVG>Rioting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Osaka
</caption>
<p>
<s n="804"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>downturn <w VBD>was <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1-4 <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w NN2>nights <w PRF>of <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nishinari <w NP0-NN1>Airin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>slum <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0>Osaka<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AV0>up to <w CRD>30,000 <w AJ0>unskilled <w NN2>labourers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="805"><w PRP>Amidst <w AJ0-VVG>declining <w NN2>opportunities <w PRP>for <w AJ0>casual <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>unrest <w VBD>was <w VVN>sparked <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>aid <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w NN1>Order <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>restored <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="807"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unrest <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>since <w VVG>rioting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>area <w VVD>left <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37780<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01U>
<s n="808"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NN1>Emperor <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Expression <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>regret <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Sino-Japanese <w NN1>War
</caption>
<p>
<s n="809"><w NP0>Emperor <w NP0>Akihito <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>monarch <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest-ranking <w NN1>foreigner <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square<c PUN>.
<s n="810"><w VVN>Accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Empress <w NP0>Michiko<c PUN>, <w NP0>Akihito<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>six-day <w NN1>trip <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Xian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shanghai<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="811"><w AV0>Ostensibly <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w ORD>20th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
<s n="812"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>known<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>pressing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>imperial <w NN1>visit <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>marking <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>isolation <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>followed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w NN1-VVB>massacre<c PUN>.
<s n="813"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AJ0>conscious <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>behaviour <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imperial <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AJ0>occupied <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Akihito <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>embarrassed <w PRP>by <w NN2>questions <w CJC>or <w NN2>protests <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>conquest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w NN2>portions <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>between <w CRD>1931 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1945<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>civilians <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="814"><w AV0>Only <w PRP>after <w VVG>receiving <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Emperor <w VM0>would <w AV0>neither <w VBI>be <w AJ0>embarrassed <w CJC>nor <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>apologize <w PRP>for <w NN2>atrocities <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>forces <w VDD>did <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVI>consent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="815"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>banquet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w NP0-NN1>Akihito <w VVD>referred <w AV0>obliquely <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sino-Japanese <w NN1>War <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unfortunate <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w DPS>my <w NN1>country <w VVD>inflicted <w AJ0>great <w NN2>sufferings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w NP0-NN1>Akihito <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>sadness <w PRP>about <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w VVD>stopped <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w VVG>issuing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>apology<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="817"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="818"><w NN1>NORTH-SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="819"><w NN1>Discovery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>espionage <w NN1-VVB>ring
</head>
<p>
<s n="820"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Planning <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSP<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>espionage <w NN1-VVB>ring <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>cell <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w VVN>undertaken<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="821"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NSP <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>62 <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>violating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Military <w NN2>Secrets <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Law<c PUN>.
<s n="822"><w PNP>It <w VVD>added <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>actively <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>300 <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="823"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agency <w AV0>also <w VVD>seized <w NN2>firearms <w CJC>and <w NN1>ammunition<c PUN>, <w NN2>communications <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>code <w NN2>books <w CJC>and <w NN1>suicide <w NN2>capsules<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="824"><w AT0>The <w NN1>espionage <w NN1>ring <w VBD>was <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>orders <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>agent <w NP0>Lee <w NN1>Son-shil<c PUN>.
<s n="825"><w DPS>Its <w NN2>members <w VVD>formed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>underground <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w VVD-AJ0>sought <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AJ0>legitimate <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>educational <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>strategy <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>communizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w VVG>unifying <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="826"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Pak <w AJ0>Nam-chun<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>North-South <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Sub-Committee<c PUN>, <w VVD>refused <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yi <w NN1>Tong-pok<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w PNP>He <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>drama <w AJ0>full <w PRF>of <w NN2>lies <w CJC>and <w NN1>deception<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>insidious <w NN1>act <w VVG>laying <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deliberate<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NN1>North-South <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w NP0>Yi<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>press <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w NN2>Koreans <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>explanation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North-South <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w NN2>Premiers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21-24 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39096<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="829"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="830"><w NP0>NORTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="831"><w ORD>First <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment
</head>
<p>
<s n="832"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Standing <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>reviving <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>stagnating <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJS>closest <w NN1>ally<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>advised <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w DPS>its <w NN1>lead <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>attracting <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>capital <w CJC>and <w NN1>expertise<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>companies<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBB>are <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>sceptical<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJS>since <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>owed <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>dollars <w CJS>for <w NN2>products <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w CRD>two <w NN2>decades <w AV0>ago<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="835"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VVD>permitted <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN1>equity <w CJC>and <w AJ0>contractual <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVI>operate <w AV0>wholly <w AJ0>foreign-owned <w NN2>enterprises <w PRP>in <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>zones<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>companies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>remit <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>profits <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>promised <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unavoidable<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>nationalization<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>tax <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>initial <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>operation <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>high-technology <w NN2>industries<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>resource <w NN1>development <w CJC>or <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN1>construction<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="837"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="838"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="839"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>administration <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJC>Further <w NN2>defections <w PRP>from <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>party
</head>
<caption>
<s n="840"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRP>from <w NP0>DLP <w PRP>by <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="841"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>promise <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-September <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39096<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="842"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>honoured <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>neutral <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w NP0>Jung <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>he <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><w PNP>He <w VVD>filled <w CRD>six <w AJ0>key <w NN2>posts <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>election-related<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>non-party <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>action <w DTQ>which <w VVD>earned <w PNP>him <w AJ0>warm <w NN1>acclaim <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>pledged <w AJ0>full <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w VVD>ended <w DPS>their <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="844"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w NP0>Hyun <w NP0>Soong <w NP0>Jong<c PUN>, <w CRD>73<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w NN1>professor <w CJC>and <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hallim <w NN1>University<c PUN>.
<s n="845"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointees <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Hyun <w VVB>Woo <w PRP>as <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>; <w NP0>Paik <w NP0>Kwang <w NP0-NN1>Hyun <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jung <w VVB>Woo <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lew <w VVB>Hyuck <w AVP>In <w PRP>as <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dong <w NP0-NN1>Ik <w PRP>as <w ORD>First <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01V>
<s n="846"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN2>defections <w PRP>from <w NP0>DLP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="847"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>discord <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>heightened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>accession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>during <w NP0>October <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN2>legislators<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="848"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>left <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>grouping <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="849"><w AJ0>Prominent <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>defectors <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>co-chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Park <w PRP>Tae <w NP0-NN1>Joon<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><w NN1-NP0>Park<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AV0>recently <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>Pohang <w NN1>Iron <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Steel <w NN1>Company<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>convention <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>chosen <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="851"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Park <w VVD>gave <w AT0>no <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>explanation <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>antipathy <w PRP>between <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kim <w VBD>was <w AV0>universally <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="852"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>, <w PRP>in conjunction with <w AT0>a <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w VVD-VVN>called <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Korea <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NKP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="853"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Park <w VVD>chose <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NP0>NKP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NP0>DLP <w AJ0>national <w NN1>committee <w NN1>chairman <w NP0>Chae <w NP0>Mun <w NP0-NN1>Shik<c PUN>.
<s n="854"><w AV0>Nevertheless <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w VVD>appeared <w VVN-AJ0>poised <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DT0>several <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>mounting <w NN1>speculation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VVB>Woo <w NP0-NN1>Choong<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Daewoo <w NN1-VVB>chaebol<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NP0>NKP<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>.
<s n="855"><w NP0>Kim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>transformed <w NN1-NP0>Daewoo <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w AJ0-NN1>textile-exporting <w NN1>company <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>fourth-largest <w NN1>conglomerate<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>renowned <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>entrepreneur <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>wealth <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>supported <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="856"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w NN1>speculation <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>bowed <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NP0>Roh<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>administration <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Daewoo <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kim<w POS>'s <w NN1>intervention <w VM0>could <w VVI>split <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVB>allow <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Jung <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="857"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="858"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="859"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</head>
<p>
<s n="860"><w NP0-NN1>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN-VVD>averted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>trade <w NN1>war <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>Section <w CRD>301 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>Omnibus <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>automatically <w VHI>have <w VVN>imposed <w AJ0>punitive <w NN2>tariffs <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese-made <w NN2>imports <w AV0>currently <w PRP>worth <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;3,900 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>retaliatory <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>negotiators <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39095<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="862"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w NP0-NN1>China <w VVD-VVN>agreed <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>publish <w DT0>all <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w NN2>regulations <w CJC>and <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>foods<c PUN>, <w NN2>chemicals<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>iron <w CJC>and <w NN1>steel <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w AJ0>photographic <w NN2>materials<c PUN>, <w NN1>machinery<c PUN>, <w NN2>cosmetics<c PUN>, <w NN1>confectionery <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electrical <w NN2>parts<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w NN2>quotas<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>import <w NN2>restrictions<c PUN>, <w AJ0>import-licensing <w NN2>requirements <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>import <w NN2>controls<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>import-substitution <w NN2>measures <w VVG>affecting <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w VVG>requiring <w NN1>technology <w NN1>transfer <w CJC>or <w AJ0>local <w NN1>investment <w PRP>as <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w NN1>investment<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>publish <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>inaccessible <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN0>sales <w CJC>and <w NN1>marketing <w NN2>opportunities<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <w DT0>any <w AV0>scientifically <w AJ0>unjustifiable <w NN2>standards <w PRP>for <w NN1>farm <w NN2>products<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01W>
<s n="863"><w NN1>Expulsion <w PRF>of <w NN1>dissident
</caption>
<p>
<s n="864"><w UNC>Shen <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>deported <w PRP>from <w NP0>China <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="865"><w UNC>Shen <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1 <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w NP0>Beijing <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>China <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39095<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="866"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Xinhua <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w UNC>Shen <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>admitted <w DPS>his <w NN2>wrongdoings<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w UNC>Shen<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>detention<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AV0>unduly <w AJ0>complicated <w AJ0>Sino-US <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="868"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="869"><w NP0>MONGOLIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="870"><w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>party <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="871"><w AJ0>Major <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPRP<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3-4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="872"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Xinhua <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>dropped<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>for good<c PUQ>&quot; <w DPS>its <w AJ0>original <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w NN1>presidium <w CJC>and <w NN1>chairmanship<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>169-member <w NP0>Small <w NP0>Hural <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in place of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>11-member <w NN1>committee <w PRP>in place of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidium<c PUN>.
<s n="873"><w NP0>Budragchaagiyn <w NP0>Dash-Yondon<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>party <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jigjidsurengiyn <w NP0>Yadamsuren <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01X>
<s n="874"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="875"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>major <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVN>merged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w NP0>Davaadorjiyn <w NP0>Ganbold<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MPNP <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39095<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRP>with <w NP0>T. <w NP0-NN1>Baasanjav <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>secretary <w AJ0>general<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="877"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mongolian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>MPNP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mongolian <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MUP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>Renaissance <c PUL>(<w NP0>PMR<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>easily <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>MPRP <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38962<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLRCA01Y>
<s n="878"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier
</caption>
<p>
<s n="879"><w NN1-NP0>Lhamsuren <w NN1>Enebish<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ulan <w NP0>Bator<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Administration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA020></p>
<caption id=HLRCA020>
<s n="880"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="881"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Tserenpilyn <w NP0>Gombosuren <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18-22<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVG>acting <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NN1-NP0>Yegor <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Mongolian <w NN1>minister <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
<s n="883"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w NP0-NN1>Gombosuren <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>initialled <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>friendly <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="884"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mongolia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>started <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1987 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35647<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="885"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="886"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="887"><w NN1>Governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement
</head>
<p>
<s n="888"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Patten<c PUN>, <w VVD>delivered <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992-93 <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Legco<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>setting <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP-CJS>before <w DPS>its <w NN1>handover <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="889"><w NP0>Patten <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Exco<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w AV0>Henceforth<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w AV0>either <w VVN>appointed <w CJC>or <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w PRP>on <w NP0>Exco<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VVD>served <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>quasi-Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NP0-NN1>Exco<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AVP>in <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>lawyers <w CJC>and <w NN2>academics<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>retaining <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>non-politicians <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Wilson <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Tillyorn<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w NP0>Patten <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>committees <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>government <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>Governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>question <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w NP0>Legco<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="893"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1995 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w NP0>Patten <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>formally <w VVN>raised <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w VVG>allowing <w AJC>larger <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AV0>democratically <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="894"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w AVP>out <w DT0>little <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w AV0>Instead<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>democratization <w VVN-VVD>permitted <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="896"><w NP0>Patten <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w CRD>230 <w NN1>district <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>council <w NN2>seats <w VBI>be <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1995<c PUN>; <w AV0>currently<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>.
<s n="897"><w AT0>The <w CRD>230 <w NN2>councillors <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VVI>form <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w CRD>10 <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w CRD>60 <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>30 <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w NN2>members <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>through <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>functional <w NN2>constituencies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w NN2>chambers <w PRF>of <w NN1>commerce<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>professional <w NN2>associations<c PUN>.
<s n="899"><w NP0>Patten <w VVD>announced <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>widen <w AT0>the <w NN1>voter <w NN1>base <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>existing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>functional <w NN2>constituencies<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVB>create <w CRD>nine <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ones <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>industry <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="900"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>system <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w DT0>each <w AJ0-VVG>working <w NN1>person <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w AJ0>privileged <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AJ0>current <w NN1>constituency <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="901"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting <w NN1>age <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lowered <w PRP>from <w CRD>21 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="902"><w NP0>Patten <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>stability<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>business <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>advise <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AVQ>how <w AV0>best <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>sustain <w DPS>our <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>press <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>citizens<w POS>' <w NN1>charter <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>bureaucracy <w AV0>more <w AJ0>accountable<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>capital <w NN1>punishment<c PUN>.
<s n="903"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w AJ0>large <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN1>welfare<c PUN>, <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w CJS>while <w VVG>stressing <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>low <w NN1>taxation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="904"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w NP0>Xinhua<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>denounced <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>irresponsible <w CJC>and <w AJ0>imprudent<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="905"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w AV0>also <w VVD>angered <w DT0>many <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>liberals <w PNQ>who <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>go <w AV0>far <w AV0>enough<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA021></p>
<caption id=HLRCA021>
<s n="906"><w NN1>Governor<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="907"><w NP0>Patten <w VVD>paid <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>as <w NN1>Governor <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20-23<c PUN>.
<s n="908"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>anger <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>threatened <w NN1>retaliation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>make <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w AV0>virtually <w AJ0>ungovernable <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="909"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVD-VVN>issued <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>departure <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Lu <w NN1>Ping<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macao <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Patten <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>violated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>reneged <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>secret <w AJ0>Sino-British <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>convergence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>post-1997 <w NN1>status <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="910"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="911"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="912"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="913"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Wang <w NN1>Chien-shien <w AV0>formally <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>by <w NN1>Pai <w NN1>Pei-ying<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1-VVB>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Commercial <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="914"><w NP0>Wang <w VHD>had <w VVN>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w AV0>following <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cross-party <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w NN1>land <w NN1>tax <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="915"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposal <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>ended <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>low <w NN1>taxation <w PRP>on <w NN1>land <w NN0>sales <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w NN1-VVB>fuel <w AT0>a <w NN1>property <w NN1>boom <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
<s n="916"><w AV0>Initially<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wang<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Hau <w NN1>Pei-tsun <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>urged <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconsider <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA022></p>
<caption id=HLRCA022>
<s n="917"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>agencies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="918"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>agencies <w VVN>assigned <w TO0>to <w VVI>mediate <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28-29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="919"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w NN2>Straits <w NN1-VVB>Exchange <w NN1>Foundation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>Across <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w NN2>Straits<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>document <w NN1>verification <w CJC>and <w AJ0>registered <w NN1>mail<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="920"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="921"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="922"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges
</head>
<p>
<s n="923"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>unanimously <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>783 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>deadline <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w AV0>fully <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38511<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="924"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VM0>would <w VVI>implement <w DPS>its <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="925"><w PRP>Unlike <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="926"><w PRP>For <w DPS>their <w NN1>part<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AJ0>major <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>verification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cambodia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>all-party <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="927"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w AJ0-NN1>Thai-Japanese <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>failed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="928"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>China <w PRP>between <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Indonesia <c PUL>(<w NN2>co-sponsors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>conference <w DTQ>which <w VVD>produced <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>peace <w NN1>agreement<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="929"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w NP0>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VDN>done<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="930"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>accompanying <w NN1>article <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN2>officials <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w AJ0-VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w DPS>its <w NN2>rivals<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>strategy <w CJT>that <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>May <w CRD>1993<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN1>election <w NN1>period <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w VVN>aimed <w AV0>ultimately <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="931"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w NP0>UNTAC <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="932"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w DT0>some <w CRD>800 <w NN2>teams <w VVD>started <w VVG>compiling <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN2>lists <w PRP>in <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="933"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>UNTAC <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>co-ordinator <w NP0-NN1>Yasushi <w NP0-NN1>Akashi <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC <w VBD>was <w AV0>temporarily <w VVG>halting <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarmament <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="934"><w NN2>Akashi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>so long as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="935"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="936"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="937"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN2>affairs
</head>
<caption>
<s n="938"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session
</caption>
<p>
<s n="939"><w AT0>The <w ORD>ninth <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39094 <w PRP>for <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>President<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="940"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid. <w PRP>for <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA023></p>
<caption id=HLRCA023>
<s n="941"><w NN1>Dissolution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council
</caption>
<p>
<s n="942"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>execution <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="943"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Le <w NN1>Duc <w NN1-NP0>Anh<c PUN>, <w PNX>himself <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>military <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>created <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VVI>chart <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>peacetime <w NN1>security <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA024></p>
<caption id=HLRCA024>
<s n="944"><w NN1-VVB>Surrender <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Fulro <w NN2>rebels
</caption>
<p>
<s n="945"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Oppressed <w NN2>Races <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fulro<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Montagnard <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVD>ended <w DPS>their <w AJ0>28-year <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN2>highlands <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39094<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="946"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Fulro <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NN1>north-east <w NP0>Cambodia <w AV0>formally <w VVN>surrendered <w PRP>to <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>.
<s n="947"><w AT0>The <w NN2>guerrillas <w VBD>were <w VVN>flown <w PRP>to <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>prior to <w NN1>resettlement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA025><ptr target=HLRCA026></p>
<caption id=HLRCA025>
<s n="948"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLRCA026>
<s n="949"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States
</caption>
<p>
<s n="950"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Manh <w NP0>Cam<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>47th <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39120<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Dick <w NP0>Cheney <w CJC>and <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Eagleburger<c PUN>.
<s n="951"><w AT0>No <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>given<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="952"><w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>envoy <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Vessey <w VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17-19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38768 <w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>search <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>military <w NN2>archives <w PRP>for <w NN2>documents <w CJC>and <w NN2>photographs <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN-VVD>listed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="953"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w DPS>its <w AJ0>military <w NN2>archives <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>breakthrough<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="954"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w AV0>also <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>road <w NN1>map<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>normalizing <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>end <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA027></p>
<caption id=HLRCA027>
<s n="955"><w AJ0>Sino-Vietnamese <w NN1>border <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="956"><w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12-17 <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>settling <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>border <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN2>talks <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="957"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992 <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w VHD>had <w VVN>arisen <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>territory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Gulf <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tonkin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39094<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="958"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Xinhua <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>some <w NN1>headway<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="959"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>set<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA028></p>
<caption id=HLRCA028>
<s n="960"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>liaison <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="961"><w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>opened <w AT0>a <w NN1>liaison <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="962"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>full <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
<s n="963"><w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>fought <w PRP>alongside <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w NN0>Vietnamese <w NN2>forces <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="964"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>investment <w NN1>feasibility <w NN1>study <w NN1>team <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="965"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>companies <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>date<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN2>licences <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>government <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;150,000,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA029></p>
<caption id=HLRCA029>
<s n="966"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="967"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>official <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="968"><w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w VVN>halted <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>.
<s n="969"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NP0>Vietnam <w TO0>to <w VVI>restart <w VVG>repaying <w DPS>its <w NN2>debts <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="970"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Cam <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unofficial <w NN1>visit<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11-14<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Michio <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02A>
<s n="971"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Singapore<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="972"><w VVB>Wong <w NP0>Kan <w NP0>Seng<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18-21<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cam<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w CJC>and <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Duc <w NP0-NN1>Anh<c PUN>.
<s n="973"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38865 <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Senior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="974"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NN1-NP0>Wong <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Singaporean <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000,000<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Indo-China <w NN1>Fund<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="975"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NN1>fund <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>help <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>in <w NN2>personnel <w NN1-VVG>training<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>fields <w PRF>of <w NN1>infrastructure<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>finance<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>banking <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>management<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02B>
<s n="976"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>by <w NN1>Vice-Premier
</caption>
<p>
<s n="977"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w NP0>Vice-Premier <w NP0>Pham <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kai <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Belgium <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VHD>had <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLRCA02C><s n="978"><w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pham <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Khai <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0-NN1>Khanh <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister <w NP0>Tran <w NN1>Duc <w NN1-VVB>Luong <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Doan <w NP0>Khue <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="979"><w NP0>Bui <w NP0>Thien <w NP0>Ngo <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Manh <w NP0>Cam <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<caption id=HLRCA02C>
<s n="980"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="981"><w UNC>*Nguyen <w NP0>Dinh <w NP0>Loc <w NN1-NP0>Justice
</p>
<p>
<s n="982"><w UNC>*Ho <w UNC>Te <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Dang <w NP0-NN1>Huu <w NN1>Science<c PUN>, <w NN1>Technology <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment
</p>
<p>
<s n="983"><w UNC>*Tran <w NP0>Dinh <w NP0>Hoan <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>War <w NN2>Invalids <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w NP0>Tran <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Quan <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Training
</p>
<p>
<s n="984"><w UNC>*Nguyen <w NP0>Trong <w NP0>Nhan <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Tran <w NP0>Hoan <w NN1>Culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NP0>Ngo <w NP0>Xuan <w NP0>Loc <w NN1>Construction <w NP0>Nguyen <w VM0>Can <w NP0>Dinh <w NN1>Water <w NP0-NN1>Conservancy <w NP0>Bui <w NP0-NN1>Danh <w NP0-NN1>Luu <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Cong <w AJ0-NN1>Tan <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Industry <w NP0>Nguyen <w AJ0-NN1>Tan <w NN1-NP0>Trinh <w AJ0>Marine <w NN2>Products <w NP0>Tran <w NP0>Lum <w AJ0>Heavy <w NN1>Industry <w NP0>Dang <w NP0>Vu <w NP0>Chu <w AJ0-NN1>Light <w NN1>Industry
</p>
<p>
<s n="985"><w UNC>*Thai <w NP0>Phung <w NN1>Ne <w NP0>Energy <w NP0>Le <w NP0>Van <w NP0-NN1>Triet <w NN1>Commerce
</p>
<p>
<s n="986"><w UNC>*Mai <w NP0>Ky <w NN1>Population <w NN2>Activities <w CJC>and <w NN1>Family <w NN1>Planning
</p>
<p>
<s n="987"><w UNC>*Tran <w NP0>Thi <w NP0-NN1>Thanh <w NP0-NN1>Thanh <w NN1>Child <w NN1>Protection <w CJC>and <w NN1>Childcare
</p>
<p>
<s n="988"><w UNC>*Phan <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Tiem <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="989"><w UNC>*Ha <w VVB>Quang <w UNC>Du <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>affairs <w VDB>Do <w NP0>Quoc <w NP0>Sam <w VVI>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission <w NN1-NP0>Hoang <w NN1>Duc <w NN1-AJ0>Nghi <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ethnic <w NN2>Minorities <w CJC>and <w NN1>Mountain <w NN1>Region <w NN1>Commission
</p>
<p>
<s n="990"><w UNC>*Dau <w NP0>Ngoc <w NP0>Xuan <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Committee
</p>
<p>
<s n="991"><w UNC>*Phan <w NP0>Ngoc <w NP0-NN1>Tuong <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government<w POS>'s <w NN1>Organization <w CJC>and <w NN2>Personnel <w NN1-VVB>Commission
</p>
<p>
<s n="992"><w UNC>*Le <w NP0>Xuan <w NP0-NN1>Trinh <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Office
</p>
<p>
<s n="993"><w UNC>*Nguyen <w NP0>Ky <w NP0>Cam <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>State <w NN1>Inspector
</p>
<p>
<s n="994"><w UNC>*Cao <w NP0>Sy <w NP0-NN1>Khiem <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Bank
</p>
<p>
<s n="995"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="996"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="997"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="998"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Suharto<w POS>'s <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>term
</head>
<p>
<s n="999"><w NN1-NP0>Wahono<c PUN>, <w AJ0>general <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Golkar <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Functional <w NN1>Group <w NN1>Centre <w CJC>or <w NP0>Golongan <w NP0>Karya <w NP0>Pusat<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Golkar<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>nominate <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>as <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="1000"><w NP0-NN1>Wahono <w VVD>quoted <w NP0-NN1>Suharto <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w VVB>want <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w VVN>entrusted<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w DPS>my <w NN1>duty <w TO0>to <w VVI>fulfil <w AT0>the <w NN1>will<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1001"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02D>
<s n="1002"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN1>chief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1003"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Try <w NP0>Sutrisno<c PUN>, <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8-12<c PUN>, <w VVG>heading <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>resumed <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37612<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1004"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>another <w AJ0>major <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>normalization <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1005"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Sutrisno <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>military <w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Qin <w NP0>Jiwei<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Chi <w AJ0-NN1>Haotian<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02E>
<s n="1006"><w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w NN1>training <w NN1>aid <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1007"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>, <w VVD>froze <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;2,300,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>defence <w NN1>training <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38579<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1008"><w NP0>Air <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Sibun<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Indonesia <w VHD>had <w VVN>placed <w AT0>an <w NN1>order <w PRP>for <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Hawk <w NN1>jet <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reported <w NN1>purchase <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1009"><w NP0>Air <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Sibun <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force<c PUN>.
<s n="1010"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VVG>training <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1011"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1012"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1013"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1014"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Chuan <w NP0-NN1>Leekpai <w VVD>delivered <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39093 <w PRP>for <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Chuan <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1015"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>central <w NN1>plank <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="1016"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>committed <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Thailand<w POS>'s <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>free-market <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>economy <w PRP>by <w VVG>using <w NN1>market <w NN2>mechanisms <w CJC>and <w VDG>doing <w AV0>away <w PRP>with <w NN1>monopoly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>competition<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1017"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w AJ0>vague <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>issues<c PUN>; <w PRP>despite <w NN2>expectations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>announce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Chuan <w AV0>merely <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1018"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Nation <w NN1>newspaper <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Chuan <w VHD>had <w VVN>assigned <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Wichit <w NP0>Sukmak <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>defence <w NN2>policies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02F>
<s n="1019"><w VVB>Vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>revoke <w NN1>amnesty <w NN1-VVB>decree
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1020"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVD-VVN>voted <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w TO0>to <w VVI>revoke <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>amnesty <w NN1-VVB>decree <w VVG>protecting <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bloody <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38894-95<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Suchinda <w NP0>Kraprayoon <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w PRP>before <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w NN2>charges <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>against <w NP0>Suchinda <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>military <w NN2>leaders <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1022"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>placed <w AT0>the <w NN1>amnesty <w NN1-VVB>decree <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Tribunal <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>body <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>interpretation<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>asking <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>indictments <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>lodged <w PRP>against <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1023"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1024"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1025"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN1>incident <w PRP>with <w NP0>Thailand
</head>
<p>
<s n="1026"><w NP0>Myanma<w POS>'s <w AJ0>good <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Thailand <w VBD>were <w VVN>tested <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>border <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w VVN-VVD>arrested <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>Thai <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>district <w NN1>officer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1027"><w AT0>The <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>travelled <w PRP>into <w NP0>Myanma <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN2>villagers <w VVN>detained <w PRP>since <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="1028"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bangkok <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>10 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>bargain <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w CRD>21 <w NP0>Burmese <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Myanman<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>troops <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1029"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>government <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>demanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w AJ0>complicated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NP0>Karen <w NN2-VVZ>rebels<c PUN>.
<s n="1030"><w AT0>The <w NN1>district <w NN1>officer <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>week<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02G>
<s n="1031"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Convention <w NN1>commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1032"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>perform <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>supervisory <w NN1>role<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>convention <w PRP>on <w VVG>drafting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39007<c PUN>; <w CRD>38913<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1034"><w NP0>Myo <w NP0>Nyunt<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>SLORC <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1035"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w VVD-VVN>created <w AT0>a <w AJ0>36-member <w NN1>management <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1036"><w NN1-VVB>Tin <w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>, <w NN1>Inspector-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1037"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1038"><w NP0>NEPAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1039"><w NP0>Rao <w NN1-VVB>visit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1040"><w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Nepal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19-21<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Girija <w NP0>Prasad <w NP0>Koirala <w TO0>to <w VVI>expand <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>over <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>water <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>India <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>revise <w AV0>upwards<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w UNC>Rs350,000,000 <w PRP>to <w UNC>Rs500,000,000<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0-NN1>stand-by <w NN1>credit <w VVN-VVD>extended <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nepal<c PUN>.
<s n="1042"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>towards <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37531<c PUN>; <w CRD>38630<c PUN>; <w CRD>38681-82<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NP0>India <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>markets <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN2>goods<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02H>
<s n="1043"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1044"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NN2>loans <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>SDR33,570,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;49,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coming <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>enhanced <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESAF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>medium-term <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1045"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1046"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1047"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>rioting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1048"><w AT0>An <w UNC>8,000-strong <w AJ0>Rapid <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>RAF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>federally <w VVN-AJ0>administered <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN2>Police <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>CRPF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1049"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w AV0>initially <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ahmedabad<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Aligarh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Allahbad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Darbhanga<c PUN>, <w NP0>Delhi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghaziabad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hyderabad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jaipur<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Meerut <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Varanasi<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>between <w NN2>Hindus <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bihar<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1050"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>rioting <w VHD>had <w VVN>spread <w PRP>through <w NP0>Kerala<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maharashtra <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Babri <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1051"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>RAF <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>without <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>with <w NN1>state <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>an <w NN1>infringement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>administer <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02J>
<s n="1052"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1053"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38913<c PUN>; <w CRD>38967<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUN>; <w CRD>39053<c PUN>; <w CRD>39099<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>intensified <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>banks <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VVD-VVN>admitted<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>committee <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39053<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>contravened <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>banking <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1054"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1-VVB>bank <w NN1>Standard <w VVD-VVN>Chartered <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w NN1>banking <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>subsidiary <w DT0>some <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w VVD-VVN>erupted<c PUN>.
<s n="1055"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>America <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>contravened <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN2>regulations <w CJC>and <w VVD>diverted <w AJ0>large <w NN2>deposits <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>funds <w PRP>to <w NN2>securities <w NN2>transactions<c PUN>.
<s n="1056"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Australian-owned <w NN1>bank <w NP0-NN1>ANZ <w NP0>Grindlays<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>made <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>admissions<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>maintained <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>in keeping with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>market <w NN1>practice<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1057"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w AJ0>Standard <w AJ0>Chartered <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>filed <w AT0>a <w NN1>fraud <w NN1-VVB>claim <w VVG>involving <w UNC>US&dollar;41,000,000 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>bank <w NP0>Citibank <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>over <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bombay <w PRP>between <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1058"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>10th <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0-NN1>Standard <w AJ0-VVD>Chartered <w NN1>official <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1059"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>G. <w NP0>Ramaswamy <w VVD>denied <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>loan <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>by <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w NN1>Standard <w VVN-VVD>Chartered <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unsecured<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02K>
<s n="1060"><w NN1>Reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1061"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>India <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>lending <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
<s n="1062"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cut <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN2>rates <w VBD>were <w VVN>raised <w TO0>to <w VVI>record <w NN2>levels <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38533<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>peak <w PRF>of <w CRD>16.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w CRD>8.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w NP0>end-September<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02L>
<s n="1063"><w NN1>Privatization <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN2>fields
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1064"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>privatize <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN2>fields <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1065"><w AT0>The <w NN1>offer<c PUN>, <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>boost <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w CJC>and <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39099<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>supplement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN2>resources <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>Oil <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Natural <w NN1>Gas <w NN1>Commission <w CJC>and <w NN1>Oil <w NP0>India<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02M><ptr target=HLRCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02M>
<s n="1066"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLRCA02N>
<s n="1067"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1068"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Sino-Indian <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>working <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37352<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27-29<c PUN>.
<s n="1069"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>round <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb <w CRD>20-21 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>rounds <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37352<c PUN>; <w CRD>38192<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1070"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NP0>Foreign <w NP0>Secretary <w NP0>J. <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Dixit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Vice-Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Xu <w NP0-NN1>Dunxin<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>officially <w VVN>reported <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02P>
<s n="1071"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1072"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>army <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1073"><w NP0>Johnnie <w NN2>Corns <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>defence <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1074"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w DT0>such <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>defence <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38727<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1075"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>import <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>wheat <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992-93 <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02R>
<s n="1076"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1077"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>military <w NN1>contract <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>barter <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w AV0>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kiev <w PRP>by <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Sharad <w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14-17<c PUN>.
<s n="1078"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w NP0-NN1>Pawar <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>finalized <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39099<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1079"><w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Raghunanadan <w NP0>Lal <w NP0>Bhatia <w VVD>signed <w NN1>trade <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>republics <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9-16<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02S>
<s n="1080"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1081"><w NP0>K. <w NP0>Vijayabhaskara <w NP0>Reddy <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Andhra <w NP0>Pradesh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Janardhan <w NP0>Reddy<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>college <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Nellore<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>granted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Reddy<w POS>'s <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>vitiated <w PRP>by <w NN1>bias<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1082"><w NN2>Rebels <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w NN1>Bodo <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>state <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bodo <w NN1>tribe <w PRP>in <w NP0>Assam<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>suspected <w PRF>of <w VVG>planting <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Barpeta <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>21 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1083"><w VVB>Harjinder <w NP0>Singh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sukhdevo <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37345<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRF>of <w VVG>killing <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Arun <w NP0>Vaidya<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>army <w NN1>chief <w PNQ>who <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w CRD>1984 <w NN1-VVB>assault <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Golden <w NN1-NP0>Temple <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amritsar<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33221-24<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>hanged <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pune <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1084"><w VVB>Talwinder <w NP0>Singh <w NP0>Parmara<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN1>militant <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>planning <w AT0>the <w NN1>explosion <w DTQ>which <w VVD>destroyed <w AT0>an <w NN1>Air <w NP0>India <w AJ0-NN1>jumbo <w NN1>jet <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlantic <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33987<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Jullunder <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1085"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Tripura <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w NN1>gun <w NN1>battle <w PRP>between <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outlawed <w NP0>All-Tripura <w AJ0>Tribal <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>ATTF<c PUR>) <w VVD>left <w CRD>16 <w NN2>rebels <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1086"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1087"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1088"><w NN1-VVB>Massacre <w PRF>of <w NN2>Moslems
</head>
<p>
<s n="1089"><w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>separatists <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>140 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>pre-dawn <w NN2>raids <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w NN2>villages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Polunnaruwa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1090"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombo <w VVD>clashed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>demonstrators <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLMC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02T>
<s n="1091"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN1>chief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1092"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1093"><w NP0>Gerry <w NP0>de <w NP0>Silva <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1094"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1095"><w NP0>Denzil <w NP0>Kobbekaduwa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>ambushed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jaffna <w NN1>Peninsula <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39053<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02U>
<s n="1096"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1097"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>SDR112 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;164 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>medium-term <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AV0>partially <w VVN>financed <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0>Enhanced <w AJ0>Structural <w NN1>Adjustment <w NN1>Facility <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w ZZ0>p<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w UNC>R83<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1099"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1100"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1101"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NN1>identity <w NN1>card <w NN2>requirements
</head>
<p>
<s n="1102"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>ordered <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN1>identity <w NN2>cards <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w VM0>should <w VVI>indicate <w AT0>the <w NN1>holder<w POS>'s <w NN1>religion<c PUN>.
<s n="1103"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w PRP>in support of <w DT0>this <w NN1>move <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>construed <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>fragile <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w VVG-NN1>backing <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1104"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w DPS>its <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>betraying <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>interests <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38914<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1105"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>press <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJS>latest <w NN1>measure<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN2>possibilities <w PRF>of <w NN1>discrimination <w CJC>and <w NN1>harassment <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>religion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1106"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>organizations <w VVN-VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>stage <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
<s n="1107"><w NN2>Fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>tension <w VVD-VVN>intensified <w AV0>further <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fatal <w NN1>stabbing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>school <w NN1>teacher <w PRP>near <w NP0>Lahore <w PRP>for <w AV0>allegedly <w VVG>blaspheming <w AT0>the <w NN1>prophet <w NP0>Muhammad<c PUN>.
<s n="1108"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w AJ0>mandatory <w PRP>for <w PNI>anyone <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w VVG>defaming <w AT0>the <w NN1>prophet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38393<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02V>
<s n="1109"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1110"><w AT0>The <w NN1>extension <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>January <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sind <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38968<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1111"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Asif <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Janjua <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRP>after <w AJ0-VVG>restoring <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1112"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sind <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w VVD-AJ0>ordered <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>councils<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>crush <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Sind-based <w NP0-NN1>Mohajir <w NP0>Qaumi <w NP0>Mahaz <c PUL>(<w NP0>MQM<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1113"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>commission <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>crash <w DTQ>which <w VVD-AJ0>killed <w NN1>President <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Zia <w NP0>ul-Haq <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1988 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36217<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>heard <w NN1>evidence <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>army <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mirza <w NP0>Aslam <w NP0>Beg <w VHD>had <w VVN>plotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>crash <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02W>
<s n="1114"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1115"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>deal <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>F-7P <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>visit <w VVB>see <w ZZ0>p<c PUN>.
<s n="1116"><w UNC>R.79<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6-10<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1117"><w AT0>The <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0-NN1>French <w CRD>Agosta-90 <w NN2>submarines<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0-NN1>Joxe <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39098<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38726<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1118"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Ishaq <w NP0>Khan <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w NP0>26-Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>denied <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w VVN>requested <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRF>of <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts <w PRP>for <w NN1>F-16 <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w NP0>Khan <w VVD>met <w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riyadh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1120"><w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Kinkel <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kashmir <w NN1-VVB>dispute <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27-28 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1121"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1122"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1123"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani<w POS>'s <w NN1>term
</head>
<p>
<s n="1124"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Leadership <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Burhanuddin <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>24 <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38847<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>expired <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>assumed <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38968<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1126"><w AT0>The <w NN1>extension <w VVD>provided <w NP0>Rabbani <w PRP>with <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Resolution <w CJC>and <w NN1>Settlement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hal <w NN1>wa <w NP0>Aqd <w NP0>Shura<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w VVB>prepare <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1127"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Leadership <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>composed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
<s n="1128"><w NP0-NN1>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>fundamentalist <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AV0>personally<c PUN>.
<s n="1129"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ittehad-i-Islami<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Saudi-backed <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w AJ0-NN1>Wahhabi <w NN1>Sunni <w NN1>group <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Abdul-Rabur <w NP0>Rasul <w NP0-NN1>Sayaf<c PUN>.
<s n="1130"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>International <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Hekmatyar-Rabbani <w NN1>meeting <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>discreet <w NN1>visit<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Afghanistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>by <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Turki <w NP0>al-Faisal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>intelligence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02X>
<s n="1131"><w NN1>Security <w NN1>situation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1132"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>sporadic <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>during <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="1133"><w AJ0>Heavy <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Herat <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="1134"><w NN1>Government <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>pushed <w DT0>some <w CRD>30 <w NN0>km <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w AJ0>Unofficial <w NN2>figures <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>wounded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>at <w AV0>over <w CRD>300<c PUN>.
<s n="1136"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kapisa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Parwan <w NN2>provinces <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Khabul <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbek <w NN2>fighters <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1137"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1138"><w NP0>KAZAKHSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1139"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party
</head>
<p>
<s n="1140"><w CRD>Three <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Azat <c PUL>(<w NN1>Freedom<c PUR>) <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w NN1-NP0>Jeltoksan <c PUL>(<w NP0>December<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>merged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azat<c PUN>.
<s n="1141"><w NP0>Kamal <w NP0>Ormantayev<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kazakh <w NN1>Academy <w PRF>of <w NN2>Sciences<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1142"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>organization <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>united <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>decolonization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38969<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1144"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>prompt <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ust-Kamenogorsk <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w AT0>an <w NN1>escalation <w PRP>into <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>violence <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14-15<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AJ0>visiting <w NP0>Chechens <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>suspected <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>murdering <w CRD>four <w NN2>Kazakhs<c PUN>.
<s n="1145"><w TO0>To <w VVI>pre-empt <w DTQ>what <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>lynching-party <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>march <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nearby <w AJ0-NN1>Chechen-populated <w NN1>town<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w AJ0-VVD>passed <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>resolutions <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>eviction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechen <w NN2>residents <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="1146"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>repealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>some <w AJ0-NN1>Chechen <w NN2>families <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w AV0>already <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>left <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Grozny <c PUL>(<w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechnia<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLRCA02Y>
<s n="1147"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1148"><w NN1>Kazakh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>exchanged <w NN1>ratification <w NN2-VVZ>documents <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38973<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1149"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>declaration <w PNP>they <w VVD>emphasised <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>full-scale <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>co-ordinated <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control <w CJC>and <w NN1>science <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>installations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>space <w NN1>station <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Baikonur <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>testing <w NN1>ground <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Semipalatinsk<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1150"><w AT0>A <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>documents <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w NN2>Premiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w AT0>a <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>inter-republican <w NN1>enterprise <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1151"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1152"><w NP0>TAJIKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1153"><w VVB-NN1>Rebel <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dushanbe
</head>
<p>
<s n="1154"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>pro- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>forces <w VVN>spread <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1155"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>expressing <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>sending <w AJ0-VVG>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>weaponry <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tajikistan <w PRP>through <w NN1>border <w NN2>incursions <w PRP>from <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>reinforcment <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2>troops <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39097-98<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1156"><w NN2>Preparations <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>Kirgiz <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elaborated <w PRP>following <w DT0>several <w NN2>visits <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Feliks <w NP0>Akulov <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dushanbe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w NN2>regions<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w NN2>fears <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1157"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Akbarsho <w NP0>Iskandarov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>lost <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kulyab <c PUL>(<w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NN1>ex-President <w NP0-NN1>Rakhmon <w NP0>Nabiyev<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>over <w NP0>Kurgan-Tyube<c PUN>, <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>fiercest <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1158"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>rebel <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nabiyev <w VVD>approached <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w AT0>The <w NN2>rebels <w AV0>briefly <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Dushanbe <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>mosque <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>driven <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1160"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>chair <w NP0-NN1>Sarafali <w NP0>Kenjayev<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nabiyev<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>installed <w PNX>himself <w CJS>as <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>broadcast <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>to <w NP0>non-Tajiks <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w VVG>denouncing <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>fundamentalism<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1161"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe <w AV0>officially <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0>neutral<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-AJ0>retained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>main <w NN1>railway <w NN2>stations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA030></p>
<caption id=HLRCA030>
<s n="1162"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1163"><w CJS>As <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-Nabiyev <w NN1>activist <w NP0-NN1>Davlat <w NP0>Khudonazarov <w VVD>became <w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1164"><w NP0>Farouk <w NP0>Rakhmanov <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1165"><w NP0>Alijon <w NP0>Selekhbayev <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinstated <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>removed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nabiyev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1166"><w NP0>Kadreddin <w NP0>Aslonov<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurgan-Tyube <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1167"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Solijon <w NP0>Djurayev <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>state <w NN1>prosecutor <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39097<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA031></p>
<caption id=HLRCA031>
<s n="1168"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1169"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Maksud <w NP0>Ikramov<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38418<c PUN>; <w CRD>38811<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1170"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1171"><w NP0>UZBEKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1172"><w VVB-NN1>Draft <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1173"><w AT0>The <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>draft <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>for <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39010<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nezavisimaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1174"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w VVD>described <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secular<c PUN>, <w AJ0>democratic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AJ0>official <w NN1>state <w NN1>ideology <w CJC>or <w NN1>religion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1175"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVG>serving <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>consecutive <w AJ0>five-year <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w CJS>unless <w AJ0>ill<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>dissolve <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1176"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w DPS>his <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0-VVD>guaranteed <w NN1>freedom <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public <w NN2>associations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>clampdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>parties <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39010<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA032></p>
<caption id=HLRCA032>
<s n="1177"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1178"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NP0>President <w NP0>Askar <w NP0>Akayev <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1179"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Akayev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>Uzbek <w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0-NN1>Abdullashim <w NP0>Mutalov <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>concluded <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1180"><w VVN>Included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>friendship <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVG>covering <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN1>officer <w NN1>training<c PUN>.
<s n="1181"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w NN1>defence <w NN1>official <w VVD>characterized <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ongoing <w NN1>security <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>security <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38922<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1182"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1183"><w AJ0>Afghan <w NP0>President <w NP0>Burhanuddin <w NP0>Rabbani <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39146-47<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13-15<c PUN>.
<s n="1184"><w DPS>His <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>covered<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>matters <w NP0>Uzbek <w VVZ-NN2>concerns <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>fuelled <w PRP>by <w NN2>weapons <w VVD>smuggled <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>.
<s n="1185"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>in <w NN1>transport <w NN2>links<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>aviation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>highway <w PRP>from <w NP0>Termez <c PUL>(<w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mazar-i-Sharif<c PUR>) <w PRP>through <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>to <w NP0>Karachi <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pakistan<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w AT0>an <w NN1>outlet <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>sea<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1186"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1187"><w NP0>PAPUA <w NP0>NEW <w NP0>GUINEA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1188"><w NN1>Reoccupation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville
</head>
<p>
<s n="1189"><w AT0>The <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w NN1>rebel <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUN>.
<s n="1190"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>secessionist <w NP0>Bougainville <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NN1>BRA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arawa<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w ORD>last <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>stronghold<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>mortar <w NN1>bombardment<c PUN>.
<s n="1191"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>confirmation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>offensive <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w AJ0-NN1>Tohian<c PUN>, <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VBD>were <w PRP>within <w CRD>2 <w NN0>km <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arawa <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVG>continuing <w DPS>their <w NN1>drive <w AV0>southwards<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1192"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paias <w NP0-NN1>Wingti <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>advance<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>claimed <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w DPS>His <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>suggested<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>empowered <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>all <w AJ0>tactical <w NN2>decisions <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1194"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Wingti <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>advance <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>unresisted <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>the <w NN1>invitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>chiefs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1195"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>landed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bougainville <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w VBG>being <w VVN>forced <w PRP>to <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
<s n="1196"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unspectacular <w CJC>and <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>unreported <w NN2-VVZ>moves <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VHD>had <w AV0>slowly <w VVN>advanced <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>interior<c PUN>.
<s n="1197"><w VVN>Weakened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>blockade<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>torn <w PRP>by <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>dissension<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>BRA <w VVD>proved <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w DT0>these <w AJ0>localized <w NN2>advances<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1198"><w NN2>Wingti <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Arawa <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w NN1>authority <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1199"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>units <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA033></p>
<caption id=HLRCA033>
<s n="1200"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AV0>more <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governments <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>secession
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1201"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0>anti-corruption <w NN1-VVB>drive <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Wingti <w NN1>government <w VVD>suspended <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governments <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total <w PRP>under <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>to <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="1202"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>planning <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w NN1>structure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>encouraged <w NN1>patronage <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="1203"><w AT0>The <w NN1>abolition <w NN1>plan <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>five <w NN1>island <w NN2>provinces <w TO0>to <w VVI>secede <w PRP>from <w NP0>Papua <w NP0>New <w NP0>Guinea<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1204"><w AT0>The <w NN1>threat <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rabaul<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>premiers <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Manus<c PUN>, <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w CJC>and <w NN1>West <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>community <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bougainville<c PUN>.
<s n="1205"><w NN2>Wingti <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>empty <w NN1>threat<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>investigated <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w CJS>whether or not <w PNP>it <w VVD>constituted <w NN1>sedition<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>defined <w PRP>under <w NN1>section <w CRD>44 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>code<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1206"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1207"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1208"><w NN1>State <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Victoria <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1209"><w NP0>ALP <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>in <w NP0>Victoria <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1210"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Labor <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crushing <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Victoria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>adverse <w NN1>swing <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36296<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1211"><w CJS>Although <w NN1-VVG>counting <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>incomplete <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>53 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>88-member <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>nine<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal-National <w NN1>alliance <w DT0>each <w AV0>now <w VVD>controlled <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN1>state <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="1212"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VVN-VVD>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>26 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jeff <w NP0>Kennett<c PUN>, <w VVD>possessed <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="1213"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Joan <w NP0>Kirner<w POS>'s <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>ALP <w NN1>administration <w VVD>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1214"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w CRD>one <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>22 <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1215"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Liberals <w VVD>increased <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1-VVB>share <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w VVD>retained <w DPS>their <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1216"><w AT0>The <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kennett<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>able <w CJC>or <w AJ0>charismatic <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>governed <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>overseen <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>mismanagement <w PRP>under <w AV0>both <w NP0-NN1>Kirner <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>predecessor <w NP0>John <w NP0>Cain<c PUN>.
<s n="1217"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stark <w NN1>warning <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRP>by <w NN1>mid-1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1218"><w PRP>At <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>level <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal-National <w NN1>opposition <w VVD-VVN>needed <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>swing <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN1>victory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA034></p>
<caption id=HLRCA034>
<s n="1219"><w NN1>Report <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1220"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>ALP<w POS>'s <w NN1>discomfort <w VBD>was <w VVN>heightened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>.
<s n="1221"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>six-volume <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Commission <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>Premier<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carmen <w NP0>Lawrence<c PUN>, <w PRP>in response to <w VVG-AJ0>increasing <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>anger <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>improper <w NN2>dealings <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>entrepreneurs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1222"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w AV0>widely <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Australia <w AJ0>Inc<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>A&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;690 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>money <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ill-fated <w NN2>ventures <w VVG>involving <w NN2>entrepreneurs <w PRP>including <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Bond<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bond <w NN1>Corporation <w NN2>Holdings<c PUN>, <w NP0>Laurie <w NP0>Connell<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>collapsed <w NP0>Rothwells <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Holmes <w AT0>&agrave; <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1223"><w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Burke<c PUN>, <w NP0>ALP <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>from <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRP>for <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>acted <w AV0>improperly <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>political <w NN2>donations <w PRP>from <w NN1>businesspeople <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rescue <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>investment <w NN1>bank <w VVN>run <w PRP>by <w NP0>Connell.The <w NN1-VVB>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Burke<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Dowding<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>premier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1982-83<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ray <w NP0>O'Connor<c PUN>.
<s n="1224"><w AT0>An <w NN1>appendix <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>breaches <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>released <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>public <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>sent <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>prosecutions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA035></p>
<caption id=HLRCA035>
<s n="1225"><w NN1>Abandonment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w NN2>honours
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1226"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>imperial <w NN1>tradition <w VVG>lasting <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>two <w NN2>centuries <w VBD>was <w VVN>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w CJC>and <w NP0>Queen <w NP0>Elizabeth <w CRD>II <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>citizens <w VM0>would <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w NN2>honours<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1227"><w AT0>The <w NN1>arrangement <w VVD>formalized <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ALP <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gough <w NP0>Whitlam <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w NN1>Order <w PRF>of <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>award <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w NN2>honours <w VVN>bestowed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>monarch<c PUN>.
<s n="1228"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>most <w NN1>state <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w VVN>switched <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>award <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>recognizing <w AJ0>public <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w NP0>Queensland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tasmania <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>recommend <w NN2>Australians <w PRP>for <w NN2>knighthoods <w CJC>and <w AJC>lower <w NN2>awards<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1229"><w PNP>It <w VVD>remained <w AV0>technically <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>Australian <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>knighted<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>Queen <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>an <w NN1>award <w PRP>within <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>order <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Victorian <w NN1>order<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>honour <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w AJ0>non-Commonwealth <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1230"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1231"><w NP0-NN1>ASEAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1232"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1233"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>East <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>Nations <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>ASEAN <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>comprising <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>, <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22-23 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38535 <w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Malaysia<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1234"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>tariff <c PUL>(<w PRP>CEPT<c PUR>) <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w NN1>tariff <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>manufactured <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>processed <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>products <w VVN-VVD>traded <w PRP>within <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ASEAN <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>area <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFTA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>2008<c PUN>.
<s n="1236"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>AFTA <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0-NN1>ASEAN <w NN1>summit <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Singapore <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38729<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA036></p>
<caption id=HLRCA036>
<s n="1237"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>ASEAN <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1238"><w AJ0>ASEAN <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30-31<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1239"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>enhancing <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="1240"><w AT0>A <w NN1>compromise <w VBD>was <w VVN>forged <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>divisive <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Portuguese <w NN1>colony <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN>annexed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w NP0>Portugal <w VHD>had <w AV0>initially <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w CJS>unless <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>reference <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>.
<s n="1242"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Portuguese <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w AVQ>whereby <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>pledged <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>freedoms <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>their <w NN1>dialogue <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w DT0>these <w NN2>issues<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1243"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1244"><w NP0>SAARC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1245"><w NP0>Premadasa<w POS>'s <w NN1>tour
</head>
<p>
<s n="1246"><w NP0>Sri <w AJ0>Lankan <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ranasinghe <w NP0>Premadasa<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>capacity <w CJS>as <w AJ0>current <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Association <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Co-operation <c PUL>(<w NP0>SAARC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SAARC <w NN1>summit <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1247"><w NP0>Premadasa <w VVD>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>working <w NN2>visits<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23-24 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nepal <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24-25<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1-3 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Premadasa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>trade <w NN2>barriers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38684<c PUN>; <w CRD>38918<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1249"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Premadasa <w VVD>met <w NP0>King <w NP0>Jigme <w NP0>Singye <w NP0-NN1>Wangchuk <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bhutanese <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Thimphu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4-5 <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w AJ0>extensive <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bangladesh <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Begum <w NP0>Khaleda <w NP0>Zia <w PRP>on <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>alleviating <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>poverty<c PUN>.
<s n="1250"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w NP0>Premadasa<w POS>'s <w NN1>tour <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>with <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>Male <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Maldivian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Maumoun <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0-NN1>Gayoom <w PRP>on <w NN1>progress <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NN1>Poverty <w NN1>Alleviation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38684<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1251"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1252"><w NP0>BRUNEI
</head>
<p>
<s n="1253"><w AJ0>Lavish <w NN2>celebrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Hassanal <w NP0>Bolkiah<w POS>'s <w ORD>25th <w NN1>year <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>.
<s n="1254"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>anniversary <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sultan <w VVD>defended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>monarchical <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>contribution <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;1,000,000 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>betrayed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>oppressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1255"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1256"><w NP0-NN1>KIRGIZSTAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1257"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NN1-NP0>Yegor <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>visiting <w NN1-NP0>Kirgizstan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7-8 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>Russian-Kirgiz <w NN2>agreements <w VVG>dealing <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>with <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>matters<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1258"><w NP0>Russia <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>assume <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<w POS>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;800 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VVN-VVD>inherited <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1259"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1260"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<p>
<s n="1261"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w VVN-VVD>reviewed <w AV0>favourably <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>performance<c PUN>, <w VVG>freeing <w AT0>a <w NN1>tranche <w PRF>of <w NN1>credit <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;130,000,000 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>arrangement<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1262"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1263"><w DT0>FORMER <w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1264"><w NN1>Rapprochement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>FRY
</head>
<p>
<s n="1265"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dobrica <w NN1>Cosic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rump<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>federation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eight-point <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>talks <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Owen <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
<s n="1266"><w DT0>This <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1-NP0>Prevlaka <w NN1>peninsula <w VVG>overlooking <w NP0>Dubrovnik <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1267"><w AT0>The <w NN1>retreat <w PRP>from <w NP0>Prevlaka <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>Croatians <w VBD>were <w VVN>trapped <w PRP>behind <w NP0>FRY <w NN1>army <w NN2>lines<c PUR>) <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>accomplished <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Prevlaka <w VBD>was <w VVN>proclaimed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>demilitarized <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>Milosevic <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w VVD>intensified <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zagreb <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>normalize <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>.
<s n="1269"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Croat <w CJC>and <w VVB>FRY <w NN2>delegations<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>discussed <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>transport <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN2>zones <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Serb-held <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>stationing <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>monitors <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w VVB>FRY <w NN2>airports<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w AV0>also <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA037></p>
<caption id=HLRCA037>
<s n="1270"><w NP0>UN <w VVB-NN1>vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w NN1-VVB>commission
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1271"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>voted <w AV0>unanimously <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w PRP>within <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days <w AT0>a <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w VVB-NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>grave <w NN2>breaches <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN1>action<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1272"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Mazowiecki<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w DPS>his <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>into <w NN2>abuses <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39035<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA038><ptr target=HLRCA039></p>
<caption id=HLRCA038>
<s n="1273"><w AT0>The <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<caption id=HLRCA039>
<s n="1274"><w NN1>Relief <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w AJ0>besieged <w NP0>Sarajevo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1275"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN1-VVB>airlift <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w PRP>under <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>siege <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w AJ0>successive <w NN1>month <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>relative <w NN1>calm <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>to <w CRD>18 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<w POS>'s <w NN1>suspension <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Italian <w NN0>aircraft <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1276"><w NN2>Flights <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w AV0>sporadically <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AVP>up <w NN2>stockpiles <w PRF>of <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>winter<c PUN>.
<s n="1277"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>batch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VVG>numbering <w CRD>2,400<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>despatched <w PRP>to <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="1278"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w CRD>700 <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03A>
<s n="1279"><w NN1-VVB>Capture <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosanski <w NP0>Brod
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1280"><w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosanski <w NP0-NN1>Brod <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w NN1>bank <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Sava <w NN1>river <w VVG-AJ0>separating <w NP0>Bosnia <w PRP>from <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>.
<s n="1281"><w CJS>As <w CRD>8,000 <w NN2>refugees <w VVD>escaped <w PRP>into <w NP0>Croatia <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>bridge <w VBD>was <w VVN>blown <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1282"><w DT0>This <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NP0>Serbs <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>corridor <w PRP>across <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Bosnia <w VVG>linking <w NP0>Serbia <w AJ0>proper <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <c PUL>(<w NP0>RSK <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>rumoured <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w NP0>Prevlaka <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1283"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadzic <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Mate <w NP0-NN1>Boban<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w AT0>the <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>permanent <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w AV0>further <w VVG>fuelling <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w NN2>Serbians <w CJC>and <w NN2>Croats <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>isolate <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1284"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w NP0>Orasje<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Brcko <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gradacac<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w NN2>towns <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>corridor <w AV0>still <w AV0>under <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w VVB>cut <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Serbian-controlled <w NN1>corridor <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Brcko<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VBD>was <w VVN>retaken<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03B>
<s n="1285"><w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>flights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1286"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w CRD>14 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w PNI>none <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w VVG>abstaining <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w AJ0>military <w NN2>flights <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>airspace <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban<c PUN>.
<s n="1287"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>defied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombardment <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN0>aircraft <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gradacac <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Brcko <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1288"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0>international <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w NN1>announcement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>enforcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Karadzic <w AV0>finally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>grounding <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>combat <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosnia <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <c PUL>(<w NP0>Serbia <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN1>combat <w NN0>aircraft<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1289"><w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>warned <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Birmingham <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39158<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w NN1>enforcement <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w CJS>if <w NN2>delays <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>informed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w NN2>hangars <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w NN1>transfer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1290"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w NP0>President <w NP0>Cosic <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>vaguely <w AJ0-VVD>worded <w NN1>statement <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w VVG-AJ0>normalizing <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN1>peace <w NN2>initiatives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1291"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Milosevic <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>his <w NN1>influence <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>held <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs <w AV0>chiefly <w AJ0>responsible<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AJ0>military <w NN2>measures <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>flight <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>over <w NP0>Bosnia <w VBD>was <w VVN>breached<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03C>
<s n="1292"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>forces
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1293"><w NN1-AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>turned <w PRP>against <w PNX>each other <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vitez <w CJC>and <w NP0>Novi <w NP0-NN1>Travnik <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1294"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hercegovian <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mostar <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>defence <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1295"><w NN1-VVG>Fighting <w VVN>spread <w PRP>to <w NN1-NP0>Mostar <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>forces <w VVD>took <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>proclaimed <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>Herceg-Bosne <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39103<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>Boban <w CJS>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1296"><w NN1-AJ0>Boban <w AV0>also <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDZ<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w VVG>ousting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>Stjepan <w NN1>Kljujic <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w ORD>next <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Herceg-Bosna <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w VVB>Ejup <w AJ0>Ganic<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w PRP>against <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w VVD>assisted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1298"><w NN2>Meetings <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>factions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN1>commander <w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Morillon <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1299"><w AT0>The <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Prozor<c PUN>, <w CRD>70 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>inhabitants <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave<c PUN>.
<s n="1300"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w NP0>Jacje <w VVD>fell <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w AV0>under <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>siege <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>exodus <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>to <w NN1>date <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>25,000 <w AJ0-VVD>left <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Travnik<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03D>
<s n="1301"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>reshaping <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1302"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN2>negotiators <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>into <w CRD>three<c PUQ>&quot; <w UNC>ethnic-/confessionally-based <w NN2>republics<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>presented <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decentralized <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>preserving <w DPS>its <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1303"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>reshaped <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>proposed<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w CRD>seven <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governments <w PRP>with <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w NN1>autonomy <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>law <w NN1>enforcement<c PUN>.
<s n="1304"><w AT0>The <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w VVD-VVN>remained <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>negotiated<c PUN>.
<s n="1305"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w AT0>The <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>ceremonial <w NN1>presidency <w VM0>would <w VVI>rotate <w PRP>among <w AJ0>major <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="1307"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
<s n="1308"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0>international <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>as regards <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03E><ptr target=HLRCA03F></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03E>
<s n="1309"><w VVB>FRY <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>politics
</caption>
<caption id=HLRCA03F>
<s n="1310"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Serbia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1311"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1312"><w PRP>At <w CRD>46 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>low <c PUL>(<w PRP>due to <w AT0>an <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-VVB>boycott<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>7,000,000 <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Serbia <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>95 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>voted <w VBD>were <w PRP>in favour of <w AJ0>early <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1313"><w AV0>Both <w AJ0>Cosic <w CJC>and <w VVB>FRY <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Panic <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0-AV0>early <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>general <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Serbia <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w PRP>from <w NN1>power <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>hardline <w NP0>President <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w CJS>as <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1314"><w NN1-VVB>Panic <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03G>
<s n="1315"><w NN1>Seizure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belgrade <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1316"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w NP0>Milosevic <w TO0>to <w VVI>assert <w DPS>his <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>police <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mihail <w NP0>Kertes<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Milosevic<w POS>'s <w NN2>aides<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>seized <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>retained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belgrade <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1317"><w AV0>Both <w NN1-VVB>Panic <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Pavle <w NN1>Bulatovic <w VBD>were <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03H>
<s n="1318"><w NP0>Kosovo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1319"><w NN1>Panic <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kosovo <w NN1>capital <w NN1-NP0>Pristina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Rugova<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w AT0>the <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Albanians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1320"><w NN1>Panic<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w VVD>followed <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pristina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12-13 <w PRP>between <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>Albanians <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>education <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>language <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>reopening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>schools<c PUN>.
<s n="1321"><w NN1-VVB>Panic <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>discriminatory <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w NN0>media <w NN1>freedom <w CJC>and <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
<s n="1322"><w NN2>Talks <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pristina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Serbian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Panic<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vance <w CJC>and <w NP0>Owen<c PUN>, <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN2>children <w PRP>to <w NN2>classes <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>language <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>lifting <w AJ0>discriminatory <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
<s n="1323"><w NP0>Vance <w CJC>and <w NP0>Owen <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w NP0>Montenegro <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03J>
<s n="1324"><w NP0>Montenegro
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1325"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w VVG-AJ0>defining <w NP0>Montenegro <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="1326"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Momcilo <w NN1>Knezevic <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03K>
<s n="1327"><w AJ0>Proposed <w NN1>union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1328"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Serbian <w NP0-NN1>Krajina <c PUL>(<w NP0>RSK<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39103<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>unite <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>RSK<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03L>
<s n="1329"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1330"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>August <w NP0>Greece <w VVD>closed <w DPS>its <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>an <w NN1>oil <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>.
<s n="1331"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>state <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>, <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>verge <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>collapse<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1332"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1333"><w NP0>CROATIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1334"><w AJ0>Detailed <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1335"><w NN1>Distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>2 <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39064<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>.
<s n="1336"><w NN1>Party <w NN2>Seats <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDZ<c PUR>) <w CRD>85 <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HSLS<c PUR>) <w CRD>14 <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Change <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDP<c PUR>) <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HNS<c PUR>) <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>HSP<c PUR>) <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Peasant <w NN1>Party <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w CRD>3 <w NN2>Independents <w CRD>6 <w NN2>Regionalists <w CRD>6 <w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman <c PUL>(<w NP0>HDZ<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>56. <w CRD>74 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w NP0>Drazen <w NP0>Budisa <c PUL>(<w NP0>HSLS<c PUR>) <w CRD>21.87 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Savka <w NP0>Dabcevic-Kucar <c PUL>(<w NP0>HNS<c PUR>) <w CRD>6. <w CRD>04 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Silvije <w NP0>Paraga <c PUL>(<w NP0>HSP<c PUR>) <w CRD>5. <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03M>
<s n="1337"><w NN1>Summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Slovenia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1338"><w AT0>A <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovenian <w NN2>Presidents<c PUN>, <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Kucan<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NP0>Brdo <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ljubljana<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovenian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1339"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>stated <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>principles <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>friendly <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>border <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>with <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>interests<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03N>
<s n="1340"><w AJ0>External <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1341"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>with <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
<s n="1342"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sudan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1343"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1344"><w NP0>SLOVENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1345"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVG>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="1346"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Slovenia<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>parliamentary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w CJS>if <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1347"><w NP0>US <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>against <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38684<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>against <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1348"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w VBD>were <w VVN>established <w PRP>with <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1349"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1350"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1351"><w NP0>Iliescu <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory
</head>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>DNSF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJC>further<c PUN>, <w AJ0>four-year<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>term <w PRP>by <w VVG>defeating <w NP0-NN1>Emil <w NN1-NP0>Constantinescu <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <c PUL>(<w NP0>DCR<c PUR>) <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Iliescu <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Constantinescu <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w CRD>47.34 <w CJC>and <w CRD>31.24 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>first <w AJ0>round <w NN2>results <w CJC>and <w NN1>background <w NN1>information<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39104<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NP0>Iliescu <w VVD>won <w CRD>61.43 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Constantinescu <w CRD>38.57 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>73.2 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1354"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>inauguration <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Iliescu <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>pluralism <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><c PUL>(<w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w NP0>Iliescu <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VVG>moving <w AV0>speedily <w AV0>enough <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>genuine <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="1356"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>views <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>crime<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03P>
<s n="1357"><w ORD>First <w NN2>sessions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Fraud <w NN2>accusations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1358"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>341-member <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>143-member <w NN1>Senate <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w NN2>sessions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1359"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DCR <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>annulment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>.
<s n="1360"><w PNP>It <w VVD>cited <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN2>irregularities <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>intimidation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AV0>around <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>outside <w DPS>their <w NN2>places <w PRF>of <w NN1>residence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w AV0>more than <w CRD>3,000,000 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w DT0>some <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>cast<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>invalid<c PUN>.
<s n="1361"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television <w NN1>service <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-DNSF <w NN1>bias<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>observers <w VHD>had <w VVN>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w CJS>as <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>intimidation <w CJC>and <w NN1>violence <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03R>
<s n="1363"><w NN2>Attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1364"><w NP0>Iliescu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>opened <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w AT0>the <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Theodor <w NP0-NN1>Stolojan<c PUN>.
<s n="1365"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>DCR <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF<c PUN>, <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>DNSF <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>evolution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <w PRP>towards <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>&hellip; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03S>
<s n="1366"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>RNUP <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1367"><w AT0>The <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RNUP<c PUR>) <w VVD>elected <w NP0>Gheorghe <w NP0-NN1>Funar <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Radu <w NP0>Ceontea <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="1368"><w NP0-NN1>Funar <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLRCA03T><s n="1369"><w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>DNSF<c PUR>) <w CRD>117 <w CRD>49 <w NP0>DCR <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>: <w CRD>82 <w CRD>34 <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Peasant <w AJ0>Party-Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w CRD>42 <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party <w CRD>13 <w CRD>7 <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Liberal <w NP0>Party-Youth <w NN1-VVB>Wing <w CRD>11 <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>10 <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>Ecology <w NN1>Party <w CRD>4 <w CRD>0 <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Party-Democratic <w NN1>Convention <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <w NN2>Others <w CRD>0 <w CRD>4 <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSF<c PUR>) <w CRD>43 <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>Romanian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <w CRD>30 <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <w CRD>27 <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Greater <w NP0>Romania <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>Romania <w NP0>Mare<c PUR>) <w CRD>16 <w CRD>6 <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w CRD>13 <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Agrarian <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania <w CRD>0 <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>Total <w NN2>seats <w UNC>**328 <w CRD>143
</p>
<caption id=HLRCA03T>
<s n="1370"><w NN1>Composition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>Parliament <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w NN1>Senate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1371"><w UNC>*For <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39104<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1372"><w UNC>**An <w AJ0>additional <w CRD>13 <w NN1>Chamber <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>reserved <w PRP>for <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>341 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1373"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1374"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1375"><w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>grant
</head>
<p>
<s n="1376"><w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w VVD>allocated <w NP0>Albania <w AT0>a <w NN2>balance-of-payments <w VVB-NN1>support <w NN1-VVB>grant <w PRP>worth <w UNC>ECU70,000,000<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>conditional <w PRP>upon <w NP0>Albania <w VVG>concluding <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJC>and <w VVG>holding <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>recommendations <c PUL>(<w UNC>ECU1=US&dollar;1.39013 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w AT0>An <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Camdessus <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tirana<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w AJC>further <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>worth <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03U>
<s n="1379"><w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>bank
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1380"><w AT0>A <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jeddah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>Albanian <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>AAIB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="1381"><w AJ0>Authorized <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;100,000,000 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>by <w NN2>investors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania <w VM0>would <w VVI>hold <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>stock<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03V>
<s n="1382"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Italy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1383"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Aleksander <w NP0-NN1>Meksi <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Colombo <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0-NN1>Scalfaro <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1384"><w NP0>Italy <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w NP0>Albania <w AV0>over <w NN0>&dollar;30,000,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w PRP>for <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1385"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Meksi <w VHD>had <w VVN>invited <w AT0>the <w NN1>Pope <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1386"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1387"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1388"><w NN1-VVB>Fall <w PRF>of <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1389"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>after <w VVG>losing <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>defeated <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38539<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1391"><w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>formed <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38583<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>reliant <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Turks<w POS>' <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>Freedoms <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRF<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>working <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="1392"><w PRP>From <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992 <w AV0>onwards <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w CJC>but <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39105<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1393"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>between <w NP0>Zhelev <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>increased <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w AVQ>when <w NN2>details <w VVD>emerged <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>arms <w NN1>scandal <w VVG>involving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prime <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w NP0>Konstantin <w NP0>Mishev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Brigo <w NP0>Asparukhov<c PUN>.
<s n="1394"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Asparukhov <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mishev <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1395"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Asparukhov<w POS>'s <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Zhelev-inspired <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>smear <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1396"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-October <w NP0>Dimitrov <w VVD>requested <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1397"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w CRD>121 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>111<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w CJC>and <w NP0>MRF <w NN1-VVG>voting <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>tendered <w DPS>its <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="1398"><w PRP>As of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w NP0>Zhelev <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>invited <w PNI>anyone <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w CJS>so that <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dimitrov <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03W>
<s n="1399"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Atanasov<w POS>'s <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1400"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgi <w NP0>Atanasov<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-90<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NP0>Stoyan <w NP0>Ovcharov<c PUN>; <w DT0>both <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>embezzlement<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1401"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1402"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1403"><w NN1>Setback <w TO0>to <w VVI>partition <w NN1-VVB>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="1404"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>chambers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Nations <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>legalized <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39105<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1405"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>deputies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>leftists <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>authorise <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation<w POS>'s <w NN1>transformation <w PRP>into <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Czech-Slovak <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NN1>legislature <w CJC>and <w AJ0>governing <w NN1>council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1406"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NP0>CSTK <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD-VVN>described <w DT0>this <w NN1>decision <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unexpected<c PUN>, <w VVG>reporting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>law<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>accelerate <w AT0>the <w NN1>integration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>republics <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w VVN-VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maastricht <w PRF>of <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1407"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>drawn <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>counterpart <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>(<w NP0>HZDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Meciar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39061-62<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1408"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w DT0>This <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>at <w NP0>Jihlava<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moravia<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Klaus <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w VM0>would <w VVI>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>partial <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1410"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unrealistic <w TO0>to <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1411"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>passed <w CRD>two <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>transferring <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>powers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>from <w CRD>15 <w PRP>to <w CRD>five<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03X>
<s n="1412"><w NN1>Future <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1413"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>at <w NP0>Kolodeje<c PUN>, <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>reached <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>duty-free <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>74th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1414"><w AJ0>Associated <w NN1>Press <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>quoted <w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<w POS>'s <w NN1>export <w NN2>quotas <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1415"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>common <w NN1>currency <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>until <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>currencies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>with <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>agency <w VVD-VVN>reported<c PUN>.
<s n="1416"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>contained <w AT0>a <w NN1>provision <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>currency <w NN2>values <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VBI>be <w VVN>dictated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>economies<c PUN>.
<s n="1417"><w AT0>No <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w NN1>division<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1418"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>met <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w NP0>Javorina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w NP0>CSTK <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>signed <w CRD>16 <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>on <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="1419"><w VVB-NN1>Meciar <w CJC>and <w NP0>Klaus <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39153<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLRCA03Y>
<s n="1420"><w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1421"><w NN2>Officials <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>major <w NN2>points <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>future <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1422"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>reorganize <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>abolishing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>functions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economics <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Ministry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA040></p>
<caption id=HLRCA040>
<s n="1423"><w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>political <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1424"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w VBD>were <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Meciar<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w NN1>president <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic <w AV0>externally<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>judicial <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Bratislava <w NN1>radio<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1425"><w NP0>CSTK <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>ministries <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>17 <w PRP>to <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1427"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1428"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovak <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>congress <w AT0>a <w NN1>name <w NN1-VVB>change <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>.
<s n="1429"><w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Dubcek <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>re-elected <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>coma <w PRP>since <w NP0>mid-September <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>car <w NN1>accident<c PUN>.
<s n="1430"><w NP0-NN1>Jaroslav <w NP0>Volf<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>during <w NP0>Dubcek<w POS>'s <w NN1>illness<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w ORD>first <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chair<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA041></p>
<caption id=HLRCA041>
<s n="1431"><w NN1-NP0>Gabcikovo <w NN1-VVB>dam <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1432"><w NN1>Construction <w NN1>work <w VBD>was <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>side <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>Gabcikovo-Nagymaros <w VVB-NN1>dam <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Danube <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39105<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1433"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dispute <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>complicated <w PRP>by <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0-NN1>Czechoslovak <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>advocate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>.
<s n="1434"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakdown <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>EC-sponsored <w NN2>talks <c PUL>(<w AV0>earlier <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w VHG>having <w VVN>ended <w PRP>without <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1435"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>government <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>announcing <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w AT0>a <w NN1>complaint <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
<s n="1436"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Meciar <w VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w NN1-VVB>work <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>commission <w VVZ>checks <w AT0>the <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>project<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1437"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1438"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1439"><w AJ0>Socio-economic <w NN1>programme
</head>
<p>
<s n="1440"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Suchocka <w VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w DPS>her <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>since <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39016-17<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1441"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>priorities <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>speed <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>, <w VVB>depoliticize <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1>bargaining<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>sustain <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>export-led <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>output <w PRP>without <w VVG-AJ0>reigniting <w NN1>inflation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1442"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>plan <w VBD>was <w VVN>formulated <w PRP>in consultation with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w NN2>payments <w PRP>under <w AT0>an <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>loan <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38162<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1443"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NP0>IMF <w AJ0>18-month <w AJ0-NN1>standby <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN1>reduction <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Poland <w VVD>owed <w UNC>US&dollar;12,200 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1444"><w NP0-NN1>Suchocka <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-CJS>After <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>turning <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="1445"><w PRP>Until <w AV0>now <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>reconstructing <w AT0>the <w NN1>system<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1446"><w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w VVG>coming <w PRP>out of <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1447"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>warned<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>entering <w AT0>the <w NN1>path <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>expect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>jump <w PRP>in <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1448"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>output<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>state-sector <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>output<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>decline <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>reduced <w NN1>production <w PRP>to <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pre-1989 <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
<s n="1449"><w AJ0-NN1>Polish <w NN2>exports<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>made <w AV0>more <w AJ0>competitive <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>zloty<c PUN>, <w VVN>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>12.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NN0>&dollar;6,880 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1450"><w NN2>Imports <w VVD>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w VVN-VVD>reached <w UNC>US&dollar;976 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN2>balance-of-payments <w NN1-AJ0>surplus <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;389 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1451"><w NN1>Inflation <w VBD>was <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w CRD>41 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1452"><w NN1>Unemployment <w VBD>was <w CRD>13.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1453"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>projected <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>from <w CRD>65,500,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty <w PRP>to <w AV0>almost <w CRD>82,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=14,199.4 <w NN1>zloty <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1454"><w NN1>Revenue <w PRP>from <w NN1>turnover <w CJC>and <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NN1>privatization <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="1455"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>programme <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>average <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>3 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w PRP>in <w NN1>turnover <w NN1>tax<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>tax <w NN1>collection <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>surcharge <w PRP>on <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="1456"><w NN1>Expenditure <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w CRD>3.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>proposed<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>linking <w PRF>of <w NN2>pensions <w PRP>to <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1457"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>13-hour <w NN1-VVB>debate <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>by <w CRD>171 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>159 <w PRP>with <w CRD>eight <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1458"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>approved <w NP0>Suchocka<w POS>'s <w NN2>guidelines <w CJS>as <w VVN>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>by <w CRD>166 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>163 <w PRP>with <w CRD>eight <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1459"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD>rejected <w NN1>pension <w NN2>cuts <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>reduced <w NN1>government <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,800,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w CRD>23,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1460"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1-AJ0>alternative <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1-VVG>housing<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>agriculture<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w NN1>Senate <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w NN2>guidelines<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>amended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA042></p>
<caption id=HLRCA042>
<s n="1462"><w AJ0>New <w NN0>media <w NN1>law <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1463"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>monopoly <w PRP>on <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN1>broadcasting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1464"><w PRP>Under <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN2>stations <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1465"><w NN1>Independence <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>ensured <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN1>council <w TO0>to <w VVI>comprise <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="1466"><w AT0>A <w NN1>motion <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>public <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w VM0>should<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>respect <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN2>values<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1467"><w AV0>However<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>viewers<w POS>' <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>feelings<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>respected <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN1>broadcasting <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>licence <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w CJS>if <w NN2>programmes <w VVD-VVN>threatened<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>culture <w CJC>or <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1468"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w AV0>still <w AJ0-VVN>required <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="1469"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1>censorship <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37733<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1470"><w NN2>Communications <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Krzystof <w NN1>Kilian <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>41 <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN2>stations <w VVG>operating <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>licences <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w CRD>19 <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN2>stations <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>run <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1471"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>regulating <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>broadcasting <w CJC>and <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>stations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1472"><w NN1>Independence <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>assured <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Broadcasting <w CJC>and <w NN1>Television <w NN1>Council <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>members <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA043></p>
<caption id=HLRCA043>
<s n="1473"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Premier<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>combat <w NN1>unit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1474"><w VVG-AJ0>Acting <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2-3<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Suchocka <w CJC>and <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa<c PUN>.
<s n="1475"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w VVG>handing <w AVP>over <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October <w PRF>of <w NN2>documents <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Katyn <w NN1-VVB>massacre <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39155<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w NN2>Agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NN1>investment <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cross-border <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUN>.
<s n="1478"><w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>television <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Poland <w VVD>owed <w NP0>Russia <w NN0>&dollar;1,500 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w CRD>5,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>transferable <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>owed <w NP0>Poland <w NN0>&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w CRD>7,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>transferable <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1479"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>combat <w NN1>unit <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Poland <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>6,000 <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>non-combat <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>remained <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>through <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1480"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1481"><w NP0-NN1>VISEGRAD <w CRD>THREE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1482"><w ORD>First <w NN1>summit <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC
</head>
<p>
<s n="1483"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w NN1>summit <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1484"><w NN2>Participants <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>respectively <w VVB>Jozsef <w NP0>Antall<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Suchocka<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0-NN1>Meciar<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonin <w NP0>Baudys<c PUN>; <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>capacity <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="1485"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1486"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w NN2>countries <w VVD>stressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>earliest <w NN1>opportunity <w CJC>and <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>their <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>help <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>through <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NP0>EC <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1487"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AJ0>political <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>at <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>minister <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="1488"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EC <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>criteria <w PRP>for <w AJ0>eventual <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w NN1>admission <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1489"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1490"><w NN1>COMMONWEALTH <w PRF>OF <w AJ0>INDEPENDENT <w NN2>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1491"><w VVB-NN1>Bishkek <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1492"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <c PUL>(<w NP0>Kirgizstan<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>said <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilised <w NN1>divorce <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w NN1>instrument <w AV0>for ever <w AJC>stronger <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA044></p>
<caption id=HLRCA044>
<s n="1494"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1495"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>sitting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Councils <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <w VBD>was <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Armenian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w CJC>and <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Turkmen <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AJ0>absent <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>ill <w NN1>health<c PUN>.
<s n="1496"><w AT0>No <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VBD>was <w AJ0>present<c PUN>.
<s n="1497"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1498"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>consultative <w AJ0>working <w NN1>commission<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>Councils <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w NN1>Government<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0-VVN>watered <w PRP-AVP>down <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>permanent <w AJ0>Consultative <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>Coordinating <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>convergence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>laws <w PRF>of <w NN1>commonwealth <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1499"><w AT0>The <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interstate <w NN1>bank <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>zone <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Armenia<c PUN>.
<s n="1500"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times<c PUN>, <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>two-speed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>states <w PRP>like <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>wished <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>pushed <w AV0>at least <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w XX0>not <w PRP>out of <w PNP>it <w AV0>entirely<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA045></p>
<caption id=HLRCA045>
<s n="1501"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>matters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1502"><w AJ0>Military <w NN2>matters <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39147<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>security <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strategic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>in <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1503"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w VVG>sending <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w VVG>reinforcing <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w AJ0>present <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1504"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statute <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w AJ0>high <w NN1>command <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>signed<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>forces <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>determined<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>put <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NN1>uncertainty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1505"><w PRP>Regarding <w AJ0>strategic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaposhnikov <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVD>remained <w AV0>essentially <w AJ0>unchanged <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>negotiating <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="1506"><w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>relinquish <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>launching <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA046></p>
<caption id=HLRCA046>
<s n="1507"><w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>aid <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1508"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w CJC>and <w ORD>last <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>conferences <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>conferences<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lisbon<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38730<c PUN>; <w CRD>38922-3<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>New <w NP0-NN1>Independent <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>NIS <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN2>CIS <w NN2-VVZ>states <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>60 <w NN1>donor <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1509"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w VVG>pledging <w PRP-AVP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>new <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1510"><w VVG>Acting <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Eagleburger <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>sending <w NN0>&dollar;274 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NN2>countries <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>winter<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN0>&dollar;138 <w CRD>million <w VVN-VVD>promised <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w NN1>assistance <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w NP0>Japan <w VVD>pledged <w NN0>&dollar;100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>concentrated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w NN1>East<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1512"><w NN2>Delegates <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>fundamental <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>NIS<c PUN>.
<s n="1513"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>process <w VHD>had <w VVN>co-ordinated <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>sector <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>working <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>areas <w CJS>as <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w NN1>medicine<c PUN>, <w NN1>energy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>shelter<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN2>mechanisms <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>manage <w NN1>aid <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>country-by-country <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="1514"><w AJ0>Consultative <w NN2>groups <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Kirgizstan <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>pre-consultative <w NN2>groups <w PRP>for <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1515"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>objected <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>approach <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w AJ0>appropriate <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>established <w NN1>Agency <w PRP>for <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <w TO0>to <w VVI>share <w NN1>authority <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>co-ordinating <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1516"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1517"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1518"><w NN1-VVB>Pressure <w PRP>on <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Warning <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup
</head>
<p>
<s n="1519"><w NP0>October <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heated <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w CJC>and <w NN1>rumour<c PUN>, <w VVG>focusing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>reformists <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="1520"><w PRP>Despite <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>rally <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>by <w CRD>114 <w PRP>to <w CRD>59 <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>session <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1521"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>moving <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>rapprochement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w NN1>opposition <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38974<c PUN>; <w CRD>39058<c PUN>; <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVN-VVD>met <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>avert <w AT0>the <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w VBG>being <w VVN>overturned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN2>forces<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1522"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>acted <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>blatant <w NN2>manifestations <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>activity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA047></p>
<caption id=HLRCA047>
<s n="1523"><w NN1>Creation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1524"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>All-Russia <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>11 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republics<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>administration <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yury <w NP0>Skokov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Secretary <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39019-20<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1525"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w NP0>ITAR-TASS<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NN1>consolidation <w CJC>and <w NN1>clarification <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1526"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w VVD-VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w VVG>convening <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA048></p>
<caption id=HLRCA048>
<s n="1527"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1528"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w NN1>criticism <w AT0>the <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w DT0>these <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VDI>do <w AT0>an <w AV0>even <w AJC>worse <w NN1>job<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1529"><w PNP>He <w VVD>encouraged <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>valuable <w NN2>ideas<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>originating <w PRP>from <w AV0>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1530"><w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>covered <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w NN1>ownership<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w NN1>crime <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Filatov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Skokov <w CJC>and <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Gennady <w NP0-NN1>Burbulis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN2>arms <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>blatant <w NN1>pilfering <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>property<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1531"><w NP0>Arkady <w NP0>Volsky<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN1>factory <w NN2>directors <c PUL>(<w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>constituency<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>praising <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>model <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1532"><w AV0>Later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVG>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>ministers <w AV0>most <w AV0>closely <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>policy <w VVN-VVD>met <w AV0>about <w CRD>60 <w NN2>industrialists <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Togliatti <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w CJC>and <w VVD>gained <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>undertakings <w TO0>to <w VVI>consult <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w NN1>policy-making<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA049></p>
<caption id=HLRCA049>
<s n="1533"><w NN1>Warning <w PRF>of <w NN1>coup
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1534"><w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>warned <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>journalists <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0-NN1>conservative-led <w NN1>coup <w PRP>against <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1535"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <w NN1-NP0>Burbulis<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>warnings <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39020<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Press <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Poltoranin<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Privatization <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0-NN1>Chubais <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>alleged <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>involvement<c PUN>.
<s n="1536"><w VVN>Summoned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w DPS>their <w NN1>conduct <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers <w VVB>read <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>repeating <w DPS>their <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>reforms <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>body<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1537"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12-13 <w NP0-NN1>Poltoranin <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>, <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>surrounding <w PNX>himself <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>apparatus <w PRP>with <w NN2>exiles <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>party <w NN2>structures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1538"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>danger <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>structures <w VM0>will <w VVI>consolidate <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>guise<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>meaning <w NN2>communists <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN2>patriots<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1539"><w NP0>Rutskoi <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>stabilize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1540"><w AT0>No <w NN2>names <w VBD>were <w VVN>mentioned<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04A>
<s n="1541"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w NP0>NSF
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1542"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AV0>recently <w VVN>formed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>groups <w VVG-AJ0>uniting <w AJ0>neo-communist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>NSF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>banned <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>after <w DPS>its <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1543"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Criminal <w NN1>Code <w DTQ>which <w VVD>made <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2-VVZ>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>overthrow <w PRF>of <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF<w POS>'s <w NN2>aims <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>designed <w PRP>to <w NN1>fuel <w AJ0>national <w NN1>dissension <w CJC>and<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>integrity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neighbouring <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NN2-VVZ>states<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1544"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NSF<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w NP0>Ilya <w NP0>Konstantinov <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>organized <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>meetings <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39058<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>G. <w NP0>Zyuganov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w VVD>attended <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>up to <w CRD>3,000 <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>removal<c PUN>.
<s n="1545"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>Sovietskaya <w NP0>Rossiya <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>published <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>NSF <w VVG-AJ0>organizing <w NN1>committee <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN2>committees <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>power <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>September<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>declaration<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN0>Media <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04B>
<s n="1546"><w NN1-VVG>Disbanding <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>protection <w NN1>directorate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1547"><w AT0>An <w NN1>order <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>disbanded <w AT0>the <w NN1>Directorate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN2>Bodies <w PRF>of <w NN1>Power <w CJC>and <w NN1>Government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>press <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1548"><w AJ0>Reformist <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w NN2>revelations <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>their <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w VBD>was <w VVG>building <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>power <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
<s n="1549"><w AT0>An <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Directorate <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w NN1-VVB>order <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unknown <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>; <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>personnel <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>armed <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>exceptional <w NN2>circumstances<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>could <w VVI>distribute <w DPS>its <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>; <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>guarded <w AV0>about <w CRD>75 <w NN2>buildings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w AV0>absolutely <w AT0>no <w NN1>relation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>jurisdiction <w AV0>only <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>Chairman<c PUN>.
<s n="1550"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJ0>commanding <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1551"><w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Boiko<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>cited <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rossiiskaya <w NN1>gazeta <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Directorate <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>established <w PRP>at <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>suggestion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>incidents <w VHD>had <w VVN>drawn <w AJ0>public <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Directorate <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0-VVD>concerned <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>relative <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>but <w VVN>released <w PRP>without <w NN1>charge<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>shooting <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Directorate<c PUN>.
<s n="1553"><w DT0>This <w NN1>incident <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1554"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>sensation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w NN1-VVG>sitting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w CJS>when <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w VVG>sitting<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w NN1>sickness<c PUN>.
<s n="1555"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w NN1>narcotic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>alcoholic <w NN1>intoxication<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1556"><w NP0>Khasbulatov<w POS>'s <w NN1>doctor<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>explained <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w AJ0>high <w NN1>blood <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04C>
<s n="1557"><w NN0>Media <w NN2>issues
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1558"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Directorate <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Protection <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w NN1-VVG>publishing <w NN1>house <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1559"><w AT0>The <w NN1>guard <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w VVD>exemplified <w AT0>the <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>influential <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1560"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>resolved <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassume <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP>over <w NP0>Izvestiya <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Mass <w NN0>Media <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w NN1>information <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Arbitration <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>background <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39020<c PUN>; <w CRD>39058<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1561"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>television <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN1>service <w NP0-NN1>Rossiya <w VBD>was <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w VVG>merging <w AT0>the <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w NP0>Leningrad<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Agency <w NN1>television <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="1562"><w NP0-NN1>Bella <w NP0>Kurkova <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <w NN1>company <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>broadcasting<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04D>
<s n="1564"><w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>ecology <w NN2-VVZ>reports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1565"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>state-commissioned <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>in <w CRD>70 <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>contain<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>truth<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<w POS>'s <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>unveiled <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1566"><w AT0>The <w NN2>reports <w VVD>revealed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>serious <w CJC>and <w AJ0>worsening <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>environment <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1567"><w NN2>Figures <w VVD-VVN>cited <w VVN-VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>life <w NN1>expectancy<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>69 <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w CRD>63 <w PRP>for <w NN2>men <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w CRD>3,500,000 <w NN2>abortions <w PRP>in <w NN1>state <w NN2>hospitals <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>2,500,000 <w AJ0>live <w NN2>births<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>territory <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ecological <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1568"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Vorobyov<c PUN>, <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>delivering <w AT0>a <w AV0>sharply <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Service <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AJ0>compulsory <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>insurance<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG>relieving <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04E>
<s n="1570"><w NP0>Gorbachev<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>at <w NP0>CPSU <w NN1>hearing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1571"><w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <w DPS>its <w NN1>hearing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>against <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>for <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>counter-petition <w PRF>of <w NN1>unconstitutionality <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="1572"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>hearing <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>3 <w NN1>adjournment <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38923<c PUN>; <w CRD>39020<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1573"><w NN1>Evidence <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>submitted <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>politics <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>surrendered <w DPS>its <w AV0>constitutionally <w AJ0-VVN>guaranteed <w NN1>monopoly <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37299<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VHG>having <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>evaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>constitutionality <w VM0>would <w VVI>relate <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1574"><w NN1>Attention <w VBD>was <w VVN>concentrated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVG>developing <w PRP-AVP>around <w DT0>former <w NP0>CPSU <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>.
<s n="1575"><w NP0>Gorbachev <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>summons <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>selective <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>archival <w NN1>material<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dubious <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>travel <w NN1>ban <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>pointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>humiliate <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ordered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="1577"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unfortunate <w NN1>timing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>dubious <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>July <w CRD>31 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVG>awarding <w AT0>a <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w NN2-VVZ>judges<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1578"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>summon <w AJ0>ex-CPSU <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>as <w NN2>witnesses<c PUN>.
<s n="1579"><w PRP>With <w NP0>Gorbachev <w AV0>consistently <w VVG>refusing <w DT0>this <w NN1>summons<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>100-rouble <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w AV0>apparently <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>travelling <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>requesting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN2>Ministries <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w DPS>his <w NN1>appearance <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>hearing<c PUN>.
<s n="1580"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>grounds <w PRP>for <w VVG>restricting <w DPS>his <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w VBD>were <w AJ0>hazy<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Moskovskiye <w NN2>novosti <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unclear <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w NN1>country <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>leave <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>or <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1581"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>grounds<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral <w PRF>of <w NP0>Willy <w NP0>Brandt <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39160<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>planned <w NN2>visits<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1582"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w VVD>surrounded <w AT0>the <w NN2>premises <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Foundation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Research <c PUL>(<w NP0>Gorbachev <w NN1>Foundation<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w NN1-AJ0>head <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w VVD-AJ0>returned <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1583"><w AV0>Subsequently<c PUN>, <w AJ0>selected <w NN2>documents <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>archives<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>implicating <w NP0>Gorbachev <w PRP>in <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>or <w PRP>in <w VVG>concealing <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w AJ0>various <w NN2>episodes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>history<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>shooting <w AVP>down <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>Airlines <w NN1>flight <w CRD>KAL-007 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>32513-7<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1979<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>orders <w PRP>from <w NP0>Stalin <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w CRD>1940 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Katyn <w NN1-VVB>massacre <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>admission <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37383-84<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1584"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w VVD-AJ0>shifted <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w NN1>documentary <w NN1>evidence <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>before <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w VVG>summoning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>witnesses<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>postponed <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w NN1>stage<c PUN>.
<s n="1585"><w VVN>Interviewed <w PRP>by <w NP0>TASS <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NP0>Valery <w NP0>Zorkin<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w VVD>admitted <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gorbachev <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>called<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w PNP>him <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>martyr<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04F>
<s n="1586"><w NN1>North <w NP0>Caucasus
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1587"><w CJS>While <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilise <w AJ0>political <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>display <w PRF>of <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>militancy <w PRP>in <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Mountain <w NN2>Peoples <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caucasus<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Grozny <c PUL>(<w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chechnia<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3-4<c PUN>, <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1588"><w AV0>About <w CRD>150 <w NN2>delegates <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Grozny <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AJ0>militant <w NN2>speeches <w VVN-VVD>directed <w PRP>against <w AV0>both <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia <w VVD>harked <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>existence <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1918<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>Mountain <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1589"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Chechen <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dzhakhar <w NP0>Dudayev <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>election <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38582<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Caucasus <w NN2>republics <w VBI>be <w VVN>pressurized <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="1590"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress<w POS>'s <w AJ0>final <w NN1>statement <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>denounce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AJ0>real <w NN1>independence <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w AJ0>national <w NN2>guards<c PUN>.
<s n="1591"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Confederation <w VBD>was <w VVN>renamed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Peoples <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caucasus<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1592"><w VVG-NN1>Reporting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>current <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Caucasus <w VVB>threaten <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large-scale <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w NN1>inaction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1593"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabardino-Balkaria <w DTQ>which <w VVD>flared <w AVP>up <w PRP>during <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>at least <w AV0>temporarily <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1594"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>12-day <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Nalchik<c PUN>, <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Peoples <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caucasus <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kabardian <w NN0>People<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>OMON<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Nalchik<c PUN>.
<s n="1595"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w VVG>granting <w AJ0>extra <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w NN2>freedoms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kabardino-Balkaria<c PUN>.
<s n="1596"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kabardian <w NN0>People <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>blamed <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>events <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN1>leadership<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w AT0>a <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>movements<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04G>
<s n="1597"><w NN1>Policy <w PRP>regarding <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>states
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1598"><w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVG>attending <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>collegium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>for <w NN2>shortcomings <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>.
<s n="1599"><w AV0>Significantly<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>identified <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>Russians <w VVG>living <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>nearby <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NN1>blizhee <w NN1-VVB>zarubezhe <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>phrase <w VVG>describing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1600"><w NN2>Resignations <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>perception <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVG>becoming <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>nationalistic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1601"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Fyodor <w NP0>Shelov-Kovedyaev <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="1602"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>faced <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>ex-Soviet <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1603"><w PNP>He <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>resigned<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>from <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AV0>outside <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1604"><w NP0>Shelov-Kovedyaev<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w VBD>was <w NP0>Anatoly <w NP0>Adamishin<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1605"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Valery <w NP0>Tishkov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w NN2>Nationalities <w NN1>Policy <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>rank<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1606"><w PRP>In <w NN1>explanation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tishkov <w VVD>criticized <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>laws <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>nationality <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>repressed <w NN2>peoples<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVG>provoking <w AJ0>inter-ethnic <w NN1>tension<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1607"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1608"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1609"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1610"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Vitold <w NN1-NP0>Fokin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39109<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>mishandling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w NN1>Parliament <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kuchma<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Yuzhmash <w NN1>missile <w NN1>factory <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Dnepropetrovsk<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1612"><w NN1-NP0>Kuchma<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>technocrat<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>nominated <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Ukraine <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w CRD>316 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>378 <w NN2>deputies <w AJ0>present<c PUN>.
<s n="1613"><w DPS>His <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>triumph <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>lobby <w CJC>and <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1614"><w NP0-NN1>Kuchma <w VVD>promised<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>evolutionary<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>change <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>progress <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w PRP>through <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sensible <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>administrative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VVD>startled <w DT0>some <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>proposed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>state <w NN2>enterprises <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>96 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <c PUN>&mdash; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>transformed <w PRP>into <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>stock <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>retain <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controlling <w NN1>share<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1616"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Kuchma <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1617"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kravchuk <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Rukh <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Vyacheslav <w NP0>Chornovil<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>posts <w PRF>of <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Economics <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Yukhnovsky <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Pendzenik<c PUN>.
<s n="1618"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>important <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unchanged<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1619"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointments <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>purge <w PRF>of <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>apparatchiks<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w PNP>them <w NP0>Valentin <w NP0-NN1>Simonenko <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>following <w NP0-NN1>Fokin<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w NP0>Kravchuk<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>choice <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>premier<c PUN>, <w PRP>in favour of <w NN2>nationalists <w CJC>and <w NN2>industrialists<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04H>
<s n="1620"><w NN2>Disturbances <w PRP>in <w NP0>Crimea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1621"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tatar <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>stormed <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Simferopol <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>dismantling <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Tatar <w NN1>camp<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1622"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Mustafa <w NP0>Dzhemilev<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN2>Tatars<w POS>' <w NN1-NP0>Majlis<c PUN>, <w CRD>600 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN0>militia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>forced <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Krasnyy <w NP0-NN1>Ray <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>near <w NP0>Alushta <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w VVG-AJ0>returning <w NN2>Tatars <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w VVB-NN1>work <w AV0>independently <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>camp <w PRP>after <w VVG>waiting <w AV0>in vain <w PRP>for <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>allocate <w NN1>land <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>injuring <w DT0>several <w NN2>residents <w CJC>and <w VVG>arresting <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1623"><w NP0>Dzhemilev <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>pogroms<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tatar <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1624"><w AJ0>Partial <w NN1>calm <w VBD>was <w VVN>restored <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>prisoners <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Majlis <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w VBI>be <w VVN>found <w CJC>and <w VVN>punished<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>mobilization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Crimean <w NN2>Tatars<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1625"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>in <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Crimean <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>declaring <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>.
<s n="1626"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Crimea<w POS>'s <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04J>
<s n="1627"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1628"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-VVG>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Simonenko <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NN1>anticipation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
<s n="1629"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>documents <w PRP>concerning <w VVG-NN1>trading <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1630"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>under <w NN1>discussion <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w NN2>commitments<c PUN>.
<s n="1631"><w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>were <w VVN>united <w PRP>in <w VVG>rejecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w AJ0>shared <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w PRP>on the part of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1632"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>taking <w AVP>on <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>assets <w CJC>and <w NN2>commitments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w AV0>individually<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>republics <w VM0>should <w VVI>service <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w AV0>separately<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1633"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>Kuchma <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w AJ0-NN1>cold <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04K>
<s n="1634"><w NP0>Chernobyl <w NN1-VVB>restart
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1635"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>power <w NN2>plants <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chernobyl <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reactor <w VBD>was <w VVN>restarted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1636"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plant <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w AVP>down <w PRP>for <w NN2>repairs <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>St <w NP0>Petersburg <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>equipment <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>use <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38843<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1637"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>worried<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1638"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1639"><w NP0>AZERBAIJAN/ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1640"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1641"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Armenian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>forces <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NN2>claims <w VVD>persisted <w PRP>through <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>agreements <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>28 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>25 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39059<c PUN>; <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1642"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>television <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <c PUL>(<w VVG>citing <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUR>) <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>shooting <w VHD>had <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Lachin <w NN1>corridor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN1-VVB>map <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38925<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1643"><w NP0>Itar-Tass <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>continued <w VVG>shelling <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>positions <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN1-VVB>line <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>numerous <w CJC>but <w AV0>seemingly <w AJ0>unreliable <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
<s n="1644"><w DT0>Each <w NN1>side <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVD-VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>other <w PRF>of <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1645"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>observers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baku<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Kazakh <w NN1>district <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>hostilities <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kubatlin <w NN1>district <w ORD>next <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1646"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0>Abulfaz <w NP0>Elchibey <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>friendship<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1647"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>an <w NN1>Interfax <w NN1-VVB>report <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Lachin <w NN1>corridor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39109<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>repulsed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1648"><w AT0>An <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN1-NP0>Snark<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>attackers <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>lost <w CRD>10 <w CRD>T-72 <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>armour<c PUN>.
<s n="1649"><w NP0-NN1>Interfax <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w NN2>positions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>radio <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>offered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Karabakh <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>stationing <w PRF>of <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1651"><w AJ0>Sporadic <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w NP0-NN1>Interfax <w VVD>cited <w AT0>the <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Azerbaijani <w CRD>MiG-25 <w NN0>aircraft <w VHD>had <w VVN>bombed <w NP0-NN1>Stepanakert<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nagorny <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1652"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1653"><w NP0>ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1654"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1655"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Raffi <w NP0-NN1>Hovhannesyan <w VVD-VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w PRP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>policy <w NN1>disagreement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1656"><w NN2>Officials <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w VBD>were <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>criticising <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>too <w AJ0>anti-Turkish<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Hovhannesyan <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21<c PUN>; <w NP0>Armenia <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>requesting <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>grain <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkey <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39109<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1657"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Interfax <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>feared <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Hovhannesyan<w POS>'s <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>neutrality <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Karabakh <w NN1>conflict <w VM0>might <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w NP0>Armenia <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>receive <w AJ0>similar <w NN2-VVZ>benefits <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04L>
<s n="1658"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w NP0-NN1>Vazgen <w NP0-NN1>Manukyan<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w VVN>named <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Vazgen <w NP0-NN1>Sarkisyan <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>subordinate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Sarkisyan <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>in <w NN2>regions <w VVG>bordering <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1660"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1661"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1662"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>.
<s n="1664"><w NN1>Leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>position <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>effectively <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>role <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>with <w AV0>over <w CRD>95 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1665"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRP>in <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>turned <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVD>stood <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>.
<s n="1666"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>destroying <w DT0>any <w AJ0>residual <w NN1>mandate <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ousted <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38731<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>after <w VVG>winning <w PRP-AVP>over <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>vote <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38206<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1667"><w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>about <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>among <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>36 <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>contested <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04M>
<s n="1668"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1669"><w AT0>The <w NP0>September <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVD>mediated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>government <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>separatist <w AJ0>Abkhazian <w NN2>forces <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39110<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VVD>overran <w NP0>Gagra<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w AJ0>Abkhazian <w NN2>troops <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN2>villages <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gantiadi <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Leselidze <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>establishing <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0-NN1>Abkhazia<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w NN1>Sukhumi <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>mobilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>40,000 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04N>
<s n="1672"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>involvement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1673"><w NN2>Accusations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VVN-VVD>escalated <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gagra<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVG>blaming<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>reactionary <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN2>conservatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0-NN1>military <w PRP>for <w VVG>supplying <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w AJ0>separatist <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1674"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>spokesmen <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w AJ0>neutral <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1675"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>take<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w NN2>Russians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w NN1>area <w VBD>were <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1676"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>further <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Georgia <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="1677"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>flagrant <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>accords<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w VVZ-NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>hardware <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>clashes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1678"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Abkhazian <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Vladislav <w NP0>Ardzinba <w VVD>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w VBD>were <w VVN>postponed <w AV0>indefinitely <w CJS>when <w AT0>no <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1-VVB>document <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
<s n="1679"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>military <w NN2>positions <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>prior to <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Abkhazians <w VVD>insisted <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1680"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1681"><w NP0>BALTIC <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1682"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>troop <w NN1>withdrawal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1683"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Baltic <w NP0>States <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39110<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1684"><w AT0>The <w NN1>withdrawal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>to <w NN1>rehouse <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1685"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Itar-Tass <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>withdrawals <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>resume <w CJS>after <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>agreements <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w TO0>to <w VVI>regulate <w AT0>the <w NN2>procedures <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>out <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>servicemen <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>families<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1686"><w AT0>The <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w AV0>also <w VVN>linked <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>concern <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>Russian-speakers <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1687"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>instructed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w PRP>within <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social <w NN2>guarantees<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>soil<c PUN>.
<s n="1688"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>countries <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>observance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Russian-speaking <w NN2>populations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1689"><w AJ0>Estonian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lennart <w NP0>Meri <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w VVD>contradicted <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04P>
<s n="1690"><w NN1>Energy <w VVZ>supplies <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1691"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Energy <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lithuania <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w AJ0>interstate <w NN1>energy <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1692"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w CJS>where <w AJ0>possible <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>barter <w VM0>would <w VVI>operate<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>for example <w NP0>Estonia <w VVG-AJ0>bartering <w NN1>electricity <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>gas<c PUN>; <w CJS>where <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>accounting <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1693"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1694"><w NP0>ESTONIA
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1695"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>government
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<caption>
<s n="1696"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1697"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>principal <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>candidate <w NP0-NN1>Lennart <w NP0-NN1>Meri<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Riigikogu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1698"><w NN1>Parliament <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>candidates <w CJS>after <w AT0>no <w AJ0>single <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39110-11<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w NN2>Meri<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Fatherland <w NN1>group <c PUL>(<w NP0>Isamaa<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w CRD>59 <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w CRD>31 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Arnold <w NP0>Ruutel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AV0>effectively <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1700"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Meri <w VVD>named <w NP0>Mart <w NP0-NN1>Laar<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>history <w NN1>teacher <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Fatherland <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1701"><w NP0-NN1>Laar<w POS>'s <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w CRD>29 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>101 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NN2>Moderates <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Estonian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1702"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>commitments <w TO0>to <w VVI>relax <w NN1>citizenship <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>state <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>government <w NN0>staff<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1703"><w NP0-NN1>Laar <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1704"><w CJS>As <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>indicated<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>thorough <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministries <w VBD>was <w VVN>signalled <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04R>
<s n="1705"><w NN0>Media <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1706"><w VVB>Mart <w NP0>Siimann <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>director-general <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Estonian <w NN1>Television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ran <w AJ0>concurrent <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1708"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1709"><w NP0>LATVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1710"><w NN2>Motions <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence
</head>
<p>
<s n="1711"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVZ>Ivars <w NP0-NN1>Godmanis <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-week <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1712"><w NP0-NN1>Godmanis <w VVD>survived <w PRP>by <w CRD>71 <w PRP>to <w CRD>36 <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Satversme <w NN1>faction <c PUL>(<w VVG>comprising <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w AJ0>Free <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>Rebirth <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w NN1>authoritarianism<c PUN>, <w NN1>inconsistency <w CJC>and <w NN1>incompetence<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>performance<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1713"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>heated <w NN1>debate <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1714"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w NN1>minister <w PNQ>who <w AV0>actually <w VVD>lost <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <c PUL>(<w PRP>by <w CRD>74 <w PRP>to <w CRD>23<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w NP0>Arnis <w NN2>Kalnins<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Reform<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>inability <w TO0>to <w VVI>conduct <w AT0>the <w NN1>restructuring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>along <w AJ0>free <w NN1>market <w NN2>lines<c PUN>.
<s n="1715"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ziedonis <w NP0>Cevers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Janis <w NP0>Jurkans <w AV0>also <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>attack <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Satversme <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w NN2>Jurkans <w VVD-VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>survival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tied <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>51 <w PRP>for <w CJC>and <w PRP>against<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1716"><w PNP>He <w VVD>cited <w PRP>among <w DPS>his <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w VVG>resigning <w AJ0>political <w NN2>differences <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>different <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>citizenship <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38880<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1717"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jurkans <w VVD>defended <w DPS>his <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>maintaining <w AJ0>good <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1718"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1719"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1720"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1721"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN2>results <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lithuania<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>post-independence <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1722"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Algirdas <w NP0>Brazauskas <c PUL>(<w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37921<c PUN>; <w CRD>38465<c PUR>) <w VVD>looked <w AJ0>set <w TO0>to <w VVI>wrest <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>141-seat <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Sajudis<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>Reform <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vytautas <w NN1-NP0>Landsbergis<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>spearheaded <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>movement <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38419<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1723"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1>astonishment <w PRP>from <w AV0>both <w NP0>Brazauskas <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Landsbergis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1724"><w AJ0>Partial <w NN2>results <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>70 <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w PRP>according to <w NN1>party <w NN2>lists<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w CRD>35 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>with <w CRD>42.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sajudis <w CRD>18 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>with <w CRD>21.6 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>ally <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sajudis<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>with <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1725"><w NN2>Results <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>71 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>districts<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>winning <w NN1>candidate <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AV0>over <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>decisive <w PRP>for <w AV0>only <w CRD>13 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVD-VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1726"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>second-round <w NN1>run-off <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1727"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w VVD-VVN>reflected <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>anger <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>shortage <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39110<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>disenchantment <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Landsbergis<w POS>'s <w NN2>tactics <w PRF>of <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AJ0>persistent <w AJ0>anti-communist <w NN1>propaganda <w PRP>at <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1728"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>unprepared <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w NP0>Brazauskas <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding<c PUN>;<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>usurp <w NN1>power<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLRCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04S>
<s n="1729"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>referendum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1730"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CRD>78 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VVD>supported <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVB>appoint <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>appointments <w VVG>requiring <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
<s n="1731"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w NN1>parliament <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w PNP>them<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04T>
<s n="1732"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1733"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Aleksandras <w NP0-NN1>Abisala <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w VVG>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG>resuming <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lithuania<c PUN>.
<s n="1734"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w NN2>mechanics <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mutual <w NN2>debts<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w VVG>establishing <w NN1>trade <w NN2>missions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1735"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1736"><w NP0>FINLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1737"><w NN1>Austerity <w NN1>programme <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Banking <w NN2>losses
</head>
<p>
<s n="1738"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AV0>further <w VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w DPS>its <w NN1>spending <w PRP>by <w UNC>FM54,200 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;11,700 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w AV0>over <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1739"><w PRP>Apart from <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>cuts <w VBD>were <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassure <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>markets <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European-wide <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>floating <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>markka <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39080<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1740"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crisis <w VVD>compounded <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>overheating <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>export <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1741"><w AT0>The <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures <w VVN>affected <w AV0>primarily <w VVG>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN1>welfare<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>development <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
<s n="1742"><w AJ0>Specific <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN2>allowances <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>phased <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>on <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>exports <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="1743"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>revenue <w NN1>side<c PUN>, <w AJ0>indirect <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w PRP>on <w NN1>petrol<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>taxpayers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>income<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>repaid <w PRP>without <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1744"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w CRD>five <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>banks <w VVD-VVN>reported <w AJ0>cumulative <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w UNC>FM6,900 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1,490 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1745"><w AT0>The <w NN2>losses <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1930s <w CJC>and <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w NN1>record <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>bankruptcies <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>credit <w NN2>defaults<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04U>
<s n="1746"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1747"><w AT0>The <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w NN1>coalition <w VVD>suffered <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w PRP>At <w NN1>stake <w VBD>were <w CRD>12,600 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w CRD>439 <w NN2>municipalities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1749"><w VVN>Compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>parties<w POS>' <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVD>fell <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Coalition <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KOK<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>loser<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w VVG>falling <w PRP>by <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1750"><w VVB-NN1>Support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KESK<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Esko <w NP0-NN1>Aho <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w CRD>19.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1751"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>gains <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SSDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRP>to <w CRD>27.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>up <w CRD>1.8 <w PRP>per <w NN1>centage <w VVZ-NN2>points <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w CRD>5 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN2>elections<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Greens<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>increased <w DPS>their <w NN1>share <w PRP>from <w CRD>4.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>6.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1752"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1753"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1754"><w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1755"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Birmingham<c PUN>, <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>summit<c PUN>.
<s n="1756"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Denmark <w VVG>rejecting <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38942<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w VVG>approving <w NN1>ratification <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39080-82<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1757"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>summit <w NP0>EC <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>confirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AJ0>early <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>without <w NN1>renegotiation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AJC>greater <w NN1>transparency <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>working <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJS-AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
<s n="1758"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>manage <w TO0>to <w VVI>clarify <w AV0>greatly <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w NN1>subsidiarity <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>maintained <w CJT>that <w NN2>decisions <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0-NN1>level <w CJS>whether <w PRP>at <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>or <w AJ0>local <w NN1>level<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1759"><w AJ0>Substantive <w NN2>decisions <w VBD>were <w VVN>left <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Edinburgh<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1760"><w NN1>Reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>following <w NP0>September<w POS>'s <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AV0>originally <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w PRP>by <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>left <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>finance <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>stayed <w AV0>away <w AV0>in order <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>upset <w AT0>the <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="1761"><w NN2>Leaders <w AV0>also <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w AJC>broader <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-NN1>raising <w NN2>questions <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>drive <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>convergence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>future <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04V>
<s n="1762"><w NN1>Presidency <w NN2>conclusions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1763"><w NN2>Extracts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w VBB>are <w VVN>given <w AV0>below<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>reviewed <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w VVD>reaffirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>concluding <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w VVG>reopening <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>text<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1766"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>on <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w AV0>closer <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>agreed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attached <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>.
<s n="1767"><w PNP>It <w VVD>noted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>White <w NN1>Paper <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>&hellip;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1768"><w AJ0>Economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1769"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w VVD>agreed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVB>face <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>challenges<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>at <w AJC>lower <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
<s n="1770"><w AJ0>Strong <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRP>at <w NN1>Community <w NN1>level <w VM0>will <w VVI>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w NN1>member <w NN1>state <w VBZ>is <w VVN>strengthened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>&hellip;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1771"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>underlined <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w VVG>reinforcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>convergence <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<w POS>' <w NN2>economies<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>crucial <w PRP>for <w VVG>maintaining <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w VVG>creating <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRP>for <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>employment<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1772"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>reiterated <w AV0>too <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>System <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>factor <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJS>while <w VVG>endorsing <w AT0>the <w NN1>view<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>turbulence <w VVZ-NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w NN1>reflection <w CJC>and <w NN1>analysis <w PRP>in the light of <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w NN1>capital <w NN2>markets <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>European <w CJC>and <w NN1>world <w AJ0>monetary <w NN2>systems<c PUN>&hellip;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1773"><w NP0>GATT-Uruguay <w AVP>Round<c PUN>.
<s n="1774"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVZ>reaffirms <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>successful <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>trading <w NN2>systems <w CJC>and <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>trade <w VVZ-NN2>flows<c PUN>&hellip; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1775"><w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>.
<s n="1776"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Community <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
<s n="1777"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VVB>reaffirm <w DPS>our <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="1778"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>progress <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w AT0>an <w NN1>anchor <w PRF>of <w NN1>stability <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>rapidly <w AJ0-VVG>changing <w NN1>continent<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>building <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>success <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1779"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>community <w PRF>of <w NN2>democracies<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VVI>move <w AV0>forward <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>concerns <w VVN>raised <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
<s n="1781"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVB>demonstrate <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>citizens <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVB>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w AV0>more <w AJ0-AV0>open<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>a <w AV0>better <w AJ0-VVD>informed <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>activities<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>respect <w AT0>the <w NN1>history<c PUN>, <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w NN2>traditions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>nations<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>clearer <w NN1>understanding <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VM0>should <w VDI>do <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVB>make <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w NN1>citizenship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVZ>brings <w DPS>our <w NN2>citizens <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>protection <w PRP>without <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>way <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>place <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>national <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>&hellip;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1782"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VVB>reaffirm <w CJT>that <w NN2>decisions <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w AV0>as <w AV0>closely <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>citizen<c PUN>.
<s n="1783"><w AJC>Greater <w NN1>unity <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>without <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>centralization<c PUN>.
<s n="1784"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>member <w NN1>state <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w AVQ>how <w DPS>its <w NN2>powers <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>exercised <w AV0>domestically<c PUN>.
<s n="1785"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Community <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VVI>act <w AVQ>where <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VHB>have <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>treaties<c PUN>.
<s n="1786"><w NN1-VVB>Action <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w NN1>level <w VM0>should <w VVI>happen <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CJS>when <w AJ0>proper <w CJC>and <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
<s n="1787"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w VVZ>provides <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN1>framework <w CJC>and <w NN2>objectives <w PRP>for <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="1788"><w VVG>Bringing <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w DT0>this <w NN1>principle <c PUN>&mdash;<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>subsidiarity<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>nearness<w POS>' <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>essential <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>&hellip;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1789"><w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="1790"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>immediate <w CJC>and <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVN>needed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>impending <w AJ0>major <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>tragedy <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w CJS>as <w NN1>winter <w VVD-VVN>approached<c PUN>&hellip;
<s n="1791"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>cruelty <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>savage <w NN2>breaches <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>law <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w VVN>caused <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>suffering <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>constraint <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>aid<c PUN>&hellip; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39149<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1792"><w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
<s n="1793"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>its <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appalling <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w NN1>starvation<c PUN>.
<s n="1794"><w PNP>It <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>fighting <w CJC>and <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VVN>involved <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>ceasefire <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>need<c PUN>&hellip;<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLRCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04W>
<s n="1795"><w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>White <w NN1>Paper <w PRP>on <w NP0>Maastricht
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1796"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>government <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w AJ0>251-page <w AJ0>White <w NN1>Paper <w VVG>outlining <w DPS>its <w NN2>options <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NN1>referendum<w POS>'s <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1797"><w CRD>Eight <w NN2>options <w VBD>were <w VVN>presented<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VVI>favour<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>amending <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>without <w VVG>changing <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as <w VVN>stated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Uffe <w NP0>Ellemann-Jensen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>clauses <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Denmark <w TO0>to <w VVI>opt <w PRP>out of <w NN1>currency <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>common <w NN1>defence <w NN2>arrangements<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NP0>Denmark<w POS>'s <w AJ0>high <w NN2>standards <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>sought <w AJC>greater <w NN1>openness <w CJC>and <w DT0>less <w NN1>centralization <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04X>
<s n="1799"><w NN1>Ratification <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1800"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Bundestag <w VVD>approved <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w VVG-NN1>reading <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBB>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>say <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w NN1>EMU<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1801"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w CRD>403 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>46 <w PRP>with <w CRD>18 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1802"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w CRD>176 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>abstention<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w CRD>314 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w PRP>with <w CRD>eight <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>final <w NN1>vote <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1805"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1>News <w NN1-VVB>Digest <w PRP>with <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w NN1>debate <w CJC>and <w NN1>voting<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLRCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLRCA04Y>
<s n="1806"><w NN2>Repercussions <w PRF>of <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1807"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN2>upheavals <w PRF>of <w NN1>currency <w NN2>markets <w PRP>within <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39080-81<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>comparative <w NN1>stability <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1808"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank <w VVD>took <w AT0>no <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>steps <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>currencies <w VVD>fell <w AV0>sharply <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VVD-VVN>recovered<c PUN>.
<s n="1809"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NN1>sterling <w VBD>was <w AV0>adversely <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound <w VVD>closed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>at <w UNC>DM2.41<c PUN>.
<s n="1810"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Italy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39162<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AT0>the <w NN0>lira <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>steady<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1811"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>banks<w POS>' <w NN1>base <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w VVN>cut <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>from <w CRD>9 <w PRP>to <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1812"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1-NP0>Bundesbank <w VVD>lowered <w DPS>its <w NN2>securities <w NN1>repurchase <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>8.9 <w PRP>to <w CRD>8.75 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CJS>while <w VVG>retaining <w AJ0>unchanged <w DPS>its <w NN1>discount <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lombard <w NN2-VVZ>rates <w PRP>at <w CRD>8.25 <w CJC>and <w CRD>9.5 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Belgian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>discount <w NN2>rates <w VBD>were <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w AJ0>effective <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>16<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>7.75 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PRP>from <w CRD>8.25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1813"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w VVD-VVN>lowered <w PRP>from <w CRD>15 <w PRP>to <w CRD>14 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lombard <w NN1>rate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>from <w CRD>16.5 <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA050></p>
<caption id=HLRCA050>
<s n="1814"><w NN1>Agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w AJ0>toxic <w NN1>waste <w NN2>movements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1815"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Environment <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w VVG>restricting <w AT0>the <w NN1>transport <w PRF>of <w AJ0>toxic <w NN1>waste <w PRP>across <w NN2>borders<c PUN>.
<s n="1816"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1817"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>self-sufficiency<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>stipulated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>waste <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>treated <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVD>disposed <w PRF>of <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>close <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>flexibility <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1818"><w NN2>Exports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>toxic <w NN1>waste <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN1>European <w CJC>or <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>banned<c PUN>, <w PRP>except for <w DT0>some <w NN2>consignments <w VVN>destined <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>recycling <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>exported <w PRP>under <w NN1>licence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
<s n="1819"><w NN2>Imports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>toxic <w NN1>waste <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>banned<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w NN2>shipments <w PRP>from <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVN>destined <w PRP>for <w NN1>treatment <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVG>recycling<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1820"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VVD>reached <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>waste <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>necessarily <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>commercial <w AJ0>good<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w AV0>thus <w VBI>be <w VVN>exempted <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>enshrined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Single <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Act<c PUN>.
<s n="1821"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>ruled <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>an <w NN1>application <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Belgian <w NN1>village <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>the <w NN1>dumping <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>land<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1822"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>the <w NP0>Berne <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>toxic <w NN1>waste<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="1823"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>See <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37978<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLRCA051><ptr target=HLRCA052></p>
<caption id=HLRCA051>
<s n="1824"><w NN1>VAT <w CJC>and <w NN1>maternity <w NN1-VVB>benefit <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<caption id=HLRCA052>
<s n="1825"><w NN1>VAT
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1826"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>gave <w DPS>their <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>approval <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w VVD>reached <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>until <w CRD>1996 <w PRP>plus <w NN1>minimu <w NN1>duty <w NN2>rates <w PRP>on <w DT0>such <w NN2>items <w CJS>as <w NN1>alcohol<c PUN>, <w NN1>tobacco <w CJC>and <w NN1>heating <w NN1>oil <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39021-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1827"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>approval <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Spanish-UK <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>applied <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Spanish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>British <w NN1>sherry <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA053></p>
<caption id=HLRCA053>
<s n="1828"><w NN1>Maternity <w NN2>benefits
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1829"><w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>on <w NN2>measures <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN2>weeks<w POS>' <w NN1>maternity <w NN1>leave <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rate <w AV0>at least <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>high <w CJS>as <w AJ0>statutory <w AJ0>sick <w NN1>pay <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w AV0>long <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pregnant <w NN1>woman <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>for <w DPS>her <w NN1>employer<c PUN>.
<s n="1830"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>on <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w AVQ-CJS>where<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>pregnant <w NN2>women <w VVN>qualified <w PRP>for <w CRD>40 <w NN2>weeks<w POS>' <w NN1>maternity <w NN1>leave<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>six <w NN2>weeks <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>salary <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w NN2>weeks <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w NN0>&pound;46.30 <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>worked <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <c PUL>(<w CRD>five <w CJS>if <w AJ0-AV0>part-time<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Denmark <w AJ0>pregnant <w NN2>women <w VBD>were <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w CRD>26 <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>on <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>salary<c PUN>.
<s n="1832"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luxembourg<c PUN>, <w NP0>Netherlands <w CJC>and <w NP0>Portugal <w NN1>maternity <w NN1>leave <w VBD>was <w PRP>between <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w CRD>16 <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>at <w AJ0>full <w NN1>salary<c PUN>.
<s n="1833"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>between <w CRD>16 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>at <w CRD>70-80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>salary<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1834"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1835"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1836"><w AJ0>Proposed <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry
</head>
<p>
<s n="1837"><w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Clarke<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w DT0>that <w NN1>production <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w PRP>at <w CRD>31 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>corporation<w POS>'s <w CRD>50 <w NN2>pits <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>five <w NN2>months <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>four <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>mothballed<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>jobs <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>lost<c PUN>.
<s n="1838"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Heseltine<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Board <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>a <w NN0>&pound;1,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AJ0>affected <w NN2>areas <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>enhanced <w NN1>redundancy <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1839"><w NN1>Coal <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>particularly <w AV0>hard <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>switch <w PRP>to <w NN1>gas <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>fuel <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w AJ0>privatized <w NN1>electricity <w NN1-VVB>supply <w NN1>industry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38111<c PUN>; <w CRD>38300<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1840"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>saw <w PNP>it <w AV0>as <w AJ0>essential <w TO0>to <w VVI>slim <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38781<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1841"><w AT0>The <w NN1>outcry <w VBD>was <w DT0>such <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AJ0-VVN>postponed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1842"><w NP0>Heseltine <w VVD>informed <w NN1>parliament <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>nonviable <w NN2>pits <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>closed <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>mines <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>deferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Walker <w PRF>of <w NP0>Worcester<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>advise <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w CRD>six <w NN1-VVB>backbench <w NN2>Conservatives <w VVD-VVN>joined <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w PRP>except <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ulster <w NN2>Unionists<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>majority <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>21 <w PRP>to <w CRD>13<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1844"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>indicated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w NP0>Norman <w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>Mansion <w NN1>House <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w NN1>cut <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA054></p>
<caption id=HLRCA054>
<s n="1845"><w NN2>Redundancies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1846"><w NN2>Reductions <w PRP>in <w NN1>employment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1847"><w CJS>As <w AJC>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38371<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2>redundancies <w PRP>in <w NP0>September-October <w VBD>were <w VVN>concentrated <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>motor <w CJC>and <w NN1>aerospace <w NN2>industries <c PUL>(<w AV0>notably <w NP0>Ford<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rolls-Royce<c PUN>, <w NN1>Jaguar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lucas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Aerospace<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1848"><w AV0>Also <w AV0>severely <w VVN>affected <w VBD>were <w NN1>shipbuilding <c PUL>(<w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yarrow<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="1849"><w AT0>The <w AV0>seasonally <w VVN-AJ0>adjusted <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>high <w PRF>of <w CRD>10.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA055></p>
<caption id=HLRCA055>
<s n="1850"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w NP0>BCCI
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1851"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Bingham <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NN1>Credit <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w AJ0>International <c PUL>(<w NP0>BCCI<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38355<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AV0>strongly <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w AV0>properly <w TO0>to <w VVI>supervise <w CJC>and <w VVI>regulate <w NP0>BCCI<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Treasury <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>part <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w NN1>criticism<c PUN>.
<s n="1852"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>John <w NP0>Kerry<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>contained <w AJ0>wide <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN2>practices <w CJC>and <w NN2>actions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1853"><w NP0>Lamont <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w DT0>that <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>introduced <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w CJC>or <w VVI>revoke <w NN1>authorization <w PRF>of <w NN2>banks <w AVQ>where<c PUN>, <w PRP>because of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>international <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>exercise <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>supervision<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>initiate <w AT0>a <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>supervisory <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1854"><w NN2>Indictments <w PRP>on <w NN1>fraud <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>1 <w PRP>against <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Khalid <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Mahfouz<c PUN>, <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>operating <w NN1>officer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Commercial <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>29 <w PRP>against <w NP0>Clark <w NP0>Clifford <c PUL>(<w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968-69<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Altman<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>against <w NP0>William <w NP0>Batastini<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghaith <w NP0>Pharaon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tariq <w NP0>Jamil <w CJC>and <w NP0>Swaleh <w NP0>Naqvi <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38569<c PUN>; <w CRD>38737<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1855"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>18 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>fraud <w NN2>charges <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>laid <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Dhabi <w PRP>against <w CRD>14 <w DT0>former <w NP0>BCCI <w NN2>executives<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1856"><w AT0>A <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luxembourg <w AV0>finally <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;1,700 <w CRD>million <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>settlement <w VVD>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38781<c PUN>; <w CRD>38977<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1857"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1858"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1859"><w NP0>London <w NN1-VVG>bombing <w NN1>campaign
</head>
<p>
<s n="1860"><w AT0>A <w NN1>car <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Whitehall<c PUN>, <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NP0>Downing <w NP0>Street <w NN1>residence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1861"><w NN1>Responsibility <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>explosions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1862"><w AT0>The <w NN2>bombs <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NP0>IRA <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="1863"><w AJ0>Explosive <w NN2>devices <w VBD>were <w VVN>planted <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w AJ0>central <w NP0>London <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>suburbs<c PUN>; <w NN2>targets <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <w NN1>station <w PRP>at <w NP0>Paddington<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>railway <w NN2>stations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>theatre <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NP0>London <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>club <w PRP>for <w DT0>former <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
<s n="1864"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w NN1>fatality<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>injuries<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>effect <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1865"><w AT0>A <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prevention <w PRF>of <w NN1>Terrorism <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Temporary <w NN2>Provisions<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>Act <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>following <w NN2>police <w NN2-VVZ>raids <w PRP>on <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w NN1>east <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="1866"><w AT0>The <w NN2>arrests <w VBD>were <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w CRD>35 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w NN1>semtex<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>explosive <w AJ0-VVN>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>IRA <w NP0>London <w NN2-VVZ>bombs<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1867"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1868"><w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1869"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>referendums
</head>
<p>
<s n="1870"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>three <w NN2>referendums <w PRP>on <w AJ0>abortion-related <w NN2>issues <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1871"><w PRP>As well as <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0-VVD>planned <w NN2>referendums <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>services <w AV0>overseas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38942<c PUN>; <w CRD>39065<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>decided <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>vote <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>substantive<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w NN1>abortion <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>legal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1872"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG-NN1>lifting <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>travel <w CJC>and <w NN1>information <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>judgment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>breached <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Fundamental <w NN2>Freedoms <w CJS>when <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ordered <w CRD>two <w NN1>counselling <w NN2>services <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w VVG>giving <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>availability <w PRF>of <w NN2>abortions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1873"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w VVD-VVN>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG>holding <w DT0>another <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>divorce <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1986 <w NN1>referendum <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34758<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1874"><w NN1>Voting <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>after <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>debate <w CJC>and <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>family <w CJC>and <w NN1>property <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1875"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1876"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1877"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>responses <w PRP>over <w NN1>xenophobia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1878"><w CJS>As <w NN2>politicians <w VVD>sought <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w NN1>anti-semitism <w CJC>and <w NN1>violence <w PRP>against <w NN2>foreigners <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>August <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>asylum-seekers<w POS>' <w NN1>hostel <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rostock <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39065-66<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2>differences <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVD>persisted <w PRP>during <w NP0>October <w AV0>both <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w CJC>and <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1879"><w AV0>Consequently<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>, <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>measures <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>approved<c PUN>.
<s n="1880"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>asylum-seekers<w POS>' <w NN2>hostels <w VVD>continued <w AV0>intermittently <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1881"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN1>unification<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w NN0>people <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w NN1>xenophobia <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1-NP0>Sachsenhausen <w NN1>concentration <w NN1>camp<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>fire-bombed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39111-12<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1882"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w CRD>500 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,000 <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>protesters <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w NP0>Dresden <w VVG-AJ0>shouting <w AJ0-NN1>anti-foreigner <w NN2>slogans<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arnstadt <c PUL>(<w NP0>Thuringia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w VVG>combating <w AJ0>racist <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN1>interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>justice <w NN2>ministers <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>measures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1884"><w NP0>SPD <w NN2>participants <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w NN2>proposals <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Social <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CDU <w CJC>and <w NP0>CSU<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Free <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>FDP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>made <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>at <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>level<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>criminalize <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>demonstration <w CJS>if <w VVN>requested <w PRP>by <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJC>longer <w NN1>detention <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRF>of <w VVB-NN1>repeat <w NN2>offenders<c PUN>.
<s n="1885"><w AT0>The <w NP0>SPD <w VVD>maintained <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>judicial <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>policing <w NN2>powers <w VBD>were <w AJ0>adequate <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>FDP <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NP0>Bundestag <w NN1-VVB>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1886"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>364 <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>abstentions <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>altering <w NN1>Article <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <c PUL>(<w NN1>constitution<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrict <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>persons <w VVN>persecuted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>political <w NN2>grounds<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1887"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>amendment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <w CJS>as <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1992 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39066<c PUR>) <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w AV0>thus <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="1888"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vote <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>agreement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w VVG>favouring <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>refer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1951 <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA056></p>
<caption id=HLRCA056>
<s n="1889"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Willy <w NP0>Brandt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w DT0>Former <w NP0>SPD <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Willy <w NP0>Brandt <w VVD>died <w PRF>of <w NN1>cancer <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>78<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1891"><w VVN-AJ0>Born <w NP0>Herbert <w NP0>Ernst <w NP0>Karl <w NP0-NN1>Frahm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>1913<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>L&uuml;beck<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unmarried <w NN1>salesgirl<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>began <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NP0>Brandt <w CJS>while <w VVG>engaging <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>anti-Nazi <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="1892"><w PNP>He <w VVD>evaded <w NN1>arrest <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>escaped <w PRP>to <w NP0>Norway <w PRP>in <w CRD>1933<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>Norwegian <w NN1>nationality<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>War <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <w PRP>in <w CRD>1949<c PUN>.
<s n="1893"><w PNP>He <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w NP0>Berlin <w PRP>in <w CRD>1957-66<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Vice-Chancellor <w PRP>from <w CRD>1966 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1969<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>SPD <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRP>in <w CRD>1969 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>23618<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1894"><w AT0>The<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Ostpolitik<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971 <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w PRF>of <w NN2>treaties <w VVG>renouncing <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>east<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w CRD>1972 <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>with <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="1895"><w AJ0>Obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w CRD>1974 <w AVQ>when <w DPS>his <w NN1>aide <w NP0-NN1>G&uuml;nther <w NP0-NN1>Guillaume <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>spy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brandt <w AV0>later <w VVN>headed <w DTQ>what <w VVD>became <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brandt <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w NN1>development <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w CRD>1976 <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>International <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39122<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA057></p>
<caption id=HLRCA057>
<s n="1896"><w NN2>Deaths <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kelly <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Bastian
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1897"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>Green <w NN1>activist <w NP0>Petra <w NP0>Kelly<c PUN>, <w CRD>44<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>companion<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>army <w NN1>general <w VVD>turned <w NN1>pacifist <w VVB-NN1>Gert <w AJ0-NN1>Bastian<c PUN>, <w CRD>69<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NP0>Bonn <w NN1>apartment<c PUN>.
<s n="1898"><w NN2>Police <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kelly <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRP>by <w NN1>Bastian <w PNQ>who <w AV0>then <w VVD>turned <w AT0>the <w NN1>gun <w PRP>on <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
<s n="1899"><w DPS>Their <w NN2>bodies <w VBD>were <w AV0>only <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>after <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>fortnight<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>clear <w CJS>whether <w NP0>Kelly<w POS>'s <w NN1>death <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>suicide <w NN1>pact<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA058></p>
<caption id=HLRCA058>
<s n="1900"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Queen <w NP0>Elizabeth <w CRD>II
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1901"><w NP0>Queen <w NP0>Elizabeth <w CRD>II <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19-23<c PUN>.
<s n="1902"><w PNP>She <w VVD>met <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn<c PUN>, <w VVD>walked <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brandenburg <w NN1>Gate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>in <w NP0>Leipzig<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>attended <w AT0>a <w NN1>service <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconciliation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dresden<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>allied <w NN1>bombing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w CRD>1945<c PUN>.
<s n="1903"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>protestors <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>against <w DPS>her <w NN1-NP0>Dresden <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUN>; <w NN1>wartime <w NN1>bitterness <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VBN>been <w VVN>aroused <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>Queen <w NN1>Mother <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>31 <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>a <w NN1>statue <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Arthur<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Bomber<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Harris<c PUN>, <w NN1>wartime <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>Bomber <w NN1-VVB>Command<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w AJ0>German <w NN2>plans <w VBD>were <w VVN>disclosed <c PUL>(<w CJC>but <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>cancelled<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>commemorate <w AV0>officially <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w ORD>50th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>V2 <w NN1>rocket <w NN1>technology <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w NP0>Oie <w PRP>off <w NP0-NN1>Peenem&uuml;nde <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN1>coast<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1904"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1905"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1906"><w NN1>Senate <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Government <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="1907"><w AJ0>Triennial <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>fill <w CRD>103 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>321-seat <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>in <w CRD>31 <w AJ0>metropolitan <w NN2>d&eacute;partements<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>d&eacute;partement <w NN1>d'outre-mer <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>R&eacute;union<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>territoire <w NN1>d'outre-mer <c PUL>(<w NP0>New <w NP0>Caledonia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1908"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>triennial <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>Presidency <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1909"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RPR <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Pasqua <w VVD>dropped <w AVP>out <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
<s n="1910"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Monory<c PUN>, <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CU <w NN1>bloc<c PUN>, <w VVD>secured <w CRD>200 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>against <w CRD>76 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>PS <w NN1>candidate <w NP0>Claude <w NP0-NN1>Estier<c PUN>.
<s n="1911"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RPR <w CJC>and <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>party <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>welcomed <w NP0>Monory<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w NN2>commentators <w VVD-VVN>agreed<c PUN>, <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN2>alliances<c PUN>.
<s n="1912"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alain <w NP0>Poher<c PUN>, <w VVD>stood <w AVP>down <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>83<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w CRD>24 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>22950 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>election<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w NN1>Senator<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1913"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Charasse<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w VVB-NN1>Budget <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Rausch<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN2>Artisans<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="1914"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Malvy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gilbert <w NP0>Baumet<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gard<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1915"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVD>featured <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jean-Marie <w NP0>Soisson<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w NP0>Burgundy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38821<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1916"><w NP0-NN1>Soisson <w VVD>became <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Louis <w NP0>Mermaz<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>Parliament <w CJC>and <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Spokesman <w PRP>in place of <w NP0-NN1>Malvy<c PUN>.
<s n="1917"><w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Billardon <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w NP0>Minister-Delegate <w PRP>for <w NN1>Energy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA059></p>
<caption id=HLRCA059>
<s n="1918"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>centrist <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1919"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>Mouvement <w UNC>des <w NN2>r&eacute;formateurs <c PUL>(<w NN2>Reformers<w POS>' <w NN1>Movement<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1920"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>secretary-general <w VBD>was <w NP0>Soisson <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>chairman <w VBD>was <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Pelletier <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0>Soisson<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>PS-led <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Rocard <w PRP>from <w CRD>mid-1988 <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1921"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Association <w UNC>des <w NN2-VVZ>d&eacute;mocrates <c PUL>(<w NN2>Democrats<w POS>' <w NN1>Association<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Soisson<w POS>'s <w NP0>France <w NN1>unie <c PUL>(<w AJ0-VVD>United <w NP0>France<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Performance <w NP0>et <w NN1-VVB>partage <c PUL>(<w NN1>Performance <w CJC>and <w VVG>sharing<c PUR>) <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1922"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AJ0>centrist <w NN2>voters <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05A>
<s n="1923"><w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Censure <w NN1>motion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1924"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>before <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VVD>published <w DPS>its <w NN1>draft <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w VVG>predicting <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w UNC>F165,400 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;33,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1925"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>censure <w NN1>motion <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unrealistic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>budget <w VVD-VVN>obtained <w AV0>only <w CRD>261 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>286 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>party <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>right <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>censure <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38977-78<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1926"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RPR <w CJC>and <w NP0>UDF <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>held <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w CRD>2.6 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>growth <w NN1-VVB>forecast <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>optimistic<c PUN>.
<s n="1927"><w NN1-AJ0>Malvy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>admitted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w UNC>F180,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;36,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AV0>approximately <w AV0>twice <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>forecast<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05B>
<s n="1928"><w AJ0>Anti-corruption <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1929"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w CRD>272 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>256 <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy<c PUN>, <w VVG>banning <w AJ0>corporate <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="1930"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VVD>followed <w NN2>scandals <w VVG>involving <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>indictment <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Henri <w NP0>Emmanuelli<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>illicit <w NN1>funding <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39023-24<c PUN>; <w CRD>39066<c PUN>; <w CRD>39113<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05C>
<s n="1931"><w AJ0>HIV-tainted <w NN1>blood <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1932"><w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Garretta<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Blood <w NN1>Transfusion <w NN1>Centre<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>assistant<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean-Pierre <w NN1>Allain<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w DT0>each <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>for <w AV0>knowingly <w VVG-AJ0>distributing <w NN1>blood <w VVN>contaminated <w PRP>with <w NP0>HIV <w PRP>to <w NN2>haemophiliacs <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38978<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1933"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>Allain<w POS>'s <w NN1>sentence <w VBD>were <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>.
<s n="1934"><w NN1-NP0>Garretta<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>living <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>additionally <w VVN>fined <w UNC>F500,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1935"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>250 <w AJ0>French <w NN2>haemophiliacs <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w PRP>from <w AJ0>AIDS-related <w NN2>diseases <w PRP>after <w VVG>receiving <w AJ0>contaminated <w NN1>blood <w NN2>transfusions <w CJC>and <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>others <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>infected <w PRP>with <w NP0>HIV<c PUN>.
<s n="1936"><w NN2>Attempts <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w AV0>so <w AV0>far<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>indict <w DT0>former <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLRCA05D><s n="1937"><w NN1>Party <w VVB-NN1>Change <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN2>seats <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PS<c PUR>) <w CRD>+4 <w CRD>70 <w VVB-NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPR<c PUR>) <w CRD>-1 <w CRD>90 <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCF<c PUR>) <w CRD>-1 <w CRD>15 <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Rally <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDE<c PUR>) <w CRD>-1 <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>Centrist <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UC<c PUR>) <w CRD>-2 <w CRD>66 <w NN2>Independents <w CJC>and <w NN2>Republicans <c PUL>(<w NP0>RI<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w CRD>-4 <w CRD>47 <w NN2>Independents <w CRD>+4 <w CRD>10
</p>
<caption id=HLRCA05D>
<s n="1938"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1939"><w UNC>*The <w NP0>RI <w NN1>bloc <w VVD-VVN>consisted <w AV0>mainly <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Val&eacute;ry <w NP0>Giscard <w NP0>d'Estaing<w POS>'s <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>French <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PR<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>L&eacute;otard<c PUN>.
<s n="1940"><w CRD>One <w NN1>seat <w VVD>fell <w AJ0>vacant <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w CJS>after <w NP0-NN1>Baumet <w VVD>resigned <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1941"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1942"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1943"><w NN1>Decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w NN1>re-election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1944"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>main <w NN1-VVG>bullring <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSOE<c PUR>) <w VBZ>'s <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Felipe <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w NP0>M&aacute;rquez <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w NN1>re-election <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1945"><w AJ0>Cordial <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>socialist <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UGT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSOE <w VBD>were <w VVN>resumed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w NP0>UGT <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Nicol&aacute;s <w NP0-NN1>Redondo <w CJC>and <w NP0>PSOE <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>Alfonso <w NP0>Guerra <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w AV0>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>rift <w PRP>over <w NN1>government <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36359-60 <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Redondo<w POS>'s <w CRD>1988 <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NP0>UGT <w NN1>seat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSOE <w NN1>executive<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05E>
<s n="1946"><w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1947"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cortes <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Solchaga <w NN1>Catal&aacute;n <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN1>budget <w PRP>in <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVG>spending <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>3.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms <c PUL>(<w CRD>2.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w PRP>to <w NN1>debt <w NN1-VVG>servicing<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w PRP>from <w CRD>2.6 <w PRP>to <w CRD>2.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP <c PUL>(<w UNC>Pta1,421,100 <w CRD>million <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;13,930 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1948"><w AJ0>Projected <w NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w VBD>was <w VVN>cut <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>over <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>public <w NN1>administration <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.3 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w PRP>by <w CRD>1.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>real <w NN1>spending <w VVZ>increases <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>fields <w PRF>of <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN2>pensions <w CJC>and <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
<s n="1949"><w NN1>GDP <w NN1>growth <w VBD>was <w VVN>forecast <w PRP>at <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>at <w CRD>4.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05F>
<s n="1950"><w NN1>Adoption <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Basque <w NN2>parties <w PRF>of <w AJ0>common <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w NN1>ETA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1951"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vitoria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w NN2>parties <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>region <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNV<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PP<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w ITJ>EE<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Unidad <w NP0>Alavesa <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AJ0>Basque <w NN1>Solidarity <c PUL>(<w NP0>EA<c PUR>)<c PUR>) <w VVD>confirmed <w DPS>their <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>political <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>organization <w NP0>Euskadi <w ITJ>ta <w NP0>Askatasuna <c PUL>(<w NN1>ETA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>political <w NN1>wing <w VVD-AJ0>United <w NN0>People <c PUL>(<w NP0>HB<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>reinforcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w NP0>Ajuria <w NP0>Enea <w NN1>pact <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35853<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1952"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>party <w VM0>should <w VVI>hold <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NP0>HB <w PRP>without <w AJ0>prior <w NN2>consultations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1953"><w AT0>An <w NN1>army <w NN1>officer <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w NP0>Salamanca <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>off-duty <w NN1>policeman <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Sebasti&aacute;n <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>13<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>policeman <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baracaldo <w PRP>near <w NP0>Bilbao<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>once <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>for <w VVG>providing <w AT0>an <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>unit <w PRP>with <w NN1>accommodation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>premature <w NN1>explosion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>handling<c PUN>.
<s n="1954"><w AT0>An <w NN1>ETA <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Aldana <w NP0>Barrena<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Ciboure<c PUN>, <w AJ0>south-western <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05G>
<s n="1955"><w NN2>Resignations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Cantabrian <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1956"><w CRD>Six <w NN2>PP <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Cantabria <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w PRP>out of <w NN1>office <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Hormaechea<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>faced <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w CJC>and <w NN1>embezzlement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05H>
<s n="1957"><w AJ0>Illegal <w NN2>immigrants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1958"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>35 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>Moroccans<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>drowned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Strait <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gibraltar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>26 <w CJS>while <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w PRP>to <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>38 <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Guard<c PUN>.
<s n="1959"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,200 <w AJ0>African <w NN2>migrants <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Guard <w PRP>at <w NP0>Algeciras <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1960"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1961"><w NP0>PORTUGAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1962"><w VVB-NN1>Draft <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="1963"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w VVD>envisaged <w VVG>restricting <w AJ0>total <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>to <w PRP>about <w UNC>Esc3,900,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>to <w CRD>3.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP <c PUL>(<w UNC>Esc488,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w UNC>Esc543,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>: <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=131.74 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1964"><w AJ0>Individual <w NN2>ministries <w VM0>would <w VVI>face <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>average <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>spending<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>pay <w NN2>rises <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>contained <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w CRD>4.5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1965"><w NN1>Growth <w VBD>was <w VVN>forecast <w PRP>at <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>2 <w PRP>to <w CRD>2.5 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>forecast <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annualized <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>receipts <w PRP>at <w UNC>Esc225,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1966"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>borrowing <w NN1>requirement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>from <w UNC>Esc539,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w UNC>Esc416,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05J>
<s n="1967"><w NN1>Ending <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>television <w NN1>monopoly
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1968"><w NP0>Portugal<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>private <w NN1>television <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sociedade <w NP0>Independente <w NP0>de <w NP0>Comunica&ccedil;ao <c PUL>(<w AV0>SIC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Pinto <w NP0>Balsemao<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05K>
<s n="1969"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Carvalho
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1970"><w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Otelo <w NP0>Saraiva <w NP0>de <w NP0>Carvalho<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>technicality <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36945<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>new <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>25 <c PUL>(<w CRD>FP-25<c PUR>) <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>bank <w NN1>robbery <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05L>
<s n="1971"><w NN1>Amnesty <w PRP>for <w NN2>immigrants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1972"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>four-month <w NN1>amnesty <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>illegal <w AJ0>non-EC <w NN2>immigrants <w TO0>to <w VVI>regularize <w DPS>their <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVG>earning <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>living<c PUN>.
<s n="1973"><w NN2>Numbers <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AV0>about <w CRD>80,000 <w NN2>Africans <w PRP>from <w NP0>Portugal<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN2>colonies<c PUN>, <w AV0>predominantly <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05M>
<s n="1974"><w NP0>Azores <w CJC>and <w NP0>Madeira <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1975"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSD<c PUR>) <w VVD>retained <w DPS>its <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN2>assemblies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Azores <w CJC>and <w NP0>Madeira<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>28 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>51 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Azores <w CJC>and <w CRD>39 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>55 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madeira<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05N>
<s n="1976"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1977"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Lureiro <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1978"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1979"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1980"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN2>measures <w PRP>by <w NN1>confidence <w NN2>votes
</head>
<p>
<s n="1981"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>won <w CRD>four <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w NN2>decrees <w VVG>reforming <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>among <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39025<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1982"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w VBD>were <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>restricted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1983"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>won <w DT0>another <w NN1>confidence <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w AJ0>freezing <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>new <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1984"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1985"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>strike <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lazio <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w CRD>3,500,000 <w AJ0>public <w NN2>employees <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>resulting <w PRP>in <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AJ0>militant <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w CRD>60 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured <w CJC>and <w AV0>about <w CRD>100 <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1986"><w AT0>The <w NN1>union <w NN2>confederations<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>CGIL<c PUN>, <w VVD>staged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-hour <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NN1>welfare <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>violence <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan <w PRP>against <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1987"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>public-sector <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>service <w NN2>industries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days<w POS>' <w NN1>notice <w PRP>for <w NN1>participation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>employed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sectors <w VVD>took <w NN1>part<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1988"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>made <w AJ0>limited <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions <w PRP>over <w NN1>welfare <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>, <w VVG>lifting <w AT0>the <w NN1>ceiling <w PRP>on <w NN1>pension <w VVZ>rises <w AV0>slightly <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>3.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>altering <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>income <w NN1>ceiling <w PRP>for <w NN1>eligibility <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w NN2>concessions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1989"><w VVB-NN1>Work <w PRP>at <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w NN2>ports <w VBD>was <w VVN>halted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-day <w NN1>strike <w PRP>by <w NN1>transport <w NN2>unions <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>end<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>required <w PRP>under <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>competition <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>monopoly <w PRP>on <w NN1>dock <w NN1>labour<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1990"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-October <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dormant <w AJ0>Armed <w AJ0>Communist <w NN2>Nuclei <c PUL>(<w NP0>NCC<c PUR>) <w VVD>re-emerged<c PUN>, <w VVG>planting <w NN2>bombs <w PRP>in <w NN2>premises <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>industrialists<w POS>' <w NN1>league <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers<w POS>' <w NN1>organization <w NN1-NP0>Confindustria <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>collaboration<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05P>
<s n="1991"><w VVB-NN1>Request <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1992"><w NP0>Italy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w VVN-VVD>requested <w AT0>a <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>loan <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRP>for <w NN2>balance-of-payments <w VVB-NN1>support <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w DPS>its <w AJ0>swift <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39080 <w PRP>for <w NP0>September <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NN0>lira<w POS>'s <w NN1>participation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1993"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Giuliano <w NP0-NN1>Amato <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>loan<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PRP>at <w UNC>ECU8,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;10,600 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>principally <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AJ0>visible <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>troubles<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>opinion<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>policies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05R>
<s n="1994"><w AJ0>New <w NN1-NP0>DC <w NN2>officers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1995"><w NP0-NN1>Mino <w NP0-NN1>Martinazzoli<c PUN>, <w CRD>61<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brescia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Arnaldo <w NP0>Forlani<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="1996"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Rosa <w NP0>Russo <w NP0-NN1>Jervolino<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>DC<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>woman <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Ciriaco <w NP0>De <w NP0>Mita <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w NN1>commission<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05S>
<s n="1997"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1998"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>12,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>DC <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Segni <w VVD>launched <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w AV0>broadly <w VVN>based<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>honest <w NP0>Italy<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>alternative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w AJ0>corrupt <w CJC>and <w AJ0>discredited <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>from <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="1999"><w VVG>Describing <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rotten <w NN1>apple <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>healthy <w NN1>core<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>proposed <w AV0>chiefly <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>cross-party <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05T>
<s n="2000"><w VVB-NN1>Rise <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mantua <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2001"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>core <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>League <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>34 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mantua <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Alpine <w NN1>League <w VVD>won <w CRD>6.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2002"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>left <w NN1>programme <w VVD>gained <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VVG>presenting <w PNP>it <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w AV0>commonly <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>PSI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSDI<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>communists <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>an <w NN1>aggregate <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w NP0>DC<c PUN>, <w NN1>PSI<c PUN>, <w NP0>PSDI <w CJC>and <w NN2>Liberals <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PLI<c PUR>) <w AT0>an <w NN1>aggregate <w PRF>of <w AV0>only <w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2003"><w AT0>The <w NN1>League<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>non-payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>taxes<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>caused <w AT0>an <w AJC>further <w NN1>uproar <w PRP>by <w VVG>calling <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>small <w NN2>savers <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN1>treasury <w NN2>bonds <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>money <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2004"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-October <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-fascist <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>MSI<c PUR>) <w VVD>marched <w PRP>through <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>mismanagement<c PUN>, <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity <w PRP>by <w NN2>elements <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lombardy <w NN1>League<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05U>
<s n="2005"><w NP0>Milan <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2006"><w AT0>A <w NN1>warrant <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>PSI <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>secretary <w NN1-NP0>Vincenzo <w NN1-NP0>Balzamo<c PUN>.
<s n="2007"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Zamorani<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Italstat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>institute <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>spending <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>detained <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w NN1>railway <w NN2-VVZ>contracts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Milan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2008"><w NN2>Others <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Italy <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Abruzzi <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AJ0>fraudulent <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>funds<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tuscany <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marco <w NP0>Marcucci<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSDI <w NN1>group <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0-NN1>Cenci<c PUN>.
<s n="2009"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PSDI <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Genoa <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05V>
<s n="2010"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w UNC>P-2 <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2011"><w NP0-NN1>Licio <w NP0-NN1>Gelli<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>master <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>P-2 <w AJ0>Masonic <w NN1>lodge<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN2>others <w VVD>went <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w AV0>following <w CRD>11 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w NN2>magistrates<c PUN>.
<s n="2012"><w AT0>The <w NN2>charges <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>conspiracy<c PUN>, <w NN1>espionage<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>revealing <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>secrets <w CJC>and <w VVG>threatening <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="2013"><w NN2>Revelations <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>lodge <w VVD-VVN>brought <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arnaldo <w NP0>Forlani <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>31045-47<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2014"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2015"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2016"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w NN1>King
</head>
<p>
<s n="2017"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>long <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>wrangle <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NP0>King <w NP0>Constantine<w POS>'s <w NN1>property <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>dues <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w AVQ>when <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>ratified <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deposed <w NN1>monarch<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2018"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w NP0>Constantine <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AJ0>royal <w NN2>residences <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Tatoi<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Athens <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mon <w NN2>Repos <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Corfu <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>a <w NN1>forest <w NN1>estate <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Polydendri <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>.
<s n="2019"><w PRP>In <w NN1>return <w PNP>he <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w UNC>Dr200 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>property <w NN1>tax <w NN2>dues<c PUN>.
<s n="2020"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>land <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Tatoi <w CJS>as <w NN1>payment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="2021"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ioannis <w NP0>Paleokrassas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN1>opposition <w DTQ>which <w VVD>demanded <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Constantine<w POS>'s <w NN1>tax <w NN2>dues<c PUN>.
<s n="2022"><w NN1>Concern <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VHD>had <w VVN>surrendered <w AJ0>precious <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Tatoi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mon <w NN2>Repos <w NN2>estates <w AV0>both <w VBG>being <w AJ0>rich <w PRP>in <w AJ0>archaeological <w NN2>treasures<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05W>
<s n="2023"><w NN1-VVB>Purchase <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2024"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w NN1>F-16 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="2025"><w AT0>The <w NN1>price<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>negotiation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>about <w UNC>Dr160,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;900,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2026"><w AT0>The <w NN1>purchase <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eight-year <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>procurement <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>cost <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05X>
<s n="2027"><w NP0>Koskotas <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2028"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>long-awaited <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>George <w NP0>Koskotas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>Crete <w ORD>first <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRP>with <w NN1>forgery <w CJC>and <w NN1>embezzlement <w VVG>involving <w UNC>US&dollar;230 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37514<c PUN>; <w CRD>38357<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2029"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2030"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2031"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Iraqi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>Kurds
</head>
<p>
<s n="2032"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>peshmerga <w NN2>fighters<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Turkish<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>throughout <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>peshmerga <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2033"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>troops <w VVD>entered <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>air <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>ground <w NN1>operation <w VVN-VVD>concentrated <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>fronts<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>objective <w PRF>of <w VVG>trapping <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>pincer <w PRP>between <w AJ0>hostile <w AJ0>Iraqi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2034"><w AT0>The <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Iraqi<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kurdistan <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>an <w NN1>ultimatum <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN1>aim <w VBG>being <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVB>kill <w CJC>or <w VVB>crush <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="2035"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PKK <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>routed <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN2>strongholds <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zakho <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Dahuk<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>operations <w VBD>were <w VVN>concentrated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Hakurk <w NN1>valley <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-Iraq-Turkey <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="2036"><w PRP>In <w NN1>retaliation <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w VVD>enforced <w AT0>a <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w VVG>preventing <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>lorries <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w PRP>from <w VVG>crossing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>crucial <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
<s n="2037"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>departure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w DT0>several <w NN2>times<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2038"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey <w PNX>itself <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3-4 <w VVD>devastated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kulp <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Diyarbakir <w NN1>province<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Curkurca<c PUN>, <w VVG>causing <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w CRD>8,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39114<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AV0>onwards <w AV0>heavily <w VVD>bombarded <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>strongholds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mount <w NP0>Ararat <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2039"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PKK <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w NN1>shot <w AJ0>dead <w AV0>about <w CRD>55 <w NN0>people <c PUL>(<w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Cevizdali <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Bitlis <w CJS>when <w VVN>confronted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
<s n="2040"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w VVD>killed <w CRD>19 <w NN1-VVB>bus <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w CRD>six <w PRP>near <w NP0>Solhan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>a <w NP0>PKK <w NN1>mine <w VVD>derailed <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w PRP>in <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w VVG>injuring <w CRD>47<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
<s n="2041"><w NN2>Explosions <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w NP0>Istanbul <w NN2-VVZ>banks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2042"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>evacuate <w DPS>its <w NN2>bases <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w VVN>begun <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>limited<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>air <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>ground <w NN1>operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w AV0>swiftly <w VVD-VVN>expanded <w DPS>its <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="2043"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w NP0>31-Nov. <w CRD>1 <w DT0>some <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>tanks <w VVD-VVN>advanced <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>highway <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zakho <w CJC>and <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>160 <w NN0>sq km <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>territory <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>fronts<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Haftanin <w NN1>region <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Zakho <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Hakurk <w NN1>valley <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
<s n="2044"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Dogan <w NP0>Gures <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>rule <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>mountains<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLRCA05Y>
<s n="2045"><w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2046"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w VVD-VVN>submitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w NN1>spending <w VM0>would <w VVI>total <w UNC>TL412,710 <w CRD>billion<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>borrowing <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w UNC>TL140,366 <w CRD>billion<c PUN>, <w NN2>repayments <w PRF>of <w AJ0>domestic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VM0>would <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w UNC>TL67,056 <w CRD>billion<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>projected <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w UNC>TL73,310 <w CRD>billion <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=TL7,919.02 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2047"><w NN1>GNP <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>by <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2048"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2049"><w NP0>AUSTRIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="2050"><w NP0>Leopold <w NP0>Gratz<c PUN>, <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Socialist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984-86<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>fined <w CRD>450,000 <w NN2>schillings <c PUL>(<w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;40,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w PRF>of <w VVG>bearing <w AJ0>false <w NN1-VVB>witness <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lucona <w NN1>affair <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38110<c PUN>; <w CRD>38738<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w VVG>covering <w AVP>up <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>friend <w NN1-NP0>Udo <w NN1-NP0>Proksch <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>appeal<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2051"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2052"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2053"><w NN1>Seizure <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w NN2>assets
</head>
<p>
<s n="2054"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>14 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w PNI>nil <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>abstention <c PUL>(<w NP0>China<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>778 <w VVG-AJ0>impounding <w AJ0-NN1>oil-related <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>assets <w PRP>worth <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;500-800,000,000<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w PRP>since <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37639<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>relief<c PUN>, <w VVB>compensate <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w VVB>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2055"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>also <w VVD>ordered<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w NN2>States <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>funds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>transfer <w NN2>proceeds <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>escrow <w NN1>fund<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w DT0>all <w NN2>monies <w AV0>so <w VVN>raised <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w NN1>oil <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38942<c PUN>; <w CRD>38788-89<c PUN>; <w CRD>38838<c PUN>; <w CRD>39026<c PUN>; <w CRD>39115<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2056"><w VVN>Described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Perkins <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>proportionate <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w NN2>problems <w NP0>Iraq <w PNX>itself <w VHZ>has <w VVN>created<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w CJS>as <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unjust<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2057"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Hamid <w NP0>Yusuf <w NP0>Hammadi <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>modified <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>bank <w NN1>robbery<c PUN>, <w NP0>Texas <w NN1>style<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2058"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>stance <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>confirmed <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Tariq <w NP0>Aziz <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0-AV0>daily <w NP0>al <w NP0>Thawrah <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>selling <w NN1>oil <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w AJ0>humanitarian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>needs <w CJC>and <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NN1>resolution <w TO0>to <w VVI>deduct <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>percentage<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NN2>reparations <w NN1-VVB>fund <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w VVZ-NN2>costs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2059"><w AT0>The <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>UN-supervised <w NN1>oil <w NN0>sales <c PUL>(<w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39115<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Li <w NP0-NN1>Daoyu <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DT0>such<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unnecessary <w PRP>in the light of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-open <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2060"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>ordered <w DT0>some <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>banks <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>assets <w PRP>for <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>fund<c PUN>.
<s n="2061"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>Oil <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Usamah <w NP0>Abd <w NN1-AJ0>al-Razzaq <w NP0>Hummadi <w NN1>al-Hithi<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>banks <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>faced <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w CJC>or <w VVI>transfer <w AT0>the <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA060></p>
<caption id=HLRCA060>
<s n="2062"><w NN1>Renewal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>memorandum
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2063"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>international <w NN1>relief <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w NN1>station <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>guards <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="2064"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w VVD>finalized <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>Children<w POS>'s <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNICEF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Grant<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>Under <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Jan <w NP0>Eliasson <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>representative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nizar <w NP0-NN1>Hamdoun<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2065"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVN>necessitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>memorandum <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39069<c PUN>; <w CRD>39115<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;200,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>relief <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w UNC>US&dollar;90,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="2066"><w AT0>The <w NN1>pact <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w CRD>300 <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>guards<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>handful <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="2067"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>original <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding <w VVD>worked <w AVP>out <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38598<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w CRD>500 <w NN2>guards <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w CRD>600 <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2068"><w NP0>US <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>imposed <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w VVD>obliged <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AV0>rather <w NP0>UN <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>neutralized <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>lend <w DPS>their <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="2069"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVN-VVD>justified <w DPS>his <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>memorandum <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w CJS>while<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w AV0>fully <w VVI>meet <w DPS>our <w NN2>aspirations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>assistance <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>necessary<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w PNP>it <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w NN1>delay<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA061></p>
<caption id=HLRCA061>
<s n="2070"><w AJ0>Ballistic <w NN1>missile <w NN2>inspections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2071"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>50-member <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>45th <w CJC>and <w AJS>largest <w NN1>mission <w AV0>yet <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>, <w VVD>conducted <w AT0>a <w NN1>search <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>50 <w NN2>sites <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16-30 <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>locate <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVD>estimated <w CRD>100 <w NP0-NN1>Scud <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
<s n="2072"><w VVG>Claiming <w CJT>that <w NN2>assurances <w PRF>of <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>conduct <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN2>inspectors <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ignored<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>team<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Nikita <w NP0>Smidovich <w VVD>alleged <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manama<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w NN1>harassment <w CJC>and <w NN1>death <w NN2>threats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2073"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>jopint <w NP0>UN-IAEA <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>disarmament <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>remained <w VVN>constrained <w PRP>from <w VVG>going <w PRP>beyond <w AJ0>preparatory <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection <w CJC>and <w NN1>verification <w CJS-PRP>until <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w DT0>such <w NN1>monitoring<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN2>terms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2074"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rolf <w NP0>Ekeus<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>hinted <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w VVG>lifting <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2075"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>request <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>inspection<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVG>exploiting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>visit <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>ends<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2076"><w AT0>The <w NN1>request <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>denunciation <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>compared <w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>stray <w NN2>dogs<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-AJ0>intent <w PRP>on <w VVG>provoking <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w AJ0>wicked <w NN2>allies<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2077"><w NN0>Ekeus <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>US-made <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>equipment <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2078"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>denied <w DT0>any <w NP0>US <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>production <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>claim <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>rebutted <w PRP>by <w NP0>David <w NP0>Kay<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspector <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38451<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2079"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>munitions <w NN1>expert<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w NP0>Adam <w NN1>Hall <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CRD>1 <w NN0>km <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="2080"><w CRD>Five <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>nationals <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>border <w NN2>offences <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39069<c PUN>; <w CRD>39116<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA062></p>
<caption id=HLRCA062>
<s n="2081"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>federalism
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2082"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>170 <w NN2>delegates <w VVG>representing <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w AJ0>INC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Salahuddin<c PUN>, <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27-31 <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w NN1>strategy <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>overthrowing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2083"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>delegates <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w NP0>Iraq <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>democratic <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>structure <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN2>wilayats <w CJC>or <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Arab-Islamic <w NN1>nomenclature<c PUN>.
<s n="2084"><w VVG>Implementing <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>gathering <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39115<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>approved <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>shadow <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w VVG>electing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-member <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>council <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>Kurd<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>Sunni<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w VVG-AJ0>rotating <w NN1>primacy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>then <w VVD>chose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>25-member <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>Assyrian<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1-NP0>Turkoman<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w NN2>Kurds<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>18 <w NN2>seats <w VVN>divided <w PRP>between <w NP0>Shias<c PUN>, <w NN2>Sunnis <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>tribes<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2085"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Tehran-based<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SAIRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>council <w PRP>by <w VVG>querying <w DPS>its <w CRD>one-third <w NN1>Shia <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w AVQ>where <w NN2>Shias <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA063></p>
<caption id=HLRCA063>
<s n="2086"><w NN1>Execution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>coup <w NN2>plotters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2087"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w VVG>plotting <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN1>general<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2088"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>alleged <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>negligence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39115<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA064></p>
<caption id=HLRCA064>
<s n="2089"><w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federated <w NN1>state
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2090"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>pursuit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>autonomy<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federated <w NN1>state <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w AJ0>pluralistic <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="2091"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>non-Kurdish <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>feared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>evolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>de facto <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <w VM0>would <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>anti-Turkish <w NN2>activities <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>Kurds <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2092"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>a <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kurdistan <c PUL>(<w NP0>PUK<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Turkey <w PRP>from <w NN2>bases <w PRP>inside <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>Kurdistan<c PUN>.
<s n="2093"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD-VVN>followed <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Iraqi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>Kurds <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39163<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>precipitated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Kurds <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w DPS>its <w NN2>bases <w PRP>inside <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2094"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2095"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2096"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly
</head>
<p>
<s n="2097"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reconstituted <w AJ0-NN1>50-seat <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHG>having <w VVN>affirmed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>6 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AV0>strictly <w AJ0>impartial <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2098"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1986 <w PRP>by <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Amir<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Jabir <w NP0>al-Ahmad <w NP0>al-Jabir <w NP0>as-Sabah<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34767<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2099"><w NN2>Elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Amir <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVD>derided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>facade <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38309<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2100"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w NN1>registration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>278 <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w NN2>independents<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>filed <w NN2>nominations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>25 <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>.
<s n="2101"><w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w VVN>restricted <w AT0>the <w NN1>franchise <w PRP>to <w NN2>men <w PRP>aged <w CRD>21 <w CJC>or <w PRP>over <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>families <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Emirate <w CJS>since <w PRP>before <w CRD>1921<c PUN>, <w VVG>limiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w PRP>to <w CRD>81,400 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>606,000 <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>.
<s n="2102"><w PRP>On <w NN1-VVG>polling <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>at <w CRD>85 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2103"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>small <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>at <w VBG>being <w VVN>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2104"><w NN2>Results <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w CRD>35 <w NN2>seats <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>outspoken <w NN2>critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>diverse <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>Islamists<c PUN>, <w AJ0>secular <w NN2>liberals <w CJC>and <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>politicians<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>from <w NN2>districts <w DTQ>which <w AV0>traditionally <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>family<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA065></p>
<caption id=HLRCA065>
<s n="2105"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2106"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Amir <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Crown <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Saad <w NP0>al-Abdullah <w NP0>as-Salim <w NP0>as-Sabah<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>invited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2107"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Amir <w VVD>reappointed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Prince <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>15-member <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w CRD>six <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2108"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>ministries <w VBD>were <w VVN>merged<c PUN>.
<s n="2109"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>as-Sabah <w NN1>family <w VVD>retained <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUN>, <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NN2>portfolios<c PUN>.
<s n="2110"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Oil<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Justice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Education <w NN2>ministries <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN2>deputies <w PNQ>who <w VVD>ran <w AV0>broadly <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>campaigns <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2111"><w NN1-VVB>Debate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AV0>as <w AV0>more <w AJ0>lively <w CJS>than <w AV0>previously<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>testing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>receptiveness <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform<c PUN>: <w CRD>32 <w NN2>members <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NP0>Kuwait<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>anticipate <w CJC>or <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37631-41<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w DT0>several <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>mishandling <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait<w POS>'s <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>investments<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w CJT-DT0>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>widen <w AT0>the <w NN1>franchise<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>extending <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>to <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2112"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2113"><w NP0>BAHRAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2114"><w NN2>Plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>assembly
</head>
<p>
<s n="2115"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVG>quoting <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>sources<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>announce <w NN2>plans <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w CJC>or <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>30-member <w AJ0>national <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="2116"><w NP0>Bahrain<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973 <w CJC>but <w VVD>dissolved <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AV0>later <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>26340<c PUN>; <w CRD>27364<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2117"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2118"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2119"><w NP0>QATAR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2120"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>border <w NN1>incident
</head>
<p>
<s n="2121"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>clash <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards <w PRP>at <w AJ0>al-Khofous <w CRD>130 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Doha <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w AJ0-VVD>left <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>Qatari <w NN1>warrant <w NN1>officer <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Egyptian <w AJ0>national <w NN1-VVG>serving <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Emirate<w POS>'s <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>revoking <w AT0>a <w CRD>1965 <w NN1>defence <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>.
<s n="2122"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>statement <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w PRP>to <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>Bedouin <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w NN2>tensions <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>eased<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Kuwait<w POS>'s <w NN1>mediation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides<w POS>' <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>border <w NN1>demarcation <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2124"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2125"><w NP0>SAUDI <w NP0>ARABIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2126"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>complaint <w PRP>over <w NN1>stationing <w PRF>of <w CRD>F-15s
</head>
<p>
<s n="2127"><w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>demanded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>should <w VVI>limit <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<w POS>'s <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>US-supplied <w CRD>F-15 <w NN2>jets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39116<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2128"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>radio <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>wanted <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Cheney <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w AT0>a <w AJ0>written <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>at <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DT0>any <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>attack <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2129"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AV0>subsequently <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VHD>had <w VVN>complained <w AV0>privately <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>learned <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Saudi <w CRD>F-15 <w NN2>planes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Tabuk<c PUN>, <w CRD>200 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Eilat <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA066></p>
<caption id=HLRCA066>
<s n="2130"><w NN2>Executions <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN2>offenders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2131"><w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VHD>had <w VVN>executed <w AV0>more than <w CRD>38 <w NN0>people <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w VVG-NN1>smuggling <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>security <w NN1>official <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Reuters <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="2132"><w AT0>The <w NN2>executions <w VBD>were <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>under <w NP0>Sharia <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0>religious<c PUR>) <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>official <w VVD>said<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA067></p>
<caption id=HLRCA067>
<s n="2133"><w NN1>Confirmation <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2134"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riyadh <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yamaha <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>phase <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36312<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN1>press <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>contrary<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2135"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2136"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>ARAB <w NP0>EMIRATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2137"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</head>
<p>
<s n="2138"><w NN2>Efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>over <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN2>islands <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunb <w NP0>al-Kubra <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tunb <w NP0>al-Sughra <w VVD>continued <w AV0>throughout <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakdown <w PRF>of <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Dhabi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39116<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2139"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>during <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>France <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="2140"><w VVG>Quoting <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>sources <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gulf <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>governments <w DTQ>which <w VVD>backed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE<w POS>'s <w NN1>case <w AV0>increasingly <w VVD-VVN>perceived <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>argument <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continued <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>presence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2141"><w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w NN2>negotiations <w AV0>only <w PRP>over <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>governed <w PRP-AVP>under <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informal <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>mandate <w PRP>since <w CRD>1971<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2142"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Zaid <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0-NN1>Sultan <w NN1>al-Nahayan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Esmat <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Meguid<c PUN>, <w AV0>jointly <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2143"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>18 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w NN1>government <w VVG-NN1>undertaking <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NP0>UAE <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w NN1>aggression<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2144"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2145"><w NP0>YEMEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2146"><w AJ0>Pre-election <w NN1>tension
</head>
<p>
<s n="2147"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Saleh <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>reaffirmed <w DPS>his <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>elections <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>succession <w PRF>of <w NN2>murders <w CJC>and <w NN2>bombings <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38936<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2148"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w PRP>against <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>Aden <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AV0>further <w VVG-AJ0>heightening <w NN1>tension<c PUN>.
<s n="2149"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>date <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2150"><w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Haider <w NP0>Abu <w NP0-NN1>Bakr <w NN2>al-Attas<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>unwillingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>killers <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Yemen <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w NN2>members<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA068></p>
<caption id=HLRCA068>
<s n="2151"><w NN1-VVB>Border <w NN2>negotiations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2152"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>initiated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38886<c PUN>; <w CRD>39030<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riyadh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>were <w VVN>suspended <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2153"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w NN1>border <w NN1>demarcation <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-running <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2154"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2155"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<caption>
<s n="2156"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<gap desc="list of ministers">
<caption>
<s n="2157"><w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption>
<s n="2158"><w NN2>By-elections <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Maronite <w NN2>areas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2159"><w NN2>By-elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>128-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39071<c PUN>; <w CRD>39117<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2160"><w AT0>The <w NN2>by-elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Maronite <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Kesrouan <w CJS>where <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>August-September <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>complete<c PUN>.
<s n="2161"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w NN2>by-elections<c PUN>, <w CRD>24 <w NN2>candidates <c PUL>(<w DT0>all <w AJ0>Maronite <w AJ0-NN1>Christian<c PUR>) <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="2162"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>elected <w VBD>was <w NP0>Faris <w NP0>Buwayz<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Expatriate <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2163"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>less than <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA069></p>
<caption id=HLRCA069>
<s n="2164"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Berri <w CJS>as <w NN1>Speaker <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Hariri <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2165"><w NP0>Nabi <w NP0-NN1>Berri<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NP0>Shia<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Amal <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVG>receiving <w AT0>the <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w CRD>105 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>128 <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="2166"><w PRP>By <w NN1>convention<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Speaker <w VBD>was <w VVN>reserved <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Shia <w NN1-AJ0>Moslem<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2167"><w NN2>Berri<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>Cabinets <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990s<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Hussein <w NP0>al-Husseini <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>after <w VVG>losing <w DPS>his <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39071<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2168"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>acceptance <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Berri <w VVD-VVN>appealed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2169"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Hrawi <w VVD>invited <w NP0>Rafiq <w NN1-AJ0>al-Hariri <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>; <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>al-Solh<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38932-33<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2170"><w CJS>Although <w VVN>born <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sidon<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Hariri <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Saudi <w AJ0>Arabian <w NN1>citizen<c PUN>.
<s n="2171"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Sunni <w NN1-AJ0>Moslem<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>richest <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>confidant <w PRF>of <w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>.
<s n="2172"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Halim <w NP0>Khaddam<c PUN>.
<s n="2173"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shia <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>movement <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AJ0-AV0>close <w NN2-VVZ>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2174"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>were <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>technocrats<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Hariri <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>his <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reconstruction<c PUN>.
<s n="2175"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w AV0>also <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w PRP>at <w NN1>minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>level<c PUR>) <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w DT0>former <w NN2>militias<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Phalangist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2176"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hariri<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>pound<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=L&pound;1,900<c PUN>.
<s n="2177"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>optimism <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding <w NP0-NN1>Hariri<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Workers <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deteriorating <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>observed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06A></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06A>
<s n="2178"><w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hrawi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Assad
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2179"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Hrawi <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Syrian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39117 <w PRP>for <w NP0>September <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w NP0>Syria<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2180"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>office <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w VHD>had <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>implementing <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>articles <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CRD>1989<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NP0>Taif <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lebanon <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>begun <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06B></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06B>
<s n="2181"><w AJ0>Serious <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2182"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>escalation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>proxy <w NN0>militia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39118 <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2183"><w NP0>Hezbollah <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>personnel <w NN1>carrier <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>self-declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w CJC>and <w AV0>seriously <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>five <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="2184"><w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>with <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>shelling <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Palestinian-controlled <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w VVG>wounding <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
<s n="2185"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>helicopter <w NN2>gunships <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>launched <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terrorist <w NN2-VVZ>bases<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>retaliated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>by <w VVG>firing <w AV0>up to <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Katyusha <w NN2-VVZ>rockets <w PRP>into <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>civilian <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kiryat <w NP0>Shemona <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2187"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>attacked <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w NP0-NN1>Valley<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>three <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2188"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>outset <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>halted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>mobilized <w NN2>troops <w PRP>along <w DPS>their <w NN2>borders<c PUN>.
<s n="2189"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>reports <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>fired <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>troops <w VVN>positioned <w PRP>within <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2190"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2191"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2192"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamist <w NN2>deputies
</head>
<p>
<s n="2193"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laith <w NP0-NN1>Shbeilat <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yaqoub <w NP0-NN1>Qarrash<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0-NN1>Islamist <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>plotting <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39118 <w PRP>for <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2194"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists <w VVD>petitioned <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w NP0-NN1>Shbeilat <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Qarrash<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October<c PUN>.
<s n="2195"><w AT0>The <w NN1>group <w VVD>claimed <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w AV0>directly <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w NN1>corruption <w NN2>cases <w VVN>raised <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUN>; <w PRP>before <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shbeilat <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06C></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06C>
<s n="2196"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w PRP>to <w NP0>Egypt
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2197"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>paid <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>in <w AV0>more than <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="2198"><w AV0>Officially<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN2>respects <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cairo <w NN1>earthquake <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39167<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2199"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AJC>broader <w NN1>significance <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w VVG>marking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1-AJ0>mainstream <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2200"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2201"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2202"><w VVB-NN1>Press <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>over <w NP0>Rifaat <w NP0>Assad
</head>
<p>
<s n="2203"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NN1-VVB>press <w PRP>during <w NP0>October <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Rifaat <w NP0>al-Assad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2204"><w VVB-NN1>Rifaat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>Vice-President <c PUL>(<w NN1>Security<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>exiled <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>brother <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984 <w PRP>after <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w PRP>for <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="2205"><w PNP>He <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>mother<c PUN>.
<s n="2206"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w PNP>he <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD-VVN>re-emerged <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="2207"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>contradicted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>source <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>impeccable <w NN2>credentials<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Rifaat <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>handle <w DT0>any <w NN1>job<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>hierarchy <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>intact<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AJ0>sceptical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sunday <w NN2>Times <w NN1-VVB>report<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>ran <w NN1-VVB>counter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>view <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w NP0-NN1>Basel <w UNC>al-Assad&gt; <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>favoured <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>succession<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2209"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2210"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2211"><w NP0>US <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>loan <w NN2-VVZ>guarantees
</head>
<p>
<s n="2212"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AV0>both <w NN2>chambers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign-aid <w NN1>appropriation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fiscal <w CRD>1993 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>controversial <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>loan <w NN1-VVB>guarantee <w NN1>package <w VVG>covering <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>period <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>settling <w PRF>of <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2213"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>demand <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w AT0>the <w NN1>guarantee <w NN1>package <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>pressurize <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>into <w AJ0-VVG>halting <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>construction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>duration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38452<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2214"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Likud <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>freeze <w PRP>on <w NN1>settlement <w NN1>construction <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>failed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38787<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2215"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>moved <w AV0>quickly <w TO0>to <w VVI>repair <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>halt <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>government <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NN2>settlements <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38946<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2216"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>made <w AT0>no <w AJ0>explicit <w NN1>linkage <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>guarantees <w CJC>and <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>within <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>pre-1967 <w NN2>borders<c PUN>.
<s n="2217"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>International <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>overlook<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AV0>over <w CRD>10,000 <w AJ0>new <w NN1>housing <w NN2>units <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AJ0>new <w NN1>construction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jerusalem <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN2>settlements<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN2>frontiers<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06D></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06D>
<s n="2218"><w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2219"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w AJ0>foreign-aid <w NN1>appropriation <w VVD>included <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>annual <w UNC>US&dollar;3,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
<s n="2220"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;1,800 <w CRD>million <w VBD>was <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid<c PUN>; <w NP0>Israel <w VBD>was <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend <w AV0>almost <w UNC>US&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>on <w NN1>procurement <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>military <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2221"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w VVG>acting <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Eagleburger <w VVD>wrote <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VVG>promising <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>present <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="2222"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>letter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w NN1>proof <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>qualitative <w AJ0>military <w NN1>advantage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w UNC>US&dollar;700 <w CRD>million <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w NN0>Apache <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Blackhawk <w NN2>helicopters <w CJC>and <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>prepositioning<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>by <w AV0>either <w AJ0>Israeli <w CJC>or <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2224"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2225"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2226"><w NP0>PLO <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Council <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2227"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15-17<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>approved <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>participation <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>analysts <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mainstream<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>pro-negotiation<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>factions <w VBD>was <w AJ0>narrow<c PUN>, <w NN1>opposition <w VVG>coming <w AV0>principally <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>PFLP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palestine <c PUL>(<w NP0>DFLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2228"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>formed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anti-negotiation <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>alongside <w NP0>Hamas <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>other <w AJC>smaller <w NP0>non-PLO <w NN2>groups<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06E></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06E>
<s n="2229"><w NN1>Hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>prisoners <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resurgence <w PRF>of <w NN1>intifada
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2230"><w AT0>The <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w VVN>launched <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Palestinian <w AJ0>political <w NN2>prisoners <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>at <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>prisons <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>until <w NP0>mid-October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39117 <w PRP>for <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2231"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>by <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>strikes<c PUN>, <w NN2>sit-ins <w CJC>and <w NN1>solidarity <w NN2>demonstrations <w AV0>almost <w AV0-AJ0>daily<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>flagging <w NN1>intifada<c PUN>.
<s n="2232"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Israel <w NN1>government <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>imposing <w AJ0>strict <w NN2>curfews <w PRP>on <w AJ0>restless <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="2233"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>troops <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>responded <w PRP>to <w NN2>outbreaks <w PRF>of <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>live <w NN1>ammunition<c PUN>; <w CRD>15 <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2234"><w AJ0>Fierce <w NN2>clashes <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>youths <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rafah <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>at least <w CRD>90 <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVD-VVN>injured<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>bullet <w NN2>wounds<c PUN>.
<s n="2235"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>six-day<c PUN>, <w AJ0>24-hour <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Strip <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2236"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hunger <w NN2>strikers <w VVD>suspended <w DPS>their <w NN1>action <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Moshe <w NP0>Shahal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Police <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>investigative <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>into <w DPS>their <w NN2>demands<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2237"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>prominence <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>striker <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="2238"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prisoner <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w DPS>his <w NN1>fast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
<s n="2239"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w VVD>triggered <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>.
<s n="2240"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w NN1>prison <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>prisoners<w POS>' <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>improvement <w PRF>of <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w NN1>isolation <w NN2>cells<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06F></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06F>
<s n="2241"><w AJ0-NN1>Inter-Palestinian <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2242"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>long-simmering <w AJ0-NN1>inter-Palestinian <w NN1>feud <w PRP>between <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat<w POS>'s <w AJ0>mainstream <w NP0>PLO <w NP0>al-Fatah <w NN1>faction <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sabri <w NP0>Khalil <w NP0>al-Banna <c PUL>(<w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Nidal<c PUR>) <w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>radical <w NN1-AJ0>break-away <w NP0-NN1>Fatah <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRC<c PUR>) <w VVD>intensified <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sidon <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tyre <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39029 <w PRP>for <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>killings <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2243"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD>speculated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>escalating <w NN1>violence <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w VVD-VVN>reflected <w AJ0-VVG>differing <w NN2>attitudes <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference<c PUN>; <w NP0>al-Fatah <w VVD>supported <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRC <w VVD>opposed <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2244"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>an <w NP0>FRC <w NN1>official <w VBD>was <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unidentified <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sidon<c PUN>.
<s n="2245"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>al-Fatah <w NN1>official <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sidon<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Ain <w NN1-NP0>Helwey <w NN1>camp<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>one <w NN1-AJ0>civilian <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>nine <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="2246"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>al-Fatah <w NN1>official <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bass <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp <w PRP>near <w NN1>Tyre <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="2247"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w CRD>two <w NP0>FRC <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sidon<c PUN>.
<s n="2248"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>masked <w NN2>gunmen <w VVD>burst <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crowded <w NN1>cafe <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sidon <w CJC>and <w VVD>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CRD>three <w AJ0>al-Fatah <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2249"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VBD>were <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sidon <w CJC>and <w PRP>around <w AJ0>Ain <w NN1-NP0>Helwey <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>snap <w NN1>security <w NN1-VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bloody <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>among <w AJ0>rival <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2>factions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2250"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2251"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2252"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<p>
<s n="2253"><w AT0>The <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39070<c PUN>; <w CRD>39119 <w PRP>for <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w NP0>August-September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2254"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w NN1>recess <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2255"><w NN1>Progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli-Jordanian <w NN1>strand <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>almost <w VVN>finalized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
<s n="2256"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agenda <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jordan <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>(<w AV0>technically<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>at <w NN1>war<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>included <w NN2>items <w PRP>on <w NN1>water <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>land <w NN2-VVZ>claims<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06G></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06G>
<s n="2257"><w NN1>Diplomacy <w VVG>preceding <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2258"><w AT0>The <w NN2>weeks <w VVG>leading <w AV0>up to <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w VBD>were <w AJ0>busy <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>initiatives<c PUN>.
<s n="2259"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39119 <w PRP>for <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dumas <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w AT0>a <w AJ0>face-to-face <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad<c PUN>.
<s n="2260"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJC>and <w NP0>September <w AT0>the <w NP0>Israel-Syria <w NN1>strand <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>supplanted <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>question <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39119<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>described <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>promising<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2261"><w CRD>One <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>optimism <w AVP-PRP>over <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>noticeable <w NN1>cooling <w PRF>of <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w VVZ-NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w NP0>Syria <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>tempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="2262"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>trip <w PRP>by <w NP0>PLO <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October <w VBD>was <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>moment<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06H></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06H>
<s n="2263"><w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2264"><w NP0>Shimon <w NP0>Peres<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w DPS>its <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN2>refugees <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w VVN>begun <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NN2>exiles <w CJS>as <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sessions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38932<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2265"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>reversal <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tel <w NP0>Aviv <w PRP>between <w NP0>Peres <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Egyptian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Amr <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Moussa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2266"><w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29-30<c PUN>.
<s n="2267"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>40 <w NN2>countries <w CJC>or <w AJ0>international <w NN2>banks <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>Jordanian-Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Zein <w NP0>Mayassi<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>diaspora <w NN1>Palestinian<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w VVI>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>multilaterals<c PUN>.
<s n="2268"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06J></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06J>
<s n="2269"><w NN1>Electricity <w NN1>network <w NN1>agreement <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Water-sharing <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2270"><w NN2>Delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2-4 <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>sharing <w AT0>the <w NN2>waters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Euphrates <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tigris<c PUN>.
<s n="2271"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>officials <w VVD>blamed <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="2272"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>arranged <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2273"><w NN1>Electricity <w CJC>and <w NN1>energy <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0-NN1>electricty <w NN1>grid <w NN1>network <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Damascus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>.
<s n="2274"><w AT0>The <w NN1>project <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>partly <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Development<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2275"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2276"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2277"><w NN1>Earthquake <w NN1>disaster
</head>
<p>
<s n="2278"><w AT0>An <w NN1>earthquake <w VVG>lasting <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>20 <w NN2>seconds <w VVD>struck <w NP0>Cairo <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>heavily <w VVN-AJ0>populated <w AJ0>surrounding <w NN1>area <w PRP>at <w CRD>3.15 <w AV0>p.m. <w AJ0>local <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>over <w CRD>500 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVG>destroying <w CRD>163 <w NN2>buildings <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>damaging <w CRD>2,682<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>leaving <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>families <w AJ0>homeless<c PUN>.
<s n="2279"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w VVD>cut <w AV0-AJ0>short <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>five-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2280"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tremor<c PUN>, <w VVD>centred <w DT0>some <w CRD>30 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>measured <w CRD>5.9 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Richter <w NN1>scale<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w PRP>on <w NN1>record <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cairo <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="2281"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w CRD>13 <w VVD>gave <w AV0>widely <w AJ0-VVG>differing <w NN2>accounts <w PRF>of <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
<s n="2282"><w NP0>Cairo <w NN1>radio <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>300 <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>3,000 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="2283"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN2>reports <w VVD>gave <w NN2>figures <w VVG>ranging <w PRP>from <w CRD>145 <w PRP>to <w CRD>370 <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
<s n="2284"><w AJ0-VVN>Reported <w NN1>casualty <w VVZ-NN2>estimates <w AJ0-NN1>rose <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w NN1>day <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w PRP>at <w CRD>552 <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w CRD>2,100 <w PRP>in <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2285"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>pledged <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
<s n="2286"><w NP0>Kuwait <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN1>donation <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;20,000,000 <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>.
<s n="2287"><w NP0>Libya <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>announced <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>aid <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;60,000,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <w NN0>&dollar;40,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="2288"><w NN1-AJ0>Specialist <w NN2>personnel <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2289"><w AT0>The <w NN2>pyramids <w CJC>and <w NN1>sphynx <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w AJ0>undamaged<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Al <w NP0>Ahram <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>the <w NN1>Culture <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Farouk <w NP0>Hosni <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w CRD>60 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt<w POS>'s <w AJ0>treasured <w NN2>monuments <w VHD>had <w AJ0>severe <w NN2>fissures <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w PRP>in need of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>rescue<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2290"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disaster <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w DT0>much <w NN1>housing<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w NN1>slum <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>public <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accommodation <w AV0>quickly<c PUN>.
<s n="2291"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17 <w NN1>rioting <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w AVP>out <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<w POS>' <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>response<c PUN>.
<s n="2292"><w NP0-NN1>Mubarak <w VVD>appealed <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>calm <w CJC>and <w VVD>promised <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accommodation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AJ0>homeless <w NN2>victims <w PRP>within <w CRD>six <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
<s n="2293"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>competition <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Islamist <w NN2>associations <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>mounted <w AJ0>effective <w AJ0>local <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06K></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06K>
<s n="2294"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>tourists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2295"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>British <w NN1>woman <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>British <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>wounded <w CJS>when <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>militants <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>tourist <w NN1>bus <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Dayrut<c PUN>, <w CRD>270 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="2296"><w AT0>A <w NN1>man <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>militant <w VVD>stabbed <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>tourists <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>marketplace <w PRP>at <w NP0>Port <w NP0>Said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="2297"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>tourists <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>by <w NN1>gunfire <w PRP>in <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nile <w NN1-VVB>cruise <w NN2>ships <w PRP>during <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="2298"><w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>militants <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>targeted <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>revenues<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w NN0>&dollar;3,000 <w CRD>million <w AV0>annually<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2299"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2300"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2301"><w NN1>Reorganization <w PRF>of <w NN2>Committees
</head>
<p>
<s n="2302"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Committees <c PUL>(<w NN2>Secretariats<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>approximating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>system <w PRP>to <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>GPC <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVG-NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2303"><w CRD>Fourteen <w DT0>former <w NN2>Committees <w VBD>were <w VVN>merged <w PRP>into <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>new <w NN2>Committees <w VBD>were <w VVN>created<c PUN>; <w CRD>four <w NN2>committees <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unaffected<c PUN>.
<s n="2304"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>listed <w AT0>the <w NN2>committees <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>:
</p>
<p>
<s n="2305"><w AJ0>New <w CJC>or <w VVD-AJ0>merged<c PUN>.
<s n="2306"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>Unity<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>Industry <c PUL>(<w VVG>amalgamating <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Light <w NN2>Industries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Industries <w NN2>portfolios<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>Energy <c PUL>(<w VVG>merging <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>Petroleum <w CJC>and <w NN1>Electricity <w NN2>portfolios<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Planning<c PUN>, <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Finance <c PUL>(<w VVG>merging <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>portfolio <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Scientific <w NN1>Research <c PUL>(<w VVG>grouping <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN2>portfolios <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Vocational <w NN1>Training <w CJC>and <w NN1>Formation<c PUN>, <w AJC>Higher <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Scientific <w NN1>Research<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security <c PUL>(<w VVG>amalgamating <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w DT0>former <w NN2>offices<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN2>Services<c PUN>, <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <c PUL>(<w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w CRD>two <w NN2>Committees<c PUN>, <w NN2>Utilities <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Transport<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2307"><w AJ0>Unchanged<c PUN>.
<s n="2308"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Bureau <w PRP>for <w AJ0>External <w NN1>Liaison <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Co-operation <c PUL>(<w AV0>broadly <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>ministry<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security<c PUN>; <w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>Information <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUN>: <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>Wealth<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2309"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Umar <w NP0>Mustafa <w NP0>al-Muntasir<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>replaced <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0-NN1>Bashari <w PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Liaison<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06L></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06L>
<s n="2310"><w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>affair
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2311"><w NP0-NN1>Al-Ahram <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>over <w NP0>Libya<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing <w NN2-VVZ>suspects <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38883<c PUN>; <w CRD>39072<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2312"><w NP0>France <w VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0-VVG>examining <w NN1>magistrate <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UTA <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>1989 <w VBD>was <w VVN>turned <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tripoli<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2313"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2314"><w NP0>TUNISIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2315"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NN2>appeals <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Arrests
</head>
<p>
<s n="2316"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>appeals <w PRP>by <w CRD>265 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NN2>activists <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w AJ0>lengthy <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w PRP>by <w CRD>two <w AJ0>military <w NN2>courts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w PRP>during <w NP0>July <w CJC>and <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39071-72<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>.
<s n="2317"><w DT0>Those <w VVN-AJ0>sentenced <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outlawed <w NN1-NP0>Nahda <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w CRD>46 <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1>life <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2318"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>France <w NP0>Internationale <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>20 <w NP0-NN1>Nahda <w NN2>sympathisers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>quantities <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>explosive <w VVD-VVN>seized<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>capture <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRF>of <w NP0>Naceur <w NP0>Dhifallah<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w AV0>in absentia <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN2>trials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2319"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tunisia <w TO0>to <w VVI>order<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>re-trial <w CJC>or <w NN1>release<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>265<c PUN>.
<s n="2320"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tunisian <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>thorough<c PUN>, <w AJ0>independent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>impartial <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AJ0>pre-trial <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w NN2>detainees<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2321"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2322"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2323"><w NN2>Measures <w PRP>against <w NN1>terrorism
</head>
<p>
<s n="2324"><w PRP>Amid <w AJ0>worsening <w NN1>violence <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>groups <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39118-19<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>subversion <w CJC>and <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>creating <w CRD>three <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w VVG>lowering <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>from <w CRD>18 <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w VVG>introducing <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>including <w AJ0>long <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w CJC>and <w NN1>execution<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>.
<s n="2325"><w PNP>It <w VVD>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>waive <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w CJS>if <w NN2>suspects <w VVN-VVD>surrendered <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w VVD>repented<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2326"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Intense <w NN1>gunfire<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>palace <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Algiers <w AV0>soon <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w VVD>reported<c PUN>.
<s n="2327"><w AJ0>Combined <w AJ0>anti-terrorist <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w NN2>gendarmes <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>patrolling <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>towns<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2328"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>October <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>shooting <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>between <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>activists<c PUN>.
<s n="2329"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>commissioner <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w NN1>son <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead<c PUN>.
<s n="2330"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>24 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>250 <w NN2>arrests <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2331"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VVD>advised <w NN2>dependants <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>diplomats <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Algeria<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>follow <w NN1>suit<c PUN>.
<s n="2332"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>shooting <w AJ0>dead <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>businessman <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>accidental<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06M></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06M>
<s n="2333"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>airport <w NN1-VVG>bombing <w NN2-VVZ>suspects <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Banning <w PRF>of <w NN2>newspapers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2334"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>militants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FIS <w VBD>were <w VVN>paraded <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVN>heard <w TO0>to <w VVI>confess <w AV0>at length <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>at <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>26 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39072<c PUN>; <w CRD>39118<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2335"><w CRD>Six <w NN2>newspapers <w VBD>were <w VVN>banned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w VVG>empowering <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w DT0>any <w NN1>publication <w VVD-VVN>judged <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>against <w AJ0>national <w NN2>interests <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39072<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2336"><w NN2-VVZ>Bans <w PRP>on <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VBD>were <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>7<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06N></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06N>
<s n="2337"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2338"><w CRD>Six <w AJ0>junior <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39029 <w PRP>for <w NN1>formation <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>included <w CRD>three <w NN2>women<c PUN>; <w NP0>Meriem <w NP0>Mihoub <w NP0>Zerdani<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saida <w NP0>Benhabyles <w CJC>and <w NP0>Malika <w NP0>Allab<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NN1>Counsellor <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NN1>Delegate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w PRP>in charge of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Solidarity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2339"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2340"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2341"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="2342"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w AJ0>national <w UNC>des <w NN2>ind&eacute;pendants <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w CRD>18.05 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w CJC>and <w CRD>21.69 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>22,282 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="2343"><w NN2>Independents <w PRP>without <w AJ0>political <w NN1>affiliation <w CJC>but <w VVN>regarded <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>took <w CRD>13.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>loyalist <w NN1>Union <w NN1>constitutionelle <w CRD>13.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="2344"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Istiqlal <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN1>socialiste <w UNC>des <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w NN2>populaires <w AV0>together <w VVD>took <w CRD>20.58 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w CJC>and <w CRD>19.44 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w NN2>malpractices<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2345"><w CRD>Three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>incidents <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2346"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2347"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>SAHARA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2348"><w NN1>Threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>insurgency
</head>
<p>
<s n="2349"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN0>people <w VVG>demonstrating <w PRP>at <w NP0>Assa<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Goulimine <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0-NN1>Morocco <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>dozens <w AV0>more<c PUN>.
<s n="2350"><w PRP>Inside <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>, <w NP0>Polisario <w VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN>tortured <w CRD>dozens <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="2351"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Front <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>Moroccan <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>300 <w AJ0-NN1>Saharan <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>at <w NP0>El <w NP0>Aai&uacute;n<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN2>officials <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim<c PUN>.
<s n="2352"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AT0>an <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>struggle <w CJS>if <w NP0>Morocco <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>self-determination <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38982<c PUN>; <w CRD>39118<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2353"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2354"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2355"><w AT0>The <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN1>population <w NN1-VVB>increase<c PUN>, <w VVN>initiated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Ruhollah <w NP0>Khomeini<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>population <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>within <w CRD>14 <w NN2>years <w PRP>from <w CRD>36,000,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>60,000,000<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>45.5 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN-AJ0>aged <w AV0>under <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economist <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>3<c PUN>; <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Massoud <w NP0>Roghani <w NP0>Zanjani <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reversed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2356"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2357"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2358"><w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>storage
</head>
<p>
<s n="2359"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w PRP>up to <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>Russia <w NN1-VVB>store <w AV0>safely <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>material <w PRP>from <w AJ0>scrapped <w NN2>bombs <w CJC>and <w NN2>rockets<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="2360"><w AT0>The <w NN1>contract<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD-AJ0>implemented <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formalized <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38985-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2361"><w VVG>Announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pentagon <w VHD>had <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VVN>committed <w UNC>US&dollar;191,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;400,000,000 <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>Russia <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w VVB>dismantle <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>store <w AJ0>nuclear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="2362"><w DT0>This <w VVD-VVN>included <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>material <w NN1>transport <w NN2>containers<c PUN>, <w UNC>US&dollar;25,000,000 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;35,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NN1>science <w NN2-VVZ>centres <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kiev <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2363"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VHD>had <w VVN>initialled <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>evacuation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2364"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>defence <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06P></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06P>
<s n="2365"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>test <w NN1-VVB>ban
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2366"><w AT0>An <w NN1>order <w VVG>extending <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>moratorium <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVG>testing <w PRP>until <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="2367"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>confirming <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38553<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>French <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w VVZ>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>testing <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38890<c PUN>; <w CRD>39121<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2368"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w NN1-VVB>suit<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>provided<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>for<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>ban <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>tests<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2369"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>moratorium<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w AV0>forever<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w AV0>shortly <w VVI>propose <w AT0>the <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>testing <w PRP>at <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>test <w NN1>base <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arctic <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Novaya <w NP0>Zemlya<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2370"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>testing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>underground <w NN1>range <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nevada <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>credibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>deterrent<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2371"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>guaranteed <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN2>tests <w VVN>authorized <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>under <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>test-ban <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39121<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06R></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06R>
<s n="2372"><w NP0>US <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w NN1>START
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2373"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w AJ0-VVD>approved<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>93 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Arms <w NN1>Reduction <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>START<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2374"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w VVD>negotiated <w AVP>over <w AV0>almost <w AT0>a <w NN1>decade<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arsenals <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06S></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06S>
<s n="2375"><w AJ0>US-Russian <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>co-operation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2376"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>activity<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>curbing <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w NN1>terrorism <w VBD>were <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15-17 <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>CIA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Gates<c PUN>.
<s n="2377"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19-20 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Gates <w CJC>and <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>security <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2378"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>German <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>against <w NN1>terrorism <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug-smuggling <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2379"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2380"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2381"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2382"><w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Scottish <w NN1>resort <w PRF>of <w NN2>Gleneagles <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20-21 <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>guidelines <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>reliance <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AJ0-NN1>firm <w NN2>plans <w PRP>by <w NP0>December <w PRP>for <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38937<c PUN>; <w CRD>38986<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2383"><w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>backed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>proposal <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJC>closer <w AJ0>military <w NN1>collaboration <w PRP>between <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN2>countries <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>aegis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NACC<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38698-99<c PUN>; <w CRD>38841<c PUN>; <w CRD>38986<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2384"><w NN2-VVZ>Moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>by <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN1>relief <w NN2>convoys <w VVG>heading <w PRP>towards <w DPS>its <w AJ0>embattled <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>.
<s n="2385"><w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>prevented <w PRP-AVP>under <w DPS>its <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>from <w VVG>sending <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>outside <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>contribute <w UNC>US&dollar;39,000,000 <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>logistical <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2386"><w NN2>Ministers <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>discussed <w AJC>closer <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w CRD>1966<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w PRP>outside <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>integrated <w AJ0>military <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="2387"><w NN1>Speculation <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>re-orientation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>French <w NN1>policy <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>fuelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Joxe<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>suggested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VM0>should<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w AV0>more <w AV0>fully <w CJS>than <w AV0>previously <w PRP>in <w AJ0>politico-military <w NN2>discussions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06T></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06T>
<s n="2388"><w NN1>Inauguration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Allied <w AJ0>Rapid <w NN1>Reaction <w NN0>Corps
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2389"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>multinational <w AJ0>Allied <w AJ0>Rapid <w NN1>Reaction <w NN0>Corps <c PUL>(<w NP0>ARCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>establishment <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38216<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bielefeld<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2390"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Jeremy <w NP0>Mackenzie<c PUN>, <w AV0>formerly <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>1st <c PUL>(<w AJ0>British<c PUR>) <w NN0>Corps <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NN1>north-west <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06U></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06U>
<s n="2391"><w AJ0>US-Turkish <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>accident
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2392"><w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Allied <w NP0>Commander <w NP0>Europe <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Shalikashvili <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>quick <w CJC>and <w AJ0>full <w NN1>investigation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>into <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>friendly <w NN1>fire<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>accident <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w VVG>involving <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>carrier <w NN1-NP0>Saratoga <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>warship<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>.
<s n="2393"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>experts <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>during <w AJ0>naval <w NN2-VVZ>exercises <w DT0>some <w CRD>80 <w NN2>miles <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Izmir<c PUN>, <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>stress <w PRP>among <w AJ0>junior <w NN2>officers <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1-VVB>spell <w PRP>at <w NN1>sea<c PUN>.
<s n="2394"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>friendly <w NN1>fire<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>involving <w NP0>US <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>air <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w NP0>UK <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38927<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36169-70 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>shooting <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>airliner<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2395"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2396"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2397"><w AJ0>German <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>material
</head>
<p>
<s n="2398"><w AJ0>German <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>cases <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w CJC>and <w NN1>smuggling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>material <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>; <w AV0>more than <w CRD>100 <w DT0>such <w NN2>cases <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>uncovered <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>29 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2399"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Munich <w VVD>arrested <w CRD>seven <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w NN2>nationals<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>seizing <w CRD>2.2 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>uranium<c PUN>.
<s n="2400"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w CRD>five <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>nationals <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>Frankfurt <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Bochum <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w CJS>when <w NN2>police <w VVD>uncovered <w NN2>consignments <w PRF>of <w AJ0>radio-active <w NN1>caesium <w CJC>and <w NN1>strontium <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>originated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="2401"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>uranium <w VVD-VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>smuggled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38987<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2402"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>television <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Terespol<c PUN>, <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.5 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w NN1>uranium <w VVN-VVD>acquired <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06V></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06V>
<s n="2403"><w NN1-VVB>Tank <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kuwait <w CJC>and <w NP0>UAE
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2404"><w AT0>The <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>236 <w VVZ-NN2>Abrams <w AJ0>M-1A2 <w NN2>tanks<c PUN>, <w VVN>manufactured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>company <w NN1-AJ0>General <w NN0>Dynamics<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="2405"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>company <w NP0>Vickers<c PUN>, <w NN2>makers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Challenger <w NN1>tank <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kuwait<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2406"><w NP0>Germany <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w NN2>tanks <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;300 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <c PUL>(<w NP0>UAE<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>competition <w PRP>with <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>tank <w NN2>manufacturers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2407"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VVI>press <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w NN1>diesel <w NN2>submarines <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>despite <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>over <w NN2>payments <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39122<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2408"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2409"><w AJ0>NUCLEAR <w NN1>ENERGY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2410"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>plutonium <w NN1>shipment
</head>
<p>
<s n="2411"><w NN2>Plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>shipment <w PRP>from <w NP0>France <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.3-1.7 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>plutonium <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38987<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>freighter <w NP0-NN1>Akatsuki <w NP0-NN1>Maru <w VVD>received <w AJ0>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>amid <w NN2>protests <w PRP>by <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w NN1>transit <w VVZ-NN2>bans <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2412"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>tugs <w VHD>had <w VVN>towed <w AV0>away <w NN2>boats <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>group <w NP0>Greenpeace <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>docked <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cherbourg <w TO0>to <w VVI>await <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Akatsuki <w NN1-NP0>Maru<c PUN>.
<s n="2413"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>refuse <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Akatsuki <w NN1-NP0>Maru <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w PRP-AVP>through <w DPS>their <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>waters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2414"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>regret <w PRP-AVP>over <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>breach <w PRP>by <w NP0>France <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>disclose <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>shipment<c PUN>.
<s n="2415"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>reprocessing <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cogema<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>allaying <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>fears<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reveal <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>extraction <w NN1-VVB>process <w CJC>and <w NN1>packaging <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>plutonium<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2416"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2417"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2418"><w NP0>US-EC <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>over <w NN1>farm <w NN2>subsidies
</head>
<p>
<s n="2419"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transatlantic <w NN1>trade <w NN1>war <w VVD>loomed <w AV0>closer <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>failed <w PRP>during <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>over <w NN1>farm <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38601-02<c PUN>; <w CRD>38746<c PUN>; <w CRD>38842<c PUN>; <w CRD>38888-89<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2420"><w PRP>At <w NN1>issue <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>oilseed <w NN1>production <w PRP>from <w CRD>13,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>to <w CRD>9,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <c PUL>(<w CRD>500,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w VVN>approved <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>recently <w AJ0-VVN>reformed <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>reduction <w AV0>over <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w CRD>7,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVB>reduce <w DPS>its <w NN1>cereal <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>by <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NP0>EC <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VVB>impose <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>restraints <w PRP>on <w DT0>some <w NN2>products <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rebalance<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>EC <w NN2>concessions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2421"><w AT0>The <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w VVD>emerged <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>side <w VVD>hinted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>poised <w TO0>to <w VVI>levy <w AJ0>punitive <w NN2>tariffs <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>goods <w PRP>worth <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>intransigence <w PRP>over <w NN1>oilseed <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2422"><w AT0>The <w NN1>threat <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>walk-out <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="2423"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>stalled <w PRP>on <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>over <w AJ0>fresh <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AT0>the <w NN1>oilseed <w NN1>dispute <w VVG>involving <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>capping <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>oilseed <w NN1>production <w PRP>at <w CRD>9,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVG>limiting <w NN1>land <w VVN>sown <w PRP>with <w AJ0>subsidised <w NN2>oilseeds <w PRP>to <w AT0>no <w AV0>more than <w CRD>5,128 <w CRD>million <w NN2>hectares<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>setting <w AV0>aside<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w NN2>oilseeds<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w NN2>oilseeds <w VVN>grown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>set-aside <w NN1>land <c PUL>(<w PRP>for <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>use<c PUN>, <w AV0>for example<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w CRD>9,000,000 <w NN1>tonne <w NN1>limit<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN2>yields <w PRF>of <w CRD>2.36 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>per <w NN1>hectare <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w CRD>9,000,000 <w NN1>tonne <w NN1>limit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2424"><w NN2>Efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NP0>US-EC <w VVB-NN1>quarrel <w AVP-PRP>over <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>subsidies <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w CJS-PRP>after <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVN>shrouded <w PRP>in <w NN1>secrecy<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Commissioner <w NP0>Frans <w NP0>Andriessen <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Representative <w NP0>Carla <w NP0>Hills<c PUN>.
<s n="2425"><w NP0>GATT <w NN2>officials <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>by <w NP0>October <w VM0>would <w VVI>jeopardise <w AT0>the <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>(<w VVN>extended <w PRP>from <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37930<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>required <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>fast-track<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>package <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>on <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2426"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-October <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough <w VVD>seemed <w AJ0>imminent <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>trade <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ontario <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17-18<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w VVG>resolving <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadlock <c PUL>(<w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>EC <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11-12<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2427"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>hardening <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVG>negotiating <w NN1>position <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>sell <w CRD>870,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>subsidised <w NN1>vegetable <w NN1>oil <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;377,000,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>11 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2428"><c PUL>(<w AT0>An <w AJC>earlier <w NP0>US <w VVB-NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>subsidise <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w CRD>29,100,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>wheat <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>28 <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>denounced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Commission <w NN1>President <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN1>act<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.<c PUR>) <ptr target=HLRCA06W></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06W>
<s n="2429"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>opposition
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2430"><w AT0>The <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w AJ0>EC-subsidised <w NN1>cereal <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="2431"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadlock<c PUN>, <w VVG>centring <w PRP>on <w NN1>oilseed <w NN1>production<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>less <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w CJS>than <w PRP>with <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>producer <w PRF>of <w NN1>rapeseed<c PUN>.
<s n="2432"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NN1>Food<c PUN>, <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forestry <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ignaz <w NP0>Kiechle <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w NP0>US <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w VVG>reducing <w AJ0>subsidised <w NP0>EC <w NN1>farm <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN2>exports <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unchanged<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>France <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AJ0>alone <w PRP>in <w VVG>saying <w ITJ>no<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2433"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>over <w NN1>farm <w NN2>subsidies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>aggravated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w PRF>of <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>deemed <w AJ0>unacceptable <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<w POS>'s <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Commissioner <w NP0>Ray <w NP0>MacSharry<c PUN>.
<s n="2434"><w DT0>These <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Delors <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>pure <w NN1>slander<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2435"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>25 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w AV0>also <w VVN>denied <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Delors <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>understanding <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w AT0>a <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>agreement <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VVI>boost <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>victory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06X></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06X>
<s n="2436"><w NP0>GATT <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2437"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w NP0>KazTAg<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2438"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2439"><w NP0>NOBEL <w NN2>PRIZES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2440"><w CRD>1992 <w NN2>awards
</head>
<p>
<s n="2441"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>activist <w NP0>Rigoberta <w NP0-NN1>Menchu<c PUN>, <w CRD>33<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>awarded <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Storting <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2442"><w AT0>The <w NN1>citation <w VVD>described <w NP0-NN1>Menchu <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vivid <w NN1>symbol <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2443"><w VVG>Noting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>award <w VVN-VVD>corresponded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>500th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w NP0>Christopher <w NP0>Columbus <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Americas<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>coincidence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w CJC>but<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>&hellip; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>factor<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>selection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2444"><w NN1-NP0>Menchu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>woman <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>worked <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>cotton <w NN1>picker <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>servant <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guatemala <w PRP>before <w VVG>acquiring <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>autobiography <w ZZ0>I<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rigoberta<c PUN>.
<s n="2445"><w VVN>Translated <w PRP>into <w CRD>10 <w NN2>languages<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>highlighted <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>against <w NP0>Guatemala<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>population <w PRP>including <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Menchu<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>family <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980<c PUN>.
<s n="2446"><w NP0-NN1>Menchu <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Guatemala <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w NN2>protests <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>Columbus <w NN1>anniversary<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN0>people <w VVB>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>violated<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39140<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2447"><w AT0>The <w NN1>award <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Guatemalan <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Menchu <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>enemies <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2448"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Nobel <w NN2>prizes <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VVD-VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN2>academies <w PRP>between <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14 <w VBD>were<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NN1>Literature <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Derek <w NP0>Walcott<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Caribbean <w NN1>writer <w CJC>and <w NN1>poet <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>the <w NN1>honour<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>his<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>multicultural <w NN1>commitment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN1>Medicine <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Edmond <w NP0>Fischer <w CJC>and <w NP0>Edwin <w NP0>Krebs<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN2>biochemists<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>discovery <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>muscle <w NN1>enzyme <w PRP>with <w NN2>implications <w PRP>for <w NN1>cancer <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN1>Economics <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Becker<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-born <w NN1>academic<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>applying <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>theory <w PRP>to <w AJ0>everyday <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>behaviour<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w NN1>Physics <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Charpak<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Polish-born <w NN1>Frenchman<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>research <w PRP>into <w NN1>particle <w NN2>detectors<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w NN1>Chemistry <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Rudolph <w NP0>Marcus<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Canadian-born <w NP0>US <w NN1>scientist<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w NN1>electron <w NN2>transfers<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2449"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2450"><w NN1>WAR <w NN2>CRIMES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2451"><w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Mengele
</head>
<p>
<s n="2452"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>described <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>definitive<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Department <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Josef <w NP0>Mengele<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>doctor <w VVN>based <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>death <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w NP0>Auschwitz<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>drowned <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brazil <w PRP>in <w CRD>1979 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>German <w NN1>announcement <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38891<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2453"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-year <w NN1>inquiry <w VVD>dismissed <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>active <w NP0>US <w NN1>complicity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mengele<w POS>'s <w NN1>escape<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mengele <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>custody <w PRP>for <w AV0>at least <w CRD>six <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w ORD>Second <w NN1>World <w NN1>War <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w AV0>routinely <w VVN>released<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2454"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2455"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2456"><w NP0>El <w NP0>Al <w NN1>air <w NN1-VVB>crash <w NN1>disaster
</head>
<p>
<s n="2457"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>747 <w NN1>cargo <w NN1>plane <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>airline <w NP0>El <w NP0>Al <w VVD>crashed<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>laden <w PRP>with <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>, <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NN1>apartment <w NN1>complex <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bijlmermeer<c PUN>, <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Amsterdam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2458"><w AT0>The <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w VBD>was <w AV0>initially <w VVN>reported <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>250<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>later <w AV0>officially <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>70 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>Surinamese <w NN2>immigrants <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>living <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN2>police <w NN1>official <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>never <w VVI>know <w AV0>exactly <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>never <w VVI>know <w AV0>exactly <w PNQ>who <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2459"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>confirmed <w AJ0>dead <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN1>crew <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>passenger<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2460"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN2>investigations <w PRP>by <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>aviation <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w AV0>ever <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>probably <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>metal <w NN1>fatigue <w VVG>stemming <w PRP>from <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>stress <w CJC>and <w NN1>corrosion<c PUN>.
<s n="2461"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>sequence <w PRF>of <w NN2>events <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crash <w VVD>began <w CJS>when <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>strut <w VVG>attaching <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>engines <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>wing <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="2462"><w NN2>Officials <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>checks <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Aviation <w NN1>Authority <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>747 <w NN1>cargo <w NN2>planes <c PUL>(<w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NN2>similarities <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>disaster <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>accident <w VVG>involving <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>China <w NN2>Airlines <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>747 <w NN1>freighter <w PRP>at <w NP0>Taipei <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>uncovered <w DT0>several <w AJ0>corroded <w NN1>fuse <w NN2>pins <w VVG>attaching <w NN2>engines <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>struts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cracked <w NN1>lug <w PRP>through <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>fuse <w NN2>pins <w VBD>were <w VVN>passed<c PUN>.
<s n="2463"><w AV0>Earlier <w AT0>an <w NP0>El <w NP0>Al <w NN1>spokesman <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>aircraft <w DTQ>which <w VVD>crashed <w VHD>had <w VVN>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mid-air <w NN1>engine <w NN1>fire <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>July<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2464"><w NN1>Confusion <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accident <w VBD>was <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w NN1>press <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>crew <w VHD>had <w VVN>ignored <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN1>traffic <w NN2>controllers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>instructed <w AT0>the <w NN1>pilot <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>flight <w NN1>path<c PUN>, <w VVG>avoiding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>over-crowded <w NN1>suburb<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>effect <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w VVG-NN1>landing <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Schiphol<c PUN>.
<s n="2465"><w AJ0>Conflicting <w NN2>reports <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>suggested<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>Schiphol <w NN1>air <w NN1>traffic <w NN2>controllers <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVN-VVD>erred <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>advising <w AT0>the <w NN1>pilot <w TO0>to <w VVI>circle <w NP0>Amsterdam <w PRP>instead of <w VVG>heading <w AV0>directly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w PRP>before <w VVG>making <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>landing<c PUN>.
<s n="2466"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>government <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VVD>cleared <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>crew <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>right <w NN1>decision<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA06Y></p>
<caption id=HLRCA06Y>
<s n="2467"><w NN1>Air <w VVZ-NN2>crashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2468"><w CRD>Fourteen <w NN0>people <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w AJ0>chartered <w CRD>Ilyushin-14 <w NN1>airliner <w VVN>operated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>tourist <w NN1>company <w VVD>died <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-western <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gansu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2469"><w DT0>All <w CRD>31 <w NN0>people <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w CRD>CN-235 <w NN0>aircraft <w VVN>operated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Indonesian-based <w AJ0-NN1>Merpati <w NN2>Airlines <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>hit <w AT0>a <w NN1>mountain <w PRP>near <w NP0>Bandung <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>flight <w PRP>from <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>Semarang <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Java<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>accident <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>weather<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>analysis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cockpit <w NN1>voice <w NN1>recorder<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2470"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Russian <w CRD>AN-8 <w NN1>transport <w NN1>plane <w VVD>crashed <w CJS>while <w VVG>landing <w PRP>at <w NP0>Chita <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lake <w NP0>Baikal <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>14 <w NN0>people<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA070></p>
<caption id=HLRCA070>
<s n="2471"><w NN1-VVB>Surrender <w PRF>of <w NN0>data <w PRP>on <w AJ0>destroyed <w AJ0>KAL <w NN1>airliner
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2472"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>handed <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w NN0>data <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>shooting <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>Air <w NN2>Lines <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>747 <w PRP>over <w NP0>Sakhalin <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1983 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>32513-17<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2473"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>an <w NN1>assurance <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38985-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2474"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Yonhap <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w VVD>received <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unsatisfactory<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>insufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2475"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2476"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE <w NN1>RESEARCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2477"><w NP0>SETI <w NN1>project
</head>
<p>
<s n="2478"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Aeronautics <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Space <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>NASA<c PUR>) <w VVD>initiated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000 <w AJ0>10-year <w NN1-VVB>Search <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Extraterrestrial <w NN1>Intelligence <c PUL>(<w NP0>SETI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AV0>prosaically <w VVD-VVN>named <w AT0>the <w NN1>Microwave <w VVG>Observing <w NN1-NP0>Project <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>MOP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2479"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>multichannel <w NN1>spectrum <w NN1>analyser<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>capability <w PRF>of <w VVG>scanning <w CRD>10,000,000 <w NN2>frequencies <w AV0>simultaneously <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>microwave <w NN1>portion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>spectrum<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w NN1>tandem <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>radio <w NN2>telescopes <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>targeted <w NN1>survey <w PRF>of <w AJ0>solar <w NN1>type <w NN2>stars <w PRP>within <w CRD>75 <w AJ0>light <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>distance<c PUN>.
<s n="2480"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>sky <w NN1>survey <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>every <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>heavens <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>searched <w PRP>for <w AJ0>extraterrestrial <w NN2>signals<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2481"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2482"><w NN1>PETROLEUM
</head>
<p>
<s n="2483"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>Oil <w NN1>Ministry <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>an <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w AJ0>crude <w NN1>oil <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN2>prices <w PRP>after <w VVG>rejecting <w AT0>a <w CRD>3,200,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NN0>bpd<c PUR>) <w NN1>quota <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w PRP>on <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39120<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>the <w NN1>Oil <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gholamreza <w NP0>Agazadeh<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>output <w PRP>during <w NP0>October <w VM0>would <w VVI>average <w CRD>3,800,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>as <w VVG>denying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>destabilize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2484"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2485"><w NP0>UN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2486"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w VVD-AJ0>elected <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Djibouti<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w PRP>as <w AJ0>non-permanent <w NN2>members <w PRP>for <w AJ0>two-year <w NN2>terms <w VVG>beginning <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>five <w AJ0>non-permanent <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w NP0>Cape <w NP0>Verde<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Morocco <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2487"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2488"><w NP0>WHO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2489"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>WHO<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AJ0>total <w NN1>membership <w PRP>to <w CRD>182 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>last <w NN2>accessions <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39123<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2490"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2491"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2492"><w NN1>Victory <w PRP>for <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="2493"><w NP0>Arkansas <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Party <w NN1-VVB>rival<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="2494"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>polled <w CRD>43 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote <w CJC>and <w VVD>won <w CRD>370 <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>38 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>168 <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w NN2>votes <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>.
<s n="2495"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>any <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>college <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>took <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>best <w VVG>showing <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>since <w CRD>1912<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2496"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>100,000,000 <w NN2>voters <w VVD>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w PRP>in <w NP0>US <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="2497"><w CJS>Although <w AJ0>final <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>available <w PRP>at <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>publication<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>around <w CRD>55 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>eligible <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>55.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2498"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w DPS>its <w AJ0>late <w NN1>surge <w VVN-VVD>halted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w PRP>by <w AJ0>fresh <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN2>revelations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39134-35<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>recover <w DPS>its <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>before <w NN1-VVG>polling <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="2499"><w PRP>By <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>energetic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>efficient <w NP0>Clinton <w NN1>campaign <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>flourish <w DTQ>which <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w NN1-VVB>visit <w CRD>eight <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w CRD>seven <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w AV0>later <w VVD>won<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>final <w CRD>29 <w NN2>hours <w PRP>before <w VVG>polling<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2500"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clean <w NN1>sweep <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>England <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1964<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVD>made <w NN2>inroads <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>states <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>solidly <w NN1-AJ0>Republican<c PUN>.
<s n="2501"><w CJS>Although <w CRD>seven <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1-NP0>Confederacy <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bush<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>won <w NP0>Arkansas <c PUL>(<w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tennessee <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>running-mate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Albert <c PUL>(<w NP0>Al<c PUR>) <w NP0>Gore<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Louisiana<c PUN>.
<s n="2502"><w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>also <w VVD>won <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>Midwestern <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w PRP>except for <w NP0>Indiana<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>running-mate <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>performed <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>coast <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>gains <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>prize <w PRF>of <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w NP0>California<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2503"><w AV0>As usual<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>many <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN2>ballots<c PUN>.
<s n="2504"><w AV0>Unusually<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w NN1>Texan <w NN1>billionaire <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot<c PUN>, <w VVD>polled <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>best <w VVG>showing <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>since <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Theodore <w NP0>Roosevelt<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Bull <w NN0>Moose<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w CRD>1912<c PUN>.
<s n="2505"><w PRP>In <w CRD>31 <w VVZ-NN2>states <w NP0>Perot <w VVD>won <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>forced <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>into <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Utah<c PUN>.
<s n="2506"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>strong <w NN1-VVG>showing <w PRP>by <w NP0>Perot <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w DPS>his <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>with <w AV0>less than <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>since <w CRD>1968<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA071></p>
<caption id=HLRCA071>
<s n="2507"><w AJ0>Congressional <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2508"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>simultaneous <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD-VVN>maintained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>chambers <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="2509"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD-VVN>gained <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w NP0>California <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wisconsin<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w VVN>offset <w PRP>by <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Carolina <w CJC>and <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1-VVB>result <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2510"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>103rd <w NN1>Senate <w VBD>was <w NN2>Democrats <w CRD>57 <w CJC>and <w NN2>Republicans <w CRD>43<c PUN>.
<s n="2511"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>since <w CRD>1956<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w CRD>259 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>net <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1-VVB>result<c PUN>.
<s n="2512"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Republicans <w VVD>won <w CRD>175 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>member <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>socialist <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w NP0>Vermont<w POS>'s <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN1>seat<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLRCA072><s n="2513"><w NN1>Presidency <w NP0>States <w VVD>won <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>Popular <w UNC>vote** <w NN0>% <w NP0>Clinton <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dem.<c PUR>) <w UNC>*32 <w CRD>370 <w CRD>43,728,375 <w CRD>43 <w NP0>Bush <c PUL>(<w NN1>Rep.<c PUR>) <w CRD>18 <w CRD>168 <w CRD>38,167,416 <w CRD>38 <w NP0>Perot <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Ind.<c PUR>) <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>19,237,247 <w CRD>19 <w UNC>Senate*** <w NN2>Seats <w VVD-VVN>won <w VVG-AJ0>Winning <w NN2>incumbents <w NN2>Seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Congress <w NN2>Seats <w PRP>after <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>election <w NN2>Democrats <w CRD>21 <w CRD>13 <w CRD>57 <w CRD>57 <w NN2>Republicans <w CRD>15 <w CRD>10 <w CRD>43 <w CRD>43 <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w NN2>Seats <w VVD-VVN>won <w VVG-AJ0>Winning <w NN2>incumbents <w NN2>Seats <w VVN-VVD>won <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w NN2>Democrats <w CRD>259 <w CRD>195 <w CRD>267 <w NN2>Republicans <w CRD>175 <w CRD>129 <w CRD>167 <w NN2>Independents <w CRD>1 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>1
</p>
<caption id=HLRCA072>
<s n="2514"><w NN1>Election <w NN2-VVZ>results <w PRP>in <w NN1>outline
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2515"><w UNC>*Clinton <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>District <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2516"><w UNC>**Unofficial <w VVZ-NN2>tallies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2517"><w UNC>***Includes <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>special <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Dakota <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2518"><w PRP>In <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>incumbent <w NN2>legislators <w VVD>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w UNC>incum&plusmn;bents <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>scandals <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VVN>chosen <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w CJC>or <w AV0>else <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="2519"><w PRP>In <w DT0>all <w CRD>110 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>legislators <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w NN2>Senators<c PUN>.
<s n="2520"><w NN1>Minority <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w AV0>better <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Congress <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="2521"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <c PUL>(<w CRD>five <w PRP>out of <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>female <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w AJ0>victorious<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRP>from <w CRD>28 <w PRP>to <w CRD>47<c PUN>.
<s n="2522"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w VVN-VVD>included <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>woman <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>native <w NN1-AJ0>American <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Campbell <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colorado<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2523"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>blacks <w VVD>rose <w PRP>from <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w CRD>38 <w CJC>and <w NN2>Hispanics <w PRP>from <w CRD>11 <w PRP>to <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2524"><w CJS>Although <w PRP>at <w ORD>first <w NN1>sight <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>indicate <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>coat-tail<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>effect <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w VVN-VVD>used <w CJS>when <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>swept <w PRP>into <w NN1>office <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>momentum <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>victorious <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nominee <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AJ0>misleading<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>comparison <w PRP>between <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>past <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>by <w AJ0>considerable <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>map<c PUN>.
<s n="2525"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>re-districting <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>alteration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>boundaries <w PRP>within <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>states <c PUN>&mdash; <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>reapportionment <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>between <w NN2>states <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>contest <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w NN1>distribution <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1990 <w NN1>census<c PUN>.
<s n="2526"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>fixed <c PUL>(<w PRP>at <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRP>per <w NN1>state<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>House <w NN2>seats <w PRP>per <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w AJ0>proportionate <w PRP>to <w AJ0>relative <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="2527"><w PRP>With <w AT0>a <w AJ0>net <w NN1>population <w NN1-VVB>gain <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w CJC>and <w NN1>West <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>regions <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w VHD>had <w VVN>polled <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w NN1>reapportionment <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>cost <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w AV0>at least <w CRD>25 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUN>.
<s n="2528"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>final <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>loss <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>popularity <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>way <w PRP>towards <w VVG>offsetting <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN1>reapportionment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2529"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>Senate <w NN2>results <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>women <w PRP>for <w NP0>California<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dianne <w NP0>Feinstein <w CJC>and <w NP0>Barbara <w NN1>Boxer<c PUN>.
<s n="2530"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Francisco<c PUN>, <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1-AJ0>incumbent <w NP0>John <w NP0>Seymour<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Pete <w NP0>Wilson <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <c PUL>(<w NP0>Wilson<w POS>'s<c PUR>) <w NN1-VVB>term<c PUN>.
<s n="2531"><w NN1>Boxer<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renowned <w AJ0-NN1>liberal<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>defeated <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Republican <w NP0>Bruce <w NP0>Herschensohn <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w VVN>noted <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>invective<c PUN>.
<s n="2532"><w NP0>Carol <w NP0>Moseley <w NP0>Braun <w VVD>won <w PRP>in <w NP0>Illinois <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>black <w NN1>woman<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>black <w NN1>person<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="2533"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Georgia <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VVN>achieved <w AV0>more than <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w NN1>state <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Wyche <w NP0>Fowler <w NP0>Jr<c PUN>, <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w NN1>Republican <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Coverdell<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2534"><w CRD>One <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>officially <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Dakota <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>fill <w AT0>the <w NN1>seat <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democrat <w NP0>Quentin <w NP0>N. <w NP0-NN1>Burdick<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Democrat <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>re-election <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="2535"><w AT0>The <w NN1>contest <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kent <w NP0>Conrad<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Democrat <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w AVP>down <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Senator <w PRP>for <w NP0>North <w NP0>Dakota <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>promise <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w AV0>more than <w CRD>one <w NN1>term <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>deficit <w VBD>was <w AV0>significantly <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>.
<s n="2536"><w NP0>Conrad <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>pledge <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>seat <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w DPS>his <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>other <w NN1>seat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AJ0>vacant <w PRP>due to <w NP0>Burdick<w POS>'s <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLRCA073><s n="2537"><w NP0>Clinton <w NP0>Bush <w NP0>Perot <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVB-NN1>popularvote <c PUL>(<w NN0>%<c PUR>) <w NN2>electors <w VVB-NN1>popularvote <c PUL>(<w NN0>%<c PUR>) <w NN2>electors <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>vote <c PUL>(<w NN0>%<c PUR>) <w NN2>electors <w NN1>Senator <w VVN>elected <w UNC>Dem<c PUN>.
<s n="2538"><w NN1>Rep<c PUN>.
<s n="2539"><w NN1-AJ0>Ind<c PUN>.
<s n="2540"><w NN1>Governor <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0>Alabama <w CRD>41 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>48 <w CRD>9 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Shelby <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>4 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Alaska <w CRD>32 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>41 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>28 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Murkowski <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>0 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Arizona <w CRD>37 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>39 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>24 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>John <w NP0>McCain <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>3 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Arkansas <w CRD>53 <w CRD>6 <w CRD>36 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Dale <w NP0>L. <w NN2>Bumpers <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>2 <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>California <w CRD>47 <w CRD>54 <w CRD>32 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>21 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Dianne <w NP0>Feinstein <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w CJC>and <w NP0>Barbara <w NN1>Boxer <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w CRD>31 <w CRD>21 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Colorado <w CRD>40 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>36 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>N. <w NP0>Campbell <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w CRD>2 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Connecticut <w CRD>43 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>36 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Christopher <w NP0>J. <w NP0>Dodd <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>3 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Delaware <w CRD>44 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>36 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>21 <w CRD>0
</p>
<caption id=HLRCA073>
<s n="2541"><w NN1>Election <w NN2-VVZ>results <w PRP>in <w NN1>detail
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2542"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>0 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Tom <w NP0>Carper <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w NP0>Florida <w CRD>39 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>41 <w CRD>25 <w CRD>20 <w CRD>0 <w NN0>Bob <w NP0>Graham <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>10 <w CRD>13 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Georgia <w CRD>44 <w CRD>13 <w CRD>43 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>13 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Coverdell <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>*++ <w CRD>7 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Hawaii <w CRD>49 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>37 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>14 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>K. <w NP0>Inouye <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Idaho <w CRD>29 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>43 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>28 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Dirk <w NP0>Kempthorne <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w CRD>1 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Illinois <w CRD>48 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>35 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>17 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Carol <w NP0>Moseley <w NP0>Braun <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w CRD>12 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Indiana <w CRD>37 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>43 <w CRD>12 <w CRD>20 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Coats <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>7 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Evan <w NP0>Bayh <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w NP0>Iowa <w CRD>44 <w CRD>7 <w CRD>38 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>19 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Grassley <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>1 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Kansas <w CRD>34 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>39 <w CRD>6 <w CRD>27 <w CRD>0 <w NN0>Bob <w NP0>Dole <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>2 <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Kentucky <w CRD>45 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>42 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>14 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Wendell <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Ford <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>4 <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Louisiana <w CRD>46 <w CRD>9 <w CRD>42 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>12 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>John <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Breaux <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>4 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Maine <w CRD>39 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>31 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>30 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2543"><w CRD>1 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Maryland <w CRD>50 <w CRD>10 <w CRD>36 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>14 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Barbara <w NP0>Mikulski <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>4 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Massachusetts <w CRD>48 <w CRD>12 <w CRD>29 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2544"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>8 <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Michigan <w CRD>44 <w CRD>18 <w CRD>37 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>20 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2545"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>10 <w CRD>6 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Minnesota <w CRD>44 <w CRD>10 <w CRD>32 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>24 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2546"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>6 <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Mississippi <w CRD>41 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>50 <w CRD>7 <w CRD>9 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2547"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>5 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Missouri <w CRD>44 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>34 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Christopher <c PUL>(<w NN1>Kit<c PUR>) <w NP0>Bond <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>6 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Mel <w NP0>Carnahan <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w NP0>Montana <w CRD>38 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>36 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>26 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Marc <w NP0>Racicot <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w NP0>Nebraska <w CRD>30 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>47 <w CRD>5 <w CRD>24 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2548"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1 <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Nevada <w CRD>38 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>35 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>27 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Harry <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Reid <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>1 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>New <w NP0>Hampshire <w CRD>39 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>38 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Judd <w NP0>Gregg <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w CRD>1 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Merrill <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w NP0>New <w NP0>Jersey <w CRD>43 <w CRD>15 <w CRD>41 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>16 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2549"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>7 <w CRD>6 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>New <w NP0>Mexico <w CRD>46 <w CRD>5 <w CRD>38 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>16 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2550"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1 <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w CRD>50 <w CRD>33 <w CRD>35 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>16 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Alfonse <w NP0>D'Amato <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>18 <w CRD>13 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>North <w NP0>Carolina <w CRD>43 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>44 <w CRD>14 <w CRD>14 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Lauch <w NP0>Faircloth <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w CRD>8 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Jim <w NP0>Hunt <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w NP0>North <w NP0>Dakota <w CRD>32 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>45 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Byron <w NP0>Dorean <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kent <w NP0>Conrad&num; <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Schafer <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w NP0>Ohio <w CRD>40 <w CRD>21 <w CRD>39 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>21 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>John <w NP0>Glenn <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>10 <w CRD>9 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Oklahoma <w CRD>34 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>43 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Don <w NP0>Nickles <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>4 <w CRD>2 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Oregon <w CRD>43 <w CRD>7 <w CRD>32 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>25 <w CRD>0 <w NN0>Bob <w NP0>Packwood <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>4 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Pennsylvania <w CRD>45 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>36 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>18 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Arlen <w NP0-NN1>Specter <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>11 <w CRD>10 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Rhode <w NP0>Island <w CRD>48 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>29 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2551"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>1 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Bruce <w NP0>Sundlund <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w NP0>South <w NP0>Carolina <w CRD>40 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>48 <w CRD>8 <w CRD>12 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Ernest <w NP0>F. <w NP0>Hollings <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>3 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>South <w NP0>Dakota <w CRD>37 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>41 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Thomas <c PUL>(<w NP0>Tom<c PUR>) <w NP0>Daschle <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Tennessee <w CRD>47 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>43 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>10 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2552"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>6 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Texas <w CRD>37 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>40 <w CRD>32 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>21 <w CRD>9 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Utah <w CRD>26 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>46 <w CRD>5 <w CRD>29 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Bennett <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w CRD>2 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Mike <w NP0>Leavitt <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w NP0>Vermont <w CRD>46 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>31 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>23 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Leahy <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Howard <w NP0>Dean <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w NP0>Virginia <w CRD>41 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>45 <w CRD>13 <w CRD>14 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2553"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>7 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Washington <w CRD>44 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>31 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>24 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Patty <w NP0>Murray <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w CRD>8 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Mike <w NP0>Lowry <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w NP0>West <w NP0>Virginia <w CRD>49 <w CRD>5 <w CRD>35 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>16 <w CRD>0
</p>
<p>
<s n="2554"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>3 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Gaston <w NP0>Caperton <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>+ <w NP0>Wisconsin <w CRD>41 <w CRD>11 <w CRD>37 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Russell <w NP0>Feingold <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w CRD>4 <w CRD>5 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>XXXX <w NP0>Wyoming <w CRD>34 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>40 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>26 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>-XXXX <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>0 <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>XXXX
</p>
<p>
<s n="2555"><w UNC>**District <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbia <w CRD>86 <w CRD>3 <w CRD>9 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>4 <w CRD>0 <w XX0>not <w AJ0>applicable <w CRD>1 <w CRD>0 <w CRD>0 <w XX0>not <w AJ0>applicable <w NN2>Totals <w CRD>43 <w CRD>370 <w CRD>38 <w CRD>168 <w CRD>19 <w CRD>0 <w NP0>Dem.<c PUN>: <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NN1>Rep.<c PUN>: <w CRD>15 <w CRD>259 <w CRD>175 <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Dem.<c PUN>: <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w NN1>Rep.<c PUN>: <w CRD>4 <w PRP>In <w NN2>parentheses<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>D<c PUR>) <w NN1>Democrat <w CJC>or <c PUL>(<w ZZ0>R<c PUR>) <w NN1>Republican<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2556"><w UNC>*Change <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="2557"><w UNC>+Re-election <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>incumbent <w UNC>++Elected <w CJS-PRP>after <w NN1>run-off <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24. <w VVN>&num;Elected <w PRP>at <w AJ0>special <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2558"><w UNC>**District <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbia <w VVD>elected <w AJ0>non-voting <w NN1>delegate <c PUL>(<w XX0>not <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>total<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>; <w AT0>no <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>representative <w CJC>or <w NN1>governor<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA074></p>
<caption id=HLRCA074>
<s n="2559"><w AJ0>Gubernatorial <w NN2>contests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2560"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN2>contests <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD>won <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="2561"><w PRP>In <w CRD>four <w VVZ-NN2>states <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>incumbents <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>re-elected<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NP0>Delaware<c PUN>, <w NP0>Missouri<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>North <w NP0>Carolina <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VVD>wrested <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>governorships <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans<c PUN>.
<s n="2562"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>gain <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Dakota<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA075></p>
<caption id=HLRCA075>
<s n="2563"><w NN2>Propositions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2564"><w PRP>In <w CRD>42 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>50 <w VVZ>states <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w AV0>also <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>varying <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>referendum <w NN2>questions <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NN2>propositions<c PUN>.
<s n="2565"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>common <w NN1>proposition <w VBD>was <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>terms <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>served <w PRP>by <w NN2>legislators<c PUN>.
<s n="2566"><w DT0>Such <w AJ0-NN1>term-limit <w NN2>propositions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>service <w PRP>to <w PRP>between <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w CRD>12 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w CRD>15 <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>their <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>validity <w VVD>remained <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>decided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="2567"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AV0-AJ0>only <w NP0>Colorado <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w NN1>term <w NN2>limits <c PUL>(<w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>2002<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>California <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oklahoma <w VHD>had <w VVN>imposed <w NN1>term <w VVZ-NN2>limits <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2568"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>propositions <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w CRD>232 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>appeared <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>state <w NN2>ballots <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>anti-tax <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w NP0>Arizona<c PUN>, <w NP0>Colorado <w CJC>and <w NP0>California<c PUN>.
<s n="2569"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>anti-homosexual <w NN1>initiative <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colorado <w CJC>but <w VVD>turned <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NP0>Oregon<c PUN>; <w NP0>California <w VVD>rejected <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w AJC>greater <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>doctor-assisted <w NN1>suicide <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AV0>terminally <w AJ0>ill<c PUN>; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>rights <w NN1>amendment <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN2>women <w AJ0>statutory <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>rights <w PRP>with <w NN2>men <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iowa<c PUN>; <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>on <w AJ0>mandatory <w AJ0>recyclable <w NN1>packaging <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>excise <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w AJ0>hazardous <w NN2>substances <w VVN>manufactured <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBD>were <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Massachusetts<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Arizona <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>holiday <w PRP>in <w NN1>memory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Luther <w NP0-NN1>King<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>50th <w NN1-VVB>state <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>switch <w DPS>its <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w NN1>execution <w PRP>from <w NN1>gas <w NN1>chamber <w PRP>to <w AJ0>lethal <w NN1>injection<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA076></p>
<caption id=HLRCA076>
<s n="2570"><w AJ0>Transitionary <w NN1>team <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG-NN1>Meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bush
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2571"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory <w NN1>speech <w PRP>in <w NP0>Little <w NP0>Rock<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arkansas<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>11 <w AV0>p.m. <w AJ0>local <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w AV0>magnanimously <w VVD>applauded <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>service <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="2572"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>characterized <w DPS>his <w NN1>victory <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w NN1>beginning<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>proclaimed<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w VVB>ask <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>Americans <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w VVG>getting <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w VVG>giving<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>placing <w NN1>blame <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w VVG>assuming <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2573"><w NP0-NN1>Bush<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <c PUN>&mdash; <w DPS>his <w CRD>38 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w NN1-VVB>score <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>incumbent <w PRP>since <w CRD>1912 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD-VVN>conceded <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w AV0>gracefully <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>tribute <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>majesty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2574"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>promised <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>finish <w DT0>this <w NN1>job <w PRP>with <w NN1>style<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>his <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>co-operate <w AV0>fully <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2575"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>appointed <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w NN2>stalwarts<c PUN>, <w NP0>Warren <w NP0>Christopher <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vernon <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w DPS>his <w NN1>transition <w NN1-VVB>team <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w VVG>leading <w PRP>up to <w DPS>his <w NN1>inauguration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2576"><w NP0>Christopher<c PUN>, <w CRD>67<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Carter <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG-AJ0>running <w AJ0>day-to-day <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w CRD>56<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights <w NN1>expert<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w NN1>role <w VVN>described <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2577"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mickey <w NP0>Kantor<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>team<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w AVP>over <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>press <w NN2>reports <w CJC>and <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>from <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>Clinton <w NN1>camp <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w NN1>style <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>lobbyist<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2578"><w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>48 <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>team <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Reich <w PRF>of <w NP0>Harvard <w NN1>University <w PRP>as <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>economics <w NN1>team<c PUN>.
<s n="2579"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN0>ethics <w NN1-VVB>code <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>transition <w NN1>team <w DTQ>which <w VVD-AJ0>prohibited <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>lobbying <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="2580"><w AT0>The <w NN1>code <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>instalment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN0>ethics <w NN2>regulations <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Clinton <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w VM0>would <w VVI>distinguish <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w PRP>from <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>predecessors<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2581"><w PRP>In keeping with <w DPS>his <w NN2>promises <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>reviving <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ailing <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>summon <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NN2>economists <w PRP>to <w NP0>Little <w NP0>Rock <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>inauguration <c PUL>(<w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2582"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w VM0>would <w VVI>establish <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>influence <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w VVD-VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w CJC>and <w VVI>prioritize <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>decision-making<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2583"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>met <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-hour <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Bush <w AV0>afterwards <w VVN-VVD>described <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>warm <w CJC>and <w AJ0>informative<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2584"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NP0>president-elect <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>congressional <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w DPS>his <w NN1>hope <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2585"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2586"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2587"><w NN2>EC-US <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>farm <w NN2>subsidies
</head>
<p>
<s n="2588"><w NN2>Negotiators <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>reached <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-running <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN1>farm <w NN2>subsidies<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w AV0>seemingly <w VVG>opening <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>worldwide <w AJ0-NN1>free-trade <w NN1-VVB>accord <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1-VVB>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>six-year <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38888-89<c PUN>; <w CRD>38939<c PUN>; <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>bitter <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>persist<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w VVG>denouncing <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w CJC>and <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2589"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>.
<s n="2590"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w AV0>afterwards <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w AJ0>global <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2591"><w AJ0>Key <w NN2>points <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>set-aside<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>farmland <w AV0>currently <w AJ0-VVD>devoted <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN2>oilseeds<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>set-aside <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>future <w NN2>years <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>punitive <w NP0>US <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w NP0>EC <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>drink <w NN2>imports <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN1>restriction <w PRF>of <w NN1>oilseed <w NN1>production <w PRP>to <w CRD>5.128 <w CRD>million <w NN2>hectares <c PUL>&lsqb;<w XX0>not <w CRD>5,128 <w CRD>million <w NN2>hectares <w PRP>as <w AJ0-VVN>given <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>cutting <w NP0>EC <w NN1>production <w PRP>in <w AJ0>future <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w PRP>between <w CRD>8,500,000 <w CJC>and <w CRD>9,700,000 <w NN2>tonnes<c PUN>, <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>peak <w PRF>of <w CRD>13,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>curbs <w PRP>on <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w PRF>of <w NN1>soya <w NN2>beans <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>cereal <w NN2>substitutes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <c PUL>(<w AJ0>so-called <w NN1-VVG>rebalancing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w VVG>trimming <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w AJ0>subsidised <w NP0>EC <w NN1>farm <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>by <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w PRP>rather than <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>proposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>GATT <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1-VVB>accord<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38746<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>cutting <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>supports <w PRP>by <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w VVG>reducing <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>by <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA077></p>
<caption id=HLRCA077>
<s n="2592"><w AJC>Earlier <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w NN2>EC-US <w NN1-VVB>dispute
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2593"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chicago <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2-3 <w PRP>between <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Commissioner <w NP0>Ray <w NP0>MacSharry <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Madigan <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>rejected <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AJ0>subsidised <w NN1>oilseed <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>below <w DT0>those <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reformed <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>policy <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>CAP<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38931<c PUN>; <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2594"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>side <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>punitive <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>drink <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRP>worth <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2595"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>tranche <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>, <w VVG>affecting <w NN2>imports <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;300,000,000<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>affect <w AJ0>French <w NN1>wine <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>held <w NP0>France <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadlock<c PUN>.
<s n="2596"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in defiance of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT <w NN1>council <w DTQ>which <w AV0>formally <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>by <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Dominique <w NP0>Strauss-Kahn <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>spiteful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2597"><w VVZ-NN2>Fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US-EC <w NN1>trade <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>brink <w PRF>of <w NN1>chaos <w VBD>were <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w NP0>MacSharry<w POS>'s <w AJ0>abrupt <w NN1>resignation <w CJS>as <w NP0>EC <w NN1>negotiator <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1-AJ0>brief <w PRP>at <w NP0>Chicago <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>severely <w VVN>constrained <w PRP>by <w NN2>threats <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Delors<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>veto <w DT0>any <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>involving <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>volume <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>farm <w NN2-VVZ>exports <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2598"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w NP0>Delors <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VVD>interfered <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2599"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>MacSharry <w VVD>withdrew <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w VVD-VVN>authorized <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>reopen <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="2600"><w AJ0>Simultaneous <w NN2>reports <w VVD>quoted <w NP0>Delors <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>optimistic <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w ORD>first <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AV0>afterwards <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w AVP>Round<c PUN>.
<s n="2601"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>construed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>conciliatory <w NN1>gesture<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>refrain <w PRP>from <w AJ0>early <w NN2>reprisals <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VVG>opting <w AV0>instead <w TO0>to <w VVI>warn <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inevitability <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN1>retaliation <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>side <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unilateral<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2602"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16-17 <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN2>Ministers <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>their <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NP0>MacSharry<c PUN>.
<s n="2603"><w NN2-VVZ>Claims <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leaked <w NN1>report <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>officials <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVG>purporting <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w CJT>that <w NP0>MacSharry <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chicago <w VVZ>talks <w AJ0>inconsistent <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>CAP<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fantastic<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Gummer<c PUN>.
<s n="2604"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jean-Pierre <w NP0>Soisson <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Gummer <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>manipulation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2605"><w NP0>GATT<w POS>'s <w NN1>Director-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Dunkel<c PUN>, <w AV0>meanwhile <w VBD>was <w VVN>mandated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GATT<w POS>'s <w CRD>108 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1>diplomacy <w PRP>between <w NP0>Washington <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>avert <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transatlantic <w NN1>trade <w NN1>war<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA078></p>
<caption id=HLRCA078>
<s n="2606"><w NN2>Reactions <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w NN1>agreement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2607"><w NP0>GATT <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>farm <w NN2>subsidies <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>triumph<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2608"><w NP0-NN1>Dunkel <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w NN2>negotiations <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>relaunched <w PRP>with a view to <w VVG>concluding <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>Uruguay<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AVP>Round<c PUN>.
<s n="2609"><w NN2>Talks <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>finalizing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>global <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2610"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fundamental <w PRP>to <w VVG>spurring <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>&hellip; <w AV0>all <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2611"><w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>literally <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>news<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="2612"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>represented<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>impulse <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>present <w AJ0>critical <w NN1>phase<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2613"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain<w POS>'s <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w VVZ>Solbes <w NP0-NN1>Mira<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>good <w NN1>news<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>over <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NN1>dissatisfaction<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA079></p>
<caption id=HLRCA079>
<s n="2614"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>protest
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2615"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>provoked <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w NP0>France <w AVQ>where <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VVN-VVD>led <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>motion <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>veto <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2616"><w AJ0>French <w NN2>farmers <w VVG>demonstrating <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>burned <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>flag <w CJC>and <w VVD>stormed <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>fast-food <w NN1>chain <w NP0>McDonald<w POS>'s<c PUN>.
<s n="2617"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>300 <w AJ0>French <w NN2>farmers <w VVN-VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w NN2>premises <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>drinks <w NN1>company <w NP0>Coca-Cola <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Grigny<c PUN>, <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>fierce <w AJ0>anti-US <w NN2>protests <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amiens<c PUN>, <w NP0>Auxerre <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lille<c PUN>.
<s n="2618"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>farming <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Co-ordination<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>too <w AJ0>sensitive <w PRP>to <w AJ0>American <w NN2>charms<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DT0>this <w VBG>being <w VVN>understood <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2619"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Strauss-Kahn <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>it <w AV0>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>calamitous <w CJC>and <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w VVG>chairing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>puts <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w NN1>difficulty <w VVG>facing <w AT0>the <w NN2>Americans<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2620"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Bundestag<c PUN>, <w NP0>G&uuml;nter <w NP0>Verheugen<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<w POS>'s <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>downright <w NN1>disaster<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN2>comments <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN2>Farmers<w POS>' <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>DBV<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w PRP>for <w VVG>bowing <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>pressure<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2621"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2622"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2623"><w NN1>Revelation <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dirty <w NN2>tricks<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>campaign
</head>
<p>
<s n="2624"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Goldstone <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38991<c PUN>; <w CRD>39078<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>released <w NN1>documentary <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>exposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>dirty <w NN2-VVZ>tricks<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>operation <w VVN>sanctioned <w PRP>by <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>figures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADF<c PUR>) <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2625"><w AT0>The <w NN2>disclosures <w VVB>cast <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>doubt <w PRP>on <w NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w AJ0>frequent <w NN2>assertions <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>played <w AT0>no <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2626"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VVD-VVN>obtained <w AJ0>secret <w AJ0>military <w NN2>files <w DTQ>which <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>SADF<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Intelligence <c PUL>(<w NP0>MI<c PUR>) <w NN1>officer <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Rudolf<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Witkop<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Badenhorst <w VVD>recruited <w NP0>Ferdi <w NP0>Barnard<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>convicted <w NN1>murderer <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>army <w NN1>hit-squad <w NN1>agent<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w AT0>a <w AJ0>covert <w NN1>team <w VVG>working <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>known <w NN2>criminals <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="2627"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>task <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>infiltrate <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>elements <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Umkhonto <w NP0>we <w NP0>Sizwe <c PUL>(<w NP0>MK<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>compromise <w NP0>MK <w NN2>members <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN2>prostitutes<c PUN>, <w NN2>homosexuals <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug <w NN2>dealers<c PUN>.
<s n="2628"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w NP0>Barnard <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>assassinated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>activist<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0>Webster<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36647<c PUN>; <w CRD>37033<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2629"><w AT0>The <w NN2>documents <w VBD>were <w VVN>seized <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NP0>MI <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>centre <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>heard <w AT0>the <w NN1>testimony <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Mozambican <w NN1>soldier <w PNQ>who <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>paid <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AJ0>political <w NN2>murders<c PUN>.
<s n="2630"><w VVB>Judge <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Goldstone<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>MI <w NN2>documents <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Roelf <w NP0>Meyer<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Barnard <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>hints <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Meyer <w VVD>took <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w NP0>Barnard <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>SADF <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>authorized <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
<s n="2631"><w NP0>Meyer<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>government <w NN1>negotiator <w PRP>in <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w DT0>all <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w NP0>Barnard <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>smear <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="2632"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN2>denials <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w NP0>Barnard <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w PNX>himself <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>scapegoat <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>cover-up <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w PRP>from <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>level <w AVP>down<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2633"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w NN2>revelations <w VVD-VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VHD>had <w VVN>conducted <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>vicious <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NN1>misinformation <w CJC>and <w NN1>propaganda<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1-VVG>unbanning <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>added <w NN1>weight <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>held <w NN1>belief <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>agents provocateurs <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>SADF <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>engendering <w NN1>township <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="2634"><w AT0>The <w NN1>organization <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2635"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-hour <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>defuse <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="2636"><w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Steyn<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SADF<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SADF<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>MI<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>instructions <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>smear <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>.
<s n="2637"><w AT0>The <w NN1>effectiveness <w PRF>of <w NP0>Steyn <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>role <w VBD>was <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w NN2>observers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>fighter <w NN1>pilot <w CJC>and <w AJ0>close <w NN1>colleague <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>experience<c PUN>.
<s n="2638"><w DPS>His <w NN1>appointment <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>sham<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>seemingly <w AJ0>contradictory <w NN1>statement <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>president <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN1>step<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2639"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>dismissed <w AV0>as <w AJ0>unfounded <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1-VVB>plot <w TO0>to <w VVI>discredit <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<c PUN>.
<s n="2640"><w VVB-NN1>Judge <w NP0>Goldstone <w VBD>was <w PNX>himself <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0>harsh <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w VVG>making<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>wild <w NN2>suggestions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2641"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Goldstone <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>remit <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>armies <w AV0>inside <w CJC>and <w PRP>outside <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJS>as <w VVN>recommended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39037<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2642"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VBD>was <w VVN>assigned <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>its <w NN2>inquiries <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>clearly <w VVN-VVD>implied <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>for <w VVG>investigating <w AJ0>covert <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>activities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA07A></p>
<caption id=HLRCA07A>
<s n="2643"><w NP0>ANC <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2644"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>three-day <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VVD>offered <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2645"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>recognized <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>even <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole <w VM0>may <w AV0>still <w VVI>require <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2646"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>NEC <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w NN2>arrangements <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>delay <w CJC>or <w VVI>obstruct <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>orderly <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>majority <w NN1>rule<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2647"><w PNP>It <w VVD>made <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitution-drafting <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>mid-1993 <w CJC>or <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>tolerate <w DT0>any <w NN1>party <w DTQ>which <w VVD>lost <w DT0>this <w NN1>election<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>paralysing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2648"><w AT0>The <w NN1>policy <w NN1-VVB>document <w AV0>also <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>placatory <w NN2>gestures <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>guarantees <w PRF>of <w NN1>job <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w NN1>pension <w NN2>packages <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>amnesty <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>disclosure <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39128<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2649"><w VVG>Describing <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w NN1-VVB>plan <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unrealistic<c PUN>, <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w VVD-VVN>released <w DPS>his <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2650"><w PRP>Under <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w AJ0>non-racial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
<s n="2651"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VVD-VVN>set <w NP0>February <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AV0>either <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>restructured <w NN1-NP0>CODESA <c PUL>(<w NN1>Convention <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38896-97<c PUN>; <w CRD>39128<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>new <w NN1>forum<c PUN>.
<s n="2652"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NP0>June <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>executive <w NN1>council <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1>committee <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>aims <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2653"><w AT0>The <w NP0>ANC <w AV0>later <w VVD-VVN>described <w AT0>the <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w NN1>timetable <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unacceptable <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w VVG>rejecting <w DPS>his <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>preparation <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2654"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Churches <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>views<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLRCA07B></p>
<caption id=HLRCA07B>
<s n="2655"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w NN1>resignation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2656"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Stoffel <w NP0>van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Merwe <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>grounds<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2657"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w NN1>exhaustion <w CJC>and <w NN1>ill-health<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
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<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 54163 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 791 Kbytes running text, containing about 54163 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLS</idno><idno type="old"> krw211 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="6194"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="199"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="135"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="393"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="863"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="196"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2298"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="51338"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="6194"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="199"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="135"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="393"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="863"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="196"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="2298"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="51338"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w NN1>Election <w NN1>aftermath <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN1>violence
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN1>election <w NN2>results <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39128-29<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w AJ0-VVN>continued <w PRP>between <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Angola-Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w PRP>With <w NN2>communications <w AV0>seriously <w VVN-VVD>disrupted<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>reports <w PRP>from <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>were <w AJ0>sketchy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w CJT>that <w NP0>UNITA <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>in response to <w DPS>its <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>defeat<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6"><w PRP>By <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>movement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w NP0>UNITA <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>at least <w AJ0>nominal <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>stronger <w NN1>position <w CJS>than <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>Bicesse <w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNITA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38180<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="7"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>UN-brokered <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w AV0>supposedly <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w CJC>and <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luanda <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>towns <w PRF>of <w NP0>Benguela<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Huambo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lobita <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Lubango<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AV0>at least <w CRD>1,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w NP0>Jeremias <w NP0>Chitunda<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNITA<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Salupeto <w NP0>Pena<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNITA <w CJC>and <w NN1>nephew <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNITA <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jonas <w NN1-NP0>Savimbi<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luanda <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>sustained <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>injuries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="9"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Marrack <w NP0>Goulding<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w NN1-AJ0>Peace-Keeping <w NN2>Operations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>despatched <w PRP>to <w NP0>Angola <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w CJC>and <w VVB>restore <w NN1>peace<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w NP0>Goulding <w VVD>reiterated <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>view <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2>results <w CJC>and <w AJ0>full <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bicesse <w NN1-VVB>Accord<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w PNP>He <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w PRP>beyond <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN1>mandate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Angola <w NN1>Verification <w NN1>Mission<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>supervised <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>peace-keeping <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="13"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w NP0>Goulding <w CJC>and <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Anstee<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi <w AV0>finally <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rigged<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>poll <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>UNITA <w VM0>would <w VVI>attend <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>talks <w VVN>convened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>MPLA-PT<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA000></p>
<caption id=HLSCA000>
<s n="15"><w AJ0-NN1>Multiparty <w NN2>talks <w PRP>without <w NP0>UNITA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="16"><w PRP>Despite <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi<w POS>'s <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w NN1>commitment<c PUN>, <w NP0>UNITA <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>circus<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVG>citing <w NN2>fears <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>officials <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>absence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="17"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39129<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w NN2>Discussions <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VVD>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bicesse <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w CJC>and <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w PNP>They <w VVD>recommended <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enhanced <w NN1>role <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>pacification <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w AT0>The <w NN2>parties <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Za&iuml;re <w TO0>to <w VVI>desist <w PRP>from <w VVG>interfering <w PRP>in <w NP0>Angola<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>logistic <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>UNITA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Roelof<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pik<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Botha<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>a <w NN1>negotiator <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39129<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>declared <w NN1>persona non grata <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>in response to <w DT0>these <w NN2>reports<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA001></p>
<caption id=HLSCA001>
<s n="23"><w NN1-AJ0>Convening <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="24"><w NN1>Parliament <w VBD>was <w VVN>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w NN1>meeting<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;a <w NP0>Van-D&uacute;nem<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w AT0>The <w CRD>70 <w VVD-AJ0>elected <w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>representatives <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unlawful <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w NP0>UNITA <w NN2>officials <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>made <w AJ0>unsubstantiated <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>MPs <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>or <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="27"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Marcolino <w NP0>Moco<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>MPLA-PT<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>named <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>clear <w CJS>whether <w DT0>any <w NN2>portfolios <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>offered <w PRP>to <w NP0>UNITA<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA002></p>
<caption id=HLSCA002>
<s n="29"><w NN1-NP0>Namibie <w NN1>Delaration <w PRP>by <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="30"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>talks <w VVD>brokered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Savimbi <w VVD>issued <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Namibie <w NN1>Declaration<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>committed <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bicesse <w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>Accord <w CJC>and <w VVG>implementing <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuing <w NP0>UN <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="31"><w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>representative <w NN1-NP0>Anstee <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>breakthrough<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>avert <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w DPS>Her <w NN1>optimism<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>proved <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>shortlived <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>UNITA <w VVD>launched <w AT0>an <w NN1>offensive <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Angola <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w VVG>capturing <w NP0-NN1>Uige <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nearby <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>air <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0>Negage<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="33"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="34"><w NP0>MOZAMBIQUE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="35"><w NN1>Failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w NN1>schedule
</head>
<p>
<s n="36"><w NN1-VVB>Progress <w PRP>towards <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secure <w NN1>peace <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mozambique <c PUL>(<w NP0>Frelimo<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mozambique <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Resistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Renamo<c PUR>) <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>losing <w NN1>momentum <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>-timetable <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39129<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>proved <w AV0>too <w AJ0>ambitious<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="37"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aldo <w NP0>Ajello<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVG>working <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>timetable <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more <w AJ0>realistic <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>viable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w NP0-NN1>Ajello <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General <w CJC>and <w VVB>seek <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>as of <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="39"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w AV0>partly <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>in <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-VVG>working <w NN2>commissions <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>task <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>Accord <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN2>auspices<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Supervision <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Control <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mozambique <w NN1>Defence <w AJ0-VVN>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ceasefire <w NN1>Commission <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Reintegration <w NN1>Commission<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MNR <w VHD>had <w CJS>until <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSC <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN1>accommodation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Maputo <w PRP>for <w NP0>MNR <w NN2-VVZ>delegates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="42"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVG>monitoring <w NN1-VVB>team <w AJ0>adequate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>task<c PUN>, <w PRP>in conjunction with <w AT0>a <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>disengage <w CJC>and <w VVI>gather <w PRP>at <w NN1>demobilization <w NN1>assembly <w VVZ-NN2>points <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agreed <w NN1>date<c PUN>, <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>situation <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unstable<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>reported <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>violations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>observers<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VVD>recaptured <w NP0>Lugela<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0-NN1>Zambezia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>towns <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>MNR <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-October <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>retaken<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="45"><w AT0>The <w CRD>3,500 <w AJ0>Zimbabwean <w NN2>troops <w VVG>guarding <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>trade <w NN2>routes <w VVN-VVD>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJS>as <w AV0>originally <w VVN>envisaged<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>departure <w VM0>would <w VVI>leave <w AJ0>unprotected <w AT0>the <w NN2>corridors <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>transport <w PRF>of <w NN1>drought <w NN1>relief <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zambia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Malawi<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="46"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="47"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="48"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="49"><w AT0>The <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>under <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>St&eacute;phane <w NP0>Maurice <w NP0>Bongho-Nouarra <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39083<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>lost <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w VVN-VVD>proposed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Renewal <c PUL>(<w NP0>URD<c PUR>) <w AJ0>-Congolese <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCT<c PUR>) <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>until <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>President <w NP0>Pascal <w NP0>Lissouba <w VVD>met <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lissouba <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>dissolution<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>URD <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Kolelas<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="52"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AJ0>URD-PCT <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w VVN>erected <w NN2>barricades <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Brazzaville<c PUN>, <w VVG>blocking <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<w POS>'s <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>avenues<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Lissouba <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>URD-PCT <w NN1>alliance<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w NN2>Demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>various <w NN2>places<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w NN2>Kolelas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lissouba <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="55"><w NN1-NP0>Radio <w UNC>nationale <w NN1-VVB>congolaise <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NN2>candidacies <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>filed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="56"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="57"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="58"><w AJ0>Post-election <w NN2>protests <w CJC>and <w NN1>repression
</head>
<p>
<s n="59"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Biya <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39130<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>inauguration <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>undertake <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>revision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="60"><w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w NN1>agency <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Biya<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>appease <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>allege <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>claim <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDF<c PUR>) <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Fru <w NP0>Ndi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>winner<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="61"><w VVG>Following <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>protest <w NN2-VVZ>riots <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>English-speaking <w NN1>North-West <w NN1>Province<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w NP0>Fru <w NP0>Ndi<w POS>'s <w NN1>home <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bamenda<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>150 <w NN2>gendarmes <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>surrounded <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader<w POS>'s <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>with <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w NN2>relatives <w CJC>and <w NN2>followers<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w NP0>Reuter <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communications<c PUN>, <w NP0>Augustin <w NP0>Kontchou <w NP0-NN1>Kouomegni<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Fru <w NP0>Ndi <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w NP0>Victorin <w NP0>Hameni <w NP0-NN1>Bieuleu<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cameroon <c PUL>(<w NP0>UFDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="64"><w NN1>Rioting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN2>days <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yaound&eacute;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douala <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Bafoussam<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NN2>reports <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>an <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SDF <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w CRD>500 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bamenda<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>subjected <w PRP>to <w NN2>beatings<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>Cameroonian <w NN2>journalists <w VVD>claimed <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tortured <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>army <w NN0>barracks <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>promise<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w PNI>anything <w PRP>against <w NP0>President <w NP0>Biya<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w AV0>Also <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>journalists <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w DPS>their <w NN2>passports <w VVN>seized <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>board <w NN2>flights <w PRP>at <w NP0>Douala<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="67"><w NN2>Lawyers <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>at <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>bar <w NN1>association <w VVD>said <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN2>arrests <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w NN1>North-West <w NN1>Province<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>concern <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>irregularities<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="69"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="70"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="71"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition <w NN1>period
</head>
<p>
<s n="72"><w NN2>Adjustments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w CJS>as <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38994<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>date <w CJS>as <w VVN>planned<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="75"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>inaugurated<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFRC<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved <w CJC>and <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>cease <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Council <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>overseeing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="77"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>extending <w AJ0>military <w NN1>rule <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>unexpected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>annulment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN0>p. <w CRD>39130<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="78"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>primaries <w VHD>had <w VVN>proposed <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>methods <w PRF>of <w VVG>selecting <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>method <w AV0>finally <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>AFRC <w VVN-AJ0>required <w AJ0>prospective <w NN2>candidates <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>endorsement <w PRP>at <w NN1>ward<c PUN>, <w AJ0>regional<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN2>congresses <w CJC>and <w AV0>thus <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJC>lengthier <w NN1>selection <w NN1>process <w CJS>than <w AV0>originally <w VVN>envisaged<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>NEC <w NN1-VVB>report <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>recommended <w VVG>abandoning <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN1>ballot <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AVQ>whereby <w NN2>voters <w VVD>queued <w PRP>behind <w AT0>a <w NN1>picture <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>choice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="80"><w AT0>The <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>prospective <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>contested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>discredited <w NN2>primaries <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>for <w NN1>president <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w VBD>were <w VVN>banned <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>established <w NN1>caretaker <w NN2>committees <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>party <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w VVG>electing <w AJ0>new <w NN2>leaderships <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>organizing <w AJ0>national <w NN2>conventions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA003></p>
<caption id=HLSCA003>
<s n="82"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>reactions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="83"><w AT0>The <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>initially <w VVN>promised <w PRP>for <w CRD>1990 <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w VVN>deferred <w PRP>to <w CRD>1992 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>anticipated <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>restated <w DPS>their <w NN1>belief <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>hidden <w NN1>agenda<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>cast <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Babangida<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>expressed <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>relinquishing <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="84"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outspoken <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Campaign <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w NP0-NN1>Beko <w NP0>Ransome <w NP0-NN1>Kuti <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>Nigerians <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AJ0>ungovernable<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>disobedience <w CJS>if <w NP0>Babangida <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>leave <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>2 <w CJS>as <w VVN>promised<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Olusegun <w NP0>Obasanjo<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976-79<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Babangida<c PUN>, <w VVD>argued <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>any <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1>programme <w VM0>will<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVB>bring <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>into <w AJ0>utter <w NN1>disrepute<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="86"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="87"><w NP0>TOGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="88"><w NN1>Crisis <w PRP>over <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers
</head>
<p>
<s n="89"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>political <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gnassingbe <w NP0>Eyadema <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Joseph <w NP0>Kokou <w NP0>Koffigoh <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full-blown <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w NN1-NP0>Koffigoh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>dismissed <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mensan <w NP0>Agbeyome <w NP0>Kodjo <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Administration <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Komlan <w NP0>Mensah <w NP0>Benjamin <w NP0>Agbeka <c PUL>(<w NN2>Communications <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w CJC>and <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>blocked <w DPS>their <w NN1>removal<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="92"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>defunct <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w UNC>du <w NN1-VVB>peuple <w NN1>togolais <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>accused <w PRP>by <w NN1>Koffigoh <w PRF>of <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w NN1-NP0>Kodjo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>confidant<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrest <w NN1-NP0>Koffigoh <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>held <w NP0>Eyadema <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>storming <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>building <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39130-31<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w NP0-NN1>Koffigoh <w VVD>justified <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>legal <w AJ0>punitive <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>taken <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>interest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with<c PUN>&hellip; <w AJ0>partisan <w NN2>considerations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA004></p>
<caption id=HLSCA004>
<s n="95"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>strike
</caption>
<p>
<s n="96"><w CRD>Three <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>shoot-out <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>between <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrators <w PNQ>who <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w NN1>call <w VVN-VVD>launched <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Collectif <w UNC>des <w NN2>syndicats <w NN2>ind&eacute;pendants <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Collective <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w CRD>Opposition-2 <c PUL>(<w CRD>COD-2<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38901<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="97"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w AV0>more than <w CRD>150,000 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lom&eacute; <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>rally <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eyadema<c PUN>, <w AJ0>political <w NN1>neutrality <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="99"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Togolese <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>crossed <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>into <w NP0>Ghana <w PRP>amid <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w AJ0>political <w NN1>tension <w VVN>provoked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>strike<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA005></p>
<caption id=HLSCA005>
<s n="100"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid <w NN1>programme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="101"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>suspended <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;19,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w NN1>democratization<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cut <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>Koffigoh<w POS>'s <w NN1>abduction <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38664-64<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>building <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39130-31<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="104"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="105"><w NP0>GHANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="106"><w AJ0>Disputed <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rawlings
</head>
<p>
<s n="107"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w NP0>Flt. <w NP0>-Lt. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Rawlings<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>58.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVN>cast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w CJS>since <w PNP>he <w VVD>seized <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Accra <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="108"><w AT0>The <w NN1>outcome<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NN2>Rawlings <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>victory <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>disputed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VVD>entered <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Adu <w NP0>Boahen<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNC<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Hilla <w NP0>Limann <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN2>elections<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Independence <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>NIP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Kwabena <w NP0>Darko<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PHP <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="109"><w NP0>Emmanuel <w NP0>Erskine<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="110"><w NN2>Rawlings<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>retired <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>14 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>rules <w PRP>excluding <w VVG>serving <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>from <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>, <w VVD>stood <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDC<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39084<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="111"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN2>parties <w AJ0-VVD>alleged <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>flaws <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN1>register<c PUN>, <w NN1>intimidation <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w PRP>by <w NP0>NDC <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w NN2>incidents <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>ballot-stuffing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="112"><w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NN2>figures <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Interim <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>INEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Ofori-Boateng<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ghana<w POS>'s <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>totalled <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>8,255,056<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>3,090,020 <w VHD>had <w VVN>cast <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>200 <w NN2>constituencies <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ghana<w POS>'s <w CRD>10 <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w NN2>Rawlings <w VVD>secured <w CRD>2,327,600 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boahen <w CRD>1,213,073 <c PUL>(<w CRD>30.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Limann <w CRD>266,728<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Darko <w CRD>113,615<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="114"><w NP0>Erskine <w CRD>68,099<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w NP0>Ghana <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <w VVD>reported <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>calm <w CJC>and <w AJ0>orderly<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="116"><w AT0>A <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>15-member <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>observer <w NN1>group <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>fair<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w PRP>without <w NN1>incident <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>imperfections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>lists<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>observer <w NN1>team <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>Carter <w NN1>Center<c PUN>, <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Joseph<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>real <w NN2>instances <w PRF>of <w NN1>malfeasance <w VBB>are <w AV0>really <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>handful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>view <w VBD>was <w VVN>echoed <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w CRD>One <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>after <w VVG>observing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>voter-registration <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>in <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Foundation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN2>Systems <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>list <w VBD>was <w AV0>grossly <w VVN-VVD>inflated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA006></p>
<caption id=HLSCA006>
<s n="119"><w NN1>Rioting <w CJC>and <w NN1>tension <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="120"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghana <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dusk-to-dawn <w NN1>curfew <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Kumasi<c PUN>, <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ashanti <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w NP0>Boahen<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>power <w NN1>base<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>NPP <w NN2>supporters <w VVD>rioted<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VVN>declared<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w AT0>The <w NN1>radio <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>shops <w CJC>and <w NN2>schools <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w AV0>early<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVG>patrolling <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w AT0>The <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="123"><w NN2>Incidents <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>different <w NN2>places <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w AJ0>small <w NN1>bomb <w NN2>explosions <w PRP>at <w NN2>locations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tema <w CJC>and <w NP0>Accra <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>obscure <w NN1>note <w VVN-VVD>sent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ghana <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>bombings <w VBD>were <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>overthrow <w NN2>Rawlings <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Provisional <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN2>install-ations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w PRP>under <w AJ0>24-hour <w NN1>guard<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="125"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VVB>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN1>register<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghana <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Corporation <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVD>quoted <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Ofori-Boateng <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CRD>38 <w NN2>constituencies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>left <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>candidate <w DT0>each<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w AT0>The <w NN1>extension <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>nominations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="128"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="129"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="130"><w AJ0>Intense <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>around <w NP0>Monrovia
</head>
<p>
<s n="131"><w CJS>As <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>fighters <w PRF>of <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>) <w VVD>tightened <w DPS>their <w NN1>grip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NP0>Spriggs <w NP0>Payne <w NN1>airport <w VBD>was <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN>closed <w PRP>by <w NN1>mortar <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>isolation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>700,000 <w NN2>inhabitants <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w AV0>completely <w VVN>cut <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w NN1>land <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39131<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>gunners <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w AV0>just <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Nigerian <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NP0-NN1>Okada <w NN0>aircraft <w VBD>was <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w PRP>with <w CRD>100 <w AJ0-VVG>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w AV0>on board<c PUN>, <w NN2>reinforcements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w UNC>9,000-strong <w AJ0>Nigerian-led <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOMOG<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="133"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0>Monrovia <w VVD>intensified <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>ECOMOG <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w CRD>48 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w VVB-NN1>Support <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w NN2>forces <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>remnants <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w AJ0>national <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w NN2>militias <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Amos <w NP0>Sawyer<c PUN>, <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone-based <w AJ0-VVD>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULIMO<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39041-42<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>tribal <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>murdered <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>Doe<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w AJC>Further <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN2>reinforcements <w CJC>and <w CRD>500 <w AJ0>Ghanaian <w NN2>soldiers <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="136"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP-AVP>around <w NP0>Monrovia <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>attacks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39131<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w CRD>3,000 <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w CRD>8,000<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>WHO<c PUR>) <w NN1>official <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNHCR<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w DT0>little <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG>repatriating <w DT0>some <w CRD>95,000 <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leonean <w NN2>refugees <w VVN-VVD>trapped <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Liberia <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w CRD>Five <w AJ0>American <w NN2>nuns <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>after <w VVG>disappearing <w PRP>between <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>20 <w CJC>and <w CRD>22 <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Monrovia <w AV0>then <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Taylor<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="139"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>Alpha <w NN2>jets <w VHD>had <w VVN>bombed <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Monrovia <w NN2>suburbs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gardnersville<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mount <w NP0>Barclay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Stockton <w NN1>Creek <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>attacked <w NN2>areas <w AV0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>at <w NP0>Gbarnga<c PUN>, <w CRD>160 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>Monrovia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w NN2>Troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>1,500-strong <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN1-VVB>ECOMOG <w NN1>contingent <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>holding <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVG>attacking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>bridge <w CRD>7 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA007></p>
<caption id=HLSCA007>
<s n="141"><w NN1>Violation <w PRF>of <w NN1>ceasefire <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Flight <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taylor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="142"><w CRD>Seven <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Benin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Burkina<c PUN>, <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ghana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guinea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Togo <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abuja<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>from <w NN1>midnight <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NN1-NP0>ECOMOG <w NN1>carte blanche <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="143"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>determining <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w VVG>rallying <w DT0>some <w AJ0>francophone <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>hesitant <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w AJ0>hardline <w AJ0-NN1>Nigerian <w NN1>approach<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Burkina <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>alleged <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taylor<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="144"><w NP0>Taylor <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>ordered <w DPS>his <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w AV0>unilaterally <w PRP>from <w NN1>noon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <w NN2>hours <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1>ceasefire <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>fighters <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VVN>intensified <w DPS>their <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AJ0>full-scale <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w AVP>on<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Nigerian <w NN2>jets<c PUN>, <w NN1>artillery <w CJC>and <w NN2>warships <w VVG>attacking <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN2>positions<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>all-out <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>NPFL <w NN2>positions <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS>as <w AJ0>imminent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="147"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taylor <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="148"><w NP0-NN1>ELBC <w NN1>radio <c PUL>(<w NP0>Monrovia<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>seen <w PRP>at <w NN1>Man <w PRP>in <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire<c PUN>, <w VVG>landing <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w NP0-NN1>Cessna <w AJ0-NN1>light <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>with <w NN2>relatives<c PUN>, <w AV0>en route <w PRP>for <w NP0>Burkina<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w NP0>Burkina <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>alongside <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="150"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unanimous <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN2>arms <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>ECOWAS <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="151"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="152"><w NP0>CHAD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="153"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="154"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>MDD<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>repudiating <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN2>agreements <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libreville<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gabon<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>24 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38952<c PUN>; <w CRD>39132<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="155"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MDD <w VVD>accused <w NP0>President <w NP0>Idriss <w NN1-NP0>D&eacute;by <w PRF>of <w VVG>obtaining <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>ammunition <w PRP>from <w NP0>Libya <w AV0>so as <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>solution <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>promised <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w VVB>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="156"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Chadian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FNT<c PUR>) <w NN2>fighters <w VHD>had <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>D&eacute;by <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="157"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="158"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="159"><w NN1>Confusion <w PRP>over <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NN1>south
</head>
<p>
<s n="160"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Malakal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0>Nile <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w PRP>as <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Sudan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPLA<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39132<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>confused <w PRP>by <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>accounts <w PRP>during <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="161"><w PRP>According to <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>reports <w NP0>Malakal <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA<w POS>'s <w NN1>Nasir <w NN1>faction <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Riek <w NP0-NN1>Nachar <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>rival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA<w POS>'s <w NN1>Torit <w NN1>faction <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>John <w NP0>Garang<c PUN>, <w VVG>displacing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>180,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nasir <w NN1>faction <w VHD>had <w AV0>indeed <w VVN>taken <w NP0>Malakal<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>setback <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w VHD>had <w VVN>contained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>arsenal <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w PRP>As of <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nasir <w NN1>group <w AV0>still <w VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w NP0>Malakal<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>account <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>attacked <w AV0>abortively <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Garang<w POS>'s <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>nationalists<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w VVN>aided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>faction <w VVG>calling <w PNX>itself <w NP0>Anyanya <w CRD>II<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="164"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khartoum <w VVD>complained <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>splits <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPLA <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nigerian-mediated <w NN1-NP0>Abuja <w NN1>peace <w NN2>negotiations <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38901<c PUN>; <w CRD>38952 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA008></p>
<caption id=HLSCA008>
<s n="165"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>employees <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NN2>flights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="166"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Sudanese <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>local <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Juba <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>UNDP <w NN1>driver<c PUN>, <w VVD>reported <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>during <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39132<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>judged <w CJC>and <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khartoum <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>an <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="167"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights <w PRP>to <w NP0>Juba <w AVQ>where <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVD>remained <w VVN>trapped <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="168"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="169"><w NP0>ETHIOPIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="170"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN1>activity
</head>
<p>
<s n="171"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>734<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2-VVZ>bandits<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>operating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Gojjam <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AJ0>north-western <w NP0>Ethiopia <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>112 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Wollo <w NN1>area <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ethiopia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bale <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NP0>Ethiopia <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w DPS>their <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AJ0>pro-government <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w VVG>fighting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>anti-peace <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="173"><w AT0>A <w NN1>barrage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>broadcasts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Amharic <w NN1>language <w PRP>on <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>Patriotism <w NN1>radio <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>November <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>combined <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>EPRDF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVB>Tigray <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>TPLF<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>suffering <w VVZ-NN2>reverses <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="174"><w AT0>The <w NN1>radio <w VVD>claimed <w NN2>losses <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north-west<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Amharic-speaking <w AJ0>central<c PUN>, <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>north-west <w NP0>Ethiopia<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ogaden <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA009></p>
<caption id=HLSCA009>
<s n="175"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Eritrean <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>date
</caption>
<p>
<s n="176"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Broad <w NN2>Masses <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eritrea <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>from <w NP0>Asmara <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>independence <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0>Ethiopian <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Eritrea <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w AV0>over <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRP>from <w NP0>April <w CRD>23 <w PRP>to <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38855<c PUN>; <w CRD>39085<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="177"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="178"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="179"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="180"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>multiparty <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="181"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VVD>applied <w PRP>for <w NN1>registration <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>accepted <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Renewal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRUD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>grouped <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FUO<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39042<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>registered<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="183"><w VVG>Returning <w PRP>from <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hassan <w VVD>Gouled <w NP0>Aptidon <w AJ0-VVD>proposed <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>FRUD <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w AV0>then <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVG>demanding <w DT0>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Front <w NN1>release <w NN2>prisoners <w ORD>first<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="184"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="185"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="186"><w NP0>US <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention
</head>
<p>
<s n="187"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>suffering <w PRF>of <w NP0>Somalia<w POS>'s <w NN1>famine <w NN2>victims <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>offered <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w NN1-VVB>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w NN2>gangs <w PRF>of <w NN2>gunmen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="188"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>unexpected <w NP0>US <w NN1>offer <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Eagleburger<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>sending <w PRF>of <w CRD>3,500 <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w AV0>only <w CRD>500 <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrived<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRP>to <w CRD>4,200 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39132-33<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="190"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w DTQ>which <w VVD>described <w AJ0>existing <w NP0>UN <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <w CJS>as <w AJ0>untenable <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w NN1>looting <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>relief <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>shelling <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>groups <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>UN-chartered <w NN1>grain <w NN1>ship <w VVG>approaching <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>harbour<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="191"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NP0>US <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>airlift <w CRD>3,000 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Egypt <w AV0>once <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>gave <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>deployment<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVG>negotiating <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Somali <w NN1>clan <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<w POS>' <w NN1>dispatch<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00A>
<s n="193"><w NN2>Reactions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="194"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NN1>SNA<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w CJC>and <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>offer<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VVB>believe <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>move <w VM0>will <w VVI>solve <w DPS>our <w AJ0>political<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>problems<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="196"><w NN1-VVB>Aid <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>dismayed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>US-led <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w NN1>Relief <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>pull <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Somalia <w CJS>while <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN1>deployment <w VVD>took <w NN1>place<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00B>
<s n="198"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>security <w NN2>problems
</caption>
<p>
<s n="199"><w PRP>Amid <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>gunfights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>general <w NN1>insecurity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>secured <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>airport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>main <w NN1>runway<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>clan <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>controlling <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w NP0>Aydid<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>move <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>asserted<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>permission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>SNA <w CJC>or <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>allied <w AJ0>United <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>USC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Mogadishu <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w AJ0>pro-Aydid <w NN2>demonstrators <w VHD>had <w VVN>marched <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>office <w TO0>to <w VVI>denounce<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>interference<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w AT0>The <w NN1>airport <w VBD>was <w AV0>again <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>closed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>gunmen <w VVG>demanding <w NN1>payment <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights <w TO0>to <w VVI>land<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="203"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokeswoman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>relief <w NN1>agency <w NN1>Care <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>gunfight <w PRP>between <w NN2>guards <w CJC>and <w NN2>gunmen <w PNQ>who <w VVD>ambushed <w AT0>a <w NN1>convoy <w PRF>of <w NN2>trucks <w VVG>heading <w PRP>for <w NP0>Baidoa <w NN1>north-west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu <w VVN-AJ0>laden <w PRP>with <w NN1>grain <w PRP>for <w AJ0>starving <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVG>forcing <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>one <w NN1>truck <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="204"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>French <w NN1>warship <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>provided <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>water <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>2,500-3,000 <w AJ0>desperate <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w NN1>cargo <w NN1>vessel <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Yemeni <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mukalla <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>after <w VVG>completing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-day <w UNC>2,000-km <w NN1-VVB>journey <w PRP>without <w NN1>food <w CJC>or <w NN1>water<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vessel <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>travelled <w PRP>on to <w NP0>Aden <w AVQ>where<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NP0>UNHCR <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>62,000 <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>housed <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="206"><w NN2>Gunmen <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>boarded <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN1>plane <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kismayu<c PUN>, <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJC>and <w VVD>robbed <w AT0>the <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w NN1>crew<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00C></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00C>
<s n="207"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>UN <w NN1>envoy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="208"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w AJ0>special <w NN1>representative <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ismat <w NN1-NP0>Kittani <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0-NN1>Sahnoun <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>amid <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w ZZ0>p <w CRD>39133<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="209"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="210"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="211"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="212"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Daniel <w VVB-NN1>arap <w UNC>Moi <w VVD>ended <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>by <w VVG>setting <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kenya<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w CRD>26 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>NEC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Zakayo <w NP0>Chesoni<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>parliamentary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>nominations <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="214"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi <w VVD>granted <w AT0>a <w NN1>request <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>faction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>FORD-Kenya <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39133<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>nominate <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w VVG>criticizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>shorten <w AT0>the <w AJ0>statutory <w AJ0>21-day <w NN1>nomination <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w NP0>NEC <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>election <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="215"><w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>Amos <w NP0-NN1>Wako <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN2>licences <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>allocated <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>air <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="216"><w CJS-PRP>Before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w CJS>as <w VVG>considering <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w UNC>Moi<w POS>'s <w NP0>Kenya <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>KANU<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>rig <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w NP0>Jaramogi <w NP0>Oginga <w NP0>Odinga<c PUN>, <w NP0>FORD-Kenya<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w NN1>decision <w VHD>had <w VVN>exposed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>mischief<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="218"><w NN2>Observers <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>surprised <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>elections <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>holiday <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w DT0>most <w NN2>Kenyans <w PRP>with <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>in <w NN2>cities <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>necessarily <w VVN>registered <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="219"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Matiba <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>FORD-Asili <w NN1>faction <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00D>
<s n="220"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="221"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Lands <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Housing <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Darius <w NP0>Mbela<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="222"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="223"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="224"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aford
</head>
<p>
<s n="225"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>pressure <w NN1>group <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>Aford<c PUR>) <w VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39086<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>banned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w VVG>Citing <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Pitakuti <w NP0-NN1>Ntaba <w DTQ>which <w VVD>declared <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aford <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Ntaba <w AV0>clearly <w VVB>state <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Aford <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>outlawed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00E>
<s n="227"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w NP0>Chirwa <w NN1>death
</caption>
<p>
<s n="228"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0>released <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>post-mortem <w VVG>attributing <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>politician <w NP0>Orton <w NP0>Chirwa <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39133<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>cancer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>prostate <w NN2>glands <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chronic <w NN1>infection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>kidneys<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>repudiating <w NN1>opposition <w VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>strangled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="229"><w AV0>Earlier <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w AJ0-VVN>exiled <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chirwa<w POS>'s <w NN1>family <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lusaka<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zambia<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>sue <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>death<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00F>
<s n="230"><w NN2>Deaths <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Chihana <w NN1>trial <w NN1>court
</caption>
<p>
<s n="231"><w CRD>Two <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>to <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Malawi <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Young <w NN2>Pioneers<c PUN>, <w PRP>outside <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Blantyre <w NN1-VVG>hearing <w NN1>sedition <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionist <w NP0>Chakufwa <w NP0>Chihana <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39133<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="233"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="234"><w NP0>MADAGASCAR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="235"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="236"><w AT0>A <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD-AJ0>left <w NP0>Albert <w NP0-NN1>Zafy <w AV0>just <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>complete <w NN2>results <w AJ0>available <w PRP>by <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w NN1-NP0>Zafy<c PUN>, <w VVG>standing <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Comit&eacute; <w UNC>des <w NN2>forces <w VVZ>vives <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>President <w NP0>Didier <w NP0>Ratsiraka<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w CRD>45.77 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>29 <w NN0>per cent <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ratsiraka<c PUN>, <w CRD>10.04 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w NP0>Manandafy <w NP0-NN1>Rakotonirina <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Proletarian <w NN1>Power <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFM<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>between <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w CRD>4 <w NN0>per cent <w DT0>each <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="238"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39042<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>president<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w AV0>Up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>voting <w NP0>Ratsiraka <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w AJ0>federalist <w NN2>supporters <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VBD>was <w AJ0>peaceful<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>crisis <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>revive <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="241"><w NP0-NN1>Ratsiraka<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <w VBD>was <w AJS>strongest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Toamasina <w CJS>while <w NP0>Zafy <w VVD>took <w AV0>more than <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AV0>both <w NP0-NN1>Antananarivo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Antsiranana<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w VBD>were <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>lend <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ratsiraka <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w AT0>The <w NN1>candidate <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manandafy <w NP0>Rakotonirina<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w AVP>down <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0-NN1>Zafy<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w DT0>Much <w NN1>interest <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Guy <w NP0-NN1>Razanamasy<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NN1-AJ0>nationalist <w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Rabemananjara <w PRP>rather than <w NP0-NN1>Zafy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="245"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="246"><w NP0>COMOROS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="247"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="248"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975 <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>in <w CRD>34 <w NN2>constituencies <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>no <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w NN1>Violence <w CJC>and <w NN1>disruption <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>during <w DT0>both <w NN2>rounds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="250"><w AT0>The <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w CRD>245,000 <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>voters <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>42-seat <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>from <w CRD>320 <w NN2>candidates <w VVG>representing <w CRD>21 <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NP0-NN1>Udzima <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Comoros <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott<c PUN>, <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>update <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN2-VVZ>lists<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>figures<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>terror <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>scandal <w VVG>involving <w NP0>President <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0-NN1>Djohar<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="252"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w VVD>reported<c PUN>, <w NN2>bands <w PRF>of <w NN2>youths <w VVB>set <w NN1-VVB>fire <w TO0>to <w VVI>ballot <w NN2>boxes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wrecked <w NN1>polling <w NN2>stations<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>incidents <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Moroni<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Mbeni <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>east <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w NP0>Grande <w NP0>Comore <w NN1>island<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w NN2>Results <w VBD>were <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>commission <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>places<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>new <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>organized <w PRP>during <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="254"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="255"><w NP0>SEYCHELLES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="256"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="257"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w VVN>prepared <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Seychelles <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPPF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w NN2>Results <w VVD>showed <w CRD>53.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w CJC>and <w CRD>44.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w NN1>Turnout <w VBD>was <w AJC>lower <w CJS>than <w PRP>for <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38996<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="260"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>groups <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>sessions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>would <w VVI>perpetuate <w AJ0>one-party <w NN1>rule <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPPF<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>influential <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>opposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>permitted <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="262"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w NN2>reports <w VVD>indicated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>questioned <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution<w POS>'s <w NN1>stipulation <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>national <w NN1>assembly <w NN2>seats <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <c PUL>(<w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>total<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w VBG>being <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>constituency <w NN1>basis <w PRP>by <w NN1>majority <w NN1>vote<c PUR>) <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>guaranteeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w AT0>a <w AJ0>favourable <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="263"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="264"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w AJ0>AFRICAN <w NN1>REPUBLIC
</head>
<p>
<s n="265"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Kolingba <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="266"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="267"><w NP0>GUINEA-BISSAU
</head>
<p>
<s n="268"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Joao <w NP0>Bernardo <w NP0>Vieira <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elect-ions <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="269"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="270"><w NP0>NAMIBIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="271"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ngarikutuke <w NP0>Tjiriange <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>counterpart<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kobie <w NP0>Coetsee<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>secondment <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>judges <w PRP>to <w NP0>Namibia <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Namibian <w NN1>bench<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>hailed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>judiciaries <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w AJ0>African <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="272"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="273"><w NP0>NIGER
</head>
<p>
<s n="274"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>postponed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <c PUL>(<w AJ0>due <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVG>following <w NN2>complaints <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>lists <w VBD>were <w AJ0>incomplete<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="275"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="276"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="277"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>veto <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid <w NN1>bill
</head>
<p>
<s n="278"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>vetoed <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid <w NN1>bill <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w UNC>US&dollar;27,000 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w PNP>He <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w NN1>veto <w PRP>aboard <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w CRD>One <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>flew <w PRP>from <w NP0>Houston <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington <w VVG>following <w DPS>his <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39174-76<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="280"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles <w NN2>riots <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38894<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJC>wider <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>urban <w CJC>and <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>enterprise <w NN2>zones<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w AJ0>final <w NN1>approval <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39136<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>included <w DT0>some <w CRD>three <w CRD>dozen <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>tax <w NN2>increases <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>unlikely <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VM0>would <w VVI>approve <w PNP>it <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w CJC>and <w NN1>Senate <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>intentionally <w VVN-VVD>delayed <w VVG>sending <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP-CJS>after <w DT0>some <w NN2>Democrats <w CJC>and <w AJ0>special-interest <w NN2>groups <w VVD>became <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VM0>might <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w AV0>once <w AJ0>free <w PRF>of <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>pressures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="283"><w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Rostenkowski<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN2>ways <w CJC>and <w VVZ>means <w NN1>committee <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>chief <w NN1>architect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>veto <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>sin<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w AJ0>good <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>bill <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VVD-VVN>recommended<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Rostenkowski <w VVD>said<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>grains <w PRF>of <w NN1>politics <w VVD>infiltrated <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="285"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>disapproval<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>defended <w DPS>his <w NN1>veto<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>focus <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>revitalize <w NP0>America<w POS>'s <w AJ0>inner <w NN2>cities <c PUN>&mdash; <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>lost <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>blizzard <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special-interest <w NN2>pleadings<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w PNP>He <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>argue <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VVD>violated <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>discipline <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>destroyed <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w VVD>undermined <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00G>
<s n="287"><w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>malpractice <w NN2-VVZ>awards <w PRP>in <w NP0>Missouri
</caption>
<p>
<s n="288"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>ruled <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Missouri <w VVB-NN1>state <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w VVN>paid <w PRP>to <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>malpractice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="289"><w AT0>The <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>justices <w VBD>were <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w AV0>only <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NP0>Byron <w NP0>R. <w NP0>White <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w NN2>arguments<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>left <w AJ0>intact <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>limiting <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>malpractice <w NN2-VVZ>awards <w PRP>in <w NP0>California <w CJC>and <w NP0>Idaho<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="291"><w AT0>The <w NN1>limit <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Missouri <w PRP>on <w NN1>malpractice <w NN1>lawsuit <w NN2>awards <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>challenged <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>13-year-old <w NN1>girl<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nicole <w NP0>Adams<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>eight <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>left <w AJ0>blind <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>brain-damaged <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>anaesthesia <w NN1>error <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>skin <w NN1-VVB>graft <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w PRP>In <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>jury <w VHD>had <w VVN>awarded <w NP0>Nicole <w UNC>US&dollar;2,200,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>damages <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;5,300,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>non-economic <w NN2>damages<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Missouri <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w VHD>had <w VVN>limited <w AJ0>non-economic <w NN2>damages <w PRP>in <w NN1>malpractice <w NN2>cases <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;430,000<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>limit <w PRP>on <w AJ0>non-economic <w NN2>damages <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>violate <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Constitution<w POS>'s <w NN1>guarantee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>protection <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>due-process <w NN1>requirement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Missouri <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00H>
<s n="295"><w NN1>Reinstatement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>homosexual <w NN1>sailor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="296"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w VVN>discharged <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>publicly <w VVG-AJ0>admitting <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>homosexual<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reinstated <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w NP0>President-elect <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w TO0>to <w VVI>rescind <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>homosexual <w NN1>service <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>this <w NN1>step<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>under <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconsider <w DT0>this <w NN1>commitment<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>firmly <w VVB>proceed<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>after <w VVG>consulting <w PRP>with <w AJ0>military <w NN2>leaders<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="300"><w NP0>Keith <w NP0>Meinhold<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>30-year <w AJ0>old <w AJ0>petty <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>honourably <w VVN>discharged <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w DPS>his <w NN1>homosexuality <w PRP>on <w NP0>ABC<w POS>'s <w NN1>World <w NN1>News <w AV0>Tonight <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w VVB>Meinhold <w AJ0-VVD>filed <w NN1-VVB>suit <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy <w PRP>for <w NN1>reinstatement <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>judge <w PRP>in <w NP0>California <w VVD>granted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>injunction <w PRP>against <w NP0>Meinhold<w POS>'s <w NN1>discharge<c PUN>, <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinstate <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w NP0-NN1>Meinhold <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0>Moffett <w NP0>Field <w AJ0>Naval <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Station <w PRP>near <w NP0>San <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>refused <w NN1>entry<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>judge <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy <w PRP>in <w NN1>contempt <w PRP>for <w VVG>refusing <w DPS>his <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>order <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinstate <w NP0-NN1>Meinhold<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w NN1>service <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="304"><w AT0>The <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Naval <w AJ0-NN1>Reserve <w NN2>Officers <w VVG-NN1>Training <w NN0>Corps <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>ruling <w VVG>requiring <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN2>graduates <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>an <w NN1>affidavit <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>liable <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>discharged <w CJC>and <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AVP>back <w DPS>their <w NN1>scholarship <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>discovered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>homosexual<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00J>
<s n="305"><w AV0>In brief
</caption>
<p>
<s n="306"><w AT0>A <w NN1>curfew <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>in <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Florida <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w NN1>Hurricane <w NP0>Andrew <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39044<c PUN>; <w CRD>39088<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>; <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>earlier <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w VHD>had <w VVN>shut <w AVP-PRP>down <w AJ0>post-hurricane <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="307"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>24 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w CJC>and <w CRD>300 <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>tornadoes <w CJC>and <w NN2>storms <w VVN>ripped <w PRP>across <w NP0>Texas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Louisiana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mississippi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alabama<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tennessee <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kentucky <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21-22<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="308"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="309"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="310"><w NN1>Referendum <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nunavut
</head>
<p>
<s n="311"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3-5 <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Inuit <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Canada <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nunavut<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>semi-autonomous <w AJ0-NN1>Inuit <w NN1>territory <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>carved <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN2>reaches <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w CRD>69 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>8,000 <w PNQ>who <w VVD>voted <w VHD>had <w VVN>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nunavut <w AJ0>political <w NN1>accord<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="313"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nunavut<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>aboriginal <w NN1>land <w NN1>settlement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN1>history<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>reached <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38221-22<c PUN>; <w CRD>38669<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Nunavut <w AJ0>political <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Siddon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Inter-governmental <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Aboriginal <w NN2>Affairs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stephen <w NP0>Kakfui<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tungavik <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nunavut <c PUL>(<w NP0>TFN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0-NN1>Eetooklook<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="315"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NN1>transition <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>semi-autonomous <w NN1>Nunavut <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>territory <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w CRD>1999<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w NN1>Legislation <w VVG>approving <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-member <w NN1>implementation <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>signatories <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="317"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>total <w NN1>land <w NN1>area <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w AV0>up to <w CRD>2,000,000 <w NN0>sq km<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canada<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN1>land <w NN1>mass<c PUN>, <w VVG>stretching <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manitoba <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NN1>Pole<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w PRP>Within <w DT0>this <w NN1>region <w AV0>up to <w CRD>350,000 <w NN0>sq km <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>owned <w AV0>outright <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>Inuit <w NN2>inhabitants<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>making <w PNP>them <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>private <w NN2>landlords <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="319"><w NN1>Erratum<c PUN>: <w NN2>Results <w PRF>of <w NP0>Charlottetown <w NN1>referendum
</p>
<p>
<s n="320"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w PRP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39126 <w NN2>figures <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w NN2>columns <w PRF>of <w NN0>data <w VBD>were <w AV0>inadvertently <w VVN>run <w AV0>together<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>read <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w NN1>Province <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NN0>sq<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w NN2>miles<c PUR>) <w VVB>Pop<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><c PUL>(<w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w UNC>Ag. <w NN0>% <w PRP>For <w NN0>% <w NP0>Alberta <w CRD>255,285 <w CRD>2,545,553 <w CRD>60.0 <w CRD>40.0 <w NP0>British <w NP0>Columbia <w CRD>365,946 <w CRD>3,282,061 <w CRD>68.0 <w CRD>32.0 <w NP0>Manitoba <w CRD>250,946 <w CRD>1,091,942 <w CRD>62.0 <w CRD>38.0 <w NP0>New <w NP0>Brunswick <w CRD>28,355 <w CRD>723,900 <w CRD>38.0 <w CRD>61.0 <w NP0>Newfoundland <w CRD>156,648 <w CRD>568,474 <w CRD>37.0 <w CRD>63.0 <w NP0>Nova <w NP0>Scotia <w CRD>21,425 <w CRD>899,942 <w CRD>51.0 <w CRD>49.0 <w NP0>Ontario <w CRD>412,579 <w CRD>10,084,885 <w CRD>49.6 <w CRD>49.8 <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Edward <w NN1>Island <w CRD>2,185 <w CRD>129,765 <w CRD>26.0 <w CRD>74.0 <w NP0>Quebec <w CRD>594,857 <w CRD>6,895,963 <w CRD>55.0 <w CRD>42.0 <w NP0>Saskatchewan <w NN1>Territory <w CRD>251,865 <w CRD>988,928 <w CRD>55.0 <w CRD>45.0 <w NP0>Northwest <w NN2>Territories <w CRD>1,322,902 <w CRD>57,649 <w CRD>39.0 <w CRD>60.0 <w NP0>Yukon <w NN1>Territory <w CRD>186,660 <w CRD>27,797 <w CRD>56.0 <w CRD>43.0
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="324"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="325"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="326"><w NN2>Prospects <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform
</head>
<p>
<s n="327"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>de <w NP0>Gortari<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w NN1>address <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w DT0>several <w AJ0>indirect <w NN2>references <w PRP>to <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>tainted <w PRP>by <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w VVD-VVN>perpetrated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Institutional <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w PNP>He <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w CJT>that <w NN2>sources <w PRF>of <w NN1>party <w NN1>financing <w VM0>should <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w NN1-AJ0>public<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>limits <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>expenses <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN2>procedures <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w NN1>impartiality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="329"><w AT0>The <w NN1>speech <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>by <w NN2>critics <w CJS>as <w VVN>designed <w AV0>principally <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>incoming <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NP0>President-elect <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w PRP>By <w VVG>emphasising <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>avert <w PNP>US <w NN2>criticisms <w DTQ>which <w VM0>might <w VVI>delay <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39045-46<c PUR>)<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot; <ptr target=HLSCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00K>
<s n="331"><w NN1>State <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="332"><w PRP>With <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>elections <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salinas<w POS>'s <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>acknowledgement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud <w NN1>issue <w VVN-VVD>stimulated <w PRP>rather than <w AJ0>placated <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>protests <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>occasions <w CJS>when <w NP0>Salinas <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>seen <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w AJ0>victorious <w NP0>PRI <w NN2>candidates <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>fraud <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38385<c PUN>; <w CRD>38524<c PUN>; <w CRD>38716<c PUN>; <w CRD>38905<c PUN>; <w CRD>39136<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="333"><w NP0>PRI <w NN2>victories <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>gubernatorial <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tamaulipas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sinaloa <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Puebla <w VBD>were <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>disputed<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>concurrent <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oaxaca<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Institute <w AJ0-VVD>suspended <w NN1>polling <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w NN2>towns <w VVG>following <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NP0>PRI <w NN2>supporters <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Revolution <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="335"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="336"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="337"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</head>
<p>
<s n="338"><w AJ0>Top-level <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3-4 <w VVD>produced <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Cuba <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="339"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lionel <w NP0>Soto <w NP0-NN1>Prieto<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>with <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Policy <w NN1-NP0>Aleksandr <w NN1-NP0>Shokhin<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w PNP>It <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>barter<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Cuban <w AJ0>raw <w NN1>sugar <w PRP>for <w CRD>1,600,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>oil <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>preservation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>radio-electronic <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w AV0>primarily <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>traffic <w PRP>to <w NN1>North <w NP0>America <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>functions<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>minimized<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>components <w CJC>and <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts <w PRP>for <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>types <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NP0-NN1>Juraga <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>plant <w VVN-VVD>halted <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39090<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>partner <c PUL>(<w AV0>possibly <w NP0>France<c PUR>) <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="341"><w AT0>The <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>submarine <w NN1>base <w PRP>at <w NP0>Cienfuegos <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>debts <w PRP>to <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>(<w AV0>variously <w VVN>calculated <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w UNC>US&dollar;16,000 <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;20,000 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w XX0>not <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00L>
<s n="342"><w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>vote <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo
</caption>
<p>
<s n="343"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Cuba<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>tightened <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39136-37<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>stated<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>counterproductive<c PUN>, <w VVD>ran <w NN1-VVB>counter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>affront <w PRP>to <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="344"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="345"><w NP0>GUATEMALA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="346"><w NN1>Ratification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belize <w NN1-VVB>accord
</head>
<p>
<s n="347"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w VVD-VVN>ruled <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitutionality <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Serrano <w NP0>Elias<w POS>'s <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w CJC>and <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Belize <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38432<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w NN1>Congress <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>by <w CRD>78 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="349"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w NP0-NN1>Serrano <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN1>recognition <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>definitive <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Guatemala <w VM0>would <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>its <w AJ0>130-year <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>claim <w PRP>over <w NP0>Belize <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Justice <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICJ<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>The <w NP0>Hague <w CJC>or <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>arbiter<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w PNP>He <w VVD>pledged <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w AJ0>final <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="351"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w AJ0>successive <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>mobilize <w AJ0>national <w NN1>sentiment<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>surfaced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Serrano<w POS>'s <w NN1>popularity <w NN2>ratings <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-time <w NN1>low<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w DPS>His <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AJ0>chronic <w NN1>poverty <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w AJ0>army-backed <w NN2>paramilitaries<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w NN1-NP0>Serrano <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>family <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>accusations <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>close <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Health <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Miguel <w NP0-NN1>Angel <w NP0>Montepeque <w NP0>Contreras <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Izabal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lilian <w NP0>V&aacute;quez<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00M>
<s n="354"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>activists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="355"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Madrid <w AJ0-AV0>daily <w NP0>El <w NP0>Pa&iacute;s <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w NN2>gunmen <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>wife <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Alm&iacute;lcar <w NP0>M&eacute;ndez <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>against <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Widows <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w AV0>closely <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize <w NN1>winner <w NP0>Rigoberta <w NP0>Menchu <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39140<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>stealing <w NN2>documents <w VVG>connecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>to <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>villages<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="357"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="358"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="359"><w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN2>rumours <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Restored <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w NN1>demobilization
</head>
<p>
<s n="360"><w VVG>Claiming <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>uncovered <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imminent <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>) <w VVD>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>placed <w DPS>its <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>forces <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>3,000 <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN-VVD>demobilized<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AJ0>full <w NN1>alert<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Cristiani <w NP0>Burkard<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim<c PUN>, <w VVG>reaffirming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVN-VVD>initiated <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>12-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38716<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="362"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>official <w NN2>denials <w PRF>of <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1-VVB>plan <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>by <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Molina <w NP0>Olivares<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>Truth <w NN1>Commission <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>with <w VVG>ascertaining <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ-NN2>abuses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="363"><w NP0>Cristiani <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w PRP>from <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>elements <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>Arena<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39137<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>cessation <w PRF>of <w NN2>hostilities<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="364"><w PRP>In <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7-8<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>purge <w PRF>of <w CRD>110 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w VVN-VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2-VVZ>abuses <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismantle <w CRD>three <w AJ0-NN1>elite <w AJ0>military <w NN2>battalions <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Atlacatl <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Atonal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Arce <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>7 <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w DPS>its <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>evolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38569-70<c PUN>; <w CRD>38672<c PUN>; <w CRD>38716<c PUN>; <w CRD>38759<c PUN>; <w CRD>38906<c PUN>; <w CRD>39137<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="365"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="366"><w NP0>PANAMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="367"><w NN1>Referendum <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>for <w NP0>Endara
</head>
<p>
<s n="368"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Endara <w NP0>Gallimany <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humiliating <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>credibility<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="369"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w VBD>was <w VVN>monitored <w PRP>by <w CRD>12,000 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CRD>490 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church<c PUN>, <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>international <w NN2>observers <w CJC>and <w CRD>300 <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>journalists<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w AT0>the <w AJS>cleanest <w CJC>and <w AV0>most <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN1>poll <w AV0>ever <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>marked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>abstention <w NN1>rate <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AV0>slightly <w AV0>over <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="370"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w CRD>64 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>31 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w NN2>Voters <w AV0>thus <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w CRD>58 <w AJ0>assorted <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>principal <w PRP>among <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>references <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>from <w CRD>six <w PRP>to <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w NN1>ombudsman<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>curtailment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>auditing <w NN1>department<w POS>'s <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w NN1>government <w NN1>spending<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="372"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>repeated <w DPS>their <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w AT0>The <w NN1>no <w NN1-VVB>vote <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VVD>represented <w AT0>a <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>reforms <w VVD>offered <w AT0>no <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w NP0>Panama<w POS>'s <w AJ0>critical <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AV0>also <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>10,000 <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Panama <w NN1>canal <w NN1>zone <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>canal <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>complete <w AJ0>Panamanian <w NN1>control <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>turn <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="375"><w PRP>In <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly <w VHD>had <w VVN>sanctioned <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w VVG>allowing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38672<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w PNP>It <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unclear <w PRP>to <w DT0>many <w NN2>analysts<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>demilitarization<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>preservation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w CJS>given that <w NP0>Endara <w VVD>owed <w DPS>his <w NN1>installation <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37112-13<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>subservient <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>interests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="377"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="378"><w NP0>SURINAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="379"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bouterse
</head>
<p>
<s n="380"><w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NN1>D&eacute;sir&eacute;<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Desi<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Bouterse <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0-VVD>resigned <w CJS>as <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Early <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>commemorate <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN0>people <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1982 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>31950-51<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="381"><w AT0>The <w NN1>author <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>military <w NN2>coups <w PRP>in <w CRD>1980 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>30506-07<c PUN>; <w CRD>37912-13<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bouterse <w VBD>was <w AV0>long <w VVN-AJ0>suspected <w PRF>of <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w PRP>In <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>coalition <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>NF<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w TO0>to <w VVI>bar <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>from <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>party <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>assist <w AJ0>international <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<w POS>'s <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>drug <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>trafficking<c PUN>, <w NN1>money <w NN1>laundering <w CJC>and <w NN1>gun <w NN1>running <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38432<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="383"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="384"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="385"><w NN1>Coup <w NN1>attempt
</head>
<p>
<s n="386"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AJ0>dissident <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>seized <w AJ0>important <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN2>bases <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Libertador <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Maracay<c PUN>, <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>de <w NP0>Miranda <w NN1-VVB>base <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Caracas <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>La <w NP0>Carlota <w AJ0-NN1>military <w CJC>and <w NN1>commuter <w NN1>airfield<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w VVB-NN1>Rebel <w NN2>jets <w VVD>bombed <w AT0>the <w NN2>Miraflores <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w NN2>stations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN2>installations<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w AV0>Reportedly <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VBD>were <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w NN1>navy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>extent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="389"><w PRP>From <w VVD>captured <w AJ0>government-owned <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w NN2>stations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w NN2>Venezuelans <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>against <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>corrupt <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>benefited <w AT0>a <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>elite <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>poverty <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVB>broadcast <w AT0>a <w AJ0>video-recorded <w NN1>speech <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez <w NP0>Fr&iacute;as<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>4 <w NN1>rebellion <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38759-60<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>made <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>coup <w NN2>threats <w PRP>in <w NN0>media <w NN2>interviews <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w CJS>while <w VVG>awaiting <w NN1>trial <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39048<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="391"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>reports <w DT0>most <w NN2>Venezuelans <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>heed <w DPS>their <w NN1>call<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AJ0>armed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>hooded<c PUN>, <w VVD>marched <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NP0>Miraflores <w NN1>palace <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>driven <w AVP>back <w PRP>by <w NN1>tear <w NN1>gas<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w NN2>Others <w VVD>took <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w CJC>or <w VVD>banged <w NN2>saucepans <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN2>balconies <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>uprising<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="393"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>COPEI<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>Fern&aacute;ndez<c PUN>, <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>dissatisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN2>limitations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="394"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>televised <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>instigated <w PRP>by <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>officers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bolivarian <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w CRD>MBR-200<c PUR>) <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>Lt.-Col. <w NP0>Ch&aacute;vez<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Bandera <w UNC>Roja <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Flag<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tercer <w NP0>Camino <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>Third <w NN1>Way<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Douglas <w NN1>Bravo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>active <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>guerrilla <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1960s<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="395"><w NN1>Fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace <w AV0>again <w VVG>coming <w PRP>under <w NN1>fire <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NN2>snipers<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>finally <w VVD>recaptured <w AT0>the <w NN2>bases<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD-VVN>suspended<c PUN>, <w NN1>order <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>restored <w CJS>as <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w VVD>patrolled <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w AT0>A <w NN1>curfew <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w CJC>and <w NN1>news <w NN2-VVZ>broadcasts <w PRP>by <w NN1>Radio <w NN2>Rumbos<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>network<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="398"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Iv&aacute;n <w NP0>Jim&eacute;nez <w NP0>S&aacute;nchez<c PUN>, <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>142 <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w CRD>27 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w PNP>He <w VVD>identified <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w AJ0>rear <w NN2>admirals <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Hern&aacute;n <w NP0>Gruber <w NP0-NN1>Odreman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Cabrera <w NP0-NN1>Aguirre
</p>
<p>
<s n="400"><c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w NP0>Francisco <w NN1-NP0>Visconti <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>1,300 <w NN2>participants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>uprising <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Ledezma<c PUN>, <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>100 <w NN2>prisoners <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>200 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Catia <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w NN2>troops <w VVD>quashed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>escape <w NN1>attempt <w VVN>sparked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="404"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>acknowledging <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>government <w NN2>mistakes <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w CJC>and <w NN1>reform <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w PNP>He <w VVD>rejected <w NN2>calls <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>politicians <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w CJS>as <w VVN>planned<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><c PUL>(<w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>) <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>polls<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="407"><w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rio <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Rio <w NN1>Group<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="409"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>disagreement <w VVD>loomed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Peru <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>granted <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>to <w CRD>93 <w AJ0>Venezuelan <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="410"><w NN2>Visconti<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Venezuelan <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="411"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="412"><w NP0>COLOMBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="413"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</head>
<p>
<s n="414"><w PRP>Under <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Gaviria <w NP0>Trujillo <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>90-day <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w AT0>a <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w PRP>by <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>and <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="415"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Colombia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FARC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w CRD>26 <w NN1>policeman <w VVG>protecting <w AT0>an <w NN1>installation <w VVG>belonging <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>oil <w NN1>company <w NN1-VVB>Ecopetrol <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>intendency <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Putumayo<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VVD>formed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intensifying <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>grouped <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sim&oacute;n <w NP0>Bol&iacute;var <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guerrilla <w AJ0-VVG>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Board <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNGSB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>government <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>stalled <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38809<c PUN>; <w CRD>39138<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>33 <w NN2>attacks <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Colombia <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w NN2>insurgents <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>bombed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ca&ntilde;o <w NN2>Lim&oacute;n-Covenas <w NN1-VVB>oil <w NN1>pipeline <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Norte <w NP0>de <w NP0-NN1>Santander <w NN1>department <w CJC>and <w VVD>attacked <w CRD>12 <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>police <w NN2>stations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bogot&aacute;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="419"><w NN1>Drug <w NN2>traffickers <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>killed <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20 <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brance <w NP0>Mu&ntilde;oz <w NP0>Mosquera<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Medell&iacute;n <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39138<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="420"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>cartel<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>escaped <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pablo <w NP0>Escobar<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>paying <w AT0>a <w NN1>bounty <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>policeman <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="421"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w VVZ>measures <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>decreed <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN1>contact <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="422"><w AV0>Similarly<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>on <w NN0>media <w NN1>coverage <w PRF>of <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w NN2>guerrillas <w CJC>or <w NN1>drug <w NN2>traffickers<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>suspension <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w NN2>licences <w PRP>in <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>violation<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w NN1>Television <w NN2>stations <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>broadcast <w NN2>photographs <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>with <w NN2>offers <w PRF>of <w NN2>rewards <w PRP>for <w NN1>information<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="424"><w AV0>Also <w VVN-VVD>prohibited <w VBD>was <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NN1>ransom <w CJC>or <w NN1>protection <w NN1>money <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>by <w NN2>farmers <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>businesspeople<c PUN>; <w NN2>companies <w VVD-VVN>proved <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>paid <w DT0>such <w NN1>money <w VM0>would <w VVI>lose <w DPS>their <w NN1>operating <w NN2>licences<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w NN2>Properties <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>bank <w NN2>accounts <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>laundering <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>funds <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>confiscated<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>bank <w NN1>secrecy <w NN2>laws <w VVN>lifted <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>facilitate <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN2>targets <w VM0>would <w AV0>reportedly <w VBI>be <w CRD>six <w NN1>coal <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>gold <w NN1>mine <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN2>enterprises <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>ELN<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w NN1>Oil <w NN2>royalties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Arauca<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Putumayo <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Casanare <w NN2>intendencies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>directly <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w VVG>falling <w PRP>into <w NN1>rebel <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>anti-guerrilla <w NN2>units <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1-VVG>spending <w PRP>on <w NN1>security <w NN2>institutions <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="429"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w VVZ-NN2>measures <w NN2>bombs <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>cities <w PRF>of <w NP0>Medell&iacute;n <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Cali <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w CJC>and <w VVG>wounding <w CRD>35<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="430"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bogot&aacute; <w AJ0-AV0>daily <w NP0>El <w NP0>Tiempo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>50 <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>academics<c PUN>, <w NN2>artists <w CJC>and <w NN2>journalists<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>famous <w NN1>writer <w NP0>Gabriel <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>M&aacute;rquez<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>CNGSB <w TO0>to <w VVI>search <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>solutions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="431"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CNGSB<w POS>'s <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>climate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ideological <w NN1>confusion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00N>
<s n="432"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="433"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>commanders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>routine <w AJ0>annual <w NN2>promotions <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-guerrilla <w NN1>crackdown<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="434"><w VVG>Resigning <w VBD>were <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Forero <w NP0>Qui&ntilde;onez<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Murillo <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="435"><w NP0>Gustavo <w NP0>Angel <w NP0>Mej&iacute;a<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>army <w CJC>and <w NN1>navy <w NN2>commanders <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>tendered <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w VVN-AJ0>Appointed <w VBD>were <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="438"><w NP0>Ram&oacute;n <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Gil <w NP0>Berm&uacute;dez <c PUL>(<w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="439"><w NP0>Hern&aacute;n <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Guzm&aacute;n <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <c PUL>(<w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vice-Adml<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w NP0>Hernando <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NP0>Ram&iacute;rez <c PUL>(<w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w NP0>Alfonso <w NP0>Abondano <w NP0>Alzamora <c PUL>(<w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>force<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="443"><w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Farouk <w NP0>Yanine <w NP0>D&iacute;az <w PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w NN2>Chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00P>
<s n="444"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w CRD>M-19 <w PRP>from <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="445"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>19 <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w CRD>M-19<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gaviria <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Gustavo <w NN1>Roux <w CJC>and <w CRD>350 <w DT0>less <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w CJS>after <w NP0>President <w NP0>Gaviria <w VVD>rejected <w CRD>M-19<w POS>'s <w NN1>plea <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w VVG>Protesting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>hardening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>M-19 <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1>intervention <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AJC>further <w NN1>bloodshed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00R>
<s n="448"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="449"><w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Londono <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="450"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="451"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="452"><w AJ0>Legislative <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="453"><w PRP>In <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w NN2>parties <w VVG>supporting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>won <w DT0>some <w CRD>38 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w AV0>thus <w VVG>achieving <w AV0>well <w PRP>below <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>support <w VVG-NN1>rating <w PRP>in <w NN1>opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>capture <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Abimael <w NP0>Guzm&aacute;n <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39138<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVG>securing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="454"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CCD<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>80 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>two-chamber <w NN1>Congress <w VVN-VVD>dissolved <w PRP>after <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military-backed <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>coup <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>5 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suspended <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38846<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>writing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>charter <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVI>perform <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>monitoring <w NN2>functions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="456"><w AJ0>Unofficial <w NN2>figures <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lima <w NN1>opinion <w NN1>research <w NN1>organization <w NN1-NP0>Apoyo <w VVD>recorded <w CJT>that <w CRD>44 <w NN2>seats <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Cambio <w CRD>90 <c PUL>(<w VVB-NN1>Change <w CRD>90<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Majority<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>independents <w PRP>including <w DT0>former <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w DT0>This <w AJ0-NN1>pro-government <w NN1>list <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Yoshiyama <w NP0>Tanaka<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN2>Mines <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="458"><w AT0>The <w NN1>centre-left <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>APRA <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>stance <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>take <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>supporters <w TO0>to <w VVI>spoil <w DPS>their <w NN2>papers<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AV0>actually <w VVG>voting <w AJ0>cast <w AJ0-NN1>blank <w CJC>or <w AV0>deliberately <w VVN-AJ0>spoiled <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>papers<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>slightly <w AJC>higher <w NN1>figure <w CJS>than <w AJ0>usual <c PUL>(<w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w AJ0>compulsory <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>60<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="460"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>except <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPC<c PUR>) <w VVD>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVG>arguing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCD <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>insubstantial <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>merely <w NN1>rubber-stamp <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>decisions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="461"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PPC <w VVD>won <w CRD>eight <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>7.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Independent <w VVG-AJ0>Moralising <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIM<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>seven <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>6.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w NN1>Renovation<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Rey <w NP0>Rey<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>six <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>5.5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w CRD>MDI<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>five <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>4.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Co-ordination<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Barba <w NP0>Caballero<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>APRA <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w CRD>four <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w CRD>4.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NN1>Solidarity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w CJC>and <w NN2>Peasants<w POS>' <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>Frenatraca<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>Front <w DT0>each <w VVD>won <w CRD>two <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="462"><w VVG-NN1>Voting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>11,000,000 <w NN1>electorate <w VBD>was <w AV0>legally <w AJ0>compulsory <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>60<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>satisfaction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>mission <w PRP>at <w NP0>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN1>invitation <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38908<c PUN>; <w CRD>39804<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="464"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>OAS <w VVD>hinted <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>aid <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>restored<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VVI>unfreeze <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;100 <w CRD>million <w NN1>loan <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1-VVB>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;220 <w CRD>million <w NN1>loan <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Inter-American <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead<c PUN>, <w AJ0>pending <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NP0>OAS <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="466"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>heightened <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>wave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w NN2>bombings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>200-kg. <w NN1>car <w NN1>bomb-attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w VVD>killed <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w CRD>10 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Miraflores <w NN1>district<c PUN>, <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>bomb <w NN1>explosion <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39002<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="468"><w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>strike<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18-20<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>caused <w DT0>little <w NN1>disruption <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VVD>proceeded <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRF>of <w AJ0>relative <w NN1>calm<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN2>explosions <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>voting <w VVD>began<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00S>
<s n="469"><w NN1>Coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>prior to <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="470"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>public <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>defender <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>politicians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>behind <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCD <w NN2>elections <w PRP>from <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w CJC>and <w VVG>restoring <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="471"><w NN2>Fujimori <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>plotters <w VHD>had <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>assassinate <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VVD>fizzled <w AVP>out <w CJS>after <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>support <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>materialise <w CJC>and <w CJS-PRP>after <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w AV0>apparently <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VVD>sent <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>units <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace<c PUN>.
<s n="472"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fujimori <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>refuge <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>embassy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="473"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>accounts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>conspiracy <w VBD>was <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w AJ0>retired <w NN1>army <w NN2>generals <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Salinas <w NP0>Sedo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NN1>Pastor <w VVZ>Vives <w CJC>and <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Palomino <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>household <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>Garc&iacute;a <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><w NN2>Fujimori <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Salinas <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unpublicised <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w NN1>coming <w PRP>to <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="475"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>received <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>weekly <w NP0-NN1>Oiga<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salinas <w VVD-AJ0>accepted <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>aim <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>to <w NP0>M&aacute;ximo <w NP0>San <w NP0>Rom&aacute;n <w NP0>C&aacute;ceres<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>dismissed <w ORD>First <w NN1>Vice-President <w VVD>named<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>president<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dissolved <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38846<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="476"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Marcos <w NP0>Zarate <w NN1>Rota<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conspiracy <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>for <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="477"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fujimori <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Palomino <w AV0>apparently <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>events<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVI>face <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN2>courts <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>conspirators<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<w POS>' <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Valdivia <w NP0>Due&ntilde;as<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reinstated <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="479"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>reports <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>to <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>investigate <w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2>grievances <w PRP>over <w AJ0>low <w NN2>wages <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>alleged <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w NN2>promotions <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>security <w NN1>adviser<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vladimiro <w NP0>Montesinos<c PUN>.
<s n="480"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VHD>had <w VVN>published <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>retired<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NN2>reasons <w PRF>of <w NN1>renewal <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w NN1>institute<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w NN2>Montesinos<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Nicol&aacute;s <w NP0>de <w NP0>Bari <w NP0>Hermoza<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AT0>a <w NN1>target <w PRP>for <w NN1>abduction <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>plotters<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="482"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="483"><w NP0>BOLIVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="484"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="485"><w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Quiroga <w NP0>Ram&iacute;rez <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>B&aacute;nzer <w NP0>Su&aacute;rez<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="486"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Paz <w NP0>Zamora<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w DT0>any <w NN1>confusion <w PRP>between<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>campaigning <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NP0>ADN <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Left <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRI<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="487"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed<c PUN>: <w NP0>Pablo <w NP0>Zegarra <w NP0>Arana <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Olga <w NP0>Saavedra <c PUL>(<w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Lupo <w UNC>Flores <c PUL>(<w NN1>Information<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Eusebio <w NP0>Girondo <w NP0>Cabrera <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0>Pena <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="488"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="489"><w NP0>CHILE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="490"><w NP0>Letelier <w NN1>trial
</head>
<p>
<s n="491"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-month <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w DT0>former <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>DINA <w NN1-AJ0>secret <w NN2>police <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Contreras <w CJC>and <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Espinoza<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRP>in <w CRD>1976 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Orlando <w NP0>Letelier<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1970-1973 <w NN1>regime <w PRF>of <w NP0>Salvador <w NP0>Allende<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>associate <w AJ0-NN1>Ronni <w NN1-NP0>Moffit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="492"><w NP0>Letelier <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Moffit <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Chile<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w AV0>twice <w VVN>refused <w NN2>requests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Contreras <w CJC>and <w NP0>Espinoza<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>courts <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-open <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>against <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><w AV0>Both <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN1>trial <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w NN2>offences <w VVN>committed <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>regime <w PRP>since <w NP0>Chile<w POS>'s <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0>full <w NN1>background <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Letelier <w NN1>case <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>28273-74<c PUN>; <w CRD>34989<c PUN>; <w CRD>36097<c PUN>; <w CRD>37709<c PUN>; <w CRD>37914<c PUN>; <w CRD>38719<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="494"><w AT0>The <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w NP0>Letelier <w VBD>were <w VVN>returned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Venezuela <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chilean <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Santiago<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>buried <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>cemetery <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>funeral <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Aylwin <w NP0-NN1>Az&oacute;car <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00T>
<s n="495"><w VVG>Dropping <w PRF>of <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NN1>junta <w NN1>member <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w NN1>Church <w NN1-AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>centre
</caption>
<p>
<s n="496"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Letelier <w NN1>decision <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>hopes <w CJT>that <w AJ0-VVD>celebrated <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1-VVB>abuse <w VM0>would <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w NN1>justice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="497"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Mendoza <w NP0>Dur&aacute;n<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN2>police <w NN1>chief <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRP>in <w CRD>1973-85 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Pinochet <w NP0-NN1>Ugarte<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w NP0-NN1>Mendoza <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>covering <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w CRD>1985 <w NN1>kidnapping <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>murder<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>unit<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chilean <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>party <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mendoza <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38860-61<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="499"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1-NP0>Vicariate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>recipient <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nobel <w NN1>Peace <w NN1>Prize <w PRP>in <w CRD>1978<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>devoted <w CRD>18 <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w VVG>defending <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>repression<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="500"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Vicariate<w POS>'s <w ORD>last <w NN1>head<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mgr <w NP0>Sergio <w NP0>Valech<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>task <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>finished<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>church <w VVD>believed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <w NN1>duty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>society<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>safeguard <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00U>
<s n="501"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>head
</caption>
<p>
<s n="502"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Aylwin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pinochet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>retirement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="503"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Contreras<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Battalion <c PUL>(<w NP0>BIE<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>exposed <w PRP>for <w VVG>tapping <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>telephones <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39092<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w AT0>An <w NN1>army <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN2>regulations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>breached <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>ranks <w VVN>involved <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>sanctioned<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>trials <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00V>
<s n="505"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="506"><w NP0>Julio <w NP0>Montt <w NP0>Momberg <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Patricio <w NP0>Silva <w NP0>Rojas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39140<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="507"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="508"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="509"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>strike
</head>
<p>
<s n="510"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>one-day <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>umbrella <w NN1-AJ0>General <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <c PUL>(<w NP0>CGT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJS>since <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem <w VVD>took <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w NN1>union <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>policies<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>key <w NN2>demands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>protest <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monthly <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;536<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-fold <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>pension <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;450<c PUN>, <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>linking <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>to <w NN1>productivity <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>wage <w NN1-VVG>bargaining <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="512"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VVD>received <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>, <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AV0>up to <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>stayed <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires<c PUN>, <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>transport <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>hit <w CJC>but <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>services <w VBD>were <w VVN>maintained<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w AJ0>Domestic <w NN1>air <w NN2>flights <w VBD>were <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w NN1>bomb <w NN2>threats<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN2>buses <w VBD>were <w AJ0>fire-bombed <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>explosive <w NN1>device <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w AVP>off <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CGT <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="515"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>CGT <w VHD>had <w AV0>broadly <w VVN>endorsed <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>protectionist <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJ0>angry <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w AVQ>when <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Domingo <w NP0>Cavallo <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w CRD>200 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>salary <w NN2-VVZ>increases<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w NN1-NP0>Cavallo <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>needed <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>his <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>life <w NN1>style<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>income <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>thinktank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w NN1>Foundation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AJ0>large <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="517"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Buenos <w NP0>Aires<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Grosso<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Justicialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PJ <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN2>Peronists<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>mismanaging <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500 <w CRD>million <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w NP0>Menem <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>appointed <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Bouer<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN1>finance <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>replacement<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00W>
<s n="519"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>package
</caption>
<p>
<s n="520"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>package <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cavallo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>protection <w PRP>from <w NN2>im-ports<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>surge <w PRP>in <w NN2>imports<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>notably <w VVD-AJ0>subsidized <w NN2>products <w PRP>from <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>stagnation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN0>sales <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>projections <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>balance <w VM0>would <w VVI>show <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="522"><w NN2>Measures <w VVN>included <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>on <w NN1>fuel <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w NN2>oils <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>kerosene<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w VVD>extended <w NN1>tax <w NN2>rebates <w PRP>for <w NN2>exporters<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>calculated <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>worth <w PRP>between <w UNC>US&dollar;670,000,000 <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million <w AV0>per annum<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>import <w NN1>tariff <w PRP>from <w CRD>35 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w NN1>tariff <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w AJ0>intermediate <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>maintenance <w PRP>at <w NN1>zero <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>import <w NN1>tariff<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w NN2>fuels <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN2>goods <w XX0>not <w AV0>domestically <w VVN>produced<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>temporary<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>increase<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>3 <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>statistics <w NN1-VVB>tax <w VVN>levied <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>all <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="523"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD>interpreted <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w CJS>as <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>indirect <w CRD>5-10 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peso<c PUN>, <w VVN>forced <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>despite <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38095-96<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>free <w NN1>convertibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peso <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><w NN2>Critics <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w VVG>giving <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NN2>industrialists <w CJC>and <w NN2>exporters <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG>reneging <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>its <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>discipline <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>companies <w AV0>more <w AJ0>efficient <w CJC>and <w AJ0>competitive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="525"><w AT0>The <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>statistical <w NN1>levy <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>imports <w VVD-VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>from <w NP0>Paraguay <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nascent <w NP0>South <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Common <w NN1>Market <c PUL>(<w NP0>Mercosur<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w NN1>phase <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN1>trade <w NN2>barriers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38096 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Treaty <w VVG>establishing <w NP0-NN1>Mercosur<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w NP0>Uruguay <w VBD>was <w AJ0>exempt <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN0>statistics <w NN1-VVB>tax <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1985 <w AJ0>Argentine-Uruguayan <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <c PUL>(<w NP0>CAUCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="527"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="528"><w NP0>PARAGUAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="529"><w NN2>Resignations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>personnel
</head>
<p>
<s n="530"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Orlando <w NP0>Machuca <w NP0>Vargas<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w NP0-NN1>Angel <w NP0>Juan <w NP0>Souto <w NP0>Hern&aacute;ndez<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Eumelio <w NP0>Bernal<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w NP0-NN1>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w NP0-NN1>Souto<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="533"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>analysts<c PUN>, <w NP0>Souto <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>revelations <w CJT>that <w DT0>several <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w AV0>deeply <w VVN>implicated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>network <w VVG>dealing <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>stolen <w NN2>cars <w PRP>from <w NP0>Brazil <w CJC>and <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>passed <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w NN1>sale <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bolivia<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0>Garcete<c PUN>, <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <w VVN-VVD>requested <w AJ0>indefinite <w NN1>leave <w PRF>of <w NN1>absence <w CJS>so that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>face <w NN2>charges<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>footing <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w NN1>citizen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Pedro <w UNC>de <w UNC>la <w NP0>Cruz <w NP0-NN1>Concepci&oacute;n<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="536"><w NN1-NP0>Garcete <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>faced <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>29 <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hermes <w NP0>Saquier<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Authentic <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLRA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>military<w POS>'s <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="537"><w NN1>News <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVG>smuggling <w NN1>scandal <w AV0>only <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NN1>light <w CJS>when <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Catalino <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w NP0>Rojas<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN0>infantry <w NN1>division<c PUN>, <w VVD>defied <w NN2>orders <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>leaked <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w AJ0>military <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>retained <w PRP>in <w NN1>army <w NN1>custody<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>judge<w POS>'s <w NN1>order <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>release<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2-VVZ>judges <w AV0>then <w AV0>separately <w VVN-VVD>issued <w NN1-VVB>arrest <w VVZ-NN2>warrants <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Garcete <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Balbuena<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>army <w NN0>corps<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w NP0>Rojas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVG>smuggling <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w AV0>Also <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN1>court <w NN2>proceedings <w VBD>were <w AJ0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Lorenzo <w NP0>Carillo <w NP0>Melo<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN0>infantry <w NN1>division<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Aldino <w NP0>Enciso<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN0>infantry <w NN1>division<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="541"><w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w NP0>Rojas<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVG>enjoying <w AJ0>national <w NN1>hero <w NN1>status<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>commentators <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>isolated <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NN2>others <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him <w CJS>as <w VVG>acting <w AV0>effectively <w PRP>on behalf of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Lino <w NP0>Oviedo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>man<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w NP0>Oviedo <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN0>corps<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>staged <w DPS>his <w AJ0>successful <w NP0>February <w CRD>1989 <w NN1-VVB>coup <w VVG>overthrowing <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Stroessner <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36458<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00X>
<s n="543"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>police
</caption>
<p>
<s n="544"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>S&aacute;nchez <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>Police<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Bernal<w POS>'s <w NN1>replacement <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>down <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w AV0>shortly <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w NN1>payroll <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>inflated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>phantom<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>policemen<c PUN>.
<s n="545"><w VVG>Breaking <w PRP>with <w NN1>precedent<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>police <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Commissioner-General <w NN1-AJ0>Germ&aacute;n <w NP0>Franco <w NP0>Vargas<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>military<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN2>Police<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="546"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="547"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="548"><w AJ0-NN1>Criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Collor
</head>
<p>
<s n="549"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Procurator <w NN1>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aristides <w NP0>Junqueira<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w VVD-AJ0>filed <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>passive <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>association<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AJ0>suspended <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello<c PUN>, <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multi-million <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>scandal <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><w NP0>Collor <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VVG>facing <w AT0>an <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1>trial <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>background <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38909-10<c PUN>; <w CRD>39079<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1>committee <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>16 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>for <w NN1>submission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>Senate <w VVG>recommending <w DPS>his <w AJ0>definitive <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="551"><w NN1-NP0>Junqueira <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;50,000,000 <w VVB-NN1>bribe <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>colleague <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approached <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>businessman <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brasilia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLSCA00Y>
<s n="552"><w NN1>Withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1>witness <w PRP>in <w NP0>Collor <w NN1>impeachment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="553"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>development <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Farias <c PUL>(<w VVN>known <w AV0>nationally <w PRP>as <w NN0>PC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>businessman <w CJC>and <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w DT0>former <w NN1>election <w NN1>manager<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>allegedly <w VVD>masterminded <w NN2>schemes <w TO0>to <w VVI>defraud <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>sum <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>between <w UNC>US&dollar;150,000,000 <w CJC>and <w UNC>US&dollar;200,000,0000<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>witness <w PRP>in <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>impeachment <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="554"><w NP0-NN1>Evandro <w NP0>Linse <w NP0>Silva<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVD>wished <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>speedy <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>more <w AJ0>spectacular <w NN2>allegations<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w PRP>from <w VVG>giving <w NN1>credence <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>crime <w NN1>racket<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence <w NN2>lawyers <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>call <w NP0>Farias <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Collor<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence <w NN1>evidence <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>centre <w PRP-AVP>around <w VVG>directing <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>blame <w PRP>at <w PNP>him<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA010></p>
<caption id=HLSCA010>
<s n="556"><w AJ0>Fiscal <w NN1>reform
</caption>
<p>
<s n="557"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NP0>President <w NP0>Itamar <w NP0>Franco <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="558"><w PRP>According to <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>Haddad <w CJC>and <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gustavo <w NP0-NN1>Krause<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>an <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w CJC>and <w VVD>represented <w NP0>Itamar<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>entire<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w PNP>They <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>spend <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN2>revenues <w VVN-VVD>raised <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN2>debts <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>cut <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>axing <w NN2>projects <w DTQ>which <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>generate <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="560"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>points <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w PRF>of <w CRD>0.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>transactions <c PUL>(<w NP0>ITMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>until <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w VVG>applying <w TO0>to <w VVI>wage <w NN2>cheques<c PUN>, <w NN1>pension <w NN2>payments <w CJC>and <w AJ0>popular <w NN2>savings <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion <w AT0>an <w NN1>instruction <w PRP>to <w NN2>banks <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>cases <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>request <w DT0>all <w NN2>movements <w PRF>of <w NN2>individuals<w POS>' <w CJC>and <w NN2>companies<w POS>' <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>simplification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>system <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>social <w NN2>contributions <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>by <w AJ0>valued <w AJ0>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>7 <w CJC>and <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>on <w AJ0>manufactured <w NN2>products<c PUN>, <w NN1>fuel <w NN0>sales <w CJC>and <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>income<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>replacement <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>selective <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>specified<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN2>cars<c PUN>, <w AJ0>alcoholic <w NN2>drinks<c PUN>, <w NN2>fuels<c PUN>, <w NN1>electricity <w CJC>and <w NN2>telecommunications<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w NN2>taxes <w PRP>by <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w PRP>by <w AJ0>municipal <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w DT0>all <w NN2>taxes <c PUL>(<w CJS-PRP>except <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>ITMF<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>collected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>shared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NN2>municipalities<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>revenues <w PRF>of <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>vi<c PUR>) <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>contracting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>debts <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>District<c PUN>, <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>municipalities <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA011></p>
<caption id=HLSCA011>
<s n="561"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>over <w NN1>resettlement <w PRF>of <w NN1>peasant <w NN2>farmers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="562"><w VVG-AJ0>Following <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN1>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Mauricio <w NP0>Correa <w NP0>Lima <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guajajara <w NN2>Indians <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Canabrava <w NN1-VVB>reserve <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-eastern <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maranhao <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w CRD>400 <w NN1>peasant <w NN2>farmers <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>holding <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1-VVB>pledge <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w CRD>2,400 <w NN2>settlers <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>relocate <w DPS>their <w NN1>village<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>de <w NP0>Cacetes<c PUN>, <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>reserve<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="563"><w AT0>A <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>escalated <w PRP>since <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>tension <w VHD>had <w VVN>increased <w AV0>further <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w VVD>refused <w AT0>the <w NN2>villagers<w POS>' <w NN1-VVB>request <w TO0>to <w VVI>expropriate <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>tribe<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w NN1>Peasant <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w AJ0-VVD>murdered <w NP0-NN1>Augusto <w NP0>Pereira <w NP0>Guajajara<c PUN>, <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>chief<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA012></p>
<caption id=HLSCA012>
<s n="565"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="566"><w NN2>Results <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>left<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>revelations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Collor <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="567"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w UNC>PT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Lu&iacute;s <w NP0>In&aacute;cio <w NP0>da <w NP0>Silva <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Lula<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w ORD>second <w PRP>to <w NP0>Collor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>run-off <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37117-18<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>significant <w NN2>gains<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD-AJ0>lost <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Paulo <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>mayoralty <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>PT<w POS>'s <w NN2>successes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>centrist <w AJ0-NN1>Brazilian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PMDB<c PUR>) <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>governments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="569"><w AT0>The <w NN1>PT <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN1>state <w NN2>capitals <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belo <w NP0>Horizonte <c PUL>(<w NP0>Minas <w NN1-NP0>Gerais<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Porto <w NP0>Alegre <c PUL>(<w NP0>Rio <w NP0>Grande <w VDB>do <w NP0-NN1>Sul<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Goi&acirc;nia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Goi&aacute;s<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>important <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ribeirao <w NP0-NN1>Preto<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Paulo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w CJC>and <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>municipal <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>Maluf<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>populist <w NN1>politician <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS<c PUR>) <w PRP>with <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w NP0>Collor <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>associate <w PRF>of <w NP0>Farias<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>mayoral <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rio <w NP0>de <w NP0>Janeiro<c PUN>, <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0-NN1>Maia <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PMDB <w VVD>defeated <w NP0>Benedia <w NP0>da <w NP0>Silva <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>PT<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>black <w NN1>woman <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="572"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="573"><w NP0>BAHAMAS
</head>
<p>
<s n="574"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Lynden <w NP0>Pindling<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years <w CJS>until <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39046<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="575"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="576"><w NP0>BARBADOS
</head>
<p>
<s n="577"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>, <w NN1>Community <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Bowen <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Harcourt <w NP0>Lewis <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w NP0>Evelyn <w NP0>Greaves<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>Housing <w CJC>and <w NN2>Lands <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture <w NN2>portfolios <w VVN-VVD>added <w PRP>to <w DPS>her <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="579"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="580"><w NP0>GUYANA
</head>
<p>
<s n="581"><w NP0-NN1>Shree <w NP0>Chand <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Tourism <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>list <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39137<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="582"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="583"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="584"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="585"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>major <w NN1>reshuffle <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>under way <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>aftermath <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39126-27<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w NN1>diminution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yang <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>strongmen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>development <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0-NN1>Shangkun <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJC>younger <w NN1>half-brother <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>(<w NP0>CMC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="588"><w NP0>Ming <w NP0>Pao<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <c PUL>(<w AJ0>independent<c PUR>) <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w VVD>ran <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>articles <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>demotion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yang <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w AT0>The <w NN1>newspaper <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>paramount <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping <w VHD>had <w AV0>personally <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>discovered <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing <w VHD>had <w VVN>convened <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unauthorized <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high-ranking <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ming <w NP0>Pao <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>abortive <w AJ0>minor <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yang <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>discussed <w NN1>emergency <w AJ0-NN1>military <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unaware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gathering<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="592"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>military <w NN1>reshuffle <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w NP0>November <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>removing <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AJ0-AV0>close <w NN2-VVZ>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yangs<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NN2>appointments <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>at <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unannounced <w CJC>and <w VVD>enlarged<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>CMC <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>held <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="594"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLA<c PUR>) <w AJ0>general <w AJ0>political <w NN1>department <c PUL>(<w NP0>GPD<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="595"><w NP0>Yu <w NP0-NN1>Yongbo<c PUN>.
<s n="596"><w NP0>Yu<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>GDP <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>distanced <w PNX>himself <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yang <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="597"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Ruilin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Deng<w POS>'s <w AJ0>chief <w AJ0>military <w NN1>secretary <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CMC<w POS>'s <w NN1>discipline <w NN1>inspection <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>.
<s n="598"><w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="599"><w NP0>Zhang <w AJ0-NN1>Wannian<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jinan <w AJ0>military <w NN1>region <c PUL>(<w NP0>MR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vice-Adml<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Jing<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w NN1-NP0>Zhang <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Jinan <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="602"><w NP0>Zhang <w NP0>Taiheng<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing <w PRP>as <w NN1-NP0>Chengdu <w NP0>MR <w NN1>commander <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="604"><w NP0>Fu <w NP0>Quanyou <w VBD>was <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>from <w NN1-NP0>Lanzhou <w NP0>MR <w NN1>commander <w PRP>to <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>logistics <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w AT0>No <w NN1>replacement <w NN1>Lanzhou <w NP0>MR <w NN1>commander <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced<c PUN>.
<s n="606"><w NP0>Yang <w AJ0>loyalist <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="607"><w NP0>Zhang <w NN1>Zhongxian <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>political <w NN1>commissar <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>-Guangzhou <w NP0>MR <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="608"><w NP0>Gao <w NP0-NN1>Tianzheng<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guangzhou <w NP0>MR <w NN1>commander <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="610"><w NP0>Zhu <w NP0>Dunfa <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="611"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Xilin<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Jijun<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NP0>Yang <w AJ0-NN1>loyalist<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>removed <w PRP>as <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CMC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Hai <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>commander <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="614"><w NP0>Cao <w NP0>Shuangming<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shenyang <w NP0>MR<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Li <w NP0-NN1>Jijun <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wang <w NP0>Hai <w VHD>had <w VVN>attended <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Baibing<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unauthorized<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>meeting <w DTQ>which <w VVD>preceded <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA013></p>
<caption id=HLSCA013>
<s n="616"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN1>dissident <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Official <w NN1>pronouncement <w PRP>on <w NN1>number <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>counter-revolutionaries<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison
</caption>
<p>
<s n="617"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>authorities <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bao <w NP0-NN1>Zunxin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>dissident<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w CRD>19 <w NN2>months <w PRP>before <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>.
<s n="618"><w NN1-NP0>Bao<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>philosopher<c PUN>, <w PRP>alongside <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>activists <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tiananmen <w NN1>Square <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37959<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="619"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w NP0>Bao <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>hospitalized <w PRP>due to <w NN1>heart <w NN1>disease<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w NP0>Xinhua<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w NN1>repentance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="621"><w NP0-NN1>Radio <w NP0>Australia <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Bureau <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>visiting <w AJ0>Australian <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>delegation <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>4,000 <w NN2>prisoners <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>for <w NN2>crimes <w PRF>of <w NN1>subversion <w CJC>and <w NN1>counter-revolution<c PUN>.
<s n="622"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>figure <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>published <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA014><ptr target=HLSCA015></p>
<caption id=HLSCA014>
<s n="623"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLSCA015>
<s n="624"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen <w PRP>to <w NN2>CIS <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Sino-Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="625"><w NP0>Qian <w NP0>Qichen<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>between <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VM0>would <w VVI>visit <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17-19<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Qian<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>era<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="628"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Sino-Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0-NN1>Shokhin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Liu <w NP0>Huaqing<c PUN>, <w NN1>Vice-Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Commission <w CJC>and <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA016></p>
<caption id=HLSCA016>
<s n="629"><w NN1-VVB>Tour <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>by <w NP0>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Other <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="630"><w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Vice-Premier <w CJC>and <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CCP <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Denmark<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden <w CJC>and <w NP0>Norway <w PRP>between <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Zhu<w POS>'s <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>during <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>London <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="631"><w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Kinkel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>minister <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>reunification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="633"><w NP0-NN1>Mircea <w NP0-NN1>Snegur<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>, <w VVD>paid <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6-10<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="634"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="635"><w NP0>HONG <w NP0>KONG
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="636"><w AJ0>Escalating <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>over <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package
</head>
<p>
<s n="637"><w PRP>In view of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hostile <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NP0>Governor <w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>blueprint <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform <w VVN-VVD>outlined <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39143<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>deterioration <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN2>governments <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA017></p>
<caption id=HLSCA017>
<s n="638"><w NN1-NP0>Legco <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package
</caption>
<p>
<s n="639"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intense <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>Legco<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>32 <w PRP>to <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NP0>Patten<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>reform <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w NN1>Legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN2>reforms <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w NP0>Legco <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="641"><w VVB-NN1>Support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>loose <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>liberal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>deputies <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN1>business <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>thwart <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w VVG>insisting <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w AV0>only <w PRP>with <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>Business <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Professional <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VHD>had <w VVN>urged <w NP0>Patten <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w DPS>his <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>reform <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>plans <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>organization <w VHD>had <w AV0>openly <w VVN>backed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>side <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="645"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>Xinhua <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w NP0>Xinhua <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Legco <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>body<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>ran <w NN1-VVB>counter <w PRP>to <w NN2>agreements <w CJC>and <w NN1>understanding <w VVD>reached <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="647"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>vice-director <w PRF>of <w NP0>Xinhua<w POS>'s <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zhang <w NP0-NN1>Junsheng<c PUN>, <w VVD>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NP0>Patten<c PUN>, <w VVG>describing <w PNP>him <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>irrational<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA018></p>
<caption id=HLSCA018>
<s n="648"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>UK <w PRP>by <w NP0>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2-VVZ>Talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong
</caption>
<p>
<s n="649"><w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w NP0-NN1>Rongji<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Vice-Premier <w CJC>and <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>politburo <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15-20 <w PRP>for <w NN1>trade <w NN2>talks <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Zhu<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN1-VVB>tour <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39189-90<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w VVD>used <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w TO0>to <w VVI>advance <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="651"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Zhu <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w DPS>its <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>over <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w NP0>Zhu <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w VVD-VVN>contravened <w AT0>the <w CRD>1984 <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Declaration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>convergence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>colony<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>convergence<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AV0>recently <w VVN-AJ0>published <w NN1>correspondence <w PRP>between <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w NP0>China <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="654"><w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Hurd <w AV0>both <w VVD>emphasized <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Patten<w POS>'s <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package <w PRP>during <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Zhu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Major <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hurd <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NP0>Patten <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w TO0>to <w VVI>assure <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>backing<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA019></p>
<caption id=HLSCA019>
<s n="656"><w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>contracts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="657"><w NP0-NN1>China <w AV0>seriously <w VVD>escalated <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<w POS>'s <w NN1>reversion <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>, <w NN2>leases <w CJC>and <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>without <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Office <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>contrary to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="659"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>threat <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>in response to <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>decisions <w VVN>taken <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>controversial <w UNC>US&dollar;24,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>new <w NN1>airport <w NN1>project<c PUN>.
<s n="660"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>pressing <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>.
<s n="661"><w NN2>Proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>construction <w NN1>contract <w VBD>were <w AV0>therefore <w VVN>placed <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Legco <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>27 <w PRP>to <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>funding <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract <c PUL>(<w AV0>provisionally <w VVN>awarded <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese-led <w NN1>consortium <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w AV0>Just <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guo <w NP0-NN1>Fengmin<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>side <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sino-British <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Liaison <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>JLG<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>suddenly <w CJC>and <w AV0>publicly <w VVD-VVN>raised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>planned <w AJ0>new <w NN1>container <w NN1>terminal <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>JLG<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>threatened <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>China <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>honour <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w NP0-NN1>Guo <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>finance <w NN1>committee <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01A>
<s n="666"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>military <w NN2>exercises
</caption>
<p>
<s n="667"><w AJ0>British <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>exercise <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cancelled<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="668"><w AT0>The <w NN1>exercise <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>scenario <w VVG>involving <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakdown <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Sino-British <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>incursion <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="669"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>commentated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>manoeuvre<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>certain <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>rift<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Sino-British <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="670"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="671"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="672"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN1>dissident <w PRP>from <w NN1>exile <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Arms <w VVB-NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>France
</head>
<p>
<s n="673"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w NP0>Peng <w AJ0>Ming-min<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRP>after <w CRD>22 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>exile <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01B>
<s n="675"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Matsu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chinmen
</caption>
<p>
<s n="676"><w AJ0>Martial <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>offshore <w NN2>islands <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Matsu <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chinmen <c PUL>(<w NP0>Quemoy<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38190 <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NN1>Executive <w NN0>Yuan<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="677"><w AT0>The <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>fortified <w NN2>islands <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>mainland <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>under <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>law <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>Nationalists <w VVD>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>in <w CRD>1949<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01C>
<s n="678"><w NN1>Confirmation <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="679"><w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN2>newspapers <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Taiwan <w VHD>had <w VVN>obtained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long-awaited <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w CRD>60 <w NP0>Mirage <w CRD>2000-5 <w NN1>jet <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w CRD>1,000 <w AJ0>short- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medium-range <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>companies <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;3,800 <w CRD>million <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39095 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>reported <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>deal <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="680"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01D>
<s n="681"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="682"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Taiwan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w AJ0>open <w AJ0-NN1>Cabinet-level <w NN1>meeting <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Japan <w VVD-AJ0>restored <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="683"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVN-VVD>regarded <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Shirley <w NP0>Kuo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w NP0>Taiwan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Koichi <w NP0-NN1>Kato<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>significant<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="684"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>German <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Economics <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w NN1>Vice-Chancellor<c PUR>) <w NP0>J&uuml;rgen <w NP0>M&ouml;llemann <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November<c PUN>.
<s n="685"><w NP0-NN1>M&ouml;llemann<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>minister<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="686"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="687"><w NN1>NORTH-SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="688"><w NN1>Threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w DT0>all <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="689"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w DT0>all <w NN2>channels <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993 <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Team <w NN1>Spirit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0-NN1>military <w NN2>exercises <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="690"><w NN1-VVB>Team <w NN1>Spirit <w CRD>92 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>improving <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months <w NN2>relations <w VHD>had <w VVN>deteriorated <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJ0>unscheduled <w NN1>inspection <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>facilities<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>discovery <w PRP>within <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>spy <w NN1>network <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39141<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NN1>Team <w NN1>Spirit <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NN2>premiers<w POS>' <w NN2>talks <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="692"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="693"><w NP0>NORTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="694"><w NN1>Collapse <w PRF>of <w NN1>normalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan
</head>
<p>
<s n="695"><w AT0>The <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>walked <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>normalization <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>capital <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="696"><w AT0>The <w NN1>walkout <w VBD>was <w VVN>sparked <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1-VVB>demand <w PRP>for <w NN1>information <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>woman <w AV0>allegedly <w VVD-VVN>kidnapped <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>train <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>spies<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>salvage <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>May <w CJC>and <w AV0>originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>abandoned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="698"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="699"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="700"><w NN1>Election <w NN2>developments <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="701"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>winning <w NN1>candidate <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>office <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>term <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="702"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>racked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>defection <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>disapproved <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w CJS>as <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w NN2>signs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>division<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="703"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>grouping <w VVN>formed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hyundai <w NN1>conglomerate <w NN1>founder <w VVD>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w NP0>Yung<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>merge <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Korea <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NKP<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>formed <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39142<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w NN2>defectors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>mainstream<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NP0>DLP <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>succession <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>.
<s n="704"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>NKP <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w CJC>and <w VVG>lacking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>credible <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN2>legislators <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="705"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UPP <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>defector <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="706"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>evening<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother-in-law<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Bok <w NP0>Dong<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>car <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w VVN>taken <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w AJ0>Blue <w NN1>House <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Roh <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>family <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NP0>Kim <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>honour <w DPS>his <w NN1>family<w POS>'s <w NN2>wishes <w CJC>and <w VVB>remain <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
<s n="708"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w NP0>UPP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="709"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>widen <w DPS>its <w NN1>base <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>compacted <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>umbrella <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w AJ0>veteran <w NN1-AJ0>dissident <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VVI>pose <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<w POS>'s <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w NN1>victory<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01E>
<s n="711"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="712"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18-20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="713"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>from <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="714"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>made <w AJ0>clear <w DPS>his <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w CJC>and <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w NN1>East <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w AV0>sharply<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture <w PRF>of <w NN1>friendship <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>returned <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>black <w NN1>box<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>flight <w NN0>data <w NN1>recorder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>airliner <w CRD>KAL-007<c PUN>, <w VVD>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w CRD>1983 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>269 <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w NN1>crew <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39171<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>accords <w VBD>were <w VVN>signed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w PNI-CRD>one <w VVG-AJ0>covering <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w DTQ>which <w VVD>established <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>contact<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="717"><w AV0>Earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roh <w VHD>had <w VVN>attended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>one-day <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kyoto<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>planned <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="718"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="719"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="720"><w AJ0>Fresh <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="721"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>convened <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>budget <w DTQ>which <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>10,700,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;85,900 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stimulation <w NN1>package <w VVD>unveiled <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39049<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w VVD-VVN>stalled <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>November <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w NN1>Discussion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w VVN>obstructed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>compel <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AJ0>key <w NP0>LDP <w VVZ-NN2>figures <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>their <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="723"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>dimension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>August <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w NN1>Shin <w NN1>Kanemaru <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>vice-president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39049-50<c PUR>) <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>revelation <w PRF>of <w NN2>links <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>yakuza<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime <w NN2>syndicates<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w DT0>This <w VVD>related <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w VVN>played <w PRP>by <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime <w PRP>in <w NP0>Noburo <w NP0>Takeshita<w POS>'s <w AJ0>successful <w CRD>1987 <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w VVN>orchestrated <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w AT0>The <w NN2>allegations <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>in connection with <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w NP0>Hiroyasu <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w NP0>Watanabe <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>the <w NN1>assistance <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Susumu <w NP0-NN1>Ishii<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Inagawa-kai <w NN1>crime <w NN1>syndicate<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>putting <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>harassment <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Takeshita <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>obscure <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nihon <w NP0-NN1>Kominto<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="727"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>current <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Nihon <w NP0-NN1>Kominto<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ryumin <w NP0>Oshima<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sworn <w NN1>deposition <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w CRD>5,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>LDP <w NN2-VVZ>figures <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w CRD>3,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>on <w NP0>Kanemaru<w POS>'s <w NN1>behalf <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w DPS>his <w NN1>group<w POS>'s <w NN1>loud-speaker <w VVG-NN1>barracking <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Takeshita<c PUN>.
<s n="728"><w PRP>In <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NP0-NN1>Oshima <w VVD>named <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w DPS>his <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>desist<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w VVN>refused <w NP0-NN1>Ishii <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>his <w NN1>influence <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevail <w PRP>upon <w NP0-NN1>Kominto <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AVP-PRP>off <w DPS>its <w NN1>harassment <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w AT0>The <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w VVN>halted <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="731"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AV0>exactly <w DTQ>what <w NP0-NN1>Ishii <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>or <w VVD-VVN>threatened <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w DT0>this <w NN1>end <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unclear<c PUN>.
<s n="732"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w NP0>Takeshita <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>1989 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Recruit <w NN2>shares-for-favours <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="733"><w AT0>The <w NN1>yakuza <w NN2>revelations <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>District <w NN1>Prosecutor<w POS>'s <w NN1>Office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w NP0>LDP <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>named <w AV0>immediately <w VVD>denied <w VHG>having <w VHN>had <w DT0>any <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nihon <w NP0-NN1>Kominto<c PUN>.
<s n="734"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AV0>public <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN1>libel <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>against <w AV0>both <w NP0>Oshima <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>prosecutors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Watanabe <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
<s n="735"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>outcry <w PRP>over <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DT0>this <w NN1>threat <w AV0>almost <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01F>
<s n="736"><w NN1>Testimony <w PRF>of <w NP0>Takeshita <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru
</caption>
<p>
<s n="737"><w AT0>The <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w TO0>to <w VVI>subside<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>disgust <w PRP>over <w AJ0>lenient <w NN1>treatment <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prosecuting <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1>march <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Tokyo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="738"><w AT0>The <w NN2>marchers <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>reform <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="739"><w AJ0>Growing <w NN1>pressure <w AV0>both <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w CJC>and <w AV0>outside <w VVD>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>abandon <w DPS>its <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>close<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w AT0>The <w NP0>LDP <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVB-NN1>demand <w CJT>that <w NP0>Takeshita<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w CJC>and <w NP0>Watanabe <w VVB>testify <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>their <w NN1>knowledge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="741"><w DT0>This <w NN1>decision <w VVD>cleared <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w VVG>proceeding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="742"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>testifying <w VVD-VVN>approached<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w VVD>followed <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>well-established <w AJ0>modern <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>custom <w PRP>by <w VVG>admitting <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>.
<s n="743"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>explained <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>needed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>operation <w TO0>to <w VVI>treat <w NN1>glaucoma <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w NN1>diabetes<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>for <w PRP>around <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w AV0>thus <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="745"><w AJ0>Undeterred<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBB>be <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="746"><w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w CRD>two <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sworn <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VHN>had <w DT0>any <w NN2>dealings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="747"><w PNP>He <w VVD>acknowledged <w VVG>asking <w NP0-NN1>Watanabe <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>silence <w NP0-NN1>Nihon <w NP0-NN1>Kominto<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no <w NN1>recollection <w PRF>of <w PNI>anything <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w NN1>problem<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="748"><w VVN>Pressed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>, <w NP0>Takeshita <w VVD>stated<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>If <w PNP>I <w VVB>quit<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w CJT>that<c PUN>&hellip; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NN2>gangsters<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VDI>do <w DT0>this<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="750"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NP0-NN1>Watanabe <w VBD>was <w VVN>interviewed <w CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sworn <w NN1>witness <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tokyo <w NN1>Detention <w NN1>Centre <w PRP>by <w CRD>seven <w NN1-VVB>budget <w NN1>committee <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="751"><w PNP>He <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>answer <w NN2>questions<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>upon <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>currently <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="752"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>sworn <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Odawara <w AJ0>Municipal <w NN1>Hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kanagawa <w NN1>Prefecture<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Ishii <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>instrumental <w PRP>in <w VVG>halting <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nihon <w NP0-NN1>Kominto<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Takeshita<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="753"><w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VVN>learned <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NN2>Inagawa-kai <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NP0>Watanabe <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>stated <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1987 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w AJ0-NN1>Ishii <w TO0>to <w VVI>suppress <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Nihon <w NP0-NN1>Kiminto <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="754"><w CJS>When <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Takeshita <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>present<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>too <w AJ0>drunk <w TO0>to <w VVI>remember <w PNI>anything <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="755"><w PRP>As for <w AT0>the <w CRD>500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>illicit <w AJ0>political <w NN2>donations <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>acknowledged <w VHG>having <w VVN>received <w PRP>from <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>remember <w PRP>to <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>distributed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Masahisa <w NP0>Haibara<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>directly <w VVN>received <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w PRP>from <w NP0>Watanabe<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>questioned <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="756"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>Diet <w NN2>members <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>testimony <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NP0>Takeshita <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Kanemaru <w CJS>as <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>inadequate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="757"><w AT0>An <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Upper <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w NP0>Masaru <w NP0>Urata<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>accused <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>perjured <w PNX>himself <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>threats <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VBD>was <w VVN>united <w PRP>in <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>from <w NP0>Haibara <w CJC>and <w NP0>Urata <w CJC>and <w VVD>seemed <w AJ0-VVN>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>from <w AJ0>public <w NN1>life<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01G>
<s n="759"><w NN1>Intensification <w PRF>of <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w NP0>Takeshita <w NN1>faction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="760"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>grouping <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vital <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa<c PUN>.
<s n="761"><w VVG>Following <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>party <w NN1>vice-president <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>enforced <w NN1>retirement <w PRP>from <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>steady <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>antagonism <w CJC>and <w NN1>animosity <w PRP>between <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Keizo <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>faction <w NN1>member <w NP0>Ichiro <w NP0>Ozawa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="762"><w NN2>Suggestions <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>split <w VBD>was <w AV0>in part <w AT0>a <w AJ0>generational <w NN1>conflict <w VBD>were <w VVN>reinforced <w PRP>by <w NN2>figures <w DTQ>which <w VVD>indicated <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w CRD>109 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>19 <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w NN2>members <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>younger <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w CRD>42 <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Councillors<c PUN>.
<s n="763"><w AT0>A<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>study <w NN1>group<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>effectively <w AT0>a <w NN1>faction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ozawa <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>mentor<c PUN>, <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Tsutomu <w NP0>Hata<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w CRD>36 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w DT0>This <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>support<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>stipulation <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Obuchi <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w VBD>was <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVD>fuelled <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w NP0>Hata <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AV0>either <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>faction <w CJC>or <w AV0>even<c PUN>, <w PRP>in conjunction with <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="765"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="766"><w AJ0>TURKIC <w NN2>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="767"><w NP0>Ankara <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="768"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Turkic <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>states <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w VVN>hosted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal<c PUN>.
<s n="769"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>President <w NP0>&Ouml;zal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>beyond <w AJ0>existing <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>agreements<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="770"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>pledging <w AJC>closer <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AV0>annually <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>future<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="771"><w NP0>Turkey <w VHD>had <w VVN>hoped <w PRP>for <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN2>customs <w NN2>barriers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>infrastructure <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN1>labour <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>sought <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w NN2>pipelines <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1>gas <w PRP>to <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>via <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>ultimately <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>intent <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
<s n="773"><w PRP>According to <w UNC>Le <w UNC>Monde<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1>League<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>jeopardize <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w NN1>Kazakh <w NP0>President <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>groupings <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>ethnic <w CJC>or <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>foundations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="775"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="776"><w NP0>TAJIKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="777"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Ceasefire <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="778"><w AJ0>Acting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Akbarsho <w NP0>Iskandarov <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w CJS>as <w AJ0>pro-communist <w NN2>militias <w VVN-VVD>laid <w NN1>siege <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dushanbe <w CJC>and <w VVN>occupied <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="779"><w NP0>Iskandarov<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w VVN>survived <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>by <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rakhmon <w NP0>Nabiyev<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>removal <w PRP>from <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVD>sparked <w AVP>off <w AT0>a <w AJ0>smouldering <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39097-98<c PUN>; <w CRD>39147<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iskandarov <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>resigning <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="782"><w NP0>Mukhriddin <w NP0>Ashurov<c PUN>, <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="783"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>refugees <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dushanbe <w PRP>from <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w VVG>causing <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>shortages <w PRF>of <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>food<c PUN>.
<s n="784"><w NN2>Blockades <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>by <w AJ0>pro-communist <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>prevented <w NN1>food <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>from <w VVG>getting <w AVP>through <w PRP>for <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="785"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>militias<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w VVG>backing <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>towns <w AV0>only <w CRD>40 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="786"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khojand<c PUN>, <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>turmoil <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>, <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iskandarov <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="787"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVN>elected <w PRP>during <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>rule<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>elected <w NP0>Imoli <w NP0>Rakhmanov<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist <w CJC>and <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>committee <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1-NP0>Kulyab <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>de facto <w NN1>president<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w NP0>Rakhmanov <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="789"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>in <w NN1>chaos <w CJS>as <w NN2>deputies <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w AT0>an <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="790"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Abdulmalik <w NP0>Abdullodzhanov<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>influential <w NN1>figure <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tajikistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>north<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w NP0>Rakhmanov <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>to <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>factions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="792"><w AT0>A <w NN1>ceasefire <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>duration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>reports <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>massacre <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tursunzadevsky <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>.
<s n="793"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>refugees <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurgan-Tyube <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>pro- <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti- <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="794"><w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>Radio <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>reported <w AT0>a <w NN1>tank <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Yavansky <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>stranded <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="795"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament <w AV0>also <w VVN>resolved <w TO0>to <w VVI>exempt <w NN0>people <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>Day <w PRF>of <w NN1>Peace<c PUN>.
<s n="797"><w AJ0>Communist <w NN2>militias <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>the <w NN1>blockade <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dushanbe <w CJC>and <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kurgan-Tyube <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="798"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VVD>defended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>strikes <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>rallies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN1>surrender <w PRF>of <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD>reported <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01H>
<s n="800"><w NN1>Murder <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w NN1>official
</caption>
<p>
<s n="801"><w VVB>Jurabek <w NP0>Aminov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>effective <w CJC>and <w AJ0>articulate <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w DPS>his <w NN1>car <w VBD>was <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w VVG>using <w AT0>a <w NN1>grenade <w NN1>launcher <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>assault <w NN2>rifles<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="802"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="803"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="804"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>fighting
</head>
<p>
<s n="805"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>rival <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN2>factions <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>during <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w PRP>Throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>warlord<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="807"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>fighters <w VVN>affiliated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Iranian-backed <c PUL>(<w NP0>Shia<c PUR>) <w NP0>Hezb-i-Wahdat <w NN1>faction <w VBD>were <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w AJ0>bloody <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Masud<c PUN>.
<s n="808"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>sustained <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="809"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khan <w NP0>Aqa<c PUN>, <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="810"><w AJ0>Hectic <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>activity <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NP0>mid-December <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39146<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="811"><w NP0>Pakistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w AV0>both <w VVN-VVD>played <w AJ0>important <w NN2>roles <w PRP>in <w AJ0>secret <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Dostam <w VVG>visiting <w DT0>both <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Turki <w NP0>al-Faisal<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>intelligence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01J>
<s n="812"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="813"><w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0-NN1>Vellayati<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="814"><w PRP>During <w NN1-AJ0>ministerial-level <w VVZ-NN2>talks <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w AT0>A <w NN1>planeeload <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w VVD>accompanied <w NP0-NN1>Vellayati <w PRP>to <w NP0>Afghanistan <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>93rd <w PRP>since <w NP0>April<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Afghan <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01K>
<s n="817"><w NN1>Admission <w PRP>to <w NP0>ECO
</caption>
<p>
<s n="818"><w NP0>Afghanistan <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>new <w NN2>states <w VVN-VVD>admitted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECO<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="819"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="820"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="821"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>protest <w NN1>march
</head>
<p>
<s n="822"><w AT0>A <w NN1>confrontation <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>head <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Benazir <w NP0>Bhutto<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PPP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDA<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>.
<s n="823"><w NP0>Bhutto<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>tear-gassed <w CJS>as <w PNP>she <w VVD>led <w AT0>a <w NN1>march <w PRP>from <w NP0>Rawalpindi <w PRP>to <w NP0>Islamabad <w VVG-AJ0>demanding <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>banned <w PRP>from <w NP0>Islamabad <w PRP>for <w VVG>defying <w AT0>an <w NN1>order <w VVG>preventing <w PNP>her <w PRP>from <w VVG>staging <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Parliament <w NP0>Square<c PUN>.
<s n="824"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>order <w VVG>restricting <w PNP>her <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Karachi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bhutto <w VVD>vowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she <w VVD>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>her<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Long <w NP0>March<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NP0>Islamabad <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w DTQ>which <w VVD-AJ0>revived <w NN2>fears <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>political <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="825"><w NP0>Bhutto <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sharif <w NN1>government <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>illegal<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>product <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rigged <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37763<c PUN>; <w CRD>38102<c PUN>; <w CRD>38393<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w DPS>Her <w NN2>claims <w VBD>were <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDA<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39054<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>including <w NP0>Ghulam <w NP0>Mustapha <w NP0-NN1>Jatoi <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>interim <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bhutto<w POS>'s <w NN1>dismissal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37652<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="827"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w NN2>protestors <w VVG>centring <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>activists <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>disturbances <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NN1>West <w NN1>Frontier <w NN1>Province<c PUN>.
<s n="829"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w CRD>1,900<c PUN>; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PPP <w PRP>at <w CRD>27,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>press <w PRP>at <w AV0>about <w CRD>15,000<c PUN>.
<s n="830"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Lahore <w NP0>Bhutto<w POS>'s <w NN1>mother <w NP0-NN1>Nusrat <w NP0>Bhutto <w VBD>was <w AJ0>tear-gassed <w CJC>and <w VVN>detained <w AV0>incommunicado <w PRP>until <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="831"><w DT0>Many <w NN1-NP0>PDA <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NP0>PPP <w NN1>official<c PUN>, <w NP0>Salman <w NP0>Taseer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>tortured<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="832"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>Bhutto<w POS>'s <w NN1>protest <w NN1>march <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>open <w NN1>rebellion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>security <w NN1-VVB>cordon <w PRP>around <w NP0>Islamabad<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w NN2>Bridges <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>blown <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w NN2>roads <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w VVN-VVD>blocked <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN1>march<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w AJ0>State-controlled <w NN1>television <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>protest<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VVN>fizzled <w AVP>out <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN0>people <w VVD>dissociated <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>politics <w PRF>of <w NN1>disruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>violence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVG-NN1>stoning <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>tear-gassing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lahore <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>caused <w NN1-VVB>inconvenience<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="835"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Sharif<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>encouraged <w PRP>by <w VVG>flagging <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bhutto<w POS>'s <w NN1>march<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>hinted <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w AVQ>whereby <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>board <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w PRP>in <w NP0>Karachi <w VVD>bound <w PRP>for <w NP0>Rawalpindi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>engage <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>political <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>peaceful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>offered <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bhutto <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>agitation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="837"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w NP0>Libya<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamer <w NP0>al <w NP0>Kadhafi<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>savage <w NN2>practices<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Pakistani <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w VVG>breaking <w AVP>up <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01L>
<s n="838"><w AJ0>Mass <w NN2>executions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="839"><w CRD>Eleven <w AJ0>convicted <w NN2>murderers <w VBD>were <w VVN>hanged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>execution <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="840"><w AT0>The <w NN2>hangings<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Punjab <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w NN2>sentences <w VVD-VVN>handed <w AVP>down <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>speedy <w NN2>courts<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>created <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w AJ0>wealthy <w NN2>families <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38338<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01M>
<s n="841"><w NN1>Passing <w PRF>of <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w NN1>blasphemy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="842"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Pakistan <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>filed <w AT0>a <w NN1>suit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lahore <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w AJ0-VVG>appealing <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>sentence <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Gil <w NP0>Masih<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>Christian <w AJ0-VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>defiling <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prophet <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sentence <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w PRP>under <w AT0>an <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>law <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty <w AJ0>mandatory <w PRP>for <w NN1>blasphemy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38393<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="844"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Multan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Punjab<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>thrown <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>case <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w AJ0>militant <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>groups <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>social <w NN1>activist <w NP0-NN1>Akhtar <w NP0>Hameed <w NP0>Khan <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>blasphemy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01N>
<s n="845"><w NP0>Indo-Pakistan <w NN2-VVZ>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="846"><w AT0>The <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>at <w NN1>defence <w NN1>secretary <w NN1>level <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>tension <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>72-km <w NP0>Siachen <w NP0-NN1>Glacier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2-4 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36736<c PUN>; <w CRD>38153<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="847"><w NN2>Hopes <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>breakthrough<c PUN>, <w VVN>fuelled <w PRP>by <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>fields<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>proved<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>premature<c PUN>.
<s n="848"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VVN>ended<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w AJ0>forward <w NN1>movement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>side <w VHD>had <w VVN>introduced <w NN2>preconditions<c PUN>&hellip; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DT0>that<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>went <w PRP>beyond <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36736<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>Indian <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w VVN>objected <w PRP>to <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>demand <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Saltoro <w NN1>Range<c PUN>, <w VVG>running <w PRP>from <w NP0>NJ <w CRD>9842 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Shaksgam <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Pakistan-occupied <w NP0>Kashmir <w VVD>ceded <w PRP>to <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>line <w PRF>of <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>insisted <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w VM0>should <w VVI>revert <w PRP>to <w NN2>positions <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1971 <w CJS>as <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Simla <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>25432-33<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="851"><w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w NP0>India <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-6 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Creek <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>demarcation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>maritime <w NN2>boundaries <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Great <w NN1>Rann <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kutch <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38153<c PUN>; <w CRD>38533<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>discussions <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>detailed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>useful<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="853"><w AJ0>Indian <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJC>greater <w NN1>progress <w VHD>had <w VVN>stemmed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>complexity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01P>
<s n="854"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>China
</caption>
<p>
<s n="855"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>border <w NN1>trade <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VBD>was <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pakistan <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Sartaj <w NP0>Aziz <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>trade <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15-19<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="856"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="857"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="858"><w AJ0>All-party <w NN1>mediation <w PRP>over <w NP0>Ayodhya <w NN1-VVB>dispute <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>job <w NN2>reservations
</head>
<p>
<s n="859"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>organizations <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>auspices <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Integration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38866<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w DPS>their <w NN1>backing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w NN1>court <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>barring <w NN1>construction <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w AJ0-NN1>Babri <w NN1>mosque <w NN1>site <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ayodhya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>militants <w VVD-VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>temple <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38532<c PUN>; <w CRD>38682<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="860"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>; <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>opposition <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Vishwa <w AJ0>Hindu <w NP0-NN1>Parishad <c PUL>(<w NP0>VHP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="861"><w AJ0>Tripartite <w NN2>talks <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>VHP <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>All-India <w NP0>Babri <w NP0>Masjid <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>AIBMAC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8-10 <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w AV0>acrimoniously<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w NP0>VHP <w NN2>leaders <w VHD>had <w VVN>reaffirmed <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unilateral<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>call <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>building <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>temple <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1-NP0>Ayodhya <w NN1>site<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>executive<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Bhubaneswar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Orissa<c PUN>, <w VVD>backed <w AT0>the <w NP0>VHP<w POS>'s <w NN1>call<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>risk <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>.
<s n="863"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w AV0>both <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>defied <w NN1>court <w NN2>orders <w VVG>preventing <w NN1>construction <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39008<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="864"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w NN1>government <w VVD>gave <w AT0>an <w NN1>assurance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>kar <w NN1>seva <c PUL>(<w AJ0>voluntary <w NN1>service <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w NN1>temple<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya <w VVD-VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>symbolic <w NN1>gesture <w VVG>entailing <w AT0>no <w NN1>construction <w NN1>activity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01R>
<s n="865"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>job <w NN1>reservation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="866"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>V. <w NP0>P. <w NP0>Singh <w VVG-AJ0>reserving <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>for <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN2>castes <w CJC>but <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>reservation <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37653<c PUN>; <w CRD>37710-11<c PUN>; <w CRD>37774<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><c PUL>(<w AJC>Lower <w NN2>castes <w AV0>already <w VHD>had <w VVN>guaranteed <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w CRD>22 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>government <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="868"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD-VVN>extended <w NN1>job <w NN1>reservation <w PRP>to <w AJ0>underprivileged <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sanction <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>government <w VVG>setting <w AV0>aside <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>posts <w PRP>for <w AJC>poorer <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN2>castes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="869"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w AV0>largely <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>its <w NN1>job <w NN1>reservation <w NN1>policy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37854<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>as <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>suppressed <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>humiliated <w PRP>for <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>years<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01S>
<s n="870"><w NP0>Union <w NP0-NN1>Carbide <w NN1>hearing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="871"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Bureau <w PRF>of <w NN1>Investigation <c PUL>(<w NP0>CBI<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w VVG-NN1>hearing <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Union <w NP0-NN1>Carbide<c PUN>, <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bhopal <w NN1>gas <w NN1>disaster <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CRD>1984 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>33647-48<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>subsidiary <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>control <w CJC>and <w VVB>adopt <w AJ0>adequate <w NN1>safety <w NN2>measures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01T>
<s n="872"><w NN1>Banking <w NN1>scandal <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="873"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>G. <w NP0>Ramaswamy <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w AT0>a <w UNC>Rs150,000 <w AJ0>unsecured <w NN1>overdraft <w NN1>facility <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Standard <w AJ0-VVD>Chartered<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>bank <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bombay <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39145<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="874"><w NP0>Ramaswamy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>figure <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39008<c PUN>; <w CRD>39053<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>by <w NP0>Milon <w NP0>Kumar <w NP0-NN1>Banerjee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="875"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>bank <w NN1-NP0>ANZ <w NN2-VVZ>Grindlays <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVD>admitted <w PRP>to <w VHG>having <w VVN>breached <w NN1>banking <w NN2>regulations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>Rs5,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Housing <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>NHB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN1>subsidiary<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AJ0>disputed <w NN2>transactions <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>securities <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w NP0>NHB <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w AT0>the <w NN2>funds <w TO0>to <w VVI>ANZ <w CJS>if <w AT0>an <w NN1>arbitration <w NN1>panel <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>favour<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01U>
<s n="877"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="878"><w AT0>The <w AV0>newly <w VVN>formed <w NP0>Samajwadi <w NN1>Party <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0>Mulayam <w NP0>Singh <w NP0-NN1>Yadav <w PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>convention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lucknow<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01V><ptr target=HLSCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01V>
<s n="879"><w NN1>Economy
</caption>
<caption id=HLSCA01W>
<s n="880"><w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN2>strikes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="881"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>250,000 <w NN2>workers <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>against <w NN1>government <w NN2>incentives <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39099<c PUN>; <w CRD>39145<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w VVG>opposing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38682<c PUN>; <w CRD>38727<c PUN>; <w CRD>38967<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="883"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>rushed <w PRP>through <w AJ0>new <w NN1>capital <w NN1>market <w NN2>reforms <w VVG>banning <w NN1>insider <w NN1-VVG>trading <w PRP>in <w NN2>stocks <w CJC>and <w NN2>shares <w PRP>amid <w NN2>indications <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w VVD>granted <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>invest <w AV0>directly <w PRP>in <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market <w NN2>operations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39099<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deterred <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN2>mechanisms<c PUN>.
<s n="884"><w AV0>Earlier <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w NN2>amendments <w VVG>codifying <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>regulations <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>repatriate <w NN2>profits<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="885"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AJ0>rising <w NN2>prices <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>for <w NN1>petrol <w CJC>and <w NN2>fertilizers <w VHD>had <w VVN>evoked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>patchy <w NN1>response <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w CJS>except <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w NP0>Madhya <w NP0>Pradesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rajasthan<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="886"><w AJ0>Official <w NN2>figures <w VVD>showed <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>petroleum <w NN2>prices <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39099<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VVN>pushed <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>10.03 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w VVG-NN1>ending <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AVP>up <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>low <w PRF>of <w CRD>8.8 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39145<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="887"><w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRP>to <w NP0>September <w VBD>was <w UNC>US&dollar;2,620 <w CRD>million <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w UNC>US&dollar;1,020 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="888"><w NN2>Exports <w VBD>were <w UNC>US&dollar;8,550 <w CRD>million <w PRP>against <w UNC>US&dollar;8,110 <w CRD>million <w CJS>while <w NN2>imports <w VVD>rose <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;11,170 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;9,130 <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01X>
<s n="889"><w NN1>Decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>Narmada <w NP0>River <w NN1>project
</caption>
<p>
<s n="890"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w VVG>funding <w AT0>the <w NP0>Narmada <w NP0>River <w NN1>project <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38967<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w VHD>had <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN>suspended <w NN1>funding <w PRP>after <w NN2>protests <w PRP>by <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>groups<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA01Y><ptr target=HLSCA020></p>
<caption id=HLSCA01Y>
<s n="892"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<caption id=HLSCA020>
<s n="893"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="894"><w AJ0>Senior <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>officers <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>counterparts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w AJ0>Unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w CRD>20 <w CRD>MiG-29 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>India <w VVI>install <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>squadron <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA021></p>
<caption id=HLSCA021>
<s n="896"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="897"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w NN1>education <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Resources <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Arjun <w NP0>Singh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="898"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w VVG>setting <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN1-VVB>network <w PRP>for <w AJ0>high <w NN1>speed <w NN1>software <w NN0>data <w NN1>transmission <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="899"><w NN1-VVB>Transport <w NN2>agreements <w VBD>were <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0-NN1>Vellayati <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9-11<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA022></p>
<caption id=HLSCA022>
<s n="900"><w NP0>States <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="901"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Karnataka<c PUN>, <w NP0>S. <w NP0>Bangarappa<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>over <w DT0>several <w NN2>months<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>state <w NN1>Education <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Veerappa <w NP0>Moily<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="902"><w CRD>Seven <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>police <w VVN-VVD>fired <w PRP>on <w NN2>protesters <w PRP>in <w NN1>West <w NP0>Bengal <w VVG-NN1>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bangladesh <w AV0>officially <w VVN>estimated <w TO0>to <w VVI>total <w CRD>100,000<c PUN>.
<s n="903"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Resources <w NN1>Development <w NP0>Mamta <w NP0>Banerjee <w VVD>announced <w DPS>her <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>killings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="904"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>175 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w CJS>after <w AJ0>torrential <w NN2>rainstorms <w VVD>hit <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kerala <w CJC>and <w NP0>Madhya <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="905"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>outlawed <w NN1>Bodo <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSF <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36694<c PUN>; <w CRD>36851<c PUN>; <w CRD>37348<c PUR>) <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>homeland <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bodo <w NN1>tribe<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>blamed <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN2>explosions <w DTQ>which <w VVD>killed <w CRD>40 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Guwahati<c PUN>, <w NP0>Assam<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="906"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="907"><w NP0>SRI <w NP0>LANKA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="908"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NN1>navy <w NN1>chief
</head>
<p>
<s n="909"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>Commander-in-Chief<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vice-Adml<c PUN>.
<s n="910"><w NP0>Clancy <w NP0>Fernando <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Colombo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>suicide <w NN1>bomber<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>Liberation <w NN2>Tigers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tamil <w NP0>Eelam <c PUL>(<w NP0>LTTE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>activated <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w PRP>by <w VVG>crashing <w DPS>his <w NN1>motorcycle <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>admiral<w POS>'s <w NN1>car<c PUN>.
<s n="911"><w CRD>Three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>admiral<w POS>'s <w NN2>aides<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w NN1>bomber<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="912"><w NP0>Fernando<c PUN>, <w CRD>52<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>sea <w NN1>war <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Tamil <w NN2>flotillas <w VVG-AJ0>running <w NN2>arms <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>from <w NP0>India<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest-ranking <w NN1>officer <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>assassinated <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>assaults <w PRP>against <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>.
<s n="913"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>ambushed <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>LTTE <w NN2>rebels <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39053<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Ranjan <w NP0>Wijeratne <w VVD>died <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38103<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="914"><w PRP>Among <w CRD>43 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w NN1>LTTE <w NN1-VVB>ambush <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>district <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Amparai <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w VBD>were <w CRD>23 <w NN2>servicemen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="915"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deteriorating <w NN1>situation <w PRP>by <w VVG>invoking <w AJ0>new <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>measures <w VVG>requiring <w DT0>all <w NN2>householders <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>guests <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA023></p>
<caption id=HLSCA023>
<s n="916"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="917"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w NN1>Survey <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w AJ0-VVD>published <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>loan <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>SDR112,000,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;164,000,000<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>tranche <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w UNC>SDR336,000,000 <w AJ0-VVN>enhanced <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>adjustment <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>ESAF<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Sri <w NP0>Lanka<w POS>'s <w AJ0>medium-term <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="918"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="919"><w NP0>BANGLADESH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="920"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>strike <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>CHT <w NN1>autonomy
</head>
<p>
<s n="921"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Awami <w NN1>League <w VVN>called <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w VVG>demanding <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gholam <w NP0-NN1>Azam<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami <w NP0>Bangladesh<c PUN>.
<s n="922"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>tribunal <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w NN1-NP0>Azam <w PRP>for <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>committed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1971 <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38967<c PUN>; <w CRD>39007<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="923"><w CRD>Hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN1>riot <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w VVD-VVN>clashed <w PRP>with <w NN2>students <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>against <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w VVG>cheating <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>final <w NN2>exams<c PUN>.
<s n="924"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>a <w NN1>law <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w NN2>schoolchildren <w AV0>as <w AJ0>young <w CJS>as <w CRD>14 <w AJ0-VVD>caught <w NN1-VVG>cheating <w VVD-VVN>faced <w CRD>5 <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="925"><w DT0>Any <w NN1>teacher <w VVD>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>leaking <w NN1>examination <w NN2>questions <w VVD>faced <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>penalty<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA024></p>
<caption id=HLSCA024>
<s n="926"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>CHT <w NN1>autonomy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="927"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outlawed <w AJ0-NN1>Shanti <w NN1>Bahini <w VVG>seeking <w AJC>greater <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chittagong <w NP0>Hill <w NN2>Tracts <c PUL>(<w NP0>CHT<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economist <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="928"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVD>offered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>solution <w PRP>after <w CRD>19 <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>inhabited <w PRP>by <w AJ0>tribal <w NN0>people <c PUL>(<w AV0>mainly <w VVG>practising <w AT0>the <w NN1>Buddhist<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Christian <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>religions<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="929"><w AJ0>Limited <w NN1>autonomy <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>CHT <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38289<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>peace <w NN2>efforts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1989 <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w VVD-AJ0>elected <w NP0>CHT <w NN1>district <w NN2>councils <w PRP>with <w AJ0>restricted <w NN2>powers <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36524<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA025></p>
<caption id=HLSCA025>
<s n="930"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="931"><w AT0>A <w NN1>protocol <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Armenia <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yerevan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="932"><w NP0>China <w VVD>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>mediate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>repatriation <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>to <w NP0>Myanma <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38815-16<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>during <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dhaka <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Mustafizur <w NP0>Rahman <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Vice-Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0-NN1>Xu <w NP0-NN1>Dunxin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3-5<c PUN>.
<s n="933"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Joint <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN2>Experts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>India <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>sharing <w NN1>river <w VVZ-NN2>waters <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38913<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="934"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="935"><w NP0>THAILAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="936"><w VVG>Upholding <w PRF>of <w NN1>amnesty
</head>
<p>
<s n="937"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Tribunal <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>amnesty <w NN1-VVB>decree <w VVG>protecting <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bloody <w NN1>suppression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bangkok <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38894-95<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="938"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tribunal<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>convened <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <w VVD>voted <w AV0>unanimously <w TO0>to <w VVI>revoke <w AT0>the <w NN1>amnesty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39145<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>order <w NN2>trials <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>crackdown<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="939"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>44 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>crackdown <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>180 <w NN0>people <w VVD>remained <w VVG-AJ0>missing<c PUN>.
<s n="940"><w AJ0>Pro-democracy <w NN2>groups <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AV0>secretly <w VVN>buried <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA026></p>
<caption id=HLSCA026>
<s n="941"><w AJ0>New <w VVZ-NN2>curbs <w PRP>on <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces
</caption>
<p>
<s n="942"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w TO0>to <w VVI>annul <w AT0>the <w CRD>1976 <w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0-NN1>Peacekeeping <w NN1>Act <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w PRP>with <w AJ0>enormous <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>unrest<c PUN>.
<s n="943"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>government <w NN1>approval <w PRP>before <w VVG>acting <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w NN1>disturbance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="944"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN-VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>military<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>fund<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>between <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="945"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>fund<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>constituted <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>defence <w NN1>budget<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA027></p>
<caption id=HLSCA027>
<s n="946"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Manoon <w NP0-NN1>Rupkachorn
</caption>
<p>
<s n="947"><w NP0-NN1>Manoon <w NP0-NN1>Rupkachorn<c PUN>,<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w DT0>former <w NN1>major-general <w PNQ>who <w VVD>led <w CRD>two <w AJ0>abortive <w NN1>coup <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thailand <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>after <w VVG>spending <w AV0>almost <w CRD>21 <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile<c PUN>.
<s n="948"><w NN1-NP0>Manoon <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>surrendered <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>among <w AJ0>other <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>, <w NN1>conspiracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>assassinate <w NP0>Queen <w NP0>Sirikit <w PRP>in <w CRD>1982<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="949"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>plot <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Manoon <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>cited <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>justification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>military <w PRP>for <w VVG>staging <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38004<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP>after <w DTQ>which <w NP0-NN1>Manoon <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA028></p>
<caption id=HLSCA028>
<s n="950"><w NN2-VVZ>Moves <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w NN1>child <w NN1>prostitution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="951"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-AJ0>Chuan <w NN1-NP0>Leekpai <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w NN1>child <w NN1>prostitution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="952"><w PNP>He <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w NN1>call <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high-level <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants<c PUN>, <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>a <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVB-NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NN1>prostitution <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NN2>demands <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>brothels <w AV0>nationwide<c PUN>.
<s n="953"><w AT0>The <w NN1>House <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>panel <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w NN1>child <w NN1>prostitution <w CJC>and <w AJ0>forced <w NN1>adult <w NN1>prostitution<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="954"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="955"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="956"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane
</head>
<p>
<s n="957"><w VVB>Kaysone <w NP0>Phomvihane<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>72<c PUN>.
<s n="958"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w NN1-NP0>Kaysone <w VBD>was <w NN1>state <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Lao <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LPRP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVD-VVN>held <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AV0>most <w AJ0>powerful <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Laos<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="959"><w VVN>Born <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1-NP0>Lao <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Savannakhet <w PRP>in <w CRD>1922<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kaysone <w VBD>was <w VVN>sent <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN1>father <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1940s <w TO0>to <w VVI>study <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>became <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>anti-French <w NN1>struggle<c PUN>.
<s n="960"><w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh<w POS>'s <w NP0>Viet <w NP0>Minh <w VVD>sent <w PNP>him <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Laos <w PRP>in <w CRD>1945 <w TO0>to <w VVI>liaise <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lao <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="961"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>subsequently <w CJS>as <w NN1>commander-in-chief<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Souphanouvong<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Pathet <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN1>resistance <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>1950<c PUN>.
<s n="962"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>years <w AV0>later <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>forerunner <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LPRP<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>founded <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Kaysone <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="963"><w PNP>He <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vientiane <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Laos<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1950s<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pathet <w NP0>Lao <w NN1>territory <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUN>.
<s n="964"><w PNP>He <w VVD>served <w AV0>as <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w PRP>from <w CRD>1975 <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>state <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w VVN-VVD>endowed <w PRP>with <w AJ0>new <w NN2>powers <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>recently <w VVN>promulgated <w NN1>Constitution <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38390-91<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="965"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>from <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>president<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LPRP <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>congress <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38150<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA029></p>
<caption id=HLSCA029>
<s n="966"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="967"><w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Khamtay <w NP0>Siphandon<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LPRP <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="968"><w VVB>Nouhak <w NP0-NN1>Phoumsavan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w CJS>after <w NP0>Kaysone<w POS>'s <w NN1>death <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest-ranking <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LPRP <w NN1>politburo<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>state <w NN1>President <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="969"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="970"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="971"><w NN1>Imposition <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges
</head>
<p>
<s n="972"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>regions <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>.
<s n="973"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w VVD>passed <w CRD>14-0 <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w VVG-NN1>abstaining<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w AV0>fully <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>UN <w NN1>peace <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
<s n="974"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>established <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>deadline <w PRP>for <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39143<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="975"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>UN <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>oil <w NN2>supplies <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>timber <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>from<c PUN>, <w NN2>territories <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges<c PUN>.
<s n="976"><w PNP>It <w VVD>threatened <w PRP>to <w NN1>embargo <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cambodia<w POS>'s <w NN2>gems <w CJC>and <w NN2>minerals <w PRP>from <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>areas <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>freeze <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>assets <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="977"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>also <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>exclude <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NN1>voter <w NN1>registration <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>areas <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="978"><w PNP>It <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w VVG>preparing <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CJC>or <w PRP>without <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>participation<c PUN>.
<s n="979"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02A>
<s n="980"><w NN1>Failure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Beijing <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="981"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN2>factions <w VVN>represented <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>all-party <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7-8 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>last-ditch <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>from <w AJ0>virtual <w NN1>collapse<c PUN>.
<s n="982"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <w NN1>agreement <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="983"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Beijing <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>co-ordinator <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>UNTAC<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yasushi <w NP0-NN1>Akashi<c PUN>, <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Indonesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <c PUL>(<w NN2>co-chairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02B>
<s n="984"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="985"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cambodian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CNUP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>designated <w PNX>themselves <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Kampuchea<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="987"><w NP0-NN1>Khieu <w NP0>Samphan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Son <w NP0>Sen <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>SNC<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>vice-chair <w AV0>respectively <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>CNUP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>fundamental <w AJ0>political <w NN1>programme<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>pledged<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w CJC>and <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>regime<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>liberal <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>system<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="988"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w AJ0>national <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>including <w DT0>those <w NN2>Cambodians <w PNQ>who <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>categories <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>aggressors<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="989"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="990"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="991"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>lending
</head>
<p>
<s n="992"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w AJ0>concessional <w NN1>loan <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w DTQ>which <w VVD>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>14-year <w NN1-VVB>freeze <w PRP>on <w AJ0>official <w NN1>development <w NN1>assistance <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>following <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w CRD>1978 <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia<c PUN>.
<s n="993"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>lending <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39144<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="994"><w AT0>The <w NN1>loan<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w CRD>45,500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;380 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>repayable <w AV0>over <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>fund <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN1>development <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
<s n="995"><w NP0>Vietnam <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>repaid <w NN2>arrears <w PRP>on <w AJ0>official <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN2>loans <w VVN-VVD>extended <w PRP>prior to <w CRD>1979<c PUN>.
<s n="996"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kyodo <w NN1>news <w NN1>service <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks <w VHD>had <w VVN>provided <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>23,500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>short-term <w AJ0>bridging <w NN2>loans <w TO0>to <w VVI>service <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrears<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="997"><w PRP>Prior to <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w NN1>loan <w NN1>announcement <w NP0>Vietnam <w VHD>had <w VVN>anticipated <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>aid <w PRF>of <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;200 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="998"><w PRP>Until <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>Vietnam <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w NN0>US&dollar;1,000 <w CRD>million <w AV0>annually <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NN2>credits <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>grants<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02C></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02C>
<s n="999"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>USA
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1000"><w AT0>A <w NP0>US <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>John <w NP0>Kerry <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16-21 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>servicemen <w VVN-VVD>listed <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <c PUL>(<w NP0>MIA<c PUR>) <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1001"><w NP0>Kerry <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>to <w NP0>President <w NP0>Le <w NN1>Duc <w NN1>Anh <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vietnam <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>road <w NN1>map<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w VVG>normalizing <w AJ0>US-Vietnamese <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w AV0>very <w AV0>directly <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>from <w NP0>Vietnam <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>met <w PRP>by <w AJ0>reciprocal <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1002"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1003"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1004"><w AJ0-NN1>Final <w NP0>US <w NN1>militarywithdrawal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1005"><w AT0>The <w ORD>last <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines <w VBD>were <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>ending <w AT0>a <w NN1>presence <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>existed <w PRP>since <w CRD>1898 <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>broken <w AV0-AJ0>only <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>occupation <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>War<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1006"><w AT0>The <w ORD>last <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>foothold<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Cubi <w NN1>Point <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>air <w NN1>station <c PUL>(<w AT0>an <w NN1>airfield <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Subic <w NN1-VVB>Bay <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>evacuated<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>control <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vast <w NP0>Subic <w NN1>Bay <w NN1>site <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>once <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>base <w PRP>outside <w NN1>north <w NP0>America <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1007"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1991 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<w POS>' <w NN1>Senate <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renegotiated <w NN2>bases <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>military <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w TO0>to <w VVI>effect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1008"><w CJS>While <w VVG>celebrating <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>occasion <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w CRD>1571 <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos<c PUN>, <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>country <w VM0>could <w VVI>develop<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>even <w AJC>stronger <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>.
<s n="1009"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>precise <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w DT0>former <w NN1>colony<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>bound <w AV0>together <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>1951 <w NP0>Philippines-US <w AJ0>Mutual <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>, <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unclear<c PUN>.
<s n="1010"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ramos <w NN1>administration <w VVD>denied <w NN0>media <w NN2>reports <w CJC>and <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>preferential <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Philippine <w NN2>waters <w CJC>and <w NN2>bases<c PUN>, <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1011"><w AT0>The <w NN1>controversy <w AV0>apparently <w VVD>arose <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Philippines-US <w AJ0>Mutual <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Board <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>its <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w AV0>jointly <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Philippine <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Lisandro <w NP0>Abadia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1012"><w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Larson<c PUN>, <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1-VVB>Command<c PUN>.
<s n="1013"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1951 <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>customary <w NN1>ship <w NN2>visits<c PUN>, <w NN0>aircraft <w NN2>transits<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rendering <w PRF>of <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>during <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>disasters<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1014"><w NP0-NN1>Abadia <w VVD>emphasized<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>port <w NN2-VVZ>calls <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>repairs <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>warships <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>basis <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>available <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>terms <w PRP>to <w NN2>vessels <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1015"><w AV0>Also <w AJ0>unclear <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bases <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="1016"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w NP0>Ramos <w VHD>had <w VVN>named <w NP0>Arsenio <w NP0-NN1>Bartolome <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Bases <w NN1>Conversion <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Authority <c PUL>(<w NP0>BCDA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>created <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w AT0>the <w NN1>conversion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>US <w NN2>sites <w PRP>to <w AJ0>profitable <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>use<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1017"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1018"><w NP0>MALAYSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1019"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>UMNO <w NN1>assembly
</head>
<p>
<s n="1020"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Malays <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>UMNO <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0-NN1>Barisan <w AJ0>Nasional <w NN1>coalition<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-8<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w CJS>Although <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>elections <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>gathering <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Mahathir <w NP0>Mohamed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>UMNO <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1022"><w NN1-NP0>Mahathir<c PUN>, <w CRD>66<c PUN>, <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w NN1>party <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w VVD>hinted <w AV0>strongly <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>stand <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>UMNO <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w CRD>1993 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1023"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mahathir<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w AV0>directly <w VVN>challenged<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>many <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>UMNO <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>were <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVG>positioning <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>succession <w NN1>battle<c PUN>.
<s n="1024"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>UMNO <w NN1>vice-president <w CJC>and <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Anwar <w NP0>Ibrahim <w AV0>currently <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w NN1>race<c PUN>.
<s n="1025"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w NN2>contenders <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ghafar <w NP0>Baba<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>UMNO <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sanusi <w NP0-NN1>Junid<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>UMNO <w NN1>vice-president <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Badawi<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>UMNO <w NN1>vice-president <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>teamed <w AVP>up<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w NP0-NN1>Anwar<w POS>'s <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1026"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1027"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1028"><w NN1-VVB>Capture <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fretilin <w NN1>leader
</head>
<p>
<s n="1029"><w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Xanana <w NP0>Gusmao<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>East <w NP0>Timor <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fretilin<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dili<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1030"><w NP0-NN1>Gusmao <w VHD>had <w AV0>long <w VBN>been <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>symbol <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>rule <w PRP>in <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>capture <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w NP0>Fretilin<c PUN>.
<s n="1031"><w NP0>Portugal <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>ruled <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>annexation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975<c PUR>) <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>Gusmao<w POS>'s <w NN1>release <w CJC>and <w VVD>offered <w PNP>him <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1032"><w NN1-NP0>Gusmao<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>moved <w PRP>to <w NN1-NP0>Bali <w PRP>for <w NN1>interrogation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shown <w AV0>briefly <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w AT0>The <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Try <w NP0>Sutrisno<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Gusmao <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>engaging <w PRP>in <w AJ0>subversive <w NN2>acts<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>murder <w CJC>and <w NN1>theft<c PUN>, <w NN2>accusations <w DTQ>which <w VM0>may <w VVI>mean <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1034"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>aide <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Suharto<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>indicated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w AV0>also <w VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Gusmao <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>executed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02D>
<s n="1035"><w NN1>Anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dili <w NN1-VVB>massacre <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Alleged <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w NN1>governor <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dili <w NN1-VVB>massacre
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1036"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>50 <w NP0>East <w NN0>Timorese <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>at <w NP0>Dili<w POS>'s <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w NN1>cemetery <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38579-80<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>without <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
<s n="1037"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>suspected <w NN1-NP0>Fretilin <w NN2>sympathizers <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1038"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w NP0>Abilio <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Osorio <w NP0>Soares<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w NP0>Timorese<c PUR>) <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>told <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>magazine <w NN1>Forum <w NN1>Keadilan <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>troops <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>killed <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w NN1>cemetery <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1039"><w NP0>Soares <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>remarks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>misinterpreted<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1040"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1041"><w NP0>AUSTRALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1042"><w NN1>Acquittal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bond
</head>
<p>
<s n="1043"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>a <w NP0>Perth <w NN1>jury <w VVD>found <w AJ0>bankrupt <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>entrepreneur <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Bond <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w AV0>dishonestly <w VVG>inducing <w AT0>a <w NN1>businessman <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>rescue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1044"><w NP0>Bond <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>2 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38917<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>charge<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Criminal <w NN1>Appeal <w VVD>quashed <w AT0>the <w NN1>conviction <w CJC>and <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>a <w NN1>retrial <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39056<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02E>
<s n="1045"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>homosexual <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1046"><w PRP>After <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>debate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lifted <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>homosexuals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1047"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issue <w VHD>had <w VVN>pitted <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Ray<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>backed <w NN1-VVB>service <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>personnel <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>against <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Duffy<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>advocated <w VVG>lifting <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>.
<s n="1048"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Keating <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VVD>reflected<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>community <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w NN1>discrimination <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>kind<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1049"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1050"><w NP0-NN1>BELAU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1051"><w NN2>Elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change
</head>
<p>
<s n="1052"><w AJ0>Presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Belau <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>Palau<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>remnant <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>contest <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuniwo <w NP0>Nakamura<c PUN>, <w VVD>polled <w CRD>50.7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w NP0>Johnson <w NP0-NN1>Toribiong <w PNQ>who <w VVD>polled <w CRD>49.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1054"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vice-presidency <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Tommy <w NP0-NN1>Remengesau <w PNQ>who <w VVD>polled <w CRD>51.7 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>48.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sandra <w NP0-NN1>Pierantozzi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1055"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Belau<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w CJC>and <w NN1>vice-presidency <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>narrowed <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w AJ0>round <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ngiratkel <w NP0>Etpison <w VBD>was <w VVN>eliminated <w PRP>after <w VVG>finishing <w ORD>third <w PRP>with <w CRD>24.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>behind <w NP0-NN1>Nakamura <w PRP>with <w CRD>37.2 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Toribiong <w PRP>with <w CRD>37.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1056"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1-NP0>Remengesau <w VVD>topped <w AT0>a <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>with <w CRD>33.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Pierantozzi <w PRP>with <w CRD>24.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1057"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>in place of <w AT0>a <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>plurality <c PUL>(<w AJ0>first-past-the-post<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>winning <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>office <w PRP>with <w AV0>less than <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <c PUL>(<w NP0>Etpison <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w PRP>against <w CRD>six <w AJ0>rival <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>26 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>vote<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1058"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w NN2>voters <w AV0>also <w VVD>chose <w CRD>14 <w NN2>senators <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w CRD>46 <w NN2>candidates <w CJC>and <w CRD>16 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w CRD>37 <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02F>
<s n="1059"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1060"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AJ0-VVD>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Belau<w POS>'s <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>by <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w DPS>its <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1061"><w CJS>As <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>original <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>US-administered <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belau <w VHD>had <w VVN>negotiated <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Compact <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Association <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w NN1>compact <w VHD>had <w AV0>never <w VVB>become <w AJ0>operative<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>granted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN2>issues <w VVD>conflicted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>clauses <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Belau<w POS>'s <w NN1>Constitution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>forbade <w AT0>the <w NN1>entry<c PUN>, <w NN1>storage <w CJC>or <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w CJC>or <w AJ0>biological <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="1062"><w AJ0-VVN>Repeated <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>accommodate <w AT0>the <w NN1>Compact <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>the <w NN1>requisite <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1063"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>three <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w NN1>Territory<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Marshall <w NP0>Islands <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federated <w NN2>States <w PRF>of <w NP0>Micronesia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FSM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>achieved <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>free <w NN1>association<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Mariana <w NP0>Islands <w VHD>had <w VVN>opted <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>status<c PUN>.
<s n="1064"><w NN1>Resolution <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Belau<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>trusteeship<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1065"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w NN1>referendum <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w VM0>should <w PRP>in <w NN1>future <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sufficient <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>.
<s n="1066"><w AV0>Originally <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>July <w CRD>13 <w CJC>but <w VVN-AJ0>postponed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>challenges<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>16 <w NN2>states <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sufficient <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposition<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1067"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>result <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>approving <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w CRD>62 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>33 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w AJ0-VVD>spoiled <w NN2>votes<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w VBD>was <w VVN>carried <w PRP>in <w CRD>14 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1068"><w CJS>Unless <w VVN>overturned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1069"><w CJS>If <w DT0>this <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVG>stipulating <w NP0-NN1>Belau<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear-free <w NN1>status <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Compact<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1070"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1071"><w NP0>NAURU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1072"><w NN1>Re-election <w PRF>of <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="1073"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nauru<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>re-elected <w NP0>Bernard <w NP0-NN1>Dowiyogo <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>President <w PRP>by <w CRD>10 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="1074"><w NN1-NP0>Dowiyogo<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37126<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>six-member <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02G>
<s n="1075"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Nauru <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1076"><w UNC>*Bernard <w NN1-NP0>Dowiyogo <w NN1>President<c PUN>; <w AJ0>External <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN1>Island <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry
</p>
<p>
<s n="1077"><w UNC>*Vincent <w NN1-NP0>Detenamo <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NN1>Community <w NN2>Services<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w VVG>assisting <w AT0>the <w NN1>President
</p>
<p>
<s n="1078"><w UNC>*Vinci <w NN1-NP0>Clodumar <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="1079"><w UNC>**Pres <w NP0>Nimes <w NP0>Ekwona <w NN1>Education
</p>
<p>
<s n="1080"><w UNC>**Ludwig <w AJ0-NN1>Scotti <w NN1>Health
</p>
<p>
<s n="1081"><w UNC>**Derog <w NP0>Gioura <w NN1-NP0>Justice
</p>
<p>
<s n="1082"><w UNC>*Altered <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1083"><w UNC>**New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1084"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1085"><w AJ0>ASIAN <w NN1>DEVELOPMENT <w NN1>BANK
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1086"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>ADB <w NN1-VVB>forecast
</head>
<p>
<s n="1087"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>forecast <w VVN>released <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Asian <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>ADB<c PUR>) <w VVD>predicted <w AT0>an <w NN1>upswing <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN1>south-east <w NP0>Asia <w PRP>during <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w AJC>slower <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1088"><w AT0>The <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AT0>a <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>figure <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>only <w CRD>5.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1089"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>ADB <w VVD>blamed <w AT0>the <w NN1>slowdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>high <w NN1>inflation <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>reduced <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>due to <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>difficulties<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1090"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1091"><w DT0>FORMER <w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1092"><w NP0>UN<c PUN>, <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w NP0>WEU <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w PRP>on <w NN1>flight <w NN1-VVB>ban <w CJC>and <w NN2>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="1093"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>75 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>flights <w PRP>over <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>9 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39149<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>violated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1094"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w CRD>13 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w PNI>none <w PRP>with <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe <w VVG-NN1>abstaining<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>upon <w NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>search <w NN2>vessels <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Adriatic <w NN1>sea <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>river <w NP0>Danube <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1096"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>adopting <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w CJC>and <w VVI>search <w DT0>any <w NN2>ships <w VVG>entering <w CJC>or <w VVG>leaving <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>waters<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>warships <w VBG>being <w VVN>allowed <w CJS>if <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN2>bows <w PRF>of <w NN2>vessels <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1097"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>rapporteur <w PRP>on <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tadeusz <w NP0>Mazowiecki <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NP0>August <w NN1>appointment <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>report <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39035<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w NN1>detention <w NN2>camps<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w NN1>security <w NN2>zones <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>purposes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w VVB>establish <w NN2>corridors <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>noted <w AJ0>systematic <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w NN2>populations <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w VVB>FRY<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>rump <w NN1>federation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vojvodina <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Sandzak<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02H>
<s n="1099"><w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1100"><w NN1>Fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="1101"><w NP0>Sarajevo <w VVD>remained <w PRP>under <w NN1>siege<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1>relief <w NN2>convoys <w VVG>supplying <w AV0>about <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w NN2>needs <w VVD>reached <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>by <w NN1>road <w CJC>and <w NN1>relief <w NN2>flights <w VVD>continued <w AV0>sporadically<c PUN>.
<s n="1102"><w PRP>After <w NN2>delays <w CJS>when <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN2>refugees <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>Moslems <w CJC>and <w NN2>Croats <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>convoy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN2>buses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1103"><w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN2>convoys <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AJ0>other <w NN2>towns <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>under <w NN1>fire <w DT0>several <w NN2>times <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w VVD-AJ0>returned <w NN1>fire<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>broke <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seven-month <w NN1>siege <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tuzla <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eight-month <w NN1>siege <w PRF>of <w NP0>Srebrenica <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>enclave <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w DT0>both <w NN2>towns <w VBD>were <w AJ0>full <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02J>
<s n="1104"><w NP0>Croat <w AJ0-NN1>offensive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1105"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Mostar <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>supply <w NN1>route <w VVG>linking <w AJ0>Serb-held <w NN1>territory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Croatia <w PRP>with <w NP0>Belgrade <w VBD>was <w VVN>cut <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1106"><w VVB>FRY <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dobrica <w NN1>Cosic <w VVN-VVD>warned <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>dispatch <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>army <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NP0>Serbs <w CJS>unless <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>halted <w DPS>its <w NN1>offensive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1107"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>reached <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w AJ0>military <w NN2>commanders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Croat <w CJC>and <w NP0>Serb <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="1108"><w NP0>Philippe <w NP0>Morillon<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Croatian <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>as from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>sign <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>decrease <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1109"><w AT0>An <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVN-VVD>arranged <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w VHD>had <w VVN>broken <w AVP>down <w PRP>after <w CRD>five <w NN2>days<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02K>
<s n="1110"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>commands <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croat <w NN1>area
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1111"><w NN2>Talks <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Mate <w NP0-NN1>Boban<c PUN>, <w AV0>effectively <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>, <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>commands <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>Herceg-Bosna <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39103<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02L>
<s n="1112"><w NP0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1113"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VVD>presented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>Conference <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39150<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadzic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="1114"><w AJ0>Alternative <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>proposals <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>three-way <w NN1>subdivision <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38832<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>with <w NN1>provision <w PRP>for <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>foreign<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>policies<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02M>
<s n="1115"><w NN2>Measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>unify <w AJ0-NN1>Serb-held <w NP0>Bosnia <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>areas
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1116"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Krajina <c PUL>(<w NP0>RSK<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Prijedor <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite <w DPS>their <w NN2>territories <w AV0>politically<c PUN>, <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>unification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>nation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39103<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1117"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>RSK<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNPROFOR <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w VVD>suspended <w DPS>its <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>due to <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>over <w NN1>demilitarization <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02N>
<s n="1118"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1119"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Jure <w NP0>Pelivan <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NN1>Mile <w NN1>Akmadzic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1120"><w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12-13 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN2>borders <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>existed <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02P>
<s n="1121"><w NP0>CEI <w NN1-VVG>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1122"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Initiative <c PUL>(<w NP0>CEI<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Graz<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1123"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>suggestion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovenian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dmitrij <w NP0>Rupel<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN2>preparations <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1124"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w NP0>CEI <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02R>
<s n="1125"><w NP0>Istanbul <w NN1>meeting <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Concern <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w NN1>conflict
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1126"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bulgaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PRP>from <w VVG-NN1>spreading<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Bosnian<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>ministers <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend<c PUN>.
<s n="1127"><w DT0>Those <w NN1-AJ0>present <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bosnia<w POS>'s <w NN2>borders <w CJC>and <w AV0>possibly <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w AJ0>threatened <w NN2>areas <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vojvodina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Sandzak<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1128"><w CRD-PNI>One <w AJ0>Albanian <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN-VVD>wounded <w CJS>when <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Albanians <w AV0>apparently <w VVN-VVD>attacked <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pristina<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02S><ptr target=HLSCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02S>
<s n="1129"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia
</caption>
<caption id=HLSCA02T>
<s n="1130"><w NN1>Panic<w POS>'s <w NN1>survival <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>vote
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1131"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Panic <w VVD>lost <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party-dominated <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>by <w CRD>93 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="1132"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>40-member <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>by <w CRD>17 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>votes <w PRF>of <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>20 <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02U>
<s n="1133"><w NN1>Government <w NN2>resignations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1134"><w VVG>Claiming <w CJT>that <w NN1>Panic <w VBD>was <w VVG>sacrificing <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>interests<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>without <w NN1>Portfolio<c PUN>, <w NP0>Radmila <w NN1>Milentijevic<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Nikola <w NN1>Sainovic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oskar <w NP0>Kovac<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02V>
<s n="1135"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1136"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Albanians <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>Macedonian <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>by <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w CRD>23 <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w NN2>riots <w PRP>in <w NP0>Skopje <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1137"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trouble <w VBD>was <w VVN>sparked <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w NN2>rumours <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VHD>had <w VVN>killed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>youth <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>raid <w PRP>on <w NN2>black-marketeers<c PUN>.
<s n="1138"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD-VVN>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NP0>UN <w VVZ>monitors <w PRP>to <w NP0>Macedonia <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1139"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Albania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VVD>expressed <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Greek <w NN1>initiative <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>allay <w AJ0>international <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w NP0>Greece<w POS>'s <w NN2>intentions <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>republic<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02W>
<s n="1140"><w NN1>Refugee <w NN1>issue
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1141"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w DT0-CJT>that <w CRD>581,000 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>were <w VVN>scattered <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1142"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Croatia <w CRD>369,300 <w VBD>were <w AV0>officially <w VVN>registered <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>borders <w PRP>in <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Germany <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w CRD>235,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1143"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees <w VVN-VVD>worsened <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Croatia <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>those <w VVG-AJ0>fleeing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jacje <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Travnik<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w DT0>some <w CRD>6,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>camps <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>frontier<c PUN>; <w NP0>Germany <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w CRD>1,000 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>.
<s n="1144"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VVD>imposed <w NN1>visa <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w NN2>Yugoslavs <w PRP-CJS>except <w NN2>holders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Croatian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovenian <w NN2>passports <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AV0>only <w CRD>150 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>plus <w DPS>their <w NN2>dependants<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w PNP>it <w VVD>increased <w DT0>this <w NN1>number <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,000 <w PRP>plus <w NN2>dependants <w PRP>for <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1145"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1146"><w NP0>SLOVENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1147"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1148"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w VVD-AJ0>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Slovenia <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>with <w NP0>Croatia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1149"><w AJ0-NN1>Austrian <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Franz <w NP0>Vranitsky <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>.
<s n="1150"><w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Geza <w NP0>Jeszensky <w AV0>also <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>minority <w NN1>protection <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w CRD>10,000 <w NN2>Hungarians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovenia<c PUN>.
<s n="1151"><w NP0-NN1>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovenia <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1152"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1153"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1154"><w VVB>Split <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>ruling <w NN1>party
</head>
<p>
<s n="1155"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w VVD>split <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w AVQ>when <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>formed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Alliance<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1156"><w VVB>Gramoz <w NP0-NN1>Pashko<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>June-December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>founder <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w DPS>his <w AJ0>old <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>diluting <w CJC>and <w VVG>altering <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w AV0>especially <w PRP>as regards <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre-right <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>institutional<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02X>
<s n="1157"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1158"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>military <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Safet <w NP0-NN1>Xhulali <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Greece <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6-7<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Albania <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1160"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Berisha <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Slovenia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9-10 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Kucan <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="1161"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Ljubljana <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Albanians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo <w TO0>to <w VVI>boycott <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian-dominated <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>advocated <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Montenegro <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1162"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Croatian <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Zdenko <w NP0>Skrabalo <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w NP0>29-Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1163"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1164"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1165"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>government <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="1166"><w AT0>No <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w VVN>brought <w AVP>about <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1167"><w PRP>As of <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1168"><w CJS>As <w VVN>stipulated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AJ0-VVD>invited <w NN1>caretaker <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Filip <w NP0>Dimitrov<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>grouping <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>within <w CRD>seven <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="1169"><w NP0>UDF <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>entered <w PRP>into <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Turks<w POS>' <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>Freedoms <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w DPS>its <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="1170"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF <w VVD>voted <w PRP>alongside <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w NP0>Dimitrov<w POS>'s <w NN1>nomination <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1171"><w PRP>After <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>vote <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w VVD>began <w NN2>meetings <w CJC>and <w NN2>consultations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w VVG>forming <w AT0>a <w NN1>project <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>consensus<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLSCA02Y>
<s n="1172"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>Speaker
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1173"><w NP0>Aleksandar <w NP0>Yordanov<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="1174"><w NP0>Yordanov <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Stefan <w NP0>Savov<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w PRP>out of <w NN1>office <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>MNF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39105<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA030></p>
<caption id=HLSCA030>
<s n="1175"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Atanasov
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1176"><w NP0>Georgi <w NP0>Atanasov<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-90<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Stoyan <w NP0>Ovcharov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w PRP-AVP>in <w CRD>1987-89<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRF>of <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>embezzlement <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39151 <w PRP>for <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA031></p>
<caption id=HLSCA031>
<s n="1177"><w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>plan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1178"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-AJ0>released <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>92 <w NN2>companies <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1179"><w NN2>Companies <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>agriculture <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>priority <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sectors <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>construction<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade<c PUN>, <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>communications<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA032></p>
<caption id=HLSCA032>
<s n="1180"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1181"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Bulgaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1182"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>so-called <w NN1-NP0>Edirne <w NN1>Document <w VVN-VVD>dealt <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>issues<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w NN1>confidence <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>security-building <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>areas <w PRP>adjacent to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>common <w NN1>border<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>increased <w NN1-VVG>sharing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>information<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN1>promotion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN2>contacts<c PUN>.
<s n="1183"><w AT0>An <w AJC>earlier <w AJ0>military <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Sofia <w NN1>Document<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>strengthening <w NN1>confidence <w CJC>and <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1184"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1185"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1186"><w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w NN1>federation
</head>
<p>
<s n="1187"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>adopted<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <w DTQ>which <w VVD>provided <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>republics <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1188"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>with <w CRD>183 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w CRD>30 <w PRP>against <w CJC>and <w CRD>55 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w AV0>thus <w VVN>achieved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w ORD>three-fifth <w NN1>majority <c PUL>(<w CRD>180 <w NN2>votes<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="1189"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w AJ0>related <w NN2>developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39151-52<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1190"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>issue <w AT0>the <w AJ0>respective <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>parliaments <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>large <w NN2>majorities <w AV0>similarly <w VVD-AJ0>worded <w NN2>resolutions <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>split <w CJC>and <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>assume <w AJ0>full <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuity <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>power<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>republics <w PRP>after <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1191"><w PRP>Throughout <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>governments <w VVD-VVN>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AJ0>general <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>details <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution<c PUN>.
<s n="1192"><w AV0>Further <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>currency <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39152<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w NN1>side <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w PRP>At <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Prime <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Klaus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Meciar<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>signed <w NN2>accords <w PRP>on <w AJ0>financial<c PUN>, <w NN2>telecommunications<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>transport<c PUN>, <w AJ0>agricultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1194"><w AJ0>Specific <w NN2>agreements <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w AJ0>double <w NN1>taxation<c PUN>, <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>investments <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w NN2>vouchers <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39062<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1195"><w NN2>Treaties <w PRP>on <w AJ0>good-neighbourly <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>ministries <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>finalized<c PUN>.
<s n="1196"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>divide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w NN2>assets <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>reserves <w CJC>and <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratio <w CRD>2:1<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w NN2>populations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1197"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heated <w NN1>debate <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>inconclusive <w NN2>votes <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>assets<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1198"><w NN1>Property <w VBD>was <w AV0>essentially <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w AV0>territorially<c PUN>, <w AV0>that is<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>location <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>decisive <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>allocation<c PUN>.
<s n="1199"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>cases <w AT0>the <w NN1>division <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>proportion <w CRD>2:1<c PUN>.
<s n="1200"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w DT0>either <w NN1>republic <w PRP>in <w NN2>cases <w AVQ>where <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>property <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>institution <w VBD>was <w VVN>located <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>apply <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>to <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1201"><w NP0>Vaclav <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>President <w PRP>from <w NP0>June <w CRD>1989 <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39015<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>confirmed <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1202"><w AT0>The <w NN1>parliament <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA033></p>
<caption id=HLSCA033>
<s n="1203"><w NN1-VVG>Disbanding <w PRF>of <w NN1>Charter <w CRD>77 <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>ODU
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1204"><w NN1-VVB>Charter <w CRD>77<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w DTQ>which <w VVD>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>role <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>focus <w PRP>for <w AJ0>anti-communist <w NN1>dissent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>disband <w PNX>itself <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>completed <w DPS>its <w AJ0>historical <w NN1>role<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1205"><w AT0>The <w NN1>movement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1977 <w PRP>by <w AJ0>prominent <w NN2>dissidents<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Havel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1206"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w NN1-AJ0>Public <w PRP>Against <w NN1>Violence <c PUL>(<w NP0>VPN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>vehicle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-communist <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <w PRP>during <w CJC>and <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1207"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w DT0>any <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>riven <w PRP>by <w NN1>policy <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>reputedly <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0>indebted<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA034></p>
<caption id=HLSCA034>
<s n="1208"><w NN1>Conviction <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>officials
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1209"><w VVB>Frantisek <w NP0-NN1>Kincl<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>revolution<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Alojz <w NP0>Lorenc<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Karel <w NP0>Vykypel<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>counterintelligence <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30 <w PRF>of <w VVG>abusing <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>official <w CJC>and <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w CRD>3&frac12; <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1210"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unlawful <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>during <w AJ0>anti-communist <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA035></p>
<caption id=HLSCA035>
<s n="1211"><w NN1>Death <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dubcek
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1212"><w NP0>Alexander <w NP0>Dubcek<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>reform <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w CRD>1968 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>became <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Prague <w NN1>Spring<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>from <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>injuries <w VVN-VVD>sustained <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>car <w NN1>accident <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1213"><w VVN>Born <w PRP>in <w CRD>1921 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Slovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dubcek <w VVD>became <w NN1>party <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1968 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>22528<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wholesale <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>stalinist <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="1214"><w PNP>He <w VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w AJ0>far-reaching <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN1>censorship<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>described <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>aiming <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>socialism <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>human <w NN1>face<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Prague <w NN1>Spring<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1215"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w PRP>from <w NN1>power <w CJS-AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet-led <w NN1>invasion <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w NN1>experiment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>22909-17<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1216"><w PRP>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brief <w NN1>spell <w PRP>as <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>forestry <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
<s n="1217"><w PNP>He <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AJ0>public <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>during <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>velvet <w NN1>revolution<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>contested <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Slovakia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38944<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1218"><w DT0>Many <w CRD>thousands <w VVD>paid <w DPS>their <w ORD>last <w NN2-VVZ>respects <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dubcek <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>funeral <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1219"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ceremonies <w VBD>were <w VVN>overshadowed <w PRP>by <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w VVG>reflecting <w NN1>tension <w VVG>surrounding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>federation<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Dubcek <w VHD>had <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>opposed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1220"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1221"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1222"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>troop <w NN2-VVZ>claims
</head>
<p>
<s n="1223"><w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>settled <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>claims <w AJ0>outstanding <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w PRP>during <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1224"><w NP0>Hungary <w VVD>dropped <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>damage <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w CRD>1956 <w PRP>until <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1225"><w NP0>Russia <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVD>dropped <w DPS>its <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN2>investments <w PRP>in <w AJ0>military <w NN2>bases<c PUN>.
<s n="1226"><w NP0>Hungary <w AV0>also <w VVD>promised <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>supplies <w CJC>and <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1-VVB>help<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>commensurate <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN0>means<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>housing <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>troops <w AV0>previously <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1227"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>governments <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w DT0>another <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>settlement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>trade <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w UNC>US&dollar;1,700 <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="1228"><w NP0>Hungary <w VDD>did <w VVI>agree<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN2>spares <w PRP>worth <w NN0>&dollar;800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w NN1>part-settlement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="1229"><w NN2>Officials <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>schedule <w PRF>of <w NN2>repayments <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1230"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VM0>could <w VVI>put <w DPS>their <w AJ0>mutual <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>past <w PRP>behind <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>relaunch <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>sheet<c PUN>.
<s n="1231"><w PNP>He <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>in <w CRD>1956 <w CJC>and <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NN1>grave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Imre <w NP0>Nagy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>revolutionary <w NN1>government <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>uprising <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>executed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA036></p>
<caption id=HLSCA036>
<s n="1232"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>SzDSz <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1233"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Free <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>SzDSz<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>elected <w NP0>Ivan <w NP0>Pet&ouml; <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>leader <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1234"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pet&ouml;<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>P&eacute;ter <w NP0>T&ouml;lgyessy<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w CJS>as <w VVG>indicating <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>move <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>advocated <w AT0>a <w AV0>strongly <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA037></p>
<caption id=HLSCA037>
<s n="1236"><w NN1>Devaluation <w PRF>of <w NN1>forint
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1237"><w AT0>The <w NN1>forint <w VBD>was <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>accumulated <w NN1>depreciation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w AV0>thus <w VVD-VVN>reached <w CRD>8.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1238"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1239"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1240"><w NP0>Walesa<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1241"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>interim<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Tribunal <w VHG>having <w VVN>ruled <w AJ0>valid <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1242"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w VHD>had <w VVN>altered <w DPS>its <w NN2>rules <w PRF>of <w NN1>procedure<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Tribunal <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>changed <w NN1>procedure<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1243"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution <w VVD>defined <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supreme <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVD-VVN>worked <w AV0>more <w AV0>efficiently<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>guarantee <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN2>conflicts <w VVD>arose <w PRP>among <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1245"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>expedite <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<w POS>'s <w NN1>examination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>legislation <w CJC>and <w VVB>seek <w AJ0>special <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN2>decrees<c PUN>.
<s n="1246"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VM0>would <w VVI>lose <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AVP>down <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1247"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>drawing <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>new <c PUL>(<w AJ0>large<c PUR>) <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w NP0>Walesa<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attended <w DT0>this <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w AV0>afterwards <w CJT>that <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>tailor-made <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>resign <w CJS>as soon as <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA038></p>
<caption id=HLSCA038>
<s n="1249"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>adjustment <w PRP>to <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1250"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>43 <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>budget <w VVD-VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AJ0>new <w NN1>loan <w NN2>arrangments<c PUN>.
<s n="1252"><w AT0>The <w NN2>amendments <w VVN-VVD>authorized <w AJC>higher <w NN0>sales <w NN2>taxes <w CJC>and <w AJC>deeper <w NN1>spending <w NN2-VVZ>cuts<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>widened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>permitted <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>81,840,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=14,199.4 <w NN1>zloty <w PRP>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>7.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>as against <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w CJS>as <w AV0>previously <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
<s n="1253"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w VVZ>changes <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w AV0>reportedly <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w CRD>20,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty <w AJC>greater<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1254"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w NP0>IMF <w NN2>officials <w VVG>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Warsaw <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1>satisfaction <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w VVG>seeing <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sign <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>could <w VVI>push <w DPS>its <w NN1>programme <w PRP>through <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1255"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVG>envisaging <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w CRD>81,000,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>zloty<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>5.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>projected <w NN1>GDP<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA039></p>
<caption id=HLSCA039>
<s n="1256"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>on <w AJ0>standby <w NN1>loan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1257"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w NN2>terms <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w AJ0>new <w NN1>loan <w VVG>covering <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>to <w CRD>end-1993<c PUN>; <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>loan <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w NN1>board <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>remained<c PUN>.
<s n="1258"><w CJS>Once <w VVN>finalized<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>accord <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w NN1>resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN1>reduction <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>banks <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1259"><w AT0>The <w NP0>IMF <w VHD>had <w VVN-AJ0>frozen <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991 <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>exceeded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>agreed <w NN2>limits <w PRP>on <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w ZZ0>p<c PUN>.
<s n="1260"><w CRD>R116-17<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03A>
<s n="1261"><w NN1>Approval <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sejm <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1262"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NP0>Sejm <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>criminalize <w NN1>abortion <c PUL>(<w AJ0>available <w PRP>on <w NN1>demand <w AV0>under <w CRD>1956 <w NN1>legislation <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>but <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39822 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN2>restrictions<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>introducing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>prison <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>for <w NN2>doctors <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>out <w NN2>abortions <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN2>women <w VHG>having <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1263"><w NN2>Opponents <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w NN1>committee <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Zbigniew <w NP0>Bujak<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>veteran <w CJC>and <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sejm<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1264"><w AV0>Both <w NP0>Walesa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Suchocka <w VVD>opposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="1265"><w NN1-NP0>Suchocka<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UD<c PUR>) <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VVI>destabilize <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZChN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>force <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w AJ0>anti-abortion <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="1266"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UD <w CJC>and <w NP0>ZChN <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w NN2>differences <w PRP>over <w NN1>abortion <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>downfall<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03B>
<s n="1267"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>defence <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Walesa <w CJC>and <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>ministers<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>defence <w NN1>doctrine <w PRP>for <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1269"><w AT0>The <w NN1>doctrine <w VVN-VVD>rested <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>assumption <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>enemies <w CJC>and <w VVD>advanced <w AT0>no <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>claims <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN2>neighbours<c PUN>.
<s n="1270"><w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>security <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>lying <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Euro-Atlantic <w NN1>security <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>future <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>aim<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defence <w NN1>doctrine <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>risks <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVN>posed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>conflicts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03C>
<s n="1272"><w NP0-NN1>Suchocka<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1273"><w NP0-NN1>Suchocka <w VVD>paid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Klaus <w NP0>Kinkel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1274"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PNP>she <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>up to <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>reiterated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan <w PRF>of <w UNC>ECU1,000 <w CRD>million <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w AV0>greatly <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="1275"><w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>seek <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w NN1>integration <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1276"><w AT0>The <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neo-fascist <w NN2>groups <w PRP>in <w NP0>Silesia <c PUL>(<w CJS>where <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w NP0>Poland<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>minority <w VVN>lived<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>discussed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1277"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1278"><w NP0>ROMANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1279"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1280"><w NP0>Nicolae <w NP0>Vacaroiu <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ion <w NP0>Iliescu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1281"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>49-year-old <w NN1>economist <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>party <w AJ0>political <w NN1>affiliation<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>minister <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Ministry <c PUL>(<w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w NN1>taxation <w NN2>issues<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Theodor <w NP0-NN1>Stolojan<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>unknown<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>praised <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iliescu <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>grasp <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1283"><w AT0>The <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>members <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Vacaroiu <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>DNSF<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>included <w DT0>several <w AJ0>non-party <w NN2>technocrats<c PUN>.
<s n="1284"><w AT0>The <w NP0>DNSF<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Iliescu<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39104<c PUN>; <w CRD>39150-51<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1285"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w VVG-AJ0>slowing <w AVP>down <w PRF>of <w AJ0>market-oriented <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1286"><w NP0-NN1>Vacaroiu <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>receptive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>open<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w NN1>reform <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>priority<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>assume <w AJ0>special <w NN1>care <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>process<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1287"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w CJS>as <w VVG>indicating <w AT0>a <w NN1>switch <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>conservatism<c PUN>.
<s n="1288"><w DT0>Several <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1-VVB>step <w AV0>backwards <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="1289"><w AT0>The <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>privatization <w NN2>measures <w VBD>was <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>criticized<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>junior <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>figures <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>era <c PUL>(<w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dumitru <w NP0-NN1>Popescu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Iulian <w NN1-NP0>Mincu<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1290"><w AT0>The <w NN1>minority <w NP0>DNSF <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>by <w CRD>260 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>203<c PUN>.
<s n="1291"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>debates <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>count <w PRP>on <w AJ0>external <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w NN1>left<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Greater <w NP0>Romania <w NN1>Party <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w NN1>right <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1292"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>outgoing <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Adrian <w NP0>Nastase<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="1293"><w NP0-NN1>Stolojan <w VVD>took <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>post <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03D>
<s n="1294"><w NN1-VVB>Party <w AJ0>political <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1295"><w VVB>Emil <w NP0-NN1>Constantinescu<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w ORD>second <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39104<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Convention <c PUL>(<w NP0>DCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1296"><w PNP>He <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0>Corneliu <w NP0>Coposu<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1297"><w NP0-NN1>Mircea <w NP0>Druc<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>stood <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>candidate <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>unification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bessarabia <c PUL>(<w AV0>now <w NP0>Moldova <w CJC>and <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bukovina <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reunification <w NN1>Party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03E>
<s n="1298"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicu <w NP0>Ceausescu
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1299"><w NP0>Nicu <w NP0>Ceausescu<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>son <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NN1>dictator <w NP0>Nicolae <w NP0>Ceausescu<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w NN2>grounds<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>suffering <w PRP>from <w NN1>cirrhosis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>liver<c PUN>.
<s n="1300"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>revolution <w DTQ>which <w VVD>overthrew <w DPS>his <w NN1>father<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w TO0>to <w AJ0>long <w NN1>prison <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>for <w NN1>murder <c PUL>(<w AV0>later <w VVN>overturned<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>crimes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37725<c PUN>; <w CRD>38306<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLSCA03F><s n="1301"><w NP0>Nicolae <w NP0>Vacaroiu <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Theodor <w NP0>Viorel <w NP0>Melescanu <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<caption id=HLSCA03F>
<s n="1302"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Romanian <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1303"><w UNC>*Lt-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1304"><w NP0>Nicolae <w NP0-NN1>Spiroiu <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Gheorghe <w NP0>Ion <w NP0-NN1>Danescu <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NP0-NN1>Petre <w NP0-NN1>Ninosu <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0-NN1>Dumitru <w NP0-NN1>Popescu <w NN1>Industry <w NP0-NN1>Ioan <w NP0>Oancea <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Industry <w NP0>Paul <w NP0-NN1>Theodoru <w NN1>Transport
</p>
<p>
<s n="1305"><w UNC>*Andrei <w NP0-NN1>Chirica <w NN2>Communications <w NP0>Constantin <w NP0-NN1>Teculescu <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Matei <w NP0>Agathon <w NP0>Dan <w NN1>Tourism <w NN1>Florin <w NN1>Gheorghescu <w NN1-VVB>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="1306"><w UNC>*Dan <w NP0>Mircea <w NP0>Popescu <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Protection <w NP0-NN1>Marin <w NP0>Cristea <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN1>Improvement <w NP0-NN1>Aurel <w NP0>Constantin <w NP0>Ilie <w NP0>Waters<c PUN>, <w NN1>Forestry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection <w NP0-NN1>Liviu <w NP0-NN1>Maior <w NN1>Education <w NP0-NN1>Doru <w NP0>Dumitru <w NP0>Palade <w NN1>Research <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology <w AJ0>Iulian <w NN1>Mincu <w NN1>Health
</p>
<p>
<s n="1307"><w UNC>**Mihai <w NN1-NP0>Golu <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Gheorghe <w NP0-NN1>Angelescu <w NN1>Youth <w NN2>Affairs <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sports <w NP0>Vasile <w NP0-NN1>Mois <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>Parliament <w NP0-NN1>Misu <w NP0-NN1>Negritoiu <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-ordination<c PUN>, <w NN1>Strategy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Reform
</p>
<p>
<s n="1308"><w UNC>*No <w NN1-VVB>change<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1309"><w UNC>**Altered <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1310"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1311"><w NN2>CIS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1312"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1313"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AVQ>where <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>conflict <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1314"><w PRP>Under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w AT0>the <w NN1>definition <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w AJ0>military <w NN2>units <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AJ0>essential <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>day-to-day <w NN1>functioning <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1315"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Yevgeny <w NP0>Shaposhnikov<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ukraine <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>jurisdiction <w PRP>over <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w VVN-VVD>located <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian-Ukrainian <w NN1>summit <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1316"><w AT0>A <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0-VVN>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w DTQ>which <w VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>units <w DTQ>which <w VM0>should <w VVI>comprise <w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>forces <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>definition<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03G></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03G>
<s n="1317"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w NN2>meetings
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1318"><w NN2>CIS <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w AT0>an <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1319"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>18-point <w NN1>agenda <w VBD>was <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w VVG>focusing <w AV0>principally <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w VVB-NN1>charter<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Minsk <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>CIS <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1320"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Adamishin <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkmen <w NN1>hesitation <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>charter <w PRP>by <w VVG>saying<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>let <w DT0>those <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w AJC>closer <w NN1>integration <w VVB>integrate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>others<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHB>have <w AT0>every <w AV0>right <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>join<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1321"><w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>CIS <w NN2>Governments <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w VVD>signed <w CRD>12 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>18 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN2>documents<c PUN>.
<s n="1322"><w AT0>No <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>commonwealth <w NN1>charter<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kuchma <w VVG>declaring <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>form<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1323"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1324"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1325"><w AJ0>Pre-Congress <w AJ0>political <w NN2>manoeuvres
</head>
<p>
<s n="1326"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w NN2>reformers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN2>centrists <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>movement <w VVD>subsided <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39153 <w PRP>for <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>moves <w PRP>towards <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1327"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative-dominated <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>truce <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>amid <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VM0>would <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
<s n="1328"><w PRP>In <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>standing <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w VVD>demanded <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w VBB>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w AV0>more <w VVB-NN1>control <w AVP-PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>emergency <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w VVN>granted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <c PUL>(<w AJ0>extraordinary<c PUR>) <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38537<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>gave <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1329"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union<w POS>'s <w NN2>representatives <w VVD>presented <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-crisis<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39108<c PUR>&rsqb; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
<s n="1330"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>personnel <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w AJ0>common <w NN2>views <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>managers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1331"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>forming <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w VVN-VVD>called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>viable <w NN1>corporatism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1332"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVD>withdrew <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJS>when <w VVG>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w VVG>presenting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>lead <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>economy <w PRP>out of <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>sitting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w PRP>on <w CRD>four <w AJ0>key <w NN2>points <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>distribution <w NN1>system<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>large <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w NN1>supply<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AJ0>freezing <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>prices<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w VVG>fixing <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w PRP>below <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1333"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w NN1>plan<w POS>'s <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w VVD>coincided <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>suggestions <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>many <w AJ0>alternative <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w NN2>programmes <w AV0>currently <w PRP>in <w NN1>circulation<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1334"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0>main <w NN2>aims <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>slow <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>production <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>four <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>maximise <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>potential <w PRP>by <w VVG>offering <w AJ0>selective <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AJ0>viable <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1335"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>demanding <w NN2>corrections <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>anti-crisis <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w VVG>requesting <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1336"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>in <w VVG>making <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>.
<s n="1337"><w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w VVD>criticized <w DT0>this <w NN1>bill <w CJS>as <w AJ0>anti-constitutional <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1338"><w AV0>In addition <w NN2>irregularities <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>voting<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN2>deputies <w VVB>cast <w NN2>votes <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>absent <w NN2>colleagues <w AV0>as <w AV0>well <w CJS>as <w PRP>for <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="1339"><w AT0>The <w NN1>battle <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>supremacy <w VBD>was <w AV0>thus <w VVN>carried <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PNX>itself<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03H>
<s n="1340"><w NN2>Personnel <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1341"><w NP0-NN1>Galina <w NP0>Starovoitova<c PUN>, <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>on <w NN2>nationalities <w NN1>policy <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1342"><w VVB-NN1>Interfax <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w AV0>later <w VVN-AJ0>released <w NN2>remarks <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Starovoitova <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w DPS>her <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>possibly <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>she <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Ossetian <w NN1>bias <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>emerging <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Caucasus <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1343"><w AT0>The <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w NN2>Nationalities <w NN1>Policy<c PUN>, <w VVN>vacated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Valery <w NP0>Tishkov <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39155<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Shakhrai<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="1344"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="1345"><w NN2>Shakhrai <w VHD>had <w VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1>bias<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w VVD>strengthened <w AJ0>reformist <w NN1>representation <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>body <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39019<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1346"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>key <w NN2>figures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>posts <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25-26<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gennady <w NP0-NN1>Burbulis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Press <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0-NN1>Poltoranin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1347"><w NN1-NP0>Burbulis<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w AJS>closest <w NN2>aides<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>advisors<c PUN>.
<s n="1348"><w NP0-NN1>Poltoranin <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w VBD>was <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>from <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>reasons<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN1>company <w NN1>chairman <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03J>
<s n="1349"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>broadcasting <w NN1>chairman
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1350"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Television <w CJC>and <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Company<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yegor <w NP0>Yakovlev<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>by <w NP0>Akhsarbak <w NP0>Galazov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Ossetia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39203<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>documentary <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Ostankino <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia-Ingush <w NN1>conflict <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1351"><w NP0>Galazov <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>pro-Ingush<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>opinion <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Ossetian <w NN1>bias <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="1352"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w NP0>Yakovlev <w VVD>caused <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>showed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>reluctance <w TO0>to <w VVI>brook <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>on the part of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sacrifice <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN2>forces <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1353"><w NN1-NP0>Izvestiya <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD-VVN>called <w NP0>Yakovlev <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>foremost <w NN0>media <w NN2>figures <w PNQ>who <w VHZ>has <w VVN>proved <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w DPS>his <w NN1>devotion <w PRP>to <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>principles<c PUN>.
<s n="1354"><w NP0>Yakovlev <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>editor <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Moskovskiye <w NN2>novosti<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>newspaper <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>extended <w AT0>the <w NN2>boundaries <w PRF>of <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>speech <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>perestroika <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w AJ0>All-Union <w NN1>Television <w CJC>and <w NN1>Radio <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>became <w NP0-NN1>Ostankino <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38655<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>failed <w NN1>coup <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38372<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><w DPS>His <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Malashenko<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Ostankino<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03K>
<s n="1356"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>scientist <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>divulging <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>secrets<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1357"><w AT0>A <w NN1>scientist <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>Moscow <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN1>research <w NN1>institute <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>under <w NN1>article <w CRD>75 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RSFSR <w AJ0-NN1>Criminal <w NN1>Code<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>encompassed <w AJ0>revealing <w NN1>state <w NN2>secrets<c PUN>.
<s n="1358"><c PUL>(<w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN2>secrets <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>draft <w NN1-VVB>form<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>decree <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>reintroduced <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>criteria <w TO0>to <w VVI>define <w DTQ>what <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w NN1>secret<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1359"><w VVB>Vil <w NP0>Mirzayanov <w VHD>had <w VVN>co-authored <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w VVN>entitled<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Poisoned <w NN1>Policy<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Moskovskiye <w NN2>novosti <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w NN1>testing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w VVG>signing <w AT0>the <w NN1>draft <w NN1>treaty <w VVG>banning <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39121<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1360"><w VVB-NN1>Moskovskiye <w NN2>novosti <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>front-page <w NN1>comment<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>stated <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w VVZ>contradicts <w AJ0>actual <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>practice <w CJC>and <w VVG>revealing <w DT0>this <w NN1>practice <w VBZ>is <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="1361"><w NP0>Mirzayanov <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>pending <w NN1>trial<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03L><ptr target=HLSCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03L>
<s n="1362"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<caption id=HLSCA03M>
<s n="1363"><w AJ0>Ethnic <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1364"><w AJ0>Minor <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Prigorodny <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>, <w VVN>inhabited <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Ingush<c PUN>, <w VVD>ignited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tense <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Caucasian <w NN2>republics <w PRP>into <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="1365"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>swift <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1-VVG>sitting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w CRD>3,000 <w AJ0-NN1>elite <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1-VVB>decree <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>month-long <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ingushetia <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>administration <w PRP>under <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgy <w NP0>Khizha<c PUN>.
<s n="1366"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>decree<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>response <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>overturned <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>subdue <w AT0>a <w NN1>rebellion <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chechnia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38582-83<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1367"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Ingush <w NN1>nation <c PUL>(<w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>Moslem<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>deported <w PRP>by <w NP0>Stalin <w PRP>in <w CRD>1944<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>homeland <w PRP>in <w CRD>1957<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Prigorodny <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w AV0>previously <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ingushetia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>population <w VBD>was <w AV0>mostly <w AJ0>Christian<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1368"><w NN1-NP0>Ingushetia<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>merged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chechen <w NN1>republic <w PRP>since <w CRD>1934<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>again <w VVB>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>region <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>responded <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chechnia<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>demand <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38826<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1369"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tishkov<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w NN1-VVB>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w NN2>Nationalities <w NN1>Policy<c PUN>, <w VVG>visiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w NN1>progress <w PRP>in <w VVG>forming <w AT0>an <w NN1>Ingush <w NN1>republic <w PRP>out of <w NP0>Chechen-Ingushetia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Caucasian <w NN2>republics<c PUN>.
<s n="1370"><w AT0>An <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>repressed <w NN2>peoples<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>deported <w NN2>peoples <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>before <w DPS>their <w NN1>deportation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1371"><w NP0>Sergei <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai<c PUN>, <w AV0>newly <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w NP0>Tishkov <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Khizha <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Ossetia <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ingushetia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w AV0>In addition <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w AJ0-VVG>co-ordinating <w NN2>powers <w PRP>over <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>regions<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kabardino-Balkaria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Karachai-Circassia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Adygey<c PUN>; <w NP0>Stavropol <w NN2>krai<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Krasnodar <w NN2>krai <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rostov <w NN1-VVB>oblast<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1373"><w NN2>Shakhrai<c PUN>, <w AJ0>critical <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w VVG>establishing <w AJ0>administrative <w NN2>structures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Ingush <w NN1>republic<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>appointed <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Aushev<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>Afghanistan <w NN1>veteran <w AV0>previously <w NN1>advisor <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>head <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>administration <w PRP>prior to <w AJ0>republican <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1374"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Ingushetia <w NN1>conflict <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AV0>more than <w CRD>300 <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>over <w CRD>50,000 <w NP0-NN1>Ingush <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia<c PUN>.
<s n="1375"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>reported <w NN2>atrocities<c PUN>.
<s n="1376"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commander <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Troops<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w NP0>Vasily <w NP0>Savvin<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w CJS>as <w AV0>directly <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Ossetia-Ingushetia <w NN1>conflict <w CJC>and <w VVD>followed <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1378"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN2>troops <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ingushetia <w VBD>were <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Chechnia <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w PRP>from <w NP0>Chechnia<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chechen <w NP0>President <w NP0>Dzhakhar <w NP0>Dudayev<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1379"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Peoples <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Caucasus <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39155<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w VVD-AJ0>ordered <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>mobilization <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>republics<c PUN>, <w VVG>instructing <w NN2>commanders <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chechen <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Grozny<c PUN>.
<s n="1380"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chechnia <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>their <w NN2>troops <w VVN>stationed <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NP0>Chechen-Ingush <w NN1>border <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>negotiations <w VVN>co-ordinated <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Shakhrai<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>tense<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03N>
<s n="1381"><w AJ0>Local <w NN1>government <w NN1>conference <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Governors
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1382"><w AT0>A <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w NN2>chairmen <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>soviets <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14-15<c PUN>.
<s n="1383"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Chairman<c PUN>, <w VVD>attacked <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>government <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>legislatures<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>constant <w AJ0>provocative <w NN2>actions<c PUN>&hellip; <w AV0>perhaps <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>avoid <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>failures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1384"><w AJ0>Acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w VVD>presented <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1385"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16-17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrations <c PUL>(<w AV0>ie. <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>branch<c PUR>) <w VVD>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1386"><w AT0>The <w NN2>participants <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w AJ0>representative <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Governors<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>body <w PRP>unlike <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39154<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1387"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN2>administrations <w AV0>often <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>more <w AJ0>real <w NN1>power <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>constituent <w NN2>republics<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>acted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>support <w NN1>base <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
<s n="1388"><w NN1-NP0>Gaidar<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w NP0>Urals <w NN1>region <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18-19 <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pre-Congress <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>region <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w NN2>preparations <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AV0>more <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>budget<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03P>
<s n="1389"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Heads <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>pre-Congress <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1391"><w NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>practically <w VVN>attained <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parallel <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w AJ0>political <w NN1>counterbalance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1392"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>Governors <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="1393"><w PNP>It <w VVD>confirmed <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN1-AJ0>future<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Constitution<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN2>nationalities <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1394"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>supported <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>involve <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NN1>policy <w NN1>development<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03R>
<s n="1395"><w NN1-NP0>Tatarstan <w NN1>Constitution
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1396"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w VVD>adopted <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1397"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AV0>hotly <w VVN-VVD>debated <w NN1>point <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Tatarstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>described <w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Russia <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>delegation <w PRF>of <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="1398"><w NN1-NP0>Tatarstan <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>introduced <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>citizenship<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>preserving <w AJ0>dual <w NN1>citizenship <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1399"><w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>constituent <w NN2>republics <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w AV0>instead <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>self-government <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38825-26<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1400"><w PRP>Since <w AJ0-AV0>early <w NP0>April<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Tatarstan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>treaty <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>incomplete<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>side <w VVD-VVN>accused <w NN1>Tatarstan <w PRF>of <w VVG>forcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>by <w VVG>promulgating <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1402"><w NP0-NN1>Tatarstan<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVD>signified <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w AV0>altogether<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03S>
<s n="1403"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1404"><w PRP>On <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9-10<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>addressed <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>occasion <w AV0>formerly <w VVN>reserved <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1405"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w PNP>he <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revanchist <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
<s n="1406"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>between <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>since <w CRD>1766 <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w CRD>five <w AJ0>other <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="1407"><w PRP>Before <w VVG>returning <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>made <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39200<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1408"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>visiting <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12-14 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Franco-Russian <w NN2>relations <w VM0>should <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w NN1>stability <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>continent<c PUN>.
<s n="1409"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VHD>had <w VVN>ratified <w AT0>the <w NP0>February <w AJ0-NN1>Russo-French <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38772<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1410"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1411"><w NP0>ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1412"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1413"><w NP0-NN1>Arman <w NP0-NN1>Kirakosyan <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Raffi <w NN1-NP0>Hovhannesyan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1414"><w NN1-NP0>Kirakosyan<c PUN>, <w CRD>36<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>historian<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w ORD>First <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>since <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1415"><w DPS>His <w NN1>father <w NP0>John <w NP0>Kirakosyan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>politician <w CJC>and <w NN1>diplomat<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>for <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1416"><w NN1-NP0>Hovhannesyan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w PRP>over<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>policy <w NN1>disagreement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1417"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>an <w AV0>allegedly <w AJ0>anti-Turkish <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>criticized <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>neutrality <w PRP>over <w NP0>Nagorny-Karabakh<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>attitude <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>leadership <w VVN>feared <w VM0>could <w VVI>jeopardise <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1418"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1419"><w NP0>AZERBAIJAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1420"><w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NN1>president
</head>
<p>
<s n="1421"><w AJ0>Criminal <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w VVN>filed <w PRP>against <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ayaz <w NP0>Mutalibov<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>organized <w AT0>a <w NN1>coup <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1422"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Procurator <w NP0>General <w NP0>Ikhtiyar <w NP0>Shirinov <w VVD>asked <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>annul <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w DTQ>which <w VVD>guaranteed <w NP0>Mutalibov<w POS>'s <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="1423"><w NP0>Mutalibov <w VVD>told <w NP0>Izvestiya<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>hiding <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w VBD>were <w AJ0>political <w NN1>persecution<c PUN>.
<s n="1424"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Russia <w TO0>to <w VVI>extradite <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1425"><w NP0>Mutalibov<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w PRP>from <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>office <w AV0>briefly <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor <w NP0>Yagub <w NP0>Mamedov <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>Azeri <w NN2>defeats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>enclave <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nagorny-Karahakh<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w DPS>His <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w CJC>and <w NN1>cancellation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>forthcoming <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w PRP>out of <w NN1>office <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>hours <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38925-26<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03T>
<s n="1427"><w NN1>Tension <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nakhichevan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1428"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Azerbaijani <w NN2>authorities<w POS>' <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NP0>Siavush <w NP0>Mustafayev <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nakhichevan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1429"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>200 <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w NN2>fighters <w VVN-VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>centre <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>endorse <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
<s n="1430"><w NP0>Gaidar <w NP0>Aliyev<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-NP0>Majlis <c PUL>(<w NN1>Council<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>fighters <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="1431"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>police <w VVD>ended <w AT0>the <w NN1>occupation<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>pro-Aliyev <w NN2>rallies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1432"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w VVG>conducting <w AT0>a <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>war <w PRP>against <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AJ0>new<c PUN>, <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="1433"><w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iskender <w NP0>Khamidov<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>left <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nakhichevan <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN2>talks <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w VVG>denying <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1434"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NP0>Azerbaijan<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Abulfaz <w NP0>Elchibey <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AJ0>interior <w NN1>minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1435"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Aliyev <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w NN1>election <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeni <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUL>(<w AJ0>New <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1436"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1437"><w NP0-NN1>BYELARUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1438"><w NN1>Suspension <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization
</head>
<p>
<s n="1439"><w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w VBD>was <w VVN>halted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>amid <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>sell-off <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="1440"><w NN1>Parliament <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>an <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>property <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>hearing <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>procurator <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>KGB<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shirkovsky<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime<c PUN>, <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w NN1>theft<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1441"><w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>chair <w NP0-NN1>Stanislav <w NP0>Shushkevich <w VVD>told <w NN2>deputies <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>prepared <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>bar <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>employees <w PRP>from <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="1442"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w NN1>corruption <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>banned <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2-VVZ>structures <w PRP>from <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>activities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03U>
<s n="1443"><w NN1>Introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>coupon <w NN1>currency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1444"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>introduced <w NN2>coupons <w PRP>for <w NN1>food<c PUN>, <w NN1>alcohol <w CJC>and <w NN1>tobacco <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Byelarus <w NN1>economy <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>flood <w PRF>of <w NN2>roubles <w PRP>from <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>states <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>introduced <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="1445"><w AT0>The <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>special <w NN1>money <w NN2>orders<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NN2>zaichiki <c PUL>(<w NN2>hares<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN2>exports <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>produce<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>bought <w PRP>for <w NN2>roubles<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN2>republics <w AVQ>where <w NN2>prices <w VBD>were <w AJC>higher<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Baltic <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03V>
<s n="1446"><w VVB-NN1>Defeat <w PRP>for <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>campaign
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1447"><w AT0>An <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1448"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Byelarussian <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Front <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>parliament <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists<c PUN>.
<s n="1449"><w NN2>Supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>no-confidence <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered <w CRD>440,000 <w NN2>signatures <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>their <w NN1>demand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1450"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>call <w VBD>was <w VVN>voted <w AVP>down <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>breaches <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>collection <w PRF>of <w NN2>signatures<c PUN>.
<s n="1451"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>deputies <w VVD-VVN>ordered <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1994<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w AV0-AJ0>early<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1452"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1453"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1454"><w VVB-NN1>Decree <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN1>power
</head>
<p>
<s n="1455"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1456"><w NN1>Parliament <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN1>power <w VVG>giving <w PNP>him <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>executive <w NN1>power<c PUN>, <w PRP>in conjunction with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>executive <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1457"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decree <w PRP>on <w NN1>state <w NN1>power <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="1458"><w PNP>It <w VVD>envisaged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <c PUL>(<w AV0>also <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1459"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>no <w NN2>powers <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NN1>state <w NN2>officials <w PRP>without <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>approval<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03W>
<s n="1460"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1461"><w VVB>Tengiz <w NP0>Sigua <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1462"><w NN1-NP0>Sigua<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eight-month <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>under <w AJ0>ousted <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zviad <w NP0>Gamsakhurdia<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1463"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w VBD>was <w NP0-NN1>Vakhtang <w NP0-NN1>Goguadze<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03X>
<s n="1464"><w NN1-VVB>Conflict <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1465"><w NN1>Fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Guard <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>separatists <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>fighting <w VVN-VVD>reached <w AV0>over <w CRD>400<c PUN>.
<s n="1466"><w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Abkhaz <w NN1>capital <w NN1>Sukhumi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>assured <w AJ0>local <w NN2>reporters <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>parliament <w VBD>was <w VVN>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLSCA03Y>
<s n="1467"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>involvement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1468"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>worsened <w CJS>after <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>forces <w VVD>seized <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>arms <w NN1>depot <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Georgia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
<s n="1469"><w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w CJC>but <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>army <w NN2>officials <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Georgia <w PRF>of <w VVG>pursuing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deliberate <w AJ0>anti-Russian <w NN1>policy <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Tengiz <w NP0>Kitovani <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>personally <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure<c PUN>.
<s n="1470"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NN1-VVB>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>depot<c PUN>, <w NP0>Reuters <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1471"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>for <w NP0>Abkhazia <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN2>Russians <w PRF>of <w VVG>bombing <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>positions <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Sukhumi<c PUN>, <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w VVD>reported<c PUN>.
<s n="1472"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>repeated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>met <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>accusations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>.
<s n="1473"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>Georgian <w CJC>and <w NP0>Abkhaz <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NN1-NP0>Sukhumi<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA040></p>
<caption id=HLSCA040>
<s n="1474"><w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1475"><w AT0>The <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Ossetian <w NN1>parliament <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w VVB>apply <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
<s n="1476"><w AJ0>Russian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Ossetia <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Ossete <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VVD-VVN>declared <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLSCA041><s n="1477"><w VVB>Tengiz <w NP0>Sigua <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Temuraz <w NP0>Khachiashvili <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NP0-NN1>Vazha <w NP0>Gudzhabidze <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment <w NP0-NN1>Murtaz <w NP0>Zankaliani <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Material <w NN2-VVZ>Supplies <w VVB>Teimuraz <w AJ0>Mamatsashvili <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations <w NN1>Committee <w NP0>Konstantin <w NP0>Salia <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tourism <w NN1>Committee <w NP0-NN1>Leri <w NP0>Gigineishvili <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Information
</p>
<caption id=HLSCA041>
<s n="1478"><w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1479"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1480"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1481"><w NN1>Replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1>rouble <w PRP>by <w NN1>coupon
</head>
<p>
<s n="1482"><w NP0>Ukraine <w VVD>replaced <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>karbovanets <w NN1>currency <w NN1>coupon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>crises <w VVD-VVN>continued<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1483"><w AT0>The <w NN2>coupons<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>solution <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN1>rouble <w NN2>banknotes<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w CRD>97 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN1>cash <w NN2>transactions <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn<c PUN>.
<s n="1484"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>lax <w NN1>credit <w NN2>policies <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>devaluation <w PRP>from <w NN1>parity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w CJC>and <w VVD>caused <w AT0>a <w AJ0>near <w NN1>breakdown <w PRP>in <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1485"><w AT0>The <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>quasi-currency <w VHD>had <w VVN>provoked <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ukraine <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="1486"><w PRP>In <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vadim <w NP0>Hetman<c PUN>, <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tactical <w NN1>retreat <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>coupon <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble<c PUN>.
<s n="1487"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>rebuked <w PRP>by <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kravchuk<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>then <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VM0>would <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>rouble <w NN1>zone <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1488"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Interfax <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-NP0>Hetman<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>because of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>illness<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PRP>because of <w NN2>differences <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w NN1>currency <w NN1>policy<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA042></p>
<caption id=HLSCA042>
<s n="1489"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>reform <w NN1>package
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1490"><w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kuchma <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39155<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>a <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>package <w TO0>to <w VVI>rescue <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acute <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="1491"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>some <w CRD>44 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>curbed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>demanded <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>forced<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>privatization <w PRF>of <w NN2>enterprises<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1492"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Kuchma <w NN1>reform <w NN1-VVB>plan <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>embraced <w NN1>exchange <w NN1-VVB>control <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>all <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>overhaul <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>salary <w NN1-VVB>freeze<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>cutting <w PRF>of <w NN2>subsidies <w PRP>to <w AJ0>loss-making <w NN2>industries<c PUN>, <w AJ0>high <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w AJ0>new <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>for <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w NP0-NN1>Kuchma <w VVD>won <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>powers <w PRP>from <w NN1>parliament <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>May <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>push <w DPS>his <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme <w AVP-PRP>through<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>crime <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
<s n="1494"><w DPS>His <w NN1>package <w VVD-VVN>received <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>from <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Volodymir <w NP0>Shcherbyna<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nova <w NP0>Ukraina <c PUL>(<w AJ0>New <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vyacheslav <w NP0>Chornovil<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rukh<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>well <w VVN>timed<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1495"><w NP0-NN1>Kuchma <w VVD>told <w NN1>parliament <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>worse <w NN1>state <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1496"><w NN1>Warning <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>reforms <w VM0>would <w VVI>cause <w NN1>business <w NN2>failures <w CJC>and <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>scheme <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>on <w NN1>government <w NN1>construction <w NN2>projects <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>wage<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1497"><w NN2>Figures <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>showed <w AT0>an <w CRD>18 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>fall <w PRP>in <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product<c PUN>.
<s n="1498"><w NN1>Inflation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w PRP>to <w NP0>August <w CRD>1992 <w VVD>stood <w PRP>at <w CRD>1,014 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1499"><w NN1>Production <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>, <w NN1>privatization <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>slow <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>companies <w VVD>showed <w DT0>little <w NN1>improvement<c PUN>.
<s n="1500"><w NN2>Exports <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>by <w CRD>19 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wholesale <w NN2>prices <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w AJ0>22-fold<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA043></p>
<caption id=HLSCA043>
<s n="1501"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Alternative<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>economy <w NN2>proposals
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1502"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>council <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alternative <w NN1>economics <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Merkulov<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>strategy <w PRP>for <w VVG>building <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w NN1>coupon <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>dollar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1503"><w NP0>Merkulov<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuchma<w POS>'s <w AJ0>close <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w VM0>would <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>currency <w NN1>market <w CJC>and <w NN1>stock <w NN1>exchange<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>planned <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w NN1>property <w PRP>in <w AJ0>private <w NN1>ownership <w PRP>from <w CRD>3 <w AV0>up to <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>, <w VVB>assist <w AJ0>private <w NN1>motor <w NN2>manufacturers<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>negotiating <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-based <w NN1-NP0>Chrysler <w NN1>Corporation <w PRP>on <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AJ0>new <w NN2>factories <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA044></p>
<caption id=HLSCA044>
<s n="1504"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>re-organization
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1505"><w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>administration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VVG>dissolving <w AT0>the <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w AJ0>advisory <w NN1>council <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>co-ordinating <w NN1>council <w PRP>on <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms<c PUN>.
<s n="1506"><w PNP>He <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>socio-economic <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRP>for <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>policy <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1507"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1508"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1509"><w ORD>Second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brazauskas <w CJS>as <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="1510"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Algirdas <w NP0>Brazauskas<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Sajudis <w NN1>alliance <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w NN1>background <w NN1>information <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39157<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w VBD>was <w VVN>contested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>58 <w NN2>constituencies <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1512"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w VVG>combining <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>71 <w NN1>constituency <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>70 <w NN2>seats <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP <w CRD>73 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>141-member <w NP0>Seimas <w CJC>or <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sajudis <w NN1>alliance <w CRD>30 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>18 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
<s n="1513"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>12 <w NN2>seats <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w NN2>independents <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1514"><w NP0>Brazauskas <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Seimas <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1515"><w PNP>He <w VVD>gained <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w CRD>81 <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0>only <w NN1>challenger <w VBG>being <w NP0>Aloizas <w NN2>Sakalas<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>received <w CRD>seven <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1516"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>inauguration <w NN1>speech <w NP0>Brazauskas <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w VVG>upholding <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>aim<c PUN>.
<s n="1517"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reforms <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures <w VVD>insisted <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1-VVG>spending <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>freeze <w AJ0>public-sector <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="1518"><w AV0>Earlier <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sajudis <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vytautas <w NN1-NP0>Landsbergis<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>DLP-led <w NN1>government <w VM0>could<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>sell <w AVP>out <w NP0>Lithuania<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVG>focusing <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>close <w NN2>neighbours<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>political <w NN1>provincialism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1519"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39157<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1520"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1521"><w NP0-NN1>VISEGRAD <w CRD>THREE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1522"><w AJ0>Free-trade <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1523"><w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w VVG>co-operating <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Budapest <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free-trade <w NN1>zone <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1524"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step<c PUN>, <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>goods <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>one-third <w PRP>to <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1525"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>full <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w CRD>four <w PRP>in <w NN1>number <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>split <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VVI>take <w DT0>another <w CRD>seven <w CJC>or <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="1526"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>countries <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>free-trade <w NN1>zone<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1527"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NN2>chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w PRP>on <w NN1>defence <w NN1>research <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w CJC>and <w NN1>production <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1528"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1529"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1530"><w NP0>UK <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty
</head>
<p>
<s n="1531"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>government <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN-VVD>won <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NN1>member <w NN2>governments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38785<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1532"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w VVG-NN1>reading <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>21 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>but <w DPS>its <w AJC>further <w NN1>consideration <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>3 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>negative <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NN1>ratification <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38942<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1533"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w CRD>319 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>316 <w PRP>with <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>deliberate <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1534"><w DT0>Those <w VVG>voting <w PRP>against <w AJ0>included <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN2>MPs <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN2>MPs<c PUN>.
<s n="1535"><w DT0>Those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w VVD>included <w CRD>19 <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>votes <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VVD>commanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>21-seat <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<c PUR>) <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1536"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>by <w AJ0>back-bench <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN2>MPs <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Lady <w NP0>Thatcher<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>warned <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>European <w PRF>of <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>will <w NN1-VVB>hand <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>more <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AJ0>unelected <w NN2>bureaucrats <w CJC>and <w VVB>erode <w AT0>the <w NN2>freedoms <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
<s n="1537"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w NP0>Major <w VVD>told <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>conference <w NN1>non-ratification <w VM0>would <w VVI>mean <w VVG>breaking <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w NN1>future <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1538"><w PRP>Towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN1>criticism <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39159<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w CJS>if <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN1-AJ0>Conservative <w NN2>MPs <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1539"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>positive <w NP0>Commons <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>, <w NP0>Major <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w DT0>that <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1>process <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>delayed <w CJS>until <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1540"><w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>described <w DT0>this <w NN1>delay <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unacceptable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Poul <w NP0>Schl&uuml;ter <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>fixed<c PUN>.
<s n="1541"><w PRP>By <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Major <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>expressed <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>for <w NP0>Major<w POS>'s <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>problems <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>decisive <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w VM0>should <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>unchanged <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>ratified <w CJS-PRP>as <w DT0>such <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w NN2>states <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJS>so that <w PNP>it <w VM0>can <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA045></p>
<caption id=HLSCA045>
<s n="1542"><w NN1>Ratification <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1543"><w CRD>Four <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AJ0>various <w NN2>stages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1544"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Belgium <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>by <w CRD>115 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>26 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39021<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1545"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w NN1>Chamber <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>137 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>13 <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>parliament <w VBB>be <w VVN>consulted <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w AV0>also <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39158<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1546"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Spain <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>by <w CRD>222 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>abstentions <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN2>votes <w PRP>against<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39159<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1547"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Denmark <w CRD>seven <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>on <w NN2>additions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39158<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1548"><w AT0>The <w CRD>four <w AJ0>major <w NN2>components <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>compromise <w VBD>were <w NN1>opt-out <w NN2>clauses <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>defence <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>non-participation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>EC-wide <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w DT0>such <w NN2>issues <w CJS>as <w NN1>immigration<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>citizenship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA046></p>
<caption id=HLSCA046>
<s n="1549"><w NN1-VVB>Commission <w NN1>Opinion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Finnish <w NN1>membership <w NN1>application
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1550"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>favourable <w NN1>Opinion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Finland<w POS>'s <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>presented <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38834<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1551"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>foresee <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>with <w NP0>Finland<w POS>'s <w NN1>neutrality <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>recognized <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>non-participation <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>.
<s n="1552"><w DT0>Much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>harmonization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>conditions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>secured <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Finland <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>EEA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1553"><w NN2>Areas <w VVG>requiring <w NN1>negotiation <w VVD>included <w NP0>Finland<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>heavily <w VVN>subsidized <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>aid <w PRP>for <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0>Arctic <w NN2>regions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA047></p>
<caption id=HLSCA047>
<s n="1554"><w AJ0>Norwegian <w NN1>membership <w NN1>application
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1555"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>narrowly <w VVN>rejected <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w CRD>1972 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>25525-26<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>re-applied <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NP0>EFTA <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Austria <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36822<c PUN>; <w CRD>38353<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38353<c PUN>; <w CRD>39064<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>above<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Switzerland <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38930<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1556"><w NN2>Delegates <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>183 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>106 <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>re-applying<c PUN>.
<s n="1557"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gro <w NP0>Harlem <w NP0>Brundtland <w VVD>warned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w CJT>that <w NP0>Norway <w VVD>risked <w NN1>isolation <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Nordic <w NN2>neighbours <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>re-apply <c PUL>(<w AJC>earlier <w NN2>applications <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w CRD>1962<c PUN>, <w CRD>1967 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1970<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><w PNP>She <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AVP>along <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sweden <w CJC>and <w NP0>Finland <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1559"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Storting <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>by <w CRD>104 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>55 <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1560"><w NN1>Opinion <w NN2>polls <w VVD-VVN>indicated<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>opposed <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA048></p>
<caption id=HLSCA048>
<s n="1561"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>Immigration <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w NP0>30-Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Immigration <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Trevi <w NN1>Group<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-ordinate <w CJC>and <w VVI>speed <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>processing <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers<w POS>' <w NN2>applications<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w CJS>as <w AV0>effectively<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>throwing <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring-fence <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>condemn<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w TO0>to <w VVI>bear <w AT0>the <w AJC>greater <w NN1>burden <w PRP>for <w VVG>taking <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1564"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>manifestly <w AJ0>unfounded <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>processed <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w PRF>of <w NN1>arrival <w CJC>and <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>appeal <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>.
<s n="1565"><w NN2>Applicants <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>exhaust <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>remedies <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w CJS>before <w NN2>applications <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered<c PUN>.
<s n="1566"><w NN1>Asylum <w NN2>seekers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>passed <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>safe <w ORD>third <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>host <w NN1>country<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1567"><w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>German <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>generally <w AT0>no <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w NN1>persecution <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>applications <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w VBI>be <w VVN>accepted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1568"><w NN2>Ministers <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>implementing <w NN2>measures <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="1569"><w NN1>Opposition <w VVD>came <w AV0>primarily <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ireland <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>signed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Schengen <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>border <w NN2-VVZ>controls <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38505<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece <w VHG>having <w VVN>signed <w PNP>it <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="1570"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>no <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AVQ>where <w TO0>to <w VVI>site <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nascent <w NN1>Europol <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>co-ordinate <w NN1>law <w NN1>enforcement <w NN1>intelligence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA049></p>
<caption id=HLSCA049>
<s n="1571"><w NN1>ERM <w NN1>realignment
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1572"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>realignment <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <c PUL>(<w UNC>ERM<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>peseta <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Portuguese <w NN1>escudo <w VBD>were <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AJ0>other <w NN2>currencies <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>currency <w NN1>crisis <w CJC>and <w NN2>realignments <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39080-81<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><w NN1-AJ0>Capital <w NN2>controls <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1574"><w AT0>The <w NN1>realignment <w VBD>was <w VVN>precipitated <w PRP>by <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w NN2>markets <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Riksbank<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swedish <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>let <w AT0>the <w NN1>krona <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>pegged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>ECU <w PRP>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38202<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>float <w AV0>freely <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39207<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1575"><w PRP>Over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preceding <w NN1>week <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Riksbank <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w CRD>158,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w VVG>defending <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>80,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w VVN>spent <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>three-week <w NP0>September <w NN1>crisis<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>represented <w AV0>virtually <w DT0>all <w NP0>Sweden<w POS>'s <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>.
<s n="1576"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>marginal <w NN1>interest <w NN1>rate <w VHD>had <w AV0>early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w PRP>from <w CRD>11.5 <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>the <w NN1>krona<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB>cut <w AV0>again <w PRP>to <w CRD>12.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>krona <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w AV0>around <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>value <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1577"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w VVD>commented<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>upheaval <w VVZ>emphasises <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>split <w PRP>into <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>hard<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>nucleus <w VVN-VVD>built <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>deutschmark<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>outer <w NN2>layers <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJC>softer<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="1578"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w VVN>confirmed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>precept<c PUN>: <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union <c PUL>(<w NN1>EMU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>about<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>at <w CRD>two <c PUL>(<w CJC>or <w DT0>several<c PUR>) <w VVZ-NN2>speeds<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1579"><w AJ0>Central <w NN2>banks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Denmark<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain <w AV0>all <w VVN-VVD>raised <w AJ0>short-term <w NN1>money <w NN1>market <w NN2>rates <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w AJ0>speculative <w NN1>selling <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>currencies<c PUN>.
<s n="1580"><w PRP>Outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w NP0>Norway <w VVD>raised <w VVG-NN1>borrowing <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Iceland<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>industry <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rendered <w AV0>less <w AJ0>competitive <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>devaluation<c PUN>, <w VVD>devalued <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Icelandic <w NN1>krona <w PRP>by <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Malta<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>depended <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w PRP>for <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>tourism <w NN2>earnings<c PUN>, <w VVD>devalued <w DPS>its <w NN0>lira <w PRP>by <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w CJC>and <w NN1>sterling <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1581"><c PUL>(<w PRP>By <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>lowered <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>bench-mark <w NN1>rate <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>lending <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>adjusted <w PRP>since <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>0.25 <w NN1>percentage <w NN2>points <w PRP>to <w CRD>9.35 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1582"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w VVD>recovered <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>F160,000 <w CRD>million <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w PRP>on <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>franc <w PRP>on <w NN1>currency <w NN2>markets <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="1583"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>0.25 <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>9.1 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>UK <w NN1>base <w NN2>rates <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>lowered <w PRP>from <w CRD>8 <w PRP>to <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Italy <w AT0>the <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>14 <w PRP>to <w CRD>13 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39159 <w PRP>for <w NP0>October <w NN2>reductions <w PRP>in <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
 <ptr target=HLSCA04A><s n="1584"><w NP0>Belgium/Luxembourg <c PUL>(<w NP0>BF<c PUR>) <w CRD>40.6304 <w CRD>41.9547 <w NP0>Denmark <c PUL>(<w NP0>DK<c PUR>) <w CRD>7.51410 <w CRD>7.75901 <w NP0>France <c PUL>(<w NN0>FF<c PUR>) <w CRD>6.60683 <w CRD>6.82216 <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>(<w NN0>DM<c PUR>) <w CRD>1.96992 <w CRD>2.03412 <w NP0>Greece <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dr<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w CRD>254.254 <w CRD>250.550 <w NP0>Ireland <c PUL>(<w UNC>IR&pound;<c PUR>) <w CRD>0.735334 <w CRD>0.759300 <w NP0>Italy <c PUL>(<w UNC>IL<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w CRD>1690.76 <w CRD>1632.36 <w NP0>Netherlands <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Fl<c PUR>) <w CRD>2.21958 <w CRD>2.29193 <w NP0>Portugal <c PUL>(<w NN1>Esc<c PUR>) <w CRD>182.194 <w CRD>176.844 <w NP0>Spain <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pta<c PUR>) <w CRD>143.386 <w CRD>139.176 <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <c PUL>(<w NN0>&pound;<c PUR>) <w UNC>* <w CRD>0.805748 <w CRD>0.689533
</p>
<caption id=HLSCA04A>
<s n="1585"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>central <w NN1>currency <w NN2>rates <w PRP>against <w NN0>ECU <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1586"><w UNC>*Not <w VVG-AJ0>participating <w PRP>in <w NN1>ERM<c PUN>; <w AJ0>notional <w NN1>rate <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>market <w NN2>values <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1587"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1588"><w NN1>COUNCIL <w PRF>OF <w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1589"><w NN1>Minority <w NN2>languages <w NN1>convention
</head>
<p>
<s n="1590"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w NN1>convention <w PRP>on <w NN1>minority <w NN2>languages <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w VBD>was <w VVN>opened <w PRP>for <w NN1>signature <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w CRD>11 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>27 <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1591"><w VVN>Designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>languages <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w DPS>their <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention <w VVD>defined <w AT0>a <w NN1>minority <w NN1>language <w CJS>as <w PNI>one<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>spoken<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>numerically <w AJ0>inferior<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>population <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>state<c PUN>.
<s n="1592"><w PRP>Among <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>measures <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN1>launch <w PRF>of <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>network <w NN1>broadcasting <w PRP>in <w NN1>minority <w NN2>languages<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1593"><w AT0>The <w NN1>convention <w AV0>also <w VVD>covered <w NN2>languages <w PRP>such as <w NN1-AJ0>Yiddish <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Romany<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVN>spoken <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w AJ0>particular <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1594"><w PNP>It <w VVD>excluded <w NN2>dialects <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN2>languages <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>languages <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-European <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>.
<s n="1595"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>around <w CRD>50,000,000 <w NN2>Europeans <w PNQ>who <w VVD>spoke <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>40-60 <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>or <w NN1>minority <w NN2>languages <w CJS>as <w VVN>defined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>convention<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1596"><w AT0>The <w NN1>convention <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP>after <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1597"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1598"><w NP0>WEU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1599"><w NN1>Broadening <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership
</head>
<p>
<s n="1600"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>role <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>forum <w PRF>of <w AJ0>western <w AJ0>European <w NN1>defence <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in line with <w AT0>the <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>WEU<c PUR>) <w VVD>decided <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>enlarge <w DPS>its <w NN1>membership <w PRP>by <w VVG>extending <w VVB>extend <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership <w PRP>to <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1601"><w NN1>Observer <w NN1>status <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AV0>also <w NP0>EC <w NN2>members <w CJC>but <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>contemplate <w AJ0>full <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>associate <w NN1>membership <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iceland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Norway <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1602"><w AT0>The <w NP0>WEU <w AV0>thus <w VVD-VVN>comprised <w CRD>10 <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w CJS>as <w AJ0>full <w NN2>members <c PUL>(<w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w NP0>Luxembourg<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Netherlands<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>two <w PRP>as <w NN1>observer <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0>associate <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1603"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>WEU <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w NN1>Secretariat <w PRP>from <w NP0>Paris <w CJC>and <w NP0>London <w AV0>respectively <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brussels <w VM0>would <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w NP0>WEU<w POS>'s <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>NATO <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1604"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1605"><w NP0>SWEDEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1606"><w NN1>Austerity <w NN2>measures
</head>
<p>
<s n="1607"><w AV0>Early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>measures <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>competitiveness <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>calm <w AT0>the <w NN1>currency <w NN2>markets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>September <w NN2>measures <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39112<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>; <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>raised<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Democrats <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Riksbank <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>float <w AT0>the <w NN1>krona <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>effective <w CRD>9 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>devaluation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39206<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1609"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>by <w CRD>30,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>otherwise <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w CRD>160,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>kronor <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=5.9855 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1610"><w NN2>Individuals<w POS>' <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN1>insurance <w NN2>contributions <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w NN2>employers <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w NN1>Unemployment <w NN1>benefit <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>savings <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w NN2>pensions <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>housing <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1612"><w AT0>The <w NN2>events <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bengt <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>, <w NN1>governor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Riksbank<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sweden<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>leader <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Ingvar <w NP0-NN1>Carlsson <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04B>
<s n="1613"><w NN1>Violence <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>nationalists <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Racist <w NN2>attacks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1614"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w NN1>battle <w PRF>of <w NP0>King <w NP0>Charles <w CRD>XII <w PRP>in <w CRD>1718<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>neo-Nazis <w CJC>and <w NN2>skinheads <w VVD>mounted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN1-VVB>march <w PRP>in <w NP0>Stockholm <w DTQ>which <w NN2>left-wingers <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>disrupt<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>confrontations <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w CRD>900 <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>kept <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups <w AV0>apart<c PUN>; <w AV0>about <w CRD>50 <w NN2>arrests <w VBD>were <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="1616"><w AJ0>Similar <w NN2>protests <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lund<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1617"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>graves <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w NN2>cemeteries <w PRP>in <w NP0>Stockholm <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>desecrated <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w AJ0>successive <w NN2>nights<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1618"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1619"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1620"><w NP0>Iraq <w NN2>arms <w NN2>supplies <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Royal <w NN2>finances
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1621"><w NN1>Matrix <w NP0>Churchill <w NN1>case
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1622"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>established <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of <w NP0>UK <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN1-VVG>licensing <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w NN1>export <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>Iraqi-controlled <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>firm<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1>machine <w NN2>tools <w CJC>and <w NN1>computer <w NN1>software <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potential <w AJ0>dual <w AJ0-NN1>civilian/military <w NN1>capability<c PUN>.
<s n="1623"><w AJ0>Detailed <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>reference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJC>wider <w PRP>in <w NN1>scope <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w NN1>question <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
<s n="1624"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>super-gun<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cases <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38308<c PUN>; <w CRD>38838<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1625"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>12 <w CRD>three <w DT0>former <w NN1>Matrix <w NP0>Churchill <w NN2>executives <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w NN1>trial <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>breaching <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>prior to <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AV0>in particular <w PRP>by <w AV0>falsely <w VVG>describing <w AT0>the <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>as for <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>use<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1626"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>acted <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>agent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Secret <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Service <w UNC>MI6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>allegations <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w CJT>that <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>encouraged <w NN1>dissimulation <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>contacts <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>British <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="1627"><w AT0>The <w NN1>export <w NN1>promotion <w NN1>aspect <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w VVN-VVD>admitted <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w PRP>by <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Clark<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-89 <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Procurement <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989-92<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1628"><w PRP>In the light of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inconsistency <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clark<w POS>'s <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>with <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>improper <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge <w VVD>directed <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquit <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>defendants<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1629"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PNP>it <w VVD>transpired <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>factor <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>judge<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>public <w NN1>interest <w NN1>immunity<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>certificates <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>disclosure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1630"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN2>days <w AV0>following <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>, <w NN2>accusations <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>against <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w AV0>in particular <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AVP>up <w NN2>modifications <w VVD-VVN>made <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>late <w CJS>as <w NP0>July <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>original <w CRD>1985 <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w NN2>exports <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>34515<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>misleading <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>respect<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04C>
<s n="1631"><w AJ0>Royal <w NN2>finances
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1632"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>months <w AV0>earlier <w AT0>the <w NN1>Queen <w VHD>had <w VVN>asked <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w PNP>she <w VM0>might <w AV0>voluntarily <w VVI>pay <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>income <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVB>take <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>payments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>family<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prince <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wales <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>request <w PRP>with regard to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Duchy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cornwall<c PUN>.
<s n="1633"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>statement <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AV0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1634"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AJ0>royal <w NN2>finances <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w NN1>eye <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>confirmation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>Brooke<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>portions <w PRF>of <w NP0>Windsor <w NN1>Castle <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>partly <w VVN>destroyed <w PRP>by <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1635"><w AT0>The <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>family <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>press <w NN1>attention <w PRP>during <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>in the light of <w AT0>the <w NN1>divorce <w PRF>of <w NP0>Princess <w NP0>Anne <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>remarriage <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>separation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Duke <w CJC>and <w NN1>Duchess <w PRF>of <w NP0>York <w CJC>and <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>marriage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prince <w CJC>and <w NN1>Princess <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wales <c PUL>(<w DTQ>whose <w NN1>separation <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04D>
<s n="1636"><w NN1>Church <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NN1>ordination <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w NN2>priests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1637"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Synod <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0-VVD>approved<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w CRD>three <w NN2>houses<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>measure <w TO0>to <w VVI>permit <w AT0>the <w NN1>ordination <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w NN2>priests<c PUN>.
<s n="1638"><w PRP>Subject to <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w NN2>Houses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w CRD>1994 <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Synod <w PRP>for <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>declaration<c PUN>.
<s n="1639"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>already <w NN2>women <w NN2>deacons <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church <w PRF>of <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>other <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Anglican <w NN1>communion <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AJ0>ordained <w NN2>women <w NN2>priests <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AJ0-VVN>consecrated <w NN2>women <w NN2>bishops<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04E>
<s n="1640"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>Rail <w NN2>redundancies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1641"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>spate <w PRF>of <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39159<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Rail <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>key <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w NN1>privatization <w CJC>but <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>suffering <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>recession<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>declaring <w CRD>5,000 <w AJ0>voluntary <w CJC>or <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN2>redundancies <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>four <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1642"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1643"><w NP0>NORTHERN <w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1644"><w NN1>Failure <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>future <w NN1>status
</head>
<p>
<s n="1645"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w CJC>and <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2>governments <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Brooke <w NN1>initiative<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39022<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>ended <w PRP>in <w NN1>failure <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1646"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>accommodation <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deep-seated <w CJC>and <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN2>problems<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1647"><w AJ0>Informal <w NN2>consultations <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN2>parties <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Official <w NP0>Ulster <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w NN1>Alliance <w NN1>Party<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1648"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0-NN1>Mayhew <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Andrews <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w DT0>that <w NN1>progress <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w CJS>when <w AJ0>round-table <w CJC>and <w NN1>committee <w NN2>stages <w VVD>gave <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>four <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Unionist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1649"><w NN2>Talks <w VVD-VVN>centred <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-VVD>devolved <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>replacement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anglo-Irish <w NN1>Agreement <w PRF>of <w CRD>1985 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>34070-71<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>governments <w AV0>meanwhile <w VVD>recommenced <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>meetings <w CJS>as <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anglo-Irish <w NN1>Agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>Anglo-Irish <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>adjourned <w CJS>because <w AJ0>Unionist <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Brooke <w NN1>initiative<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w CJS>while <w PNP>they <w VVD>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="1652"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>governments <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>restart <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1653"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1654"><w NP0>IRELAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1655"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1656"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Fianna <w AJ0>F&aacute;il-Progressive <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Reynolds <w VVD>collapsed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w VVG>following <w DPS>its <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>D&aacute;il <w PRP>by <w CRD>88 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>77<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN2>Democrats <c PUL>(<w NP0>PD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>vote <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w VVN>tabled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1658"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN2>Democrats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Desmond <w NP0>O'Malley <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Bobby <w NP0-NN1>Molloy<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>resigned <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mary <w NP0>Harney<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w VHD>had <w VVN>arisen <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Reynolds <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>accused <w NP0>O'Malley <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dishonest<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NN1>fraud <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>beef <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN1>industry <w PRP>as regards <w NP0>Reynolds<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w NN1>export <w VVZ-NN2>credits <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w CJS>while <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987-88<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04F>
<s n="1660"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1661"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VVD>made <w AJ0>sweeping <w NN2>gains<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w VVG>doubling <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>D&aacute;il <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w NP0>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>won <w DPS>its <w AJS>lowest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>1920s<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Fine <w NP0>Gael<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>suffered <w DPS>its <w AJS>worst <w NN1>result <w PRP>since <w CRD>1948<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1662"><w NN1>Counting <w VBD>was <w AV0>slow <w AJ0>due <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>voting <w NN1>system <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>voting <w NN2>papers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>referendums <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>ballot <w NN2>boxes<c PUN>.
<s n="1663"><w AT0>No <w NN1>party <w VVD>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>majority <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>capacity <w CJS>as <w AJ0>inter-party <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>took <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1664"><w PRP>After <w DT0>several <w NN2>recounts <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NP0>Dublin <w NN1>seat<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>D&aacute;il <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w VBD>was <w NP0>Fianna <w NP0>Fail <w CRD>67 <c PUL>(<w AV0>previously <w CRD>77<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fine <w NP0>Gael <w CRD>45 <c PUL>(<w CRD>55<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w CRD>33 <c PUL>(<w CRD>15<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN2>Democrats <w CRD>10 <c PUL>(<w CRD>6<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0-NN1>Left <w CRD>5 <c PUL>(<w CRD>6<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04G>
<s n="1665"><w NN1>Abortion <w NN2>referendums
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1666"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>controversial <w NN2>referendums <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39160<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w TO0>to <w VVI>coincide <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1667"><w AJ0>Preliminary <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w VVZ>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN2>abortions<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>about <w CRD>64 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w CRD>67 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>.
<s n="1668"><w AVQ>However <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>life<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>substantive <w NN1>issue<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>about <w CRD>66 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters<c PUN>.
<s n="1669"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0-NN1>complex <w NN1>wording <w VVD>asked <w CJS>whether <w NN1>abortion <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>available <w CJS>where<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>termination <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w AT0>the <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>distinct <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother <w AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>illness <w CJC>or <w NN1>disorder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother <w VVG>giving <w NN1>rise <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w CJC>or <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>risk <w PRP>to <w DPS>her <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w AJ0>self-destruction<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1670"><w AT0>The <w NN1>word<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>abortion<c PUQ>&quot; <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>appear <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1671"><w AT0>The <w NN2>referendums <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AJ0-AV0>clear <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w VVG>leading <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NP0>June <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>referendum <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Constitution<w POS>'s <w AJ0>restrictive <w NN1>abortion <w NN2>provisions <w VM0>could <w VVI>clash <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC <w NN2>rights <w PRP>to <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w NN1>information <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38942<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1672"><w DT0>These <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>provisions <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dublin <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>14-year-old <w NN1>girl <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>family <w PRP>from <w VVG>procuring <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w CJC>or <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>for <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJS>even though <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w NN1>suicide<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w VVG>preventing <w PNP>her <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>mother <w CJC>and <w NN1>child <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>movement <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38780<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1673"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>campaign <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>fiercely <w VVN>fought <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>opposing <w NN2>factions<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w NN1-NP0>Fianna <w VVB>F&aacute;il <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB-NN1>vote <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>to <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>substantive <w NN1>issue<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>.
<s n="1675"><w AJ0>Prominent <w NN2>clergymen <w VVD-VVN>maintained <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>choice <w VBD>was <w VVN>offered <w PRP>between<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>abortion <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN1>abortion<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>emphatically <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>proposals<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dublin <w NP0>Desmond <w NP0>Connell <w PNQ>who <w VVD>preached <w AT0>a <w NN1>sermon <w PRP>against <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>.
<s n="1676"><w NN1-AJ0>Pro-choice <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion <w CJC>but <w VVD>felt <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>distinction <w VBG>being <w VVN>made <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother<w POS>'s <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>life <w VBD>was <w AJ0>invidious<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1677"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1678"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1679"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>woman <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>girls
</head>
<p>
<s n="1680"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>racist <w NN1>arson <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>houses <w VVN>occupied <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>by <w NN2>families <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22-23<c PUN>, <w VVD>killed <w CRD>two <w NN2>girls <w PRP>aged <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeliz <w NP0-NN1>Arslan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ayse <w NP0>Yilmaz<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeliz<w POS>'s <w AJ0>51-year-old <w NN1>grandmother<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bahide <w NP0-NN1>Arslan<c PUN>.
<s n="1681"><w DT0>These <w NN2>killings<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>M&ouml;lln<c PUN>, <w NP0>Schleswig-Holstein<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>to <w CRD>17 <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>extremist <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1682"><w AT0>The <w NN2>killings <w VVD-VVN>prompted <w AJ0>spontaneous <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w AJ0>German <w NN2>cities<c PUN>.
<s n="1683"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks <w CJC>and <w VVD>reminded <w NN2>Germans <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>without <w DT0>these <w NN2>foreigners<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>affluence <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>possible <w AV0>at all<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1684"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w PNP>he <w VVD>declared<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VDI>do <w PNI>everything <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>rabble <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>place <w CJC>and <w VVD>hit <w AT0>the <w NN2>culprits <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1685"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1-NP0>M&ouml;lln <w NN2>victims <w CRD>two <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJS>youngest <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>born <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>M&ouml;lln<c PUN>.
<s n="1686"><w CRD>Nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>40 <w NN2>others <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>houses <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="1687"><w NN1>Responsibility <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w PNI>someone <w PNQ>who <w VVD>ended <w DPS>his <w NN1>call <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>words<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Heil <w NP0>Hitler<c PUN>!<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1688"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>banned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN1>Nationalist <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w PRP>with <w CRD>130 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985 <w CJC>and <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Meinholf <w NP0>Sch&ouml;nborn<c PUN>, <w CRD>36<c PUN>.
<s n="1689"><w NN1-VVB>House <w NN2>searches <w VBD>were <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w CRD>40 <w NN2>locations <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>firearms<c PUN>, <w NN1>ammunition <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN1>propaganda <w VVD-VVN>seized<c PUN>.
<s n="1690"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>19-year-old <w NN1>skinhead <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>under <w NN1>suspicion <w PRF>of <w NN1>arson <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>M&ouml;lln <w NN1-VVB>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="1691"><w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Peters<c PUN>, <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>on <w NN1>suspicion <w PRF>of <w VVG>leading <w AT0>a <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>terrorist <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1692"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,760 <w AJ0>extremist <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CRD>1,000 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="1693"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>hostels <w CJC>and <w NN2>cemeteries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AJ0>western <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w VVN>disclosed <w CJT>that <w NN2>investigations <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>made <w PRP>into <w CRD>24 <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>involvement <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>in <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>violence <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w CRD>three <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>manslaughter<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04H>
<s n="1694"><w AJ0>Anti-racist <w NN2>rallies
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1695"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin <w DT0>some <w CRD>300,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w NN2>foreigners<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>von <w NP0>Weizs&auml;cker<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Land <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>state<c PUR>) <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <c PUL>(<w PRP-CJS>except <w NP0>Max <w NN1-NP0>Streibl <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bavaria<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1696"><w NN0>Media <w NN1>coverage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Berlin <w NN1>rally <w VBD>was <w VVN>coloured <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w VVG>involving <w NN1>anarchist <w NP0>Autonomen <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>threw <w NN2>eggs <w PRP>at <w NP0>von <w NP0>Weizs&auml;cker <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w NN1>crowd<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1697"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>marches <w PRP>against <w NN1>racism <w VBD>were <w VVN>organized <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>cities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD>came <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w DT0>any <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w AJ0>w'sgenerous <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>provisions <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>urge <w AJC>stronger <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
<s n="1698"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>ceremonies <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Germany <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w AT0>the <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kristallnacht <w AJ0>anti-Jewish <w NN1>pogrom <w PRF>of <w CRD>1938<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04J>
<s n="1699"><w NP0>SPD <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1700"><w PRP>At <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16-17 <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG-AJ0>amending <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <c PUL>(<w NN1>constitution<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>1951 <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>Convention <w PRP>on <w NN2>Refugees<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>allowing <w AJC>speedier <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>seekers<w POS>' <w NN2>applications <w CJC>and <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>deportation <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>applications <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>.
<s n="1701"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>August <w NP0>SPD <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>policy <w PRP>on <w NN1>asylum <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39066<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1702"><w AT0>The <w NN1>congress <w AV0>also <w VVD>voted <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>amending <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Basic <w NN1>Law <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>German <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>blue <w NN1>beret<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>humanitarian <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
<s n="1703"><w NN1>Participation <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w NN2>operations <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Desert <w NN1>Storm<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>favoured <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>SPD <w VVD>wanted <w NP0>Germany <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>confine <w AJ0>military <w NN2>operations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN1>area<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04K>
<s n="1704"><w NN1>Compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>oppression
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1705"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>to <w NN2>Jews <w VVG>living <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>persecuted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nazi <w NN1>regime <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>thus <w AV0>far <w VBN>been <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>claim <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NP0>West <w AJ0>German <w NN1>agreement <w VVG-NN1>dating <w PRP>from <w CRD>1952<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1706"><w AT0>The <w NN1>World <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w CRD>50,000 <w NN0>people <w VM0>might <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w UNC>US&dollar;630,000,000 <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w NN2>payments <w PRP>between <w CRD>1992 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w NN1>guilt <w PRP>for <w NN1>holocaust <w CJC>and <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN1>compensation <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37379<c PUN>; <w CRD>37829<c PUN>; <w CRD>37899<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>worked <w AVP>out <w PRP>since <w NN1>unification <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb; <ptr target=HLSCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04L>
<s n="1708"><w NN1>Opening <w PRF>of <w NP0>Honecker <w NN1>trial
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1709"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Honecker<c PUN>, <w CRD>80<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w AJ0>German <w NN1>leader <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39023<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>colleagues <w VVD>went <w PRP>on <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Berlin <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
<s n="1710"><w PNP>They <w VVD>faced <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>manslaughter <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>orders <w PRF>of <w CRD>13 <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>flee <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Wall <w PRP>in <w CRD>1961<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1711"><w AV0>Also <w VVN-VVD>accused <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NP0>Stasi<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Erich <w NP0>Mielke<c PUN>, <w CRD>84<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Willi <w NP0>Stoph<c PUN>, <w CRD>78<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Heinz <w NP0>Kessler<c PUN>, <w CRD>72<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Fritz <w NP0>Streletz<c PUN>, <w CRD>66<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w NP0>Suhl<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hans <w NP0>Albrecht<c PUN>, <w CRD>72<c PUN>.
<s n="1712"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w VVG>sentencing <w AVP-PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2>guards <w PRP>in connection with <w NN2>killings <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Wall <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38736-37<c PUN>; <w CRD>38782<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1713"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w CRD>17 <w AV0>respectively <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Stoph<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>well <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w NN1>heart <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mielke <w VBD>were <w AV0>too <w AJ0>ill <w NN1>stand <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
<s n="1714"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>; <w NP0>Honecker<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AJ0>terminal <w NN1>liver <w NN1>cancer<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>only <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months <w TO0>to <w VVI>live<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1715"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1716"><w NP0>AUSTRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1717"><w NN1>Referendum <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>against <w NN2>foreigners
</head>
<p>
<s n="1718"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Austria <c PUL>(<w NP0>FP&Ouml;<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w NP0-NN1>J&ouml;rg <w NP0>Haider <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-point <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Austria <w ORD>first<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>halt <w PRP>to <w NN1>immigration<c PUN>.
<s n="1719"><w NP0>Haider <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w VM0>would <w VVI>gain <w AT0>the <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>signatures <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>oblige <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1720"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>inititive <w VVD-VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w NN2>Austrians <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>enjoy <w DPS>their <w NN1>homeland <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>perpetual <w NN1>security<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1>article <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>inserted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Austria <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w PRF>of <w NN1>immigration<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w PNP>It <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vision <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multi-cultural <w NN1>society <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1722"><w PNP>It <w VVD>demanded <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>new <w NN1>immigration <w VBB>be <w VVN>stopped <w CJS>until <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>housing <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>work <w TO0>to <w VVI>accommodate <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NN2>immigrants <w PRP>with <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>records <w VBI>be <w VVN>deported<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>foreigners <w VBB>be <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w NN1>identity <w NN2>cards <w PRP>at <w NN1>work <c PUL>(<w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>workers<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>foreigners <w PRP>in <w NN1>school <w NN2>classes <w VBI>be <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>maximum <w PRF>of <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1723"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>figures <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>542,300 <w NN2>foreigners <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AV0>under <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low <w NN1>figure <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>standards <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1724"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1991 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>2,300 <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>requests<c PUN>.
<s n="1725"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>currently <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>in <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1726"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30-31 <w AV0>about <w CRD>80 <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>graves <w VBD>were <w VVN>daubed <w PRP>with <w NN2>swastikas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-Semitic <w NN0>graffiti <w PRP>in <w NP0>Eisenstadt<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>border<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04M>
<s n="1727"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1728"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w NP0>Maria <w NP0>Rauch-Kallat<c PUN>, <w CRD>43<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>, <w NN1>Youth <w CJC>and <w NN1>Family <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="1729"><w PNP>She <w VVD>replaced <w NP0>Ruth <w NP0>Feldgrill-Zankel <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Graz<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04N>
<s n="1730"><w NP0>Hofburg <w NN1>fire
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1731"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vienna<w POS>'s <w NP0>Hofburg <w NN1>palace<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ausrian <w NP0>Hapsburg <w NN2>monarchs <w VHD>had <w VVN>lived<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>burnt <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>fire <w DTQ>which <w VVD>destroyed <w AT0>the <w ORD>18th <w NN1>century <w NP0>Redoutensaal <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w CRD>1979 <w NN1>SALT <w NN1>treaty <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1732"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1733"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1734"><w AT0>No <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion
</head>
<p>
<s n="1735"><w AT0>The <w NN1>minority <w NN1>centre-left <w NN1>government <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w VVD>survived <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39161<c PUR>&rsqb; <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w CJC>and <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>gained <w AV0>only <w CRD>257 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>286 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1736"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>tabled <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>invoked <w AT0>a <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>measure <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>reading <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>division<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCF<c PUR>) <w NN2>deputies <w AV0>once again <w VVN>refused <w PRP>to <w NN1>back <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>vote <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>right<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04P>
<s n="1737"><w NP0>Mitterrand<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>change
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1738"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w NN1>television <w NN1>interview <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>president<w POS>'s <w NN1>term <w PRP>from <w CRD>seven<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>at least<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>corresponding <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>strengthening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w VVG>ending <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>from <w NN1>prosecution <w PRP>in <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>courts<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJC>greater <w NN1>scope <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN2>referendums<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1739"><w PNP>He <w VVD>put <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w AV0>forward <w AV0>formally <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="1740"><w PNP>He <w VVD>gave <w AT0>no <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w CJC>or <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term <w VM0>would <w VVI>apply <w PRP>to <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1741"><w AT0>The <w NN2>proposals <w VBD>were <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cautious <w NN1>welcome <w PRP>by <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>left<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>parties <w VVD>decried <w PNP>them <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>distract <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>unpopularity<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04R>
<s n="1742"><w NN1>Relocation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Malian <w NN2>immigrants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1743"><w NN2>Police <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>dismantled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>makeshift <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vincennes <w VVD-VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>homeless <w NN2>families <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mali<c PUN>, <w VVG>rehousing <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>nearby <w AJ0>empty <w NN2>schools <w CJC>and <w NN1>worksite <w NN2>cabins<c PUN>.
<s n="1744"><w AT0>The <w NN1>operation<c PUN>, <w AV0>officially <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1-VVB>act <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>camp<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w NN2>immigrants<w POS>' <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1745"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1,500 <w NN2>Malians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>camp <w VBD>were <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>immigrants <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>refused <w VVG-NN1>housing <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>councils<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1746"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1747"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1748"><w NN1-VVB>Raid <w PRP>on <w NP0>PSOE <w NN0>headquarters
</head>
<p>
<s n="1749"><w AT0>The <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSOE<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>searched <w PRP>by <w NN1>court <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>; <w NN2>papers <w VBD>were <w VVN>taken <w AV0>away <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>orders <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w VVG>investigating <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>PSOE <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1750"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eligio <w NP0>Hern&aacute;ndez<c PUN>, <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>search <w NN1-VVB>warrant<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>legality <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Judge <w NP0>Marino <w NP0>Barbero<w POS>'s <w NN2>actions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04S>
<s n="1751"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w NN1>legislation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1752"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>draft <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>defining <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>strikes<c PUN>.
<s n="1753"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>also <w CJS>provided that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VM0>would <w PRP>within <w CRD>12 <w NN2>months <w VVB>negotiate <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>17 <w NN2>sectors <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN2>services <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>maintained <w PRP>during <w NN2>strikes<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w NN1>Agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w AV0>only <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>withdrew <w AT0>a <w NN1>clause <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w PNQ>who <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>comply<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04T>
<s n="1755"><w NN1>Murder <w PRF>of <w NN2>immigrants
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1756"><w AT0>An <w NN1-AJ0>immigrant <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lucrecia <w NP0>P&eacute;rez <w NP0>Martos<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>man <w VBD>was <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>by <w AJ0>hooded <w NN2>gunmen <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w NN1>right<c PUN>.
<s n="1757"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w AJ0>all-party <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>deploring <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w NN1>racism<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>politicians <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>left <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w VVN-VVD>joined <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1>march <w PRP>against <w NN1>racism <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1758"><w CRD>Four <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w AV0>previously <w AJ0>unreported <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>young <w NN1>Moroccan <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04U>
<s n="1759"><w AJ0>Equal <w NN1>status <w PRP>for <w NN2>religions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1760"><w PRP>Under <w NN2>regulations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>entered <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protestant<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Jewish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>faiths <w VBD>were <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>status <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Roman <w NN1>Catholicism <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>respect <w PRP>including <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>instruction <w PRP>in <w NN2>schools<c PUN>, <w NN1>church <w NN2>marriages <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1761"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1762"><w NP0>PORTUGAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1763"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Durao <w NP0>Barroso<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRP>for <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Joao <w UNC>de <w UNC>Deus <w NP0>Pinheiro <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w AVP>up <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commissioner<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04V>
<s n="1765"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>commission <w NN2>members
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1766"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>AIDS <w NN1>Prevention <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joaquim <w NP0>Machado <w NP0>Caetano<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>commission<w POS>'s <w NN2>members <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November<c PUN>, <w VVG>asserting <w CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVG>spending <w NN2>cuts <w VBD>were <w VVG>hampering <w AT0>the <w NN1>prevention <w PRF>of <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>.
<s n="1767"><w NP0-NN1>Odete <w NP0>Ferreira<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0-NN1>Caetano <w PRP>as <w NN1>head<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04W>
<s n="1768"><w NN1>Passage <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1769"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>14 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39161-62<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1770"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1771"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1772"><w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>developments
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1773"><w NP0>Craxi<w POS>'s <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>resignation <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>PSI <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1774"><w NP0-NN1>Bettino <w NP0-NN1>Craxi<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Unity <w NN1>Party <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>challenge <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39114<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>proposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN1>date <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Giuliano <w NN1-NP0>Amato <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
<s n="1775"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25-26 <w NP0-NN1>Craxi <w VVD>convened <w AT0>the <w AJ0>500-member <w AJ0>national <w NN1>assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w AV0>generally <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>PSI<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>congress <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04X>
<s n="1776"><w AJ0>Final <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1777"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w VVD-VVN>won <w PRP>by <w CRD>157 <w PRP>to <w CRD>70 <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>features <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>many <w NN2>senators <w VVG>showing <w DPS>their <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN1>absence<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA04Y></p>
<caption id=HLSCA04Y>
<s n="1778"><w NN1>Privatization <w NN1>programme
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1779"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w NP0-NN1>Amato <w VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>parliament <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ambitious <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w ZZ0>L <w CRD>27,000,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRP>with <w AV0>only<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>significant<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>minority <w NN2>holdings <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>sectors<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>residual <w NN2>stakes <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>company <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treasury<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1781"><w NN2>Divestments <w VVD>included <w NN1>majority <w NN2-VVZ>stakes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Istituto <w UNC>Nazionale <w UNC>delle <w NP0>Assicurazioni <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>INA <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Treasury-owned <w NN1>insurance <w NN1>company<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VVZ>petrochemicals <w AJ0>holding <w NN1>company <w NN2>ENI <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>subsidiaries<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>minority <w NN1-VVB>stake <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>electricity <w NN1>utility <w NN1-NP0>ENEL<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>stake <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Istituto <w NP0>Mobiliare <w NP0>Italiano <c PUL>(<w NN1>IMI<c PUR>) <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>services <w NN1-VVB>group<c PUN>.
<s n="1782"><w AV0>In addition <w NN2>companies <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w AJ0>holding <w NN1>company <w NN2>IRI<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w VVG-NN1>banking <w NN2>interests <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Banca <w NP0>Commerciale <w NP0-NN1>Italiano <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Banco <w NP0>di <w NP0>Roma<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN1>shipbuilding <w NN2>interests<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w AVP>off <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NP0>IRI<w POS>'s <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="1783"><w AJ0>External <w NN1>funding <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>recapitalize <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Treasury-owned <w NP0>Banco <w UNC>Nazionale <w UNC>del <w NP0-NN1>Lavoro <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0-NN1>subsidiary <w NN1-NP0>Efibanca <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>loss-making <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>sectors <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>restructured <w PRP>before <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA050></p>
<caption id=HLSCA050>
<s n="1784"><w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>against <w AJ0>extreme <w NN1>right
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1785"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w VVD>ransacked <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>neo-Nazi/skinhead <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>fought <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>skinheads<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>defacement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN1>property <w PRP>with <w NN2>slogans <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>profanation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>graves <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2-3<c PUN>.
<s n="1786"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>54th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kristallnacht <c PUL>(<w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>Nazis <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nationwide <w NN1>pogrom <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>in <w CRD>1938<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>100,000 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w VVG>wearing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>yellow <w NN1>Star <w PRF>of <w NP0>David<c PUN>, <w VVD>marched <w AV0>peacefully <w PRP>through <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AJ0>anti-Semitic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>racist <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>; <w NN2>protests <w CJC>and <w NN2>commemorations <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w AJ0>other <w NN2>cities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA051></p>
<caption id=HLSCA051>
<s n="1787"><w NN1>Mafia <w NN2>arrests
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1788"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>200 <w NN1-VVB>arrest <w VVZ-NN2>warrants <w PRP>for <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBD>were <w AV0>already <w PRP>in <w NN1>prison<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sicily <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>69 <w NN2>warrants <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
<s n="1789"><w AT0>The <w NN1>issuing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>warrants <w VBD>were <w AV0>directly <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>testimony <w PRF>of <w AJ0>key <w NN1>Mafia <w NN2>informers <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Tommaso <w NP0>Buscetta<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>flew <w AVP>in <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w AJ0-NN1>anti-Mafia <w NN1>commission<c PUN>.
<s n="1790"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>were <w CRD>three <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mafia <w NN1>chief <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Catania<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA052></p>
<caption id=HLSCA052>
<s n="1791"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0-NN1>Tyrol
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1792"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w NP0-NN1>Tyrol <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SVP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Riz<c PUN>, <w VVD>stood <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Siegfried <w NP0-NN1>Brugger<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1793"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>One <w NN1>Tyrol <w NN1>group <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>absence<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>for <w CRD>41 <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>railway <w NN2>lines<c PUN>, <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w NN1>electricity <w NN2>installations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w NP0-NN1>Tyrol <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-88<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1794"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1795"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1796"><w AJ0>Judicial <w NN1>reform <w NN1>bill
</head>
<p>
<s n="1797"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>reform <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w VVZ-NN2>suspects <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRP>before <w VBG>being <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w NN1>trial <w CJC>and <w VVD>allowed <w PNP>them <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w PRP>during <w NN1-VVG>questioning<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w NN2>changes <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>insistence <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0>&Ouml;zal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>apply <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism <w CJC>or <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>provinces <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1799"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>organization <w NN1>Amnesty <w AJ0>International <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VBN>been <w AV0>at least <w CRD>100 <w NN2>murders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w ORD>first <w VBN>been <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>, <w VVN>detained <w CJC>or <w VVD>tortured<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NP0-NN1>Turkey <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>political <w NN2>killings <w VBD>were <w VVG>continuing<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>virtually <w AJ0-AV0>daily<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1800"><w AT0>A <w NN1>policeman <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>university <w NN1>campus <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>group <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1-AJ0>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>Dev <w NP0>Sol<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA053></p>
<caption id=HLSCA053>
<s n="1801"><w AJ0-VVG>Continuing <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1802"><w CJS>As <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>operations <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PKK<c PUR>) <w VVD>continued <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39163<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>gained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Hakurk <w NN1>triangle <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>1,000 <w NN2>rebels <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJS>when <w NN2>troops <w AV0>also <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Haftanin <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="1803"><w AV0>About <w CRD>1,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PKK <w NN2>forces <w VVD>gave <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>up to <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Kurds <w PNQ>who <w VVD>moved <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w NN2>camps <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1804"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Dogan <w NP0>Gures<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>guerrillas <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w AJ0-NN1>offensive<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>within <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>task <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>intensify <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AJ0>south-eastern <w NN1-NP0>Turkey<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA054></p>
<caption id=HLSCA054>
<s n="1805"><w NP0>Istanbul <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1806"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>Welfare <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RP<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w CRD>28 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>overall<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>True <w NN1>Path <w NN1-VVB>party <w DT0>some <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>overall<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AV0>newly <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>city <w NN1>district <w NN2>councils <w VVG>involving <w AV0>about <w CRD>800,000 <w NN2>voters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>200,000 <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>provinces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA055></p>
<caption id=HLSCA055>
<s n="1807"><w AJ0>Accidental <w NN2>killings <w PRP>during <w NP0>NATO <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w PRP>in <w NP0>Aegean
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1808"><w CRD>Five <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>sailors <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w VBD>were <w VVN>injured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1 <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>carrier<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Saratoga<c PUN>, <w AV0>accidentally <w VVD-VVN>fired <w CRD>two <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w VVB-NN1>exercise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aegean<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>hit <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>destroyer<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Muavenet<c PUN>.
<s n="1809"><w AT0>An <w NN1>investigation <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>captain <w CJC>and <w NN1>crew<c PUN>, <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w NN1>midnight <w NN1>practice <w NN1-VVB>drill<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>thought <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>genuinely <w PRP>under <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1810"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1811"><w NP0>CYPRUS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1812"><w NN1>Adjournment <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="1813"><w AT0>A <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cyprus <w NP0>Georgios <w NN1-NP0>Vassiliou<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Northern <w NP0>Cyprus <w NP0>Rauf <w NP0-NN1>Denktash<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w CJC>but <w VVD>became <w VVD-VVN>deadlocked <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1814"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>59 <w NN2>meetings <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>between <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>leaders <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Set <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ideas<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>put <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39067<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1815"><w AT0>A <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>adopted <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>meetings <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>achieved <w DPS>their <w NN1>goal<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in particular <w CJS>because <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>positions <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>Cypriot <w NN1>side <w VBD>were <w AV0>fundamentally <w PRP>at <w NN1>variance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Set <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ideas<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>confidence-building <w NN2>measures <w VVN>recommended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1816"><w NP0-NN1>Denktash <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>rebuked <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>for <w VBG>being<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>total <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>society <w PRF>of <w NN2>nations <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w VVG>insisting <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>sovereignty<c PUN>, <w VVG>rejecting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>map <w CJC>and <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w NP0-NN1>Varosh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Famagusta<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>UN <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1817"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1818"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<p>
<s n="1819"><w PRP>After <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Greek <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michalis <w NP0-NN1>Papaconstantinou <w CJC>and <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w VVD>initialled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>friendship <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>ratified <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1820"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1821"><w NP0>LATVIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1822"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Janis <w NN2>Jurkans <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39157<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Latvian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>93 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>11 <c PUL>(<w PRP>with <w CRD>nine <w NN2>abstentions<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>nomination <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgs <w NP0>Andrejevs<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>Russian<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="1823"><w NP0>Andrejevs<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>hitherto <w VHD>had <w VVN>headed <w NP0>Latvia<w POS>'s <w NN1>observer <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>restore <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Latvia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>indigenous <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w CJS>while<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVG>maintaining <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>nationalities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1824"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1825"><w NP0>NORWAY
</head>
<p>
<s n="1826"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gro <w NP0>Harlem <w NP0>Brundtland <w AV0>unexpectedly <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-8<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>suicide <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w AJS>youngest <w NN1>son <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>; <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NN1>party <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0-NN1>Thorbj&ouml;rn <w NP0>Jagland<c PUN>, <w CRD>42<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1827"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1828"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1829"><w ORD>Seventh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations
</head>
<p>
<s n="1830"><w AT0>The <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VVN-VVD>resumed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>12-day <w NN1>adjournment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39167 <w PRP>for <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39119<c PUN>; <w CRD>39070 <w PRP>for <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>round <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w NP0>August-September<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1831"><w AT0>The <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w VVN-VVD>ended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w NN2>assessments <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VBD>were <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>pessimistic<c PUN>.
<s n="1832"><w DT0>All <w NN2>parties <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w CJS>except <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>an <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w VVN>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1833"><w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVB>cast <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="1834"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>credited <w PRP>with <w VHG>having <w VVN>brought <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>neighbours <w AV0>together <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>negotiating <w NN1>table <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w VHG>having <w VVN>maintained <w AT0>the <w NN1>momentum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1835"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>perceived <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>pro-Arab <w PRF>of <w AJ0>post-war <w NP0>US <w NN2>presidents<c PUN>.
<s n="1836"><w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w AV0>meanwhile<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w CJS-PRP>as <w AJ0-NN1>pro-Israeli <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>victory <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>alarm <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>feared <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unconditional <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="1837"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>commentators <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VM0>would <w AV0>effectively <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed <w PRP>on <w NN1-VVB>hold <w AV0>at least <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>took <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1838"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Syria<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DT0>some <w NN1>optimism <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>unproductive<c PUN>.
<s n="1839"><w NP0>Syria <w VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Golan <w NN2>Heights <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Israel <w AV0>flatly <w VVN>rejected<c PUN>.
<s n="1840"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Syria <w PRF>of <w VVG>undermining <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>by <w VVG>authorizing <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>against <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39212<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1841"><w NP0>Muwaffaq <w NP0-NN1>al-Allaf<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Rabin <w PRF>of <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN2>accusations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1842"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>progress <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
<s n="1843"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>feeling <w PRF>of <w NN1>pessimism <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21-23 <w PRP>between <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>team<c PUN>.
<s n="1844"><w NP0>PLO <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dead-end<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>round<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1845"><w VVZ-NN2>Hopes <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jordan <w VM0>would <w VVI>finalize <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>agenda <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39167<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round <w VVD>proved <w AJ0>groundless<c PUN>.
<s n="1846"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>proposal <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>military <w NN1>committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1847"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w VBD>were <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>round <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>off-stage<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUN>.
<s n="1848"><w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jordan <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w VVD>demonstrated <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w DPS>its <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1849"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Israel <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>made <w DPS>his <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>state <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39212<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1850"><w PRP>Prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mubarak <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0-VVG>visiting <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="1851"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVB-NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Farooq <w NP0>ash-Shar<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1852"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>participants <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jeddah <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>discussed <w NN1>strategy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>round<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA056></p>
<caption id=HLSCA056>
<s n="1853"><w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1854"><w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NN2>refugees <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11-12 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38932 <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>refugee <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ottawa <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1855"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w CRD>35 <w NN2>countries<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1856"><w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ottawa <w NN2-VVZ>talks<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>ending <w DPS>its <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>negotiations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39167 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>participation <w PRP>in <w AJ0>multilateral <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2-VVZ>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>walked <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>day <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Hallaj<c PUN>, <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Washington-based <w NN1>Centre <w PRP>for <w NN1>Policy <w NN1>Analysis <w PRP>on <w NP0>Palestine <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>PNC <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>parliament-in-exile<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1858"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>assured <w PRP>by <w NP0>Egypt <w CJT>that <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNC<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed <w VBD>was <w AV0>directly <w VVN>related <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>present <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="1859"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>rejoined <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w AJ0-VVN>written <w NP0>US <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w NP0>Hallaj<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PNC <w VHD>had <w VVN>lapsed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1860"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>issue <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>family <w NN1>reunification<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported<c PUN>.
<s n="1861"><w AT0>The <w NN2>talks <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRP>in <w NP0>Norway <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1862"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1863"><w AJ0>PALESTINIAN <w NN2>AFFAIRS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1864"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories
</head>
<p>
<s n="1865"><w NN2>Clashes <w PRP>between <w NN2>Palestinians <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>.
<s n="1866"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>troops <w VVN-VVD>shot <w CJC>and <w VVD>killed <w CRD>three <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>near <w NP0>Beit <w NP0>Omar <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1867"><w NN2>Figures <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Independent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w CRD>13 <w NN2>Palestinians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>Israeli <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>Palestinians <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w CRD>four<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>collaborators<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w NN2>Palestinians <c PUL>(<w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>six<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1868"><w AT0>The <w NN2>figures <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w AJ0>total <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987 <w PRP>to <w CRD>959<c PUN>.
<s n="1869"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>543 <w AJ0>Palestinian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>collaborators<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CRD>103 <w NN2>Israelis <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>period<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA057></p>
<caption id=HLSCA057>
<s n="1870"><w NP0>Bir <w NP0>Zeit <w NN1>student <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1871"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>student <w NN1>council <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bir <w NP0>Zeit <w NN1>University <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1872"><w NP0>Bir <w NP0>Zeit <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>university <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN2>results <w VBD>were <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>indicator <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>competing <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hamas<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1873"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>66 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>, <w CRD>33 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NN2>Hamas <w CJC>and <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>signal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w AJ0-NN1>mainstream <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="1874"><w NN2>Hamas <w VHD>had <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>on <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rejectionist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>ticket<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>PLO-affiliated<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>rejectionist<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>groups <w VHD>had <w VVN>presented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>united <w NN1>front <w PRP>with <w AJ0>al-Fatah <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hamas<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA058></p>
<caption id=HLSCA058>
<s n="1875"><w AJ0>Formal <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hamas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1876"><w NN2>Hamas <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>backing <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w TO0>to <w VVI>liberate <w NP0>Palestine<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1877"><w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Ghosheh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NP0>Hamas <w NN1-VVB>figure <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>alliance <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>from <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="1878"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2>Hamas <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w DPS>its <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Iranian-backed <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1879"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO <w NN1-VVB>chair <w NP0-NN1>Yassir <w NP0>Arafat <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sudan <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hamas <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1880"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VDD>did <w DT0>little <w TO0>to <w VVI>further <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconciliation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>groups<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA059></p>
<caption id=HLSCA059>
<s n="1881"><w NN1>Award <w PRF>of <w NN2>damages <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>family <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>court
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1882"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;62,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>damages <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unarmed <w NN1>Palestinian <w VVN>killed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>special <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
<s n="1883"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w AV0>also <w VVD>awarded <w NN2>damages <w AJ0-NN1>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;20,000 <w PRP>to <w DT0>another <w NN1>Palestinian <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>incident<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1884"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>Nazareth <w NN1>district <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>hailed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>landmark <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists<c PUN>.
<s n="1885"><w PNP>They <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <w VVD>nullified <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>argument <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>liability <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Palestinian <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>act <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>restored <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1886"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1887"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1888"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Internal <w AJ0>political <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>affairs
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1889"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>French <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1890"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25-27<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>150-member <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>delegation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w CRD>five <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1891"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VVD>met <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Shimon <w NP0>Peres<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>including <w NP0>Faisal <w NP0>al-Husseini <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Hanan <w NN1-NP0>Ashrawi<c PUN>.
<s n="1892"><w PNP>He <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>denounced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>press <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w NN2>measures <w VVG>opposing <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1893"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>signed <w NN1>co-operation <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w UNC>US&dollar;19,000,000 <w NN1-VVB>research <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <w NN1>fund <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>understanding <w VVG-AJ0>covering <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>improving <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>rail <w NN1>network<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05A></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05A>
<s n="1894"><w NN1-VVB>Defeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN2>motions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1895"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>survived <w CRD>four <w NN1>no-confidence <w NN2>motions <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>59-51<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
<s n="1896"><w AT0>The <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>motions <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0-AV0>close <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>coalition <w VVN>provoked <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ultra-orthodox <w NP0>Shas <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>statements <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w NP0>Shulamit <w NP0-NN1>Aloni<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN1>Education<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1897"><w NN2>Aloni<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Meretz <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>angered <w NN2>Shas <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w NN2>factions <w PRP>by <w AV0>vigorously <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w AJ0>major <w NN1>secularist <w NN2-VVZ>reforms <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>educational <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="1898"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>educational <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Shas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Meretz <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05B></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05B>
<s n="1899"><w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>package <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w NN1>growth
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1900"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Knesset <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993 <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN1>budget <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>reading <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>margin <w PRF>of <w CRD>55 <w PRP>to <w CRD>43 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>abstention<c PUN>.
<s n="1901"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package <w VVN>presented <w PRP>by <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Avraham <w NP0>Shocat <w VVD>proposed <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>from <w CRD>6.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w CRD>3.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN1>GDP <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1902"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1-VVB>debate <w DT0>many <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>argued <w PRP>for <w AJC>heavier <w NN1>spending <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN0>works <w NN2-VVZ>projects <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1903"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>shekel <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w PRP>by <w CRD>11 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>year <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>bolster <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
<s n="1904"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>prior <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>devaluation <w VVD>continued <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>diagonal <w AJ0>crawling <w NN1>peg<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>policy <w VVN-VVD>introduced <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1992 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN2>exporters <w PRP>with <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AJ0-VVG>damaging <w AJ0>speculative <w NN2>runs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>shekel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1905"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w CJC>and <w NN2>incentives<c PUN>.
<s n="1906"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <w PRP>from <w CRD>18 <w PRP>to <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>4 <w NN1>percentage <w NN1>point <w VVN>cut <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>tax <w NN1>rate <w PRP>to <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent <w VVN>spread <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>1993-97 <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1907"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1908"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1909"><w AJ0>Continued <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon
</head>
<p>
<s n="1910"><w NN1>Fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>proxy <w NN0>militia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39166 <w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>attacked <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2-VVZ>positions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ayn <w NP0>al-Tinah <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN1-NP0>Bekaa <w NN1>Valley <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
<s n="1912"><w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>Forces<w POS>' <w NN1>Radio <w AJ0>Free <w NP0>Lebanon <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w CRD>seven <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>fighters <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w CRD>seven <w AJ0-VVD>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="1913"><w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVD>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>firing <w NP0-NN1>Katyusha <w NN2-VVZ>rockets <w PRP>across <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>self-declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Galilee <w NN1-VVB>panhandle <w CJC>and <w AJ0>western <w NN1>Galilee<c PUN>.
<s n="1914"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VBD>were <w VVN>evacuated <w PRP>to <w NN2>shelters<c PUN>.
<s n="1915"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD-VVN>exchanged <w NN1>artillery <w NN1>fire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8-10 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="1916"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>regular <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VVN>stationed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bekaa <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w NN1>artillery <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>into <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="1917"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1-VVB>target <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NN1>Tyre<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1918"><w NP0-NN1>Muhsin <w NP0-NN1>Dallul<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="1919"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN1>Radio <w AJ0>Free <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w NP0-NN1>Dallul <w VVD>asked <w NP0>Hezbollah <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w NN1>self-restraint <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1920"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Nepalese <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Interim <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNIFIL<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>fighter <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>clash <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN2>villages <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kafra <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Yatar<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN1>UNIFIL <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>wounded<c PUN>.
<s n="1921"><w AV0>Later <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>soldier <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>others <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>clash <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hezbollah <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Rashaf<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>village <w AV0>also <w VVD>located <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1922"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN1>preparedness <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>peak <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>reinforcements <w PRP>since <w CRD>1985<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1923"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>guarded <w NN1>calm<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05C></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05C>
<s n="1924"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1925"><w AJ0>Rafiq <w NN1>al-Hariri<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39165-66 <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Hariri<w POS>'s <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>delivered <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1926"><w NN2>Hariri <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w PNX>itself <w NN2>objectives <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>liberation<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1927"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>occupation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>beef <w PRP-AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>steadfastness <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN0>kinsfolk <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w CJC>and <w AJ0>western <w NN1-NP0>Bekaa<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1928"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>text <w CJC>and <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w CRD>1989<c PUR>) <w NP0>Taif <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36896<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>endeavour <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w CRD>1991<c PUR>) <w NN1>Treaty <w PRF>of <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-ordination <w PRP>with <w NP0>Syria <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38214<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1929"><w AJ0>Administrative <w NN2>reforms <w VM0>would <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ministries <w CJC>and <w NN2>councils <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1>immunity <w PRP>for <w NN1>state <w NN2>employers <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="1930"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w AV0>also <w VVD>aimed <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>situation <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>consolidate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free-enterprise <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1931"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>104 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>against <w CRD>12 <w VVG-AJ0>representing <w NP0>Hezbollah <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Group<c PUN>; <w CRD>three <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>.
<s n="1932"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Oppressed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>broadcast <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy <w NN1>statement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VVD>contained <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>distinguish <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>policy <w NN2>statements<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05D></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05D>
<s n="1933"><w NN1>Meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>leaders
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1934"><w NN2>Hariri <w VVD>paid <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Syria <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Lebanon<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hafez <w NP0>al-Assad <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Syrian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
<s n="1935"><w NN2>Hariri<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NP0>President <w NP0>Elias <w NP0>Hrawi <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>Speaker <w NP0-NN1>Nabi <w NP0-NN1>Berri<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Syria <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>.
<s n="1936"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>delegation <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>President <w NP0>Assad <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1937"><w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w DT0>several <w NN2>issues <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AJ0>domestic <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>ties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Syrian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1938"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1939"><w NP0>SYRIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1940"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN1>debt <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Report <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fresh <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>arms <w VVB-NN1>deal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1941"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>trade <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Syria <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>Syria<w POS>'s <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>military <w NN1>debt <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>little <w NN1>progress<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1942"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Digest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>citing <w AJ0>Western <w AJ0>military <w NN2>analysts<c PUN>, <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Syria <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>military <w NN1>supply <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>.
<s n="1943"><w AT0>The <w NN2>supplies <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w CRD>MiG-29 <w CJC>and <w CRD>Sukhoi-24 <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>, <w CRD>T-72 <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w CRD>SAM-11 <w CJC>and <w CRD>SAM-13 <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1944"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1945"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1946"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Islamist <w NN2>deputies
</head>
<p>
<s n="1947"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Laith <w NP0-NN1>Shbeilat <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yaqoub <w NP0-NN1>Qarrash<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>with <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>labour <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w NP0-NN1>Shabab <w NP0>al-Nafeer <w NN1>al-Islami <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Vanguard <w NN1>Youth<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>possessing <w AJ0>illegal <w NN2>weapons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39118<c PUN>; <w CRD>39166<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1948"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Shbeilat <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Qarrash <w VBD>were <w AV0>both <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>amnesty <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein<w POS>'s <w NN1>birthday<c PUN>.
<s n="1949"><w NN2>Others <w NN2>prisoners <w VVN>released <w AJ0-VVN>included <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>groups <w PRP>such as <w AT0>The <w NN1>Prophet <w NP0>Mohammad<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NP0>Hamas <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1950"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Shbeilat <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Qarrash <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>controversial<c PUN>.
<s n="1951"><w NN1-NP0>Shbeilat <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>popular <w NN2>politicians <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>achieved <w NN1>prominence <w PRP>by <w VVG>exposing <w AJ0>high-level <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="1952"><w DPS>His <w NN2>supporters <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Qarrash <w VBD>were <w AV0>politically <w VVN-AJ0>motivated<c PUN>.
<s n="1953"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conduct <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PNX>itself <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w DT0>much <w NN1>speculation <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AJ0>evident <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w NN2>witnesses <w VBD>were <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>.
<s n="1954"><w CRD-PNI>One<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN1>witness<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>identified <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>German <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>origin<c PUN>, <w VVD>recanted <w DPS>his <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w CJC>and <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>false <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>under <w NN1>duress<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05E></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05E>
<s n="1955"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein<w POS>'s <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1956"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>spoke <w AV0>publicly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>cancer <w NN1>surgery <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39118<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>undergo <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>tests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="1957"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>deflate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>personality <w NN1>cult <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w AVP>up <w PRP>around <w PNP>him <w CJS>since <w DPS>his <w NN1>cancer <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>publicized<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w VVD>referred <w AV0>indirectly <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>mortality<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1958"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w AV0>also <w VVD>issued <w AT0>an <w AJ0>oblique <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>.
<s n="1959"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w PRP>in line with <w AJ0>general <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN1>policy <w TO0>to <w VVI>distance <w PNX>itself <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="1960"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>another <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w VVN>broadcast <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w VVD>defended <w DPS>his <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w CJC>and <w AV0>strongly <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w VVZ-NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="1961"><w AT0>The <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>criticism <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in response to <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN2>demands <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>publicly <w VVB>apologize <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jordan<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="1962"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>order<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>far <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>stains <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w NN1>consumerism <w CJC>and <w NN1>tyranny<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>attacked<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>those <w NN2>Arabs<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>tribal <w NN1>affiliation <w CJC>and <w NN1>arrogance<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>flooded <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w VVD>bragged <w PRP-AVP>about <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>restored <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreigner <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN2>lances <w VVN>stained <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>blood <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>brothers<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1963"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1964"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1965"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w NN2>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="1966"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VVN>complied <w AV0>fully <w CJC>and <w AV0>unconditionally <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN2>obligations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>under <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN2>resolutions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38116<c PUN>; <w CRD>38164-65<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1967"><w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>request <c PUL>(<w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39026<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>easing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>embargo <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>claimed<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>owing to <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1968"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high-level <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>delegation <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Tariq <w NP0>Aziz <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Said <w NP0>Kazim <w NP0-NN1>al-Sahhaf<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>maintained <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Iraq <w VHZ>has <w PRP>up to <w AV0>now <w AV0>only <w AV0>selectively <w CJC>and <w AV0>partially <w VVD-VVN>complied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>obligations <w VVN>placed <w PRP>upon <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1969"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w NN2>shortcomings <w VVN>cited <w VBD>were <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>harassment <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>; <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w VVZ>abuses <w PRP>against <w NN2>Kurds <w CJC>and <w NN2>Shias<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w NN1>failure <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w DPS>its <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>.
<s n="1970"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>mission <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>accused <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w VVG>delivering <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>judgment<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1971"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>riposte <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w NP0-NN1>Aziz <w VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>no matter what <w NP0>Iraq <w VDZ>does <w PRP>in <w NN1>fulfilment <w PRF>of <w NN2>obligations <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>upon <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unjust <w NN1>sentence <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>starve <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq <w VM0>will <w VVI>remain <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>place <w CJS>because <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>will <w PRF>of <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>influential <w NN2>governments<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1972"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w NP0>Aziz <w VVD>named <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJS>as <w AV0>primarily <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>blockade <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="1973"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Amman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w PNP>he <w AV0>again <w VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w DT0>many <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>shown <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>tangible <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>privately <w VVN-VVD>assured <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRF>of <w VVG>lifting <w AT0>the <w NN1>blockade<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>hinged <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>positions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>, <w NP0>Britain <w CJC>and <w NP0>France<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1974"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bahrain <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>war-making <w NN1>potential<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hardship <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1975"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NN2>sanctions <w VVD>came <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Baburin<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>delegation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9-15<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05F></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05F>
<s n="1976"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>weapons
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1977"><w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors <w PNQ>who <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Manama<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>week-long <w NN1>mission <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iraq <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w AT0>the <w NN1>incineration <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>mustard <w NN1>gas <w NN1>arsenal <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>production <w NN1>complex <w PRP>at <w NP0>Muthanna<c PUN>, <w CRD>130 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0>Baghdad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39116<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1978"><w NP0>UN <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors <w PNQ>who <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8-18 <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>destroyed <w CRD>100 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high-strength <w NN1>steel <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>uranium-enriching <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1979"><w AT0>The <w NN1>team<w POS>'s <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Dimitri <w NP0>Perricos <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Manama <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>violate <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions <w PRP>by <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>helped <w VVI>build <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38984<c PUN>; <w CRD>39116<c PUN>; <w CRD>39164<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1980"><w NP0>Iraq <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>second <w AJ0>military <w NN1>exercise <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>war <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>military <w NN1>exercise <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05G></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05G>
<s n="1981"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1982"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>consignment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>UN-purchased <w NN1>fuel <w VVN>authorized <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w NN1>memorandum <w PRF>of <w NN1>understanding <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39163<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>reached <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN2>areas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1983"><w AV0>Earlier <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>Children<w POS>'s <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNICEF<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w PRF>of <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>for <w NN1>distribution <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1984"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>World <w NN1>Food <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>WFP<c PUR>) <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>food <w NN1-VVB>plan <w PRP>for <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>consignment <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>despatch <w PRF>of <w CRD>15,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>wheat <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>cooking <w NN1>oil <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1985"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aid <w NN1>agency <w NN1-VVB>Care<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>distribution <w NN1>agency <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NP0>UN <w NN1>relief <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>official <w NN1>permission <w TO0>to <w VVI>distribute <w NN1>food <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05H></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05H>
<s n="1986"><w NN1>Attitude <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>states <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>question
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1987"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ankara <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PRF>of <w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Suleyman <w NP0-NN1>Demirel<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AJ0>clear <w DPS>their <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0>Kurdish <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN2>ambitions <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Kurd <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1988"><w VVG>Describing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>government <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>chaotic<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>warned <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>divide <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="1989"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>veiled <w NN1>reference <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>motion <w VVG>endorsing <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>de facto <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39164<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>pledged <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>maintaining <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>interfere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Kurdish<c PUN>, <w NN1>Sunni <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>populations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1990"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Kurdish <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tripartite <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>blatant <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>interfere <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>affairs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1991"><w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>Turkoman <w NN2>groups <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unitary <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>state<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>referendum <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Turkey<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>opt <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>solution<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>structure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>Turkomans <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>exercise <w DPS>their <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>within <w DT0>this <w NN1>structure<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05J></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05J>
<s n="1992"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners-of-war <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1993"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>prisoners-of-war <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29<c PUN>; <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICRC<c PUR>) <w AV0>more than <w CRD>20,000 <w NN2>Iraqis <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05K></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05K>
<s n="1994"><w NN1>Currency <w NN1>crisis
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1995"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>order <w VVG>banning <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>luxury <w NN2>items <w VBD>was <w VVN>extended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="1996"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>violation <w VVD>entailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w AT0>the <w NN1>slide <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dinar<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>lost <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>34 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>value <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>oil <w NN2>assets <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39163<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1997"><w AJ0>Unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w CRD>25-30 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>gold <w PRP>from <w NN1>state <w NN2-VVZ>reserves <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>confiscation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>assets<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1998"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1999"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2000"><w NP0>US <w NN2>suspicions <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w NN1>build-up
</head>
<p>
<s n="2001"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>begun <w AT0>a <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>discourage <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>countries <w PRP>from <w VVG>exporting <w AV0>militarily <w AJ0>useful <w NN2>technologies <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
<s n="2002"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w VVD>said <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>policy <w NN2>differences <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>allies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>loosening <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN2-VVZ>controls<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>flood <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high-technology <w NN0>sales <w AJ0>comparable <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w CJC>and <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2003"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-Iraq <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Act <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVG>placing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>technology <w NN2-VVZ>exports<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2004"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>nuclear-powered <w NN1>submarine<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Topeka<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>entered <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>underline <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>concern <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN1>Kilo <w NN1>class <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>diesel <w NN2>submarines <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Banda <w NP0>Abbas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39122<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w NN1>option<c PUN>.
<s n="2005"><w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>paid <w NN0>US&dollar;600 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>submarine <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tehran <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>fleet <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2006"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>revolutionaries<w POS>' <w NN1>takeover <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>embassy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tehran <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>30150<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>resident<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milton <w NP0>Meier<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>travel <w NN1>agent<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>confessed <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVG>spying<c PUN>.
<s n="2007"><w AT0>A <w NN1>crowd <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w DT0>several <w CRD>thousands <w VVD>gathered <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>embassy <w VVG>chanting<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Death <w PRP>to <w NP0>America<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2008"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w NN2>demonstrators<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Majlis <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Nateq <w NP0-NN1>Nouri<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>infinite <w NN1>distance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2009"><w AJ0>Anti-US <w NN2>demonstrations <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
<s n="2010"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>French <w NN1>resident <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>reason <w VBG>being <w VVN>made <w NN1-AJ0>public<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2011"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w NN2>officials <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>Seven <c PUL>(<w UNC>G-7<c PUR>) <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w PRP>near <w NP0>Bonn<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>European <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>resisted <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>far-reaching <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w AV0>potentially <w AV0>militarily <w AJ0>useful <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
<s n="2012"><w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>analysts <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>divided <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>purpose <w CJC>and <w NN2>implications <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iran<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>reported <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>military <w NN1>spending<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05L></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05L>
<s n="2013"><w NN1>Denial <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fundamentalist <w NN1>incitement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2014"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRP>by <w AV0>both <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Algeria <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>activism <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUN>; <w NN1>p. <w CRD>39215<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w AV0>strongly <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NN1>Ayatollah <w VVD>Seyed <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Khamenei<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVD>blamed<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>enemy <w NN1>propaganda<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w VVG>misrepresenting <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2015"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN0>media <w VVD>attacked <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0-NN1>Mubarak <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>during <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VVG>accusing <w PNP>him <w PRF>of <w VVG>serving <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>interests<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>defending <w NP0>UAE <w NN2>allegations<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05M></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05M>
<s n="2016"><w NP0>Rushdie <w NN1>affair
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2017"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w PRP>over <w AJ0>renewed <w NN2>calls <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w DT0>several <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>officials <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>writer <w NP0>Salman <w NP0>Rushdie <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN1>fulfilment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fatwa <w VVN>pronounced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Ruhollah <w NP0>Khomeini <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36450-51<c PUN>; <w CRD>38984<c PUN>; <w CRD>39026-27<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2018"><w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Sanei<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>offered <w UNC>US&dollar;2,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Rushdie<w POS>'s <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>reward<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unspecified <w NN1>amount<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2019"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2020"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>ARAB <w NP0>EMIRATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2021"><w NN2>Islands <w VVB-NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</head>
<p>
<s n="2022"><w NP0>Iran <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>permitted <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>residents <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa<c PUN>, <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>dispute <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>mid-April <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>troops <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>installations <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38887<c PUN>; <w CRD>39116<c PUN>; <w CRD>39165<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2023"><w CRD>Twelve <w NN2>teachers <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>doctor <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Arab <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2024"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w VVG>citing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kuwaiti <w AJ0>daily <w AJ0>al-Anba <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Gulf <w AJ0>military <w NN2>sources<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>installed <w NN1-VVB>launch <w NN2>pads <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Silkworm <w AJ0-NN1>surface-to-surface <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>on <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2025"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2026"><w NP0-NN1>GULF <w NN1>CO-OPERATION <w NN1>COUNCIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2027"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>meetings
</head>
<p>
<s n="2028"><w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>) <w NN2-VVZ>states <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Dhabi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2029"><w AT0>A <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>reaffirmed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>any <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1>member <w NN1>state <w VM0>shall <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NP0>GCC <w NN2>nations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2030"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN2>actions <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>island <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Musa <w CJC>and <w VVD>reaffirmed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Emirates<w POS>' <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0-NN1>Tunb <w NN2>islands <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2031"><w AT0>The <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hoseyn <w NP0>Sadeqi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w NN2>broadcasts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2032"><w NP0>GCC <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kuwait <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21 <w CJC>and <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w CJC>but <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>market <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000 <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>objective <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38985<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2033"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Dhabi <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w VVN>overshadowed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w VVG>marking <w DPS>its <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>displeasure <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>border <w NN1>incident <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39165<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2034"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2035"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2036"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>tourists <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Arrests
</head>
<p>
<s n="2037"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>renewed <w NN1>upsurge <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>tourists <w PRP>by <w AJ0>presumed <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>activists<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>automatic <w NN2>weapons <w VVB-NN1>fire <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sightseeing <w NN1>bus <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>through <w NP0>Qena <w CRD>400 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cairo <w AV0>en route <w PRP>from <w NP0>Luxor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Red <w NP0>Sea <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="2038"><w NN2>Police <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>270 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>gunmen <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2039"><w AV0>At least <w CRD>250 <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w CRD>15 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>coastal <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alexandria<c PUN>.
<s n="2040"><w NN1>Security <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>cited <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NN2>documents <w VVD-VVN>seized <w VVN-VVD>suggested <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>lucrative <w NN1>tourist <w NN1>industry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39168<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVG>involving <w NN2>personalities <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Sadat<c PUN>.
<s n="2041"><w AT0>The <w NN2>officials <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Sudan <w PRF>of <w VVG>providing <w NN2>bases <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Egyptian <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>militants <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>trained <w PRP>by <w NN2>Iranians<c PUN>.
<s n="2042"><w PRP>As of <w NP0>mid-November <w AV0>more than <w CRD>70 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>militants <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2043"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>activities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fundamentalist <w NN2>preachers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>putting <w AV0>privately <w VVB>run <w NN2>mosques <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NP0>Waqfs <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Religious <w NN2>Endowments<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2044"><w PRP>According to <w NN2>reports <w NN2>mosques <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PRP>around <w NP0>Asyut <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Dairut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0>Egypt <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>suspected <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w NN2>centres <w PRF>of <w NN1>sedition<c PUN>.
<s n="2045"><w NN2>Professors <w PRP>at <w NP0>Asyut <w NN1>university <w VHD>had <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>against <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>security <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>campus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2046"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Abdel-Halim <w NP0>Moussa <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23 <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alexandria <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w AJ0>military <w NN1>training <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peshawar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>.
<s n="2047"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w PRP>amid <w AT0>a <w AJ0>developing <w AJ0>ministerial <w CJC>and <w NN0>media <w NN1>war <w PRF>of <w NN2>words <w PRP>between <w NP0>Egypt <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w VVD>rejected<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>scurrilous<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>criticisms <w PRF>of <w NP0>Egypt <w VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>leader <w NN1>Ayatollah <w VVD>Seyed <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Khamenei<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05N></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05N>
<s n="2048"><w VVG-AJ0>Rehousing <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w NN1>earthquake <w NN2>victims
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2049"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Atef <w NP0-NN1>Sidki <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cairo <w NN1>earthquake <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39167-68<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>rehoused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="2050"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VVI>estimate <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>rebuilding <w PRP>at <w UNC>E&pound;1,500 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;450 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2051"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2052"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2053"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="2054"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Committees <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>8 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39168<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Zaid <w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Dourda <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-appointed <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w PRP>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37795<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2055"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moderate <w NP0>Umar <w NP0>Mustafa <w NP0>al-Muntasir<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>Secretary <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Liaison <w CJC>and <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>inplace <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Mohammad <w NP0-NN1>Bashari<c PUN>.
<s n="2056"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>impasse <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>affair <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38883<c PUN>; <w CRD>39072<c PUN>; <w CRD>39168<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2057"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w NP0>Maj. <w NP0>Abdel <w NP0>Salem <w NP0>Jalloud<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>number <w CRD>two<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>to <w NP0>US <w NP0>President-elect <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>turn <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>page<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Libya <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2058"><w VVB-NN1>Jalloud <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>invited <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0-VVG>examining <w NN1>magistrate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean-Louis <w NP0>Brugui&egrave;re<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>return<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w NN1>warship<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2059"><w NP0>France <w VVD>protested <w PRP>to <w NP0>Libya <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w CJS>after <w NP0>Brugui&egrave;re <w VBD>was <w VVN>turned <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>at <w NP0>Tripoli <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39168<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2060"><w NP0>Libya <w VVD>described <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w AV0>heavily <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>vessel <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>provocation<c PUN>.
<s n="2061"><w AT0>The <w NN1>judge <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w AT0>an <w AJ0>agreed <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>UTA <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>over <w NP0>Niger <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>170 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36910<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2062"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>intelligence <w NN1>defector <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NP0>US <w NN1>protection <w PRP>after <w VVG>providing <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>Libyans <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w PRP>for <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN1>bombing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2063"><w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w AJ0>international <w NN2>sanctions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>even <w AV0>more <w AJ0>effective<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>unless <w NP0>Libya <w VVD>complied <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w NN2>suspects <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UTA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lockerbie <w NN2>cases <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38839<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2064"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2065"><w NP0>TUNISIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2066"><w AJ0>Limited <w NN2>reforms
</head>
<p>
<s n="2067"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Zine <w NP0>el-Abidine <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Ali<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>anniversary <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>assumption <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w NN2>reforms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="2068"><w AV0>Instead<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>ombudsman <w TO0>to <w VVI>mediate <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w VVD>promised <w CJT>that <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w NN1>democracy <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w AV0>soon<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>expected <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1994<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05P></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05P>
<s n="2069"><w NN1>Sentencing <w PRF>of <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2070"><w PRP>In <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w VVN>known <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>couscous <w NN1>connection<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN1>brother<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moncef <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Ali<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w AV0>in absentia <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>French <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>laundering <w NN2>drugs <w NN1>money <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>caught <w PRP>at <w NP0>Orly <w NN1>airport <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>suitcase <w AJ0>full <w PRF>of <w NN2>banknotes<c PUN>.
<s n="2071"><w NN1-NP0>Moncef <w VBD>was <w VVN>thought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>location <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05R></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05R>
<s n="2072"><w AJ0>HIV-infected <w NN1>blood
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2073"><w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Health <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Hedi <w NP0>Mhenni <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Tunisia <w VM0>would <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>from <w NP0>France <w PRP>on behalf of <w CRD>12 <w NN2>haemophiliacs <w PNQ>who <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>developed <w NN1>AIDS <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w NN2>transfusions <w PRF>of <w NN1>blood<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>imported <w PRP>from <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>carried <w AT0>the <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>virus<c PUN>.
<s n="2074"><w CRD>Nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>patients <w VHD>had <w VVN>developed <w AT0>the <w NN1>virus<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39161 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>HIV-tainted <w NN1>blood <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>in <w NP0>France<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2075"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2076"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2077"><w NN1>Warning <w PRP>to <w NN2>fundamentalists
</head>
<p>
<s n="2078"><w NN1>Violence <w VVN-VVD>attributed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Islamic <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>Belaid <w NP0>Abdesselam <w VVD>announced<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>total <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NN2>extremists<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2079"><w AJ0>Official <w NN1>press <w NN2>reports <w VVD>quoted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AJ0>normal <w NN2>freedoms <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>curbed <w PRP>with <w NN1>effect <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w VVN-VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>spider<w POS>'s <w NN1>web<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN2>bodies <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outlawed <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38790-91 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2080"><w AT0>The <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>expiry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>two-month <w NN1>amnesty <w PRP>to <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>activists <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gave <w PNX>themselves <w AVP>up <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39168<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2081"><w AJ0>Associated <w NN1>Press <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>amnesty <w NN1-VVB>offer<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w CRD>150 <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w PRP>to <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NP0>FIS <w NN2>supporters <w VVN>detained <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial<c PUN>.
<s n="2082"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>160 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>since <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="2083"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>large <w NN1>bomb <w VHD>had <w VVN>exploded <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Algiers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>injuring <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w CJC>but <w VVG>causing <w AT0>no <w NN2>deaths<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2084"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJC>further <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>killings <w PRF>of <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w PRP>during <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="2085"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Defence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <c PUL>(<w NP0>LADDH<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVG>using <w NN1-VVB>torture <w PRP>against <w NN2>detainees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2086"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>statement <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>blamed <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>for <w VVG>waging <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NN1>interference<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>supporting <w NN2>fundamentalists<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w NP0>Algeria <w VVD>recalled <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>diplomats <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05S></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05S>
<s n="2087"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2088"><w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NN1-AJ0>Abdehamid <w NN1>Mahi-Bahi <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Kafi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Teguia<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2089"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2090"><w NP0>MOROCCO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2091"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election <w NN1>date
</head>
<p>
<s n="2092"><w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Driss <w NP0-NN1>Basri <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2093"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>16 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39168-69<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05T></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05T>
<s n="2094"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2095"><w VVB>Abdelaziz <w NP0>Meziane<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works <w NN1>Department<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Agriculture <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN1>Reform <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Osman <w NP0>Demnati<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w AVP>down<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05U></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05U>
<s n="2096"><w NN1>Mediation <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2097"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w CRD>II <w VVD>undertook <w AT0>a <w AJ0>discreet <w AJ0>five-country <w AJ0-NN1>Middle <w AJ0>Eastern <w NN1>tour <w PRP>during <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w VVG>mediating <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>several <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>conflicts <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>disputes<c PUN>.
<s n="2098"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>visited <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AV0>most <w AJ0>extensive <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>tour <w PRP>in <w CRD>31 <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>throne<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2099"><w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rabat <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan<c PUN>.
<s n="2100"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VVD>left <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>B&eacute;r&eacute;govoy <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>overcome <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>strain <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>impetus <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>partnership<c PUN>.
<s n="2101"><w AJ0>French <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Trade <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Dominique <w NP0>Strauss-Kahn <w VVD>visited <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>announcing <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992 <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w UNC>F1,200 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;230 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2102"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2103"><w NP0>WESTERN <w NP0>SAHARA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2104"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks
</head>
<p>
<s n="2105"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yakoub <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>submitted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pessimistic <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w VVG>emphasizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>difficulty <w PRF>of <w VVG>ascertaining <w PNQ>who <w VM0>should <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>self-determination <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2106"><w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>France <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>fearful <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>destabilization <w PRF>of <w NP0>Morocco <w VM0>should <w AT0>a <w AJ0>UN-organized <w NN1>vote <w VVB>go <w PRP>against <w NP0>King <w NP0>Hassan <w CRD>II<w POS>'s <w NN1>claim <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
<s n="2107"><w NP0>France<w POS>'s <w NP0>Maghreb <w NN1>policy <w VBD>was <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Polisario <w NN1>Front<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>waged <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Western <w NP0>Sahara<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2108"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>UN-sponsored <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Saharan <w VVZ-NN2>notables <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AVP>off <w CJS>after <w NP0>Polisario <w VVD>objected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moroccan-sponsored <w NN2>personalities <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2109"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2110"><w AJ0-NN1>ARAB <w NP0>MAGHREB <w NP0-NN1>UNION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2111"><w ORD>Fifth <w NN1>summit <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="2112"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>five-country <w NN1-AJ0>Arab <w NP0>Maghreb <w NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>AMU<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>fifth <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nouakchott<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mauritanian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w CJC>and <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2113"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mauritania<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Moaouia <w NP0>Ould <w NP0>Sidi <w NP0>Mohamed <w NP0>Taya<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Kafi<c PUN>, <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Algeria<w POS>'s <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Zine <w NP0>al-Abidine <w NP0>Ben <w NP0>Ali <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Morocco<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Karim <w NP0-NN1>Lamrani <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>.
<s n="2114"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w VBD>was <w VVN>preceded <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2115"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w AJ0-VVD>condemned <w NN1>terrorism <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AJ0>religious <w NN1>fundamentalism <w VVD>constituted <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>society <w CJC>and <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="2116"><w AT0>The <w NP0>AMU <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconsider <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39072<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2117"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2118"><w NP0>YEMEN
</head>
<p>
<s n="2119"><w CRD>Eight <w NN1>opposition <w VVD>partiescalled <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>until <w NP0>April <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2120"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2121"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2122"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w NN1>START <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Franco-Russian <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>destruction
</head>
<p>
<s n="2123"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>voted<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w CRD>157 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w PRP>with <w CRD>26 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Strategic <w NN2>Arms <w NN1>Reduction <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>START<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38320<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2124"><w AT0>The <w NN1>action <w VVD>came <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>from <w AJ0>hardline <w NN2>conservatives <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>present <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>silver <w NN1>platter<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NP0>president-elect <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
<s n="2125"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Senate <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39169<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2126"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>vote <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>last-minute <w NN1>effort <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0-NN1>centre-right <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>lobby<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w VVG>avoiding <w AT0>a <w NN1>clash <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>conservative-dominated <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="2127"><w NN2>Anxieties <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>capacity <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DPS>its <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>accord <w VVN-VVD>concluded <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38985-86<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Gomov <w VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>thus <w AV0>far <w VVN>found <w AV0>only <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>funds <w VVN-VVD>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>arsenals <w VVN>required <w PRP>under <w NN1>START<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2128"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVG>underlining <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prevailing <w NN1>mood <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>ratification <w NN2-VVZ>documents <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJS-PRP>until <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>forces <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38890<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>until <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w DPS>their <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>endorsement <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NP0>Lisbon <w NN1>protocol <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38937<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2129"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w VVD-VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>additional<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>guarantees<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ukraine <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>START <w NN1>treaty <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>facilitate <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="2130"><w VVG>Anticipating <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk<w POS>'s <w NN2>remarks <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4 <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w NN1>START<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kuchma <w VHD>had <w VVN>warned <w CJT>that <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>West <w VVD>offered <w AJC>further <w NN2>inducements <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w NN1>difficulty <w PRP>in <w VVG>persuading <w NN1>parliament <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="2131"><w NP0-NN1>Kuchma <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w CJS>while<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBZ>is <w VVG>giving <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>umbrella<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>receiving <w AV0>only <w NN1>advice<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AJ0>real <w NN1>aid<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2132"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treaty<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>implications <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>underlined <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kuchma <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>permit<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w CRD>multi-billion <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>expense<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w VVG>removing <w AJ0>strategic <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
<s n="2133"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>blunt <w NN1>appraisal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>interests<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Yukhnovsky <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Ukraine <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>reason <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm <w PNX>itself <w AJ0>free <w PRF>of <w NN1>charge<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>missiles <w VM0>could <w AV0>reasonably <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w NN2>countries <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>pay <w AV0>most <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05V></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05V>
<s n="2134"><w NP0>Franco-Russia <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>destruction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2135"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w PRP>worth <w DT0>several <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>million <w AJ0>French <w NN2>francs <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w UNC>F30,000,000 <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>spent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>assistance <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>Russia <w VVI>dismantle <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="2136"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w AV0>over <w CRD>three <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>kind <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>with <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w DT0>those <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39169<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2137"><w CJS>Whereas <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w NN2>agreements <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AJ0>specific <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>transportation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>storage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>accord<c PUN>, <w PRP>in addition to <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w NN1>storage <w CJC>and <w NN1>transportation<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>furnish <w AJ0>radiological <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>accidents<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>machine <w NN2>tools <c PUL>(<w XX0>not <w PRP>subject to <w NN2>restrictions <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN1>Export <w NN2-VVZ>Controls <c PUL>(<w NP0>COCOM<c PUR>)<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>disassemble <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2138"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>French <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w NP0>China<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>on <w AJ0>future <w NN2>policies <w PRP>for <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVG>testing <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="2139"><w PRP>In <w NP0>April <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>testing <w NN1>programme <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38890<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38553<c PUN>; <w CRD>39169<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39073<c PUN>; <w CRD>39121<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2140"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w AJ0>key <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Paris-based <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>espionage <w NN1-VVB>ring <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>gained <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>classified <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>experiments<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05W></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05W>
<s n="2141"><w NP0>CFE <w NN1>implementation <w NN1>problem
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2142"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Conventional <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFE<c PUR>) <w NN1>treaty <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37838<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w PRP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>provisional <w NN1>application<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39031<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AV0>formally <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w AJ0-NN1>signatory <w NN2>states <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUR>) <w VVD>deposited <w DPS>their <w NN2>instruments <w PRF>of <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2143"><w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>disarmament <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna<c PUN>, <w NP0>R&uuml;diger <w NP0>Hartmann<c PUN>, <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w NN2>difficulties <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>after <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>over <w NN2>sites <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>inspection <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="2144"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>press <w NN2>reports <w VVG>citing <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>diplomats <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>interpretation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>mechanism <w PRP>for <w NN2>inspections <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>sites <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>officials <w VVN-VVD>said <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w PRP>to <w NN1>scrutiny<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2145"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2146"><w NP0>CSCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2147"><w NN1-VVB>Report <w PRP>on <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics
</head>
<p>
<s n="2148"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Senior <w NN2>Officials <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSO<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Prague <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5-6<c PUN>, <w VVD>made <w AV0>public <w AT0>a <w AV0>specially <w VVN-AJ0>commissioned <w NN1>report <w VVG>recommending <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>tribunal <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>committed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="2149"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AJ0-VVD>detailed <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN2>atrocities <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>population<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>summary <w NN2>executions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>killings<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>displacement <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>broad <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2150"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>CSO <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reinforce <w DPS>its <w NN1>monitoring <w NN2>missions <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>tension <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sandzak <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vojvodina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39102<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w NN1>suspension <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia<w POS>'s <w NN1>membership <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39030<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>CSCE <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Stockholm <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2151"><w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>accepted<c PUN>, <w AV0>reportedly <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w NN1>policy <w VVG>reflecting <w NP0>Greece<w POS>'s <w NN1>insistence <w CJT>that <w NP0>Macedonia <w VVB>change <w DPS>its <w NN1>name <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39103<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2152"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2153"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2154"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>budget
</head>
<p>
<s n="2155"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>during <w NP0>November <w PRF>of <w NN2>differences <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>, <w AV0>specifically <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w VVB-NN1>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>divert <w DPS>its <w NN1>back <w NN2>dues <w VVN-VVD>owed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>current <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proposed <w NP0>UN <w NN1>fund <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AJ0>start-up <w NN2>costs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2156"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>precipitated <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>through <w DPS>its <w NN2>arrears <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39121<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>specify <w AVQ>how <w DPS>its <w AV0>hitherto <w AJ0>delinquent <w NN2>payments <w VBD>were <w VVN>spent<c PUN>.
<s n="2157"><w AT0>A <w NP0>UN <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>debtor<c PUN>, <w VVG>owing <w UNC>US&dollar;295,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outstanding <w UNC>US&dollar;576,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>budget <c PUL>(<w PRP>excluding <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>assessments<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>financed <w PRP>out of <w AJ0>separate <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN2>contributions<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2158"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>endorsed <w NN2>recommendations <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVG>urging <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w AV0>voluntarily <w TO0>to <w VVI>earmark <w NN2>troops <w PRP>for <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>deployment <w PRP>in <w AJ0>international <w NN2>emergencies<c PUN>.
<s n="2159"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w AT0>a <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>summit <w VHD>had <w VVN>invited <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary-General <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG>strengthening <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>peacemaking <w NN1>role <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38744<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2160"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2161"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2162"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>arms <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>French <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan
</head>
<p>
<s n="2163"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w UNC>US&dollar;80,000,000<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="2164"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sale<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w CRD>Mi-17 <w NN2>helicopters<c PUN>, <w AJ0>armoured <w NN2>personnel <w NN2>carriers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>for <w AJ0>special <w NN1>use <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05X></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05X>
<s n="2165"><w AJ0>French <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2166"><w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>lodged <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>protest<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w NP0>France <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRF>of <w CRD>60 <w NP0>Mirage <w CRD>2000 <w NN1>fighter <w NN2>bombers<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reported <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>grave <w NN1>step <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>side <w TO0>to <w VVI>worsen <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2167"><w AT0>The <w NN1>contract<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>second <w PRP>for <w NN2>arms <w PRP>by <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w CRD>150 <w NN1>F-16 <w NN0>aircraft <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39122<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2168"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>carrier <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ukraine<w POS>'s <w NP0>President <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0-NN1>Kravchuk <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="2169"><w VVB>Kravchuk <w AJ0-VVD>acknowledged<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ukraine <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>field<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2170"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>free <w NN1>delivery <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w AJ0>spare <w NN2>parts <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Ministry <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="2171"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>came <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>tension <w PRP>between <w NP0>Hungary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN2>spares <w CJC>and <w AJ0>air-defence <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39200<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA05Y></p>
<caption id=HLSCA05Y>
<s n="2172"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>submarine <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2173"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>submarines <w VVN>purchased <w PRP>by <w NP0>Iran <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39122<c PUN>; <w CRD>39170<c PUN>; <w CRD>39214<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>docked <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bandar <w NP0>Abbas <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
<s n="2174"><w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>submarines <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w NN1>concern <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w NN2>neighbours <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>deployed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear-powered <w NN1>submarine <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w TO0>to <w VVI>await <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>craft<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA060></p>
<caption id=HLSCA060>
<s n="2175"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>smuggling
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2176"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disappearance <w PRF>of <w CRD>100 <w NN0>kg <w PRF>of <w AJ0>weapons-grade <w NN1>uranium <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November<c PUN>.
<s n="2177"><w AT0>The <w NN1>theft<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CJC>or <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>fuelled <w NN1-VVB>alarm <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>incidence <w PRF>of <w NN1>uranium <w VVG-NN1>smuggling <w PRP>from <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38987<c PUN>; <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2178"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1 <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN2>police <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>seized <w AT0>a <w NN1>quantity <w PRF>of <w CRD>plutonium-239 <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Russian <w PRP>in <w NN1>origin<c PUN>.
<s n="2179"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>uncovered <w AT0>a <w NN1>smuggling <w NN1>ring <w VVN-VVD>engaged <w PRP>in <w VVG>carrying <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>uranium <w PRP>to <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>.
<s n="2180"><w AJ0>Simultaneous <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Polish <w NN2>farmers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w VVG>obtaining <w AJ0>radioactive <w NN1>caesium <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2181"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2182"><w AJ0>NUCLEAR <w NN1>ENERGY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2183"><w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>plutonium <w NN1>shipment
</head>
<p>
<s n="2184"><w AT0>A <w NN1>shipment <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.7 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>plutonium <w VVN-VVD>bound <w PRP>for <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cherbourg <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>amid <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>international <w NN1>protest <w CJC>and <w AJ0>close <w NN1>surveillance <w PRP>by <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>groups <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38987<c PUN>; <w CRD>39170<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2185"><w AT0>The <w NN1>plutonium<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>30-40 <w NN2>tonnes <w AJ0-VVN>processed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>from <w AJ0>spent <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>uranium <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>officially <w VVN>designated <w PRP>for <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1-VVB>use <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>generation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0-NN1>fast-breeder <w NN2>reactors<c PUN>.
<s n="2186"><w VVN>Classified <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN2>officials <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>reactor <w VVB-NN1>grade<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>weapons <w VVB-NN1>grade<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>shipments <w VHD>had <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN>triggered <w NN1>concern <w PRP>among <w NN2>critics <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>proliferation <w PNQ>who <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w VVN>fabricated <w AJ0>crude <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>devices <w PRP>from <w NN1>plutonium <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w NP0>Japan <w VBD>was <w VVG>shipping<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2187"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Maritime <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMO<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>consider <w VVG>halting <w AT0>the <w NN1>shipment <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unsafe <w CJC>or <w VVN>shown <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>vulnerable <w PRP>to <w NN2>accidents <w CJC>and <w NN1>piracy<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN1>IMO <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2188"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cargo <w VBD>was <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>freighter <w NP0-NN1>Akatsuki <w NP0-NN1>Maru<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>precise <w NN1>route <w VBD>was <w VVN>kept <w AJ0>secret <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="2189"><w AT0>The <w NN1>shipment <w VBD>was <w VVN>escorted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1-VVB>patrol <w NN2>boats <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>monitored <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>submarines <w CJC>and <w NN1>reconnaissance <w NN2>satellites<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w NP0>Japan <w VVD>denied <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>surveillance <w CJC>or <w VVB>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>cargo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2190"><w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Maritime <w NN1>Agency <w VVN>justified <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>necessary<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>incident <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>patrol <w NN2>boats <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>rammed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tracking <w NN1>vessel <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>group <w NP0>Greenpeace <w AJ0>International<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>65 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Brittany <w NN1>coast <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="2191"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2192"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>emerged <w PRF>of <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>divisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>government <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>merits <w PRF>of <w AJ0>future <w NN1>plutonium <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2193"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>12 <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>officials <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w AJ0>alienating <w AJ0>international <w NN1>opinion <w VBD>were <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>press <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w AV0>carefully <w PRP>about <w DPS>our <w NN1-AJ0>future <w VVZ-NN2>plans<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>transport <w DT0>more <w NN1>plutonium <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
<s n="2194"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>imminent <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>policy <w VBD>were <w AV0>firmly <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>spokesman <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w AJ0>immediate <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w NN1>plutonium <w NN2>shipments <w PRP>from <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2195"><w NP0>Japan <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>refused <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1-VVB>offer <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w AJ0>low-grade <w NN1>uranium <w PRP>from <w AJ0>dismantled <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>reactors<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2196"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2197"><w NP0>COCOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2198"><w NN1>Participation <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics
</head>
<p>
<s n="2199"><w NN2>Participants <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>republics <w VVN-VVD>attended <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23-24 <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>17-member <w AJ0>Co-ordinating <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN1>Export <w NN2-VVZ>Controls <c PUL>(<w NP0>COCOM <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>once <w AV0>primarily <w AT0>a <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w VVG>controlling <w AT0>the <w NN1>acquisition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sensitive <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>technology <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="2200"><w DPS>Their <w NN1>participation<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>approved <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38987<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Western <w NN1-VVB>concern <w TO0>to <w VVI>enlist <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>in <w VVG>preventing <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN1>technology <w VVG>reaching <w NN2>countries <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AJ0>global <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2201"><w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>acquisition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>hardware <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39122<c PUN>; <w CRD>39170<c PUN>; <w CRD>39214<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Paris <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2202"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2203"><w NP0>OPEC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2204"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2205"><w NN1>Oil <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Petroleum <w NN1-VVG>Exporting <w NN2>Countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>OPEC<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>gathered <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w ORD>93rd <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25-27<c PUN>, <w VVD>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w NN1>output <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w VVG>restricting <w AJ0>global <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>oil <w NN1>production <w PRP>to <w CRD>24,580,000 <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NN0>bpd<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2206"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deal <w VVD>came <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>10 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>decline <w PRP>in <w NN1>world <w NN2>prices <w PRP>since <w NP0>mid-October<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2207"><w NP0>Iran <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w AV0>previously <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w NN2>cuts <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39120<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="2208"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>required <w NP0>Iran <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>its <w NN1>output <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>level <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>3,800,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>to <w CRD>3,490,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w TO0>to <w VVI>trim <w NN1>production <w AV0>slightly <w PRP>from <w CRD>8,400,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>to <w CRD>8,390,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>.
<s n="2209"><w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>insisted <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>quota <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,750,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>limit <w NN1>output <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN0>bpd <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>understanding <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>increase <w NN1>production <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN1>market <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w NN2>prices <w VVD-VVN>permitted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2210"><w NN2>Analysts <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w VDD>did <w DT0>little <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w VVB>reinforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>status quo<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w NN1>production <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>25,000,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>.
<s n="2211"><w PRP>Without <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NP0>September <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>quit <w NP0>OPEC <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39120<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>approved <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NN1>output <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>to <w AV0>around <w CRD>24,700,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>.
<s n="2212"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>implied <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>reduction<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AV0>little <w AV0>over <w CRD>100,000 <w NN0>bpd<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2213"><w AT0>The <w NN2>chances <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w VHD>had <w VVN>appeared <w AJ0>slim <w PRP-CJS>after <w NN2>indications <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>deadlocked <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0-VVG>competing <w NN2>demands <w PRP>by <w AJ0>various <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w DT0>more <w NN1>oil<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>output <w NN1>ceiling <w AV0-AJ0>low <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>push <w NN2>prices <w AJC>higher<c PUN>.
<s n="2214"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>renewed <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>control <w NN1>output <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w NN2>prices<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>Energy <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Hacene <w NP0>Mefti <w VHD>had <w VVN>cast <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>likelihood <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="2215"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>dissented <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>on <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>impose <w AJ0>strict <w AV0>enough <w VVZ>controls <w PRP>on <w NN1>output <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39120 <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>share <w PRP>for <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
<s n="2216"><w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>producer<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>cede <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>about <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>total <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w AV0>adamantly <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w AJ0>current <w NN1>production <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2217"><w NN1>Speculation <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w AJC>further <w NN2>divisions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>OPEC <w NN1>cartel <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resurfaced <w PRP>after <w NP0>Gabon<w POS>'s <w NN2>Mines<c PUN>, <w NN1>Petroleum<c PUN>, <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Hydraulic <w NN2>Resources <w VVB-NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jean <w NN1>Ping <w VVN-VVD>hinted <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>eve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>country <w VM0>might <w AV0>soon <w VVI>follow <w NP0>Ecuador<w POS>'s <w NN1>example <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>leave <w NP0>OPEC<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Gabon <w VHZ>has <w NN2>problems <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ecuador<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2218"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2219"><w AJ0-VVG>DEVELOPING <w NN2>COUNTRIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2220"><w CRD>G-15 <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="2221"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <c PUL>(<w CRD>G-15<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>third <w NN1>summit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dakar<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>21-22<c PUN>.
<s n="2222"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w ORD>second <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38603<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="2223"><w NP0>Chile <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>China <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>expressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="2224"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>membership <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SFRY<c PUR>) <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unclear<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>represented<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2225"><w VVG>Endorsing <w AT0>a <w NN1>document <w VVN>entitled <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Dakar <w NN1>Declaration<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CRD>G-15 <w NN2>leaders <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>with <w AJC>greater <w NN1>awareness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>close <w NN1>inter-relationship <w PRP>between <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>development<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2226"><w VVG>Regretting <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>by<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>some <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w TO0>to <w VVI>fashion <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>world <w NN1-VVB>order <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>priorities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w VVD>suggested <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>objectives <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>importance <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN2>dimensions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2227"><w CRD>G-15 <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>revival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North-South <w NN1>dialogue <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w NN1>development <w VVB>transcend <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2228"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2229"><w NN2>COMMODITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2230"><w NN1>Postponement <w PRF>of <w NN1>cocoa <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="2231"><w AJ0>UN-sponsored <w NN2>talks <w VVG>involving <w CRD>45 <w NN1>cocoa <w VVG>producing <w CJC>and <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>nations <w VVD-VVN>ended <w AV0>inconclusively <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>protracted <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w CRD>1986 <w NN1>cocoa <w NN1>agreement <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>expire <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="2232"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pact <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Cocoa <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICCO<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>19-21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>extension <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37335<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="2233"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>disagreement <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w NN1>buffer <w NN2>stocks<c PUN>, <w VVG>affecting <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NN1>cocoa <w VM0>could <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>bought <w AVP>in<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w AT0>a <w NN1>floor <w NN1>price <w PRP>in <w NN2>times <w PRF>of <w NN1>market <w NN1>surplus<c PUN>.
<s n="2234"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>representative <w PRF>of <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NP0>US <w NN1>participation<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>by <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>limit <w PRF>of <w CRD>300,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>move <w PRP>beyond <w CRD>330,000<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NN1>producer <w NN2>countries <w VVD>began <w PRP>by <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w CRD>600,000 <w NN1>tonne <w NN1>limit <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w AVP>down <w AT0>no <w AV0>further <w CJS>than <w CRD>380,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2235"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w NN1>producer <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>contributions <w PRP>from <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRP>via <w AT0>a <w NN1>levy <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>demanded <w CJT>that <w NN2>funds <w VBB>be <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>assets <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>i.e.<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>practice<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NN2>arrears <w VVN-VVD>owed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJS>biggest <w NN2>producers<c PUN>, <w NP0>C&ocirc;te <w NP0>d'Ivoire <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2236"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2237"><w AJ0>ISLAMIC <w NN1>DEVELOPMENT <w NN1>BANK
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2238"><w AJ0>Annual <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="2239"><w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w NN2>officials <w PRP>from <w CRD>46 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NN1>IDB<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>their <w ORD>17th <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10-11 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w ORD>last <w NN1>meeting <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39031<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2240"><w AT0>A <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Albania <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>IDB<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>approval <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania<w POS>'s <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2241"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10 <w NN1>IDB <w NN1>president <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Ali <w VVD>told <w NN2>delegates <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>IDB <w VHD>had <w VVN>approved <w CRD>194 <w NN1-VVG>financing <w NN2>operations <w PRP>worth <w CRD>968,000,000 <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>dinars <c PUL>(<w NN1>ID<c PUR>) <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;1,330 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991-92<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w CRD>48 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="2242"><w AJ0>Gross <w NN1>income <w PRP>from <w NN2>operations <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991-92 <w VVN-VVD>totalled <w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;150,000,000 <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w UNC>US&dollar;142,000,000 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990-91<c PUN>.
<s n="2243"><w VVG>Urging <w AJC>closer <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>republics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>IDB <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>multiply<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>efforts<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN1>counter-trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>intra-trade <w NN2>deals<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2244"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>disclosed <w CJT>that <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000,000 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w UNC>US&dollar;15,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NN1>reconstruction<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2245"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>11 <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>account<c PUN>, <w AV0>initially <w VVG>totalling <w UNC>US&dollar;100,000,000<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>IDB<w POS>'s <w AV0>least <w AJ0>developed <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="2246"><c PUL>(<w PRP>In <w NP0>July <w AT0>the <w NN1>IDB <w VHD>had <w VVN>raised <w DPS>its <w AJ0>authorized <w NN1>capital <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NN1>development <w PRP>in <w AJC>poorer <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39031<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2247"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2248"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2249"><w NP0>UNEP <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>ozone <w NN1>layer
</head>
<p>
<s n="2250"><w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w CRD>91 <w NN2>countries <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP>in <w NP0>Copenhagen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23-25 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNEP<c PUR>) <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ozone <w NN1>layer<c PUN>.
<s n="2251"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w NN2>targets <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w NP0>Montreal <w NN1>Protocol <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>35678<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>by <w VVG>bringing <w AV0>forward <w AT0>the <w NN1>phasing-out <w PRF>of <w NN2>chlorofluorocarbons <c PUL>(<w NN2>CFCs<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRP>to <w CRD>1996<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2252"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>possible <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>pledge <w PRP>by <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w UNC>US&dollar;500,000,000<c PUN>, <w PRP>on top of <w UNC>US&dollar;240,000,000 <w AV0>already <w VVN-AJ0>committed<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVB>adapt <w PRP-AVP>in <w CRD>1994-96<c PUN>.
<s n="2253"><w PRP>In <w NN1>return<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN1>methyl <w NN1>bromide<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>substance <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>for <w NN0>fruit <w CJC>and <w NN1>grain <w NN1>preservation<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>protocol <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>freeze <w NN1>production <w PRP>at <w CRD>1991 <w NN2>levels <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2254"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>UNEP<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mostafa <w NP0>Tolba<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>advocated <w AT0>a <w AJC>shorter <w NN1>timetable<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>package <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VBD>was<c PUR>&rsqb; <w XX0>not <w AV0>enough<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>depletion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ozone <w NN1>layer <w PRP>by <w NN2>CFCs <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>action <w PRP>to <w AJ0>future <w NN2>generations<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage<c PUN>; <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>undo <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2255"><w AJ0>Environmental <w NN2>groups <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w NN2>governments <w VHD>had <w VVN>bowed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2256"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2257"><w NP0>WHO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2258"><w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w NN1>AIDS <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific
</head>
<p>
<s n="2259"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Acquired <w AJ0>Immune <w NN1>Deficiency <w NN1>Syndrome <c PUL>(<w NN1>AIDS<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>, <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>WHO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Programme <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>New <w NP0>Delhi<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8-12<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2260"><w VVG>Inaugurating <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Indian <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>K. <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Narayanan <w VVD>urged <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB-NN1>work <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w AT0>the <w AJ0>human <w AJ0>immune <w NN1>system <w VM0>should <w VVI>use<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>allopathic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>systems <w PRF>of <w NN1>medicine<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="2261"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>keynote <w NN1>address <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>WHO <w AJ0>Global <w NN1>Programme <w PRP>on <w NN1>AIDS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Merson<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>AIDS <w AJ0>pandemic <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia <w VM0>might <w AV0>ultimately <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>massive <w PRP>in <w NN1>scope <w CJC>and <w AJ0>overwhelming <w PRP>in <w NN1>impact <w CJS>than <w AV0>anywhere <w AV0>else <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38747<c PUN>; <w CRD>39032<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2262"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>WHO <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>infected <w PRP>with <w NP0>HIV <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>human <w AJ0-NN1>immuno-deficiency <w NN1>virus<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Asia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pacific<c PUN>.
<s n="2263"><w PRP>In <w NP0>India <w AV0>alone <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>confirmed <w AJ0>HIV-infected <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVG>totalling <w CRD>11,000<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w AV0>at least <w CRD>50,000 <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2264"><w AT0>A <w NN1-NP0>UNDP <w NN1>report <w VVN>released <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w NN1>AIDS <w VM0>could <w VVI>threaten <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>well-being <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000 <w VM0>would <w VVI>account <w PRP>for <w CRD>42 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>projected <w CRD>100,000,000 <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="2265"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w PRP>for <w NN1>release <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>UNDP <w VVD>estimated <w CJT>that <w NN1>income <w VVN-VVD>lost <w PRP>from <w NN1>death <w PRP>due to <w NN1>AIDS <w VVD>ranged <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;10,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w NP0>India <w PRP>to <w PRP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;240,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<c PUN>.
<s n="2266"><w AJ0>Medical <w NN1>care <w NN2>costs <w VVD>ranged <w PRP>from <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w PRP>per <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w NP0>India <w PRP>to <w PRP>over <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w PRP>per <w NN1>case <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>estimates <w PRF>of <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>costs <w VVB>see <w ZZ0>p<c PUN>.
<s n="2267"><w UNC>R149<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2268"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vulnerability <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>economies<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>worldwide <w NN1>study <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>London-based <w NP0>Panos <w NN1>Institute <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>findings<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w AJ0>African <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably <w NP0>Uganda <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zambia<c PUN>, <w NN1>AIDS <w VHD>had <w AV0>largely <w VVN>destroyed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>productive <w NN1>sector<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>population<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA061></p>
<caption id=HLSCA061>
<s n="2269"><w NN1>Cholera <w NN1>outbreak <w PRP>in <w NP0>Zambia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2270"><w AT0>An <w NN1>outbreak <w PRF>of <w NN1>cholera <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Zambian <w AJ0-NN1>copper-belt <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kitwe<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w VVN>detected <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>10-11 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>killed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>350 <w NN0>people <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p<c PUN>.
<s n="2271"><w UNC>R160<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2272"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2273"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2274"><w NN1>Air <w VVZ-NN2>crashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>China
</head>
<p>
<s n="2275"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Chinese <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>737 <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>tourist <w NN1>resort <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Guilin <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Guangxi <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w AJ0>southern <w NP0-NN1>China<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w DT0>all <w CRD>141 <w NN0>people <w AV0>on board<c PUN>.
<s n="2276"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accident<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w PRP>as of <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w VBN>been <w VVN>determined<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w AV0>ever <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>aviation <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2277"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w CRD>33 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Soviet-built <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>helicopter <w VVD>crashed <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crowded <w NN1>department <w NN1>store <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Yuanyang<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Henan <w NN1>province<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA062></p>
<caption id=HLSCA062>
<s n="2278"><w NN1>Aviation <w NN1>industry <w NN2>losses
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Transport <w NN1>Association <c PUL>(<w NP0>IATA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>G&uuml;nter <w NP0>Eser<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w NN2>losses <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>airline <w NN1>industry <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>total <w UNC>US&dollar;2,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>(<w VVG>coming <w PRP>after <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJC>and <w NN0>&dollar;2,700 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="2280"><w VVG>Addressing <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w CRD>212 <w NN1>member <w NN2>airlines <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>IATA<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Montreal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eser <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVN>aggravated <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>4.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>drop <w PRP>in <w NN1>passenger <w NN2>numbers <w PRP>on <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>until <w AV0>at least <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2281"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2282"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE <w NN1>RESEARCH
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2283"><w NN1-VVB>Return <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>shuttle
</head>
<p>
<s n="2284"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w NP0>Columbia <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NN1>Earth <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w VVG>ending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1>mission<c PUN>.
<s n="2285"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Aeronautics <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Space <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>NASA<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>criticized <w PRP>for <w VVG>risking <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NN2>astronauts<c PUN>, <w AV0>merely <w TO0>to <w VVI>launch <w AT0>a <w NN1>satellite <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w PRP>into <w NN1>orbit <w AV0>more <w AV0>cheaply <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unmanned <w NN1>rocket<c PUN>.
<s n="2286"><w NP0>NASA <w VVD>argued<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>flight <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>space <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2287"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2288"><w NP0>VATICAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2289"><w NN1>Rehabilitation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Galileo
</head>
<p>
<s n="2290"><w VVG>Following <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>deliberation <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NP0>Vatican <w NN1>commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pope <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w CRD>II <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>31 <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>rehabilitated <w NP0>Galileo <w NP0>Galilei<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>astronomer<c PUN>, <w NN1>mathematician <w CJC>and <w NN1>physicist <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Inquisition <w PRP>in <w CRD>1633 <w TO0>to <w VVI>recant <w DPS>his <w NN1>assertion <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>earth <w VVD>orbited <w AT0>the <w NN1>sun<c PUN>.
<s n="2291"><w NP0-NN1>Galileo<w POS>'s <w NN1>view <w VVD-VVN>contradicted <w NN1>Church <w NN1>doctrine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>earth <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="2292"><w AT0>The <w NN1>commission <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w NP0>Galileo<w POS>'s <w NN2>judges <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>in <w AJ0>good <w NN1>faith <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>incapable <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>dissociating <w NN1>faith <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>age-old <w NN1>cosmology<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLSCA063></p>
<caption id=HLSCA063>
<s n="2293"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>catechism
</caption>
<p>
<s n="2294"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>catechism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>Church <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original <w NN1>version <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w CRD>1566<c PUN>.
<s n="2295"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>version <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>drunken <w CJC>and <w AJ0>dangerous <w AJ0-NN1>driving<c PUN>, <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <w CJC>and <w NN1>tax <w NN1>evasion<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w NN2>homosexuals <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>treated <w PRP>with <w NN1>respect <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>understanding <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>refrain <w PRP>from <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>activity <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>August <w NN1-VVB>document <w PRP>on <w NN1>homosexuality <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39033<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="2296"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2297"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<p>
<s n="2298"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w NN2>legislators <w PRP>from <w CRD>16 <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w AJ0-NN1>Lo&iuml;c <w NN1>Bouvard <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w PRP>as <w NN1>president <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>; <w NP0>Bouvard<c PUN>, <w CRD>63<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>Frenchman <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w CRD>33 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>term <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Rose<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLT>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Keesings Contemporary Archives. Sample containing about 41744 words from a periodical (domain: world affairs) </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.30 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 619 Kbytes running text, containing about 41744 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLT</idno><idno type="old"> krw212 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. 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PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-24"> 1994-11-24 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><monogr><title>Keesings Contemporary Archives. </title><imprint n="LONGMA1"><publisher>Longman Group UK Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Harlow</pubPlace><date value="1992">1992</date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="body" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="5004"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="164"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="114"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="324"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="729"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="159"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="1911"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="39834"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="5004"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="caption" occurs="164"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="div1" occurs="114"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="head" occurs="324"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="p" occurs="729"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="159"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="1911"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="text" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="39834"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date>: </creation><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp3 wriaag0 wriad0 wriase0 wriaty0 wriaud3 wridom5 wrilev2 wrimed2 wripp0 wrisam0 wrista0 writas0"/><classCode scheme="DLee">W non ac polit law edu</classCode><keywords scheme="COPAC"><term>Current events - Periodicals</term><term> World politics - Periodicals</term><term> History - Periodicals</term></keywords><keywords><term> politics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated source title</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-15">15th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-24">1994-11-24</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<text org=composite  decls='CN004 SN000'><body>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="2"><w NP0>INDIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="3"><w AJ0>Communal <w NN1>violence
</head>
<p>
<s n="4"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>1,200 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w CRD>two-thirds <w VBD>were <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>officially <w VVN-VVD>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>5,000 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>in <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>violence <w DTQ>which <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>across <w NP0>India <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>extremists <w VVN-VVD>reduced <w PRP>to <w NN1>rubble <w AT0>the <w ORD>16th <w NN1>century <w AJ0-NN1>Babri <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AT0>The <w NN1>savagery <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>worst <w VVN>seen <w PRP-CJS>since <w NN1>independence<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>heightened <w NN2>fears <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>survival <w PRF>of <w NP0>India<w POS>'s <w AJ0>secular <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w VVD>elicited <w AJ0>widespread <w AJ0>international <w NN1>condemnation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="6"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>P. <w PRP>V. <w NP0>Narasimha <w NP0>Rao <w VVD>resorted <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>draconian <w NN2>measures <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN1-VVB>state <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="7"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>by <w VVG>acquiring <w AT0>the <w AJ0>contested <w NN1>site <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>building <w AV0>both <w AT0>a <w NN1>mosque <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>temple<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA000></p>
<caption id=HLTCA000>
<s n="8"><w NN1>Destruction <w PRF>of <w NN1>mosque
</caption>
<p>
<s n="9"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w AV0>around <w CRD>100,000 <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>kar <w NN2-VVZ>sevaks <c PUL>(<w NN1>construction <w NN2>volunteers<c PUR>) <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-Hindu <w NP0>Bharatiya <w NP0>Janata <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BJP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>militant <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rashtriya <w NP0>Swayam <w NP0>Sevak <w NP0>Sangh <c PUL>(<w NP0>RSS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Vishwa <w AJ0>Hindu <w NP0-NN1>Parishad <c PUL>(<w NP0>VHP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w NN1>construction <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>temple <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>small <w NN1>mob <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>zealots <w VVD>stormed <w AJ0>past <w NN2>guards <w CJC>and <w VVD>razed <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>site<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w NN2>tridents<c PUN>, <w NN2>daggers <w CJC>and <w AJ0>bare <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>militants <w VVN-VVD>occupied <w AT0>the <w NN1>site <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="12"><w AT0>The <w NP0>BJP <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies <w PRP>among <w AJ0>militant <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>organizations <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w AV0>repeatedly <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>temple <w VVG>honouring <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>deity<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Ram <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37854<c PUN>; <w CRD>37964<c PUN>; <w CRD>38532<c PUN>; <w CRD>38682<c PUN>; <w CRD>38866<c PUN>; <w CRD>39008<c PUN>; <w CRD>39193-94<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PRP>In <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>brinkmanship <w VVG>leading <w PRP>up to <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>allies <w VHD>had <w VVN>wavered <w PRP>between <w AJ0>open <w NN2>threats <w TO0>to <w VVI>erect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>temple <w CJC>and <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>building <w NN1>work <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>purely <w AJ0>symbolic <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39193-94<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="14"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VVB-NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>abetted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>guards<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>200 <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>state-controlled <w AJ0>Provincial <w AJ0>Armed <w NN1-NP0>Constabulary <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAC<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w AJ0>pro-Hindu <w NN2>leanings<c PUN>; <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>stood <w AV0>aside <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w NN2>militants <w TO0>to <w VVI>demolish <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque<w POS>'s <w NN1>structure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA001></p>
<caption id=HLTCA001>
<s n="15"><w NN1-VVB>Spread <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence
</caption>
<p>
<s n="16"><w PRP>Within <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque<w POS>'s <w NN1>destruction<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ayodhya <w VBD>was <w VVN>gripped <w PRP>by <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>between <w NN2>Hindus <w CJC>and <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w NN1>arson <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Hindu <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>shrines <w PRP>across <w NP0>India <w PRP>despite <w AJ0>strict <w NN1>security <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="18"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w AJ0-VVN>affected <w NN2>cities <w VBD>were <w NP0>Bhopal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bombay<c PUN>, <w NP0>Calcutta<c PUN>, <w NP0>Delhi<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jaipur<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kanpur <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Surat<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w AJ0>Southern <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w AV0>usually <w AV0>less <w AJ0>prone <w PRP>to <w AJ0>sectarian <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>hit<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>many <w NN2>deaths <w VVN>reported <w PRP>from <w NP0>Karnataka <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kerala<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Washington <w NN1>Post <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,150 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>200<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA002></p>
<caption id=HLTCA002>
<s n="21"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>action
</caption>
<p>
<s n="22"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w CJC>and <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>BJP-controlled <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>violating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NN1-VVB>order <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39193-94<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="23"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w AV0>earlier <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kalyan <w NP0>Singh<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>implications <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w VBD>were <w VVN>underlined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w DTQ>which <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VVD>drew <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>state <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>uphold <w NN1>court <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>assurance <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39193-94<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="25"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>regained <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>inciting<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>communal <w NN1>hatred<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0>BJP <w NN1>president <w NP0-NN1>Murli <w NP0-NN1>Manohar <w NP0-NN1>Joshi <w CJC>and <w NP0>BJP <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>spokesman <w NP0>L. <w NP0>K. <w NP0-NN1>Advani<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>were <w NP0>VHP <w NN1>president <w NP0-NN1>Vishnu <w NP0>Hari <w NP0>Dalmia<c PUN>, <w NP0>VHP <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0-NN1>Ashok <w NP0>Singhal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vinay <w NP0-NN1>Katiyar<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bajrang <w NN1>Dal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="27"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bajrang <w NN1>Dal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>RSS <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>VHP<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>organizations <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NP0-NN1>Swayam <w NP0-NN1>Sevak <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jamaat-i-Islami <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>prohibited<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="29"><w PRP>By <w NP0>mid-December <w AV0>more than <w CRD>5,000 <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>extremists<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w NN2>Hindus<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>under <w AJ0>sweeping <w AJ0>preventive <w NN1>detention <w NN2>laws<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>3,000 <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>militants <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA003></p>
<caption id=HLTCA003>
<s n="30"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN2>ministries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="31"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w AJ0>BJP-controlled <w NN1>state <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Himachal <w NP0>Pradesh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Madhya <w NP0>Pradesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rajasthan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="32"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>observers <w CJS>as <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>made <w CJS>after <w PNP>it <w VVD>emerged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>suspended <w NN2>ministries <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w VVB-NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Hindu <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>acted <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NN2>hard-liners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w CRD>I<c PUR>) <w PNQ>who <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>the <w NN1>blanket <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NP0>BJP <w NN2>ministries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA004></p>
<caption id=HLTCA004>
<s n="34"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>criticism
</caption>
<p>
<s n="35"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w NN1>centre-left <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VVD>accused <w PNP>it <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>aggravating <w NN2>conditions <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w PRP>by <w VVG>appeasing <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>extremists<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>adjournment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament <w PRP>amid <w NN1>pandemonium <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>competing <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w NP0>Rao<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="37"><w ZZ0>A <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w NN1>motion <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>BJP <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>parties <w VVN>voted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Front <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="39"><w NN1>Disapproval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>clarity <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>rebuild <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>official <w NN1>dithering <w VHD>had <w VVN>intensified <w PRP>after <w NP0>Rao<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>signalled <w DPS>his <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>rebuild <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>indicated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w AT0>a <w NN1>mosque <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>temple<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquire <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>site <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w CRD>two <w NN2>shrines <w VBD>was <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>organizations <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w NN1-AJ0>pre-empted <w AT0>the <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>site<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>groups <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconstruct <w AT0>a <w NN1>mosque<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="42"><w AT0>An <w NN1>application <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uttar <w NP0>Pradesh <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquire <w CRD>2.77 <w NN2>acres <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w VVG>adjoining <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lucknow <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38532<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA005></p>
<caption id=HLTCA005>
<s n="43"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>reaction
</caption>
<p>
<s n="44"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ayodhya <w VVD>triggered <w AJ0>angry <w NN2>reactions <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>world <w CJC>and <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>25 <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>neighbouring <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="45"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>heinous <w NN1>crime<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w AJ0>Official <w NN1>condemnation <w VVD>came <w AV0>also <w PRP>from <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bangladesh <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>demonstrations <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AJ0>vicious <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN1>population <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>damage <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Indian <w NN1>government <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w AJ0>Mass <w NN2>protests <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>mosque<w POS>'s <w NN1>destruction <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w NN1>insult<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w NN2>Moslems<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>governments <w DTQ>which <w VVD>expressed <w NN1>censure <w VVD>included <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunisia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Hindu <w NN2>temples <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cities <w PRP>including <w NP0>Birmingham <w CJC>and <w NP0>Manchester<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="50"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="51"><w NP0>RUSSIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="52"><w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="53"><w AT0>The <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies <c PUL>(<w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>legislature<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1-14<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1-VVG>manoeuvring <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>grouping <w PRF>of <w AJ0>centrist <w NN2>parties <w PRP>with <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w PRP>During <w AT0>a <w AJ0>confused <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unruly <w NN1>session <w VVG>pitting <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w AJ0-NN1>pro-reform <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NN1-NP0>Yegor <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w VVG>forcing <w AV0>instead <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Chernomyrdin<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w NN1>Fuel <w CJC>and <w NN1>Energy <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w DTQ>which <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>curtail <w DPS>its <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="56"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>opening <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>put <w AV0>forward <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-point <w NN1>plan<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>strengthening <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>powers <w AV0>temporarily<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>promulgation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Federation <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>about <w CRD>18 <w NN2>months<w POS>' <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w AT0>The <w NN2>suggestions <w VVD-VVN>included <w AJ0>limiting <w NN1>Congress<w POS>'s <w NN2>powers <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>proposing <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>allowing <w NP0>Yeltsin <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w VVD>granted <w PNP>him <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>October-November <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>extraordinary <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>without <w NN1>approval <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA006></p>
<caption id=HLTCA006>
<s n="58"><w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN2>amendments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="59"><w PRP>Despite <w VVG>rejecting <w NN2>calls <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>for <w NN1>debate <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w DT0>This <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>form<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>vetoed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJS>as <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>subordinating <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="61"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w VVN-VVD>degenerated <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>brawl<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ruslan <w NP0>Khasbulatov<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>approval <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>key <w NN1>government <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w AJ0>Pro-reform <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w CJT>that <w AJ0>anonymous <w NN1>voting <w VM0>would <w VVI>favour <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVD>remonstrated <w PRP>against <w DT0>this <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>hall <w CJS>as <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w VVD>appealed <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>protection<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w AT0>The <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w AV0>temporarily <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="64"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>secret <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>on <w CRD>nine <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>three <w VVD-VVN>achieved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w CRD>694 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w AT0>A <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>require <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w DPS>his <w NN1>nominee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <w VBD>was <w VVN>defeated <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w NN2>votes<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w VVG>demanding <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>approval <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN2>appointments <w VVN>lost <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w ZZ0>A <w VVB-NN1>repeat <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2>objections <w PRP>from <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>voting <w NN2>irregularities<c PUN>, <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>failed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJC>larger <w NN1>margin<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA007></p>
<caption id=HLTCA007>
<s n="68"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="69"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>asked <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <c PUL>(<w VVG>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>15 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38974<c PUR>) <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w DT0>This <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN1>demand <w VVN-VVD>tabled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w DT0>that <w AJ0>prime <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>nominees <w VBI>be <w VVN>presented <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39202<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>rejected <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w PRP>by <w CRD>486 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>467<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w VHG>having <w VVN>voted <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yeltsin <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN2>appointments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w NN1>security<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>intended <w PRP>by <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="73"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>passionate <w NN1>speech <w VVG>appealing <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NP0>January <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w VVG>Describing <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>conservative <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN1>reaction<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NN2>conservatives<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>repeat <w AV0>now <w PRP>by way of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>creeping <w NN1>coup<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Aleksandr <w NP0>Rutskoi <w VVD>responded <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>openly <w VVG-AJ0>opposing <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VVG>blaming <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<w POS>'s <w NN2>advisers <w PRP>for <w VVG>encouraging <w AT0>a <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="76"><w NN2>Speeches <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>security <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>session <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>signals<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Marshal <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <w VVD>assured <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>whereas <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Minister <w NN1>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Barannikov <w VVD>gave <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old-style <w NN1>speech <w NN1>warning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>rising <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AV0>Subsequently<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>retake <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w AJ0>armed <w NN1>guard <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>Directorate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN2>Bodies <w PRF>of <w NN1>Power <w CJC>and <w NN1>Government<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>removed <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39154<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="80"><w CJS-PRP>After <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>legislature <w VVB>settle <w DPS>their <w NN2>differences<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w VVD>reached <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w DTQ>which <w VVD>involved <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>freezing <w DT0>all <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="81"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>voted <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single<c PUN>, <w AJ0>bicameral <w NN1>body<c PUN>; <w VVB>specify <w AT0>the <w NN1>supremacy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>law <w PRP>over <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN2>republics<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w VVB>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>executive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislature <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>veto <w PRP>over <w NN2>appointments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>key <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>subordinate <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w DT0>little <w NN1-VVB>influence <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w AT0>The <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w NN1>property <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>constitutionally <w VVN-VVD>guaranteed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA008></p>
<caption id=HLTCA008>
<s n="84"><w NN1>Choice <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="85"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complex <w NN1>solution <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>between <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Khasbulatov <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>nominate <w CJC>and <w VVI>vote <w PRP>on <w AJ0>alternative <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nominee<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VM0>could <w VVI>choose <w DPS>his <w AJ0>preferred <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>from <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>top <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>ballot <w PRP>by <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w AV0>Additionally<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w VVD>retained <w DPS>its <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>won <w AV0-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w AT0>the <w NN2>appointments <w PRF>of <w AJ0>key <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>dismiss <w DPS>his <w AJ0>close <w NN1>aide<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gennady <w NP0-NN1>Burbulis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="87"><w AT0>The <w NN2>nominees <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVD>included <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AV0>both <w NN2>reformers <w CJC>and <w NN2>conservatives<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w NP0>Yuri <w NP0>Skokov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w AJ0>sympathetic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1>cause<c PUN>; <w NP0>Chernomyrdin<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Gas <w PRP>in <w CRD>1985-89 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986-91<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN2>industrialists<w POS>' <w NN1>lobby<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Kadannikov<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>unknown <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w NN1>manager <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>car <w NN1>plant<c PUN>; <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Shumeiko <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="89"><w CJS>Although <w AV0>technically <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>nominate <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>Congress<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>months <w AV0>even <w PRP>without <w DT0>such <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w VVG>realising <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>compromise<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>chose <w NP0-NN1>Chernomyrdin <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar<w POS>'s <w NN1>acquiescence<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w NN1-NP0>Chernomyrdin <w AV0>then <w VVD>gained <w CRD>721 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>confirmatory <w NN1>ballot<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w PRP>At <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w NP0-NN1>Chernomyrdin <w VVD>emphasised <w DPS>his <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>situation <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>bazaar<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA009></p>
<caption id=HLTCA009>
<s n="92"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="93"><w NN1-AJ0>Initial <w VVZ-NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>reformist <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>proved <w AJ0>unfounded<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="94"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>returned <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39236<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w PRP>because of <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>figures <w VBD>were <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>to <w NN1>government <w NN2>posts<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w DT0>Such <w NN2>fears <w VBD>were <w VVN>intensified <w PRP>by <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w NP0>Arkady <w NP0>Volsky<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN2>Industrialists <w CJC>and <w NN2>Entrepreneurs <c PUL>(<w VVN-AJ0>allied <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Kyodo <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency<c PUN>, <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>personnel <w NN2-VVZ>demands<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="96"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>event<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w DT0>few <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>composition <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>; <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Aven<c PUN>, <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Relations<c PUN>, <w VVD>lost <w DPS>his <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Glazyev<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yuri <w NP0>Yarov<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>viewed <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>finance <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Fedorov<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w NN1>representative <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>radical <w NN1>reformer <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="99"><w VVG>Proving <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w AV0>little <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forced <w NN2>resignations <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJS>closest <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>during <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Poltoranin<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Press <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39202<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Service<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>distribute <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w NP0-NN1>Poltoranin<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Fedotov<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Press <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>his <w NN1>brief <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>limited <w PRP>to <w VVG>registering <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>licensing <w AJ0>new <w NN0>media <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0-NN1>Poltoranin <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="101"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>presidential <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>adviser <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVD>took <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>directorship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Institute <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Problems <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transition <w NN1>Period<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00A></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00A>
<s n="102"><w AJ0>Political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="103"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>proposed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28-29 <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-reform <w NN1>party <w CJC>or <w NN1>movement <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>established<c PUN>, <w VVG>offering <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w NN2>Observers <w VHD>had <w VVN>identified <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>party <w CJS>as <w VVG>complicating <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>between <w NP0>Yeltsin <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w CRD>33 <w AJ0>different <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>body<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>without <w AJ0>rigid <w NN2>structures<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Choice <w NP0-NN1>Bloc<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="106"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w ORD>third <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19-20<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Gaidar <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>mistake<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>allied <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>gross <w NN2>blunders<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>blaming <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>perceived <w NN1-VVB>defeat <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="108"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>simultaneously <w VVG>holding <w DPS>its <c PUL>(<w ORD>fourth<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Chernomyrdin <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00B></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00B>
<s n="109"><w NN1>Verdict <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="110"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>cases <w VVN>brought <w PRP>against <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <w VVB-NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>RCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unconstitutional<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>progress <w PRF>of <w NP0>CPSU <w NN1>hearing <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38923<c PUN>; <w CRD>39020<c PUN>; <w CRD>39154-55<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="111"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>commentators <w VVN>described <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complicated <w NN1>compromise <w NN1>judgement<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w AV0>constitutionally <w PRP>in <w VVG>imposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>leading <w CJC>and <w AJ0>organizational <w NN2>structures<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCP <c PUL>(<w CJS>insofar as <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w VVG>banning<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>primary <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>basis <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>party <w NN2>branches<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>since <w DT0>these <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>&hellip; <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>structures<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NP0>CPSU <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>correct <w TO0>to <w VVI>expropriate <w NN1>party <w NN1>property <w DTQ>which <w VVD>belonged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Arbitration <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>cases <w AVQ>where <w NN1>property <w NN1>ownership <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>doubt<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w AT0>The <w NN1>hearing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitutionality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w CJC>and <w NP0>RCP <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>terminated<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w AV0>effectively <w XX0>not <w VVN>existed <w PRP>since <w NP0>August-September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="114"><w NN1>Court <w NN2>proceedings <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>29 <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>reopened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w PRP>In <w NN2>speeches <w VVG>summing <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w NP0>Yeltsin <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AV0>about <w CRD>40,000,000 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>eliminated<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>19,840,000<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>enemies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>repressed<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w NN2>Advocates <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitutionality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VVI>endanger <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>conscience<c PUN>, <w VVG>setting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN1>precedent <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>any <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>orientation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="117"><w DT0>Both <w NN2>sides <w VVD>hailed <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>victory<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w NP0>Valentin <w NP0>Kuptsev<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>RCP <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>emerged <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CPSU <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>a <w NN1>revival <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLTCA00C><s n="119"><w NP0>Yuri <w NP0>Skokov <w CRD>637 <w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Chernomyrdin <w CRD>621 <w NP0-NN1>Yegor <w NP0-NN1>Gaidar <w CRD>400 <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Kadannikov <w CRD>399 <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0-NN1>Shumeiko <w CRD>283
</p>
<caption id=HLTCA00C>
<s n="120"><w NN1-VVB>Ballot <w PRP>on <w AJ0>prime <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>candidates <w NN2>Votes
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="121"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="122"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="123"><w AJ0>Mass <w NN1>deportation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel
</head>
<p>
<s n="124"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>unprecedented <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>deportation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel <w PRF>of <w AV0>more than <w CRD>400 <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VVB>cast <w AT0>an <w NN1>air <w PRF>of <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>pessimism <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>faltering <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>resort <w PRP>to <w AJ0>harsh <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>punishment <w NN2>tactics <w VVD>reflected <w DPS>its <w NN1>anxiety <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>activities <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Hamas<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w AJ0>Increasing <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w NN2>Hamas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN2>heartlands <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>squalid <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>camps <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>posed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mainstream <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>opposed <w NN2>Hamas <w VVZ-NN2>demands <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w CJC>and <w VVB>embrace <w DPS>its <w AV0>more <w AJ0>militant <w NN1>approach<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00D></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00D>
<s n="127"><w NN2>Hamas <w VVB-NN1>attack <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>reservists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="128"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w VVD>entered <w DPS>its <w ORD>sixth <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="129"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Qassam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hamas<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>ambushed <w CJC>and <w VVD>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CRD>three <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>reservists <w PRP>on <w NN1>patrol <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <c PUL>(<w NN1>uprising<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli-occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="130"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VVD>reflected <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN2>arms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>IDF<c PUR>) <w VVD>reported <w CRD>340 <w AJ0-NN1>shooting <w NN2>incidents <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>38 <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="132"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w VVD-VVN>occupied <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wanted <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1-NP0>Jihad <w NN1>guerrilla<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>seven-hour <w NN1>battle <w VVD>ensued <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>guerrilla<c PUN>, <w NP0>Issam <w NP0>Barahma<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>soldier <w VVD>died<c PUN>; <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="134"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12-13<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w PRP>during <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>IDF<c PUN>; <w AV0>over <w CRD>100 <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w NP0-NN1>Qassam <w VVD>shot <w AJ0>dead <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>soldier <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hebron <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00E></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00E>
<s n="137"><w NN1>Kidnapping <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>killing <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN2>police <w NN1>officer
</caption>
<p>
<s n="138"><w AT0>The <w NN1>confrontation <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hamas <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1-VVB>turn <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Qassam <w VVD>abducted <w NP0>Sgt.-Maj<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w VVB>Nissim <w NP0-NN1>Toledano<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN1>border <w NN2>police <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Lod<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w VVB-NN1>Qassam <w AV0>immediately <w VVN-VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>threatening <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w NN1-NP0>Toledano <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>authorities <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>prison <w NP0>Sheikh <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Yassin<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>founder <w CJC>and <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hamas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="141"><w NP0-NN1>Yassin <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>for <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w VVG>collaborating <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>authorities <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38550<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="142"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>authorities <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w NP0>Toledano<w POS>'s <w NN1>abduction <w PRP>by <w VVG>sealing <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip <w CJC>and <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w PRP>before <w VVG>conducting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>search <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="143"><w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NN1>curfew <w CJC>and <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>1,300 <w AJ0>alleged <w NP0>Hamas <w NN2>sympathizers <w VBD>were <w VVN>rounded <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>questioning<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>demand <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Yassin<w POS>'s <w NN1>release <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN2>assurances <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Toledano <w VBD>was <w AJ0>alive<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="145"><w NP0-NN1>Toledano<w POS>'s <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>discovered <w VVN>bound<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>strangled <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>stabbed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>discovery<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Knesset<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w PNP>He <w VVD>promised <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>merciless<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NP0>Hamas<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>gave <w AT0>an <w NN1>assurance <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>diverted <w PRP>from <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00F></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00F>
<s n="148"><w NN1>Deportation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Palestinians
</caption>
<p>
<s n="149"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>approved <w AT0>an <w NN1>order <w TO0>to <w VVI>deport <w CRD>415 <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AJ0>alleged <w NP0>Hamas <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Toledano <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>during <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w AT0>The <w CRD>415 <w VBD>were <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w NN2>clerics<c PUN>, <w NN2>professionals <w CJC>and <w NN2>intellectuals<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="151"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leftist <w NP0-NN1>Meretz<c PUN>, <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opponent <w VBD>was <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Libai<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="153"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVN>kept <w VVN-AJ0>bound <w CJC>and <w VVD>blindfolded <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>buses <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>border <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>20 <w NN2>hours <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights <w NN2>lawyers <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>court <w NN1-VVB>order <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportations<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w AV0>eventually <w VVD-VVN>endorsed <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVN>driven <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>self-declared<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>forced <w NN1>north <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Lebanese-controlled <w NN1>territory<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w NP0>Lebanon<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w CRD>66 <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>deportees <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>intifada <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>occasion <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w VVG>Acting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>orders <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w PRP>from <w VVG>entering <w NN1>border <w NN2>villages <w CJC>and <w VVD>ordered <w PNP>them <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>strip <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no-man<w POS>'s <w NN1>land<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>separating <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lebanon <w AJ0>proper<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>applauding <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w NN2-VVZ>shelters <w VVG>using <w NN2>tents <w VVN>provided <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="158"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>troops <w VVD>pushed <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees <w AV0>further <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w AVP>back <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>security <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w NN2>Soldiers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Israel<w POS>'s <w NN1>proxy <w NN0>militia <w DTQ>which <w VVD>policed <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN2>tanks <w CJC>and <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>machine <w NN2>guns <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>makeshift <w NN1>camp<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>wounded <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SLA <w NN1>action<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00G></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00G>
<s n="161"><w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w NP0>Israel
</caption>
<p>
<s n="162"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w VVD>came <w PRP>under <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>international <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w AV0>unanimously <w AJ0-VVN>approved <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>799 <w VVG>condemning <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>action <w CJC>and <w VVG>demanding <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBB>be <w VVN>rescinded<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="164"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>informed <w NP0>Israel <w PRF>of <w DPS>its<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>objections<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportations<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w AV0>personally <w VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DPS>their <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="166"><w NP0>James <w NP0>Jonah<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Under-Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jonah <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rabin<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>categorically <w VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>reversal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>deport <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w NP0>Jonah <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Lebanon <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Rafiq <w NN1>al-Hariri <w PNQ>who <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w NN2>Hariri <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>blocked <w NP0>Jonah<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrange <w AT0>a <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w NN1>package <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>stranded <w PRP>in <w AJ0>freezing <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>with <w DT0>little <w NN1>food<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00H></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00H>
<s n="170"><w AJ0>Violent <w NN2>protests <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>strip <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Shootings <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>forces
</caption>
<p>
<s n="171"><w NN1>Violence <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khan <w NP0-NN1>Younis <w NN1>refugee <w NN1>camp <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1-VVB>Strip <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19-20 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVD>protested <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportations<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>soldiers <w VVD-VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CRD>six <w NN2>Palestinians<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nine-year-old <w NN1>girl<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>Palestinian <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>during <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bank<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w CRD>two <w NN2>Palestinians <w VBD>were <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>40 <w VVD-VVN>injured <w PRP>during <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>unrest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gaza <w NN1>Strip<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>opened <w DT0>that <w NN1>day <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>abduction <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Toledano<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00J></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00J>
<s n="175"><w NN1>Rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Permission <w PRP>for <w CRD>10 <w NN2>deportees <w TO0>to <w VVI>return
</caption>
<p>
<s n="176"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w AT0>the <w NN1>deportation <w NN2>orders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="177"><w NN2>Lawyers <w VVG>representing <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees <w VHD>had <w VVN>submitted <w NN2>petitions <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>responsibility <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PNP>them <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w VBD>were <w AV0>therefore <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="178"><w NP0>Israel <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportees <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>deport <w DT0>these <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>admitted<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>incorrect<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00K></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00K>
<s n="180"><w NN1-VVB>Impact <w PRP>on <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="181"><w AT0>The <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bilateral <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventh <w NN1>round<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39167<c PUN>; <w CRD>39211<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w DT0>Little <w NN1>progress <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w AV0>largely <w VVN>overshadowed <w PRP>by <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="183"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w AV0>reluctantly <w VVD-VVN>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>round <w PRP>after <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>persuade <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>delegations <w TO0>to <w VVI>press <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>postponement <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>inauguration <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NP0>President-elect <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>in <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVD>signalled <w DPS>their <w NN1>frustration <w PRP>by <w VVG>sending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>delegation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Washington<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="185"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>delegations <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportations<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>new <w NN1>date <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Palestinian <w NN1>delegation <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>negotiating <w NN1>table <w CJS-PRP>until <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>reversed <w DPS>its <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportations<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w VVG>Commenting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>spokeswoman <w NP0-NN1>Hanan <w NP0-NN1>Ashrawi <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>brink <w PRF>of <w NN1>disaster<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="189"><w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN2>representatives <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>Egyptian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Syrian<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Jordanian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cairo <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN2>deportations <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVD-VVN>pressed <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>799<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="192"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunis<c PUN>, <w NP0>PLO <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hamas <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22-27<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>repatriate <w AT0>the <w NN2>Palestinians <w VVN>deported <w PRP>by <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>policy <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>continuation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00L></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00L>
<s n="194"><w AJ0>Multilateral <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="195"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>steering <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multilateral <w NN1>strand <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <c PUL>(<w VVG>comprising <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w NN2>arms <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>, <w NN1>water <w VVG-NN1>sharing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3-4<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="196"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="197"><w NP0>SOMALIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="198"><w AJ0>US-led <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention
</head>
<p>
<s n="199"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>operation <w VVD>codenamed<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB>Restore <w NN1-NP0>Hope<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>sanctioned <w AV0>unanimously <w CRD>24 <w NN2>hours <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>ordered <w CRD>28,000 <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w PRP>into <w NP0>Somalia <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>starving<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="200"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>intervention <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>anticipated<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w NN1>offer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39181-82<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w AV0>As <w AV0-AJ0>early <w CJS>as <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>warships <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>proceeding <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN1>coast <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>a <w UNC>1,800-strong <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>task <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="202"><w AT0>The <w NN1>operation<w POS>'s <w AJ0>precise <w NN2>aims <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>clear<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>mid-December <w NN1>disagreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP-AVP>over <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<w POS>' <w NN1>role <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w VVG-AJ0>disarming <w AJ0>hostile <w NN2>factions <w CJC>and <w VVG>pacifying <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>merely<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold<c PUN>, <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="203"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>time <w NN1>limit <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>presence<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>press <w VVG-NN1>briefing <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Dick <w NP0>Cheney <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Powell<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Joint <w NN2>Chiefs <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>, <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w NN2>troops <w VM0>might <w VVI>stay <w AV0>longer<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>view <w AV0>also <w VVN>expressed<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>President-elect <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w NN1>limit <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AJ0>unclear<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="206"><w NP0>France <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w CRD>1,500-2,000 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>total <w CRD>35,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>logistical <w NN1>support <w PRP>through <w DPS>its <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Djibouti<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belgium <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>pledged <w NN2>forces <w PRF>of <w CRD>900 <w CJC>and <w CRD>550 <w NN2>troops <w AV0>respectively<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia <w CRD>900<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Italy <w CRD>2,500<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VVD>offered <w NN0>aircraft<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>ban<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispatch <w AV0>up to <w CRD>1,500 <w AJ0>German <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="210"><w NN2>Troops <w VBD>were <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Botswana<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>, <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Morocco<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigeria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tunisia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkey<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uganda <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zimbabwe<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w NP0>India <w VVD>dispatched <w CRD>three <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>vessels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>logistical <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w NP0>Japan <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>pledged <w UNC>US&dollar;100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>trust <w NN1>fund <w VVD>established <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>relief <w NN1>effort<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00M></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00M>
<s n="213"><w NN2>Clashes <w VVG>involving <w NP0>UN <w NN1>contingent
</caption>
<p>
<s n="214"><w PRP>Amid <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN1>tension <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>500-strong <w NN1-AJ0>Pakistani <w NP0>UN <w NN1-AJ0>contingent <w VVG-AJ0>guarding <w NN1>relief <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>port <w CJC>and <w NN1>airport <w VVD-VVN>killed <w AV0>at least <w CRD>one <w NN1>Somali <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>skirmish <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>blood <w VVN>shed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>force <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39085<c PUN>; <w CRD>39132<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>force <w AV0>offshore <w VVG>awaiting <w NN2>orders <w TO0>to <w VVI>land<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>100-truck <w NN1>aid <w NN1>convoy <w PRP>with <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>guards <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>transported <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>port <w PRP>for <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00N></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00N>
<s n="216"><w NN1>Progress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>US-led <w AJ0>military <w NN2>operations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="217"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w AV0>heavily <w VVN-AJ0>armed <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NN2>faces <w VVD-VVN>blackened<c PUN>, <w VVD>waded <w AV0>ashore <w CJC>and <w VVD>dug <w AVP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN2>beaches <w AV0>early <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>met <w PRP>by <w NN0>media <w NN2>lights <w CJC>and <w NN2>scores <w PRF>of <w NN1>news <w NN2>reporters<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>1,800 <w NN2>troops <w VVD>came <w AV0>ashore <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>fire <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>between <w NP0>US <w NN2>Marines <w CJC>and <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mogadishu <w NN1>port<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="219"><w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Oakley<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>US <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>Somalia <w VVD>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w NN1>relief <w NN2>organizations <w CJC>and <w NP0>UN <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>warned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>Mogadishu-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Farah <w NP0>Aydid <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ali <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>President <c PUN>&mdash; <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>interfere <w CJS>when <w NP0>US <w NN2>troops <w VVD>began <w VVG>arriving<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="221"><w NN2>Marines <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Legion <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>during <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>seizing <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>their <w NN2>operations <w VBD>were <w VVN>encumbered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>curious <w NN2>crowds <w CJC>and <w NN2>reporters<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Cobra <w NN2>helicopters <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>buzzed <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Aydid<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="223"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AJ0>French <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CRD>two <w NN2>Somalis <w CJC>and <w VVD>wounded <w CRD>seven <w PRP>aboard <w AT0>a <w NN1>truck <w DTQ>which <w VVD>drove <w PRP-AVP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>roadblock<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="224"><w PRP>Under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oakley <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Aydid <w CJC>and <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJ0>main <w NN1>rival <w PRP>for <w NN1>power <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cease <w VVG>fighting <w CJC>and <w VVB>withdraw <w DPS>their <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="225"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Cobra <w NN1>gunship <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>destroyed <w CRD>three <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>vehicles <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>nine <w NN2>Somalis<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NN2>Marines <w VVD>seized <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w AJ0>military <w NN1>airfield <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bali <w NP0-NN1>Dogle<c PUN>, <w CRD>160 <w NN0>km <w NN1>west <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="227"><w PRP>Away from <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>aid <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w NP0>mid-December <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>urging <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w VVZ-NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w AVP>up <w DPS>their <w NN1>arrival <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w NN2>centres <w CJC>and <w NN2>workers <w PRP>by <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>looters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="228"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w CJC>and <w AJ0>French <w NN2>troops <w VVD>escorted <w AT0>a <w NN1>food <w NN1>convoy <w PRP>into <w NP0>Baidoa<c PUN>, <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>from <w NN2>gunmen<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w NN2>atrocities <w PRP>by <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bardera<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w CRD>10 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>feeding <w NN1>centre<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>intensified <w NN1>banditry <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kismayu <w NN1>port<c PUN>, <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops<w POS>' <w NN1>arrival<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="230"><w NP0>US <w NN2>Marines <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Belgian <w NN2>paratroops <w VVD>entered <w NP0-NN1>Kismayu <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AV0>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w NP0>Oakley <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>faction <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w VVG>freeing <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w NN1>use <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>food <w NN1>distribution <w NN1>centre <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Juba <w NN1>valley<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="231"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w NP0>Brig. <w NN1>-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w NP0>Tony <w NP0>Zinni<c PUN>, <w NN2>operations <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>military <w NN1>command<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>US <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w VVG>seizing <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>vehicles <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Somali <w NN2>factions<c PUN>, <w VVG>indicating<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NN2>observers<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVG>adopting <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>vigorous <w NN1>strategy <w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00P></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00P>
<s n="233"><w NN2>Doubts <w PRP>about <w NN1>peace <w NN2>prospects
</caption>
<p>
<s n="234"><w AJC>Further <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w VVD>brokered <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oakley <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>reconciliation <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Aydid <w CJC>and <w NN1>Mahdi <w NP0>Mohammed<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>together <w VVD>led <w AT0>a <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>march <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>green <w NN1>line<c PUQ>&quot; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>divided <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>between <w DPS>their <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w AV0>Both <w VVN>pledged <w PRP>in <w NN2>speeches <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>cheering <w NN2>crowds <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>work <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite <w NP0>Somalia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="236"><w NP0>Oakley <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sceptical <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w VM0>could <w VVI>hold<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>anonymous <w NP0>US <w NN1>official <w VVN>cited <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w NN2>agencies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>troops <w AV0>by now <w NN1-VVB>present <w VVD-VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN1>approach <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>From now on <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VDG>doing <w DT0>more <w NN1>enforcement<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>official <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="239"><w CRD>Two <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>gunmen <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w DT0>several <w NN2>others <w VVD>wounded <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>compound <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>further <w VVN-VVD>reported <w NN2>incidents <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>instability <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00R></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00R>
<s n="240"><w NP0-NN1>Bush <w NN1-VVB>visit
</caption>
<p>
<s n="241"><w PRP>Ahead of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>anticipated <w AJ0>48-hour <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Bush <w VVG-NN1>starting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w VVD>began <w AT0>a <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w NN2>gunmen <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>seizing <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>vehicles <w CJC>and <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w NN0>Aircraft <w VVD>dropped <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>leaflets <w PRP>on <w NP0>Mogadishu<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>warning <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNI>anyone <w VVG>pointing <w AT0>a <w NN1>weapon <w PRP>at <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>multinational <w NN1>force <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>shot<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="243"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w VVG>flying <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mogadishu <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>USS <w NP0>Tripoli <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w NN2>troops <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>48-hour <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Baidoa<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="244"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="245"><w NP0>DJIBOUTI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="246"><w AJ0>Total <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w NP0>RPP <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>New <w NN1>fighting
</head>
<p>
<s n="247"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1977<c PUN>, <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39181<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>parties <w VVG-AJ0>participating<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Rally <w PRP>for <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>RPP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Renewal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PRD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w NN1-NP0>French<c PUN>, <w NN1>Organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Unity <c PUL>(<w NP0>OAU<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Arab <w NN1>League <w NN2>observers <w VBD>were <w AJ0>present<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="249"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Djibouti <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>RPP <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w DT0>all <w CRD>65 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w AT0>The <w NP0>RPP <w VVD>obtained <w CRD>76.71 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>PRD <w CRD>23.29 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AV0>more than <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="252"><w NN1>Fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Tadjoura <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NN2>rebels <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRUD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Djibouti <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="254"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="255"><w NP0>SOUTH <w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="256"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>whites
</head>
<p>
<s n="257"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>cancelled <w AJ0>planned <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Pan-Africanist <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>PAC<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39128<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>after <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>community <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>PAC<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>wing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Azania <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>APLA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="258"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NN1>incident <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w AVQ>when <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>golf <w NN1>club <w PRP>in <w NP0>King <w NP0>Williams <w NN1>Town<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NP0>PAC <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>condemn <w AT0>the <w NN1>APLA <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w NN2>Remarks <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>APLA <w NN1>spokesperson <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>APLA <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>other <w NN2>incidents<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="260"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w AV0>at least <w CRD>23 <w AJ0>magisterial <w NN2>districts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Orange <w NP0>Free <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Cape <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>declared <w NN1>unrest <w NN2>areas <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w NP0-NN1>APLA <w NN2>activities <w VBD>was <w VVN>established<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>by <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Transkei<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>homeland<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NN1>bantustan<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>concluded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>accord <w PRP>with <w NP0-NN1>APLA <w CJC>and <w VVD>provided <w NN1-VVG>training <w NN2>bases<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Transkei <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>established <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00S></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00S>
<s n="263"><w NN1>Dismissal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>SADF <w NN2>officers
</caption>
<p>
<s n="264"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w VVB-NN1>State <w NP0>President <w NP0>F. <w NP0>W. <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>23 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>SADF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>two <w NN2>generals <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NN2>brigadiers<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w AV0>compulsorily <w VVN-AJ0>retired <w CJC>or <w VVN>suspended<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>findings <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="265"><w NP0>Pierre <w NP0>Steyn <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>SADF<w POS>'s <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>functions <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39177-78<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="266"><w NP0>Steyn<w POS>'s <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>exposure <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>SADF <w VVZ-NN2>plans <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>dirty <w NN1>trick<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>activities <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>SADF <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>involved<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>and/or <w AJ0>unauthorised <w NN2>activities <w CJC>and <w NN2>malpractices<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>proved <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN1>force<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVG>operating <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>SADF <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>objective <w PRF>of <w NN1>fostering <w NN1>violence <w CJC>and <w VVG>impeding <w AT0>the <w NN1>transition <w PRP>to <w NN1>democracy <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w VVI>concede <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>indications <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN2>activities <w CJC>and <w NN2>individuals <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>motivated <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>goals<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>some <w NN2>activities <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>deaths <w PRF>of <w NN0>people<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="269"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>senior <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>SADF <w NN2>members <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>purge <w VBD>were <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="270"><w NP0>Hennie <w NN1>Roux<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Maj.-Gen.
<s n="271"><w NP0>Chris <w NP0>Thirion<c PUN>, <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NN1>Intelligence<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gene <w NP0-NN1>Louw <w VVD>emphasized <w CJT>that <w DT0>neither <w VBD>was <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>or <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>activities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00T></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00T>
<s n="273"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>ANC-government <w NN2>talks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="274"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>ANC <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>official <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w AJ0>expressed <w NN1>optimism <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN2>talks <w VM0>would <w VVI>resume <w PRP>by <w NP0>February <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w AT0>no <w NN2>dates <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>decided<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>discussed <w AT0>a <w NN1>timetable <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>installation <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w AT0>An <w NP0>ANC <w NN1>official <w VVD>said <w AV0>later <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>executive <w NN1>council <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w PRP>by <w NP0>March <w CJC>or <w NP0>April <w CRD>1993 <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w AJC>Further <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>talks <w VBD>were <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00U></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00U>
<s n="278"><w NN1>Rift <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NP0>Inkatha
</caption>
<p>
<s n="279"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ANC-government <w NN2>talks <w VVD>began<c PUN>, <w NP0>de <w NP0>Klerk <w AV0>strongly <w VVN-VVD>attacked <w AT0>an <w NN1>initiative <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Mangosuthu <w NP0>Buthelezi<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Inkatha <w NN1>Freedom <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>non-independent <w NN1>Kwazulu<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>homeland<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>unveiled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Kwazulu-Natal<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="280"><w NP0>Buthelezi <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w DT0>this <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w VVN>approved<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w VM0>will <w VVI>stand <w PRP>in <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>direction <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w AJ0>new <w NN1>entity <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="282"><w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>warned <w CJT>that <w DT0>such<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unilateral<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>initiatives <w VBD>were <w AJ0>incompatible <w PRP>with <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>agreements <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>reform <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>disrupt <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>resume <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>cause <w NN1>violence <w TO0>to <w VVI>escalate<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Buthelezi<w POS>'s <w NN1>approach <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PNP>him <w PRP>into<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>confrontation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pretoria.The <w NP0>ANC <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Buthelezi<w POS>'s <w NN1>purpose <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>sabotage <w AJ0>national <w NN2>negotiations <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>boycott <w DT0>any <w NN1>referendum <w VVN>called <w TO0>to <w VVI>test <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="284"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buthelezi<w POS>'s <w NN1>proposal <w VBD>was <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w NN1>enthusiasm <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ciskei<w POS>'s <w AJ0>military <w NN1>ruler<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brig.
<s n="285"><w NP0>Joshua <w NP0>Oupa <w NP0>Gqozo<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w NP0>Gqozo <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>territory <w VM0>should <w AV0>similarly <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w NN1>republic <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Cape <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>inalienable <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>terminate <w DPS>its <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>time<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="287"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="288"><w NP0>NAMIBIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="289"><w AJ0>Regional <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="290"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>test <w PRF>of <w NN1>popularity <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>South-West <w NP0>Africa <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>SWAPO<c PUR>) <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>landslide <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w NP0>30-Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w AT0>The <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>poll <w VVD>ensured <w CJT>that <w NP0>SWAPO <w VM0>would <w VVI>dominate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="292"><w NP0>SWAPO <w VVD>won <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>councils<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>areas <w AV0>previously <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>strongholds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Turnhalle <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>DTA<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w PRP>For <w DPS>its <w NN1>part <w AT0>the <w NP0>DTA <w VVD>secured <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>councils<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="295"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="296"><w NP0>ANGOLA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="297"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="298"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Eduardo <w NP0>dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marcelino <w NP0>Moco <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>appointment <w PRP>as <w AJ0>transitional <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39178<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="299"><w DT0>Most <w NN2>ministers <w VBD>were <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Liberation <w PRF>of <w NN2>Angola-Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN0>MPLA-PT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>parties <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>represented<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>posts <w VBD>were <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NN1>Independence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Angola <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNITA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>rank <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w AT0>The <w NN2>posts <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN0>Staff <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Angolan <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w CJC>and <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Army <w NN1-AJ0>General <w NN0>Staff <w VBD>were <w AV0>similarly <w VVN>allocated <w PRP>to <w NP0>UNITA<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>appointees<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w NP0-NN1>Moco <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w CJC>but <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>appointment <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>await <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NP0-NN1>Bicesse <w NN1>Peace <w NN1-VVB>Accord <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38180<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00V></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00V>
<s n="303"><w NP0>UNITA <w NN1>withdrawal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="304"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mediatory <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Jeffrey <w NP0>Davidow<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1-AJ0>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>African <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>met <w NP0>UNITA <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Jonas <w NN1-AJ0>Savimbi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w NN1>dos <w NP0>Santos <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w NP0>UNITA <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-stage <w NN1>plan <w PRF>of <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w AJ0>provincial <w NN1>capital <w NP0-NN1>Uige <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>air <w NN1>base <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Negage<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NP0>Angola <w NN1>Verification <w NN1>Mission <c PUL>(<w NP0>Unavem <w CRD>2<c PUR>) <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal<c PUN>, <w VVG>opening <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-establishment <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="306"><w NN1>Dos <w NP0>Santos <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w NP0>Savimbi <w NP0>UNITA <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NP0>September <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w VVB>withdraw <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>areas <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>enable <w NN1>government <w NN1>administration <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="307"><w DT0>These <w NN2>developments <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN2>clashes <w PRP>between <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NP0>UNITA<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>reports <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>launched <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>offensive<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w NN1-VVG>Fighting <w VVN-VVD>intensified <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>reportedly <w AV0>especially <w AJ0>heavy <w PRP>around <w NP0-NN1>Caxito <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ndalatando<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w CRD>80 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-east <w CJC>and <w CRD>200 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south-east <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Luanda<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00W></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00W>
<s n="309"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa
</caption>
<p>
<s n="310"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>further <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39178<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Angolan <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w NN1>crew <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>plane <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w VVG-NN1>landing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Luena<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moxico <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w AT0>The <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w NN1>proof <w CJT>that <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VBD>was <w VVG>supplying <w NP0>UNITA <w PRP>by <w NN1>air <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39178<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>withdrawing <w DPS>its <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="313"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="314"><w NP0>MOZAMBIQUE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="315"><w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process
</head>
<p>
<s n="316"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1-VVB>accord <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NP0>Mozambique <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Resistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNR <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Renamo<c PUR>) <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39129<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w NP0>UN <w NN1>supervision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="317"><w VVN>Entitled <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Operation <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mozambique <c PUL>(<w NP0>Onumoz<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w CRD>7,500 <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>troops <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>soldiers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>armies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>MNR<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>integration <w PRF>of <w NN2>portions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>forces <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN2>elections <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>October <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NP0>Onumoz <w VBD>was <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>US&dollar;330,000,000<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w NN2>donors <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="319"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="320"><w NP0>ZAIRE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="321"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>power <w NN1>struggle
</head>
<p>
<s n="322"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Mobutu <w AJ0>Sese <w NN1-NP0>Seko<c PUN>, <w VVG>acting <w PRP>in defiance of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w NN1>session <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>July <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38323<c PUN>; <w CRD>38378<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Etienne <w NP0>Tshisekedi <c PUL>(<w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39039<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>attempted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w TO0>to <w VVI>dissolve <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="323"><w NP0>Tshisekedi<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NP0-NN1>Mobutu<w POS>'s <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w NN2>troops <w VVD-VVN>surrounded <w NN2>ministries <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kinshasa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVG>ordering <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>servants <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>tension <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="325"><w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belgium <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Za&iuml;re<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>aid <w NN2>donors<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>stressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>backing <w PRP>for <w NP0>Tshisekedi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Belgian <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>considering <w AJ0>military <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w NP0-NN1>Mobutu<w POS>'s <w NN1>order <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>within <w CRD>48 <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w NP0>Tshisekedi <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w AV0>outside <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="327"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>concluding <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>electing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>453-member <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairmanship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>Most <w NP0>Rev. <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Monsengwo <w NP0>Pasinya<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN1>archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kisangani<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>chaired <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w NP0-NN1>Mobutu <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>keep <w AT0>a <w NN1>promise <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NN1>session<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00X></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00X>
<s n="329"><w NN1-VVG>Killing <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators
</caption>
<p>
<s n="330"><w PRP>Amid <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w NN1>tension<c PUN>, <w NN2>demonstrators <w VVD-VVN>ignored <w NN1>advice <w PRP>from <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w NN2>marches <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kinshasa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w DTQ>which <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w NN2>deaths <w PRP>in <w NN2>confrontations <w PRP>with <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w AJ0>Unconfirmed <w NN2>reports <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>50 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w CJS>after <w NN2>troops <w VVD>mutinied <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Kisangani <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="332"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>figure<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lambert <w NP0>Mende<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>arson <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>house <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>guard<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="333"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="334"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w AJ0>AFRICAN <w NN1>REPUBLIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="335"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="336"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Andr&eacute; <w NP0>Kolingba <w VVD>appointed <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Timothee <w NP0>Malendoma <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Edouard <w NP0>Frank<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="337"><w NP0-NN1>Malendoma <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Consultative <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>CFD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>alliance <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sovereign <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CFD <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>after <w VVG>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Grand <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Debate <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kolingba <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39040<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="339"><w NP0-NN1>Malendoma <w VVD>named <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Rassemblement <w NN1-AJ0>d&eacute;mocratique <w NN1>centrafricain <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w CRD>seven <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16 <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>portfolios <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>posts <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence<c PUN>, <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w CRD>Nine <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>places <w VBD>were <w VVN>assigned <w PRP>to <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="341"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>rescheduling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legislative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w NP0>February <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39183<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kolingba <w VVD>extended <w DPS>his <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Provisional <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w VBD>was <w VVN>established <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>organ <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="342"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w DT0>former <w NP0>Emperor <w NP0>Jean-Bedel <w NP0>Bokassa <w VHD>had <w DPS>his <w NN1>sentence <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>labour<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w VVN>Sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>in <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>sentence <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>commuted <w AV0>twice <w PRP-CJS>before <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36266<c PUN>; <w CRD>38424<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="344"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="345"><w NP0>CONGO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="346"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="347"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>St&eacute;phane <w NP0>Maurice <w NP0>Bongho-Nouarra <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w AJ0>political <w NN2>protests <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39179<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Pascal <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Lissouba <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VVD-AJ0>appointed <w NP0>Claude <w NP0>Antoine <w NP0>Dacosta <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w AT0>The <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w VVN>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bongho-Nouarra <w NN1>administration <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w CJS>until <w NN2>elections <c PUL>(<w AJ0>due <w PRP>within <w CRD>45 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="349"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agronomist <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w CRD>25 <w NN2>years <w VVG>working <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Agricultural <w NN1>Organization <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Bank<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dacosta <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w PNP>It <w VVD>included <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Renewal <c PUL>(<w NP0>URD<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Congolese <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PTC<c PUR>) <w PRP>as well as <w NP0>Lissouba<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Pan-African <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPADS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w NP0-NN1>Dacosta <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>power-sharing <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reached <w PRP>after <w NN1>mediation <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Bongo <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gabon<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA00Y></p>
<caption id=HLTCA00Y>
<s n="352"><w NP0>Congo <w NN1>cabinet<c PUN>: <w AJ0>principal <w NN2>members
</caption>
<p>
<s n="353"><w UNC>*Claude <w NP0>Antoine <w NP0>Dacosta <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="354"><w UNC>*Col<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Ayayem <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Raymond <w NP0>Damase <w NP0>Ngollo <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Benjamin <w NP0>Bouloulou <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NN1>Co-operation <w NP0>Clement <w NP0>Mouamba <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NP0>Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Tchibinda <w NP0>Kouangou <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>Keeper <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Seals
</p>
<p>
<s n="356"><w UNC>*Jean-Pierre <w NP0>Thystere-Thicaya <w NN2>Mines<c PUN>, <w NN1>Energy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Oil
</p>
<p>
<s n="357"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="358"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="359"><w NP0>CAMEROON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="360"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="361"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>reappointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Simon <w NP0>Achidi <w NP0-NN1>Achu <w CJS>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>named <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apparent <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>appease <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Biya <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>poll <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39130<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="362"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VVD>included <w NN2>members <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Progress <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Peoples <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cameroon <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPC<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>the <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="363"><w DT0>Both <w NP0>Hamadou <w NP0-NN1>Moustapha <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UNDP <w CJC>and <w NP0>Frederic <w NP0>Augustin <w NP0>Kodock<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>UPC<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>assigned <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moustapha <w PRP>as <w NP0>Vice-Prime <w NP0>Minister <w PRP>in charge of <w NN1>Town <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>Housing<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w NN2>Commentators <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NP0>March <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38802<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA010></p>
<caption id=HLTCA010>
<s n="365"><w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="366"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>lifting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w PRP>in <w NN1>North-West <w NN1>Province<c PUN>, <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w NP0>SDF <w NN1>leader <w NP0>John <w NP0>Fru <w NP0>Ndi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>by <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>claim <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>election <w NN1>victor <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39179<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="367"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="368"><w NP0>NIGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="369"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Council
</head>
<p>
<s n="370"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>civilian <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>administration <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AJ0>civilian <w NN1>rule <w AV0>now <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>August <w CRD>1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39179<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="371"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VVD>included <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>servants <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>bankers <w CJC>and <w NN2>academics<c PUN>, <w CJS>rather than <w VVI>career <w NN2>politicians<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w PNP>It <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>unanimously <w VVD>chose <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Ernest <w NP0>Adegunle <w NP0>Shonekan<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w CJC>and <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>industrialist<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w DPS>its <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>acting <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="373"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ibrahim <w NP0>Babangida <w VHD>had <w AV0>formally <w VVN>inaugurated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38994<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN2>sittings <w PRP>until <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w DT0>All <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>passed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w NP0>Babangida<w POS>'s <w NN1>approval <w PRP>as well as <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDSC<c PUR>) <w VVG>comprising <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>service <w NN2>chiefs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Council <w NN1>chair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>replace <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Armed <w NN2>Forces <w AJ0>Ruling <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>AFRC<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="375"><w AT0>The <w NN1>vacuum <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>revival <w PRF>of <w NN2>campaigns <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>revitalized <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w AJ0>Prominent <w NN2>individuals<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Olusegun <w NP0-NN1>Obasanjo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Anthony <w NP0>Enahoro<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>announced <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>new <w NN2>moves <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>full <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="377"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Campaign <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Beko <w NN1>Ransome-Kuti<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>disobedience <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Year <w CJS>if <w NP0>Babangida <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>leave <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w CJC>and <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="378"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="379"><w NP0>GHANA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="380"><w NP0>NDC <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory
</head>
<p>
<s n="381"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>NDC<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jerry <w NP0>Rawlings <w VVD>won <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>polls <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w CRD>four <w AJ0>major <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39180<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="382"><w NN2>Negotiations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>disputed <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN2>results <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39180<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>failed <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>concede <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>demand <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN1>register<c PUN>.
<s n="383"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBD>was <w VVN>postponed <w AV0>twice <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nominated <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="384"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>run-up <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w AJ0-VVG>boycotting <w NN2>parties <w AJ0-VVD>condemned<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>acts <w PRF>of <w NN1>intimidation <w CJC>and <w NN1>harassment <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NN2>supporters<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="385"><w PRP>Prior to <w VVG>polling <w AT0>the <w NP0>NDC <w VVD>formed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Convention <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>each <w NN1>party <w VVD>offered <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>constituencies<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w AT0>The <w NP0>NDC <w VVD>won <w CRD>189 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>200 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>NCP <w VVG>taking <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Independent <w NN1>Party <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Egle <w NN1>Party <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>official <w NN2>figures <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w CRD>29 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w VVD>participated<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="388"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="389"><w NP0>LIBERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="390"><w NN1>Arrival <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN1>envoy
</head>
<p>
<s n="391"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General<w POS>'s <w AJ0>special <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>to <w NP0>Liberia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Trevor <w NP0>Livingston <w NP0>Gordon-Somers<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Adetunji <w NP0>Olurin<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>field <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Nigerian-led <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w AJ0>African <w NP0>States <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOWAS<c PUR>) <w NN1-AJ0>Monitoring <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>ECOMOG<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="392"><w NP0>Gordon-Somers<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Jamaican<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>imposed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mandatory <w NN2>arms <w NN1>embargo <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39181<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="393"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w CJC>and <w CRD>13 <w NP0>Gordon-Somers <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>closed-door <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Taylor<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Patriotic <w NN1>Front <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPFL<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>controlled <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Liberia <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Taylor <w VHD>had <w VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39181<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="395"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>16 <w NP0>Reuters <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w AJ0>fierce <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>NPFL <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rival <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone-based <w AJ0-VVD>United <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>ULIMO<c PUR>) <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Bong <w NN1>iron-ore <w NN2>mines <w CRD>85 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north-east <w PRF>of <w NP0>Monrovia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="396"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="397"><w NP0>SIERRA <w NP0>LEONE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="398"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>changes <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN1-VVB>plot
</head>
<p>
<s n="399"><w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Valentine <w NP0>Strasser<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <c PUL>(<w NP0>SCS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVG>slimming <w AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NP0>SCS <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>making <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>extensive <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="400"><w AT0>An <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>dispatch <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Solomon <w NP0>Musa <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w NN1>Vice-Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>SCS<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>listed <w NN2>members <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>liaison <w NN2>officers<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>supervising <w NN1>government <w NN2>departments <w PRP>as<c PUN>: <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Mbayo <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transport<c PUN>, <w NN1>Mineral <w NN2>Resources<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Capt. <w NP0>Julius <w NP0>Maada <w NP0>Bio <c PUL>(<w NN1>Youth<c PUN>, <w NN2>Sports<c PUN>, <w NN1>Mobilisation<c PUN>, <w NN1>Information<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Maritime <w NN2>Resources<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Lt. <w NP0>Samuel <w NP0>Kambo <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>Commerce<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NN2-VVZ>Matters<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="401"><w PRP>Among <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NN2>Secretaries <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38994 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>government <w NN2>changes<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Lamin <w NP0>Kamara <w VVD>became <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w VVG>replacing <w NP0>Ahmed <w NN1>Ramadan <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Dumbuya <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>30<c PUN>,<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="402"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w NP0-NN1>Strasser <w VBD>was <w VVN>cited <w PRP>on <w AJ0>national <w NN1>radio <w CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w NN2>ex-officers <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>after <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w NN1>power <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>others <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sierra <w NP0>Leone <w NN1>Broadcasting <w NN1>Service <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLBC<c PUR>) <w VVD-VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>France <w NP0>Internationale <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>26 <w NN2>plotters <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>firing <w NN1>squad<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="405"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="406"><w NP0>SENEGAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="407"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau
</head>
<p>
<s n="408"><w NN1-AJ0>Senegalese <w NN0>infantry <w NN2>forces <w VVD>bombarded <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1-NP0>Casamance <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN2-VVZ>bases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Domingos <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Guinean <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and <w VVG>inflicting <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>injuries <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VVD>followed <w AT0>an <w NN1>ambush <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>Movement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Casamance <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFDC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN2>soldiers <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="410"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>persistently <w VVN>alleged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>MFDC <w VVD>launched <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sao <w NP0>Domingos<c PUN>, <w VVG>bordering <w NP0-NN1>Casamance<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>categorically <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>mediator <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bissau <w NN1>government <w VVD>sent <w AT0>a <w NN1>protest <w NN1-VVB>note <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>borders<c PUN>, <w VVG>reiterating <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>provide <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>rebels<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Senegalese <w NN1>government <w VVD>offered <w DPS>its <w NN2>apologies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="414"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Senegalese <w AJ0>weekly <w NP0>Le <w NP0>T&eacute;moin <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Diamacoune <w NP0>Senghor<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>MFDC<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w NP0>Guinea-Bissau<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="415"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="416"><w NP0>NIGER
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="417"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>system
</head>
<p>
<s n="418"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w VVD>gave <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>approval <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w NN1>Constitution<c PUN>; <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w CRD>89 <w NN0>per cent<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w PRP>before <w NP0>mid-February<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="420"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referendum <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>November <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>postponed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>request <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>evident <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w VVG>drawing <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN2>voters<w POS>' <w NN1>register<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA011></p>
<caption id=HLTCA011>
<s n="421"><w NN1-VVB>Release <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Tuareg <w NN2>prisoners
</caption>
<p>
<s n="422"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w PRF>of <w CRD>57 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>129 <w NN2>Tuaregs <w VVN>detained <w PRP>without <w NN1>trial <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39084-85<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>original <w NN2>detentions <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>admitted <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>exert <w DPS>its <w NN1>authority <w PRP>over <w AJ0>rebellious <w NN2>troops <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Agadez <w NN1>region <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>into <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="424"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="425"><w NP0>SUDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="426"><w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN1>aid <w NN2>deliveries <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>criticism
</head>
<p>
<s n="427"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN1-VVB>rebel <w NN2>factions <w PRP>at <w AJ0>UN-supervised <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nairobi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Kenyan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w PRP>for <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>relief <w VVZ-NN2>supplies <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="428"><w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>State <w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>al-Bashir<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>rally <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>denounced <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>baseless <w NN2>rumours<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="429"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Roman <w AJ0-NN1>Catholic <w NN2>bishops <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>employees <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39132<c PUN>; <w CRD>39181<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD-VVN>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>300 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0>Juba<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA012></p>
<caption id=HLTCA012>
<s n="431"><w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="432"><w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Yazdi<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Justice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>arrived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khartoum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>28 <w VVG>heading <w AT0>a <w AJ0>32-member <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w NP0>Yazdi<w POS>'s <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NN1-NP0>Bashir <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>concern<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>co-operation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="434"><w AT0>A <w AJ0-VVN>reported <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>aid <w NN1>programme <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sudan <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w NN1>construction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Khartoum<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w PRP>Before <w VVG>leaving <w NP0>Tehran<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yazdi <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sudan <w VBD>was <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>defend <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN2>brothers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Egypt<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w AJ0>Persistent <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iranian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>presence <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sudan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>denied<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="437"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="438"><w NP0>KENYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="439"><w AJ0>Multiparty <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="440"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>multiparty <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w CRD>26 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39182<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="441"><w NN2>Parties <w VVG-AJ0>contesting <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>188-seat <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NP0>Kenya <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>KANU<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Daniel <w VVB-NN1>arap <w UNC>Moi<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DP<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Vice-President <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1978-88<c PUR>) <w NP0>Mwai <w NP0-NN1>Kibaki<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>factions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forum <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Restoration <w PRF>of <w NN1>Democracy <c PUL>(<w NP0>FORD<c PUR>) <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0>FORD-Kenya <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>FORD-Asili<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Kibaki <w VVD>accused <w UNC>Moi <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w AJ0>violent <w NN2>methods <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w AT0>a <w NN1>KANU <w NN1>victory<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w NN2>candidates <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>by <w NN1>force <w PRP>from <w VVG>presenting <w DPS>their <w NN2>nominations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="443"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>speech <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w UNC>Moi <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w NN1>interference <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>bias<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w NN2>Numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Asian <w NN2>residents <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AV0>abroad <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w VVG>fearing <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Ugandan <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Somali <w NN2>borders<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="445"><w NP0>Kenya <w NN1>Television <w NN1>Network <c PUL>(<w NP0>KTN<c PUR>) <w VVD>reported <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>turnout <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>amid <w NN2>reports <w PRF>of <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>violence <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>stabbing <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w NP0>FORD-Kenya<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA013></p>
<caption id=HLTCA013>
<s n="446"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN1>threat <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw
</caption>
<p>
<s n="447"><w NN2>Kibaki <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jaramogi <w NP0>Oginga <w NP0>Odinga<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>veteran <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w AJ0>one-time <w NN1>Vice-President <c PUL>(<w PRP>in <w CRD>1964-66<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w NP0>FORD-Kenya<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>their <w NN2>parties <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w VVG>alleging <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>irregularities <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>fast <w VVG>pushing <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w PRP>to <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="448"><w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>observer <w NN1>group <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>calling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>allegations <w CJT>that <w CRD>45 <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>candidates <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>by <w NN1>force <w PRP>from <w VVG>lodging <w DPS>their <w NN2>nominations<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>Commonwealth <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Emeka <w NP0-NN1>Anyaoku<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VVD-VVN>expressed<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN1-VVB>concern<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>about <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w NN1>misconduct <w CJC>and <w NN1>intimidation<c PUN>, <w PRP>apart from <w NN1>impropriety <w PRP>on the part of <w NN2>officials<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Telford <w NP0>Georges<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>expressed <w NN1-VVB>concern <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>45 <w NN2>nominations<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w UNC>Moi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="451"><w NN2>Police <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shoot-to-kill <w NN1>policy <w VVG>following <w AJ0>pre-election <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w NN1>Rift <w NN1>Valley <w NN1>Province<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w AV0>at least <w CRD>16 <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>died<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="452"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="453"><w NP0>MALAWI
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="454"><w NN1>Imprisonment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chihana
</head>
<p>
<s n="455"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w AJ0>sentenced <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>campaigner <w NP0>Chakufwa <w NP0>Chihana <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>with <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>labour <w PRP>for <w NN1>sedition<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38851-52<c PUN>; <w CRD>39133<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="457"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Hastings <w NP0>Kamuzu <w NP0>Banda <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w DT0>that <w NN1>thereferendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w AJ0>one-party <w NN1>rule <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39133<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="458"><w NP0>AFRICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="459"><w NP0>MADAGASCAR
</head>
<p>
<s n="460"><w PRP>According to <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w NP0>Albert <w NN1-NP0>Zafy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Comit&eacute; <w UNC>des <w NN2>forces <w VVZ>vives <w VVN>won <w CRD>45.16 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w VVB>cast<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NP0>President <w NP0>Didier <w NP0>Ratsiraka <w CRD>19.22 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Manandafy <w NN1-NP0>Rakotonirina <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Proletarian <w NN1>Power <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFM<c PUR>) <w CRD>10.21 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>five <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>round <w NN1>run-off <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Zafy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ratsiraka <w VBD>was <w VVN>set <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="461"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="462"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>STATES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="463"><w NN2>Appointments <w PRP>by <w NP0>President-elect
</head>
<caption>
<s n="464"><w NN1>Selection <w PRF>of <w NN1>Cabinet <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0-NN1>Executive <w NN2>appointments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="465"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w NP0>President-elect <w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>named <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>office <w PRP>after <w DPS>his <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20 <w NN1>inauguration<c PUN>.
<s n="466"><w AT0>The <w NN1>nomination <w NN1>process <w VBD>was <w VVN>completed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="467"><w PRP>In addition to <w VVG>naming <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w NP0>Clinton <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>revealed <w DPS>his <w NN1>choice <w PRP>for <w AJ0>key <w NN1>executive <w NN1>branch <w NN2>offices<c PUN>.
<s n="468"><w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>F.<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Mack<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>McLarty<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NP0>Arkansas <w NN1>businessman<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff<c PUN>; <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>two <w NN2>decades <w VHD>had <w VVN>grown <w AV0>massively <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w PRP>in comparison with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w DT0>that <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>an <w AJ0>honest <w NN1>broker<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w DT0>few <w NN1>policy <w NN2>implications<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="469"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>branch <w NN2>officials <w NP0>Leon <w NP0>Panetta<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>entered <w NN1>politics <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>Republican <w PRP>before <w VVG>switching <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>built <w AT0>a <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>ferocious <w NN2>critics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>spiralling <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w NP0>Anthony <w NP0>Lake<c PUN>, <w CRD>53<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Massachusetts <w NN1>professor<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>service <w NN1>officer <w CJC>and <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w NN1>policy <w NN1-VVG>planning <w NN1>chief<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="471"><w NP0>James <w NP0>Woolsey<c PUN>, <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>undersecretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>navy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Carter <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Rhodes <w NN1>scholar <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oxford <w NN1>University<c PUN>.
<s n="472"><w NP0>Madeleine <w NP0>Albright<c PUN>, <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVG>teaching <w PRP>at <w NP0>Georgetown <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>scientist <w VVG>specializing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA014></p>
<caption id=HLTCA014>
<s n="473"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Clinton <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>nominations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="474"><w NP0>Les <w NP0>Aspin <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w NP0>Aspin<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w NN2>services <w NN1>committee <w PRP>for <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="476"><w AT0>A <w NN1>Democrat <w VVG>representing <w NP0>Wisconsin<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>served <w PRP>in <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w CRD>22 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VVD>built <w AT0>a <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>defence <w NN1>expert <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>resistant <w PRP>to <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Department <w NN1-VVB>waste<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="477"><w NP0>Bruce <w NP0>Babbitt <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Interior<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w VVB-NN1>Babbitt<c PUN>, <w CRD>54<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Arizona<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuccessful <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1988 <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>nomination<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="479"><w NP0>Zo&euml; <w NP0>Baird <c PUL>(<w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="480"><w NN1-NP0>Baird<c PUN>, <w CRD>40<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>; <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w VVN>acted <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>policy <w NN1>advisor <w PRP>to <w NP0>Clinton <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="481"><w NP0>Lloyd <w NP0>Bentsen <c PUL>(<w NN1>Treasury<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w NN1-NP0>Bentsen<c PUN>, <w CRD>71<c PUN>, <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w NN1-VVB>finance <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>senator <w PRP>for <w NP0>Texas <w PRP>since <w CRD>1970<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>vice-presidential <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>in <w CRD>1988<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="484"><w NP0>Jesse <w NP0>Brown <c PUL>(<w NN2>Veterans<w POS>' <w NN2>Affairs<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w NP0>Brown<c PUN>, <w CRD>48<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disabled <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>veteran<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP>on behalf of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>veterans<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="486"><w NP0>Ronald <w NP0>H. <w NP0>Brown <c PUL>(<w NN1>Commerce<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w NP0>Brown<c PUN>, <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>black <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>national <w NN1>committee <w PRP>during <w DTQ>which <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VVD>revamped <w DPS>his <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>fund-raising <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>research <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="488"><w NP0-NN1>Warren <w NN1>M. <w NP0>Christopher <c PUL>(<w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w NP0>Christopher<c PUN>, <w CRD>67<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Carter <w NN1>administration<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w PNP>He <w VVD>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>transitionary <w NN1>team <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w NN1>victory<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="491"><w NP0>Henry <w NP0>G. <w NP0>Cisneros <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w CJS>As <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>San <w NP0>Antonio <w PRP>between <w CRD>1981 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cisneros<c PUN>, <w CRD>45<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Hispanic <w AJ0-NN1>American <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NP0>US <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="493"><w NP0>Mike <w NP0>Espy <c PUL>(<w NN1>Agriculture<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w VVN>Elected <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mississippi <w PRP>in <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Espy<c PUN>, <w CRD>39<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>black <w NN1>legislator <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>20th <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>close <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>led <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mississippi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="496"><w NP0>Hazel <w NP0>R. <w NP0>O'Leary <c PUL>(<w NN1>Energy<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w NP0>O'Leary<c PUN>, <w CRD>55<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w CJC>and <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>served <w PRP>in <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>energy <w NN2>posts <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>administrations <w PRF>of <w NN2>Presidents <w NP0-NN1>Carter <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ford<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w NN1>expert <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>waste<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="499"><w NP0>Federico <w NP0>Pena <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transportation<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w NN1-NP0>Pena<c PUN>, <w CRD>45<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>served <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>terms <w PRP>as <w NP0>Denver<w POS>'s <w NN1>mayor<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>Hispanic <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="501"><w NP0>Robert <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Reich <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w NP0>Reich<c PUN>, <w CRD>46<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Harvard <w NN1>professor <w PRF>of <w NN1>economics<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w AJ0>key <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>advisers <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>advocate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>through <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w NN1>worker <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="503"><w NP0>Richard <w NP0>W. <w NP0>Riley <c PUL>(<w NN1>Education<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w NP0>Riley<c PUN>, <w CRD>59<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>two-term <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Carolina <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>initiated <w AT0>a <w NN0>sales <w VVB-NN1>tax <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>education <w PRF>of <w AJ0>black <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="505"><w NP0>Donna <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Shalala <c PUL>(<w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Services<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wisconsin <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shalala<c PUN>, <w CRD>51<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Carter <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AJ0>assistant <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>Housing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Urban <w NN1>Development<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLTCA015><s n="507"><w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>F. <w NP0>McLarty <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>Leon <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Panetta <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Office <w PRF>of <w NN1>Management <w CJC>and <w NP0>Budget <w NP0>Anthony <w NP0>Lake <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Adviser <w NP0>Laura <w NP0>Tyson <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Economic <w NN2>Advisers <w VVB>Carol <w AJC>Browner <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Agency <w NP0>R. <w NP0>James <w NP0>Woolsey <w NP0>Jr <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CIA <w NP0>Madeleine <w NP0>K. <w NP0-NN1>Albright <w NN1>Ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <ptr target=HLTCA016></p>
<caption id=HLTCA015>
<s n="508"><w AJ0-VVG>Leading <w NN1>executive <w NN1>branch <w NN2>officials
</caption>
<caption id=HLTCA016>
<s n="509"><w NN1-VVG>Holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>seminar
</caption>
<p>
<s n="510"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14-15 <w NP0>Clinton <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-day <w AJ0>televised <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>seminar <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w AV0>more than <w CRD>300 <w NN2>academics<c PUN>, <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>presented <w DPS>their <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>President-elect <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>appointees<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>, <w VVG>directing <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free-flowing <w NN1>discussion<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>perceived <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>enhanced <w DPS>his <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>grasping <w AJ0>detailed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>complex <w NN2>issues<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA017></p>
<caption id=HLTCA017>
<s n="512"><w AJ0>Continuing <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>over <w NN1>search <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>passport <w NN2>files
</caption>
<p>
<s n="513"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>development <w VVN>connected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w VHD>had <w AV0>secretly <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w CJS>whether <w AJ0>senior <w NP0>White <w NN1>House <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>search <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN1>passport <w NN2>records<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w CJS>Although <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>William <w NP0>Barr <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>comment <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN1>District <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbia <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>attorney <w NP0>Joseph <w NN1>diGenova <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>confirm <w DTQ>which <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VVD>included <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Chief <w PRF>of <w NN0>Staff <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="515"><w AT0>The <w NN1>search <w PRF>of <w NP0>Clinton<w POS>'s <w NN2>files <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>ordered <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>height <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>candidate <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>a <w NN1>student <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>nationality <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w NN1>avoiding <w VBG>being <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>for <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w CJT>that <w NN2>officials <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VHD>had <w VVN>searched <w NN1>immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>naturalization <w NN2>files <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AJ0-NN1>material <w AJ0>relevant <w PRP>to <w NP0>Clinton<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><w DT0>Neither <w NN1>search <w VHD>had <w VVN>revealed <w DT0>any <w AJ0>incriminating <w NN1>information<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA018></p>
<caption id=HLTCA018>
<s n="518"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting <w NN2>rights <w PRP>in <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives
</caption>
<p>
<s n="519"><w NN2>Democrats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposition <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w NN1>representative <w PRP>for <w NP0>Washington <w NP0>DC <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w NP0>US <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>territories <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>floor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>chamber <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w AT0>The <w NN1>change <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>representatives <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>votes <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w AJ0>contested <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="521"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>interpretation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w NN1>representative <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>District <w PRF>of <w NP0>Columbia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guam<c PUN>, <w NP0>Puerto <w NP0>Rico<c PUN>, <w AJ0>American <w NP0>Samoa <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Virgin <w NP0>Islands <w VBD>were <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>committees<c PUN>.
<s n="522"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>proposal <w AT0>the <w NN2>representatives <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>arcane <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>term <w DTQ>which <w VVD>covered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House<w POS>'s <w NN1>floor <w NN2>sessions<c PUN>.
<s n="523"><w AT0>The <w NN1>argument<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Democrats<c PUN>, <w VVD>reasoned <w CJT>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>territories<w POS>' <w NN2>representatives <w VBD>were <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>committees <w PNP>they <w VM0>should<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="524"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NN1>voice <w NN1>acclamation <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w CJS>Although <w VVG>requiring <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>approval <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>reconvened <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>House <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>adoption <w VBD>was <w VVN>considered <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foregone <w NN1>conclusion<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA019></p>
<caption id=HLTCA019>
<s n="526"><w VVB-NN1>Rubbergate <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="527"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Department <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-NP0>Rubbergate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>revelation <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>congressional <w NN1>bank <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w NN2>legislators <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w AJ0>uncovered <w NN2>cheques <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>thereby<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AVP>up <w NN2>overdrafts <w PRP>without <w VVG-AJ0>paying <w NN1>interest <w CJC>or <w NN2>penalties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38807<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="528"><w AT0>The <w NN1>statement <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w VM0>would <w VVI>investigate<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1-VVB>conduct<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>past <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="529"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scandal <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>incumbent <w NN2>legislators <w VVG-AJ0>retiring <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVG>suffering <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>defeats<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malcolm <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Wilkey<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>empowered <w PRP>by <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>Barr <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>reviewed <w CRD>329 <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w NP0>Barr <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w VVN>cleared <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>wrongdoing<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w NP0>Barr <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>created <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>unit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Criminal <w NN1>Division <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="533"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unit <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>staffed <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>preparation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wilkey<w POS>'s <w NN1>report<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01A></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01A>
<s n="534"><w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="535"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>exercised <w DPS>his <w NN1>executive <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>pardon <w CRD>six <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w PRP>Among <w DT0>those <w VVN>pardoned <w VBD>was <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NN1-NP0>Caspar <w NN1-NP0>Weinberger <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>produced <w NN1>documentation <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w CJS>than <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>ever <w AV0>previously <w VBN>been <w VVN>acknowledged <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39087<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="537"><w PRP>In addition to <w NP0-NN1>Weinberger<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VVN>pardoned <w DT0>former <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Adviser <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>C. <w NP0>McFarlane<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>Elliott <w NP0>Abrams<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VVN>pleaded <w AJ0>guilty <w TO0>to <w VVI>misdemeanour <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>withholding <w NN1>information <w PRP>from <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36520<c PUN>; <w CRD>38521<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><w AV0>Also <w VVN>pardoned <w VBD>was <w NP0>Clair <w NP0>E. <w NP0>George<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>executive <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>CIA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN1>felony <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>perjury <w CJC>and <w AJ0>misleading <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>trial <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w ORD>first <w NN1>trial <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39043<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><c PUL>(<w NP0>George<w POS>'s <w NN1>conviction <w VVD>made <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>high-ranking <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CIA <w AV0>ever <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>felony <w NN2>offences <w CJS>while <w VVG>conducting <w AJ0>official <w NN2>duties<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
<s n="540"><w AT0>The <w NN2>others <w VVN>pardoned <w VBD>were <w CRD>two <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>officials <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Duane <w NP0>R. <w NP0>Clarridge<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CIA<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>European <w NN1>Division<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>awaiting <w NN1>trial <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>misled <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38428<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>D. <w NP0>Fiers<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>CIA <w NN1>official <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>pleaded <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVG>withholding <w NN1>information <w PRP>from <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNQ>who <w AV0>later <w VVN>co-operated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1-VVB>witness <w PRP>at <w NP0>George<w POS>'s <w NN1>trial <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39043<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="541"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>proclamation <w VVG>pardoning <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>asserted <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>denominator <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>motivation <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>whether <w DPS>their <w NN2>actions <w VBD>were <w NN1>right <w CJC>or <w NN1>wrong <c PUN>&mdash; <w VBD>was <w NN1>patriotism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>cited <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>profited <w AV0>personally <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>conduct<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long <w CJC>and <w AJ0>distinguished <w NN1>service<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w PRP>in terms of <w AJ0>emotional <w NN1>anguish <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>damaged <w NN2>careers <w VVD-VVN>paid <w AT0>a <w NN1>price <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>grossly <w AJ0>disproportionate <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN2>misdeeds <w CJC>or <w NN2>errors <w PRF>of <w NN1>judgement <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>committed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="543"><w AT0>The <w NN2>pardons <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>a <w NN1>salvo <w PRF>of <w NN2>accusations <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w VVN>abused <w DPS>his <w NN1>executive <w NN2-VVZ>powers <w PRP>by <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w NN2>revelations <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>E. <w NP0>Walsh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>by <w VVG>suggesting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bush <w VBD>was <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>subject<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>.
<s n="545"><w PNP>He <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN2>pardons <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>demonstration<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>powerful <w NN0>people <w PRP>with <w AJ0>powerful <w NN2>allies <w VM0>can <w VVI>commit <w AJ0>serious <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>high <w NN1>office <w PRP>without <w NN1>consequence<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NP0>Iran-contra <w NN1>cover-up<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VVN>continued <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w VVG>Referring <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>President <w NP0>Bush<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>misconduct<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>, <w NP0>Walsh <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>hinted <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Bush <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>submit <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>questioning <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01B></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01B>
<s n="547"><w VVB-NN1>Iraqgate <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="548"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>Frederick <w NP0>B. <w NP0>Lacey <w VVD>ended <w DPS>his <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Iraqgate<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>scandal <w PRP>by <w VVG>submitting <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w DTQ>which <w VVD>concluded <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>prosecutor <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w NP0>Lacey <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w NN1>Attorney <w NP0>General <w NP0>Barr <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39136<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>brief <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>determining <w CJS>whether <w AT0>a <w AJC>fuller <w NN1>investigation <w VBD>was <w VVN>warranted<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="550"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Iraqgate <w NN1>affair <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>allegation <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w AV0>covertly <w VVN>supplied <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>conceal <w AT0>the <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conduit <w PRP>through <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w AV0>allegedly <w VVN>channelled <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1980s <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlanta <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NP0-NN1>Banca <w UNC>Nazionale <w UNC>del <w NP0>Lavoro <c PUL>(<w NP0>BNL<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="552"><w NP0>Lacey<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>Department <w VHD>had <w VVN>conducted <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>virtually <w AJ0>perfect<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VDN>done <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>manner <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>free <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN1>influence<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Department <w CJC>and <w NP0>CIA <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w NN2>mistakes <w PRP>in <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>handled <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>classified <w NN1>information <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>BNL <w NN2>loans<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>errors <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Lacey <w VVD>characterized <w PRP-CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>fiasco<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>criminal <w NN1>wrongdoing<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="554"><w AT0>The <w NN1>publication <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>consternation<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w CJS>because <w NP0>Lacey <w VHD>had <w VVN>informed <w NP0>Barr <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>early <w CJS>as <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>sufficient <w AJ0>specific <w CJC>and <w AJ0>credible <w NN2>allegations<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w DPS>his <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w VVB>Judge <w NP0>Marvin <w NP0>Shoob<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>presided <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlanta <w NP0>BNL <w VVB-NN1>branch <w DT0>former <w NN1>manager <w NP0>Christopher <w NP0>Drogoul <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39135<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>expressed <w NN1>surprise <w CJC>and <w NN1>disappointment <w PRP>at <w NP0>Lacey<w POS>'s <w NN1>conclusion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ample <w NN1>evidence <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>cover-up<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>participation <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>improper<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01C></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01C>
<s n="556"><w NN1>Court <w NN2>rulings <w PRP>on <w NN1>abortion
</caption>
<p>
<s n="557"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>dealt <w AT0>a <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>by <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AT0>a <w NP0>Mississippi <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>required <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w NN1>counselling <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>wait <w CRD>24 <w NN2>hours <w PRP>before <w VVG>terminating <w AT0>a <w NN1>pregnancy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="558"><w AJ0>Implicit <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>concept <w CJT>that <w AV0>once <w AT0>an <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>restriction <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>upheld <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w AJ0>other <w NN2>states <w VM0>could <w VVI>implement <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>interpretation <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD-VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AV0>more <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRP>by <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w NN2>restrictions <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>guidelines <w VVN>established <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>on <w NN0>Roe <w PRP>v. <w NP0>Wade <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38954<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="559"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>appeals <w NN1-VVB>court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>a <w AJC>lower <w NN1>court <w NN1>ruling <w VVG>invalidating <w NN2>regulations <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bush <w NN1>administration <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>1<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>prohibited <w NN0>staff <w PRP>at <w AV0>federally <w AJ0>funded <w NN2>clinics<c PUN>, <w PRP>apart from <w NN2>doctors<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w VVG>advising <w NN2>patients <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>abortion<c PUN>.
<s n="560"><w NN1>Congress <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier <w VVN>passed <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>overturning <w DT0>these <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>; <w NP0>Bush <w VHD>had <w AV0>then <w VVN>vetoed <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w CRD>10 <w NN2>votes <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>majority <w TO0>to <w VVI>override <w DPS>his <w NN1>veto<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD-VVN>ruled<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>regulations <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>followed <w AJ0>proper <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="562"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NP0>Louisiana <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w AJ0>stringent <w AJ0>anti-abortion <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="563"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court<w POS>'s <w NN1>rejection <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>law <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>territory <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guam<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Guam <w NN1>law <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>struck <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AJC>lower <w NN2>courts <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w DT0>these <w NN2>rulings<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Louisiana <w NN1>legislation <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>unconstitutional <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>appeals <w NN1-VVB>court<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01D></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01D>
<s n="566"><w NN1>Acquittal <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alvarez <w NP0>Machain
</caption>
<p>
<s n="567"><w NP0>US <w NN1>District <w NN1>Court <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Rafeedie <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>acquitted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>gynaecologist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0>Alvarez <w NP0>Machain<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>torture <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>murder<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w NN1>trial <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mexico <w VHD>had <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN>denounced <w CJS>as <w AJ0>illegal <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>defendant <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN>abducted <w CJC>and <w VVN>taken <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>US-Mexican <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="569"><w NN1-NP0>Alvarez <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1985 <w NN1-VVB>kidnap <w CJC>and <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>Drug <w NN1>Enforcement <w NN1>Administration <c PUL>(<w NP0>DEA<c PUR>) <w NN1>agent <w NP0>Enrique<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Kiki<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Camarena <w NP0>Salazar <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>33967<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w AV0>Specifically <w NP0>Alvarez <w VBD>was <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w VVN>administered <w NN2>drugs <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Camarena <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w PNP>him <w AJ0>alive <w CJS>while <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w VVN>tortured <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>drug <w NN1>cartel <w NN2>captors<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1990 <w NP0>Alvarez <w VBD>was <w VVN>abducted <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w NP0>Guadalajara <w PRP>by <w NN1>bounty <w NN2>hunters <w CJC>and <w VVD>smuggled <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>DEA<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w PRP>Despite <w AJ0>fierce <w NN2>protests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Civil <w NN2>Liberties <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w PRP>against <w NP0>US <w NN1>law <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN2>agents <w TO0>to <w VVI>kidnap <w NN2>citizens <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w CJS>even if <w AT0>an <w NN1>extradition <w NN1>treaty <w VVD>existed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38954<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="573"><w NP0-NN1>Rafeedie <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>against <w NP0>Alvarez <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>wildest <w NN1>speculation<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>rebuked <w AT0>the <w NN1>DEA <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w NN1>complicit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>abduction <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Alvarez <w CJS-AVQ>when <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>but <w AJ0>circumstantial <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Camarena<w POS>'s <w NN1>torture <w CJC>or <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="574"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>DEA <w AV0>particularly <w CJS>as<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>acquitting <w AT0>the <w NN1>defendant <w PRP>rather than <w AV0>merely <w VVG>dismissing <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rafeedie <w VVD>ensured <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Alvarez <w VM0>could <w AV0>never <w AV0>again <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>court <w PRP>for <w NP0>Camarena<w POS>'s <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="575"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w NP0>Rafeedie<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w NP0-NN1>Alvarez <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>custody <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>Guadalajara<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w CJS>While <w VVG>welcoming <w DPS>his <w NN1-VVB>release <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN2>authorities <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w VVG>surrounding <w DPS>his <w NN1>abduction<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w CJS>As <w NP0>Alvarez <w VVD>returned <w AV0>home<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<w POS>'s <w NN1>office <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>extradition <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN1-NP0>DEA <w NN2>agents <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>alleged<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w AT0>the <w NN1>doctor<w POS>'s <w NN1>abduction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="578"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>development <w VVN>connected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Camarena <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rafeedie <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>acquit <w NP0>Ruben <w NP0>Zuno <w NP0>Arce <w PRF>of <w VVG>conspiring <w TO0>to <w VVI>plan <w AT0>the <w NN1>kidnapping <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>killing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>DEA <w NN1>agent<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w NP0-NN1>Zuno <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>trial <w CJC>but <w NP0>Rafeedie <w VHD>had <w VVN>set <w AV0>aside <w AT0>the <w NN1>verdict <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>prosecution <w VHD>had <w VVN>referred <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>closing <w NN2>arguments <w PRP>to <w NN2>matters <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Zuno <w VM0>would <w VVI>face <w AT0>a <w NN1>retrial<c PUN>, <w AV0>much <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>embarrassment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>witnesses <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>alleged <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conspiracy <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w NP0-NN1>Camarena<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01E></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01E>
<s n="581"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>status <w PRF>of <w NP0>Noriega
</caption>
<p>
<s n="582"><w NP0>US <w NN1>District <w NN1-NP0>Judge <w NP0>William <w NP0>Hoeveler <w VVD>ruled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Panamanian <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Noriega<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>prisoner <w PRF>of <w NN1>war<c PUN>; <w AV0>as <w DT0>such <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>entitled <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full <w NN1>protection <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>Convention<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>court <w VHD>had <w VVN>extended <w NN1>prisoner <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>convicted <w NN1>criminal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="584"><w NP0>Noriega <w VBD>was <w VVN>apprehended <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w PRP>After <w VBG>being <w VVN>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>convicted <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking<c PUN>, <w NN1>money <w NN1>laundering<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>racketeering <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38857<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w CRD>40 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w NP0-NN1>Hoeveler<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>impossible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>imprison <w NP0>Noriega <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high <w NN1>security <w NN1>facility <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w VVG>violating <w DPS>his <w NN1>prisoner <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN2>rights<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01F></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01F>
<s n="587"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alabama <w NN1>Governor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="588"><w NP0>Guy <w NP0>Hunt<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Governor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alabama<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>jury <w PRP>in <w NP0>Montgomery <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG>appropriating <w UNC>US&dollar;200,000 <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>fund <w CJC>and <w VVG>using <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>purposes<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>13-count <w NN1>felony <w NN1>indictment <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Hunt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alabama<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w ORD>20th <w NN1>century <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG>conspiring <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>fund <w NN1>accountant <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w DT0>former <w NN2>aides <w CJC>and <w VVD>included <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w NN1>theft <w CJC>and <w NN0>ethics <w NN2>violations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="590"><w NP0>Hunt<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>part-time <w NN1>preacher<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>for <w VVG>using <w AJ0>state-owned <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>profit-making <w AJ0-VVG>preaching <w NN2>trips<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NP0>ben <w VVN>charged <w PRP>in relation to <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Governor<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NN1>bail <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>indictment<c PUN>, <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>shocking<c PUN>, <w AJ0>outrageous <w NN2>falsehoods<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w PNP>He <w VVD>indicated <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>plead <w XX0>not <w AJ0>guilty <w CJS>when <w AV0>formally <w VVD-VVN>arraigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="593"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="594"><w NP0>CANADA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="595"><w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alberta <w NN1>Premier
</head>
<p>
<s n="596"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>election <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w AJ0>Progressive <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCP<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alberta <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ralph <w NP0>Klein <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w ORD>second <w NN1>ballot <w NN1>victory <w PRP>with <w AV0>almost <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="597"><w NN1-NP0>Klein<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<w POS>'s <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>succeeded <w NP0>Don <w NP0>Getty <w PRP>as <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alberta <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="598"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PCP<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>governed <w AT0>the <w NN1>province <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>21 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w CRD>58 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>83 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="599"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="600"><w NP0>CUBA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="601"><w AJ0>Local <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="602"><w AJ0>Local <w NN1>government <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w CRD>13,865 <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>to <w CRD>169 <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w VVG-NN1>voting <w PRP>in <w AJ0>electoral <w NN2>colleges <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w NN2>seats <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AT0>no <w NN1>candidate <w VVD>secured <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w NN2>Candidates <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PCC<c PUR>) <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="604"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reformed <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>system <w AT0>the <w NN2>assemblies <w VM0>would <w VVI>meet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>19 <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>for <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>elections <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>24<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w DT0>These <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>elections <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1976 <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w CJC>and <w ORD>third <w NN2>tiers <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01G></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01G>
<s n="606"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="607"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>US-sponsored <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>for <w NN2>breaches <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fundamental <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AVP>on <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>condemnation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>blockade <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39184<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="608"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CRD>two <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rodolfo <w NP0>Gonz&aacute;lez <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NP0>Elizardo <w NP0>S&aacute;nchez <w NP0>Santa <w NP0>Cruz <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Human <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="609"><w NP0>S&aacute;nchez<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>beaten <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>prior to <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w CJS>as <w VHG>having <w VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>authorities <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>; <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>distributing <w NN1>enemy <w NN1>propaganda<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AJ0>illegal <w NN1>possession <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01H></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01H>
<s n="610"><w VVB-NN1>Escape <w NN2>flights
</caption>
<p>
<s n="611"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>flight <w PRP>between <w NP0>Havana <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Varadero <w VBD>was <w VVN>diverted <w PRP>to <w NP0>Miami<c PUN>, <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>pilot <w CJC>and <w NN2>passengers <w VVD>overpowered <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-pilot <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w NN1-VVB>guard<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="612"><w PRP>After <w VVG>landing <w PRP>at <w NP0>Miami<c PUN>, <w CRD>48 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>53 <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w NN1>crew <w AV0>on board <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VBD>was <w VVN>condemned <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cuba <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG-AJ0>hijacking<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN1>terrorism<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="614"><w PRP>In <w DT0>another <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN1>air <w NN1>force <w NN1>officer<c PUN>, <w NP0>Orestes <w NP0>Lorenzo <w NP0>Peres<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>MiG-23 <w NN1>jet <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Cuba <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>light <w NN1>plane<c PUN>, <w VVG>evading <w NN1>detection <w PRP>by <w NN1>air <w NN1>defence <w NN2>systems<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD>flew <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cuban <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>from <w VVG>joining <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="615"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="616"><w NP0>JAMAICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="617"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="618"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>credit <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>three-year <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>fund <w NN1>facility <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFF<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="619"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Jamaican <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN2>credits <w PRP>worth <w NP0>SDR <w CRD>109,100,000 <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;153,000,000<c PUR>) <w PRP>until <w NP0>December <w CRD>1995<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w NN2>Conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>facility <w VVB>include <w AT0>the <w NN1>curbing <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebuilding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2-VVZ>reserves <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w AJ0>current <w NN1>balance <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>steady <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>3 <w CJC>and <w CRD>3.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>terms <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="621"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="622"><w NP0>NICARAGUA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="623"><w AJ0>Political <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="624"><w NN2>Tensions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Opposition <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNO<c PUR>) <w VVD>increased <w AV0>considerably <w PRP>during <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>growing <w NN1>crisis <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38957<c PUN>; <w CRD>39001<c PUN>; <w CRD>39091<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="625"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>President <w NP0>Violeta <w NP0>Chamorro <w UNC>de <w UNC>Barrios <w VVD>ordered <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w TO0>to <w VVI>seize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>building <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>assets <w CJC>and <w NN2>documents<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w NN2>directors <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>9 <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>new <w NN2>officers <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="626"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>immediately <w VVD-VVN>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>building <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>coup<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="627"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VHD>had <w VVN>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>ruling <w VVG>declaring <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>decisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>2 <w AJ0>null <w CJC>and <w AJ0>void<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>quorum <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w AT0>The <w NN1>administration <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Chamorro <w VVD>upheld <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>C&eacute;sar <w NP0>Aguirre<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>judgment<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>interfere <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>branch <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01J></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01J>
<s n="629"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>aid
</caption>
<p>
<s n="630"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVD-VVN>released <w UNC>US&dollar;54,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nicaragua <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stabilization <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>normalize <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institu-tions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="631"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;100,000,000 <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>frozen <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>administration <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w PRP>because of <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>compensation <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>for <w NN1>property <w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Sandinista <w NN1>regime <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38957<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w DT0>Some <w UNC>US&dollar;40,000,000 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unfrozen <w NN1>aid <w VBD>was <w VVN>destined <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>replenish <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>pay <w PRP>for <w NN1>oil <w NN2>imports <w CJC>and <w VVB>pay <w AVP>off <w NN2>arrears <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="633"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="634"><w NP0>EL <w NP0>SALVADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="635"><w NN1>Completion <w PRF>of <w NN1>demobilization
</head>
<p>
<s n="636"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>12-year <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w AVQ>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>delays <w CJC>and <w NN2>setbacks<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>demobilization <w PRF>of <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>active <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>finalized<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="637"><w AT0>The <w NN1>day <w VBD>was <w VVN>declared <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Reconciliation <w NN1>Day <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceremony <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alfredo <w NP0>Cristiani <w NP0>Burkard<c PUN>, <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>government <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Farabundo <w NP0>Mart&iacute; <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FMLN<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>now <w VVD>became <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w AV0>Also <w AJ0-NN1>present <w VBD>were <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1-AJ0>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Violeta <w UNC>Barrios <w UNC>de <w NP0>Chamorro <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Rafael <w NP0>Leonardo <w NP0>Callejas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Serrano <w NP0>Elias <w PRF>of <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w NP0>US <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Dan <w NP0>Quayle <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Colombia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w NP0>Spain <w CJC>and <w NP0>Venezuela<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="639"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deadline <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJS>after <w NP0>Cristiani <w VHD>had <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w AT0>a <w NN1>purge <w PRF>of <w AJ0>senior <w AJ0>military <w NN2>figures <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39137<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>three-member <w NN1>Truth <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>formed <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VVD>named <w CRD>223 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w VVG>including <w AV0>about <w CRD>100 <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Public <w NN1>Security<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ren&eacute; <w NP0>Emilio <w NN1>Ponce<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w NP0>Cristiani <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>removal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>officers<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>anticipated <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>Ponce <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>dismissed <w AV0>immediately<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w PRP>In <w NN1>response<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w DPS>its <w NN2>weapons <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="643"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disbanding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Atlacatl <w NN1>counterinsurgency <w NN1>battalion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AJC>further <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>good <w NN1>faith<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NP0>Cristiani<w POS>'s <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>phrase<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>national <w NN2>heroes<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>describe <w AT0>the <w NN1>battalion <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>into <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w VVN>given <w DPS>its <w NN1>reputation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>violations <c PUL>(<w AV0>especially <w AT0>the <w NN1>massacre <w PRP>at <w NP0>El <w NP0>Mozote <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>ibid<c PUN>.<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w PRP>In addition to <w DPS>its <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w VVG>acting <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w PRP>behind <w NN1>schedule <w PRP>in <w VVG>establishing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>police <w NN1>force<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG>introducing <w AJ0>judicial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="645"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>council <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w VVD>fell <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>generally <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AV0>heavily <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cristiani<w POS>'s <w AJ0>right-wing <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Republic <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w NP0>Arena<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>reform <w NN1>law <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>include <w AJ0>certain <w AV0>previously <w VVN-AJ0>agreed <w NN2>provisions <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AJ0>small <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN2>restrictions <w PRP>on <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>spending<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="647"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w PNX>itself <w VVD-VVN>faced <w NN2>difficulties <w PRP>in <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN2>deadlines <w CJS>as <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>local <w NN2>commanders <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unwilling <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>.
<s n="648"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VVI>meet <w DPS>its <w NN2>undertakings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>integration <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>land <w NN1>distribution<c PUN>.
<s n="649"><w CJS-PRP>After <w NN2>assurances <w PRP>from <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>FMLN <w VVD>demobilized <w DPS>its <w ORD>last <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>combatants <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>turned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN2>weapons <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w CRD>55 <w AJ0>surface-to-air <w NN2>missiles<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01K></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01K>
<s n="650"><w NP0>FMLN <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="651"><w AT0>The <w NP0>FMLN <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>registered <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>party <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VVN>elected <w AT0>a <w AJ0>15-member <w AJ0>political <w NN1>directorate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>voted <w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Shafik <w NP0-NN1>Handal <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>general <w NN1>co-ordinator<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w NP0-NN1>Ferman <w NP0>Cienfuegos <w VVD>remained <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w VBZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>recognized <w NN1>leader<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01L></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01L>
<s n="653"><w NP0>US <w NN1>debt <w NN1>forgiveness
</caption>
<p>
<s n="654"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>demobilization <w NN1>ceremony <w NP0>US <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Quayle <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>would <w VVI>forgive <w NN2>debts <w VVN>owed <w PRP>by <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;464,000,000<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>constituted <w CRD>75 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>debts <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w AV0>In addition <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN1>interest <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debt <w AJ0-AV0>direct <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w AV0>instead <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>devote <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equivalent <w NN1>amount <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>environmental <w CJC>or <w AJ0>child-survival <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w DT0>This <w NN1>move <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>debt <w NN1>service <w PRP>by <w NN0>&dollar;25,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="657"><w CRD>One <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Temporary <w AJ0>Protective <w NN1>Status <w VVN>accorded <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>Salvadoreans <w VVG>living <w AV0>legally <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PRP>as <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="658"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="659"><w NP0>PANAMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="660"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Vice-President
</head>
<p>
<s n="661"><w AT0>The <w ORD>First <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRF>of <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ricardo <w NP0>Arias <w NP0>Calder&oacute;n<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Endara <w NP0>Galimany <w VBD>was <w AJ0>incapable <w PRF>of <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>, <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>or <w NN1>poverty <w PRP>in <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="662"><w NP0>Arias<c PUN>, <w CRD>59<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>reforms <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Endara <w CJC>and <w VVN>endorsed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>defeat <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39185<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>under <w AJ0-VVG>increasing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NN1>party <w NN2>activists <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w AT0>The <w NP0>PDC <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>since <w VVG>leaving <w NP0>Endara<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <w CRD>1991<c PUN>; <w NP0>Arias <w VHD>had <w VVN>remained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w ORD>First <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>without <w VVG>attending <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN2>meetings<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="665"><w NP0>Endara <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Arias<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w CJS>as <w AJ0>political <w NN1>opportunism<c PUN>, <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w VVG>preparing <w DPS>his <w NN1>candidature <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1994 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w AT0>The <w ORD>Second <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guillermo <w NP0>Ford <w NP0>Boyd<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Nationalist <w NN1>Republican <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Morilena<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>duly <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>as <w ORD>First <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01M></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01M>
<s n="667"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General
</caption>
<p>
<s n="668"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solicitor <w NN1>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Donatilo <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Ballesteros<c PUN>, <w VVD>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w CJC>and <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rogelio <w NP0>Cruz<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>suspicion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter<w POS>'s <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>unfreezing <w PRF>of <w NN1>bank <w NN2>assets <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w UNC>US&dollar;38 <w CRD>million <w VVN-AJ0>linked <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Colombian <w NN1>drug <w NN2>cartels<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="669"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w NN2>Drugs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General<w POS>'s <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ariel <w NP0>Alvarado<c PUN>, <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>prosecution <w PRF>of <w NN1>drug <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>placed <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest<c PUN>.
<s n="670"><w NP0>Cruz<w POS>'s <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w CJC>and <w NN1>dismissal <w VBD>were <w VVN>overturned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>remained <w VVN-AJ0>suspended <w PRP>from <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w NN1-NP0>Alvarado <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Norberto <w NP0>Castillo <w NP0>Perea <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w NN2>Drugs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="672"><w NN2>Charges <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>filed <w PRP>against <w NP0>Cruz <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <w VVG>alleging <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w AT0>the <w NN1>unfreezing <w PRF>of <w NN2>assets <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w CRD>10 <w NN2>companies <w CJC>or <w NN2>individuals <w VVN>identified <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Colombian <w AJ0-NN1>Cali <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w NP0>Cruz <w VVD>admitted <w VVG>unfreezing <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>; <w DPS>his <w NN1>claim <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w VBD>was <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="674"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="675"><w AJ0>CENTRAL <w NP0>AMERICA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="676"><w AJ0>Presidential <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="677"><w AT0>The <w ORD>13th <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9-11 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Panama <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guatemala<c PUN>, <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nicaragua <w CJC>and <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Belize <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Dominican <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>as <w NN2>observers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="678"><w AT0>The <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w VBD>were <w VVN>contained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Panama <w NN1>Declaration<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>issued <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>participants <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>points <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>involved <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w PRP>towards <w AJC>greater <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>integration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="680"><w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w PRP>among <w DT0>these <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>consolidation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Integration <w NN1>System <c PUL>(<w NP0>SICA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>oversee <w NN1>integration<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>by <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><w AT0>The <w NN1>summit <w AV0>also <w VVD>appointed <w AT0>a <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roberto <w NP0-NN1>Herrara <w PRF>of <w NP0>Honduras<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<w POS>'s <w NN1>secretariat <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>San <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>.
<s n="682"><w NP0>Panama <w CJC>and <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica <w VHD>had <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VVI>ratify <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>SICA <w NN1>protocol<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>their <w NN1>government <w NN2>leaders <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>determination <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="683"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>measures <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>integration <w PRP>between <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>linking <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>stock <w NN2>exchanges<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>upgrading <w PRF>of <w NN1>banking <w NN2>regulations <w CJC>and <w NN1>supervision<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="684"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w VVD>gave <w DPS>their <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>towards <w NN1>peace<c PUN>, <w NN1>reconciliation <w CJC>and <w NN1>reconstruction <w PRP>in <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador<c PUN>, <w NP0>Guatemala <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nicaragua<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>rapprochement <w PRP>between <w NP0>Guatemala <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belize <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38432<c PUN>; <w CRD>39184<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VVN>reached <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>between <w NP0>Honduras <w CJC>and <w NP0>El <w NP0>Salvador <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39090<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="685"><w PNP>They <w AV0>also <w VVD>gave <w DPS>their <w NN1>backing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>reincorporation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Panama <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rio <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Latin <w AJ0>American <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w NN1>Approval <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w NP0>Panama<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w AT0>the <w NN2>actions <w VVN>required <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NP0>Panama <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>mainstream <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>integration<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="687"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>draft <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>mutual <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>, <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NP0>Panama<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJC>and <w NN2>plans <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>summit <w PRP>on <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>counteract <w NN1>drug <w NN1>trafficking <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belize <w PRP>during <w NP0>February <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w AV0>Also <w VVN-VVD>included <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>statute <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Justice<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="689"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>declaration <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>reaching <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade <c PUL>(<w NP0>GATT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>concluding <w AJ0>satisfactory <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NN2>bananas <w CJC>and <w NN1>coffee <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN2>countries <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AJ0>international <w NN2>markets <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><w NN1>Concern <w VBD>was <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>NAFTA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39045-46<c PUN>; <w CRD>39234<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w VVG>reducing <w AJ0>preferential <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN2>imports <w PRP>from <w AJ0>central <w NP0>America<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="691"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Parliament <c PUL>(<w NP0>Parlac&eacute;n<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>promotion <w PRF>of <w NN1>integration <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AJ0>social <w NN1>development <w NN2-VVZ>plans<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="692"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="693"><w NP0>BRAZIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="694"><w NN1>Resignation <w CJC>and <w NN1>impeachment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Collor <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Inauguration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Franco
</head>
<p>
<s n="695"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Fernando <w NP0>Collor <w NP0>de <w NP0>Mello <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>impeachment <w NN2>proceedings <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Itamar <w NP0>Franco<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>President <w CJS-PRP>since <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>suspension <w PRP>in <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>sworn <w AVP>in <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>five-year <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><w CJS>While <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>after <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>impeachment <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>possibility<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>73 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>finding <w NP0>Collor <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w AJ0>official <w NN1>misconduct<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>76 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w AJ0>public <w NN1>office <w PRP>for <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>penalty <w AJ0>identical <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRP>for <w NN1>impeachment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="699"><w NP0>Collor <w AV0>still <w VVN-VVD>faced <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>charges <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39188<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>forbidden <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>without <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>court <w NN1>authorization<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="700"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>Senate <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w AV0>formally <w TO0>to <w VVI>indict <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w NP0>Collor <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>persistently <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>delay <w NN1>impeachment <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>recently <w PRP>by <w VVG>dismissing <w DPS>his <w CRD>two <w NN1>defence <w NN2>lawyers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<w POS>'s <w NN1>grace <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w VVN>appointed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>defender<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w NP0>President <w NP0>Sidney <w NP0>Sanches <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w AJC>further <w NN1>postponement <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w CJS>as <w VVN>proposed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Collor<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01N></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01N>
<s n="702"><w NP0>Franco<w POS>'s <w AJ0>inaugural <w NN1>speech
</caption>
<p>
<s n="703"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>speech <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w NP0>Franco <w VVD>gave <w NN1>priority <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w NN1>poverty<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN1>inequality <w CJC>and <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w VVD>undertook <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w NP0>Brazil<w POS>'s <w AJ0>international <w NN2>obligations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="704"><w PNP>He <w VVD>denounced <w NP0>Collor<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unrealistic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>modernization <w NN2>policies <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w AV0>backwards <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AJ0>impoverished <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>high <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VHD>had <w VVN>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>investing <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>productive <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.
<s n="705"><w NP0>Franco <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN1>modernization <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>impoverish <w AT0>the <w AJ0>middle <w NN2>classes <w CJC>or <w VVB>require <w DT0>more <w NN2>sacrifices <w PRP>from <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="706"><w PRP>On <w NN1>privatization <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ethical <w NN1>orientation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VM0>would <w VVI>change<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>guaranteed <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>rules<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>promising <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>arbitrary <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w PRP>In <w NN1>conclusion <w PNP>he <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>era <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>administrative <w NN1>responsibility <w VVN>shared <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01P></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01P>
<s n="708"><w NN1>Replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NN1>minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="709"><w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Paulo <w NP0>Haddad <w VVD>assumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Economy <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>in addition to <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Gustavo <w NP0-NN1>Krause <w CJS-PRP>after <w AV0>only <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39139<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w DPS>his <w NN1>surname <w VBZ>is <w AV0>wrongly <w VVN>given <w PRP>as <w NP0>Kraus<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="710"><w NP0-NN1>Krause<w POS>'s <w NN1>resignation <w VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Franco <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>raising <w NN2-VVZ>fears <w CJT>that <w NN1>free-market <w CJC>and <w NN1>modernization <w NN2>policies <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>slowed <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>populist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>nationalist <w NN2>policies <w VVN>advocated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Franco <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="711"><w VVG>Introducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>broad <w NN2>outlines <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>programme <w VVG>marking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>direction <w PRP>for <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w NP0>Haddad <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w AV0>currently <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annualized <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>1,500 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVD>took <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>to <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>doubling <w CJC>and <w AV0>possibly <w VVG>quadrupling <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w CJC>and <w VVG>creating <w CRD>4,000,000 <w AJ0>new <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w PRP>through <w AJ0>selective <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w NP0-NN1>Haddad <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>aim <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>selective <w NN1>growth <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-operation <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>pleased<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VVI>bring <w NN1>inflation <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annualized <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="713"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>targets <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>waste<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>gradual <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberalization <w PRF>of <w NN1>investment <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="714"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="715"><w NP0>VENEZUELA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="716"><w NN1>Government <w NN1>election <w NN1>setback
</head>
<p>
<s n="717"><w AJ0>Regional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>planned <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w CJS>as <w VVN>scheduled <w CJC>and <w VVD>passed <w AVP>off <w PRP>without <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>shadow <w VVN>cast <w PRP>over <w PNP>them <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AJ0>abortive <w AJ0>military <w NN1>coup<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39185<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w NN2>Delays <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcing <w PRF>of <w NN2>results <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN2-VVZ>results <w AJ0>unclear<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>trend <w VVD>indicated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decisive <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Andr&eacute;s <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="719"><w NN2>Results <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>22 <w NN1-VVB>state <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>territory <w NN2>governorships <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Action <c PUL>(<w AV0>AD<c PUR>) <w NN1>party <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w DT0>several <w NN2>governorships<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>party <c PUL>(<w NP0>COPEI<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MEP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>won <w AV0>at least <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="720"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>Towards <w NN1>Socialism <c PUL>(<w AJ0>MAS<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>won <w AV0>at least <w CRD>four <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="721"><w AT0>The <w AJS>largest <w NN1>surprise<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>registered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>District<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>won <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Cause <c PUL>(<w NP0>La <w NP0>Causa-R<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w NP0-NN1>Arist&oacute;bulo <w NP0>Ist&uacute;riz<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Cause<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w NN1>mayor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Caracas<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="723"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>promoted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>popular <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w NN0>Sales <w PRF>of <w NN1>alcohol <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>banned<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>carrying <w PRF>of <w NN2>firearms<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w AV0>Yet<c PUN>, <w PRP>in spite of <w AJ0>numerous <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>abstention <w NN1>rate<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>estimated <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w CRD>45 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w AT0>The <w NN1>AD<w POS>'s <w NN1>defeat <w VVD-VVN>prompted <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders <w TO0>to <w VVI>distance <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>from <w NP0>P&eacute;rez<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <w AV0>notably <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>president<c PUN>, <w NP0>Humberto <w NP0-NN1>Celli<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01R></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01R>
<s n="727"><w NN1-VVB>Coup <w NN1>aftermath
</caption>
<p>
<s n="728"><w AT0>The <w NN1>curfew <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w UNC>Dec.1<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>free <w NN1>speech <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>guarantees<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>restored<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w AJC>Further <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>rights <w VBD>were <w VVN>restored <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>guarantee <w PRP>against <w NN2>arrests <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w AJ0>judicial <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>reinstated<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="730"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Iv&aacute;n <w NP0>Jim&eacute;nez <w NP0>S&aacute;nchez<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w CRD>240 <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>tried <w PRP>for <w VVG>taking <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>face <w NN2>penalties <w PRF>of <w AV0>up to <w CRD>30 <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>.
<s n="731"><w AT0>The <w NN1>total <w VVD>included <w CRD>40 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>soldiers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>fled <w PRP>to <w NP0>Peru <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
<s n="732"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>41 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>personnel<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w NN2>airmen<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w NP0>Venezuela <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iquitos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peru<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><w AV0>About <w CRD>600 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>discharged <w PRP>for <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coup <w NN1>attempt<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="734"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="735"><w NP0>ECUADOR
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="736"><w NN2>Deaths <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN1>commander <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>minister
</head>
<p>
<s n="737"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Army <w NN1>Commander<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Carlomagno <w NP0>Andrade<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG-NN1>travelling <w VVD-AJ0>crashed <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>block <w PRF>of <w NN2>flats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Quito<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>unsighted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>dense <w NN1>fog<c PUN>.
<s n="738"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w AJ0-NN1>fog-related <w NN1>accident <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tourism <w CJC>and <w NN1>Information <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Zambrano<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="739"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Vera <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>appointed <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w NP0>Zambrano<w POS>'s <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01S></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01S>
<s n="740"><w NN1>Bombing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>utilities
</caption>
<p>
<s n="741"><w AT0>A <w NN1>group <w VVG>calling <w PNX>itself <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Partido <w NP0>Comunista <w NP0>Maoista<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Puka <w NP0>Inti<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Sun<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Maoist <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w VVD>claimed <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN1>bomb <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>public <w NN2>buildings <w PRP>in <w NP0>Quito <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="742"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="743"><w NP0>PERU
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="744"><w AJ0>Official <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</head>
<p>
<s n="745"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>official <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39186-87<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VVG>confirming <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w CRD>Majority-Change-90 <c PUL>(<w CRD>NM-Cambio-90<c PUR>) <w NN1>coalition <w VVG>supporting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Keinya <w NP0-NN1>Fujimori <w VM0>would <w VVI>hold <w CRD>44 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>80 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Constituent <w NN1>Congress <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="746"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w NP0>CCD <w NN1>session <w VVN-VVD>opened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>opening <w NN1>speech <w NP0>CCD <w NN1>president <w NP0>Jaime <w NP0>Yoshiyama <w NP0>Tanaka <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN2>priorities <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>restore <w AT0>the <w NN1>autonomy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>generate <w NN1>employment <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>image <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="747"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>boycotted <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01T></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01T>
<s n="748"><w NN2>Offers <w PRF>of <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>for <w NN1>coup <w NN2>plotters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="749"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Borea <w NP0>Odria<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abortive <w NN1>coup <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>13 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39187<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted <w AJ0>safe <w NN1-VVB>conduct <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>to <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rica<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>asylum<c PUN>.
<s n="750"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w DT0>another <w NN1>conspirator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vice-Adml. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NP0>Augusto <w NP0>Vargas <w NP0-NN1>Prada<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>left <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chile<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01U></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01U>
<s n="751"><w NN2>Setbacks <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Murder <w PRF>of <w NN1>union <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="752"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Maoist <w AJ0>Shining <w NN1>Path <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso<c PUR>) <w NN2>guerrillas<c PUN>, <w CRD>10 <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>women <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="753"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>command <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w DT0>that <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VHD>had <w VVN>inflicted <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>on <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>48 <w NN2>hours <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Huallaga <w NN1>valley<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>500 <w NN0>km <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lima<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>about <w CRD>100 <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w VVN>surrendered<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="754"><w NP0>Sendero <w NP0>Luminoso <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pedro <w NP0>Huillca<c PUN>, <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Confederation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Peru <c PUL>(<w NP0>CGTP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="755"><w PRP>In <w AJC>further <w NP0>Sendero <w NN2-VVZ>attacks<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>civilians <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Manaso<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>department <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Puno<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CJC>and <w CRD>20<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>dog <w NN2>bombs<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w AJ0>high <w NN2>explosives <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w NN2>dogs<c PUR>) <w VBD>were <w VVN>exploded <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lima <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26-27<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>local <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w NN1>Car <w NN2>bombings <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Chinese<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese<c PUN>, <w NP0>Costa <w NP0>Rican <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN2>embassies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26 <w CJC>and <w CRD>28 <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>ascribed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sendero<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="757"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="758"><w NP0>ARGENTINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="759"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="760"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Sa&uacute;l <w NP0>Menem <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AVP>in <w CRD>three <w AJ0>close <w NN2>associates <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>policy <w NN1-VVB>focus <w CJC>and <w VVB>halt <w DPS>its <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN1>popularity<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="761"><w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Manzano <c PUL>(<w VVN>appointed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38388<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gustavo <w NP0>B&eacute;liz <c PUL>(<w CRD>30<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VVN>known <w PRP>for <w VVG>leading <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w NN1>corruption<c PUN>.
<s n="762"><w NP0>Jorge <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Antonio <w NP0>Francisco <w NP0>Salonia <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>also <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>Justice <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP-CJS>until <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37959<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Enrique <w NP0>Rodr&iacute;guez <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w NP0>Rodolfo <w NP0>D&iacute;az <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="763"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w PRP>at <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>strikes <w PRP>by <w NN2>teachers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>strike <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>9 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39187<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w VVN>directed <w PRP>against <w AJ0>government-proposed <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01V></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01V>
<s n="764"><w NN1>Reappearance <w PRF>of <w NN1>cholera
</caption>
<p>
<s n="765"><w AT0>The <w NN1>health <w NN2>authorities <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>state <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>red <w NN1>alert<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AJC>further <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>cholera <w VBD>were <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>provinces <w VVG>bordering <w NP0>Bolivia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Paraguay<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>44 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>diagnosed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>space <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN2>days <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>outbreak <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38761<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="766"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="767"><w NP0>URUGUAY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="768"><w NN1>Referendum <w PRP>on <w NN1>privatization
</head>
<p>
<s n="769"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Luis <w NP0>Alberto <w NP0>Lacalle <w NP0>Herrera <w VVD>suffered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>setback <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>plank <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>free-market <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w CRD>five <w NN2>laws <w VVG>providing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN2>companies <w VBD>were <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w VVN>rejected <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
<s n="770"><w AJ0>Early <w NN2>estimates <w VVD-VVN>indicated <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters<c PUN>, <w PRP>out of <w AT0>an <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w CRD>2,300,000<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="771"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>passing <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Congress <w PRF>of <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w VHD>had <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38761<c PUN>; <w CRD>39002<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="772"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>freeze <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w CRD>51 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN2>telecommunications <w NN1>body <w NP0-NN1>Antel<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>company <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>sum <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w UNC>US&dollar;500,000,000<c PUN>.
<s n="773"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>setback<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lacalle <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>programme <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01W></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01W>
<s n="774"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="775"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hector <w NP0>Gros <w NP0>Espiell<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Senator <w NP0>Sergio <w NP0-NN1>Abreu<c PUN>.
<s n="776"><w NP0>Gros <w NP0>Espiell<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>named <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>connected <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>result<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>his <w NN1>departure <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>blow <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="777"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="778"><w NP0>MERCOSUR
</head>
<p>
<s n="779"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mercosur<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Common <w NN1>Market<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Montevideo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Uruguayan <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w NN1>summit <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38960<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Presidents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w NP0>Uruguay<c PUN>, <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil <w CJC>and <w NP0>Paraguay<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceiling <w PRF>of <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w AJ0>common <w NN1>trade <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>on <w DT0>most <w NN2>commodities<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>elimination <w PRF>of <w NN2>tariffs <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w CRD>1994<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="781"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="782"><w NP0>MEXICO
</head>
<p>
<s n="783"><w AT0>A <w NN1>currency <w NN1>reform<c PUN>, <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peso <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,000 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>peso <w AJ0-NN1>equivalent <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,000 <w AJ0>old <w NN2>pesos<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mexican <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>at <w NN1>midnight <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure<c PUN>, <w AV0>originally <w VVN>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>June<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVG-NN1>accounting <w PRP>by <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN2>figures <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>daily <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>transactions<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="784"><w NP0>AMERICAS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="785"><w NP0-NN1>NAFTA
</head>
<p>
<s n="786"><w AT0>The <w NP0>North <w AJ0>American <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>NAFTA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>pact <w VVG>linking <w AT0>the <w NN2>economies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mexico<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39045-46<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="787"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="788"><w NN1>SOUTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="789"><w NP0>DLP <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</head>
<caption>
<s n="790"><w NN2>Results <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<p>
<s n="791"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DLP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
<s n="792"><w NP0>Kim<c PUN>, <w CRD>65<c PUN>, <w VVD>defeated <w DPS>his <w AJS>nearest <w NN1>rival <w CJC>and <w AJ0>erstwhile <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>colleague<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<c PUN>, <w CRD>67<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>1,900,000 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="793"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>president <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>background <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>elected <w PRP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w PRP>since <w CRD>1960<c PUN>, <w VVD>topped <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>region <w PRP>apart from <w NP0>Seoul <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVD>won <w CRD>36 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>37.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<w POS>'s <w NN1>home <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w NN1>south-west <w NP0>Cholla <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="794"><w PRP>Since <w DPS>his <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w CRD>1954<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w VHD>had <w VVN>spent <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>career <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition<c PUN>.
<s n="795"><w PRP>In <w CRD>1979 <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>banned <w PRP>from <w AJ0>political <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w AV0>Together <w PRP>with <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Jung <w PNP>he <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>prominent <w NN1>dissident <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PRP>unlike <w AT0>the <w NN1>elder <w NP0>Kim<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>never <w AV0>closely <w VVN>associated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>left-wing <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="797"><w PRP>After <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>estranged <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Jung <w VVG>following <w DPS>their <w NN1>inability <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w PRP>upon <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>candidate <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w NP0>Roh <w TO0>Tae <w VVB>Woo <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>contest<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990 <w PNP>he <w VVD>led <w DPS>his <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>party <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NN1>amalgamation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Roh<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="798"><w PRP>In <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w VBD>was <w VVN>Chung <w NP0-NN1>Ju <w NP0>Yung<c PUN>, <w CRD>77<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>founder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hyundai <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>group <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>UPP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w NP0>Chung <w VVD>ran <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>widely <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ross <w NP0>Perot <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>elections <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VVD>portrayed <w PNP>him <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>outsider<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>direct <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>experience <w VVN-VVD>gleaned <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>giant <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>concern<c PUN>.
<s n="800"><w PRP>In accordance with <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39191<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN-VVD>formed <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Korea <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>NKP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AV0>formally <w VVN>merged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UPP <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>candidate<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Jong <w NP0>Chan <w VVD>withdrew <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>contest <w PRP>in favour of <w NP0>Chung<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="801"><w NP0>Park <w NP0>Chan <w NP0>Jong<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidate <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party <w PRP>for <w AJ0>New <w AJ0>Political <w NN1>Reform <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPR<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>finished <w PRP-AVP>in <w ORD>fourth <w NN1-VVB>place<c PUN>, <w VVG>campaigning <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>anti-Kims<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AJ0>anti-corruption <w NN1>platform<c PUN>.
<s n="802"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>three <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="803"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>economy <w VVG>growing <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>3.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w AJ0>recorded <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w PRP>since <w CRD>1981<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>economy <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="804"><w DT0>All <w CRD>three <w AJ0>major <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>chaebols <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>large <w NN1>business <w NN2>conglomerates <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN>worked <w AV0>closely <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <c PUN>&mdash; <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>curbed <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>emphasis <w VVN>placed <w PRP>upon <w NN1>laissez-faire <w NN1>economics<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="805"><w NN1>Voting <w VBD>was <w AV0>freely <w CJC>and <w AV0>fairly <w VVN>conducted<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>more than <w CRD>81 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>29,000,000 <w AJ0>registered <w NN2>voters <w VVG>participating <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w CJC>and <w NN2>votes <w VBG>being <w VVN>tallied <w PRP>with <w NN2>abacuses <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w PRF>of <w NN1>computer <w NN1>fraud <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>marred <w AT0>the <w CRD>1987 <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>widespread <w NN2>claims <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AV0>officially <w VVN>stated <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w NN1>neutrality<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>intervened <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>candidacy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="807"><w NP0>Kim<w POS>'s <w NN1>victory <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chung<w POS>'s <w AJC>poorer <w CJS>than <w AJ0-VVN>expected <w NN1-VVG>showing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>failure <w AV0>thereby <w TO0>to <w VVI>divert <w AJ0>conservative <w NN2>votes <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>DLP<c PUN>.
<s n="808"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>his <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>record<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chung <w VVD>trailed <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>Chung<w POS>'s <w NN1>home <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Kangwon<c PUN>.
<s n="809"><w AV0>In part <w DT0>this <w NN1>failure <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>function <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ongoing <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>campaign <w PRF>of <w NN1>harassment <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>UPP<c PUN>.
<s n="810"><w VHG>Having <w AV0>already <w VVN>subjected <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hyundai <w NN1>group <w PRP>to <w AJ0>rigorous <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN1>scrutiny <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NN2>police <w VVD>raided <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<w POS>'s <w NN2>offices <w CJC>and <w VVD>seized <w NN2>documents <w DTQ>which <w AV0>allegedly <w VVD>proved <w CJT>that <w NN1>company <w NN2>funds <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>illegally <w VVN>channelled <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>UPP<w POS>'s <w NN1>election <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NP0>Hyundai <w NN2>employees <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>mobilized <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NP0>Chung<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>.
<s n="811"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>raid <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hyundai <w NN2>executives <w VBD>were <w VVN>arrested<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NP0>UPP <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>workers <w VVN>detained <w PRP>for <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w PRP>to <w AV0>at least <w CRD>70<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="812"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Jung <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN2>supporters <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>harassed <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>unfairly <w VVN>smeared <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>supporter <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kim <w UNC>Il <w NP0>Sung<c PUN>.
<s n="813"><w AT0>A <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>cited <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>harassment <w NN1>campaign <w VBD>was <w NN2>police <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w AJ0>progressive <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>Unification<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>endorsed <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidacy<c PUN>.
<s n="814"><w PRP>Under <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>law <w AV0>only <w AV0>officially <w AJ0-VVN>registered <w NN1>campaign <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w AV0>formally <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w AV0>Yet<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w AV0>widely <w VVG>flouting <w DT0>this <w NN1>provision<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w AV0>systematically <w VVN>overlooked <w NP0>DLP <w NN2>transgressions <w CJS>while <w VVG>acting <w PRP>against <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w AV0>Shortly <w PRP>before <w VVG>polling <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>city <w NN2>officials <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pusan<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w AV0>clandestinely <w VVG-AJ0>supporting <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01X></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01X>
<s n="817"><w NN1>Policy <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w NP0>Jung<w POS>'s <w NN1>retirement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="818"><w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Young <w NP0>Sam<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w DPS>his <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>25<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w PNP>He <w VVD>stated <w DPS>his <w NN2>intentions <w TO0>to <w VVI>consolidate <w NN2>ties <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea<w POS>'s <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>allies<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w DPS>his <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="820"><w AV0>Immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1-VVB>result <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w NP0>Roh <w VVD>met <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>on <w VVG>ensuring <w AT0>a <w AJ0>smooth <w NN1>transition <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>administration <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="821"><w VVG>Following <w DPS>his <w NN1>defeat <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Dae <w VVD>Jung <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w VVD>announced <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>co-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DP <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>.
<s n="822"><w NP0>Kim<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>in <w CRD>1971 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1987<c PUN>, <w VVD>stated <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>retire <w PRP>from <w AJ0>active <w NN1>politics <w PRP>with <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>effect<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="823"><w NP0>Chung <w NP0>Ju <w NP0>Yung<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>defeat <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>dismissing <w NN2>suggestions <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>UPP <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>dissolved<c PUN>.
<s n="824"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w PNP>he <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>dedicate <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>life <w PRP>to <w VVG>developing <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>political <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="825"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w AJC>younger <w NN1>brother<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chung <w NN1>Se <w NP0>Yung<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hyundai<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>stated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>conglomerate <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>never <w AV0>again <w VBI>be <w VVN>swayed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>political <w NN2>winds<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="826"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="827"><w NP0>NORTH <w NP0>KOREA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="828"><w NN1>Replacement <w PRF>of <w NN1>Premier
</head>
<p>
<s n="829"><w AT0>The <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>ninth <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NN1>SPA<c PUR>) <w VVD>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pyongyang <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Kim <w UNC>Il <w NP0>Sung <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>chosen <w NN1>successor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Jong <w UNC>Il<c PUN>.
<s n="830"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SPA <w VVD>confirmed <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVN>formulated <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ORD>20th <w AJ0>plenary <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>KWP<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w NN1-NP0>Kang <w NN1>Song <w NP0>San <w PRP>as <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Council <w PRP>in place of <w DT0>Yon <w NN1-VVB>Hyong <w NN1-NP0>Muk<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="831"><w AT0>The <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kang<c PUN>, <w CRD>67<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moscow-trained <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>technocrat <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w PRP>from <w CRD>1984 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1986<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>indicative <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Il <w NP0>Sung<w POS>'s <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1-VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>reform <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>highly <w VVN-AJ0>centralized <w CJC>and <w AV0>largely <w NN1>moribund <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="832"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>period <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w NN1-NP0>Kang <w VHD>had <w VVN>initiated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>venture <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>officials <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Kang<w POS>'s <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN1>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>premiership <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>Korean <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="834"><w AT0>The <w NN1>SPA <w AV0>also <w VVD>confirmed <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Administrative <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NN1>Cabinet<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w DT0>These <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Metal <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>to <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0-NN1>Cho <w NP0>Yong <w NP0-NN1>Nim<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Tal <w NP0-NN1>Hyon <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yi <w NN1>Song <w PRP>Tae <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Kim <w NP0>Tal <w NP0>Hyon<w POS>'s <w NN1>successor <w PRP>as <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>External <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Commission<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="836"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="837"><w NP0>JAPAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="838"><w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle
</head>
<p>
<s n="839"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>reshuffled <w DPS>his <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
<s n="840"><w PRP>In <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w PNP>he <w VVD>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w AV0>hitherto <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>faction <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="841"><w NP0>Mayumi <w NP0>Moriyama<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>woman <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="842"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Agency<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hajime <w NP0>Funada<c PUN>, <w CRD>39<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>youngest <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>post-war <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>few <w AJ0>unchanged <w NN2>portfolios <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w NN1>Agriculture <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w AJ0-NN1>indicative <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>upon <w NP0>Japan <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w DPS>its <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>rice <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="844"><w CJS>Whereas <w PRP>under <w AJ0>normal <w NN2>circumstances <w AT0>the <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>portfolio <w VBD>was <w AV0>highly <w VVN-VVD>coveted<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>offered <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJ0>lifelong <w NN2>allies <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>powerful <w NN1>farming <w NN1>lobby<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>international <w NN1>pressure <w VBD>was <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>unattractive<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA01Y></p>
<caption id=HLTCA01Y>
<s n="845"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="846"><w UNC>*Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<p>
<s n="847"><w UNC>*Michio <w NP0-NN1>Watanabe <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Masaharu <w NP0>Gotoda <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Yoshiro <w NP0>Hayashi <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Mayumi <w NP0-NN1>Moriyama <w NN1>Education <w NP0>Yuya <w NP0>Niwa <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Welfare
</p>
<p>
<s n="848"><w UNC>*Masami <w NN1-NP0>Tanabu <w NN1>Agriculture<c PUN>, <w NN1>Forestry <w CJC>and <w NN2>Fisheries <w NP0>Yoshiro <w NP0>Mori <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NP0>Ihei <w NP0>Ochi <w NN1>Transport <w NP0>Junichiro <w NP0>Koizumi <w NN2>Posts <w CJC>and <w NN2>Telecommunications <w AJ0>Masakuni <w AJ0-NN1>Murakami <w AJ0-NN1>Labour <w NP0>Kishiro <w NP0>Nakamura <w NN1>Construction <w NP0>Keijiro <w NP0>Murata <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="849"><w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>State <w NP0>Yohei <w NP0>Kono <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0-NN1>Michihiko <w NP0>Kano <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w NN1>Management <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-ordination <w NN1>Agency <w NP0-NN1>Shuji <w NP0-NN1>Kita <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hokkaido <w CJC>and <w NP0>Okinawa <w NN1>Development <w NN2>Agencies <w NP0>Toshio <w NP0>Nakayama <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Agency <w NP0-NN1>Hajime <w NP0>Funada <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Agency <w NP0-NN1>Mamoru <w NP0>Nakajima <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Technology <w NN1>Agency <w NP0-NN1>Taikan <w NP0>Hayashi <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Agency <w NP0-NN1>Takashi <w NP0-NN1>Inoue <w NN1>Director-General <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Land <w NN1>Agency
</p>
<p>
<s n="850"><w UNC>*Unchanged<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA020></p>
<caption id=HLTCA020>
<s n="851"><w NP0>LDP <w NN1>leadership <w NN2>changes
</caption>
<p>
<s n="852"><w CJS>As <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w NP0>Miyazawa <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="853"><w NP0-NN1>Seiroku <w NP0>Kajiyama <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w PRP>in place of <w NP0>Tamisuke <w NP0>Watanuki <c PUL>(<w NP0>Watanuki <w VHD>had <w VVN>succeeded <w NP0>Ichiro <w NP0>Ozawa <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>party <w NN1>leadership <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>199 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38558<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="854"><w NP0-NN1>Kajiyama <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>outrage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1990 <w AVQ>when<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>serving <w PRP>as <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>gave <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impromptu <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tokyo <w CJC>and <w VVD>compared <w AT0>the <w NN1>influence <w PRF>of <w NN2>blacks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w PRP>with <w NN2>prostitutes <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37715<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="855"><w NP0>Hiroshi <w NP0>Mitsuzuka <w VVD>became <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w NN2>affairs <w VVB-NN1>research <w NN1>council<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NP0>Koko <w NP0>Sato <w VVD>retained <w DPS>his <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN1>council<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA021></p>
<caption id=HLTCA021>
<s n="856"><w NN1>Breakup <w PRF>of <w NP0>Takeshita <w NN1>faction <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>Factional <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="857"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>reshuffle <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>split <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dominant <w NN1-NP0>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJS>as <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>unveiled <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tsutomu <w NP0>Hata <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Hayashi<w POS>'s <w NN1>predecessor <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>Finance <w NN1>Minister <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>secretary-general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ichiro <w NP0>Ozawa<c PUN>, <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
<s n="859"><w AT0>The <w NN1>faction <w VBD>was <w AV0>formally <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="860"><w DT0>This <w NN1>development <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>widely <w VVN>predicted <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Keizo <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi <w PRP>as <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NN1>Shin <w NP0-NN1>Kanemara<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39140-41<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="861"><w DT0>Both <w AT0>the <w NN1>rump <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Hata-Ozawa <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>44 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w CRD>109 <w NN1>Diet <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>represented <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1-NP0>Miyazawa <w NN1>administration<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>together <w PNP>they <w VVD>controlled <w DT0>fewer <w CJC>and <w AV0>less <w AJ0>important <w NN2>portfolios <w CJS>than <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><w AT0>The <w NN1>disintegration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mixed <w NN1>blessing <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa<c PUN>.
<s n="863"><w CJS>While <w PNP>it <w VVD>freed <w PNP>him <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>dependency <c PUN>&mdash; <w DPS>his <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>leadership <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w NN1>support <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>premiership <w VM0>would <w VVI>depend <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>skill <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>competing <w NN2>factions <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>including <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <c PUN>&mdash; <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w PRF>of <w AV0>roughly <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>strength<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="864"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>generational <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Takeshita <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w NN1>split <w VBD>was <w VVN>underlined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>23 <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>second-term <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>faction <w VBD>were <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>transferred <w DPS>their <w NN1>loyalty <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hata <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ozawa<c PUN>.
<s n="865"><w NN1-NP0>Ozawa<c PUN>, <w CRD>50<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>seen <w CJS>as <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AV0>firmly <w VVD>committed <w PNX>himself <w PRP>to <w AJ0>comprehensive <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform<c PUN>.
<s n="866"><w VVG-NN1>Writing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>magazine <w NP0>Bungei <w NP0>Shunju<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>claimed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Obuchi <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NP0>LDP <w NN2>figures <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>generation <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unsuited <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w NN1>power <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w XX0>not<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJS>slightest <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>urgency <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>maelstrom <w PRF>of <w AJ0>public <w NN1>cynicism <w PRP>about <w NN1>politics<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w PRP>In line with <w NP0>Ozawa<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN2-VVZ>views <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>faction <w VVD>committed <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of <w AJ0>single-member <w NN2>constituencies <w PRP>in place of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0-NN1>multi-member <w NN1>system<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA022></p>
<caption id=HLTCA022>
<s n="868"><w NP0-NN1>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="869"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w VVN>announced<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN2>aides <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w TO0>to <w VVI>testify <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="870"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aide<c PUN>, <w NP0>Masahisa <w NP0>Haibara<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>described <w AVQ>how <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>handled <w NN0>&dollar;500 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;1.00=123.642 <w VVB>yen <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AJ0>undeclared <w NN1>cash <w NN2>donations <w PRP>on behalf of <w NP0>Kanemaru<w POS>'s <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="871"><w AT0>The <w NN1>money <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>donated <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tokyo <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0>Kyubin<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Haibara <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>name <w AT0>the <w CRD>60 <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>to <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>distributed <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>re-election <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="872"><w PRP>Prior to <w NP0>Haibara<w POS>'s <w NN1>testimony<c PUN>, <w NP0>Noboru <w NP0>Takeshita <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w AV0>further <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w PRP>concerning <w DPS>his <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
<s n="873"><w PRP>Despite <w DT0>several <w NN2>inconsistencies <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>account <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NP0>November <w NN1>testimony <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39191-92<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>steadfastly <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="874"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>development <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>announced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w NN2>indictments <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>filed <w AV0>either <w PRP>against <w NP0-NN1>Kanemaru <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>indicted <w PRP>on <w AJ0>minor <w NN2>charges <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJC>or <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Diet <w NN2>members <w VVD>implicated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
<s n="875"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>justified <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w NP0>Haibara<w POS>'s <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>identify <w AT0>the <w NN2>recipients <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>prove <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Political <w NN2>Funds <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Law <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>violated<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w AJ0>Numerous <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>legislators <w VVD>denounced <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w VVD>stated <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>against <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="877"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w NP0>LDP <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0-NN1>Kajiyama <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>concluded <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJC>further <w NN1>action <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA023></p>
<caption id=HLTCA023>
<s n="878"><w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="879"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>political <w NN2>ramifications <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sagawa <w NP0-NN1>Kyubin <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>further <w NN1>testimony <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>scandal <w VDD>did <w VVI>appease <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>legislators <w AV0>sufficiently <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supplementary <w NN1>budget <w PRF>of <w CRD>10,700,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39049<c PUN>; <w CRD>39191<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w NN1>approval <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="880"><w AT0>The <w NN1>measure <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDP <w VVD>lacked <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>.
<s n="881"><w AT0>The <w NN1>package<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <c PUL>(<w VVG-NN1>ending <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w CRD>1993<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Diet <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>extended <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>two <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="882"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="883"><w NP0>TAIWAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="884"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<caption>
<s n="885"><w NP0>Taiwan <w NN1>election <w NN2>results
</caption>
<gap desc=table>
<p>
<s n="886"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>organ <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>state<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="887"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>since <w CRD>1948 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AV0>ever <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>elected <w AV0>entirely <w PRP>within <w NP0>Taiwan<c PUN>.
<s n="888"><w AJ0>Previous <w NN2>elections <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>partial<c PUN>, <w PRP>with<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>parliamentarians<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DT0>those <w VVN>elected <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w NN1>mainland <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>constituencies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>1940s<c PUR>) <w AV0>simply <w VVG>retaining <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37122 <w PRP>for <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>Legislative <w NN0>Yuan <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1989<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><w PRP>Under <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w NN2>Teng-hui<w POS>'s <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DT0>all<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>senior<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>members <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w DPS>their <w NN2>seats <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38679<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="890"><w AT0>The <w NN2>elections <w VBD>were <w AV0>widely <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>setback <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Kuomintang <c PUL>(<w NP0>KMT<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NP0>KMT <w VVD>gained <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>Yuan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w NN2>candidates <w VVD-VVN>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>53 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>71 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38679<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="892"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Democratic <w AJ0>Progressive <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>DPP<c PUR>) <w VVD>gave <w DPS>its <w AJS>best <w NN1>performance<c PUN>, <w VVG>winning <w CRD>31 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>24 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w NN1>Assembly <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>period <w AT0>the <w NN1>DPP <w VHD>had <w AV0>purposely <w VBN>been <w AV0>less <w AJ0>strident <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>advocacy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN1>independence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="894"><w AT0>The <w NN1>election <w NN2>results <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w NP0>KMT <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>divided<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w NP0>KMT <w NN2>mavericks <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>non-mainstream<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>faction<c PUR>) <w AJ0-VVD>contested <w NN2>seats <w PRP>without <w AJ0>official <w NN1>party <w NN1>endorsement <w CJC>and <w AV0>generally <w VVN>performed <w AV0>better <w CJS>than <w DPS>their<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mainstream<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>counterparts<c PUN>, <w VVG>attacking <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>corruption <w PRP>within <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>mainstream<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>ranks<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="896"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w AJ0>liberal<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Wisdom<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>faction <w VVD>performed <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>poorly<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>losing <w NN1>ground <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>conservative <w CJC>and <w AV0>staunchly<c PUQ>&quot; <w CRD>One <w NN1-NP0>China<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>New <w NP0>KMT <w NN1>Alliance<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>identified <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Gen. <c PUL>(<w AJ0>retd<c PUR>) <w NN1-NP0>Hau <w NN1>Pei-tsun<c PUN>.
<s n="897"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hau <w VVD>indicated <w DPS>his <w NN1>intention <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w AV0>as <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN0>Yuan<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w NP0>KMT <w NN1>secretary-general <w NP0>James <w NP0>Soong <w VVD>tendered <w DPS>his <w NN1>resignation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w NN1>aftermath<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>persuaded <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>remain <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="899"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>161 <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>contested<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>125 <w VBD>were <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w CJC>and <w CRD>36 <w VBD>were <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>from <w NN2>lists <w PRF>of <w AJ0>so-called<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>at large<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>candidates <w PRP>in proportion to <w AJ0>total <w NN2>votes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
<s n="900"><w AT0>A <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>406 <w NN2>candidates <w VVD>contested <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>72 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>turnout <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>registered<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA024></p>
<caption id=HLTCA024>
<s n="901"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>representative
</caption>
<p>
<s n="902"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Representative <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Negotiations <w NP0>Carla <w NP0>Hills <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w NP0>30-Dec.4 <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Taiwanese <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="903"><w NN2>Hills <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>US <w AJ0-NN1>Cabinet-level <w NN1-AJ0>official <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>for <w CRD>13 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="904"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="905"><w NP0-NN1>CHINA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="906"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>relations
</head>
<caption>
<s n="907"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="908"><w AJ0>Russian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17-19 <c PUL>(<w VVG>returning <w AV0>earlier <w CJS>than <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w PRP>owing to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39223<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="909"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>since <w NP0>Mikhail <w NP0>Gorbachev<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>then <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>visited <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1989<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w DPS>his <w NN1>stay <w VBD>was <w AV0>largely <w VVN>overshadowed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN1>student <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beijing <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36641-42<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="910"><w PRP>During <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>high-ranking <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NP0>President <w NP0>Yang <w NP0>Shangkun<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jiang <w NP0>Zemin<c PUN>, <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>CCP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="911"><w NP0>Yeltsin <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>hold <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Deng <w NP0>Xiaoping<c PUN>, <w NP0>China<w POS>'s <w AJ0>paramount <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Yeltsin<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w XX0>not <w VVG>feeling <w AV0>too <w AJ0>well<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="912"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yeltsin<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VVD>signed <w CRD>24 <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>statements<c PUN>, <w NN2>documents <w CJC>and <w NN2>memorandums <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRP>including <w AJ0>military <w CJC>and <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>space <w NN1>exploration<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>energy <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>border <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w NN1>reduction<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>trade <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>co-operation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>educational <w CJC>and <w AJ0>scientific <w NN2>exchanges<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA025></p>
<caption id=HLTCA025>
<s n="913"><w NN1>Lifting <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>German <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>member
</caption>
<p>
<s n="914"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AV0>formally <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>against <w NP0>China <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w AJ0>military <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>pro-democracy <w NN2>demonstrators <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>36720-22<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="915"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w AV0>also <w VM0>would <w VVI>lift <w AT0>a <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN0>sales <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>technology <w PRP>to <w NP0>China <w VVD>enacted <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>1989 <w NN1>crackdown<c PUN>.
<s n="916"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>cleared <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>delivery <w PRF>of <w NN2>radars<c PUN>, <w NN2>torpedoes <w CJC>and <w NN1>aviation <w NN1>electronics <w NN2>kits <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>purchased <w PRP>by <w NP0>China <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>crackdown<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="917"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commerce <w NP0>Barbara <w NP0>Franklin <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16-18<c PUN>; <w DPS>her <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NP0>US <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>member <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AV0>then <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>James <w NP0>Baker <w VVD>visited <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38574-75<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="918"><w AT0>An <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AV0>partly <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w VVB-NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>Representative <w PRP>for <w NN1>Trade <w NP0>Negotiations <w NP0>Carla <w NP0>Hills <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA026></p>
<caption id=HLTCA026>
<s n="919"><w NN1>Closure <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>consulate
</caption>
<p>
<s n="920"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w NP0>China <w VVD>ordered <w NP0>France <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w DPS>its <w NN1>consulate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Guangzhou <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>French <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w NN2>missiles <w PRP>to <w NP0>Taiwan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39190<c PUN>; <w CRD>39217<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA027></p>
<caption id=HLTCA027>
<s n="921"><w NN1>Completion <w PRF>of <w AJ0>military <w NN1>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="922"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Hong <w NP0>Kong <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>Wen <w NP0>Wei <w NP0>Po <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle <w AV0>under way <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>14th <w NP0>CCP <w NN1>congress <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39126-27<c PUN>; <w CRD>39189<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>reshuffle <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>founding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>China <w PRP>in <w CRD>1949<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="924"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="925"><w NP0-NN1>KIRGIZSTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="926"><w NN1>Adoption <w PRF>of <w NN1>draft <w NN1>constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="927"><w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan <w VVD>moved <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w AV0>closer <w PRP>to <w VVG>adopting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1>wrangling <w PRP>between <w NP0>President <w NP0>Askar <w NP0>Akayev <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>supported <w AT0>a <w NN1>preamble <w VVN>drafted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Akayev<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="928"><w AT0>The <w NN1>wording <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>preamble <w VVD-VVN>specified <w NN1>adherence <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>human <w AJ0>moral <w NN2>principles<c PUN>, <w AJ0>national <w NN2>traditions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moral <w NN2>values <w PRF>of <w NN1>Islam <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>religions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="929"><w NP0>Akayev <w VVD>told <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w NN2-VVZ>references <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NN1>Islam<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI>no one <w VVZ>needs <w DT0>any <w AJ0>convincing <w CJT>that <w PRP>in place of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>secular <w NN1-VVB>state <w PNP>we <w VM0>shall <w VVI>build <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="930"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ancient <w NN1>teaching <w VVZ>concentrates <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN2>traditions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>peoples <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>East<c PUN>, <w VVG>appealing <w PRP>to <w NN1>unity <w CJC>and <w NN1>peace <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="931"><w PNP>It <w VM0>will <w VVI>promote <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>purification<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="932"><w NP0>Akayev <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer<c PUN>.
<s n="933"><w AT0>A <w NN1-VVB>re-draft<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>tabled <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1>session <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>commission <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>envisaged <w NN1>parliament <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>shape <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVG>shifting <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="934"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w VBD>was <w VVN>submitted <w PRP>for <w AJ0>public <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>until <w NP0>March <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="935"><w NN2>Deputies <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>rename <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uluk <w NP0-NN1>Kenesh<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>an <w NP0>Akayev <w NN1>amendment <w DTQ>which <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>state<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>as <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA028></p>
<caption id=HLTCA028>
<s n="936"><w NN1>Appointment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister
</caption>
<p>
<s n="937"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w NP0>Ednan <w NP0>Karabayev<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN0>staff<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="938"><w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w NP0>Karabayev<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w VVD>spoke <w AV0>neither <w AJ0>Kirgiz <w CJC>nor <w NN1-AJ0>English<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>because of <w NP0>Kirgizstan<w POS>'s <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>professional <w NN2>diplomats<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA029></p>
<caption id=HLTCA029>
<s n="939"><w NN2>Seizures <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>conference
</caption>
<p>
<s n="940"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kirghiz <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6-8<c PUN>.
<s n="941"><w VVN>Attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>250 <w NN2>activists <w PRP>from <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Asia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>marred <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>seizure <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN2>participants<c PUN>, <w AV0>allegedly <w PRP>by <w NP0>Uzbek <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="942"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>told <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w PRP>from <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w DT0>that <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="943"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="944"><w NP0>TAJIKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="945"><w NN1>Resumption <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting
</head>
<p>
<s n="946"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w VVG>continuing <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>ceasefire <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>C.-in-C. <w PRF>of <w NN1>Commonwealth <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>States <c PUL>(<w NN2>CIS<c PUR>) <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Col.-Gen<c PUN>.
<s n="947"><w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Pyankov<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>5,000 <w NN2>CIS <w VVG>peacekeeping <w NN2>troops <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>deployed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tajikistan <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>bloodbath<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="948"><w AJ0>Pro-government <w NN2>forces <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VVD>took <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dushanbe<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>after <w CRD>five <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>fighting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="949"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NP0-NN1>Imamali <w NP0>Rahmonov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pro-Islamic <w NN1>coalition <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39192<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>entered <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w PNP>he <w VVD>began <w NN1>peace <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="950"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>near <w NP0>Kafarnihan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>forces<w POS>' <w NN0>headquarters <w CRD>25 <w NN0>km <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>fighting <w AV0>also <w VVD>continued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dushanbe <w PNX>itself <w PRP>despite <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>calm <w NN1>broadcast <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rahmonov<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="951"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w NN1>government <w NN2>forces <w VVD>took <w NP0>Karfarnihan <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="952"><w NN2>Clashes <w VVD-VVN>continued <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>in <w NN2>areas <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces <w VHD>had <w VVN>retreated<c PUN>.
<s n="953"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>pro-government <w NP0>Tajik <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Front <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w NP0-NN1>Pyanj <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>stronghold<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02A></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02A>
<s n="954"><w NN1>Plight <w PRF>of <w NN2>refugees
</caption>
<p>
<s n="955"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>100,000 <w NN2>refugees <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-AJ0>stranded <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Oxus <w NN1>river<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Afghanistan<c PUN>; <w NN1>relief <w NN2>agencies <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>dying <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>cold <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>freezing <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="956"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>5,000 <w NN0>people <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w VBD>were <w VVG>entering <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-December<c PUN>, <w VVG>braving <w AT0>an <w AJ0>icy <w NN1>river <w NN1>crossing<c PUN>.
<s n="957"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>displaced <w PNI>one <w PRP>in <w CRD>10 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w CRD>5,000,000 <w NN1>population<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02B></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02B>
<s n="958"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="959"><w NP0>Rahmonov<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tajik <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1-AJ0>Soviet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w CRD>-3<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>daily <w NN1-NP0>Nezavisimaya <w NN1>gazeta <w CJS>as <w VVN>influenced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sangak <w NP0>Safarov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>militia <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Kulyab <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLTCA02C><s n="960"><w NP0>Imamali <w NP0>Rahmonov <w NN1>Speaker<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Soviet <w NP0-NN1>Abdumalik <w NP0>Abdulojonov <w NN1>Chairman<c PUN>, <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w NP0>Munavvarsho <w NP0>Nazriyev <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chairman <w NP0-NN1>Aburahamon <w NP0>Mustakov <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chairman <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandr <w NP0>Militiyev <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Chairman <w NP0>Yusuf <w NP0>Salimov <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Saidamin <w NP0>Gufarov <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Security <w NP0-NN1>Rashid <w NP0>Olimov <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Ismoil <w NP0>Davlatov <w NN1>Economics
</p>
<caption id=HLTCA02C>
<s n="961"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tajik <w NN1>government
</caption>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="962"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="963"><w NP0>TURKMENISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="964"><w NN2>Elections <w PRP>to <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council
</head>
<p>
<s n="965"><w AT0>A <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>99.5 <w NN0>per cent <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w PRP>in <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w PRP>for <w CRD>50 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>60 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Khalk <w NP0-NN1>Maslakhaty <c PUL>(<w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Council<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w NN1>power <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>Turkmen <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>in <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>comprising <w CRD>one <w NN1>member <w PRP>from <w DT0>each <w AJ0>electoral <w NN1>district<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="966"><w PRP>According to <w NP0>Sakhat <w NP0>Muradov<c PUN>, <w NN1>Chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Turkmen <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0-NN1>Soviet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>council<w POS>'s <w AJ0>supervisory <w NN1>role <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>weaken <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>authority <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>function<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN2>questions<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkmenistan<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w AV0>also <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w CJC>and <w VVB>express <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VM0>should <w PNP>he <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="967"><w NP0>Muradov <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>Turkmen <w NN1>institution<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="968"><w AT0>The <w NN1>council <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>session <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w CJC>and <w VVD>conferred <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>general <w PRP>on <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saparmurad <w NP0>Niyazov<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>as <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="969"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w VVD>established <w CRD>six <w AJ0>free <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>zones<c PUN>, <w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w NN2>businesses <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>granted <w NN1>land <w NN1-VVB>rent <w NN2>exemptions <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AJ0>preferential <w NN1>tax<c PUN>, <w NN2>customs <w CJC>and <w AJ0>import-export <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02D></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02D>
<s n="970"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>currency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="971"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w NN1>decision <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w DT0>own <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>manat<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0-AV0>late <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="972"><w NP0>Turkmenistan <w VVD>abolished <w NN1>import <w NN2>duties <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>market <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>businesses <w TO0>to <w VVI>trade <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<c PUN>.
<s n="973"><w AJ0>Luxury <w NN2>goods <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>to <w NN1>duty<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="974"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="975"><w NP0>UZBEKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="976"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="977"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w AJ0>promising <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w NN1>thought<c PUN>, <w NN1>conscience <w CJC>and <w AJ0>religious <w NN2>convictions<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>multiparty <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>respect <w PRP>for <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="978"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Islam <w NP0>Karimov <w VVD>told <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w AJ0-VVD>guaranteed <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>between <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>, <w VVD>created <w AT0>a <w NN1>society <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rule <w PRF>of <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>recognized <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02E></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02E>
<s n="979"><w NN1>Clampdown <w PRP>on <w NN1>opposition <w NN1-AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists
</caption>
<p>
<s n="980"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>constitution <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w CRD>three <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>politicians <w VVG>attending <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishkek<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>seized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Uzbek <w NN1>security <w NN2>police <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="981"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>was <w NN1>conference <w NN1>director <w NP0-NN1>Abdurakhim <w NP0>Pulatov <c PUL>(<w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tashkent <w NN1>prison<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="982"><w NP0>Pulatov <w VHD>had <w VVN>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>outside <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w PRP>for fear of <w NN1>repression<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>terror <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Uzbekistan<c PUN>.
<s n="983"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AJ0>other <w NP0-NN1>Uzbek <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w NN2>activists <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>without <w NN2>warrants <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w PNP>them <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="984"><w AT0>The <w NN2>activists <w PRP>to <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>arrest <w NP0>Pulatov <w VVD>referred <w VVD-VVN>included <w NP0>Olim <w NP0>Karimov <w CJC>and <w NP0>Shukhrat <w NP0>Ismatullayev<c PUN>, <w NN1>co-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>nationalist <w NN1-NP0>Birlik <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>Unity<c PUR>) <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="985"><w AV0>Both <w NP0-NN1>Birlik <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Erk<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>arrested <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>them <w VVG>attending <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bishkek <w NN1>conference<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="986"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Soviet <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>383 <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven <w TO0>to <w VVI>ban <w NN1-NP0>Birlik <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>anti-government <w NN2>activities<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="987"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="988"><w NP0>AFGHANISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="989"><w NN1-AJ0>Constituent <w NN1>assembly <w NN1>session <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Election <w PRF>of <w NN1>President
</head>
<p>
<s n="990"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Shura-e <w NP0>Ahl-e <w NP0>Hal <w NN1>wa <w NP0-NN1>Aqd<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN1>Resolution <w CJC>and <w NN1>Settlement <w CJC>or <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>opened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="991"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w NP0>Peshawar <w NN2>Accords <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>elect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w VVB>prepare <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>repeatedly <w VVN-AJ0>postponed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="992"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>attended <w PRP>by <w CRD>1,335 <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>959 <w VVN>elected <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w CRD>29 <w NN2>provinces <w CJC>and <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>appointees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="993"><w AT0>The <w NN1>assembly <w VBD>was <w VVN>boycotted <w PRP>by <w NN1>rebel <w NN1>mujaheddin <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Gulbuddin <w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hezb-i-Islami <w NN1>faction<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Iranian-backed <c PUL>(<w NP0>Shia<c PUR>) <w NP0>Hezb-i-Wahdat <w NN1>faction<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="994"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>elected <w NP0-NN1>Burhanuddin <w NP0-NN1>Rabbani <w PRP>as <w ORD>first <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>.
<s n="995"><w NN2>Rabbani <w VHD>had <w VVN>served <w PRP>as <w AJ0>acting <w NN1>president <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38968<c PUN>; <w CRD>39146<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="996"><w NP0>Rabbani <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sole <w NN1>candidate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="997"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Afghanistan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w PNP>he <w VVD>received <w CRD>916 <w NN2>votes <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>59 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="998"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Hekmatyar <w NN1>faction<w POS>'s <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Message <w PRF>of <w NN1>Freedom <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w NN1-VVB>broadcast <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02F></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02F>
<s n="999"><w VVG-NN1>Fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1000"><w AJ0>Fierce <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>between <w AJ0>various <w NN2>groups <w VVD>raged <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kabul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6-10<c PUN>.
<s n="1001"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fighting <w AV0>apparently <w VVD-VVN>started <w PRP>between <w AJ0-NN1>pro-government <w NN2>forces <w AJ0>loyal <w PRP>to <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>Shah <w NP0>Masud <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NP0-NN1>Shura-e <w NP0-NN1>Nazar <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Supervisory <w NN1>Council<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hezb-i-Wahdat <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1002"><w NP0-NN1>Hekmatyar<w POS>'s <w NN2>fighters <w AV0>quickly <w VVD-VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>fray<c PUN>, <w VVG>launching <w AJ0>long-range <w NN1>missile <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRP>against <w NP0>Masud<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1003"><w AV0>Eventually<c PUN>, <w VVG>fighting <w AV0>also <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w PRP>between <w NP0>Masud<w POS>'s <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbek <w NN2>militiamen <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Abdul <w NP0>Rashid <w NP0-NN1>Dostam<c PUN>, <w NP0>Masud<w POS>'s <w AJ0>erstwhile <w NN1>ally<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w PRP>At <w CRD>one <w NN1>point <w VVB-NN1>Dostam <w AJ0-VVD>used <w NN1>fighter <w NN2>bombers <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w AT0>the <w AJ0>presidential <w NN1>palace <w CJC>and <w NN1>defence <w NN1>ministry<c PUN>.
<s n="1005"><w AV0>As <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>100 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fighting<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>attributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>tension <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1006"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1007"><w NP0>PAKISTAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1008"><w NN1>Controversy <w PRP>over <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>missile <w NN0>sales
</head>
<p>
<s n="1009"><w NN2>Allegations <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w PRP>about <w AJ0>Pakistani <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>capabilities <w VVN-VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>damage <w AV0>recently <w AJ0-VVN>improved <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pakistan <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38577<c PUN>; <w CRD>38726<c PUN>; <w CRD>38762<c PUN>; <w CRD>39098<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1010"><w NP0>US <w NN1>senator <w NP0>Larry <w NP0>Pressler <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Intelligence <w NN1>Agency <c PUL>(<w NP0>CIA<c PUR>) <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN2>components <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AV0>at least <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>bombs<c PUN>.
<s n="1011"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w NP0>Pressler<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>sponsor <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>1985 <w NN1>law <w PRP>under <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>suspended <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pakistan <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>developed <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37764<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VM0>could <w VVI>manufacture <w CRD>two <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38726<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVG>anticipating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>admission <w PRP>by <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shahryar <w NP0>Khan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>expertise <w TO0>to <w VVI>assemble <w CRD>one <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>device <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38762-63<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1012"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Pakistani <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>denied <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN2>allegations<c PUN>, <w VVG>stressing <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Pakistan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>programme <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w AJ0>peaceful <w NN2>purposes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>added <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>evolution <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHZ>has <w VVN>acquired <w DT0>some <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>capabilities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1013"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Pakistan <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>denied <w NN2>reports<c PUN>, <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN1>intelligence <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>acquired <w DT0>some <w CRD>two <w CRD>dozen <w AJ0>Chinese <w CRD>M-11 <w AJ0>guided <w NN2>missiles<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Missile <w NN1>Control <w NN1>Technology <w NN1>Regime <c PUL>(<w NP0>MTCR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1014"><w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w VBD>were <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN2>officials <w CJS>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>groundless<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1015"><w PRP>In <w NP0>October <w NP0>Pakistan <w VHD>had <w VVN>confirmed <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w PRF>of <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39146<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02G></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02G>
<s n="1016"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sharif <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1017"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nawaz <w NP0>Sharif <w VVD>held <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>non-proliferation <w PRP>in <w NN1>south <w NP0>Asia <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0-NN1>Miyazawa <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16-19<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1018"><w AJ0>Pakistani <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prompted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Japan<w POS>'s <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w VVG>linking <w NN1>development <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w AJ0>nuclear <w CJC>and <w AJ0>arms-related <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1019"><w NP0>Pakistan <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>aid <w PRP>worth <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>55,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>yen <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;445 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>projects <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>year <w CRD>1992-93<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02H></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02H>
<s n="1020"><w NP0>IMF <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>assistance
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1021"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>IMF<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>25 <w AJ0>approved <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>assistance <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w NP0>SDR <w CRD>189,550,000 <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;262,000,000<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w NP0>Pakistan <w VVI>meet <w DPS>its <w AJ0>immediate <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>requirements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w NN2>floods <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w AJ0>widespread <w NN1>destruction <w PRP>during <w NP0>September <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39098<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1022"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1023"><w NP0>MYANMA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1024"><w NN1>Settlement <w PRF>of <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Thailand
</head>
<p>
<s n="1025"><w AT0>A <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Thailand <w DTQ>which <w PRP>at <w NN2>times <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>intensify <w PRP>into <w AJ0>full-scale <w NN1>fighting <w VBD>was <w VVN>settled <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w VVG>following <w NN1>intervention <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>monarch<c PUN>, <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w NP0>Adulyadej<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1026"><w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w VHD>had <w VVN>occupied <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disputed <w NN1>Hill <w CRD>491 <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Myanma-Thai <w NN1>border <w PRP>since <w VVG>clearing <w NP0>Karen <w NN2-VVZ>rebels <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1027"><w PRP>By <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Thai <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w AV0>under <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>military <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w AT0>the <w NN1>hill<c PUN>.
<s n="1028"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>King <w NP0>Bhumibol <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>unusual <w NN1>intervention <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w TO0>to <w VVI>settle <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair <w AV0>peacefully<c PUN>.
<s n="1029"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w AJ0>military <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w NP0>Myanma <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thailand <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Myanman <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02J></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02J>
<s n="1030"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>UN <w NN1>delegation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>critical <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN2>Reports <w PRF>of <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w PRP>by <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1031"><w NP0-NN1>Yozo <w NP0>Yokota<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>Human <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-VVB>Commission <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Myanma <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>with <w AJ0>various <w NN2>ministers <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>visiting <w NN2>prisons <w CJC>and <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>camps<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1032"><w PRP>During <w NP0>Yokota<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w NN1>committee <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social<c PUN>, <w AJ0>humanitarian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>cultural <w NN2>issues <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>Myanma<w POS>'s <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>military <w NN1>junta<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Order <w NN1>Restoration <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLORC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>refusing <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AV0>democratically <w VVN>elected <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>victory <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>National <w NN1>League <w PRP>for <w NN1>Democracy <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1990 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>37457-58<c PUN>; <w CRD>36612<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w AT0>The <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unconditional <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w VVD>Aung <w NP0>San <w NP0>Suu <w NP0>Kyi<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>house <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1034"><w NN2-VVZ>Reports <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w DTQ>which <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Suu <w NP0-NN1>Kyi <w VHD>had <w VVN>started <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>strike <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w AVP-PRP>over <w DPS>her <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>detention <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Myanman <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1035"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1036"><w NP0>LAOS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1037"><w AJ0>General <w NN1>election
</head>
<p>
<s n="1038"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>newly <w VVN>created <w AJ0>85-member <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>creation <w VBD>was <w VVN>laid <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>promulgated <w PRP>in <w CRD>mid-1991<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1039"><w DT0>All <w CRD>154 <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lao <w NN1>Front <w PRP>for <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Construction<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>organization<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1-NP0>Lao <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1040"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>election <w NN2>results <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>compiled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CJS>because <w DT0>many <w NN2>ballots <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w PRP>from <w AJ0>remote <w NN2>villages<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1041"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1042"><w NP0>CAMBODIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1043"><w NN1>Seizure <w PRF>of <w NP0>UN <w NN2>troops <w PRP>by <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges
</head>
<p>
<s n="1044"><w AT0>The <w NN1>seizure <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NP0>UN <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>incidents <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>deterioration <w PRP>in <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>faction <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>Transitional <w NN1>Authority <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cambodia <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNTAC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1045"><w AT0>The <w CRD>six <w NN2>soldiers <w VVN-VVD>seized <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w AJ0>Cambodian <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>monitoring <w NN1>troop <w NN2>movements <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>boat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w VVN-VVD>Stung <w NP0>Sen <w NN1>river<c PUN>.
<s n="1046"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>accused <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w NN1>spying<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w CJC>and <w NP0>Phnom <w NP0>Penh <w NN2>forces<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1047"><w AT0>A <w NP0>UN <w NN1>helicopter <w VVG>attempting <w AT0>a <w NN1>reconnaissance <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w VVN>seized <w VBD>was <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1>gunfire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1048"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Khmers <w NN2>Rouges <w VVD>seized <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>21 <w AJ0>UNTAC <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Thom <w NN1>province <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15-16<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w PNP>them <w PRP>until <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1049"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w CRD>46 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AJ0>Indonesian<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>detained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>area <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17-18<c PUN>.
<s n="1050"><w DT0>Another <w CRD>11 <w NP0>UN <w NN2>personnel <w VBD>were <w VVN>released <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>held <w AJ0>captive <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>threatened <w PRP>with <w NN1>execution<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>spokesman<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>guerrillas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kratie<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02K></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02K>
<s n="1051"><w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Vietnamese
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1052"><w NP0>Khmer <w NN1>Rouge <w NN2>guerrillas <w VVD>attacked <w AT0>a <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>village <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Kompong <w NP0-NN1>Chhnang <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w AV0>at least <w CRD>13 <w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>Cambodians<c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w AT0>The <w NN2>guerrillas <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>singled <w AVP>out <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w NN2>settlers <w PRP>for <w NN1>summary <w NN1>execution<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1054"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1055"><w NP0>VIETNAM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1056"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session
</head>
<p>
<s n="1057"><w AT0>The <w ORD>ninth <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w ORD>second <w NN1>session <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9-23 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39007 <w PRP>for <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w ORD>ninth <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1058"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>opening <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w NP0>Premier <w NP0>Vo <w NP0>Van <w NP0>Kiet <w VVD>gave <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1059"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>cut-off <w PRP>in <w NN1>aid <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuing <w NP0>US <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VHD>had <w VVN>performed <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="1060"><w AJ0>Gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>risen <w PRP>by <w CRD>5.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>2.4 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>rise <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1061"><w AJ0>Industrial <w NN1>output <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>output <w PRP>by <w CRD>4.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1062"><w NN1>Inflation <w VVD>fell <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annualized <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w CRD>15 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AV0>about <w CRD>70 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1063"><w VVB-NN1>State <w NN2>revenues <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>82 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AV0>largely <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AV0>more <w AJ0>efficient <w NN1>tax <w NN1>collection<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1064"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w NN1>legislation <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w AV0>more <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="1065"><w AT0>The <w NN2>amendments <w VVD>included <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>duration <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w CRD>70 <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w NN1>authorization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w AJ0>overseas <w NN1>bank <w NN2-VVZ>accounts <w PRP>by <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>venture <w NN2>companies<c PUN>; <w AV0>in addition <w VVB-NN1>tax <w NN2>concessions <w AV0>already <w VVN>provided <w PRP>to <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>ventures <w VBD>were <w VVN>extended <w PRP>to <w AJ0>selected <w AV0>wholly <w AJ0>foreign-owned <w NN1>investment <w NN2>projects<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02L></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02L>
<s n="1066"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1067"><w NP0>Li <w NP0>Peng<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier<c PUN>, <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w NP0>30-Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Chinese <w NN1>Premier <w PRP>in <w CRD>21 <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1068"><w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VHD>had <w VVN>normalized <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38574<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1069"><w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NP0>China <w VVD>signed <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>during <w NP0>Li<w POS>'s <w NN1>visit<c PUN>, <w VVG>guaranteeing <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>encouraging <w AJ0>economic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>cultural <w CJC>and <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>co-operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1070"><w NP0-NN1>China <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interest-free <w NN1>loan <w NN1-AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w UNC>US&dollar;14,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1071"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w NN1>edition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w AJ0>Eastern <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Review <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AJ0>territorial <w NN2>disputes <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>strained <w NN2>relations <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN1>normalization <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39094<c PUN>; <w CRD>39144<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1072"><w AT0>The <w NN1>article <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Vietnamese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Nguyen <w NP0>Manh <w NP0>Cam <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>blunt<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w VVG>detailing <w DPS>his <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>views <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02M></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02M>
<s n="1073"><w VVG>Easing <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w VVZ>curbs
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1074"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w VVD>authorized <w NP0>US <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN2>offices<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>conduct <w NN1>feasibility <w NN2>studies <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>sign <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="1075"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>refused<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AV0>outright <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>trade <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>.
<s n="1076"><w DT0>Any <w NN2>contracts <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vietnam <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>executed <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>put <w PRP>in <w NN1>place <w CRD>17 <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02N></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02N>
<s n="1077"><w AJ0>Diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1078"><w NP0>Vietnam <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>restored <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Vietnam <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Lee <w VVD>Sang <w NP0>Ock <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>Korean <w NN1>liaison <w NN1>office <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hanoi <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39144<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1079"><w NN2>Relations <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>severed <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975 <w CJS>after <w NP0>North <w NP0>Vietnam <w VVD>defeated <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w AJ0-NN1>Korean-backed <w NP0>South <w NN0>Vietnamese <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1080"><w NP0>North <w NP0>Korea <w VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRP>by <w VVG>cancelling <w AT0>a <w AJ0>scheduled <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pyongyang <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vietnam<w POS>'s <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Doan <w NP0-NN1>Khue<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1081"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1082"><w NP0>SINGAPORE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1083"><w NN1>Leadership <w NN2>changes
</head>
<p>
<s n="1084"><w NP0-NN1>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>Singapore<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN1>PAP<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1085"><w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>Senior <w NN1>Minister <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w CRD>35 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>serve <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>central <w NN1>executive <w NN1>committee<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1086"><w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Kuan <w NN1>Yew<w POS>'s <w NN1>son <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Hsien <w NP0>Loong <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w NP0>Goh<w POS>'s <w NN1>post <w PRP>as <w NN1>PAP <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>assistant <w NN1>secretary-general <w CJC>and <w VVD>remained <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>portfolio <w PRP>in <w NP0>mid-November <w PRP>after <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>undergoing <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>for <w NN1>cancer<c PUN>.
<s n="1087"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w NP0>Ong <w NP0>Teng <w NP0-NN1>Cheong<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w NN1>cancer<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1088"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December <w NP0-NN1>Goh <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w NP0-NN1>Suppiah <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0-NN1>Dhanabalan <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w AVP>on <w AV0>temporarily <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w PRF>of <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>.
<s n="1089"><w NN1-NP0>Dhanabalan<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>ally <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Goh<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Development <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1992<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02P></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02P>
<s n="1090"><w NP0-NN1>Goh<w POS>'s <w NN1>by-election <w NN1>victory
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1091"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w NP0>Goh <w NP0>Chok <w NP0>Tong <w VVD>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>resounding <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>PAP <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>by-election <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP-AVP>in <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>constituency <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>Parade<c PUN>.
<s n="1092"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>other <w NN1>PAP <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>returned <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>four-seat <w NN1>constituency<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1093"><w NP0-NN1>Goh <w VHD>had <w AV0>formally <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament <c PUL>(<w CJS>while <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NN1>by-election<c PUN>.
<s n="1094"><w AT0>The <w NN1>by-election <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>legally <w VVN-AJ0>required <w CJC>but <w NP0>Goh <w VHD>had <w VVN>announced <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w NN1>period <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>use <w NN2>by-elections <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN2>voters <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w DPS>his <w NN1>mandate<c PUN>.
<s n="1095"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Marine <w NN1>Parade <w NN1>constituency <w VHD>had <w VVN>returned <w CRD>four <w NN1>PAP <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1096"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1097"><w NP0>PHILIPPINES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1098"><w NN2>Developments <w PRP>concerning <w NN2>rebels
</head>
<caption>
<s n="1099"><w NN1>Signature <w PRF>of <w NN1>truce <w PRP>by <w AJ0>military <w NN2>dissidents
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1100"><w DT0>Former <w AJ0>military <w NN1>officer <w NP0>Gregorio<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Gringo<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Honasan <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w AJ0>other <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NP0-NN1>Rebolusyonaryong <w NP0>Alyansang <w NP0>Makabansa <c PUL>(<w NN1-AJ0>Nationalist <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Alliance<c PUR>) <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>accord <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>suspend <w NN2>hostilities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1101"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVD>paved <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>goodwill <w NN1>gesture <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>forces <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w AJ0>military <w NN1>detention <w CRD>three <w NN2>generals <w CJC>and <w CRD>40 <w AJ0>other <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>for <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>coup <w NN2>attempts<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1102"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Fidel <w NP0>Ramos <w VVD>welcomed <w AT0>the <w NN1>accord <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w PRP>towards <w VVG-AJ0>restoring <w AJ0>political <w NN1>stability <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>precondition <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>revival<c PUN>.
<s n="1103"><w NP0>Honasan<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>implicated <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN1>coup <w NN2>attempts <w PRP>against <w NP0>Ramos<w POS>'s <w NN1>predecessor<c PUN>, <w NP0>Corazon <w NP0>Aquino<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w VVG>hiding <w PRP>since <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VVG>escaping <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>prison <w NN1>ship <w VVN>moored <w PRP>in <w NP0>Manila <w NN1>Bay <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>36428<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02R></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02R>
<s n="1104"><w NN2>Incidents <w VVG>involving <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>rebels
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1105"><w AJ0>Separatist <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>rebels <w VVD-VVN>killed <w CRD>18 <w AJ0>Catholic <w NN1>church <w NN2>workers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Carmen<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w NN1-NP0>Cotabato <w NN1>province<c PUN>, <w CRD>900 <w NN0>km <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manila<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1106"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VBD>was <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenge <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN0>militia <w PRF>of <w DT0>several <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>farmers <w VVG>worshipping <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>mosque <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Pikit<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1107"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moslem <w AJ0>separatist <w NN1>unit <w VVD>freed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>American <w NN1>missionary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Augustine <w NP0>Frazczack<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w NN1>hostage <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="1108"><w AT0>The <w NN1>unit<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Moro <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>MNLF<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>insurgent <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>groups <c PUN>&mdash;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1109"><w VHD>had <w AV0>originally <w VVN>demanded <w AT0>a <w NN1>ransom <w PRF>of <w CRD>5,000,000 <w NN2>pesos <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;212,000<c PUR>) <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>settled <w AV0>instead <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w NN1>food<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1110"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1111"><w NP0>INDONESIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1112"><w NN1>Earthquake
</head>
<p>
<s n="1113"><w AT0>An <w NN1>earthquake <w VVG>measuring <w CRD>6.8 <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Richter <w NN1>scale <w VVD>struck <w UNC>Flores <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVG>surrounding <w NN2>islands <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nusa <w NP0>Tenggara <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>.
<s n="1114"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Suharto <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>disaster <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1115"><w AV0>As <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>2,500 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>earthquake <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w AJ0>tidal <w NN2>waves<c PUN>.
<s n="1116"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>toll <w VM0>could <w VVI>reach <w CRD>4,000 <w AVQ-CJS>when <w DT0>all <w NN2>reports <w VBD>were <w VVN>received <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>remote <w NN2>areas <w VVN>devastated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>earthquake<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02S></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02S>
<s n="1117"><w NN2>Talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Portugal <w PRP>on <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1118"><w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Alatas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Manuel <w NP0>Durao <w NP0>Barroso<c PUN>, <w AV0>respectively <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Portuguese <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVD>held <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>round <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>in <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali<c PUN>.
<s n="1120"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>April <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1121"><w NN2>Alatas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Durao <w NP0>Barroso <w AV0>both <w VVN-VVD>acknowledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>progress <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02T></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02T>
<s n="1122"><w NN1>Statement <w PRP>by <w VVD>captured <w NP0>East <w NP0>Timor <w NN1>resistance <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1123"><w NP0>Jos&eacute; <w NP0>Xanana <w NP0>Gusmao<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Front <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Independent <w NN1>East <w NP0>Timor <c PUL>(<w NP0>Fretilin<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>captured <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39196<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>appeared <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>televised <w NN1>interview <w VVN>released <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
<s n="1124"><w PNP>He <w VVD>made <w NN2>statements <w VVG>renouncing <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w NN1>struggle <w CJC>and <w VVG>calling <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN2>guerrillas <w TO0>to <w VVI>surrender<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1125"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w AJ0>Portuguese <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Soares <w VVD>accused <w NP0>Indonesia <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>torturing <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>threatening <w NP0-NN1>Gusmao<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1126"><w PRP>During <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Indonesian <w NN1>government <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w NN1>surrender <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NP0>East <w NN0>Timorese <w NN2>rebels <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w NN1>clemency<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1127"><w NP0>ASIA <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>PACIFIC
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1128"><w NP0>NIUE
</head>
<p>
<s n="1129"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Rex<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NP0>Niue<c PUN>, <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>83<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>served <w AV0>continuously <w PRP>as <w NN1>Premier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>Zealand <w NP0>Pacific <w NN1>dependency <w PRP>since <w CRD>1974<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1130"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1131"><w DT0>FORMER <w NP0>YUGOSLAVIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1132"><w VVB>FRY <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1133"><w AJ0>Presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>(<w NP0>FRY <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>comprising <w NP0>Serbia <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NP0>Kosovo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vojvodina<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1134"><w NN2>Elections <w VHD>had <w ORD>last <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w AV0>as <w AV0>recently <w CJS>as <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nominal <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38919<c PUN>; <w CRD>38970<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w PRP>At <w NN1>stake <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>250-seat <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <w NN1-AJ0>republican <w NN1>assembly <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>138-member <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens<c PUN>.
<s n="1136"><c PUL>(<w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republics<c PUN>, <w VVD>comprised <w CRD>20 <w NN2-VVZ>delegates <w DT0>each <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Montenegrin <w AJ0-NN1>republican <w NN2>assemblies<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1137"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>hardline <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Slobodan <w NP0>Milosevic <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>with <w CRD>56.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Panic <w VVD-VVN>won <w AV0>only <w CRD>34 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>; <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>five <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="1138"><w NN2>Attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w NN1>Panic<w POS>'s <w NN1>candidacy <w PRP>by <w VVG>claiming <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>fulfil <w AT0>the <w AJ0>one-year <w NN1>residency <w NN1>requirement <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>overruled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>.
<s n="1139"><w NN1>Panic <w VVD>demanded <w AJ0>fresh <w NN2>elections <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w AJ0>large-scale <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>; <w AJ0>international <w NN2>monitors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w NN2>voters <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>prevented <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVG>voting<c PUN>.
<s n="1140"><w NN1>Turnout <w VBD>was <w CRD>67.4 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w CRD>7,300,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1141"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>Serbia <w VVD>resulted <w PRP>in <w NN2>gains <w PRP>for <w NP0>Milosevic<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <c PUL>(<w NN2>SPS<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>finished <w PRP>with <w CRD>101 <w NN2>seats <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extremist <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SRS<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vojislav <w NP0>Seselj <c PUL>(<w CRD>73 <w NN2>seats<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1142"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Serbian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Depos<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w CRD>14 <w NN2>parties <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Renewal <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <c PUL>(<w NP0>DSS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>splinter <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DS<c PUR>) <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVD>won <w CRD>49 <w NN2>seats<c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>27 <w NN2>seats <w VBD>were <w VVN>won <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Community <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vojvodina <w NN2>Hungarians <c PUL>(<w NP0>DZVM<c PUR>) <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w NP0>DS <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo-Metohija <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w NN2>others <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1144"><w AT0>A <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w NN1>voting <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Montenegro <w NN1>presidency<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>run-off <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>incumbent<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Momir <w NN1>Bulatovic <c PUL>(<w CRD>42.2 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>on <w ORD>first <w NN1>round<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>federal <w NP0>Vice-President <w NP0>Branko <w NN1>Kostic <c PUL>(<w CRD>23 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1145"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NN2>Socialists <w PRF>of <w NP0>Montenegro <c PUL>(<w NP0>DPS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w NP0>Montenegro <w CJC>and <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communists<c PUN>, <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Montenegrin <w NN1-AJ0>republican <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>with <w CRD>42.5 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1146"><w AT0>The <w CRD>138 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament <w VBD>were <w VVN>distributed <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w NN2>SPS <w CRD>47<c PUN>, <w NP0>SRS <w CRD>34<c PUN>, <w NP0>Depos <w CRD>20<c PUN>, <w NP0>DPS <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w NP0>DS <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Montenegro <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w NP0>DZVM <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>coaliton <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DS <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Reformist <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Vojvodina <c PUL>(<w NP0>RDSV<c PUR>) <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>DS<c PUN>, <w NP0>RDSV <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civic <w NN1>Party <w CRD>one<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02U></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02U>
<s n="1147"><w NN1-VVB>Vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NN1>Panic
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1148"><w NN1>Panic <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>removed <w PRP>from <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>passed <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w NN1>confidence <w VVN>tabled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Radical <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1149"><w NN1>Voting <w VBD>was <w PRP>by <w CRD>30 <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>abstention <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Republics <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w CRD>95 <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w PRP>with <w CRD>12 <w NN2>abstentions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Citizens<c PUN>.
<s n="1150"><w AT0>The <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w VVN-VVD>appointed <w AJ0>Radoje <w NN1>Kontic<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w NN1>caretaker <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1-VVB>Panic <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>formed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02V></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02V>
<s n="1151"><w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1152"><w AT0>The <w NN1>re-election <w PRF>of <w NP0>Milosevic <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>presidency <w AJ0-VVD>disappointed <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>hopes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader <w AV0>more <w VVN-AJ0>disposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>compromise <w PRP-AVP>over <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1153"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>countries <w VVD>remained <w VVN>divided <w AVP-PRP>over <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene <w AV0>militarily <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1154"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVG>preparing <w NN1>contingency <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>any <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>enforcing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>flight <w NN1-VVB>ban <w PRP>over <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>condition <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>efforts<c PUN>.
<s n="1155"><w AT0>The <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VHD>had <w AV0>consistently <w VVN>expressed <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>over <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>contrast <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>stance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w DTQ>which <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>preventive <w NN1>bombardment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serb <w NN2>positions<c PUN>; <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>outgoing <w NP0>US <w NP0>President <w NP0>George <w NP0>Bush <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NP0>Washington <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>enforcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>flight <w NN1-VVB>ban<c PUN>.
<s n="1156"><w NP0>Bush <w VVD>warned <w NP0>Milosevic <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>25 <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w NP0>Serbia <w VVD>provoked <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>largely <w AJ0>Albanian-populated <w NN1>province <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>flight <w NN1-VVB>ban<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VM0>could <w AV0>unilaterally <w VVI>use <w AJ0>military <w NN1>force <w PRP>against <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>.
<s n="1157"><w AJ0>French <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Roland <w NP0>Dumas <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w NP0>France <w VM0>would <w VVI>participate <w PRP>in <w NP0>UN <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>flight <w NN1-VVB>ban<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02W></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02W>
<s n="1158"><w AJ0>Military <w NN1>situation
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1159"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>around <w NP0>Sarajevo <w VVD>appeared <w AJ0>imminent <w CJS>as <w DT0>some <w CRD>10,000 <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>reinforcements <w VVN-VVD>gathered <w PRP-AVP>on <w NP0>Mount <w NP0>Igman <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1160"><w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>airport <w VBD>was <w VVN>closed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w CJS>after <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w NN1>plane <w VBD>was <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w NN2>small-arms <w NN1-VVB>fire <w CJC>and <w VVD>remained <w AJ0-VVN>closed <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>due to <w VVG-NN1>fighting<c PUN>.
<s n="1161"><w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w VVD>tightened <w DPS>their <w NN1>hold <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>capture <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strategic <w AJ0>western <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NN2>Otes<c PUN>.
<s n="1162"><w AJ0>Heavy <w NN1>fighting <w VVD-VVN>continued <w AV0>notwithstanding <w AV0>yet <w DT0>another <w NN1>ceasefire <w NN1>agreement <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>factions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w AV0>also <w PRP>for <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN2>corridors <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w TO0>to <w VVI>evacuate <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sarajevo <w NN1>population<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1163"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>10,000 <w NP0>Serbs <w VVD>fled <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>river <w NN1-NP0>Drina <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Bosnian <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>forces <w VVN-VVD>advanced <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Bratunac <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>eastern <w NN1>border<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1164"><w AT0>A <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AV0>vehemently <w VVD-VVN>condemned <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w CJC>and <w AJ0>mass <w NN1>rape <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>women <w PRP>by <w NP0>Serb <w NN2-VVZ>forces <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN2>observers <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>detention <w NN2-VVZ>camps <w PRP>under <w AJ0>armed <w NN1-VVB>escort <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02X></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02X>
<s n="1165"><w NN1>Peace <w NN2>negotiations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1166"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>warring <w NN2>factions <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w VVD>presented <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w NN2>maps <w PRP>for <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>cantonization<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w PRP>along <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>lines<c PUN>.
<s n="1167"><w NP0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w NN1>leader <w NN1-AJ0>Radovan <w NN1>Karadjic <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NP0>Serbs <w CRD>60 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w CRD>1931 <w AVQ>when <w NP0>Bosnia <w VVD>contained <w AJC>greater <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1168"><w NP0-NN1>Karadjic <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>president<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>self-proclaimed <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>(<w NP0>SRBH<c PUR>) <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1169"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>conference <w VBD>was <w VVN>convened <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continued <w NN1>co-chairmanship <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Owen <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>brought <w AV0>together <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>worlds<c PUN>.
<s n="1170"><w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w NP0>Lawrence <w NP0>Eagleburger <w VVD>proposed <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w NN1>tribunal <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>established <w TO0>to <w VVI>prosecute <w DT0>those <w VVN>accused <w AV0>directly <w CJC>or <w AV0>indirectly <w PRF>of <w NN2>atrocities<c PUN>; <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w NN2>men <w VVN>named <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>were <w NP0>Milosevic<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Karadjic<c PUN>, <w NP0>Seselj <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Ratko <w NP0>Mladic <c PUL>(<w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serb <w NN2-VVZ>forces<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1171"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w CJS>provided <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1-VVB>commission <w VVG-AJ0>investigating <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia <w PRP>with <w AJ0>documented <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN2>atrocities <w VVN>committed <w AV0>largely <w PRP>by <w NP0>Serbs <w PRP>against <w NN2>Moslems <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1172"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>Secretary-General <w NN2>Boutros <w NN1>Boutros-Ghali <w VVD-VVN>met <w AV0>separately <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>with <w NN2>Presidents <w NP0-NN1>Dobrica <w NN1>Cosic <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FRY<c PUN>, <w NP0>Franjo <w NP0>Tudjman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Croatia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w VVG>urging <w AJ0-NN1>Cosic <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>his <w NN1>influence <w PRP>with <w NP0>Serbia <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w AJ0>international <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA02Y></p>
<caption id=HLTCA02Y>
<s n="1173"><w NN1>Government <w NN1-VVB>reshuffle
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1174"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>reshuffled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w AJ0>new <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>: <w NP0-NN1>Bozo <w NN1>Rajic <c PUL>(<w NN1>Defence<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Branko <w NP0>Bilic <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Finance<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Husein <w NN1>Ahmovic <c PUL>(<w NN1-VVB>Supply<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Josip <w NN1>Jukic <c PUL>(<w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mustafa <w NN1>Dizdarevic <c PUL>(<w NN1>Town <w NN1>Planning<c PUN>, <w NN1>Construction <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Protection<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lukic <w NP0>Zlatko <c PUL>(<w NN1>Religion<c PUR>)<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA030></p>
<caption id=HLTCA030>
<s n="1175"><w NP0>Macedonia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1176"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Kiro <w NP0>Gligorov <w VVD>informed <w AT0>the <w NP0>Macedonian <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VVD>recognized <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Skopje<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <w VM0>would <w AV0>formally <w VVI>accept <w DT0>that <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="1177"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>1,000,000 <w NN2>Greeks <w VVN-VVD>demonstrated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Athens <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRP>under <w DPS>its <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1178"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>criticized <w NP0>Greece <w PRP>for <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>Greek <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>violate <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>shipping <w NN1>oil <w PRP>to <w NP0>Serbia <w CJS>while <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AJ0-NN1>withholding <w NN1>oil <w PRP>from <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1179"><w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Serbia <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>cut <w PRP>off <w NP0>Macedonia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>main <w NN1>trade <w NN1>route<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1180"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w VVD-VVN>authorized <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispatch <w PRP>to <w NP0>Macedonia <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w CRD>700 <w NN2>troops <w PRP>plus <w CRD>35 <w AJ0>military <w NN2>observers <w CJC>and <w CRD>26 <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1181"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1182"><w NP0>SLOVENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1183"><w NN2>Elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1184"><w NP0>Slovenia<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w AJ0>presidential <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>elections <w PRP>since <w NN1>independence <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38274<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1185"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>incumbent <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovene <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communists<c PUN>, <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>Kucan<c PUN>, <w VVG>standing <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>independent<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>re-elected <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term <w PRP>with <w CRD>64 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1186"><w NP0-NN1>Ivo <w NP0-NN1>Bizjak <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SKD<c PUR>) <w VVD>came <w ORD>second <w PRP>with <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Jelko <w NN1-NP0>Kacin <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>DS<c PUR>) <w VVD>took <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>with <w CRD>7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1187"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>four <w AJ0>other <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1188"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>simultaneous <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Liberal <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>LDS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Janez <w NP0>Drnovsek<c PUN>, <w VVD>emerged <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>party <w CJC>but <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>130-member <w AJ0-NN1>bicameral <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1189"><w NN1>Turnout <w VVD>amounted <w PRP>to <w CRD>76 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,500,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1190"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w CRD>25 <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w NN2>coalitions <w VVG>contesting <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="1191"><w DT0>Those <w VVG-AJ0>winning <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>besides <w AT0>the <w NP0>LDS<c PUN>, <w NP0>SKD <w CJC>and <w NP0>DS <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Associated <w NN1>List <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>League <w PRF>of <w NN2>Communists<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0-NN1>right <w AJ0-NN1>anti-foreigner <w AJ0>Slovene <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN2>SNS<c PUR>) <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Zmago <w NN1>Jelincic<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Slovenia <c PUL>(<w NP0>SDSS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Slovene <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SLS<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Greens <c PUL>(<w NP0>ZS<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1192"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>90 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w VVG>serving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>four-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w CRD>40 <w VBD>were <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>50 <w VBD>were <w VVN>distributed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w AJ0>Electoral <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proportional <w NN1>representation <w NN1>system <w PRP>among <w DT0>those <w CRD>eight <w NN2>parties <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>reached <w AT0>the <w NN1>threshold <w PRP>for <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>representation <w PRP>by <w VVG>winning <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1193"><w PRF>Of <w AT0>the <w CRD>40 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>State <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w VVG>serving <w AT0>a <w AJ0>five-year <w NN1>term<c PUN>, <w CRD>22 <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AV0>directly <w VVN>elected <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>18<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AJ0>professional <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>interest <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>chosen <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1194"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Associated <w AJ0-NN1>Labour<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLTCA031><s n="1195"><w NN2>Seats <w PRP>in <w AJ0>National <w UNC>Assembly* <w NN0>% <w PRF>of <w AJ0>valid <w NN1>vote <w AV0>Directly <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w NP0>LDS <w CRD>17 <w CRD>22 <w CRD>23.7 <w NP0>SKD <w CRD>8 <w CRD>15 <w CRD>14.5 <w AJ0>Associated <w NN1>List <w CRD>8 <w CRD>14 <w CRD>13.6 <w NN2>SNS <w CRD>3 <w CRD>12 <w CRD>9.9 <w NP0>SLS <w CRD>2 <w CRD>10 <w CRD>8.8 <w NP0>DS <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>6 <w CRD>5.0 <w NP0>ZS <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>5 <w CRD>3.7 <w NP0>SDSS <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>4 <w CRD>3.3 <w NN2>Others <c PUN>&mdash; <w CRD>17.9 <w AJ0-NN1>Total <w CRD>38 <w CRD>88 <w CRD>100
</p>
<caption id=HLTCA031>
<s n="1196"><w AJ0>Slovenian <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1197"><w UNC>*Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>90 <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w VBD>were <w VVN>reserved <w PRP>for <w AJ0>non-elected <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Italian <w NN2>minorities<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1198"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1199"><w NP0>ALBANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1200"><w VVB-NN1>Shkod&euml;r <w NN2>trials
</head>
<p>
<s n="1201"><w CRD>Five <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ALP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>officials <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>to <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w PRP>between <w CRD>15 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20 <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w VVG>ordering <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w PRP>on <w NP0>April <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Shkod&euml;r<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w CRD>four <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>57 <w AJ0>injured <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38160<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA032></p>
<caption id=HLTCA032>
<s n="1202"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1203"><w VVB>Alush <w NP0-NN1>Dragoshi <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>Attorney <w AJ0>General <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39103 <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor<w POS>'s <w NN1>dismissal<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA033></p>
<caption id=HLTCA033>
<s n="1204"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Italian <w NN1>President
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1205"><w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Oscar <w NP0>Scalfaro <w VVD>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>originally <w VVN>envisaged <w PRP>for <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26 <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVN>accompanied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Emilio <w NP0>Colombo<c PUN>.
<s n="1206"><w NN2>Talks <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w NP0>Kosovo <w CJC>and <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1207"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1208"><w NP0>BULGARIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1209"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Government <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts<c PUQ>&quot;
</head>
<p>
<s n="1210"><w AT0>The <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>ended <w AT0>a <w AJ0>two-month <w AJ0>long <w NN1>crisis <w VVN>caused <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN2>Forces <c PUL>(<w NP0>UDF<c PUR>) <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39151<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1211"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UDF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>communist<c PUR>) <w AJ0>Bulgarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w AV0>both <w VVN>failed <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w CJC>and <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39199<c PUN>; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38539 <w PRP>for <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AJ0>various <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>following <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1212"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Zhelyu <w NP0>Zhelev <w VHD>had <w AV0>accordingly <w VVN>invited <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>party <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0>ethnic <w AJ0-NN1>Turkish<c PUR>) <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>for <w NN2>Rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>Freedoms <c PUL>(<w NP0>MRF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AV0>together <w AT0>a <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cabinet <w CJS>as <w AV0>eventually <w VVN-VVD>formed <w VBD>were <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>elements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>broad <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>.
<s n="1213"><w VVN>Described <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN2>experts<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lyuben <w NP0>Berov<c PUN>, <w CRD>67<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>professor <w PRF>of <w NN1>economics <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>adviser <w PRP>to <w NP0>Zhelev<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w AV0>ostensibly<c PUN>, <w AJ0>non-party <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="1214"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>ministers <w VHD>had <w PRP>until <w AV0>recently <w VBN>been <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF.The <w NP0>UDF <w NN1>leadership <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>product <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shady <w AJ0>political <w NN1>deal<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>MRF <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>BSP<c PUN>.
<s n="1215"><w AT0>The <w NP0>MRF<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>supported <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w VVG>approving <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRP>from <w NN1>detention <w PRF>of <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w NP0>BSP <w NN1>member <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Lukanov<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1216"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w VVD-AJ0>approved <w NP0>Berov <w PRP>as <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>by <w CRD>124 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>25<c PUN>.
<s n="1217"><w PRP>In <w DT0>another <w NN1>ballot <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>voted <w PRP>by <w CRD>127 <w PRP>to <w CRD>17 <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Berov<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1218"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NP0>UDF <w NN2>deputies <w VVD>abstained<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>20 <w VVD-VVN>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Alternative <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Liberal <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>expelled <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UDF <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dimitur <w NP0>Ludzhev<c PUN>.
<s n="1219"><w AT0>The <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>votes <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w VBD>were <w VVN>cast <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>dissident <w NP0>BSP <w NN2>deputies <w VVN-VVD>grouped <w PRP-AVP>around <w DT0>former <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Aleksandr <w NP0>Lilov<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLTCA034><s n="1220"><w NP0>Lyuben <w NP0>Berov <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w NN1>basis <w PRP>pending <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>appointment<c PUR>) <w NP0>Valentin <w NP0>Karabashev <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NP0-NN1>Neycho <w NP0>Neev <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w NN1-VVB>Transport <w NP0-NN1>Evgeni <w NP0>Matinchev <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>; <w AJ0>Labour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w NP0>Georgi <w NP0>Tanev <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0-NN1>Valentin <w NP0>Bosevski <w NN1>Environment <w NP0>Stoyan <w NP0>Aleksandrov <w VVB-NN1>Finance <w NP0>Dancho <w NP0>Gogulov <w NN1>Health <w NP0>Valentin <w NP0>Aleksandrov <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Viktor <w NP0>Mikhaylov <w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w NP0-NN1>Misho <w NP0>Vulchev <w NN1-NP0>Justice
</p>
<caption id=HLTCA034>
<s n="1221"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Bulgarian <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1222"><w UNC>*Rumen <w NP0>Bikov <w NN1>Industry <w NP0-NN1>Khristo <w NP0>Totev <w AJ0>Territorial <w NN1>Development <w CJC>and <w NN1>Construction <w NP0-NN1>Marin <w NP0>Todorov <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NN1>Science <w CJC>and <w NN1>Culture
</p>
<p>
<s n="1223"><w UNC>*Held <w DT0>same <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1224"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1225"><w NP0>CZECHOSLOVAKIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1226"><w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Constitution
</head>
<p>
<s n="1227"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>adopted<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overwhelming <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>effect <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>split <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia <w PRP>into <w CRD>two <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>countries <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1228"><c PUL>(<w NP0>Slovakia <w VHD>had <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Constitution <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39105<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
<p>
<s n="1229"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Constitution <w VVN>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>200-member <w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>81-member <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>identical <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w VBD>was <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>filled <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Czech <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1230"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>key <w NN1>provision <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>three-fifths <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>majority <w PRP>for <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>amendments<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1231"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>16<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>votes <w VBD>were <w VVN>cast <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Moravian <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VVD>demanded <w AJC>greater <w NN1>autonomy <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w VVD>advocated <w AT0>the <w NN1>adoption <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Czecho-Moravian <w NN1>Republic<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>official <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1232"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>related <w NN1>development <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w AJ0>Czechoslovak <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>law <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w PRP>in case of <w AT0>a <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>law <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w VM0>would <w VVI>prevail<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA035></p>
<caption id=HLTCA035>
<s n="1233"><w NN1-VVG>Wounding <w PRF>of <w NP0>CP <w NN1>leader
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1234"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w NP0>Jiri <w NP0-NN1>Svoboda<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bohemia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moravia<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>stabbed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>chest <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w VVG>wearing <w AT0>a <w NN1>mask<c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>a <w AJ0>19-year-old <w NN1>student<c PUN>, <w NP0>Petr <w NP0>Wollmuth<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>charged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Svoboda<c PUN>.
<s n="1236"><w NN1-NP0>Wollmuth <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>anarchist <w NN1>group<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA036></p>
<caption id=HLTCA036>
<s n="1237"><w NN1-VVG>Bugging <w PRF>of <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>consulate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1238"><w DT0>Several <w AJ0>electronic <w AJ0-NN1>listening <w NN2>devices <w VBD>were <w VVN>discovered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1-VVB>consulate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bratislava<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1239"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>government <w AV0>initially <w VVN-VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>planted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>1980s <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVG>functioning <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1240"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>confirmed<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>devices <w VBD>were <w AJ0>active <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AV0>probably <w VBN>been <w VVN>installed <w PRP>during <w CRD>1991<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Interior<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stefan <w NP0>Lastovka<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w NN1>affair<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1242"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1243"><w NP0>HUNGARY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1244"><w NN0>Media <w NN2>developments
</head>
<p>
<s n="1245"><w AT0>The <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>bitter <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>June <w AJ0>Constitutional <w NN1>Court <w NN1>ruling <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38971-72<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>turn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w VVD-VVN>joined <w NN2>forces <w TO0>to <w VVI>deprive <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PNP>it <w VVD>needed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN0>media <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1246"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bill<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>under <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>ended <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>monopoly <w PRP>on <w NN1>broadcasting <w CJC>and <w VVD>reorganized <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television <w NN2>services <w CJS>as <w AJ0>independent <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>.
<s n="1247"><w AT0>The <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w VVD-VVN>argued<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN2>powers<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>with regard to <w AT0>the <w NN1>allocation <w PRF>of <w NN2>frequencies <w CJC>and <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>appointments<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w AT0>The <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w NP0>Elemer <w NP0>Hankiss<c PUN>, <w VVD>initiated <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w TO0>to <w VVI>reverse <w NP0>Antall<w POS>'s <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w PNP>him <w PRP>pending <w AT0>an <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>misconduct<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA037></p>
<caption id=HLTCA037>
<s n="1249"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>law
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1250"><w PRP>After <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>debate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>abortion <w NN1>law <w VVG>replacing <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP>under <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>rule <c PUL>(<w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>suspended <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w AV0>effectively <w VVD>allowed <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>on <w NN1>demand<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1251"><w VVN>Approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>193 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>39 <w PRP>with <w CRD>33 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>law <w VVD>permitted <w AT0>a <w NN1>termination <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>12 <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>pregnancy <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>rape <w CJC>or <w DTQ>which <w VVD>endangered <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>foetus <w VBD>was <w AJ0>malformed<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>pregnancy <w VM0>would <w VVI>cause <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>psychological <w NN1>crisis<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>or <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social <w NN1>problem<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1252"><w AT0>The <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>abortion <w PRP>on <w AJ0>psychological <w CJC>or <w AJ0>social <w NN2>grounds <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>restrictive <w AJC>earlier <w NN1>draft<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA038></p>
<caption id=HLTCA038>
<s n="1253"><w NN1-VVB>Budget <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>VAT
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1254"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1255"><w PNP>It <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w CRD>185,340,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>forint <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;2,260 <w CRD>million<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AV0>just <w AV0>under <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GDP<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AV0>slightly <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w VVN-VVD>expected <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1256"><w NN1>Revenue <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>around <w CRD>40 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,090,460 <w CRD>million <w NN1>forint <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>around <w CRD>30 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,275,830 <w CRD>million <w NN1>forint<c PUN>.
<s n="1257"><w NN1>Servicing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>debt <w VVN-VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>spending<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>budget <w VVD>assumed <w CJT>that <w NN1>GDP <w VM0>would <w VVI>grow <w AVP-PRP>by <w PRP>between <w CRD>0 <w CJC>and <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>since <w CRD>1989<c PUN>; <w DT0>that <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>reached <w CRD>11.9 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>high<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>inflation<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>from <w CRD>38.6 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>20.1 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>from <w NN1>mid-year <w CRD>1991 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>level <w AVP>off <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>21 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1259"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>related <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <w VVD>approved <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>value <w VVN>added <w NN1>tax <c PUL>(<w NN1>VAT<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1260"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>25 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>charged <w PRP>on <w DT0>most <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="1261"><w AT0>A <w AJC>lower <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>6 <w NN0>per cent <w VM0>would <w VVI>apply <w PRP>to <w NN2>foodstuffs<c PUN>, <w NN1>fuel<c PUN>, <w NN1>water<c PUN>, <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w CJC>and <w NN1>literature<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>medicines <w CJC>and <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>electricity <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>zero-rated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA039></p>
<caption id=HLTCA039>
<s n="1262"><w NP0>HSWP <w NN1>name <w NN1-VVB>change
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1263"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>central <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MSMP <w CJC>or <w NP0>HSWP<c PUR>) <w VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12 <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Workers<w POS>' <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="1264"><w AT0>The <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w VVN>founded <w PRP>in <w CRD>1989 <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ruling <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party <w PNQ>who <w VVD>disagreed <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w NN1>transformation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Hungarian <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>MSP<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1265"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1266"><w NP0>POLAND
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1267"><w NN2>Miners<w POS>' <w NN1>strike <w PRP>in <w NP0>Silesia
</head>
<p>
<s n="1268"><w AT0>An <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>total <w NN1>strike <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>coalminers <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w VVD>presented <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1269"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>restructure <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="1270"><w AT0>The <w NN1>workforce <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>cut <w PRP>by <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>half<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>150,000 <w NN2>miners <w VVG>losing <w DPS>their <w NN2>jobs <w AV0>over <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w NN1>coal <w NN1>extraction <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>constant <w PRP>at <w CRD>135,000,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>doubled <w NN1>productivity<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w NN2>Mines <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>grouped <w PRP>into <w CRD>seven <w AJ0-VVG>holding <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>force <w AJ0>profitable <w NN2>pits <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>loss-makers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>made <w AVP>up <w CRD>two-thirds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>63 <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1272"><w NN2>Leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Solidarity <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>offset <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rising <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>living<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>relaxed <w NN1>wage <w NN2-VVZ>controls<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w CJC>and <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>two-hour<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>warning<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PRP>by <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>Solidarity <w VVN-VVD>followed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1274"><w AT0>The <w NN1>protest <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Silesian <w NN1>coal <w NN2>mines <w VVN-VVD>changed <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>days <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continuous <w NN1>strike <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DT0>most <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>changing <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>restructuring <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w VVG>securing <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>fund <w TO0>to <w VVI>rescue <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w VVG>halting <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="1275"><w PRP>By <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w CRD>66 <w PRP>out of <w CRD>70 <w NN2>pits <w PRP>in <w NP0>Silesia <w VHD>had <w VVN>ceased <w VVG-AJ0>working<c PUN>.
<s n="1276"><w AT0>The <w NN2>miners <w VBD>were <w VVN>joined <w PRP>by <w AJ0-VVG>striking <w NN1>railway <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>halted <w NN1>freight <w NN1>traffic<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1277"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Sejm <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17-19 <w VVD>held <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mining <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w AV0>finally <w VVG>voting <w PRP>by <w CRD>166 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>165 <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1278"><w AT0>The <w NN1>railway <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was <w VVN>settled <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <c PUL>(<w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AJ0>suspended <w NN1>coal <w VVZ-NN2>exports <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>conserve <w NN2>supplies <w PRP>for <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>power <w NN1>generation<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN1>Solidarity <w VVD-VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w VVG>ending <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1281"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w DPS>its <w NN1>indebtedness <w CJC>and <w VVB>provide <w DT0>more <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>restructuring<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>miners<w POS>' <w NN1>wage <w NN2>demands<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w VVG-NN1>ending <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN2>differentials <w PRP>between <w NN2>pits<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>conceded<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN2>exports <w VBD>was <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
<s n="1283"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VVN-VVD>depended <w PRP>on <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>miners <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>4<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03A></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03A>
<s n="1284"><w NN1>Entry <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1285"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>interim<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Lech <w NP0>Walesa <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39200<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1286"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>day <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Hanna <w NP0>Suchocka <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w AV0>firmly <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w AJ0>increased <w NN2>powers <w VVN>given <w PNP>her <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN1>constitution<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w VVG>giving <w NN2>orders <w PRP>to <w NN2>ministers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AJ0>possible <w AV0>before<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03B></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03B>
<s n="1287"><w NN1>Formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1288"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Forum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Right <c PUL>(<w NP0>FPD <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>split <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Union <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39106<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Coalition <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Upper <w NP0>Silesia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zaglebie <w AJ0>Conservative-Liberal <w NN1>Group <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w AJ0-VVD>merged <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Conservative <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PK<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1289"><w VVB-NN1>Aleksander <w NN1>Hall<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPD<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN1>chair <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>dedicated <w PRP>to <w VVG>upholding <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>values<c PUN>, <w VVG>reviving <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>society <w CJC>and <w VVG>freeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1290"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>PK<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>founding <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Suchocka <w VVD>expressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w VM0>would <w VVI>prove <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Polish <w NN1>Convention<c PUN>.
<s n="1291"><c PUL>(<w DT0>This <w NN1>grouping <w AV0>now <w VVD>consisted <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PK <c PUN>&mdash; <w CJS>as <w NN1>successor <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>FPD <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Peasant <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Alliance <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w NN1>Democrat <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>latter <w NN1>being <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>coalition<c PUN>.<c PUR>)
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1292"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1293"><w NP0-NN1>VISEGRAD <w CRD>THREE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1294"><w AJ0>Free-trade <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1295"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hungary<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Slovakia <w VVD>signed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Agreement <c PUL>(<w NP0>CEFTA<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Krakow<c PUN>, <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>.
<s n="1296"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>aim <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century <w NN1>tariff <w NN2>barriers <w PRP>between <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0-NN1>Visegrad <w CRD>Three<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>consist <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>countries <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>split <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w NN1>compatibility <w PRP>with <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>EEA<c PUR>) <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1297"><w NN2>Tariffs <w PRP>on <w AJ0>raw <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>exports <w DTQ>which <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>compete <w PRP>with <w AV0>locally <w VVN>produced <w NN2>goods <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>; <w DT0>those <w PRP>on <w AJ0>agricultural <w CJC>and <w AV0>most <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>goods <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>between <w CRD>1995 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1997<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRP>on <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>sensitive <w NN2>goods <w PRP>like <w NN2>cars<c PUN>, <w NN2>textiles <w CJC>and <w NN1>steel <w PRP>by <w CRD>2001<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1298"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1299"><w NP0>ARMENIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1300"><w NN1>Energy <w NN1>crisis
</head>
<p>
<s n="1301"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Armenian <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w DPS>its <w NN1>intention <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w PRF>of <w VVG>reopening <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>power <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w VVN>situated <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>closed <w PRP>due to <w AJ0>public <w NN1>pressure <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>earthquake <w PRF>of <w CRD>1989<c PUN>.
<s n="1302"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w VVD>came <w PRP>in response to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acute <w NN1>fuel <w NN1>shortage <w DTQ>which <w VVD>worsened <w PRP>during <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1303"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>an <w NP0>ITAR-TASS <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic <w VBD>was <w VVG>receiving <w AV0>less than <w CRD>4,000,000 <w AJ0>cubic <w NN2>metres <w PRF>of <w NN1>gas <w PRP>per <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>compared <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>requirement <w PRF>of <w CRD>7,500,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1304"><w AT0>The <w NN2>shortages <w VBD>were <w AV0>primarily <w AT0>a <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>blockade <w PRP>by <w NP0>Azerbaijan <c PUN>&mdash; <w PNX>itself <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>over <w NP0>Nagorny-Karabakh <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NN2>pipelines <w VVG>bringing <w NP0>Turkmen <w NN1-VVB>gas <w PRP>to <w NP0>Armenia <w PRP>via <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
<s n="1305"><w NN2-VVZ>Supplies <w PRP>from <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>via <w NP0>Georgia <w VBD>were <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w CRD>one-third<c PUN>, <w PRP>due to <w AT0>a <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>, <w VVG>pilfering<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN1>disruption <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w AJ0>Azeri <w NN1>pressure <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>behind <w NP0>Turkey<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w AJ0>scheduled <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>deliveries <w PRF>of <w CRD>30-35 <w NN0>Mw <w PRF>of <w NN1>electricity<c PUN>, <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1307"><w NN2>Problems <w VBD>were <w VVN>compounded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>food <w NN2>shortages<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>bread <w VVG-NN1>rationing <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN0>250g <w PRP>per <w NN1>person <w PRP>per <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="1308"><w NN1>Emergency <w NN1>grain <w NN2>deliveries <w PRP>from <w NP0>Syria <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN-VVD>held <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>border<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03C></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03C>
<s n="1309"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>response
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1310"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>for <w NN2>Refugees <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w UNC>US&dollar;6,000,000 <w AJ0>six-month <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>relief <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1311"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>teams <w VBD>were <w VVN>dispatched <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w VVN>displaced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>over <w NP0>Nagorny-Karabakh<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>continued <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>December <w PRP>with <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>fighting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRP>between <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1312"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w AJ0>Armenian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Levon <w NN1>Ter-Petrosyan <w VVD>declared <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>warning <w CJT>that <w CRD>30,000 <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VVI>die <w CJS>unless <w PNP>they <w VVD>received <w NN1>help<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1313"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1314"><w NP0>GEORGIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1315"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>protest <w PRP>over <w NN1>helicopter <w NN1>incident
</head>
<p>
<s n="1316"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>deteriorated <w AV0>sharply <w VVG-AJ0>following <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Russian <w UNC>Mi-8T <w NN1>helicopter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>way <w AVP>back <w PRP>from <w VVG>delivering <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Tkvarcheli <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Abkhazia <w AJ0>autonomous <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="1317"><w DT0>All <w CRD>three <w NN1>crew <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VBD>were <w AV0>more than <w CRD>60 <w NN2>passengers<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>children <w NN2>refugees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1318"><w AJ0>Subsequent <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>investigations <w VVD-VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w NN2>events<c PUN>.
<s n="1319"><w AT0>A <w NN1>survey <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>wreckage <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>proved <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>helicopter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>carrying <w NN1-VVB>combat <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w AJ0>armed <w NN2>personnel <w PRP>as well as <w NN2>civilians<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>side <w VVD>attributed <w AT0>the <w NN1>crash <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w VVG>overloading<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>64 <w NN2>passengers <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>24-seat <w NN1>helicopter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1320"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w VVD>issued <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>emphatic <w NN1>protest<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1321"><w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>Defence <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Pavel <w NP0>Grachev <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w VVD-AJ0>threatened<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>decisive <w NN2>measures <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>military <w NN1>nature<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1322"><w AT0>The <w NN1>incident <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>Georgian <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Tengiz <w NP0>Sigua <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>crisis <w NN2>relations<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>between <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>but <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>at <w NN1>war<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1323"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>parliament <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVG>suspending <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian-Georgian <w NN2>talks <w PRP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w AV0>currently <w AV0>under way <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w CJC>and <w VVG>recalling <w NP0>Georgia<w POS>'s <w NN1>delegation<c PUN>.
<s n="1324"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w VVN>published <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Izvestiya <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Georgian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Eduard <w NP0>Shevardnadze <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>meant <w AT0>the <w NN1>severing <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>condemn <w NP0>Russia<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unconcealed <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>sovereign <w NP0>Georgia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1325"><w NP0>Grachev <w VVD>met <w DPS>his <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>counterpart <w NP0-NN1>Tengiz <w NP0-NN1>Kitovani <w PRP>in <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w NN2>demands <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w PRP>from <w NP0>Abkhazia<c PUN>.
<s n="1326"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w NP0>Grachev <w AV0>emphatically <w VVN-VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AJ0>Russian <w NN2>troops <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>.
<s n="1327"><w AV0>Meanwhile<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w AJ0-VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VVG>culminating <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>Georgian <w NN2>claims <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>seized <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Ochamchire <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1328"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1329"><w NP0>UKRAINE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1330"><w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>policy
</head>
<p>
<s n="1331"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1>Cabinet <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVD>adopted <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NN1>price <w NN1>regulation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1332"><w NN1-VVB>Price <w NN2>controls <w VBD>were <w VVN>lifted <w PRP>on <w DT0>some <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>foodstuffs <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>tightened <w PRP>on <w NN1>sugar<c PUN>, <w NN1>meat<c PUN>, <w NN2>eggs<c PUN>, <w NN1>oil <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>cement <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NN2>goods <w VVN>produced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>metallurgical<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>machine-building <w CJC>and <w AJ0>chemical <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="1333"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>resolution <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AJ0>public <w NN1>transport <w NN2>fares <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>go <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>other <w NN2>services <w VM0>would <w VVI>become <w AV0>more <w AJ0>expensive <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>water <w NN1-VVB>supply <w CJC>and <w NN1>sewage <w NN2>charges <w VVG>increasing <w AV0>fivefold <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>heat <w CJC>and <w NN1>electricity <w AV0-AJ0>sevenfold<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1334"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Ukrainian <w NN1-AJ0>Premier <w NP0>Leonid <w NP0>Kuchma <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>payments <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>poorest <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w NN1>society <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w PNP>them <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>rises<c PUN>.
<s n="1335"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w NN1>Deputy <w NN1>Premier <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Reform <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Viktor <w NP0-NN1>Pynzenyk <w VVD>pledged <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>price <w NN2>increases <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>last<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VM0>would <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w CRD>50 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1336"><w AT0>The <w NN1>co-chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>movement <w NN1-NP0>Rukh<c PUN>, <w NP0>Vyacheslav <w NP0>Chornovil<c PUN>, <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>measure<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>New <w NP0>Ukraine <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Vladimir <w NP0>Filenko <w VVD>agreed <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>necessary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>justifiable<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1337"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>criticism <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w VVZ-NN2>increases <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Federation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w NN2>Unions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03D></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03D>
<s n="1338"><w NN1-NP0>Rukh <w NN1>congress
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1339"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NP0-NN1>Rukh <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w ORD>fourth <w AJ0>All-Ukrainian <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kiev<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1340"><w VVB-NN1>Chornovil<c PUN>, <w VVG>assessing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w AJ0>socio-political <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>, <w VVD>laid <w AT0>the <w NN1>blame <w PRP>for <w AJ0>past <w NN2>problems <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>divided <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="1341"><w NP0-NN1>Rukh<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN2>tasks <w VVD-VVN>included <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pre-term <w NN1>dissolution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Council<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03E></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03E>
<s n="1342"><w NN1>Resignation <w PRF>of <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1-NP0>Fleet <w NN1>commander
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1343"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w NP0>Adml.
<s n="1344"><w NP0>Igor <w NP0>Kasatonov <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w NN1>commander <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>Fleet<c PUN>.
<s n="1345"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w NP0>Vice-Adml<c PUN>.
<s n="1346"><w NP0>Vitaly <w NP0>Larionov<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>commander<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>hold <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>command <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>signed <w PRP>between <w NP0>Ukraine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1347"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1348"><w NP0>LITHUANIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1349"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>government
</head>
<p>
<s n="1350"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w AT0>the <w AV0>newly <w VVN>elected <w VVG-AJ0>acting <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Algirdas <w NP0>Brazauskas <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39205<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>decree <w VVG-AJ0>appointing <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NP0>Bronislovas <w NP0>Lubys <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w CJC>and <w VVG>charging <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1351"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w NP0>Lubys <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1352"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>office <w AV0>only <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>holding <w PRF>of <w AJ0>presidential <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Feb. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1353"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>candidates <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>contest <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w AJ0>acting <w NP0>President <w NP0>Brazauskas<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NP0>President <w NP0>Vytautas <w NP0-NN1>Landsbergis <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>ambassador <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w NP0>Stasis <w NN1-NP0>Lozaraitis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1354"><w NN1>Opposition <w NP0>Sajudis <w NN2>members <w VVD-VVN>objected<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>gave <w PNP>them <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w NN1>preparation<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sajudis <w NN1>sejm <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sejm <w NN1>Council <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sajudis <w NN2>structures <w VBD>was <w VVN>initiated<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03F></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03F>
<s n="1356"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>policy <w NN2>directions
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1357"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Seimas <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Lubys <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>reform <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>with <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>corrections<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>a <w NN1>return <w TO0>to <w VVI>price <w NN1>regulation <w PRP>on <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>foodstuffs<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transitional <w NN1>period<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>reassessment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>negative <w NN2>consequences<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="1358"><w AT0>The <w DT0>latter <w NN1>move <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wake <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w AV0>temporarily <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1359"><w NP0>Lubys <w AV0>also <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>litas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lithuania<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLTCA03G><s n="1360"><w NP0>Bronislovas <w NP0>Lubys <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Julius <w NP0>Veselka <w NN1-AJ0>Economy <w NP0>Eduardas <w NN1-NP0>Grikelis <w NN1-VVB>Finance <w NP0>Povilas <w NP0>Gylys <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Romasius <w NP0>Vaitiekunas <w AJ0>Internal <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<caption id=HLTCA03G>
<s n="1361"><w AJ0>Principal <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lithuanian <w NN1>government
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1362"><w UNC>*Audrius <w NP0-NN1>Butkevicius <w NN1>Defence <w NP0>Jonas <w NP0-NN1>Prapiestis <w NP0-NN1>Justice <w NP0>Rimantas <w NP0-NN1>Karazija <w NN1>Agriculture <w NP0>Albertas <w NP0-NN1>Sinevicius <w NN1>Industry
</p>
<p>
<s n="1363"><w UNC>*Held <w DT0>same <w NN1>post <w PRP>in <w AJ0>outgoing <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1364"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1365"><w AJ0>EUROPEAN <w NN2>COMMUNITIES
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1366"><w NP0>Edinburgh <w NN1>summit
</head>
<p>
<s n="1367"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NP0>Edinburgh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Scottish <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11-12<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w CJC>and <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>complex<c PUN>, <w AJ0>interlinked <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1368"><w PNP>They <w AV0>thus <w VVD>salvaged <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>integration <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>stalled <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Danish<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>on <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1-NP0>Union <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38942-43<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1369"><w DT0>This<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>unblocking<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Delors <w NN1>package<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NP0>EC <w NN1>financing<c PUN>, <w VVD>opened <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NN1>enlargement<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w PRP>with <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden <w CJC>and <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w NP0>Norway <w AV0>soon <w PRP>after <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1370"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w NP0>Edinburgh <w VM0>would<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBI>be <w VVN>remembered <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w CJT>that <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w AVP>back <w AV0>together<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03H></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03H>
<s n="1371"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>problem<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maastricht
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1372"><w AV0>In order <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>problem<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>EC <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>approved <w PNI>one <w AV0>legally <w AJ0>binding<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>decision<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w AJ0-VVG>clarifying<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>declarations<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1373"><w DT0>These <w VVN>prompted <w AJ0>Danish <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Poul <w NP0>Schl&uuml;ter <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN2>requests <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>satisfied<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD-VVN>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>deal <w VVN-VVD>struck <w PRP>at <w NP0>Edinburgh<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1374"><w AJ0>Central <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Danish <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w NP0>Maastricht <w VBD>were <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AJC>greater <w NN1>subsidiarity<c PUN>, <w AVQ>whereby <w NN2>decisions <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>level<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>closest <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>citizen<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39158<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w AJC>greater <w NN1>transparency <w CJC>or <w NN1>openness <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1375"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>hoped <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>result <w PRP>in <w NP0>Denmark <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>April <w CJC>or <w AJ0>early <w NP0>May <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>subsequent <w NN1>completion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>ratification <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1376"><w NN1>Ratification <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EC <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>except <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VBD>was <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w CRD>end-1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>below<c PUR>&rsqb; <w CJC>and <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w NP0>Major<c PUN>, <w VVB>follow<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>heels<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Belgian <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w AT0>a <w NN1>deadline <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03J></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03J>
<s n="1378"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Delors <w NN1-VVB>package<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>financing
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1379"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>activities<c PUN>, <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Delors <w NN1>package<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w PRF>of <w NP0>Germany <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w AV0>currently <w VVD-VVN>contributed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>net <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>9,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1-VVB>budget <w AV0>annually <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN0>ECU <w UNC>1=US&dollar;1.24787 <w CJS>as <w PRP>at <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUR>) <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>solid <w NN1>compromise<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developed <w NN2>countries<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1380"><w NP0>EC <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>projected <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>from <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>66,800 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>to <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>84,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1997 <c PUL>(<w PRP>at <w CRD>1992 <w NN2>prices<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1381"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>national <w NN1>product <c PUL>(<w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w DT0>this <w VVD>represented <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>ceiling <w PRF>of <w CRD>1.2 <w NN0>per cent <c PUL>(<w CJS>although <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>expenditure <w VBD>was <w VVN>calculated <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w AV0>only <w AV0>around <w CRD>1.14 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>1.27 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>by <w CRD>1999<c PUN>.
<s n="1382"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w AJ0>original <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w NN1>proposal <w DTQ>which <w VVD>envisaged <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>to <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>87,500 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w CRD>1.37 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>GNP<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w CRD>1995 <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38785<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1383"><w AJ0>Central <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>compromise <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>southern<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>countries <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Spain <w VVD>argued <w PRP>with <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>vehemence <w CJC>and <w NN1>success<c PUN>.
<s n="1384"><w PRP>Under <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>structural <w NN2>funds <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>rise <w PRP>to <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>27,400 <w CRD>million <w AJ0-AV0>yearly <w PRP>by <w CRD>1999 <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>cohesion <w NN1>fund <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>formed <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1>funding <w PRF>of <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>2,600 <w CRD>million <w AJ0-AV0>yearly <w PRP>by <w CRD>1999<c PUN>.
<s n="1385"><w DT0>This <w NN1>fund <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>benefit <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>per capita <w NN1>income <w PRF>of <w AV0>less than <w CRD>90 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w NN1>average <c PUL>(<w AV0>i.e. <w NP0>Greece<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spain<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1386"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UK <w NN1>rebate <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>2,000 <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>budget <w NN2>contributions <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>unaffected<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03K></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03K>
<s n="1387"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1388"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>growth <w NN1>initiative<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>new <w NN1>lending <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Bank <c PUL>(<w NP0>EIB<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN2>projects <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Fund<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>direct <w NN1>money <w PRP>towards <w NN1>loan <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w PRP>rather than <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1389"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN2>sites <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1390"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>seats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>518 <w PRP>to <w CRD>567 <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN1>unification<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03L></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03L>
<s n="1391"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN2>declarations
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1392"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>policy <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NP0>EC <w NN2>leaders <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>independence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>.
<s n="1393"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w AJ0-VVN>allocated <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>50,000,000 <w PRP>for <w NN1>assistance <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1394"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w PNP>they <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>brutality<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>lies <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <w AV0>in particular <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>appalled <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>systematic <w NN1>detention <w CJC>and <w NN1>rape <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>women<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39240<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03M></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03M>
<s n="1395"><w NN2>Conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1396"><w NN2>Extracts <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>56-page <w NN2>conclusions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w VBB>are <w VVN>given <w AV0>below<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1397"><c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD-VVN>reached <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w AJ0>major <w NN2>issues<c PUN>: <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w VVN>raised <w PRP>by <w NP0>Denmark <w PRP>in the light of <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN2>guidelines <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN1>subsidiarity <w NN1>principle <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN1>transparency <w CJC>and <w NN1>openness <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>decision-making <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w NN1>Community <w NN1>action <w CJC>and <w NN2>policies <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>decade<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>iv<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>launching <w PRF>of <w NN1>enlargement <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>countries<c PUN>: <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>v<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRF>of <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w NN1>growth <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>combat <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1398"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annexed <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>declarations <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>exclusively <w PRP>to <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>existing <w CJC>or <w VVG-AJ0>acceding <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1399"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decision <w AJ0>concerned <w AJ0>Danish <w NN2>requests <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39205<c PUN>; <w CRD>39158<c PUR>&rsqb; <w PRP>for <w NN1>exemption <w PRP>from <w NN1>citizenship <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency<c PUN>, <w NN1>defence <w NN1>policy <w NN1>co-ordination<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>on <w NN1>justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>home <w NN2>affairs <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="1400"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>declarations <w AJ0>concerned <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>)<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>social <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w NN2>consumers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w NN1>distribution <w PRF>of <w NN1>income<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w NN1>defence<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w NN1>justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>home <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>.
<s n="1401"><w NP0>Denmark <w AV0>also <w VVD>made <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>on <w NN2>issues <w PRP>such as <w NN1>citizenship <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>at <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1402"><w PRP>On <w NN1>subsidiarity<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVG>reviewing<c PUR>&rsqb; <w AJ0>existing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in the light of <w AT0>the <w NN1>subsidiarity <w NN1>principle<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1403"><w AT0>An<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>institutional <w NN1>accord<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up <w AV0>jointly <w PRP>by <w NP0>EC <w NN2>institutions <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN2>procedures <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w CJS>when <w VVG>considering <w NP0>EC <w NN2-VVZ>measures<c PUN>.
<s n="1404"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w AJ0>sole <w NN1-AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w NN1>legislation <w VVD>remained <w AJ0>untouched<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1405"><w VVG>Addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w VVG>finding <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>definition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>subsidiarity<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>annex <w VVD>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVZ>contributes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>identities <w PRF>of <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w CJC>and <w VVZ>safeguards <w DPS>their <w NN2>powers<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w CJT>that<c PUQ>&quot; <w PNP>it <w VVZ>aims <w PRP>at <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Union <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken <w AV0>as <w AV0>closely <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>citizen<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1406"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>annex <w AJ0-VVD>listed <w NN2>examples <w PRF>of <w AJ0>existing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>dropped<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>dropped<c PUN>, <w PRP>in accordance with <w DT0>this <w NN1>principle<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>their <w NN1>number <w VBD>was <w AV0>much <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>71 <w NN2>measures <w VVN>suggested <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1407"><w PRP>On <w NN1>openness <w CJC>and <w NN1>transparency<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>proposals<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w AJ0>open <w NN1>debate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1408"><w CJS>When <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>vote <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w AJ0>rare <w NN1>event <w CJS>since <w PNP>they <w AV0>usually <w VVD>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>consensus<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>published<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1409"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>accession <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>agreed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>enlargement <w NN2>negotiations <w VM0>will <w VVI>start <w PRP>with <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sweden <w CJC>and <w NP0>Finland <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1410"><w DT0>Those <w PRP>with <w NP0>Norway <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission<w POS>'s <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>application <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>available<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1411"><c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>In <w VVG>preparing <w DPS>its <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>application<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commission <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVB>account <w AT0>the <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN2>authorities <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w NN1>referendum<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1412"><w PRP>On <w NP0>GATT <c PUL>(<w AJ0>General <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>on <w NN2>Tariffs <w CJC>and <w NN1>Trade<c PUR>) <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>reaffirmed <w DPS>its <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>at <w NP0>Birmingham <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0-AV0>early<c PUN>, <w AJ0>comprehensive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>agreement<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1413"><w PRP>On <w VVG>promoting <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annexed <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>provided <c PUL>(<w CRD>i<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN1>member <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>implement <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concerted <w NN1>way <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>measures<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>tailored <w PRP>to <w AJ0>national <w NN2>requirements<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>boost <w NN1>confidence <w CJC>and <w VVB>promote <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recovery<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>; <c PUL>(<w CRD>ii<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>EIB <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new<c PUN>, <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>lending <w NN1>facility <w PRF>of <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>5,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>&hellip; <w TO0>to <w VVI>accelerate <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>capital <w NN1>infrastructure <w NN2>projects<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <c PUL>(<w CRD>iii<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>as <w AV0>quickly <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>with <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>2,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1414"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>market <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>noted <w PRP>with <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>satisfaction <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>White <w NN1>Paper <w NN1>programme <w PRP>for <w VVG>creating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>market <w NN1>will <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>respects <w VBI>be <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1415"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>persons <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>note <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <c PUL>&lsqb;<w DT0>this<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AV0>completely <w VVN>assured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1416"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Council <w VVD>took <w NN1>note <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>co-ordination <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NN1>justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>home <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w VVG>expressing <w DPS>its <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>concern <w PRP>at<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>intensification <w PRF>of <w NN2>episodes <w PRF>of <w NN1>intolerance<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD>underlined <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>room <w PRP>for <w NN1>racism <w CJC>and <w NN1>xenophobia <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>today<w POS>'s <w NP0>Europe<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1417"><w AT0>A <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>principles <w VVG-AJ0>governing <w AJ0>external <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w NN1>migration <w NN1>policy<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>was <w VVN>annexed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1418"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VBD>were <w PRP>from <w CRD>1994 <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVN>allocated <w NN2>seats <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>: <w NP0>Belgium <w CRD>25 <c PUL>(<w AV0>currently <w CRD>24<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Denmark <w CRD>16 <c PUL>(<w CRD>16<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>France <w CRD>87 <c PUL>(<w CRD>81<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Germany <w CRD>99 <c PUL>(<w CRD>81<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Greece <w CRD>25 <c PUL>(<w CRD>24<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Ireland <w CRD>15 <c PUL>(<w CRD>15<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Italy <w CRD>87 <c PUL>(<w CRD>81<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Luxembourg <w CRD>6 <c PUL>(<w CRD>6<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Netherlands <w CRD>31 <c PUL>(<w CRD>25<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Portugal <w CRD>25 <c PUL>(<w CRD>24<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>Spain <w CRD>64 <c PUL>(<w CRD>60<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CRD>87 <c PUL>(<w CRD>81<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>567 <w NN2>seats <c PUL>(<w CRD>518 <w AV0>previously<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1419"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>seats <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>institutions <w VBD>were <w VVN>confirmed<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>the <w NN1>seat <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>bodies <w CJC>and <w NN2>departments <w VVB>set <w AVP>up <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up<c PUQ>&quot; <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>give<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>priority <w PRP>to <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w PNQ>who <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w AV0>at present <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w NN2>sites <w PRP>for <w NN1>Community <w NN2>institutions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03N></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03N>
<s n="1420"><w NN2>Ratifications <w PRF>of <w NP0>Maastricht
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1421"><w PRP>During <w NP0>December <w CRD>three <w AV0>more <w NP0>EC <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>completed <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>, <w VVG>leaving <w AV0>only <w NP0>Denmark <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w AV0>still <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1422"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Germany <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bundestag <c PUL>(<w AJC>lower <w NN1>house <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w VVD>gave <w DPS>its <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w PRP>by <w CRD>543 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>17 <w PRP>with <w CRD>eight <w NN2>abstentions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesrat <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w VDD>did <w AV0>so <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>Bundestag<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>reading <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39158<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1423"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Bundestag <w AV0>also <w VVD>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w VVG>obliging <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>respect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>vote <w PRP>in <w CRD>1996 <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w TO0>to <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>stage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>monetary <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w VVG>involving <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>currency<c PUN>.
<s n="1424"><w DT0>All <w AJ0>future <w NN2>transfers <w PRF>of <w NN1>sovereignty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>EC <w VM0>would <w VVI>require <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1425"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>unicameral <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AJ0>approved <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>by <w CRD>200 <w PRP>to <w CRD>21 <w NN2>votes<c PUN>.
<s n="1426"><w AJ0>Relevant <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>enfranchisement <w PRF>of <w NP0>EC <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>in <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1427"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Chamber <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>ratification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Treaty <w PRP>by <w NN1>acclamation <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w NP0>November <w NN1>approval <w PRP>by <w ORD>Second <w NN1>Chamber <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39205<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03P></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03P>
<s n="1428"><w NN1>Flotation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w NN0>krone
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1429"><w PRP>Against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN1>uncertainty <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN2>markets <w CJC>and <w AJ0>continuing <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>French <w NN1>franc <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1>realignment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w NN1>mechanism <c PUL>(<w UNC>ERM<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Norwegian <w AJ0>central <w NN1>bank <w VVD>floated <w AT0>the <w NN0>krone <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN2>markets <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>.
<s n="1430"><w AT0>The <w NN1>move <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>krone<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>pegged <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>currency <w NN1>unit <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>October <w CRD>1990 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37782<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>devalued <w PRP>by <w CRD>5 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
<s n="1431"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NN1>flotation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Finnish <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN2>currencies <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>November <w AV0>respectively <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39080-81<c PUN>; <w CRD>39206<c PUN>; <w CRD>39207<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1432"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1433"><w NP0>EFTA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1434"><w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>referendum <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w NP0>EEA <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>EC
</head>
<p>
<s n="1435"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>May <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJ0>19-member <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>EEA <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38931<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>embracing <w AT0>the <w CRD>12 <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w NN2>countries <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Area <c PUL>(<w NP0>EFTA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <w CJS>as <w VVN>intended <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
<s n="1436"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>referendum <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w PRP>against <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>dissuade <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>participants <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NP0>Liechtenstein<c PUR>) <w PRP>from <w VVG>proceeding<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w VVI>necessitate<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>technical<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>modifications <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>18-member <w NP0>EEA<c PUN>.
<s n="1437"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>upset <w AT0>the <w AJ0>substantive <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>cohesion <w NN1>fund<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w AJC>poorer <w NP0>EC <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w CRD>2 <w NN1>agreement <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>countries <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>2,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w NP0>Switzerland<w POS>'s <w NN1>share<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1438"><w NP0>EC <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>EEA <w VM0>should <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>without <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>expressing <w NN1-VVB>regret <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1439"><w AT0>The <w NP0>EFTA <w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN1>Council <w VVN-VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Geneva <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>conference<c PUQ>&quot; <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>target <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <w NN1>mid-1993 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>modified <w NP0>EEA <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>into <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="1440"><w NP0>Switzerland <w VVD>stood <w AVP>down <w PRP>from <w VVG>taking <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>rotating <w NP0>EFTA <w NN1>presidency <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w AVP>up <w AV0>instead <w AT0>the <w NN1>vice-presidency <c PUL>(<w PRP>in charge of <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>with <w ORD>third <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>presidency <w VVD-VVN>passed <w AV0>instead <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03R></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03R>
<s n="1441"><w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>referendum<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>vote
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1442"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w AV0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>the <w NP0>EEA<c PUN>.
<s n="1443"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>complex<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Eurolex<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>package <w PRF>of <w AJ0>necessary <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>changes <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>passed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w NN1>referendum <w VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1444"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>federal <w NN1>government <w AV0>strongly <w AJ0-VVN>favoured <w NN1>approval<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>required <w AV0>both <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overall <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVB-NN1>vote <w PRP-AVP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>cantons<c PUN>.
<s n="1445"><w AT0>The <w NN1>proposition <w VVN-VVD>failed <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>counts<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>.
<s n="1446"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w AV0>exceptionally <w AJ0>high <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>78.3 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>majority <w VBD>was <w CRD>23,000 <c PUL>(<w CRD>1,786,000 <w PRP>to <w CRD>1,763,000<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>50.3 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>to <w CRD>49.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1447"><w AT0>The <w NN2>cantons <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>split <w CRD>16<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>no<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVG>underlining <w AT0>the <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>linguistic <w NN1>divide <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue<c PUN>: <w DT0>all <w CRD>six <w NN1>majority <w NN1-AJ0>French-speaking <w NN2>cantons <w VVD>voted<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w NP0>Basel<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>majority <w AJ0>German-speaking <w NN2>cantons <w CJC>and <w NN2>half-cantons <w VVD>voted<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>no<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w PRP>including <w NP0>Z&uuml;rich<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>notwithstanding <w AT0>the <w AV0>relatively <w AJC>greater <w NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>EEA <w PRP>in <w AJ0>urban <w NN2>areas<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w NN1-AJ0>Italian-speaking <w NN1>Ticino<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1448"><w NN1>Economy <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Jean-Paul <w NP0>Delamuraz <w VVD>confirmed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Switzerland <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVG>withdrawing <w DPS>its <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w NP0>EC <w NN1>membership <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38930<c PUN>; <w CRD>39244<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03S></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03S>
<s n="1449"><w NP0>Liechtenstein <w NN1>referendum<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>vote
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1450"><w AT0>A <w NN1>referendum <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liechtenstein <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w VVD>produced <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w ITJ>yes<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>majority <w PRP>by <w CRD>6,722 <w NN2>votes <c PUL>(<w CRD>55.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w CRD>5,322 <c PUL>(<w CRD>44.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w NN1>turnout <w PRF>of <w CRD>87 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1451"><w NN1>Parliament <w VHD>had <w VVN>voted <w CRD>19 <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHD>had <w VVN>resisted <w AT0>the <w NN1>demand <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pro-EEA <w NN1>monarch<c PUN>, <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>Hans-Adam <w CRD>II<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN1>referendum <w VBB>be <w VVN>held <w PRP-CJS>before <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w VVN>influenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>result<c PUN>.
<s n="1452"><w NP0>Liechtenstein <w VM0>would <w AV0>now <w VVI>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>modification <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>Swiss <w NN1>neighbour<c PUN>; <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w CRD>1923 <w NN1>agreement <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w NN2>customs <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>join <w DT0>any <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Switzerland <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w AV0>also <w VVI>adhere<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03T></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03T>
<s n="1453"><w AJ0>Parliamentary <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NP0>EFTA <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>EP
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1454"><w AT0>No <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w AJ0-VVN>required <w NN1>ratification <w PRP>by <w NN1>referendum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>processes <w VBD>were <w VVN>completed<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>substantial <w NN2>majorities <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>:
</p>
<p>
<s n="1455"><w NP0>Austria<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1>Nationalrat <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>22 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bundesrat <c PUL>(<w AJ0>upper <w NN1>house<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>30 <w VVD-VVN>achieved <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w AJ0-VVG>governing <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Greens <w CJC>and <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>FP&Ouml; <w NN1-VVG>voting <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1456"><w NP0>Finland<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Eduskunta<c PUN>, <w VVG>voting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>26<c PUN>, <w VVD>exceeded <w AT0>the <w AJ0>required <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRP>with <w CRD>154 <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>, <w CRD>12 <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Finnish <w AJ0>Rural <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w NN2>Greens<c PUR>) <w PRP>against <w CJC>and <w CRD>32 <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1457"><w NP0>Iceland<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Althing<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>on <w NP0>Aug. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>voted <w PRP>in favour of <w NN1>ratification <c PUN>&mdash; <w VVG>requiring <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>12<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1458"><w NP0>Norway<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NP0>Storting<w POS>'s <w NN1>ratification <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>15-16 <w VVN>ended <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w CRD>130 <w PRP>to <w CRD>35<c PUN>, <w VVG>exceeding <w AT0>the <w CRD>three-quarters <w NN1>majority <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1459"><w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Riksdag <w NN1>debate <w CJC>and <w NN1>vote <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>18-19<c PUN>, <w VVG>requiring <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>majority <w PRP>for <w NN1>approval<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w AV0>overwhelmingly <w PRP>by <w CRD>308 <w PRP>to <w CRD>13 <c PUL>(<w DT0>former <w NN2>communists <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Left <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>V&auml;nsterpartiet<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1460"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Parliament <w VVN-VVD>voted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>28 <w PRP>by <w CRD>351 <w PRP>to <w CRD>16 <c PUL>(<w AV0>mainly <w NN2>Greens <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w NN2>communists<c PUR>) <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w NP0>EEA <w NN1>ratification<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03U></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03U>
<s n="1461"><w NP0>EFTA <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN2>agreements
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1462"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>initialled <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39025<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sept. <w CRD>17<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>designed <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w NN1>force <c PUL>(<w PRP>subject to <w NN1>ratification<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>EFTA<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>non-European <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1463"><w VVG>Developing <w DPS>its <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>fostering <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>communist <w NN2>countries <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w NP0>EFTA <w VVD>concluded <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>; <w VVD>signed <w AT0>a <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>with <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w VVD>took <w NN1-VVB>note <w CJT>that <w AV0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Slovak <w NN1>Republic <w VHD>had <w VVN>declared <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>apply <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interim <w NN1>basis <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1 <w AT0>the <w NP0>EFTA-Czechoslovakia <w AJ0>free <w NN1>trade <w NN1>agreement <w VVN-VVD>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>20 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38834<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1464"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Hungary <w VBD>was <w VVN>expected <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bulgaria <w VHD>had <w VVN>begun <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>23<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1465"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1466"><w NP0>GERMANY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1467"><w NN1-VVG>Banning <w PRF>of <w AJ0>far-right <w NN2>groups
</head>
<p>
<s n="1468"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VVD>continued <w DPS>its <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>racist <w NN2>killings <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>M&ouml;lln <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>caused <w NN1>outrage <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w AV0>abroad <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39208<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1469"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w AV0>also <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>changes <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w AT0>the <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w NN2>immigrants<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>foreigners<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1470"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>following <w NN2>groups <w VBD>were <w VVN>banned <w PRP>in <w NP0>December<c PUN>: <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>Alternative <c PUL>(<w UNC>DA<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>around <w CRD>350 <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJS>fastest-growing <w AJ0>far-right <w NN1>group<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nationalistic <w NN1-AJ0>Offensive <c PUL>(<w ITJ>NO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>around <w CRD>140 <w NN2>members <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bavaria <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saxony<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Alliance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>German <w NN2>Comrades<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>around <w CRD>60 <w NN2>members <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wilhelmshaven <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39208 <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>banning <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>Nationalist <w NN1>Front <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1471"><w DT0>Each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bans <w VBD>was <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>proscribed <w NN1>material<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>propaganda <w NN1>literature<c PUN>, <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w NN1>ammunition<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>seized <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>groups<w POS>' <w NN0>headquarters<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1472"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Rudolf <w NP0>Seiters <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Office <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Protection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Constitution <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>credentials <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Republicans<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>far-right <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1473"><w PRP>Unlike <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w NN2>groups <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>represented <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w VVB-NN1>state <w NN2>legislatures<c PUN>.
<s n="1474"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>platform <w VBD>was <w AV0>explicitly <w AJ0>anti-immigration<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VVD>denied <w DT0>any <w NN1>sympathy <w PRP>with <w NN2>neo-Nazis<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1475"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w VVD>began <w VVG>giving <w AJC>higher <w NN1>priority <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>investigating <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN2>foreigners<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w AJC>harsher <w NN2>sentences<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w NN1>term <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w NN2>months <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prominent <w AJ0>neo-Nazi <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thomas <w NP0>Dienel<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>longest <w NN1>sentence <w VVD-VVN>imposed <w AV0>thus <w AJ0-AV0>far <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>offence <w PRF>of <w VVG>inciting <w AJ0>racial <w NN1>hatred<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1476"><w VVG>Indicating <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1-VVB>backlash <w PRP>against <w NN1>racism <w CJC>and <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>violence<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w AJ0>large <w NN2>rallies <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <c PUL>&lsqb;<w AV0>ibid. <w PRP>for <w NP0>November <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>350,000 <w NN0>people <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>candlelight <w NN1>procession <w PRP>in <w NP0>Munich <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>demonstrations <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>scale <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Berlin<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frankfurt<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamburg <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w NN2>cities <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w CJC>and <w CRD>20<c PUN>.
<s n="1478"><w AJ0>Political <w CJC>and <w NN1>church <w NN2>groups <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>sports- <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>businesspeople <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>launched <w NN2>campaigns <w TO0>to <w VVI>express <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w NN2>foreigners <w CJC>and <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>to <w NN1>violence<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1479"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN1>violence <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Federal <w NP0>Chancellor <w NP0>Helmut <w NP0>Kohl <w VVD>said<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>The <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <w VM0>must <w VVI>remain <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>taboo <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
<s n="1480"><w DT0>Those <w PNQ>who <w VVB>break <w PNP>it <w VM0>must <w VVI>expect <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>force <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
<s n="1481"><w AJ0>Neo-Nazi <w NN2>attacks <w AV0>nevertheless <w VVN-VVD>continued <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>firebomb <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>hostels<c PUN>, <w NN2>beatings <w PRF>of <w NN2>foreigners <w CJC>and <w NN2>desecrations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>cemeteries<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03V></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03V>
<s n="1482"><w NN1>Asylum <w NN1>law <w NN2>developments
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1483"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>intense <w AJ0>political <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w CJS>whether <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w NP0>Germany<w POS>'s <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>asylum <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>allowed <w AT0>the <w NN1>influx <w PRF>of <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>migrants <w PRP>since <w CRD>1990<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>resolved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6 <w AVQ>when <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>amendment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38544-55<c PUN>; <w CRD>39066<c PUN>; <w CRD>39206<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN-AJ0>approved <c PUL>(<w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15<c PUR>) <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>SPD<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1484"><c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>For <w NP0>November <w NP0>SPD <w NN1>congress <w DTQ>which <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>tighten <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39208<c PUN>.<c PUR>&rsqb;
</p>
<p>
<s n="1485"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>, <w VVG>requiring <w AT0>a <w CRD>two-thirds <w NN1>majority <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>houses <w PRF>of <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>enacted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VVI>bring <w AJ0>German <w NN1>immigration <w CJC>and <w NN1>asylum <w NN2>provisions <w AV0>broadly <w PRP>in line with <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NP0>West <w AJ0>European <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1486"><w NN1>Immigration <w NN2>officials <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>empowered <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w NN1>entry <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>nationals <w VVN>deemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>migrants<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w NN1-VVG>processing <w PRF>of <w NN2>applications <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>speeded <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1487"><w AJ0>Considerable <w NN1>concern <w VVN-VVD>focused <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w PRP>on <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="1488"><w PRP>In <w NN1>future <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>immigrants <w VVG>arriving <w PRP>from <w VVG-AJ0>surrounding<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>safe<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>third <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w AV0>primarily <w NP0>Poland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w CJC>and <w NP0>Austria<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>turned <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="1489"><w PRP>As <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cross-party <w NN1-VVB>compromise <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>with <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w NN1>Republic <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>provide <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w AJ0>financial <w NN1-VVB>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>migrants<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03W></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03W>
<s n="1490"><w NN2-VVZ>Claims <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Russia
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1491"><w PRP>During <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>visit <w PRP>by <w NP0>Kohl <w PRP>to <w NP0>Moscow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14-15<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w TO0>to <w VVI>cancel <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>claims <w DT0>each <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>other<c PUN>.
<s n="1492"><w NP0>Germany <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>suspend <w DPS>its <w NN2>claims <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>payment <w PRF>of <w NN2>debts <w VVN>incurred <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>2000<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NN1>exchange <w NP0>Russia <w VVD>abandoned <w DT0>all <w NN2>claims <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0>military <w NN1>property <w CJC>and <w NN2>installations <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w NP0>East <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="1493"><w DT0>Most <w NN2>observers <w VVD>agreed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>German <w NN1>side <w VM0>would <w AV0>eventually <w VVI>write <w AVP>off <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN2>debts<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1494"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1495"><w NP0>UNITED <w NP0>KINGDOM
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1496"><w NN1-AJ0>Ruling <w PRP>on <w NN1>pit <w NN2>closures
</head>
<p>
<s n="1497"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>mining <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w VVD>ruled <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w CJS>as <w VVN>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>13 <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w CRD>31 <w NN2>pits <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39159<c PUR>&rsqb; <w VBD>was <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>unlawfully <w CJC>and <w AV0>irrationally<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVD-VVN>ignored <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRF>of <w NN2>mineworkers <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>consulted<c PUN>.
<s n="1498"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w AV0>also <w VVD>overturned <w AT0>an <w NP0>Oct. <w CRD>19 <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Heseltine<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Board <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade<c PUN>, <w VVN>taken <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>public <w NN1>outcry<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>postpone <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w CRD>21 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>pits <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w CRD>10 <w PRP>after <w CRD>30 <w NN2>days <w PRF>of <w NN1>consultation<c PUN>.
<s n="1499"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VVD>ordered <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VM0>should <w PRP>in respect of <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CRD>10 <w NN2>pits <w VVB>follow <w AT0>a <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>including <w DT0>some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>scrutiny<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03X></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03X>
<s n="1500"><w NN1>Separation <w PRF>of <w NN1>Prince <w CJC>and <w NN1>Princess <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wales
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1501"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>announced <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prince <w CJC>and <w NN1>Princess <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wales<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>married <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>31116<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>separate <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>divorce <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN2>positions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unaffected<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding<c PUN>:<c PUQ>&quot; <w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>reason <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <w NN1>Princess <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wales <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>crowned <w NN1>queen <w PRP>in <w AJ0>due <w NN1>course<c PUN>.<c PUQ>&quot;
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1502"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1503"><w NP0>FRANCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1504"><w NN1>Indictment <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fabius <w PRP>over <w AJ0>infected <w NN1>blood <w NN1>scandal
</head>
<p>
<s n="1505"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w ORD>first <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Laurent <w NP0>Fabius <w VVD-VVN>requested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN1>trial <w PRP>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>parliamentary <w AJ0>high <w NN1>court<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>HIV-infected <w NN1>blood <w NN1>scandal <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38544<c PUN>; <w CRD>38978<c PUN>; <w CRD>39161<c PUN>; <w UNC>R106<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1506"><w PNP>He <w VVD>faced <w NN2>accusations <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w CRD>1984-85<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRP>in <w NN1>blood <w NN2>transfusions <w PRF>of <w NN1>blood <w DTQ>which <w VVD>carried <w AT0>the <w NP0>HIV <w NN1>virus<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1507"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w VVD>voted <w AV0>almost <w AV0>unanimously <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <w NN1>motion <w CJT>that <w NP0>Fabius <w VM0>should <w VVI>stand <w NN1>trial<c PUN>, <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Georgina <w NP0>Dufoix<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PRP>for <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NP0>Edmond <w NP0>Herv&eacute;<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN2>charges <w PRP>including <w NN1>manslaughter<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1508"><w PRP>In <w NP0>November <w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w VHD>had <w VVN>proposed <w AT0>the <w NN1>convening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>body <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>try <w NN2>politicians <w PRP>for <w NN2>offences <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="1509"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Senate <w AV0>initially <w VVN>voted<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NP0-NN1>Dufoix <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Herv&eacute; <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w NP0-NN1>Fabius <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
<s n="1510"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>Socialists <w VHD>had <w VVN>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>draft<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>indict <w NP0-NN1>Herv&eacute; <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>Dufoix <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w NP0-NN1>Fabius <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>blocked <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>Socialists <w VVD>changed <w DPS>their <w NN2>minds <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>stood<c PUN>.
<s n="1511"><w AV0>Later <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Fabius <w VVD>requested <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w TO0>to <w VVI>convene <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>session <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>indictment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w PNX>himself <w VM0>would <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="1512"><w VVG-NN1>Voting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19 <w VBD>was <w PRP>by <w CRD>518 <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Senate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w PRP>by <w CRD>281 <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>abstentions<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA03Y></p>
<caption id=HLTCA03Y>
<s n="1513"><w NN1>Reappointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tapie
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1514"><w NP0>Bernard <w NP0>Tapie <w VBD>was <w VVN>reappointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24 <w PRP>as <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w NN2>Towns<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>misappropriation <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w CJC>and <w AJ0>false <w NN1>accounting <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38928<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1515"><w AJ0>Gaullist <w NN1>deputy <w NP0>Georges <w NP0>Tranchant<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w DT0>former <w NN1>business <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w VVD>withdrew <w AT0>the <w NN2>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VBD>was <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>December<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA040></p>
<caption id=HLTCA040>
<s n="1516"><w NN2>Police <w NN1-VVG>shooting <w PRF>of <w NN1>Moroccan
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1517"><w AT0>A <w NN1>policeman <w VBD>was <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>manslaughter <w VVG>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>in <w NP0>B&eacute;ziers <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Moroccan <w NN1>teenager <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrest <w PRP>for <w VVG>stealing <w AT0>a <w NN1>car<c PUN>.
<s n="1518"><w AT0>The <w NN1>shooting <w VVD>provoked <w AT0>a <w NN1>night <w PRF>of <w NN1>rioting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1519"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1520"><w NP0>ITALY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1521"><w NN2>Setbacks <w PRP>for <w AJ0>major <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AJ0>local <w NN2>elections
</head>
<p>
<s n="1522"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>municipal <w NN2>elections <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w CRD>55 <w NN2>communes <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w NP0>La <w NP0>Spezia <c PUL>(<w NP0>Liguria<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14-15 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>federalist <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>League <w VVD>rose <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AJ0>northern <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>expense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Christian <w AJ0>Democratic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>support <w VBD>was <w VVN>halved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>.
<s n="1523"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Varese <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>League <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Umberto <w NP0>Bossi<c PUR>) <w PNP>it <w VVD>won <w CRD>37 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w CRD>27 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>April <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Monza <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>20 <w PRP>to <w CRD>32 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1524"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>south <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neo-fascist <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>MSI<c PUR>) <w VVD>trebled <w DPS>its <w NN1>vote <w PRP>to <w CRD>17 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w NP0>Reggio <w NP0>Calabria <w CJC>and <w VVD>became <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w POS>'s <w AJ0>second-largest <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>anti-Mafia <w NN1>Network <c PUL>(<w NP0>La <w NP0>Rete<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>took <w CRD>8.2 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Left <c PUL>(<w NP0>PDS <c PUN>&mdash; <w AV0>formerly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hardline <w AJ0>Marxist <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Refoundation <w NN1>Party <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1525"><w AV0>Overall<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>1992 <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>DC <w VVD>dropped <w PRP>by <w CRD>4.8 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Socialists <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.6 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>PDS <w PRP>by <w CRD>1.9 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>League <w VVD>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.4 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>, <w NP0>La <w NP0>Rete <w PRP>by <w CRD>2.7 <w NN0>per cent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>MSI <w PRP>by <w CRD>1.7 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA041></p>
<caption id=HLTCA041>
<s n="1526"><w AJ0>Official <w NN1>investigation <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Craxi
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1527"><w AT0>The <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>socialists <c PUL>(<w NN1>PSI<c PUR>) <w NP0-NN1>Bettino <w NP0-NN1>Craxi <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cautionary <w NN1>warrant <w VVG>advising <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>under <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>by <w NP0>Milan <w NN2>magistrates <w PRP>for <w CRD>40 <w NN2>instances <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1>money <w AV0>illegally <w PRP>since <w CRD>1985 <w PRP>in <w NN1>violation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>on <w NN1>party <w NN2>finances<c PUN>.
<s n="1528"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Urban <w NN2>Affairs<c PUN>, <w NP0>Carmelo <w NP0>Conte<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Socialist<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>warrant<c PUN>.
<s n="1529"><w NN2>Craxi <w AV0>vehemently <w VVD-VVN>denied <w AT0>the <w NN2>allegations <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w NN1>executive <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>.
<s n="1530"><w AT0>The <w NN1>executive <w VVD>deferred <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w NP0>Craxi<w POS>'s <w NN1>future <w PRP>until <w NP0>mid-January<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1531"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>70 <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>politicians <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>corruption <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>February <w CRD>1992 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>corruption <w NN1>investigation <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38896<c PUN>; <w CRD>39025<c PUN>; <w CRD>39162<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1532"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>sentencing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>affair<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mario <w NP0>Chiesa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <c PUL>(<w AJ0-NN1>Socialist<c PUR>) <w NN1>administrator <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Milan <w AJ0>old <w NN0>people<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>home<c PUN>, <w VVD>received <w CRD>six <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>29 <w PRP>for <w VVG>embezzling <w ZZ0>L <w CRD>6,000 <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>party <w NN2>funds<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1533"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chamber <w PRF>of <w NN2>Deputies <w VVD-VVN>voted <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>immunity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<w POS>'s <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>secretary-general <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Gianni <w NP0>De <w NP0-NN1>Michelis <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NP0>Venice <w NN2>magistrates <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN1>corruption <w NN2-VVZ>charges <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA042></p>
<caption id=HLTCA042>
<s n="1534"><w NN1-VVB>Vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Budget <w NN2-VVZ>cuts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1535"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w VVD-VVN>won <w PRP>by <w CRD>309 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>256 <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>abstention <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w PRP>on <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>.
<s n="1536"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w NN1>parliament <w AJ0-VVD>approved <w NN1>budget <w NN2>cuts <w PRF>of <w PRP>about <w ZZ0>L <w CRD>93,000,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;6,600 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBG>being <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w CRD>1 <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>cut <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>discount <w NN1>rate <w PRP>to <w CRD>12 <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA043></p>
<caption id=HLTCA043>
<s n="1537"><w AJ0>New <w NP0>Palermo <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>prosecutor
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1538"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w NP0>Giancarlo <w NP0-NN1>Caselli <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>prosecutor <w PRF>of <w NP0>Palermo <c PUN>&mdash; <c PUL>(<w NP0>Sicily<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>succession <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paolo <w NP0-NN1>Borsellino <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>on <w NP0>July <w CRD>19 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39024<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1539"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1540"><w NP0>GREECE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1541"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>Cabinet
</head>
<p>
<s n="1542"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Constantine <w NP0>Mitsotakis<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>faced <w NN1-VVB>dissent <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>his <w NN1>austerity <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>stance <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Macedonia <w NN1-VVB>issue<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>dismissed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>Cabinet<c PUN>.
<s n="1543"><w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Sotiris <w NP0>Hatzikakis <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="1544"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Cabinet <w VBD>was <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>.
 <ptr target=HLTCA044><s n="1545"><w NP0>Constantine <w NP0>Mitsotakis <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Aegean <w NP0>Tzannis <w NP0>Tzannetakis <w NN1>Deputy <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andreas <w NP0>Andrianopoulos <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NN1>Government <w NN1>Spokesman <w NP0>Sotiris <w NP0>Kouvelas <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister
</p>
<caption id=HLTCA044>
<s n="1546"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>Cabinet
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1547"><w UNC>**Ioannis <w NP0-NN1>Varvitsiotis <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NP0-NN1>Michalis <w NP0-NN1>Papaconstantinou <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs
</p>
<p>
<s n="1548"><w UNC>*Ioannis <w NN1-NP0>Kefaloyiannis <w NN1>Interior
</p>
<p>
<s n="1549"><w UNC>**Anna <w AJ0-NN1>Psarouda-Benaki <w NN1-NP0>Justice <w NP0>Stefanos <w NP0>Manos <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Economy<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Finance
</p>
<p>
<s n="1550"><w UNC>*Vassilis <w NN2>Kontoyiannopoulos <w NN1>Industry <w CJC>and <w NN1>Commerce
</p>
<p>
<s n="1551"><w UNC>*Christos <w NP0>Koskinos <w NN1>Agriculture
</p>
<p>
<s n="1552"><w UNC>*Dora <w NN1-NP0>Bakoyiannis <w NN1>Culture <w NP0>Aristidis <w NP0>Kalantzakos <w AJ0>Labour <w NP0>Giorgios <w NN2>Souflias <w NN1>Education <w CJC>and <w NN1>Religion
</p>
<p>
<s n="1553"><w UNC>*Dimitris <w NN2>Sioufas <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Welfare <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Security
</p>
<p>
<s n="1554"><w UNC>**Nikolaos <w NP0-NN1>Gelestathis <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN1>Order <w NP0>Achilleas <w NN1-NP0>Karamanlis <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>, <w NN1>Town <w NN1-VVG>Planning <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Public <w NN0>Works
</p>
<p>
<s n="1555"><w UNC>**Theodore <w NN2>Anagnostopoulos <w NN1-VVB>Transport <w CJC>and <w NN2>Communications <w NP0>Panayiotis <w NP0>Hatzinikolaou <w NP0>Macedonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thrace
</p>
<p>
<s n="1556"><w UNC>*Alexandros <w NN2>Papadongonas <w NN1>Merchant <w NN1>Navy
</p>
<p>
<s n="1557"><w UNC>*New <w NN1>appointment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1558"><w UNC>**Changed <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA045></p>
<caption id=HLTCA045>
<s n="1559"><w NN2>Attacks <w PRP>by <w NP0>November <w CRD>17 <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Approval <w PRF>of <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1560"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>New <w NN1>Democracy <w NN1>deputy <w VBD>was <w VVN>shot <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>leg <w PRP>in <w NP0>Athens <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-wing <w NP0>November <w CRD>17 <w NN1>organization <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w NN1>corruption <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>privatization <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1561"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>his <w NN1>absence <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Vouli <c PUL>(<w NN1>parliament<c PUR>) <w DTQ>which <w VVD>deprived <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>one-seat <w NN1>majority<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>austerity <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>23 <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Panhellenic <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Movement <c PUL>(<w NP0>Pasok<c PUR>) <w VVD>withdrew <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1562"><w NP0>November <w CRD>17 <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>held <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w NN1>office <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>30 <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVG>coinciding <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>presentation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w PRP>in <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="1563"><w NP0>Giorgos <w NP0>Balafas<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sought <w PRP>for <w CRD>seven <w NN2>years <w PRP>in connection with <w NN2>crimes <w VVN>committed <w PRP>by <w NP0>November <w CRD>17 <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w AJ0>urban <w NN1>guerrilla <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Anti-State <w NN1>Struggle<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1564"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1565"><w NP0-NN1>TURKEY
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1566"><w VVB>Split <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>ANAP <w NN1>party
</head>
<p>
<s n="1567"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>70 <w NN2>deputies <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1-2 <w VVD>defected <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>opposition <w NN1>Motherland <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>ANAP<c PUN>, <w VVN>founded <w PRP>by <w NP0>President <w NP0>Turgut <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w NN1>opposition <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NP0>October <w CRD>1991 <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>elections<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1568"><w PNP>They <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>party <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>grip <w PRF>of <w AJ0>militant <w AJ0>right-wing <w NN2>extremists<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>proposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>party <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1569"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>&Ouml;zal<w POS>'s <w AJ0>renewed <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NN1>party <w NN1>politics <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>issue <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>ANAP <w NN1>congress <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>16 <w NN2>defections <w VVG>occurring <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>unseat <w NN1>party <w NN1>leader <w NP0-NN1>Mesut <w NP0>Yilmaz <w CJC>and <w VVB>replace <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>conservative <w NN1-NP0>Ahmet <w NN1-NP0>Kececiler<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1570"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>majority <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>year <w PRP>from <w AV0>over <w CRD>40 <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w AJ0-VVG>following <w NN2>defections <w PRP>from <w AJ0>various <w NN1>coalition <w NN2>parties<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA046></p>
<caption id=HLTCA046>
<s n="1571"><w VVB-NN1>Bomb <w NN2>attacks
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1572"><w CRD>One <w NN1>person <w VBD>was <w VVN>killed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>attack <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>left-wing <w AJ0>Revolutionary <w NN1>Left <w DTQ>which <w VVD>sank <w AT0>a <w AJ0>luxury <w NN1>yacht <w VVN-VVD>anchored <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul<c PUN>.
<s n="1573"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Fran&ccedil;ois <w NP0>Mitterrand <w PRF>of <w NP0>France <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>on board <w AT0>the <w NN1>yacht <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>previously <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
<s n="1574"><w AV0>Earlier<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>policemen <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>25 <w NN0>people <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>coach <w PRP>in <w NP0>Antalya<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w CRD>two <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>HEP<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>assassinated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1575"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1576"><w AJ0>BLACK <w NN1>SEA <w NN2-VVZ>STATES
</head>
<p>
<s n="1577"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>11 <w AJ0>participating <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Sea <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>BSEC<c PUR>) <w VVD>met <w PRP>in <w NP0>Antalya <c PUL>(<w NP0>Turkey<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6-10<c PUN>.
<s n="1578"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>to <w NP0>Poland <w CJC>and <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>business <w NN1>council<c PUN>.
<s n="1579"><w NP0>Jacques <w NP0>Attali<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Bank <w PRP>for <w NN1>Reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>EBRD<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w NN1>funding <w PRP>worth <w NN0>ECU <w CRD>3,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w UNC>US&dollar;3,750 <w CRD>million<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>BSEC <w NN2>projects<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1580"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1581"><w NP0>CYPRUS
</head>
<p>
<s n="1582"><w NP0>Canada <w VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>begin <w VVG>withdrawing <w PRP>on <w NP0>June <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>contingent <w PRF>of <w CRD>575 <w NN2>troops <w VVG>serving <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cyprus <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNFICYP <c PUN>&mdash; <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Canadian <w NN1>element <w PRP>since <w DPS>its <w NN1>establishment <w PRP>in <w CRD>1964<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>341-member <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>contingent <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1583"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1584"><w NP0>LATVIA
</head>
<p>
<s n="1585"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w NP0>Sergei <w NP0>Parfyonov<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>deputy <w NN1>commander <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riga <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Soviet <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN2>troops<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>OMON<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Latvian <w NN1>court <w PRP>to <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>imprisonment <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>corrective <w NN1>labour <w NN1>camp <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>exceeding <w DPS>his <w NN1>authority<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>during <w NN2>events <w PRP>in <w NP0>Riga <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>37945<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1586"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1587"><w NP0>PORTUGAL
</head>
<p>
<s n="1588"><w NP0>Alvaro <w NP0>Cunhal<c PUN>, <w CRD>79<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>resigned <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w PRP>after <w CRD>32 <w NN2>years <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>secretary-general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Portuguese <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>party<w POS>'s <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>national <w NN1>council<c PUN>; <w NP0>Carlos <w NP0>Carvalhas <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>as <w DPS>his <w NN1>successor<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1589"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1590"><w NP0>SAN <w NP0>MARINO
</head>
<p>
<s n="1591"><w NN1>Erratum<c PUN>: <w AT0>The <w NN1>minority <w NN1>party <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coalition <w VVN-VVD>formed <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NP0>San <w NP0>Marino <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NN2>PSS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NP0>San <w NP0>Marino <w AJ0>Social <w AJ0>Democratic <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w NP0>PSDS<c PUR>) <w CJS>as <w VVN>given <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38824<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1592"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1593"><w NP0>SPAIN
</head>
<p>
<s n="1594"><w NP0>Laureano <w NP0>Ortega<c PUN>, <w NN1>leader <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w AJ0>left-wing <w NP0>October <w CRD>1 <w AJ0>Anti-Fascist <w NN1>Resistance <w NN1>Group <c PUL>(<w NP0>GRAPO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>rearrested <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Santander <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>after <w VVG>escaping <w PRP>from <w NP0>Granada <w NN1>prison <w PRP>during <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1595"><w NP0>EUROPE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1596"><w NP0>SWITZERLAND
</head>
<p>
<s n="1597"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Assembly <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bundesversammlung<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w VVD-AJ0>elected <w NP0>Adolf <w NP0-NN1>Ogi <w CJC>and <w NP0>Otto <w NP0>Stich <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>President <w CJC>and <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w AV0>respectively <c PUL>(<w NP0>Ogi <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>Vice-President <w PRP>for <w CRD>1992<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1598"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1599"><w NP0>IRAQ
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1600"><w NN1>Shooting-down <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>MiG <w PRP>by <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft
</head>
<p>
<s n="1601"><w NP0>US <w NN1>F-16 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w VVD-VVN>shot <w AVP>down <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iraqi <w CRD>MiG-25 <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>27 <w PRP>within <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>no-fly <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>32nd <w NN1>parallel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1602"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>plane <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>parallel <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w VHD>had <w VVN>flown <w NN1>north <w CJS>when <w VVN>challenged<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w CRD>two <c PUL>(<w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVD>escaped<c PUR>) <w VHD>had <w VVN>turned <w TO0>to <w VVI>confront <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN2>fighters<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w NP0>US <w NN2>officials <w VVD-VVN>considered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deliberate <w NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>test <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolve <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>allies <c PUN>&mdash; <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w NP0>France <c PUN>&mdash; <w PRP>in <w VVG>policing <w AT0>the<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>no-fly <w NN1>zone<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN-VVD>established <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39068-69<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1603"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN0>aircraft <w NN1>carrier <w NP0>Kitty <w NP0>Hawk <w VBD>was <w VVN>redeployed <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Somali <w AJ0>coastal <w NN2>waters <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1604"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>government <w VVD>announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>this <w NN1>aggression<c PUN>&hellip; <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>manner <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>time<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1605"><w CRD>Two <w DT0>more <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>fighters <w VVG>crossing <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>zone <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>28 <w VBD>were <w VVN>chased <w NN1>north <w PRP>without <w NN1>damage<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA047></p>
<caption id=HLTCA047>
<s n="1606"><w NP0>UN <w NN2>chemicals <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>inspection
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1607"><w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>, <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <w NN1>expert <w NP0>Johan <w NP0>Santesson<c PUN>, <w VVD>left <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>10-day <w NN1>visit<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w NP0-NN1>Santesson <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>weapons-related <w NN1>material <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w CJC>but <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>side <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w CRD>1980-88 <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w NP0>Iran<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1609"><w NP0-NN1>Santesson <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>comment <w PRP>on <w NN1>press <w VVZ>reports <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1610"><w NP0>Rahid <w NP0>Amer<c PUN>, <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>Military <w NN2>Industries <w NN1-VVB>Commission<c PUN>, <w NP0>Amer <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w NN2>threats <w PRP>against <w NP0>UN <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>national <w VVG-AJ0>co-operating <w PRP>with <w NP0>UN <w NN1>inspection <w NN2>teams<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1611"><w NP0>UN <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1>expert <w NP0>Maurizio <w NP0-NN1>Zeffirero <w VVD>declared <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>an <w NN1>inspection <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>to <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>willingness <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>regarding <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>suppliers <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN2>weapons <w NN1-VVB>programme<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA048></p>
<caption id=HLTCA048>
<s n="1612"><w NN1>Murder <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>scientist
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1613"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Jordanian <w NN2>authorities <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>two <w NN2>Iraqis <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amman <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Iraqi <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>scientist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Muayad <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Naji <w NP0-NN1>Janabi<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1614"><w NN2>Janabi <w VVD-VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>job <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Military <w NN1>Industrialization <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN1>vacation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jordan<c PUN>.
<s n="1615"><w VHG>Having <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>failed <w PRP>in <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>obtain <w AJ0>political <w NN1>asylum <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w NP0>UK<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>accepted <w AT0>a <w NN1>teaching <w NN1>post <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>institute <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA049></p>
<caption id=HLTCA049>
<s n="1616"><w NN1>Failure <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>coup <w CJC>and <w NN1>assassination <w NN2>attempts
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1617"><w AT0>A <w NN1>statement <w VVN-VVD>issued <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w NN1>bureau <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Assembly <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Revolution <w PRP>in <w NP0>Iraq <c PUL>(<w NP0-NN1>SAIRI<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w VVD>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>officers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Republican <w NN1>Guard <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>executed <w PRP>following <w AT0>an <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>coup<c PUN>.
<s n="1618"><w NN2>Orders <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>arrest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>officers <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>escaped<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1619"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Hamzah <w NP0>al-Zubaydi <w VVD>escaped <w AT0>an <w NN1>assassination <w NN1-VVB>attempt <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nasiriya <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>several <w NN1>security <w NN2>guards <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04A></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04A>
<s n="1620"><w NN1>Inauguration <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>River
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1621"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>River <w CJC>or <w NP0>Third <w NP0>River<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>565-km <w NN1>canal <w VVG-NN1>running <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tigris <w CJC>and <w NP0>Euphrates <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mahmudiya <w NN1>south <w PRF>of <w NP0>Baghdad <w PRP>to <w NP0>Qurnah<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>officially <w VVN>inaugurated <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1622"><w DPS>Its <w AJ0>main <w NN1>purpose <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w AJ0>saline <w NN1>water <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eventual <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>1,500,000 <w NN2>hectares <w PRF>of <w NN1>land<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>300,000 <w NN2>hectares <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reclaimed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1623"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>claimed <w PRP>by <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w AJ0>true <w NN1>purpose <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>drain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>marshes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>refuge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Shia <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>.
<s n="1624"><w NN1>Drainage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>marshes <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proven <w NN1>oil <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w CRD>one-third <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s <w AJ0>total <w NN1>oil <w NN2>reserves<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w CRD>2,500,000 <w CRD>million <w NN2>barrels <w PRP>per <w NN1>day <c PUL>(<w NN0>bpd<c PUR>) <w PRP>to <w NN1>production<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04B></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04B>
<s n="1625"><w VVB-NN1>Ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imported <w NN2>goods <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1626"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVD>banned <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AJ0>imported <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>goods<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>cheese<c PUN>, <w NN2>cigarettes<c PUN>, <w AJ0>canned <w NN2>vegetables<c PUN>, <w AJ0>frozen <w NN1>chicken<c PUN>, <w NN1>furniture<c PUN>, <w AJ0>electrical <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christmas <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1627"><w NN2>Traders <w VBD>were <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>store <w AJ0>unsold <w NN2>items <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Ministry <w VVD-VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w PNP>them <w PRP>at <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN2>prices<c PUN>.
<s n="1628"><w AT0>The <w NN1>aim <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>measure <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>stem <w AT0>the <w NN1>outflow <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>currency <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN1>profiteering<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1629"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1993 <w NN1>budget <w VBD>was <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Ministers <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>19<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w VVN>broadcast<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1630"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1631"><w NP0>IRAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1632"><w AJ0>Human <w NN2>rights <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Divorce <w NN1>law
</head>
<p>
<s n="1633"><w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>officials <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Humanitarian <w NN2>Issues <w VVN-VVD>adopted <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>condemning <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>for <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="1634"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Justice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Supreme <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ayatollah <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Yazdi<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>unprincipled <w CJC>and <w AJ0>biased<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1635"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w VHD>had <w VVN>alleged <w NN1>torture <w PRF>of <w NN2>prisoners<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>rigging <w PRF>of <w NN2>trials<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>excessive <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty<c PUN>.
<s n="1636"><w PNP>It <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VHD>had <w VVN>executed <w CRD>224 <w NN0>people <w PRP>between <w NP0>January <w CJC>and <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992<c PUN>, <w AV0>at least <w CRD>66 <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>at least <w CRD>199 <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w NN1-AJ0>Baha'i <w NN1>community <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>during<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>systematic<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>persecution <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>sect<c PUN>.
<s n="1637"><w NP0>Yazdi <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>quoted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Iran <w VM0>would <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AJ0>Islamic-based <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>death <w NN1>penalty<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1638"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>also <w VVD>described <w NN1>repression <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>barred <w PRP>from <w CRD>19 <w PRF>of <w CRD>169 <w NN2>fields <w PRF>of <w NN1>university <w NN1>study<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>89 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>women <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AJ0>illiterate<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1639"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>divorce <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w AJ0>unprecedented <w NN2>rights <w PRP>to <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w VVG>allowing <w NN2>divorcees <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts <w PRP>for <w NN1>housework <w DTQ>which <w NN2>husbands <w VHD>had <w VVN>ordered <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>marriage<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04C></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04C>
<s n="1640"><w VVB-NN1>Draft <w NN1>budget
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1641"><w NP0>Iran<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>270-member <w NN1>legislature<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Majlis <w NP0>ash-Shoura<c PUN>, <w VVD>began <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>on <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hashemi <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Akbar <w NP0>Rafsanjani<w POS>'s <w NN1>draft <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>year <w VVG-NN1>starting <w PRP>on <w NP0>March <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1642"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w VHD>had <w VVN>received <w NN1>Cabinet <w NN1>approval <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7<c PUN>.
<s n="1643"><w AJ0>Full <w NN2>details <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>available <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>budget <w PRP>despite <w AT0>a <w NN1>doubling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>general <w NN1>government <w NN1>expenditure <w PRP>to <w ZZ0>R <w CRD>24,000,000 <w CRD>million <c PUL>(<w PRP>about <w UNC>US&dollar;16,500 <w CRD>million <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>floating <w NN1>rate<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1644"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draft <w VVD>contained <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>component <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>for <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>imports<c PUN>.
<s n="1645"><w AT0>The <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>reportedly <w VVD>provided <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>devaluation<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>denominated <w PRP>in <w NN2>rials<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1646"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1647"><w NP0-NN1>GULF <w NN1>CO-OPERATION <w NN1>COUNCIL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1648"><w NN1>Summit <w NN1>conference
</head>
<p>
<s n="1649"><w AT0>The <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CRD>six <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <c PUL>(<w NP0>Bahrain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates <c PUL>(<w NP0>UAE<c PUR>)<c PUR>) <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w ORD>13th <w NN1>summit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>GCC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Abu <w NP0>Dhabi<c PUN>, <w NP0>UAE<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22-23<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1650"><w AV0>Apparently <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>border <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39165<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w VHD>had <w VVN>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>the <w NP0>November <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>affairs <w NN2>ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>GCC <w NN2-VVZ>states <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39214<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1651"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Amir <w PRF>of <w NP0>Qatar<w POS>'s <w NN1>attendance <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>December <w NN1>summit<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>interpreted <w PRP>by <w NN2>observers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>Arab <w VVZ-NN2>states <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AT0>a <w AJ0>united <w NN1>front <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AJ0>supposed <w AJ0>Iranian <w NN1>expansionism <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39116<c PUN>; <w CRD>39165<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1652"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1653"><w NP0>KUWAIT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1654"><w NN1>Scandal <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>missing <w NN1>KIO <w NN2>funds
</head>
<p>
<s n="1655"><w NP0>Grupo <w NP0>Torras<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>investment <w NN1>subsidiary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>London-based <w NP0>Kuwait <w NN1>Investment <w NN1>Office <c PUL>(<w NP0>KIO<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>filed <w PRP>for <w NN1>receivership <w PRP>in <w NP0>Madrid <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w NN2>losses <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain <w VM0>might <w VVI>total <w AV0>approximately <w UNC>US&dollar;4,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>between <w CRD>1986 <w CJC>and <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1656"><w NN2>Reports <w VVD-VVN>stated <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>collapse <w VVD>meant <w AT0>the <w AJ0>prospective <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w CRD>35,000 <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>,
</p>
<p>
<s n="1657"><w EX0>There <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w NN1>profit <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kuwait<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN0>&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>KIO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>worldwide <w NN2>losses <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>estimated <w PRP>at <w NN0>&dollar;5,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>in <w CRD>1992<c PUN>.
<s n="1658"><w PRP>According to <w AT0>the <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29 <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>KIO<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>managed <w AT0>an <w NN1>investment <w NN1>portfolio <w PRF>of <w NN0>&dollar;100,000 <w CRD>million <w PRP>from <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen<c PUQ>&quot; <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Future <w NN2>Generations<c PUN>&hellip; <w VVD>used <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AJ0>bad <w NN2>investments <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gulf <w NN1>War <w NN2>expenses<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1659"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>KIO <w VHD>had <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>inject <w AJ0>new <w NN2>funds <w PRP>into <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>major <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN2>companies <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Grupo <w NP0>Torras <w NN1-VVB>collapse<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Torras-owned <w NN1>property <w NN1>group <w NP0-NN1>Prima <w VVD>filed <w PRP>for <w NN1>receivership<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1660"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1661"><w NP0>BAHRAIN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1662"><w NN1>Announcement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>limited <w AJ0>political <w NN1>reform
</head>
<p>
<s n="1663"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Amir<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Isa <w VVB-NN1>bin <w NP0>Sulman <w NP0>al-Khalifa<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bahrain<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>appoint <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consultative <w NN1>council <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>elite <w CJC>and <w AJ0>loyal <w NN2>men<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39164<c PUR>&rsqb; <w TO0>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVI>contribute <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>giving <w NN1>advice <w CJC>and <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>, <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>tradition <w PRF>of <w NN1>consultation<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1664"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVN>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>named <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="1665"><w NP0>Bahrain <w AV0>previously <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elected <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>assembly<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>dissolved <w PRP>in <w CRD>1975 <w PRP>after <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>26340<c PUN>; <w CRD>27364<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1666"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1667"><w NP0>YEMEN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1668"><w NN2>Riots <w PRP>over <w AJ0>high <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>living
</head>
<p>
<s n="1669"><w NN1>Rioting <w VVD>erupted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sana'a <c PUL>(<w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Taiz <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hodeida <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w CJC>and <w CRD>10<c PUN>, <w VVG>spreading <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aden <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>centres <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1670"><w AT0>The <w NN2>riots <w VVD>followed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>escalation <w PRP>in <w NN1>consumer <w NN2>prices <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reported <w CRD>80 <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w DT0>several <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="1671"><w NN1>Inflation <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>estimated <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG-AJ0>running <w PRP>at <w CRD>100 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Yemen<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>difficulties <w VHD>had <w AV0>reportedly <w VBN>been <w VVN>exacerbated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1-NP0>Gulf <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>support <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>pro-Iraq <w NN1>stance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War<c PUN>.
<s n="1672"><w NN1-AJ0>Interior <w CJC>and <w NN1>Security <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Ghalib <w NP0>Motahar <w NP0>al-Qomesh <w VVD>told <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>15 <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w CRD>98 <w AJ0>injured <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>661 <w NN2>arrests <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="1673"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>estimates <w PRF>of <w NN2>casualties <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>much <w AJC>higher<c PUN>.
<s n="1674"><w NN1>Security <w NN2>forces <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>fired <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>demonstrators <w AV0>apparently <w VVN>bent <w PRP>on <w VVG>storming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>official <w NN1>residence <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Abdullah <w NP0-NN1>Saleh <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sana'a <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1675"><w AT0>A <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w NN2>shaikhs <w VVG>representing <w NP0>Yemen<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>highly <w AJ0-VVN>armed <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>leaders <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>tribes <w VM0>would <w VVI>intervene <w CJS>unless <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>restored<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1676"><w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Haider <w NP0>Abu <w NP0-NN1>Bakr <w NN2>al-Attas <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>resigned<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>later <w VVN-VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>President <w VHD>had <w VVN>rejected <w AT0>the <w NN1>resignation<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1677"><w NN1>Opposition <w NN2>sources <w VBD>were <w VVN>cited <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Vice-President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ali <w NP0>Salem <w NN1-VVB>al-Bid<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>seclusion<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>resigned<c PUN>.
<s n="1678"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>French <w NN1>radio <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Muhammad <w NP0>Abdullah <w NN1>al-Jayfi<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>resigned <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>handling <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1679"><w AV0>Approximately <w CRD>100 <w NP0>US <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Aden <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>mid-December <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in support of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>Operation <w VVB>Restore <w NN1-VVB>Hope<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Somalia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39225<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>withdrawn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31 <w CJS>after <w NN2>bombs <w VVD>exploded <w PRP>at <w CRD>two <w NP0>Aden <w NN2>hotels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29<c PUN>.
<s n="1680"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN1>tourist <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w AJ0-VVN>killed <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w AV0>seriously <w VVN>injured<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1681"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1682"><w NP0>JORDAN
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1683"><w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w NN1>session
</head>
<p>
<s n="1684"><w NP0>King <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>inaugurated <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>session <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>11th <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1685"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>covered <w AT0>a <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w NN2>subjects <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Jordanian <w AJ0-NN1>domestic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="1686"><w PNP>He <w VVD>outlined <w AT0>a <w NN1>programme <w PRF>of <w NN1>legislation <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w NN2>publications<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>labour<c PUN>, <w NN1>youth <w NN1>care <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w NN2>teachers<w POS>' <w NN2>associations<c PUN>.
<s n="1687"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w AJ0>firm <w NN1>statement <w PRP>in support of <w NP0>Iraq<w POS>'s<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1688"><w PRP>After <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>speech<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abd <w NP0>Al-Latif <w NN1-NP0>Arabiyat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w AJ0>consecutive <w NN1>term <w PRP>as <w NN1>Speaker <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NN2>Representatives<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Assembly<w POS>'s <w AJC>lower <w NN1>chamber<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04D></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04D>
<s n="1689"><w AJ0>New <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1690"><w PRP>During <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w AJ0-VVD>processed <w NN2>applications <w TO0>to <w VVI>register <w PRP>as <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <w PRP>by <w CRD>eight <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w CRD>three <w VBD>were <w VVN>rejected <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w AJ0-VVD>accepted<c PUN>.
<s n="1691"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w VVN>applied <w PRP>under <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>passed <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>1992 <w VVG>permitting <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>political <w NN2>parties <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39027<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1692"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>groups <w VVD-VVN>rejected <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Jordanian <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1-NP0>Ba'ath <w AJ0>Socialist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jordan <w NN0>People<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Democratic <w NP0>Party.The <w CRD>five <w NN2>groups <w VVN-VVD>approved <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NP0>Jordan <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Alliance <c PUL>(<w AT0>a <w NN1>coalition <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w CJC>and <w AJ0>southern <w NN1>Bedouin <w NN2>tribes<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w NN1>rightist <w NN1-VVB>Pledge <c PUL>(<w NP0>al-Ahd<c PUR>) <w NN1>Party<c PUN>; <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Party <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN1>Brotherhood<c PUR>)<c PUN>; <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>pan-Arab <w AJ0>centrist <w NN2>groups<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Popular <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Future <c PUL>(<w NP0>Mustaqbal<c PUR>) <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1693"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1694"><w NP0>ISRAEL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1695"><w ORD>First <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>towards <w VVG-AJ0>legalizing <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>with <w NP0>PLO
</head>
<p>
<s n="1696"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Knesset <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w CRD>37 <w NN2>votes <w PRP>to <w CRD>36 <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>reading <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>permit <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w AJ0>Israeli <w NN2>citizens <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Palestine <w NN1>Liberation <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>PLO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1697"><w AT0>The <w NN1>amendment<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w CRD>two <w DT0>more <w AJ0>legislative <w NN2>votes <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>revoke <w AT0>a <w CRD>1986 <w NN1>law <w DTQ>which <w VVD-AJ0>banned <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>between <w NN2>Israelis <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>terror <w NN2>organizations<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1698"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3 <w AJ0>Palestinian <w NN1>spokeswoman <w NP0-NN1>Hanan <w NP0-NN1>Ashrawi <w VVD>described <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>sign <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>serve <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process <w CJC>and <w VVB>create <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>climate<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1699"><w PNP>She <w VVD>believed <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>implied <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>hoped <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>step <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>official <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>PLO<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04E></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04E>
<s n="1700"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>visits
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1701"><w AJ0>Israeli <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Itzhak <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>visited <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8-10<c PUN>.
<s n="1702"><w DPS>His <w NN2>talks <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VVD>focused <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>bilateral <w NN2>relations <w CJC>and <w NN2>relations <w PRP>between <w NP0>Israel <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1703"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>visit <w NP0>Rabin <w VVD>confirmed <w CJT>that <w NP0>Major <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>an <w NN1>embargo <w VVD>imposed <w CRD>10 <w NN2>years <w AV0>previously <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN2>arms <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK<c PUN>.
<s n="1704"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UK <w VM0>would <w AV0>still <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w DT0>any <w NN2>arms <w PRP>to <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1705"><w AJ0>Israeli <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Shimon <w NP0>Peres <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Japan <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14-17<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN2>talks <w DTQ>which <w VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>peace <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1706"><w PRP>Prior to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Peres <w NN1-VVB>visit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Japan <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>4 <w VVD>issued <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Arab <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>boycott <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>response <w PRP>to <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>Israeli <w VVZ-NN2>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>curb <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Jewish <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occupied <w NN2>territories<c PUN>.
<s n="1707"><w NP0>Israel <w VHD>had <w AV0>previously <w VVN>accused <w NP0>Japan <w PRF>of <w AV0>largely <w VVG>complying <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN1-VVB>boycott <w PRP>for fear of <w VVG>jeopardising <w DPS>its <w NN1>oil <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1708"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Chaim <w NN1-NP0>Herzog <w PRF>of <w NP0>Israel <w VVD>visited <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>24-30<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0-NN1>Israeli <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>state <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="1709"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>countries <w VVD-VVN>established <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>1992 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38741<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1710"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w NN1>return <w PRP>from <w NP0>China <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w NP0-NN1>Herzog <w VVD>stopped <w AVP>over <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kazakhstan <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nursultan <w NP0>Nazarbayev<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1711"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1712"><w NP0>LEBANON
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1713"><w NN1>Deployment <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>suburbs
</head>
<p>
<s n="1714"><w AJ0>Regular <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>army <w NN2>units <w VVN-VVD>moved <w PRP>into <w NP0>Beirut<w POS>'s <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>suburbs <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>29-30<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1715"><w AT0>The <w NN2>suburbs <w VBD>were <w NN2>strongholds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>unlike <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN2>militias<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>refused <w NN1>government <w NN2-VVZ>demands <w TO0>to <w VVI>disarm <w PRP>in <w CRD>1990<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1716"><w AT0>The <w NN1>army <w NN2>units<c PUN>, <w VVG>numbering <w AV0>about <w CRD>2,000 <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w VVD>met <w AT0>no <w NN1>resistance <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hezbollah <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>group<w POS>'s <w NN2>leaders <w VVD-VVN>issued <w NN2>statements <w VVG>welcoming <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1717"><w AJ0>Lebanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Rafiq <w NN1>al-Hariri <w VHD>had <w VVN>held <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hezbollah <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>.
<s n="1718"><w PRP>According to <w NN1>press <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w NN1-NP0>Hariri <w VHD>had <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>allayed <w NP0>Hezbollah <w VVZ>fears <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>buildings <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southern <w NN2>suburbs <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>demolished <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>way <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04F></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04F>
<s n="1719"><w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aoun <w NN2>supporters
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1720"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>news <w NN1>agency <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>security <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>arrested <w AV0>around <w CRD>50 <w NN2>supporters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rebel <w AJ0>Maronite <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Gen. <w NP0>Michel <w NP0>Aoun<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>exile <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>August <w CRD>1991 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38405-06<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1721"><w AT0>The <w NN2>arrests <w VVD>took <w NN1>place <w CJS>after <w AJ0>anti-Syrian <w NN2>pamphlets <w VBD>were <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>in <w NN1>east <w NP0>Beirut <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lebanon<w POS>'s <w NN1>independence <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1722"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>newspaper <w NP0>Al-Anwar <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>20 <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Muhsin <w NP0-NN1>Dallul <w VVD>denied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVG>liquidating<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>Aoun<w POS>'s <w NN2>supporters<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVD>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>homeland <w VBD>was <w PRF>of <w AJ0>primary <w NN1>importance<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04G></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04G>
<s n="1723"><w VVB-NN1>Visit <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w PRP>to <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w CJC>and <w NP0>France
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1724"><w NN2>Hariri <w VVD>visited <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>6-8<c PUN>.
<s n="1725"><w PNP>He <w VVD>claimed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>visit <w VBD>was<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>private<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVN>linked <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>aid <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Voice <w PRF>of <w NP0>Lebanon <w NN1>radio <w VVN-VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Hariri <w VHD>had<c PUQ>&quot; <w VVN>ensured <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Saudi <w NN1>donation<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRF>of <w UNC>US&dollar;200,000,000<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1726"><w NN2>Hariri <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>Minister <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>Expatriate <w NN2>Affairs <w NP0>Faris <w NP0>Buwayz <w VVD>visited <w NP0>France <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10-12<c PUN>.
<s n="1727"><w NN2>Discussions <w VBD>were <w AV0>reportedly <w VVN>held <w PRP>with <w AJ0>French <w NN2>officials <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rescheduling <w PRF>of <w AJ0>old <w NN2>loans <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lebanon <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ones<c PUN>.
<s n="1728"><w NN2>Hariri <w VVD-VVN>denied <w NN2>reports <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Lebanese <w NN1>opposition <w NN2-VVZ>figures <w PRP>in <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1729"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1730"><w NP0>ALGERIA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1731"><w NN1>Imposition <w PRF>of <w NN1>curfew <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1>Intensification <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence
</head>
<p>
<s n="1732"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>Interior <w NN1>Ministry <w NN1>communiqu&eacute; <w VVN-VVD>cited <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>broadcasts <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2 <w VVD>announced <w AT0>a <w NN1>curfew <w PRP>from <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w PRP>in <w NP0>Algiers <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tipaza<c PUN>, <w NP0>Boumerda<c PUN>, <w NP0>Blida<c PUN>, <w NP0>Medea <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Bouira <w PRP>between <w CRD>10.30 <w AV0>p.m. <w CJC>and <w CRD>5 <w AV0>a.m<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>crackdown <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>militants <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39215<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1733"><w PRP>Over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>two <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CRD>30,000 <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in <w NN2>searches <w PRP>for <w AJ0>suspected <w NN2>militants<c PUN>.
<s n="1734"><w PRP>According to <w DT0>some <w NN2>reports <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>9,000 <w AJ0-VVD>suspected <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>activists <w CJC>or <w NN2>sympathizers <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>arrested <w CJS>since <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>emergency <w VBD>was <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>38790-91<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1735"><w NN1>Violence <w AV0>nonetheless <w VVN>intensified <w PRP>during <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>five <w NN2>policemen <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w NN2>Islamists <w VVD-VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>killed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>gunfight <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Algiers <w NN1>suburb <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kouba<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>stronghold <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>banned <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Salvation <w NN1>Front <c PUL>(<w NP0>FIS<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1736"><w NN1>Security <w NN2>forces <w VVD-VVN>claimed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>killed <w CRD>13<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>terrorists<c PUQ>&quot; <w ORD>next <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1737"><w VVB>Rezzag <w NP0>Bara<c PUN>, <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>commission <w PRF>of <w NN1>inquiry <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Boudiaf <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38981<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>Algerian <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10 <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>killing <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w NN1>conspiracy <w VVG>serving <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AJ0>radical <w AJ0>Moslem <w NN2>movements<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1738"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1739"><w NP0>LIBYA
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1740"><w NN1>Renewal <w PRF>of <w NN2>sanctions
</head>
<p>
<s n="1741"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>a <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w VVD>extended <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>120 <w NN2>days <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w PRF>of <w AJ0>limited <w NN2>sanctions <w PRP>against <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>force <w PRP-CJS>since <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38839<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1742"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>27 <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>issued <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>hand <w AVP>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VVN-VVD>suspected <w PRF>of <w VVG>blowing <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NP0>Pan <w NP0>Am <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>over <w NP0>Lockerbie<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>December <w CRD>1988<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>to <w NN1>trial <w VVZ-NN2>suspects <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bombing <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NP0>UTA <w NN1>airliner <w PRP>over <w NP0>Niger <w PRP>in <w NP0>September <w CRD>1989 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39215<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1743"><w AJ0>MIDDLE <w NN1>EAST <c PUN>&mdash; <w AJ0>ARAB <w NN1>WORLD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1744"><w NP0>EGYPT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1745"><w NN1>Death <w NN2>sentences <w PRP>on <w NN2>militants
</head>
<p>
<s n="1746"><w CRD>Eight <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>activists <w VBD>were <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w AJ0>military <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Alexandria <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w CRD>seven <w AV0>in absentia<c PUN>.
<s n="1747"><w DT0>All <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Jihad <w NN1>group <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>assassination <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Anwar <w NP0>Sadat <w PRP>in <w CRD>1981<c PUN>.
<s n="1748"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>imprisoned <w PRP>for <w NN1>life <w CJC>and <w CRD>18 <w VVD>received <w AJ0>lesser <w NN2>terms <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN1>sedition <w NN2>trials<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>such <w NN2>cases <w PRP>under <w AJ0>anti-terrorism <w NN1>legislation <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39030<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1749"><w NN2>Police <w VVN-VVD>announced <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>600 <w AJ0-VVD>suspected <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>activists <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>six-day <w NN1>operation <w VVN-VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w NP0>Cairo<w POS>'s <w NP0-NN1>Imbaba <w NN1>quarter <w CJC>and <w VVG>involving <w DT0>some <w CRD>14,000 <w AJ0>paramilitary <w NN2>troops <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1750"><w DT0>Those <w VVN>arrested <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wanted <w AJ0-NN1>fundamentalist <w NN1>leader<c PUN>, <w NP0>Shaikh <w NP0>Gaber <w NP0>Ahmad <w NP0>Mohammed <w NP0>Ali<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VVN>admitted <w VVG>ordering <w DPS>his <w NN2>followers <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w NN1-VVB>bomb <w NN2>attacks<c PUN>.
<s n="1751"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VVN>arrested <w VHD>had <w NN2>explosives<c PUN>.
<s n="1752"><w AJC>Further <w NN2>arrests <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ensuing <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>30 <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cairo-based <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East <w NN1>News <w NN1>Agency <w VVD>reported <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>intensive<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>police <w NN2-VVZ>campaigns <w PRP>against<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>hotbeds <w PRF>of <w NN1>terrorism <w CJC>and <w NN1>extremism<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cairo<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1753"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Hosni <w NP0>Mubarak <w VVD>accused <w AJ0>Western <w NN0>media <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>damaging <w NP0>Egypt <w PRP>by <w VVG>exaggerating <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w VVN>represented <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN2>militants<c PUN>.
<s n="1754"><w NN2>Observers <w VVD-VVN>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Egyptian <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w AV0>apparently <w VVG>reflecting <w NN1>public <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AV0>recently <w VVN>taken <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>challenging <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>zealotry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04H></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04H>
<s n="1755"><w NN2>Relations <w PRP>with <w NP0>Sudan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Iran
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1756"><w NP0>President <w NP0>Mubarak <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>received <w AT0>an <w NN1>envoy <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Sudanese <w NN1>Head <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lt.-Gen.
<s n="1757"><w NP0>Omar <w NP0>Hassan <w NP0>Ahmed <w NP0>al-Bashir<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>late <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gave <w NN2>assurances <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sudan<w POS>'s <w NN1>desire <w PRP>for <w AJ0>good <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="1758"><w AT0>The <w NN1>visit <w VVD>followed <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Egyptian <w NN2>officials <w PRP>over <w DT0>several <w NN2>weeks <w CJT>that <w NN2>gunmen <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attacked <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>tourists <w PRP>in <w NP0>Egypt<c PUN>, <w VVG>damaging <w AT0>the <w AJ0>lucrative <w NN1>tourism <w NN1>industry <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39168<c PUN>; <w CRD>39214-15<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>trained <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Iranian-run <w NN2>camps <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sudan<c PUN>.
<s n="1759"><w NP0>Egypt <w VVD>recalled <w DPS>its <w NN1>charg&eacute; d'affaires <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iran <w PRP>in <w AJ0>early <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1760"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1761"><w NP0>NATO
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1762"><w AJ0>Ministerial <w NN2>meetings
</head>
<p>
<s n="1763"><w AT0>The <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Treaty <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>NATO<c PUR>) <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>step <w AVP>up <w DPS>its <w NN1>contribution <w PRP>to <w VVG>peacekeeping <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39240<c PUN>; <w PRP>for <w NN2>declarations <w PRP>at <w NP0>CSCE <w CJC>and <w NN1-NP0>ICO <w NN2>meetings <w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39250<c PUN>; <w CRD>39251<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1764"><w NP0>NATO <w NN1>Defence <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>10-11<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>discussed <w NN1>contingency <w NN2>plans <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1765"><w DT0>These <w VBD>were <w VVN>understood <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>major <w NN1>ground <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1766"><w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17<c PUN>, <w VVD>placed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>leaders <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NP0>Serbs<c PUN>.
<s n="1767"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1>settlement <w VVG>restoring <w AT0>the <w NN1>republic<w POS>'s <w NN1>sovereignty <w CJC>and <w AJ0>territorial <w NN1>integrity<c PUN>.
<s n="1768"><w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>gross <w NN2>violations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w AJ0>international <w AJ0>humanitarian <w NN1>law<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN1>harrassment <w PRF>of <w NN1>relief <w NN2>convoys<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1769"><w VVG>Noting <w CJT>that <w NP0>NATO <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w VVG>contributing <w AV0>individually <w CJC>and <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>alliance <w PRP>to <w VVG>implementing <w NP0>UN <w NN2>resolutions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AJC>further <w NN2>requests <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN<c PUN>.
<s n="1770"><w AT0>The <w NN2>ministers <w VVD>backed <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>favoured <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w NP0>UN <w AJ0>preventive <w NN1>presence<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w AJ0>preventive <w NN2>steps <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1771"><w NP0>NATO <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w VVG>providing <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN0>headquarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN1>Protection <w NN1>Force <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNPROFOR<c PUR>) <w PRP>near <w NP0>Sarajevo<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bosnian <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="1772"><w NP0>NATO <w NN2>ships <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Adriatic <w NP0>Sea <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>enforce <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN1>embargo<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>NATO<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>early <w NN1>warning<c PUQ>&quot; <c PUL>(<w NP0>AWACS<c PUR>) <w NN0>aircraft <w VBD>were <w VVG>providing <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>with <w NN1>information <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w AJ0>military <w NN2>flights <w PRP>over <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04J></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04J>
<s n="1773"><w NN2>Consultations <w PRP>on <w VVG>peacekeeping <w PRP>with <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN2>countries
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1774"><w NN2>Representatives <w PRF>of <w CRD>37 <w NN2>countries <w PRP>from <w NP0>NATO <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>18 <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Atlantic <w NN1>Co-operation <w NN1>Council <c PUL>(<w NP0>NACC<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>consultations <w VM0>would <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>co-operation <w PRP>among <w AJ0>interested <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w NN1>preparation <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>activities<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1775"><w DT0>These <w VVN>included <w NN1-VVG>planning<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>training <w CJC>and <w AJ0>possible <w AJ0-NN1>joint <w AJ0-NN1>peacekeeping <w NN2-VVZ>exercises<c PUN>.
<s n="1776"><w NP0-NN1>NACC <w NN2>members <w VBD>were <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>case-by-case <w NN1>basis <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>operations <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>authority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w CJC>or <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04K></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04K>
<s n="1777"><w NN2>Guidelines <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Franco-German <w NN0>corps
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1778"><w NP0>NATO <w NN2>representatives <w VVN>approved <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22 <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <c PUL>(<w AV0>still <w VVG>requiring <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>signature<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w UNC>35,000-strong <w NN0>corps <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1779"><w PRP>In <w AT0>an <w NN1>emergency <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>European <w NN0>corps <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>operational <w NN1>command <w PRF>of <w NP0>NATO<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Supreme <w AJ0>Allied <w NN1>Command <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>SACEUR<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
<s n="1780"><w DT0>This <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w AT0>a <w NN1>controversy <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN2>misgivings <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN0>corps <w PRP>on <w NP0>NATO<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04L></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04L>
<s n="1781"><w AJ0>Albanian <w NN1>application <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w NP0>NATO
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1782"><w NP0>Albania <w VVD>became <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w AV0>formally <w PRP>for <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1783"><w AJ0>Albanian <w NP0>President <w NP0>Sali <w NP0>Berisha <w VVD>visited <w NP0>NATO <w NN0>headquarters <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15-16<c PUN>, <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NP0>NATO <w VVD>provided <w AT0>a <w NN1>pillar <w PRF>of <w NN1>stability <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="1784"><w PNP>He <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>likelihood <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Balkan <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN1>leadership <w VVD-VVN>attempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Albanians <w PRP>from<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN2>houses <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>occupied <w PRP>for <w NN2>millennia<c PUQ>&quot; <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>; <w AT0>a <w AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kosovo<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>suggested<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w NN1>conflict <w VVG-NN1>spreading <w AV0>there<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04M></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04M>
<s n="1785"><w NN1>Reappointment <w PRF>of <w NP0>W&ouml;rner
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1786"><w NP0>NATO <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Manfred <w NP0>W&ouml;rner <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>re-appointed <w PRP>as <w NP0>NATO <w NN1>Secretary-General <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="1787"><w DPS>His <w AJ0>current <w NN1>term <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>extended <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>until <w NN1>mid-1993 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38601<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1788"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1789"><w NP0>CSCE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1790"><w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1791"><w AT0>A <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers<w POS>' <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Security <w CJC>and <w NN1>Co-operation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <c PUL>(<w NP0>CSCE<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Stockholm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Swedish <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14-15<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>dominated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>search <w PRP>for <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w CJC>and <w NN2>tensions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN1-AJ0>potential <w VVZ-NN2>flashpoints <w PRP>in <w AJ0>eastern <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1792"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>final <w NN1>declaration <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w VVD-AJ0>deplored <w NN1>brutality <w PRP>against <w NN2>civilians <w CJC>and<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN1>cleansing<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>increasingly <w AV0>commonly <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>describe <w NN1>displacement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>civilian <w NN2>populations <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>forces <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>.
<s n="1793"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSCE <w VVD>warned <w PRF>of <w AJC>sterner <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w CJS>unless <w AJ0>Serbian <w NN2>policies <w VVN-VVD>changed<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1794"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>on <w NN2>requests <w PRP>by <w DT0>some <w NN2>members <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w VBI>be <w AJ0>exempt <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w NN1>embargo <w VVN-VVD>applied <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w AV0>also <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39240<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>declaration <w VVD>noted <w DT0>these <w NN2>requests <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1795"><w AT0>The <w NN1>meeting <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>safe <w NN2>areas <w PRP>for <w NN2>civilians <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
<s n="1796"><w AT0>The <w NP0>CSCE <w VM0>would <w VVI>consult <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w PRP>on <w AVQ>how <w NN2>individuals <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w NN1>trial <w PRP>for <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w VVN>committed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39240 <w PRP>for <w NP0>US <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14 <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>for <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes <w NN2>prosecutions<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1797"><w PRP>Among <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>machinery <w PRP>for <w NN1>conciliation <w CJC>and <w NN1>problem-solving<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>named <w NP0>Max <w NP0>van <w NP0>der <w NP0>Stoel <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Netherlands <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>CSCE<w POS>'s <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Commissioner <w PRP>on <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Minorities<c PUN>.
<s n="1798"><w PNP>It <w VVD>established <w AT0>a <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w NP0>Estonia<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>Russians<c PUN>, <w VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVG>accusing <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>discriminating <w PRP>against <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1799"><w AJ0>Other <w AJ0>ethnic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>national <w NN2>tensions <w VVN-VVD>aired <w PRP>in <w NN2>discussions <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN1>conflict <w PRP>between <w NP0>Armenia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Azerbaijan <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Georgia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Moldova<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04N></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04N>
<s n="1800"><w AJ0>Russian<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>shock <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUQ>&quot;
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1801"><w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Minister <w NP0>Andrei <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VVD>prompted <w NN1>surprise <w CJC>and <w NN1>confusion <w CJS-AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>delivered <w AT0>an <w AV0>aggressively <w AJ0>hardline <w NN1>speech <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
<s n="1802"><w PNP>He <w AV0>later <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>floor <w AV0>again <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w DPS>his <w NN2>remarks <w PRP>as<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>shock <w NN1>diplomacy<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>illustrate <w AT0>the <w NN1>tone <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>Russian <w NN1>policy <w VM0>could <w VVI>adopt <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN2>opponents <w PRF>of <w NP0>President <w NP0>Boris <w NP0>Yeltsin <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1803"><w PRP>In <w DPS>his <w NN1>speech <w NP0>Kozyrev <w VHD>had <w VVN>accused <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w VVG>interfering <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w VVD>claimed <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AJ0>military <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>aid <w PRF>of <w NP0>Serbia<c PUN>.
<s n="1804"><w PNP>He <w AV0>subsequently <w VVD>described <w DT0>this <w AV0>as <w AV0>merely <w AT0>a<c PUQ>&quot; <w AJ0>rhetorical <w NN1>technique<c PUN>,<c PUQ>&quot; <w CJC>and <w VVD>underlined <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>remarks <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>represent <w NP0-NN1>Yelsin<w POS>'s <w NN2>views <w CJC>or <w DPS>his <w DT0>own<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04P></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04P>
<s n="1805"><w AJ0>Voluntary <w NN1>arbitration <w NN1>tribunal
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1806"><w AT0>An <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>signed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w PRP>by <w CRD>29 <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>51 <w NP0>CSCE <w NN1>member <w NN2>countries <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stockholm <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>tribunal <w TO0>to <w VVI>arbitrate <w CJC>and <w VVI>mediate <w NN2>disputes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1807"><w NN1-VVB>Use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tribunal <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>voluntary <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>findings <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>binding <w CJS>if <w DT0>both <w NN2>parties <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1808"><w AT0>The <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN2>signatories<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04R></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04R>
<s n="1809"><w NN1>Admission <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>republics
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1810"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>15 <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w VVD>admitted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Czech <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Slovak <w NN2>republics <w CJS>as <w NP0>CSCE <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AJ0>effective <w PRP>on <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>1<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>break-up <w PRF>of <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w NN1>membership <w PRP>to <w CRD>52<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1811"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1812"><w NN2>ARMS <w NN1-VVB>TRADE
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1813"><w NP0>US <w NN1>helicopter <w NN0>sales <w PRP>to <w NP0>Turkey <c PUN>&mdash; <w NP0>US <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary <c PUN>&mdash; <w NN1-VVB>Arrest <w PRF>of <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>plutonium <w NN2>smugglers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany
</head>
<p>
<s n="1814"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>helicopter <w NN1>manufacturer <w NP0>Sikorsky <w VVD>signed <w AT0>an <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>with <w NP0>Turkey <w VVD>reported <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;1,100 <w CRD>million <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w CJC>and <w NN1>co-production <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Black <w NN1-NP0>Hawk <w NN2>helicopters<c PUN>; <w CRD>45 <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>in <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w CRD>50 <w VVN-VVD>produced <w PRP>in <w NP0>Turkey <w AV0>over <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1815"><w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>6 <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AJ0>Russian <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39217<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVG>buying <w CRD>50 <w NP0>US <w CRD>A-10 <w NN1>fighter <w NN0>aircraft <w CJC>and <w CRD>100 <w NN1>Cobra <w NN2>helicopters<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04S></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04S>
<s n="1816"><w NN1>Air <w NN1>defence <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hungary
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1817"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w VVD>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w VHD>had <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>supply <w NP0>Hungary <w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w NN1>radar <w NN2>stations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>electronic <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>for <w AJ0>military <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>worth <w UNC>US&dollar;12,900,000<c PUN>.
<s n="1818"><w AT0>The <w NN1>agreement <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NP0>US <w NN2-VVZ>arms <w NN1>sale <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NP0>Warsaw <w NN1>Pact <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1819"><w NP0>Hungary <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVG>getting <w AJ0>military <w NN1>equipment <w PRP>from <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w NP0>Russia <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w PRF>of <w NN1>tension <w PRP>with <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NP0>Romania<c PUN>, <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Czechoslovakia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>alleged <w NN2>breaches <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Hungarian <w NN1>air <w NN1>space <w PRP>during <w VVG>fighting <w PRP>in <w DT0>former <w NP0>Yugoslavia <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39217<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04T></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04T>
<s n="1820"><w NN1>Plutonium <w NN1-VVG>smuggling <w NN2-VVZ>reports
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1821"><w NN1-AJ0>German <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Austrian <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8 <w VVD>reported <w VVG>detaining <w CRD>16 <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>alleged <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w VVG>smuggling <w AJ0>radioactive <w NN1>material <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Soviet <w NN1>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="1822"><w AT0>The <w NN1>material <w VBD>was <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>plutonium <w CJC>and <w NN1>caesium <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ukraine<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1823"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1824"><w NP0>GATT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1825"><w NN2>Protests <w PRP>against <w NN1>farm <w NN1>agreement
</head>
<p>
<s n="1826"><w DT0>Some <w CRD>50,000 <w NN2>farmers <w PRP>from <w AV0>more than <w CRD>15 <w NN2>countries <w VVD>marched <w PRP>in <w NP0>Strasbourg<c PUN>, <w NP0>France<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>1 <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>20 <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w NN2>negotiators <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>USA <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Communities <c PUL>(<w NP0>EC<c PUR>) <w PRP>on <w AJ0>new <w NN1>trade <w NN2>rules <w PRP>for <w NN1>farm <w NN2>products <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN2>pp. <w CRD>39176-77<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1827"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>number <w VVN-VVD>protested <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bonn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>8<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04U></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04U>
<s n="1828"><w AJ0>Possible <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>policy
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1829"><w AJ0>Japanese <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister <w NP0-NN1>Kiichi <w NP0>Miyazawa <w VVD>said <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>13 <w CJT>that <w NP0>Japan<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w VVG>protecting <w DPS>its <w NN2>farmers<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>cause <w AT0>the <w NN1>breakdown <w PRF>of <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="1830"><w DPS>His <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w AV0>widely <w VVN>interpreted <w CJS-PRP>as <w VVG>confirming <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w NN1>government <w VBD>was <w VVG>moving <w PRP>toward <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>ban <w PRP>on <w NN1>rice <w NN2>imports<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04V></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04V>
<s n="1831"><w NN1>Extension <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Multifibre <w NN1>Arrangement
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1832"><w AT0>The <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>Textiles <w NN1>Committee <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Multifibre <w NN1>Arrangement <c PUL>(<w NP0>MFA<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NP0>Uruguay <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w NP0>GATT <w NN2>talks <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04W></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04W>
<s n="1833"><w NN1>Observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1834"><w AT0>The <w NN1-NP0>Belinform <w NN1>agency <w VVD>reported <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Byelarus <w VBD>was <w VVN>granted <w NN1>observer <w NN1>status <w PRP>at <w NP0>GATT <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1835"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1836"><w NN1>ENVIRONMENT
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1837"><w NN1-VVB>Oil <w VVB-NN1>spill <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>Spain
</head>
<p>
<s n="1838"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Greek-owned <w NN1>oil <w NN1>tanker<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Aegean <w NP0>Sea<c PUN>, <w VVD>ran <w AV0>aground <w CJC>and <w VVD>exploded <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w AJ0>north-western <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>port <w PRF>of <w NP0>La <w NP0>Coru&ntilde;a <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>, <w VVG>spilling <w AT0>an <w AJ0>estimated <w CRD>70,000 <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>oil <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>sea<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>ecological <w NN2>consequences<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1839"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tanker <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>transporting <w NN1>oil <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NP0>North <w NP0>Sea <w NN1>terminal <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sullom <w NP0>Voe <w PRP>to <w NP0>La <w NP0>Coru&ntilde;a<w POS>'s <w NN1>refinery<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>driven <w PRP>on to <w NN2>rocks <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>squall<c PUN>.
<s n="1840"><w AJ0>Strong <w NN2>winds <w CJC>and <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>seas <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>helped <w VVI>disperse <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>oil<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1841"><w NN2>Conservationists <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>for <w VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN2>measures <w TO0>to <w VVI>rescue <w AJ0>oiled <w NN2>seabirds<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>suggested <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>covering <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1842"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1843"><w NP0>OECD
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1844"><w NP0>DAC <w NN1>meeting
</head>
<p>
<s n="1845"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Development <w NN1>Assistance <w NN1>Committee <c PUL>(<w NP0>DAC<c PUR>) <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Economic <w NN1>Co-operation <w CJC>and <w NN1>Development <c PUL>(<w NP0>OECD<c PUR>) <w VVD>held <w DPS>its <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w NP0>30-Dec. <w CRD>1 <c PUL>&lsqb;<w PRP>for <w CRD>1991 <w NP0>DAC <w NN1>meeting <w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38699<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
<s n="1846"><w NP0>Luxembourg <w VBD>was <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w ORD>22nd <w NP0>DAC <w NN1>member<c PUN>; <w NP0>Greece <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turkey <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>participated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1847"><w NN2>Ministers <w CJC>and <w NN2>heads <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w NN2>agencies <w VVD>received <w AT0>the <w NP0>DAC <w NN1>Chairman<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w VVG>showing <w AJ0>official <w NN1>development <w NN1>assistance <c PUL>(<w NP0>ODA<c PUR>) <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>3.3 <w NN0>per cent <w AV0>overall <w PRP>in <w CRD>1991<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>increased <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w NN1>aid<c PUN>.
<s n="1848"><w PRP>Concerning <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>rationales <w PRP>for <w NN1>aid<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AT0>the <w NN1>definition <w PRF>of <w NP0>ODA <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>adjust <w AV0>further <w AT0>the <w NN1>orientation <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <w NN2-VVZ>flows<c PUN>, <w AV0>notably<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w TO0>to <w VVI>participate <w AV0>constructively <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>solution <w PRF>of <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>global <w NN2>problems<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
<s n="1849"><w PNP>They <w VVD>agreed<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN2>steps <w PRP>in <w VVG>revising <w DPS>their <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w NP0>Kazakhstan<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Turkmenistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Uzbekistan <w PRP>from <w NP0>January <w CRD>1993 <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>omit<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>1996<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bahamas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brunei<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kuwait<c PUN>, <w NP0>Qatar<c PUN>, <w NP0>Singapore <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Arab <w NP0>Emirates<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1850"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1851"><w AJ0>UNITED <w NN2>NATIONS
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1852"><w AJ0>International <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Nutrition
</head>
<p>
<s n="1853"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>on <w NN1>Nutrition <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICN<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5-11<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AJ0>ministerial <w NN2>delegations <w PRP>from <w CRD>160 <w NN2>countries <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w NN2>representatives <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w CRD>160 <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN2>organizations <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG>developing <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w AJ0>global <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>aid <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="1854"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>organized <w AV0>jointly <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Food <w CJC>and <w NN1>Agriculture <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>FAO<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>WHO<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1855"><w AT0>The <w CRD>1,400 <w NN2>delegates <w VVD-VVN>approved <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11<c PUN>, <w VVG>declaring <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>correct <w TO0>to <w VVI>blame <w AT0>the <w AJ0>global <w NN1>hunger <w NN1>problem <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>chronic <w NN1>shortage <w PRF>of <w NN1>food<c PUN>.
<s n="1856"><w AV0>Instead<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>declared<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>root <w NN2>causes <w VBD>were <w NN1>poverty<c PUN>, <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>co-ordination <w PRF>of <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="1857"><w NN2>Wars <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>disturbances <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AJ0>disrupted <w NN1>food <w NN1>aid <w CJC>and <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w AJ0>needy <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVN-AJ0>created <w NN1>refugee <w NN2>problems <w DTQ>which <w VVD>worsened <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="1858"><w PNP>They <w AV0>therefore <w VVD>called <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties <w TO0>to <w VVI>co-operate <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>allowing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>safe <w NN1>passage <w PRF>of <w NN1>aid <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>39225 <w PRP>for <w NP0>Somalia <w NN1>aid <w NN1>crisis<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1859"><w AT0>The <w NN1>conference <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5 <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w CRD>780 <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries <w VHD>had <w AJ0>insufficient <w NN1>food <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>daily <w NN2>needs<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>190 <w CRD>million <w NN2>children <w VVN>aged <w AV0>under <w CRD>five <w VVD-VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w NN1>malnutrition <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>page <w PRP>for <w NP0>UNICEF <w NN1>report<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>up to <w CRD>2,000 <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG>suffering <w AV0>less <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>dietary <w NN2>shortages<c PUN>.
<s n="1860"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developed <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w NN1>over-consumption <w VBD>was <w AV0>now <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>health<c PUN>.
<s n="1861"><w NP0>Pope <w NP0>John <w NP0>Paul <w CRD>II<c PUN>, <w VVG>addressing <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>5<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w DT0>this<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>paradox <w PRF>of <w NN1>plenty<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1862"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1863"><w NP0>UNICEF
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1864"><c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>State <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>children<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>report
</head>
<p>
<s n="1865"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>annual<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>children<c PUQ>&quot; <w NN1-VVB>report<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>published <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>17 <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN2>Children<w POS>'s <w NN1>Fund <c PUL>(<w NP0>UNICEF<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w VVD>urged <w NN2>governments <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>available <w AT0>an <w AJ0>additional <w UNC>US&dollar;25,000 <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>drive <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w NN1>poverty <w PRP>on <w NN2>children <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w CRD>4,000,000 <w NN2>children <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1866"><w NP0>James <w NP0>Grant<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Executive <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w NP0>UNICEF<c PUN>, <w VVD>contrasted <w AT0>the <w NN1>target <w NN1>figure <w PRP>with <w AJ0>estimated <w AJ0>annual <w AJ0>global <w AJ0>military <w NN1>expenditure <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>sum <w CRD>30 <w NN2>times <w AJC>larger<c PUN>.
<s n="1867"><w NP0>UNICEF <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w NN1>target <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>met <w CJS>if <w DT0>both <w AJ0-VVG>developing <w NN2>countries <w CJC>and <w NN1>donor <w NN2>governments <w VVN>increased <w PRP>to <w CRD>20 <w NN0>per cent <w AT0>the <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>spending <w VVD-AJ0>devoted <w PRP>to <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>needs <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1868"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1869"><w NN1>AVIATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1870"><w NN1>Air <w VVZ-NN2>crashes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Libya<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal <w CJC>and <w NP0>Vietnam
</head>
<p>
<s n="1871"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>Libyan <w NP0>Boeing <w CRD>727 <w VVD>crashed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>flight <w PRP>from <w NP0>Benghazi <w PRP>to <w NP0>Tripoli <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>22<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w DT0>all <w CRD>158 <w NN0>people <w AV0>aboard<c PUN>.
<s n="1872"><w AT0>The <w NN1>crash <w VVD>occurred <w AV0>about <w CRD>60 <w NN0>km <w PRP>from <w NP0>Tripoli<c PUN>, <w PRP>near <w NP0-NN1>Souk <w NP0-NN1>al-Sabt<c PUN>.
<s n="1873"><w AT0>An <w NN1>official <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0-NN1>Arab <w NN2>Airlines <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>reports <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mid-air <w NN1>collision <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>airliner <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Libyan <w AJ0>military <w NN0>aircraft <w VBD>were <w VBG>being <w VVN>investigated<c PUN>.
<s n="1874"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Libyan <w NN1>airline <w VHD>had <w VVN>flown <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AJ0>domestic <w NN2>flights <w CJS-PRP>since <w NN1>aviation <w NN2>sanctions <w VBD>were <w VVN>imposed <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <c PUL>&lsqb;<w VVB>see <w NN0>p. <w CRD>38883<c PUR>&rsqb;<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1875"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>31<c PUN>, <w NP0>Col. <w NP0>Moamer <w NP0>al <w NP0>Kadhafi <w VBD>was <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NP0>Boeing <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>blown <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Republican <w NN1>Army <c PUL>(<w NP0>IRA<c PUR>) <w PRP>in <w NN1>retaliation <w PRP>for <w NP0>Libya<w POS>'s <w NN2>disclosures <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w DT0>former <w NP0>IRA <w VVZ-NN2>links<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1876"><w ZZ0>A <w NP0>Netherlands <w CRD>DC-10 <w VVD>crashed <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>land <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>storm <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Faro<c PUN>, <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>21<c PUN>, <w VVG>killing <w CRD>54 <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="1877"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>200 <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>reported <w VVN-AJ0>injured <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w CRD>327 <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w CRD>13 <w NN1>crew<c PUN>.
<s n="1878"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>chartered <w CRD>DC-10<c PUN>, <w VVG>carrying <w NN2>holiday-makers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Amsterdam <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Algarve <w NN1>region <w PRF>of <w AJ0>southern <w NP0>Portugal<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>operated <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Martinair<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>charter <w NN1>company <w AV0>partly <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w NP0>KLM <c PUL>(<w AJ0>Royal <w AJ0>Dutch <w NN2>Airlines<c PUR>)<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1879"><w PRP>In <w NP0>mid-November <w AT0>a <w NP0>Vietnam <w NN2>Airlines <w CRD>Yakovlev-40 <w VVD>crashed <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>Vietnam<c PUN>, <w AV0>en route <w PRP>between <w NP0>Ho <w NP0>Chi <w NP0>Minh <w NN1>City <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nha <w NP0-NN1>Trang<c PUN>; <w CRD>30 <w NN0>people <w VVD>died<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w AT0>an <w NP0>Agence <w NP0>France-Presse <w NN1>report <w VVN-VVD>issued <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>wreckage <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nov. <w CRD>19<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1880"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1881"><w AJ0>ISLAMIC <w NN1>CONFERENCE <w NN1>ORGANIZATION
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1882"><w AJ0>Extraordinary <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>on <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina
</head>
<p>
<s n="1883"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN2>Ministers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Islamic <w NN1>Conference <w NN1>Organization <c PUL>(<w NP0>ICO<c PUR>) <w VBD>was <w VVN>convened <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jeddah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>King <w NP0>Fahd <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3-4 <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1884"><w DT0>Those <w NN1-AJ0>present <w VVD>included <w NP0>President <w NP0>Alija <w NP0>Izetbegovic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w NP0>President <w NP0>Sali <w NP0-NN1>Berisha <w PRF>of <w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>co-chairmen <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NP0>Geneva <w NN1>peace <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cyrus <w NP0>Vance <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Owen<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1885"><w AT0>A <w NN1>conference <w NN1>declaration <w VVN>called <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>measures <w PRP>against <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>force <w PRP>in accordance with <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w NN1>Charter <w TO0>to <w VVI>repel <w NN1>aggression <w PRP>against <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>.
<s n="1886"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>ICO <w VVD>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>such <w NN1>action <w AV0>financially <w CJC>and <w AV0>militarily<c PUN>.
<s n="1887"><w PNP>It <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NP0>UN <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w AT0>the <w NN2>arms <w NN1>embargo <w PRP>against <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>defend <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w VVG-AJ0>peacekeeping <w NN2>forces <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia<w POS>'s <w NN2>borders <w PRP>with <w NP0>Serbia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Montenegro<c PUN>.
<s n="1888"><w PNP>It <w AV0>also <w VVD>urged <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council<c PUQ>&quot; <w TO0>to <w VVI>review <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>before <w NP0>Jan. <w CRD>15<c PUN>, <w CRD>1993<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AJ0>relevant <c PUL>&lsqb;<w NP0>UN<c PUR>&rsqb; <w NN2>resolutions<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVN>called <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>tribunal <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w DT0>those <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w NN1>war <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
</p>
<p>
<s n="1889"><w DT0>Both <w NP0>Iran <c PUL>(<w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>sent <w NN2>arms<c PUR>) <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saudi <w NP0>Arabia <w VVD>expressed <w DPS>their <w NN1>readiness <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia<c PUN>.
<s n="1890"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>parliament <w VHD>had <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>7 <w VVD-VVN>authorized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w NN2>troops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bosnia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Somalia <w CJS>if <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLTCA04X></p>
<caption id=HLTCA04X>
<s n="1891"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>members
</caption>
<p>
<s n="1892"><w NP0>Albania<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Kirgizstan<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tajikistan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Zanzibar <w VBD>were <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>ICO <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1893"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1894"><w NN1>DISARMAMENT
</head>
<p>
<s n="1895"><w NP0>Myanma <w VVD>acceded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Nuclear <w NN1>Non-Proliferation <w NN1>Treaty <c PUL>(<w NP0>NPT<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Burma <w VVD>reported <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>3<c PUN>; <w PNP>it <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>instrument <w PRF>of <w NN1>accession <w VBD>was <w VVN>deposited <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>US <w NN1>State <w NN1>Department <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>2<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w NP0>Myanma <w AT0>the <w ORD>154th <w NN1-VVB>state <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w NN1>treaty<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1896"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1897"><w CRD>G-77
</head>
<p>
<s n="1898"><w NN1>South <w NP0>Korea <w VBD>was <w VVN>elected <w TO0>to <w VVI>chair <w AT0>the <w AJ0>developing <w NN2>countries<w POS>' <w NN1>Group <w PRF>of <w CRD>77 <c PUL>(<w CRD>G-77<c PUR>) <w PRP>for <w CRD>1993 <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Group<w POS>'s <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Assembly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Vienna <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>14<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1899"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1900"><w AJ0>HUMAN <w NN2>RIGHTS
</head>
<p>
<s n="1901"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w NN1>consensus <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>16 <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w VVG>noting <w NN2>concerns <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Russian-speaking <w NN2>residents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Estonia <w CJC>and <w NP0>Latvia<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1902"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1903"><w NP0>IMF
</head>
<p>
<s n="1904"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>International <w AJ0>Monetary <w NN1>Fund <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w UNC>15announced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w NP0>Bosnia-Hercegovina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Croatia<c PUN>, <w NP0>Macedonia <c PUL>(<w AV0>provisionally <w VVN>designated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUQ>&quot; <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Yugoslav <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Macedonia<c PUQ>&quot;<c PUR>)<c PUN>, <w NP0>Slovenia <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>successors <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>assets <w CJC>and <w NN2>liabilities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Socialist <w AJ0>Federal <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yugoslavia <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>.
<s n="1905"><w DT0>Each <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>notify <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w PRP>within <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>share <w CJS>as <w VVN>determined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF<c PUN>; <w DT0>each <w NN1>successor <w VM0>could <w AV0>formally <w VVI>accede <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>IMF <w CJS>once <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w AT0>the <w AJ0>formal <w NN2>conditions <w VVD-VVN>specified<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1906"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1907"><w NN1-VVB>SPACE
</head>
<p>
<s n="1908"><w AT0>The <w NP0>US <w NN1>space <w NN1>shuttle <w NN1>Discovery <w VVD-VVN>returned <w AV0>safely <w PRP>to <w NN1>Earth <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>9 <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seven-day <w NN1>mission <w DTQ>which <w VVD>included <w AT0>the <w NN1>deployment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>top <w NN1-AJ0>secret <w NP0>US <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w NN1>reconnaissance <w CRD>DOD-1 <w NN1>satellite <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unclassified <w NN2>experiments <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>Army <w NN1>laser <w NN1>receiver <w CJC>and <w NP0>US <w NN1>Navy <w NN1>camera <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
<div1 type="u">
<head type=MAIN>
<s n="1909"><w AJ0>INTERNATIONAL
</head>
<head type=SUB>
<s n="1910"><w NP0>UN <w NN1>SECURITY <w NN1>COUNCIL
</head>
<p>
<s n="1911"><w AT0>The <w NP0>UN <w AJ0-NN1>General <w NN1>Assembly <w VVN-VVD>decided <w PRP>on <w NP0>Dec. <w CRD>11 <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w NN2>states <w PRP>for <w AJ0>written <w NN2>comments <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>seen <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w PRP>toward <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>expansion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>15-member <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</p>
</div1>
</body></text>
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<bncDoc id=HLU>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Trade Union Annual Congress. Sample containing about 13058 words speech recorded in business context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 201 Kbytes running text, containing about 13058 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLU</idno><idno type="old"> 100904 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="100904" date="1993-06-06" time="15:50+" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1464"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="55"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="44"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="34"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="88"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="776"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="110"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="117"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="21"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="50"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="13117"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1464"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="55"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="44"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="34"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="88"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="776"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="110"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="116"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="21"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="50"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="13117"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-06-06</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C384"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2F7" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Dick</name><occupation>president of trade union</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2F8" n="W0002" sex="f" soc="UU"><name>Sheila</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2F9" n="W0003" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Kathy</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2FA" n="W0004" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Ethel</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2FB" n="W0005" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Kathy</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2FC" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Steve</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2FD" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>John</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2FE" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Graham</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2FF" n="W0009" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Adrian</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><particLinks><relation active='PS2F7 PS2F8 PS2F9 PS2FA PS2FB PS2FC PS2FD PS2FE PS2FF' desc="colleagu" mutual="Y"/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="100904" who='PS000 PS2F7 PS2F8 PS2F9 PS2FA PS2FB PS2FC PS2FD PS2FE PS2FF'><name>Hampshire:  Portsmouth </name><locale> The Guildhall </locale><activity> trade union congress speech </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom2 spolog1 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S speech scripted</classCode><keywords><term> politics </term><term> minimum wage and trade union reform </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HLULC001> <loc id=HLULC002> <loc id=HLULC003> <loc id=HLULC004> <loc id=HLULC005> <loc id=HLULC006> <loc id=HLULC007> <loc id=HLULC008> <loc id=HLULC009> <loc id=HLULC00A> <loc id=HLULC00B> <loc id=HLULC00C> <loc id=HLULC00D> <loc id=HLULC00E> <loc id=HLULC00F> <loc id=HLULC00G> <loc id=HLULC00H> <loc id=HLULC00J> <loc id=HLULC00K> <loc id=HLULC00L> <loc id=HLULC00M> <loc id=HLULC00N> <loc id=HLULC00P> <loc id=HLULC00R> <loc id=HLULC00S> <loc id=HLULC00T> <loc id=HLULC00U> <loc id=HLULC00V> <loc id=HLULC00W> <loc id=HLULC00X> <loc id=HLULC00Y> <loc id=HLULC010> <loc id=HLULC011> <loc id=HLULC012> <loc id=HLULC013> <loc id=HLULC014> <loc id=HLULC015> <loc id=HLULC016> <loc id=HLULC017> <loc id=HLULC018> <loc id=HLULC019> <loc id=HLULC01A> <loc id=HLULC01B> <loc id=HLULC01C> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w AJ0>Minimum <w NN1>wage<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w PNP>I <w VVB>propose <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>composite <w CRD>twenty <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w VBB>are <w VVG>accepting <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>motions <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speaker <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PRP>after <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one <w NN1>will <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DT0>that <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w ZZ0>I <w AV0>now <w VVB-NN1>call <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland <w PRP>to <w NN1>second<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w NN1>Priority <w PRP>in <w NN1>debate <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Southern <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>regions <w AV0>so <w CJS>if <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>speakers <w VM0>could <w VVI>come <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>front<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w AJ0-VVN>obliged<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause dur=6>
</u>
<u who=PS2F8>
<s n="7"><w NN1-VVB>Chair<c PUN>, <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NN1>Clothing <w CJC>and <w NN1>Textile<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w VVG-AJ0>Moving <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>relentless <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w VVB-NN1>go <w PRP>on <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w ZZ0>V <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>T <w PRP>on <w NN1>heating <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN2>rumours <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>V <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>T <w PRP>on <w NN1>food<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AV0>Yet <w AV0>still <w PNP>they <w VVB>persist <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PRP>By <w VVG>stopping <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>David <w NP0>Hunt<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wales <w VVB>know <w DT0>enough <w PRF>of <w NP0>David <w NP0>Hunt<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w PNP>They <w VBB>are <w VVG>turning <w DPS>their <w NN2>backs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w VVG>Taking <w AV0>away <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VVB>provide <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>step <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bullion <w NN1-AJ0>offensive <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJS>poorest <w PRP>in <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0-AV0>clear <w VVG>getting <w VVN>rid <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VM0>would <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w AJC>lower <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>move <w PRP>away from <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w PRP>In <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>workplaces <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>underpaying <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w PRP>In <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>underpaid<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w PRP>In <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w NN2>arrears <w VVG>totalling <w CRD-PNI>one <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w DT0>those <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w PRP>In <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w CRD>six <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>employers <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>underpaying<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w CRD>seventeen <w VBD>were <w VVN>prosecuted<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w DT0>All <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>convictions <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>record <w VVD>began <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>response<c PUN>?
<s n="24"><w VBZ>Is <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w CJT>that <w VVZ>embarrasses <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w VVZ>gives <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>low <w VVD-VVN>paid <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w DTQ>What <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appalling <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w CJC>But <w AV0>still<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appalling <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w AT0>A <w NN1>government <w CJT>that <w VVZ>believes <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w PRP>out of <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w VVG>making <w NP0>Britain <w AT0>the <w NP0>Taiwan <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w DT0>This <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVZ>needs <w AT0>no <w AJ0>convincing<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w VDZ>does <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VM0>must <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>reject <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>elderly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>needs <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w PNX>itself <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>restoration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Inspectorate<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w NN2>employers <w PNQ>who <w VVB>break <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN2>wages <w NN1>legislation <w VBI>be <w VVN>detected <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>prosecuted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>fullest <w NN1>extent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w AJ0-AV0>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>, <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w DPS>Our <w DT0>own <w NN1>clothing <w CJC>and <w NN1>textile <w NN1>section <w VBB>are <w AT0>an <trunc> <w UNC>exam </trunc> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w NN1>pardon <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>away from <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>gave <w PNP>you <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PRP>by <w VVG>raising <w DPS>your <w NN2>hands<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w AV0>actively <w VVG>supporting <w DPS>your <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>fight <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>guard <w CJC>and <w VVI>protect <w DPS>their <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="35"><w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland <pause dur=7>
</u>
<u who=PS2F9>
<s n="36"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>hardly <w AJ0>credible <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>problems <w VVG>facing <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1-VVB>brainwave <w TO0>to <w VVI>aid <w NN1>recovery <w CJC>and <w VVB>keep <w NN1>growth <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w PNP>They <w AV0>wrongly <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w NN2>things <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w AV0-AJ0>right <w PRP>by <w VVG>operating <w AT0>a <w NN1>framework <w AVQ>where <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>low <w NN1>pay <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w AV0>even <w AJC>lower <w NN2>wages <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w VVB>excuse <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>low <w NN1>pay <w AV0>never <w VVZ>saves <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w AV0>never <w VM0>will<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w AT0>The <w NN2>wages <w VVB>simulate <w NN1>growth <w PRP>as to <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN1>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w AJ0>flexible <w NN1>work <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w DT0>This <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>intent <w PRP>on <w VVG-AJ0>isolating <w NP0>Britain <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>country <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w AJ0>guaranteed <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>producer <w PRP>for <w AJ0>low <w NN1>cost <w NN2>products<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Scotland <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>workf </trunc> <w NN2>workers <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <trunc> <w UNC>Tor </trunc> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0-AV0>part-time <w AJ0>working <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ethnic <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>recognize <w DT0>this <w NN1>policy <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w NP0>Britain <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>sweatshop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>duty <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>cam </trunc> <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w CJC>and <w VVI>oppose <w DT0>this <w AJ0>greedy <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN2>policies <w PRP>at <w AT0>every <w NN1>turn<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w VVB>Remember<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>opposition <w VVN-VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-think <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>poll <w NN1>tax<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w PNP>I <w ORD>second<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC001><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC002></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="49"><ptr target=HLULC001><w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Region <ptr target=HLULC002><pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FA>
<s n="50"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0-VVG>supporting <w NN1-AJ0>composite <w CRD>twenty<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NN2>Wages <trunc> <w UNC>so </trunc> <w NN2>Councils <w VVN>set <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K's <w AV0>lowest <w AJ0>paying <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w PNP>They <w VVB>provide <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>quarters <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w VBB>are <w NN2>women <w PRP>with <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w NN2>industries <w PRP>such as <w NN1>clothing <w CJC>and <w NN2>textiles<c PUN>, <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w NN2>hairdressers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>leisure <w NN2>services <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w VVN>protected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w PRP>Over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government <w VHZ>has <w VVN>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN2>wages <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w DT0>Each <w AV0>now <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>four <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w PRP>Instead of <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w CJC>and <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>inspectors<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w PNP>them <w AV0>completely<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w NN2>workers <w VBB>are <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>discrimination<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w CJS>Although <w AV0>more <w NN2>women <w VBB>are <trunc> <w UNC>j </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w VVG>joining <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w NN2>places <w AVQ>where <w DPS>their <w NN2>bosses <w VBB>are <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w PNP>It <w VM0>may <w AV0>even <w VBI>be <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AJ0>full <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w NN2>Laws <w VBB>are <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN2>women<w POS>'s <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w VVB>ensure <w PNP>they <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>pay <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w AV0>Of course<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w NN2>women <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AJ0>unprotected<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w CRD>Millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>others <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>openly <w VVN>exploited <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VVI>suffer <unclear> <w NN2>shortages <w CJC>and <w AJ0>low <w NN1>productivity <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>poverty <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>fight <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w PNP>I <w VVB>urge <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w AV0>please <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC003><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC004></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="65"><ptr target=HLULC003><w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><ptr target=HLULC004><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>?
<s n="67"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>they <w VVI>waive <w DPS>their <w NN2>rights<c PUN>?
<s n="68"><w ITJ>Ah <pause> <w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN2>eyes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN1>head <w AV0>here <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>telling <w PNP>ya<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2FB>
<s n="69"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w VVG>Speaking <w PRP>in support of <w AJ0>composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Wage <w NN2>Councils <w VBD>were <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AV0>legally <w AJ0>enforceable <w NN1-AJ0>minimum <w NN2>wages <w PRP>for <w NN2>employees <w CJC>and <w AJ0>associated <w NN2>trades <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>prevented <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>competition <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Wage <w NN1>Council <w VVN>provided <w AT0>a <w AJ0>useful <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w NN1>pay <w NN1>determination<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w NN2>industries <w AVQ-CJS>where <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>little <w NN1-AJ0>collective <w NN1>bargaining<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-VVN>estimated <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w NN2>employees <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Wage <w NN1>Council <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>retail <trunc> <w UNC>hot </trunc> <w AJ0>retail<c PUN>, <w NN1>hotel <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>catering<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>textile <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>employees <w VBB>are <w NN2>women <w AV0>often <w VVG-AJ0>working <w AV0>part-time<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AT0>The <w NN1>scrapping <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Wage <w NN2>Councils <w VM0>will <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w NN1>exploitation <w PRP>by <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future <w NN2>employers <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AV0>even <w AJC>lower <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>employees <w VM0>will <trunc> <w UNC>no </trunc> <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w AT0>no <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w AJ0>low <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>comrades <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hotel <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>catering <w NN1>industry <w NN1-VVB>work <w AV0-AJ0>long <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unsocial <w NN2>hours <w PRP>for <w AV0>as <w DT0>little <w CJS>as <w CRD>two <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>two <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fourteen <w NN1>pound <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>thirteen <trunc> <w UNC>ho </trunc> <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>nine <w NN1>hour <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w VVI>survive <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fourteen <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>?
<s n="80"><w DT0>Many <w NN1>hotel <w NN2>workers <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>belong <w PRP>to <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w AV0>always <w VBN>been <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w NN1>hotel <w NN2>workers <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>very <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>industry <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VHZ>has <w AV0>now <w VVN>come <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w AJ0>very <w NN2>workers <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w CJS>so that <w AV0>collectively <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>fight <w AT0>the <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>ask <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w CJT>that <w VVZ>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>publicity <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>name <w DT0>those <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w NN2>establishments <w CJT>that <w VVB>exploit <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w DPS>their <w NN0>staff <w AV0>so <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>fat <w NN1>profit<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>update <w AT0>the <w NN1>hotel <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w AV0>really <w VVB>mean <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>say <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w NN1>blacklist <w DT0>those <trunc> <w UNC>es </trunc> <w NN2>establishments <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w PRP>After <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w PNP>we <w AV0>as <w VVI>trade <w NN2>unionists <w VVB>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ill-gotten <w NN2>gains <w PRF>of <w NN2>exploiters <w PRF>of <w AJ0>human <w NN2>beings<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w AV0>please <w VVB-NN1>support
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="86"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w NP0>Lancashire <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause dur=10>
</u>
<u who=PS2FC>
<s n="88"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w NP0>October <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three <w VBZ>is <w AV0>almost <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w NN1>date <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>abolished<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w AT0>The <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VM0>will <trunc> <w UNC>not </trunc> <w PNI>nothing <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w VVB>rob <w CRD>two <w NN1>point <w CRD>seven <w CRD>million <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w NN2>women <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>employers <w VM0>will <w VVI>cease <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AV0>less <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AV0>even <w AV0>more <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>ends <w VVI>meet<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w NN2>Hotels <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>catering<c PUN>, <w NN1>clothing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>retail<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NN2>industries<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w AV0>currently <w VVZ>negotiates <w PRP>at <w AJ0>national <w NN1>level <w PRP>in <w NN2>industries <w CJS>as <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>bargaining<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w PNI>One <w VM0>could <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>argue <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VBB>are <w VDG>doing <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w VBB>are <w AJ0>rubber-stamping <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>motion <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>advance <w PRP>between <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VBD>were <w VVN>abolished <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>guarantee <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negotiated <w NN1-AJ0>minimum <w NN1>rate <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>applied<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN2-VVZ>freezes<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w VVB-NN1>pay <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w NN2>Employers <w VM0>must <w AV0>simply <w VVI>abandon <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>altogether<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w VM0>may <w AV0>simply <w VVI>ban <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>altogether<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VHZ>has <w VVN>happened <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>industries <w PRP>like <w NN1>cotton <w VVG-NN1>spinning <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>weaving<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w VVG>Abolishing <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>green <w NN1>light <w PRP>to <w NN2>sweatshops<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AV0>lowest <w VVN-AJ0>paid<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w NN2>Wages <w VVG>undercutting <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w NN1>abolition<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN>seen <w AJ0>premium <w NN1>rate <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>like <w AJ0>double <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sunday <w VVG>working <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>after <w AJ0>statutory <w NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w VBD>were <w VVN>removed <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>attack <w VM0>would <w AV0>undoubtedly <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>rates <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VBB>are <w VVN>removed <w AV0>altogether<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w NN2>Employers <w PNQ>who <w VVB>claim <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>stand <w PRP>aside from <trunc> <w UNC>com </trunc> <w UNC>from <trunc> <w UNC>com </trunc> <w UNC>from <w AJ0>competitive <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>undercut <w VBB>are <w AV0>truly <w PRP>on <w CRD-PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NN2>rates <w VBB>are <w AV0>currently <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>reference <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w VVG>deciding <w DTQ>what <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN2>levels <w VM0>should <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w PRP>Without <w PNP>it <w AV0>there <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w NN1>abolition <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w VM0>may <w AV0>well <w VVI>find <w PNX>themselves <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>resort <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>cooperative <w CJC>or <w NN2>wages <w NN1>club <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>place <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w CJS>If <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>setting <w NN2>arrangements <w AV0>then <w NN2>standards <w VM0>will <w VVI>slip <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w VM0>will <w VVI>deteriorate<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w NN1>Abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council <w VM0>could <w AV0>seriously <w VVI>affect <w NN1>equality <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>sexes<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w AT0>A <w NN1>report <w PRP>by <w NN2>academics <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>C <w VVZ-NN2>shows <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>case <w PRP>for <w NN1>abolition<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w VVG>northing <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>another <w NN1>attack <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-NP0>Bill<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ>takes <w AV0>absolutely <w AT0>no <w NN1>account <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>hardship <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>impose <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>big <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VBB>are <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w AJ0>Basic <w NN2>rates <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VVB>apply <w AV0>equally <w PRP>to <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>four <w CRD>fifths<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>two <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w AT0>the <w NN2>wages <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w NN2>wages <w VBB>are <w VVN>protected <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w VBB>are <w NN2>women <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VVI>seem <w AT0>no <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w NN1>abolition <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN2>wages <w VBD>were <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>fall<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w NN2>women <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <w VVI>suffer <w AV0>disproportionately<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w DT0>another <w AJ0>vulnerable <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AJ0>single <w NN2>parents<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w PNP>I <w VVB>urge <w NN1>Conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>condemn <w DT0>this <w AJ0>uncaring <w AJ0>cynical <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>se </trunc> <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AJ0>minimum <w NN2>rates <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN2>industries <w CJC>and <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="116"><w NN2>Thanks <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2FD>
<s n="117"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>go <w AVP-PRP>over <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <unclear> <w DTQ>what <w DPS>my <w NN1>colleague <w VHZ>has <w VVN>said <w CJC>but <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVB>wan<w TO0>na <w VVI>know <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>when <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>get <w NN1>hold <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1>issue <w CJC>and <w VVB>make <w DT0>some <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>mileage <w PRP>out of <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sponsored <w NN2>MPs <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w PNP>'em <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>doorstep <w PRP>at <w NN1>election <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>about <w VDG>doing <w PNI>summat <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w VVB>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>affects <w DT0>many <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>links <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w VHZ>has<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>already <w VVN>severed <w PNP>'em<c PUN>, <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w VVB>Support <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="120"><w AJ0>Composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Minimum <w NN1>Wage<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause dur=6>
</u>
<u who=PS2FE>
<s n="121"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>sisters <w CJC>and <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w VVG-AJ0>Moving <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>Minimum <w NN1>Wage<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w DT0>more <w NN2>voters <w VVD>got <w PRP-AVP>off <w DPS>their <w NN2>backsides <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w VVN>gone <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>voted<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>voted <w AJ0>Labour<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w AV0>at all <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w NN1>policy <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w CJS>If <w AV0>ever <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVD>paid <w NN1-VVB>need <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decent <w NN1>wage <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN2>jobs <w VBG>being <w VVN>created <w VBB>are <w AV0>mostly <w AJ0>part-time<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>low <w VVN>paid<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unskilled<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>promotion <w NN2>prospects <w CJC>and <w DT0>few <w NN1>employment <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>guessed <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>rising <w NN2>jobs <w VBB>are <w PRP>for <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w PRP>In <w CRD>eleven <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN2>regions <w DT0>more <w NN2>women <w CJS>than <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w NN2>men <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w NN2>Jobs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cheap<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Stores <w CJC>and <w NP0>Burtons <w VHB>have <w VVN>sacked <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full-time <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>replaced <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w NN2>part-timers<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>they <w VVB>call <w PNP>them <w VBZ>is <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w PNP>You <w AV0>just <trunc> <w UNC>wo </trunc> <w VVB>get <w VVN>called <w AVP>in <w CJS>when <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>busy <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>work <w PRP>between <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w CRD>sixteen <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w VVN>opposed <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w NN1>protection <w PRP>against <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>sacking<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sick <w NN1>pay<c PUN>, <w NN1>redundancy <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>, <w NN1>maternity <w NN1>leave<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>work <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w DT0>these <w NN2>hours <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN2>rights <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Tories <w VVB>encourage <w AJ0>low <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>for <w NP0>Britain <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <unclear> <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>income <w NN1>scale <w PRP>with <w AJ0>rich <w NN2>rewards <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>income<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AV0>over <w CRD>ten <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w AV0>now <w VVB>earn <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<w POS>'s <w NN1>decency <w NN1>threshold <w PRP>for <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w CRD>Sixty <w CRD>eight <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>ad </trunc> <w NN1>adult <w NN2>earnings<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRF>of <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent <w PRP>since <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w CJC>And <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>income <w NN1-VVB>divide <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w AJ0>top <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>percent <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w AJC>greater <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w VBD>were <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w NN1-VVB>Shame<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w AV0>Nearly <w CRD>one <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w AV0>now <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>claim <w AJ0>mean-tested <w NN2>benefits <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>top <w AVP-PRP>up <w AJ0>low <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w AJ0>Independent <w NN2>analysts <w VHB>have <w VVN>estimated <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage <w NN1>set <w PRP>at <w CRD>three <w NN1>pound <w CRD>forty <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w VM0>would <w VVI>add <w CRD>one <w NN1>point <w CRD>eight <w NN0>percent <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>labour <w VVZ-NN2>costs <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w CJC>But <w NN2>wages <w VBB>are <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN2>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w PRP>In <w NN1>reality<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>mean <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w PNI>nought <w NN1-VVB>point <w CRD>two <w NN0>percent <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN2>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w PRP>In <w NP0>France <w AVQ>where <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>wage <w VHB>have <trunc> <w UNC>ri </trunc> <w VVN>risen <w AV0>dramatically <w AT0>a <w NN1>study <w VVD-VVN>found <w AT0>no <trunc> <w UNC>si </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>ni </trunc> <w AT0>no <w NN2>effects <w PRP>on <w NN1>wage <trunc> <w UNC>infl </trunc> <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>or <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w AT0>The <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <trunc> <w UNC>mo </trunc> <w NN1-AJ0>minimum <w NN1>wage <w NN1>set <w PRP>at <w CRD>three <w NN1>pound <w CRD>forty <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w VM0>would <w AV0>directly <w VVI>benefit <w CRD>four <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w CRD>million <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w CRD>Seventy <w CRD>eight <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>three <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w CRD>Fifty <w CRD>nine <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>four <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>working <w AV0>part-time<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w AT0>The <trunc> <w UNC>ex </trunc> <w NN1>Chancellor <w VM0>will <w VVI>gain <w AT0>a <w CRD>billion <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>through <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Insurance <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>reduced <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w CRD>Seventy <w CRD>thousand<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1-VVG>housing <w NN1-VVB>benefit <w CJC>and <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>nine <w CRD>thousand <w PRP>from <w NN1>rent <w NN2>rebates<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w CRD>Forty <w CRD>thousand <w PRP>from <w NN1>family <w NN1>credit <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <unclear> <w AJ0>means-tested <w NN1>benefit<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w AV0>Please <w VVB>support <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>composite<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="155"><w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w PRP>to <w NN1>second <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FF>
<s n="156"><w NP0>Mister <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tories <w VHB>have <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w NN1>hell <w VVD-VVN>bent <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>ruining <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w AJ0>working <w NN1>class<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>five <w CRD>million <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>workers <w VBB>are <w AV0-AJ0>low <w VVN-VVD>paid<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w AJ0>part-time <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w NN2>employees <w VBZ>is <w VVG>increasing<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w NN2>Women <w AV0>in particular <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>concentrated <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>occupational <w NN1>hierarchy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>least <w AJ0>rewarding <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Western <w NN2>economies<c PUN>, <w NP0>Britain <w VBZ>is <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>alone <w PRP>in <w VHG>having <w AT0>no <w AJ0>legal <w NN1-AJ0>minimum <w NN1>wage <w CJC>or <w AJ0>equivalent<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w AV0>Surely<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K's <w NN1>economy <w NN1>position <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>disastrous<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government <w VM0>should <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w AJ0>low <w NN2>wages <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w NN1>drain <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation<w POS>'s <w NN2>resources <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVB>reduce <w NN1>industry<w POS>'s <w NN1>productivity <w NN1>potential<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w AV0>Just <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>investors <w VVB>expect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>return <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>expect <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>return <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>labour<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>well <w VVN>known <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>companies <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Nissan<c PUN>, <unclear><c PUN>, <w NP0>Mitsibushi<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w VVB>come <w PRP>to <w AJ0>British<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w VVB>come <w PRP>to <w NP0>Britain <w CJS>because <w AJ0>British <w NN2>workers <w VBB>are <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w AV0>lowest <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>labour <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>cheap<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VHZ>has <w VVN>come <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w NN1-VVB>change<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>demand <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>British <w NN2>workers <w VVB>enjoy <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w NN2>workers <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w DT0>This <w NN1>demand <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>unreasonable<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w AT0>The <w NN1>demand <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>pay <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>national <w NN1-AJ0>minimum <w NN1>wage<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w NP0>Mister <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w ORD>second<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="171"><w VDZ>Does <w NP0>Liverpool <w VVI>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>speaker<c PUN>?
<s n="172"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>position <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="175"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBZ>is <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>composite <w CRD>twenty<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w PRP>with <w NN1>qualification<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Conservatives <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>abolish <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>disgrace<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w NN1>hell <w NN1>belt <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w AJ0>hell-bent <w PRP>in <w VVG>removing <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w AJ0>statutory <w NN1>protection <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>poverty <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>for <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w PNP>They <w VM0>will <w VVI>make <w PNP>us <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>without <w DT0>some <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w CRD>million <w NN2>workers <w VVN>affected <w VBB>are <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w NN2>Delegates<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>employment <trunc> <w UNC>ch </trunc> <w AT0>an <w NN2>employers<w POS>' <w NN1>chapter <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w NN2>sweatshops<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w DTQ>What <w AJ0>civilized <w NN1>government <w VM0>can <w AV0>really <w VVI>believe <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>rate <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>factory <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>pounds <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>nine <w ZZ0>P <w PRP>per <w NN1>hour <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w AJ0>high<c PUN>?
<s n="182"><w VM0>Could <w PNP>they <w VVI>clothe<c PUN>, <w VVI>feed <w CJC>and <w VVI>house <w AT0>a <w NN1>family <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>money<c PUN>?
<s n="183"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>justification <w PRP>for <w NN1>abolition<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w DT0>Many <w AJ0>small <w NN2>employers <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w NN2>workers <w NN1-VVB>need <w VBZ>is <w AJC>better <w NN1>management<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AJC>lower <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w DT0>Many <w DT0>more <w NN2>workers <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>forced<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AJ0>low <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>claim <w NN2>benefits <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>their <w NN1>income<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>earn <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w NN1>wage<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w DT0-CJT>That <w AV0>also <w VVZ>means <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>subsidizing <w AJ0>bad <w NN2>employers <w PRP>through <w DPS>our <w NN2>taxes <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fiddling <w NN1>factory <w NN2>owners <w VM0>will <w VVI>undermine <w AT0>the <w AJ0>decent <w NN2>conditions <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>fought <w PRP>for <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN2>women<w POS>'s <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w AV0>also <w VVZ>deals <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w NN1>qualification<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1-AJ0>minimum <w NN1>wage <w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w TO0>To <w VVI>show <w DPS>our <w AJ0>continuous <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>fighting <trunc> <w UNC>lo </trunc> <w AJ0-AV0>low <w NN1-VVB>pay <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVB>ask <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>composite <w CRD>twenty<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC005><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC006></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="193"><ptr target=HLULC005><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="194"><ptr target=HLULC006><w AJ0>Composite <w NN1>motion <w UNC>er <w CRD>twenty <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="196"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="197"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="200"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="201"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w AJ0>Composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="204"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="205"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>Rights<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>motions <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>section<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w PNP>They <w VBB>are <w CJS>as <w VVZ>follows<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w AJ0>Composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w AJ0>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w PRP>Without <w NN1>exception <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>recommending <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>them <w AV0>all but <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>at least <w PNI-CRD>one <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>accepting <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>qualification<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w VVG>Following <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VVI>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w PNP>I <w AV0>now <w VVB-NN1>call <w AJ0>composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-NP0>Bill<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w PRP>to <w NN1>second <w CJC>and <w NN2>colleagues <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>movers <w CJC>and <w NN2>seconders <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>speaker <w VM0>would <w AV0>all <w VVI>come <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>front <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w PNP>us <w AV0>enormously <w PRP>with <w NN1>time <pause> <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="217"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w AV0>alright <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="218"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>proposing <w AJ0>composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>legislation <w VBZ>is <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AV0>yet <w DT0>another <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>yet <w DT0>another <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sick <w NN1>government <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>proud <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVN>signed <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Chapter<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>even <w AV0>more <w AJ0>sickening <w CJS>when <w AJ0>official <w NN0>statistics <w VVB>show <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w VVG-NN1>suffering <w PRP>from <w NN1>poverty <w NN2>wages <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w VVB>live <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>work <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w DTQ>What <w VDZ>does <w DT0>this <w NN1>legislation <w VDI>do <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>low <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>?
<s n="224"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w NN2>comrades<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>kicks <w PNP>'em <w AV0-AJ0>right <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>teeth<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w DT0>This <w NN1>legislation <w NN2>scraps <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w VVB>Mind <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVN>known <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w AJ0>generous <w NN1>pay <w NN2>awards<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN2>Councils <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w AJ0>main <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>hope <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VVZ>speaks <w PRP>for <w DT0>these <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w VVG>abolishing <w AT0>the <w NN2>Wages <w NN1>Council <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>provide <w DT0>any <w NN1>hope <w CJC>or <w NN1>prosperity <w PRP>for <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w NN2>workers <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Civil <w NN2>Liberties <w NN1>Organization <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>condemned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>government <w PRP>for <w VVG>violating <w AJ0>international <w NN2>standards <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w DT0>This <trunc> <w UNC>leg </trunc> <w NN1>legislation <w VVZ>carries <w AVP>out <w AV0>further <w NN2-VVZ>attacks <w PRP>on <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w TO0>to <w VVI>sue <w NN2>strikers<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w AV0>Even <w NP0>Howard <w NP0>Davies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>I <w VVD>called <w DT0>this <w AJ0>unhelpful<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w DT0>This <w NN1>legislation <w NN2>forces <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>basis <w DPS>their <w NN1>employer <w TO0>to <w VVI>deduct <w NN2>subs <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>simple<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AV0>unreasonably <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w NN2>unions <w TO0>to <w VVI>collect <w DPS>their <w NN2>subs <w CJC>and <w VVB>undermine <w AJ0>collective <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w AV0>Again<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>legislation <w VVZ>attracts <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bridlington <w NN2>procedures <w CJT>that <w VVB>facilitate <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership <w NN2-VVZ>disputes<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w AT0>The <w NN1>reason <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>obvious<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>unions <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>D <w ZZ0>M <w CJC>and <w VVB>encourage <w NN1>scab <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>progressive <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>legislation <w VBB>are <w DT0>those <w VVN>demanded <w PRP>by <w AJ0>European <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w PRP>On <w NN1>maternity <w NN2>rights <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHZ>has <w VVN>weakened <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w AJ0>British <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w AVP-PRP>on <unclear> <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG-AJ0>resisting <w NN1>reorganization <w PRF>of <unclear> <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w DT0>This <w NN1>legislation <w VBZ>is <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NN1>employment <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w PRP>about <w VVG-AJ0>weakening <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w VVG-AJ0>attacking <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC007><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC008></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="242"><ptr target=HLULC007><w NN2>Thanks <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HLULC008><pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2F8>
<s n="243"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>North <w NP0>Derbyshire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w DT0>This <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w VVZ>follows <trunc> <w UNC>fr </trunc> <w AVP>on <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN0>people <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w DT0>These <w AJ0>new <w NN2>measures <w VM0>will <w VDI>do <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>relations <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>typical <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w CJT>that <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>idea <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVZ>thinks <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>union <w NN1-VVG>bashing <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>answer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>thinks <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>unite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tory <w NN2>troops<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w PNP>They <w AV0>honestly <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>care<c PUN>, <w VVI>care <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w PNP>They <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>care <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w PNP>They <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>care <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>sick<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w PNP>They <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>care <w PRP>about <w DPS>our <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w PNP>They <w VVB>care <w PRP>about <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w PNX>themselves <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>staying <w PRP>in <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>hanging <w UNC>on <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w NN2>reins <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>destroy <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AJ0>unnecessary <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VVI>set <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>relations <w AVP>back <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w DT0>more <w AJ0>progressive <w NN2>countries <w VBB>are <w VVG>facilitating <w AJ0>improved <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN2>communications <w PRP>between <w DT0>all <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VVZ>sets <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w NN1>disharmony <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w NN1>friction<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w AV0>More <w AJ0>sensible <w NN2>governments <w VVB>place <w AT0>the <w NN1>onus <w PRP>on <w VVG>solving <w NN2>problems <w PRP>through <w AJ0>social <w NN1>partnership<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>standards<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w AV0>actually <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w VVG>recognizing <w NN2>skills<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>midst <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>recession <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VM0>can <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w PNI>nothing <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w VVG>scrapping <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w CJC>and <w VVG>introducing <w DT0>more <w NN1>union <w NN2-VVZ>curbs<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w DT0>These <w AJ0>new <w NN2>measures <w VM0>will <w AV0>actively <w VVI>encourage <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN2>employers <w TO0>to <w AV0>further <w VVI>exploit <w PRP-AVP>over <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w AV0>low <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AV0>mostly <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w DT0>These <w NN2>measures <w VVB>make <w NP0>Britain <w AT0>an <w NN1>employment <w NN1>dumping <w NN1>ground<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w CJT>that <w VVZ>pays <w DPS>its <w NN2>workers <w AJ0>low <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w VVZ>offers <w DPS>its <w NN2>workers <w AT0>no <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w AV0>Probably <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>attack <w VBZ>is <w VVN>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>deduction <w PRP>from <w NN2>wages <w CJC>or <w NN1>check-off <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>unusual <w DT0>these <w NN2>days <w PRP>from <w NN2>employees <w CJS>while <w VVG>blaming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>situation <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w AT0>the <w NN2>services <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w NN2>unions <w VM0>will <w AV0>probably <w AV0>still <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w NN2>rates <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w VVB>Imagine <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w AVQ>where <w NN2>employers <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>notify <w NN1>employee <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w NN1>contribution <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w VVG>reminding <w PNP>them <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>their <w NN1>authorization<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w AV0>So <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w AT0>every <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w VVB>renew <w NN1>check-off <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN1>probability <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>process <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="264"><w DTQ>What <w AT0>a <w NN1>drain <w PRP>on <w AJ0>valuable <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w AJ0>composite <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>immobilization <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>many <w NN2>resources <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vicious <w CJC>and <w AJ0>unnecessary <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>refers <w PRP>to <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w AJ0>sponsored <w NN2>MPs <w CJC>and <w NN2>MEPs<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w PNP>We <w VVB>demand <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB>defend <w DPS>our <w NN2>interests<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w NP0>Westminster <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>Eur </trunc> <w AJ0>European <trunc> <w UNC>Parl </trunc> <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>realize <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>electorate <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w NN1-VVB>vote <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VDI>do <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJC>later<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w NN1>workplace <w NN2>campaigns<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w NN1>workplace <w NN2-VVZ>campaigns <w TO0>to <w VVI>educate <w CJC>and <w VVI>inform <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AJ0>good <w PRP>at <w VVG-NN1>organizing <w CJC>and <w VVG>organizing <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w VVB>support <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>composite<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="270"><w AJ0>Composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>moved <w PRP>by <w NP0>Midlands <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2F9>
<s n="271"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>moving <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>delivering <w AT0>a <w NN1>history <w NN1>lesson<c PUN>.
<s n="273"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w AV0>painfully <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN1>employment <w NN2>situations <w VHB>have <w VVN>changed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJC>worse <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w PRP-CJS>As <w DT0>each <w NN1>slice <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>anti-trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>legislation <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w PRP>onto <w AT0>the <w NN1>statute <w NN1>book <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>become <w AV0>less <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w AV0>effectively <w VVI>represent <w DPS>our <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>witnessed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>part-time <w CJC>and <w NN1>home <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVG>accepting <w AT0>a <w AV0>grotesquely <w AJ0>low <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN2>earnings <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>workers <w VBZ>is <w VVN>reflected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w NN1>overtime <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w CRD>Twelve <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w VVD-VVN>moved <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>standardization <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>rights <w CJS>as <w VVN>contained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Chapter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<w POS>'s <w NN1>government <w VVZ-NN2>gallops <w AV0>proudly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>opposite <w NN1>direction<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w PRP>At <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AV0>only <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN2>voters <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN1-AJ0>anti-union <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w VVG>pushing <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-NP0>Bill<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>preceding <w NN1>composite <w VHZ>has <w VVN>focused <w DPS>our <w NN1>attention <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>forthcoming <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>strange <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w CJT>that <w VBD>were <w PNP>it <w XX0>not <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN2>industrialists<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>far <w AJC>worse<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Prior<c PUN>, <w NN1>figurehead <w PRP>at <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>argued <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w AJ0>original <w NN1>proposal <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>employee<w POS>'s <w NN1>authorization <w PRF>of <w NN1>check-off <w NN2>facilities <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>yearly <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w DT0>Such <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>concluded<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unworkable <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer<w POS>'s <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w AV0>indirectly <w VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bridlington <w NN1>Agreement <w PRP>by <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w NN2>employers <w VVN-AJ0>preferred <w AJ0>single <w NN1>union <w NN2-VVZ>deals<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Tories <w VHB>have <w VVN>stopped <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>making <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership <w AJ0>illegal <w CJC>but <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w AJ0>legal <w TO0>to <w VVI>punish <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>members <w AV0>financially <w PRP>through <w AJ0>selective <w NN2>redundancies<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w AJ0>collective <w NN2>agreements <w VBB>are <w VVN>cancelled <w PRP>through <w VVG>offering <w AJ0>inferior <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>contracts <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>withholding <w NN1>pay <w NN2>rises<c PUN>?
<s n="286"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Tories <w VVB-NN1>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>justify <w DPS>their <w AJ0>punitive <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>by <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>disputes <w VVB-NN1>affect <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w NN1>past <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w NP0>Italy <w VHZ>has <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w NN1>strike <w NN1>rate <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w PRP>During <w DT0>that <w DT0>same <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w NP0>Italy<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>production <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w CRD>four <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K's <w CRD>one <w NN1>point <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w AT0>The <w NN2>Tories <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVG>curtailing <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>rights <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>attracting <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>investment<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>eleven <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>per <w NN1>year <w VBD>were <w VVN>created <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>foreign-owned <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w VVB>Compare <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>millions <w PNQ>who <w VVD>joined <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN1>register<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w DT0>least <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>ask <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>repeal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>anti-trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>legislation <w VVD-VVN>enacted <w PRP>since <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Chapter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Maastricht <w NN1>Treaty<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w AV0-AJ0>Only <w AV0>then <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w VVI>begin <w TO0>to <w VVI>repair <w AT0>the <w NN1>damage <w VVN-VVD>caused <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tories <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can <w AV0>then <w AV0>effectively <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>fighting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC009><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00A></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="296"><ptr target=HLULC009><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><ptr target=HLULC00A><w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland <w PRP>to <w NN1>second<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland <w PRP>to <w NN1>second<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2FA>
<s n="298"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fifteen <w NN2>years <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w AVQ>where <w NN1>law <w VHD>had <w AJ0>little <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NN1>Labour <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w NP0>Britain <w VHZ>has <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w AVQ>where <w AV0>almost <w AT0>every <w NN1>aspect <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>relations <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>restraints<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>remember <w DT0>this <w VVG>discussing <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w AV0>today <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>state <w VHZ>has <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w AJ0>averse <w CJC>or <w AJ0>slow <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>subjugate <w AJ0>working <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w NN2>women<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>contemporary <w NN2>attacks <w VBB>are <w AJ0>different <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>shackling <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>integral <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w NP0>Margaret <w NP0>Thatcher<w POS>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>package <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>reason <w PRP>for <unclear> <w DT0>this <w NN1>legislation <w VBD>was <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>failed <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>strategy <w AV0>then <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AV0>enough<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>anti-trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>examined <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w AJ0>social <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>parameter<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w AV0>just <w CRD>one <w NN1>Act<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Act <w PRF>of <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w DT0>some <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>employment <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w CRD>Six <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>Act <w VVD-VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w NN2>limits <w PRP>for <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>dismissal <w PRP>from <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>six <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w NN1>Section <w CRD>eight <w VVN>helped <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AJ0>short-term <w NN2>contracts <pause> <w NN1>section <w CRD>nine <w VVN>removed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>award <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w PRP>for <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>unfair <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w NN1>Section <w CRD>fourteen <w VVN>reduced <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w NN1>period <w PRP>for <w NN1>entitlement <w PRF>of <w AJ0>guaranteed <w NN2>payments <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w AJS>worst <w PRF>of <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w NN2>sections <w CRD>eleven <w CRD>twelve <w CJC>and <w CRD>thirteen <w PRP>on <w NN1>maternity <w NN2>rights <w VVN>affected <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w AV0>Of course<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>Act <w VBD>was <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w CRD>ninety<c PUN>, <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w DT0>All <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VBB>are <w AV0>equally <w AJ0>vicious <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>vin </trunc> <w AJ0>vindictive<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w NN1-VVB>Act <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w PRP>despite <w DPS>its <w NN2>protestations<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>speaks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w NN2>individuals <w PRP>by <w VVG-AJ0>shredding <w NN1>employment <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w VVG>undermining <w NN1>collectivism<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w DT0>This <w NN1>government <w VVZ>undermines <w DT0>each <w CJC>and <w AT0>every <w NN1>worker<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w AT0>The <w NN1>truth <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVG-NN1>acting <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>is </trunc> <w NN1>isolation <w NN2>workers <w AV0>simply <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>recognize <w DPS>their <w NN2>rights <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>superior <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w AV0>Ultimately <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN2>workers <w AV0>only <w AJ0>social <w NN1>protection<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>succinct <w NN1>quote <w PRP>about <w NN1>law <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oliver <w NN1>Goldsmith <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>puts <w PNP>it <w AV0>really <w PRP>into <w NN1>perspective <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>says<c PUN>, <w NN2>laws <w VVN-VVD>ground <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w CJC>and <w AJ0>rich <w NN2>men <w VVB-NN1>rule <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>these <w NN2>laws <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN2>backs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN1>class<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w VVB>Support <w AT0>the <w NN1>composite<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00B><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00C></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="316"><ptr target=HLULC00B><w VDZ>Does <w NP0>Birmingham <w VVI>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>speaker <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLULC00C></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="317"><w ITJ>No
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="318"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Movement <w NN0>Media <w VVB-NN1>Campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w NP0>Midland <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FB>
<s n="323"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w AV0>Today<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w CRD>two <w NN2>examples <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w NN1-VVB>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w NP0>Timex <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>know <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NP0>Timex <w NN1-VVB>dispute <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>?
<s n="327"><w PNP>I <w AV0>personally <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w PRP>apart from <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Scargill <w VVD>went <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>excitement<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>press <w CJS>because <w NP0>Arthur <w VBD>was <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>shouting <w CJC>and <w VVG>scuffling<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w NP0>John <w VVD>mentioned <w AT0>the <w NP0>Burnsall <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w VVN>heard <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w CJC>But <w PRP>by <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>document <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>appear <w EX0>there<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w DT0>more <w NN1>violence <w VVN>committed <w AV0>there <w PRP>against <w AJ0>lawful <w NN2>pickets <w CJC>and <w AV0>yet <w DT0-CJT>that <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>examples <w PRF>of <w NN1>bias <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <trunc> <w UNC>im </trunc> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w NN1>ownership <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mass <w NN0>media <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>concentrated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w VVG>publishing <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVG-NN1>broadcasting <w PRP>in <w NN2>cinemas<c PUN>.
<s n="335"><w PNP>I <w VVB>quote <w PRP>from <unclear> <w AT0>the <w ORD>sixth <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="336"><w PRP-AVP>On <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>continents <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Murdoch <w VVZ>rules <w DPS>his <w NN2>titles <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN2>businessmen<c PUN>, <w NN2>governments <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>awesome <w NN1>power <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>threatens <w DPS>our <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>simply <w CJS>because <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Murdoch <w VVZ>interferes <w PRP>with <w AJ0>editorial <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>because <w DPS>his <w NN0>staff<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>employed<c PUN>, <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>expected <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="339"><w PNP>They <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>write<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0>front <w NN1>door <w CJS>before <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>pick <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>their <w NN2>hats <w CJC>and <w NN2>coats<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w NN1-VVB>End <w NN1-VVB>quote<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w AJ0>Awesome <w NN1>power <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><w NN1>Labour <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>get <w VVN>elected<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w NP0>Kinnock <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>trusted<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w AV0>Too <w DT0>many <w NN2>U-turns<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w NP0>Kinnock <w AV0>too <w AJ0>lightweight <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>clown<c PUN>, <w VVG>slipping <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w NN1>Labour <w VM0>would <w VDI>do <w AV0>better <w PRP>with <w NP0>John <w NP0>Smith <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>leader<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>hold <w NN1>victory <w NN1-VVB>rally <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sheffield <w PRP>before <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bias <w PRP>at <w NN2>times <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>obvious<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w PRP>At <w NN2>others <w AV0>more <w AJ0>subtle<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w NN1>Television <w NN2>interviews<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w VVB>Get <w AT0>the <w NN1>politician <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>leader <w PRP>against <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>bi </trunc> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w DT0>own <w NN1>office<c PUN>, <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w VVB-NN1>make <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w AJ0>comfortable <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN2>surroundings<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w VVB-NN1>Interview <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>leader <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>street<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w NN1>Traffic<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unflattering <w NN2>angles<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>knows <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <ptr target=HLULC00D><w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>subtle <w NN1>way <ptr target=HLULC00E></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="354"><ptr target=HLULC00D><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HLULC00E><ptr target=HLULC00F><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>laughing <w PRP>at<c PUN>?
<s n="355"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>laughing <w PRP>at<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLULC00G></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00F><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00G></u>
<u who=PS2FB>
<s n="356"><w AT0>A <w AV0>very <w AJ0>subtle <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>colouring <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN2>views<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w AV0>Indeed<c PUN>, <w VVG>leading <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Election<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>tabloid <w NN1>paper <w VVD>said <w NN1>truth<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w NN1>propaganda<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>ran <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>articles <w DT0>each <w NN1>day <trunc> <w UNC>de </trunc> <w VDG>doing <w NN2>features <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>Parties<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>balanced <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVG-AJ0>running <w AJ0>other <w NN2>features <w VVG>claiming <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>S<c PUN>, <w NN1>banking <w NN2>systems <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>high <w NN1>profile <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w CJC>But <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>election<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>given <w PNP>you <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>facts <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NN1>balance <w VVB>advise <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>v </trunc> <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w NN1-VVB>Bias<c PUN>?
<s n="360"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>bias<c PUN>?
<s n="361"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AVP>out <w EX0>there <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w CRD>thirty <w PRP>plus <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w AV0>never <w VVN>known <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>only <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>see <w CJC>and <w VVB>read<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>wait <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>months <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="363"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DPS>our <w NN1>act <w AV0>together<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w NN2>Unions <w VVB>put <w AVP>out <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w VVB>put <w AVP>out <w AV0>more than <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w AT0>an <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>review<c PUN>, <w AV0>maybe <w DT0>less <w NN2>papers <w CJC>but <w DT0>more <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN2>rights <w VVN-VVD>lost <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>Labour <w NN2>policies <w VBB>are <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CRD>thirty <w PRP>plus <w AV0>never <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w AV0>so <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w VHB>have <w VVN>gone<c PUN>?
<s n="367"><w NN2>Questions <w VVB>need <w VVG>answering<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Charter<c PUN>?
<s n="369"><w AVQ>Why <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage<c PUN>?
<s n="370"><w AVQ>Why <w VM0>would <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>maximum <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight <w NN1>hour <w NN1>week <w VVB>lose <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>?
<s n="371"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>up to <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>inform <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w DT0>Fewer<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>better<c PUN>, <w NN2>papers<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w AJ0>Bright <w AJ0>snappy <w NN2>leaflets <w PRP>for <w NN1>notice <w NN2>boards<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><unclear> <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Northcliffe <w AV0>once <w VVD>wrote<c PUN>, <w NP0>God <w VVD>made <w NN0>people <w VVI>read <w CJS>so that <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VVI>fill <w DPS>their <w NN1>brain <w PRP>with <w NN2>facts <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w VVB>tell <w PNP>them <w PNQ>whom <w TO0>to <w VVI>love <w CJC>and <w PNQ>whom <w TO0>to <w VVI>hate <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VVI>think<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN0>people <w VVI>think <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>them <w NN1-VVB>care<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w NN1-VVB>Support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="377"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00H><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00J></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="378"><ptr target=HLULC00H><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w AT0>A <w NN1>seconder <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLULC00J></u>
<u who=PS2FC>
<s n="380"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN1-NP0>Union <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>press <w CJC>but <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w AJC>better <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>redress<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w VVB>Let <w PNP>me <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>an <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>misuse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>.
<s n="383"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Sun <w VVD>published <w AT0>a <w AJ0>front <w NN1>page <w NN1-VVB>lead <w VVG>stating <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NP0>London <w NN1>borough <w VHD>had <w VVN>banned <w AT0>the <w NN1>teaching <w PRF>of <w UNC>Baa <w UNC>Baa <w AJ0>Black <w NN0>Sheep <w CJS-PRP>as <w AJ0-NN1>racist<c PUN>.
<s n="384"><w DT0>This <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>by <w UNC>Baa <w UNC>Baa <w AJ0>Green <w NN0>Sheep<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w DT0>This <w NN1>story <w VBD>was <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>untrue <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>challenged <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Press <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w AT0>The <w NN1>correction <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>printed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w CRD>two <w NN1>centimetre <w NN1>box <w VVN>hidden <trunc> <w UNC>in </trunc> <w AV0>well <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>countries <w PRP>such as <w NP0>America <w VVB>allow <w NN2>papers <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w VVG>leaning <w PRP>in terms of <w NN2>editorials <w AV0>etcetera<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w CJC>But <w AJ0>actual <w NN2>stories <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>balanced <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>correction <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>, <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>prominence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>original<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>original<c PUN>, <w NN1>article<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w AVQ>Why <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VVI>adopt <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>law <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>?
<s n="390"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>successes <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<w VHZ>'s <w VHN>had<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>success<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>link <w NN1>socialism <w CJC>and <w NN2>losers <w AV0>together<c PUN>.
<s n="391"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trouble <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>influence <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w CJC>and <w AV0>unfortunately <w AJ0>influential <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour <w NN2>movements<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>maybe <w PNP>they <w VVB>believe <w AT0>the <w NN1>propaganda <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>socialism <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>dead <w CJC>and <w VVB>respond <w AV0>accordingly<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w VVN>needed <w PRP>from <w PNP>you <w NN1>Congress <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w DT0>these <w NN2>distortions <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>back <w AT0>the <w AJ0>front <w NN1>page <w NN2>headlines <w CJC>and <w VVB>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>headlines <w VBB>are <w AJ0>accurate<c PUN>, <w AJ0>fair <w CJC>and <w AJ0>truthful<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w PNP>I <w ORD>second <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00K><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00L></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="395"><ptr target=HLULC00K><w CRD>Three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w NP0>Lancashire <ptr target=HLULC00L><w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause dur=7>
</u>
<u who=PS2FD>
<s n="396"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>on <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>anti-trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>laws <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VVB>face <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w VBB>are <w AV0>just <w DT0>another <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>wipe <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN1>socialism <w CJC>and <w VVB>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>demand <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>laws <w VBB>be <w VVN>abolished <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VHZ>has <w DPS>its <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN1>man <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back <w CRD>one <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w AV0>Together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>abolition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Wage <w NN2>Councils <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>wage<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN1>man <w VM0>will <w VVI>find <w PNX>himself <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>mercy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN2>bosses<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w AT0>The <w NN2>laws <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN-VVD>crippled <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN0>people <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w PNP>We <w VVD>watched <w NN2>unions <w VBG>being <w VVN>taken <w AV0>apart <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w VDN>done<c PUN>?
<s n="401"><w PNI>Nothing<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w VVB>Get <w AV0>up front <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w VVB>Attack <w DT0>these <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VVI>start <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>rebul </trunc> <w VVI>rebuild <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w NN1>brick <w PRP>by <w NN1>brick<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w AV0>Only <w PRP>by <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>united <w VM0>will <w PNP>we <w VVI>defeat <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVN>promised <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>miners<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w CRD>Three <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w VVD>marched <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>across <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w CRD>millions<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tragedy <w VBZ>is <w CJT-DT0>that <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>carry <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w PRP-AVP>through<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>around <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>around<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w NN1>day <w VM0>will <w VVI>come<c PUN>.
<s n="410"><w ITJ>No <w DT0>more <w NN1>oppression<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w NN2>shackles<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w NN1>exploitation<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>start <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w AVP>back <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>for </trunc> <w NN1>forefront<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w PNP>I <w VVB>say <w VVB-NN1>fight <w AT0>the <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w VVB>fight <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>fight <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>survival <w PRF>of <w NN1>socialism <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping> <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FE>
<s n="414"><w NP0>Mister <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe<c PUN>, <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>decide <w CJS>whether <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>take <w PRP>away from <w AV0>here <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w DT0>any <w NN1>credibility<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <trunc> <w UNC>imp </trunc> <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>preach <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>converted <w CJC>but <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PRP>to <w PNI>anyone <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>hall <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>either <w AJ0>indifferent <w CJC>or <w AJ0>complacent <w CJC>or <w AV0>just <w AV0>too <w AJ0>idle <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>anything <w CJS>than <w VVB>let <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w VVI>drift <w PRP>by <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AV0>together <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>message <w AVP-PRP>over <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0>national <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>turn <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>stand <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>fight <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>uphold <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>principles <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionism<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w NN1>labour<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w DPS>our <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters <w PRP>from <w AJ0>oppressive <w NN2>employers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>command <w AJ0>decent <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>without <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>reprisal<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>stand <w AV0>now <w AV0>then <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>hall <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>living<c PUN>, <w AJ0>breathing <w NN1>testament <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>betrayal <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>gone <w PRP>before <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>leave <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>for <w PNI>anybody <w VVG>coming <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w NN0>works <w NN1>convenor<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>work <w PRP-AVP>along <w CRD>twenty <w NN1>shop <w NN2>stewards<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>tell <w DT0>this <w NN1>Congress <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>message <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>elected <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>sick <w CJC>and <w AJ0>tired <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>perpetual <w NN1>bleating <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>C <w PRP>about <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN2>laws <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN2>laws <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>bringing <w DT0>this <w NN1>movement <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2FE>
<s n="419"><w EX0>There <w VVZ>comes <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>justice <w VVZ>supersedes <w DT0>any <w NN1>law <w VVD-VVN>made <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<w POS>'s <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2FE>
<s n="420"><w AV0>No longer <w AT0>the <w NN1>excuse <w PRF>of <w VVG>keeping <w AJ0>low <w NN1>profile <pause> <event desc="end of tape side one and start of tape side two"> <w NN2>actions<c PUN>, <w VVG>hoping <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN2>guts <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVI>fight <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJT>that <w VVD>made <w DT0>these <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>no <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>a <w AJ0>future <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government <w CJT>that <w VVZ>inherits <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
<s n="421"><w NN2>Brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>message <w CJT>that <w VM0>must <w VVI>leave <w DT0>this <w NN1>Conference <w VBZ>is <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVZ>says <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>unionists<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>fight <w DT0>any <w AJ0>oppressive <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>used <w PRP>against <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="422"><w DT0>All <w DPS>our <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>need <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whatever <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost<c PUN>, <w AVQ>wherever <w AT0>the <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w PNI>no one <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w PNP>We <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>wait <w AV0>any longer<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>say <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>officers <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>sit <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w NN1>blood <w VVD-VVN>squeezed <w PRP>out of <w DPS>our <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w VVB>Show <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w PNI>something<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DPS>your <w NN1>example<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>leadership<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leadership <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>C <w VHB>have <w VVN>starved <w PNP>us <w PRF>of <w CJS>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>ten <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w CJC>And <w VVB>give <w PNP>us <w AVP>back <w AT0>the <w NN1>pride <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>credibility <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w AV0>once <w VVD>took <w PRP>for <w VVN>granted <w PRP>as <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unionists <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VVD>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>slip <w PRP>away from <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>make <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>reckoned <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>send <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w AT0>a <w NN1>message<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>never <w VVI>allow <w PNI>anyone <w PRP>at <w NP0>Westminster <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>us <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>never <w VVI>allow <w PNI>anyone <w PRP>at <w NP0>Westminster <w TO0>to <w VVI>prevent <w PNP>us <w PRP>from <w VVG>protecting <w DPS>our <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <trunc> <w UNC>no </trunc> <w AV0>never <w AV0>ever <w VVI>allow <w PNI>anyone <w PRP>at <w NP0>Westminster <w TO0>to <w VVI>defeat <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w PNP>I <w VVB>second <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="429"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Region <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FF>
<s n="430"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mister <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="431"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>de-recognition <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>non- <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w VHZ>has <w AV0>fast <w VVB>become <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w CJS-PRP>as <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG>accelerating <w AT0>the <w NN1>de-recognition <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>creeping <w NN1>destruction <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>rights <w VHZ>has <w VVN>spread <w AV0>rapidly <w PRP>from <w NN2>journalists <w PRP>to <w NN2>printers<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NN1>tanker <w NN2>drivers <w PRP>to <w NN2>docks<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>telecom <w NN2>managers <w PRP>to <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>lecturers <w PRP>to <w NN1>insurance <w NN0>staff<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w AV0>Slowly <w CJC>but <w AV0>surely <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>reps <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>eroded<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w PRP-AVP>In <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w NN2>incentives <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN>given <w PRP>by <w NN1>management <w PRP>to <w NN2>workers <w PNQ>who <trunc> <w UNC>disassoc </trunc> <w VVB>disassociate <w PNX>themselves <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w PRP>to <w NN1>hostility <w CJC>and <w NN1>antagonism <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace <w PRP>between <w NN2>workers <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w AV0>traditionally <w VBN>been <w VVN>united <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>furthering <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>relations<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w NN1>Trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>de-recognition <w VBZ>is <w VHG>having <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>solidarity <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN2>rights <w VVN-VVD>built <w AVP>up <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>proud <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>achievement<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w PRP>In <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>so <w AJ0>proud <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w VVZ>boasts <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cheap <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN1>labour <w NN2>costs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>months <w AV0>ago <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>government <w VVD>took <w AVP>out <w NN2>advertisements <w PRP>in <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN1>business <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w NP0>Britain <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AJ0>low <w NN1>labour <w NN2-VVZ>costs <w VVN>compared <w PRP>to <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w AT0>The <w NN1>advertisement <w AV0>proudly <w VVN-VVD>noted <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>cost <w NN1>index <w PRP>for <w NP0>Britain <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w CRD>hundred<c PUN>, <w VVN>compared <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>eight <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w PRP>In <w DT0>another <w NN1>publication<c PUN>, <w VVN>circulated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>D <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>I <w PRP>to <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>embassies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN2>boasts <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>quote<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN1>labour <w NN2>laws <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w CJS>so that <w NN2>employers <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w PRP>under <w AT0>no <w AJ0>statutory <w NN1>obligation <w TO0>to <w VVI>recognize <w DT0>any <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AV0>so <w AV0>blatantly <w VVN-AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w AVP>out <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>manner<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w AV0>surely <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>limit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w TO0>to <w AV0>further <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>union <w NN1>power<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>fight <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>freedoms <w CJC>and <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w PNX>themselves <w AV0>collectively<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><w CJC>But <w AJ0>social <w NN1>dumping <w VBZ>is <w CJC>but <w CRD>one <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>spirit <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>abused <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w AJ0>Unscrupulous <w NN2>employers <w VHB>have <w VVN>found <w AJ0>new <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>sidestepping <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>social <w NN2>directives <w DTQ>which <w VVB>depend <w PRP>on <w VHG>having <w NN1>union <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w PRP>By <w VVG>de-recognizing <w DT0>these <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w NN2>employers <w VM0>can <w AV0>effectively <w VVI>ignore <w DPS>their <w NN2>obligations <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AV0>thereby <w VVB>deny <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>rights <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>as <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>eleven <w AJ0>other <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w NN1>union <w NN1>de-recognition <w VVZ-NN2>strikes <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>very <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w DT0>this <w NN1>challenge<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
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<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00M><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00N></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="448"><ptr target=HLULC00M><w VBZ>Is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>seconder <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLULC00N><pause dur=6>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="449"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w ORD>second <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w AT0>The <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Act <w VVZ>gives <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w TO0>to <w VVI>de-recognize <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w DT0>these <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w NN2>representatives <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>damaging <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>legislation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>decades<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w VVN>directed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>core <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>transpor </trunc> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <trunc> <w UNC>un </trunc> <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>tee </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w NN1>unity <trunc> <w UNC>thr </trunc> <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w VVN>allowed <w NN2>employers <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w AT0>a <w NN1>wedge <w PRP>between <w NN2>workers <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>thi </trunc> <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>class <w NN2>citizens <w PRP>within <w DPS>their<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w VVN>allowed <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN2>employers <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN2>directives <w PRP>such as <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN2>redundancies<c PUN>, <w NN2>transfers <w PRF>of <w NN2>undertakings<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>directives<c PUN>.
<s n="454"><w PNP>I <w VVB>second <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
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<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
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<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="456"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>position <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="457"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Region <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBZ>is <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AJ0>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>support <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>motions <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><w PNP>We <w VVB>accept <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>qualifications <w CJS-PRP>as <w PNP>it <w VVZ>begs <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w AV0>actually <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>refine <w AJ0>anti-trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>laws<c PUN>?
<s n="459"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w AV0>long <w VVN-VVD>sought <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN1>protection <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN>accepted <w DT0>some <w NN1>state <w NN1>interference <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN2>rulebooks<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have<c PUN>, <w AV0>for example<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>welcomed <w NN2>laws <w CJT>that <w VVZ>allows <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>merge <w CJC>and <w VVI>accept <w NN2>transfers <w PRF>of <w NN2>engagements <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w NN2>laws <w VVG>allowing <w AJ0>political <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>.
<s n="461"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>approach <w PRP>to <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>relations<w POS>' <w NN1>law <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>code <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>brings <w AJ0>international <w NN2>standards <w AV0>fully <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>repressive <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>laws <w VVN>brought <w AVP>in <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Tory <w NN2>governments <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><w AJ0>Tory <w NN2>governments <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>said <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN2>champions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>individual<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHB>have <w VVN>eroded <w AT0>the <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>workers <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w CJT-DT0>That <w VVB-NN1>want <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <unclear> <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>world <w CJC>but <w VHB>have <w VVN>denied <w AJ0>British <w NN2>workers <w AT0>the <w NN1>protection <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>European <w AJ0>social <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="464"><w DT0-CJT>That <w VVZ>abolishes <w NN2>Wages <w NN2>Councils <w CJC>but <w VVZ>denies <w AT0>the <w AV0>lowest <w VVN-AJ0>paid <w AJ0>British <w NN2>workers <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>minimum <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>pay <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>eleven <w NN1>member <w NN2>states <w VVB>provide<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w CJS>As <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>speaker <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six <w PRP>about <w NN1-VVG>advertising <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>audacity <w TO0>to <w VVI>advertise <w PRP>in <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>newspapers <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>labour <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>available <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="466"><w PNP>They <w AV0>actually <w VVB>take <w NN1-VVB>pride <w PRP>in <w VVG>promoting <w NP0>Britain <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>sweatshop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this<c PUN>?
<s n="468"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>by <w DT0>several <w NN2>speakers <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sick <w AJ0>cynical <w AJ0>uncaring <w NN1>government <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN2>extremes <w TO0>to <w VVI>deny <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>workers <w DPS>their <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AV0>clearly <w VVN-VVD>illustrated <w AV0>just <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>ago <w AVQ-CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cynical <w NN1>abuse <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>process<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>introduced <w AT0>an <w NN1>amendment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN1>Reform <w CJC>and <w NN1>Employment <w NN2>Rights <w NN1-NP0>Bill <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>eleventh <w NN1>hour <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>Lords<c PUN>.
<s n="471"><w PNP>They <w VDD>did <w DT0>this <w TO0>to <w VVI>overturn <w AT0>the <w NN1>Court <w PRF>of <w NN1>Appeal <w NN1>ruling <w CJT>that <w VVD>found <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Daily <w NN1>Mail <w NN1>journalist <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>employee <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="472"><w AT0>The <w NN1>judgement <w VVD-VVN>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unionists <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>penalized <w PRP>for <w VBG>being <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVN>denied <w AT0>a <w NN1>pay <w NN1-VVB>rise <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>sign <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>contract <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>covered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1-AJ0>collective <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w NN1>justification <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>amendment <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>quote<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w PRP>in line with <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w PRP>according to <w PNI>someone <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w VVN>heard <w PRF>of <w AV0>before <w CJC>and <w AV0>hopefully <w VM0>will <w AV0>never <w VVI>hear <w PRF>of <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Viscount <w NP0>Ullswater<c PUN>.
<s n="476"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w AV0>actually <w AV0>now <w VVG>infringing <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>our <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="477"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVG>infringing <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>our <w AJ0>basic <w AJ0-NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>actually <w AV0>now <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w NN1>membership <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w VBG>being <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
<s n="479"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>disgraceful <w NN1>action <w VBD>was <w VVN>described <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hugo <w NP0>Young <w PRF>of <w AT0>The <w NN1>Guardian <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shameful <w NN1>saga <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>sick <w NN1>society<c PUN>.
<s n="480"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w AV0>as <w AJ0>worrying <w VBZ>is <w AV0>apparently <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Parliamentary <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w VBD>was <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>any <w NN1>stand <w AV0>at all <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w AJ0>blatant <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>O <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w AV0>Perhaps <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VVI>spend <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG-AJ0>protecting <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w CJS>than <w VVG-AJ0>promoting <w AJ0>constitutional <w NN1>debate <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="482"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>go <w PRP>from <w AV0>here<c PUN>?
<s n="483"><w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w VVG>following <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN2>lawyers<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>reasonably <w AJ0>confident <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w CRD>two <w NN2>avenues <w VVB>open <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>Courts <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Chapter<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w VVG>considering <w AVQ>how <w AV0>best <w TO0>to <w VVI>progress <w DT0>this <w NN1>challenge<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>campaign <w AV0>vigorously <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>hopefully <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w CJS>as <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><w PRP>Despite <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>smash <w PNP>us <w PRP>into <w NN1>submission<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>fail <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>spirit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>working <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w DPS>Our <w NN2>members <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w DT0>enough <w PRF>of <w AJ0>repressive <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>employment <w NN2>laws <w CJT>that <w VVB>give <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>power <w PRP>to <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>British <w NN1>public <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w DT0>enough<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w NN1-VVB>Trade <w NN2>unionists <w VBB>are <w VVG>fighting <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <w VVZ>mentions <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>Report<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>apologize <w PRP>for <w VVG>mentioning <w PNP>it <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>fighting <w AVP>back <w PRP>at <w NP0>Timex<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>fighting <w AVP>back <w PRP>at <w NP0>Burnsall<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w NN1>region <w PRP>at <w NP0>Crawley <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>sixteen <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVG>fighting <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>workplaces <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w AV0>fully <w VVI>support <w DT0>these <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VM0>will <w VVI>use <w AT0>every <trunc> <w UNC>aven </trunc> <w NN1>avenue <w VVB>open <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AJ0>British <w NN2>workers <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w VVD>sweated <w NN1>labour <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><w PNP>We <w VVB>demand <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w NN1>protection <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN2>liberties <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>workers <w VVB>enjoy<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVZ>recommends <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN1-AJ0>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w NN2>motions <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <trunc> <w UNC>fo </trunc> <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>qualifications <w VVN>mentioned<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00P><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00R></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="496"><ptr target=HLULC00P><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed <ptr target=HLULC00R><w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN2>Resolutions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w AJ0>Composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="499"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="500"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="501"><w AJ0>Composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="502"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="503"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="505"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="506"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="507"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="508"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNI>anybody <w PRP>against<c PUN>?
<s n="510"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="512"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="513"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w VVN>noted <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="515"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>about <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w CRD>thirteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>four <w PRP>by <w DPS>my <w NN1>watch<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>finish <w PRP>at <w CRD>four <w AV0>o'clock <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>suggesting <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w PRP-AVP>through <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>carry <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w PRP>on <w AJ0>part-time <w NN2>workers <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>rights <w PRF>of <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w DT0>All <w DT0>these <w NN2>motions <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>associated <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>debates <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had<c PUN>.
<s n="519"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVD>went <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w CJC>or <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>clear <w AV0>virtually <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w PNP>We <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w AV0>then <w VVN>left <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Regional <w NN2>Reports<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w AVQ>However <w AJ0>important <w DT0>those <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w AJ0>confident <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w DT0>those <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w AV0>somewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="522"><w VM0>Would <w PNP>you <w VVI>agree <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>carry <w AVP>on<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="523"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><w AJ0>Part-time <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w AJ0>part-time <w CJC>and <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland <w PRP>to <w NN1>second<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w NN1>Priority <w PRP>in <w NN1>debate <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w CJS>If <w NN2>speakers <w VM0>could <w VVI>come <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>front <w AV0>please <pause dur=8> <w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w VVB>settle <w AV0>now <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="528"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>North <w NP0>Derbyshire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>mov </trunc> <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w AJ0-NN1>composite <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w PRP>on <w AJ0>part-time <w CJC>and <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>labour<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w PNP>You <w VM0>might <w VVI>find <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>strange <w PNP>me <w VVD>stood <w AVP>up <w AV0>here <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>about <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>labour<c PUN>, <w AJ0>part-time <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Asda<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w VVN>said <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>labour <w NN2>situations <w DT0>all <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>still <w AV0>here <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>plight <w PRF>of <w AJ0>casual <w CJC>and <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w AV0>here <w NN1-AJ0>present <w AV0>today <w VHB>have <w VVN>worked <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>employers <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w CJS>so <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w DT0>some <w NN1>protection <w PRP>under <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>joke <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="533"><w PRP>In <w DT0>many <w NN1>instance <w XX0>not <w AV0>even <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>consolation<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>casual <w NN2>workers <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJ0>perfect <trunc> <w UNC>tar </trunc> <w NN1>target <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>employ </trunc> <w NN2>employers <w PNQ>who <w TO0>to <w VVI>swing <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w NN1>Sword <w PRF>of <w NP0>Damocles<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w PNP>They<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>chop <w DPS>your <w NN2>heads <w AVP-PRP>off <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>feel <w PRP>like <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w VVB>see <w AT0>the <w AJ0>temporary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>casual <w NN1>worker<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w PNP>They<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w DT0>any <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><w PNP>They<w VM0>'ll <w XX0>not <w VVI>answer <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w PNP>They <w VM0>can <w VVI>move <w PNP>'em <w AVP-PRP>about <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>feel <w PRP>like <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>put <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><w PNP>They <w VM0>can <w VVI>pay <w PNP>'em <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>like <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>upset <w PNI>anybody <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>road<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w CJS>cos <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>exactly <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>to <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
<s n="543"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VVB>carry <w PRP>on to <w VVB>let <w PNP>'em <w VDI>do <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVB>like<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>happen <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce <w VM0>will <w VVI>go <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>decline<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>profitable <w DTQ>which <w CJS>as <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>already <w VVN>heard <w PRP>as <w NP0>Asda <w VBB>are <w VVG>trying <w PNP>it <w AVP>on <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w CJS>When <w NN2>costs <w VBB>are <w AV0>so <w AJ0>profitable <w AVQ>why <w VM0>would <w PNP>they <w VVI>need <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w AV0>just <w VHI>have <w PNP>us <w VVN>stood <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>door <w AV0>any <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w AV0>any <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>gate <w DT0>any <w NN1>week <w PNP>they <w VVB>want<c PUN>, <w VVG>begging <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="545"><w DPS>My <w NN1>granddad <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>yours <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>situations <w DT0>these <w UNC>er <w NN2>employees <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>bank<c PUN>, <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>loan<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>mortgage<c PUN>, <w NN1>building <w NN1>society <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>listen <w PRP>to <w PNP>'em<c PUN>, <w PNI>nobody <w AV0>really <w VVZ>cares <w PRP>about <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><pause> <w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w VVB>get <w DT0>some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>equal <w AJ0-NN1>right<c PUN>, <w AJ0>equal <w AJ0-NN1>right <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>contract<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w AV0>More <w CJC>and <w DT0>more <w NN2>employees <w VBB>are <w VVG>using <w DT0>these <w AJ0>casual <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w AT0>every <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>jobs <w VBZ>is <w PRP>under <w NN1>threat <w CJS>cos <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>lose <w DPS>your <w NN1>job <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w AJ0>casual <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AV0>after<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><w AV0>As <w AJ0>easy <w CJS>as <w CJT>that <pause> <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>under <w DT0>these <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w AJ0>real <w NN2>problems <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="552"><w AT0>A <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w CJS>so <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w AV0>sort of <w VVI>sort <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>holiday<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w AV0>Instead <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w VBZ>is <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w CRD>thirteen <w NN2>weeks <w CJS-PRP>as <w DT0>some <w NN1>place <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>down <w NN1>road<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w AJ0>good <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><pause> <w CJS>If <w DPS>their <w NN1>protection <w PRP>under <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w PRP>under <w NN1>law <w VBD>was <w AV0>exactly <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>time-worker <w AV0>then <w DTQ>what<w VM0>'d <w VVI>happen <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>simple<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><w EX0>There<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w PNP>'em <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2>casuals <w CJC>or <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>fac </trunc> <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>factory<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>places<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>temporary <trunc> <w UNC>l </trunc> <w AJ0>temporary <w CJC>or <w AJ0>casual <w NN1>worker <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>road<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>part-timer <w NN1>work<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>cut <w AJ0>short<c PUN>, <w ITJ>ah <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>casual <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w AV0>only <w VVD>expected <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><w PNQ>Who<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w NN2>kids <w CJT>that <w CJS>cos <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="560"><w PNP>It <w VVB-NN1>matter <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w PNP>We <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>accept <w DT0>these <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>employees <w AV0>so <w VVB>sign <w PNP>'em <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>fight <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w VVB-NN1>Fight <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fairness<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <trunc> <w UNC>ineq </trunc> <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="563"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>move <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00S><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00T></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="564"><ptr target=HLULC00S><w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland <w PRP>to <w NN1>second<c PUN>?
<s n="565"><ptr target=HLULC00T><w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland <w PRP>to <w NN1>second <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2F9>
<s n="566"><w NN1-VVB>Chair<c PUN>, <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lanarkshire <w CRD>two <w NN1>branch<c PUN>, <w NN1>clothing <w CJC>and <w NN1>textile <w NN1>section<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>forgotten <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w AT0>The <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVB>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>discriminated <w PRP>against <w PRP>by <w NN2>employers <w PRP>with regard to <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>, <w NN2>holidays<c PUN>, <w NN2>redundancies<c PUN>, <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w NN1>maternity <w NN2>rights <w AV0>etcetera<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w NN1>Congress <w VM0>must <w AV0>fully <w VVI>support <w NN2>moves <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers <w VBB>are <w VVN>treated <w AT0>no <w AV0>less <w AV0>favourably <w CJS>than <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w NN1>Action <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>essential<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><trunc> <w UNC>Particuary </trunc> <w AV0>particularly<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>today<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>climate<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w AJ0>Increasing <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN>employed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><w VVG>Making <w NN1>life <w AV0>so <w AV0>much <w AJC>harder <w PRP>for <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>worker <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AJC>easier <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
<s n="574"><w AV0>For example<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unexpected <w AJ0>budgetary <w NN1-VVB>overshoot<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>force <w VM0>can <w AV0>effortlessly <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced <w PRP>by <w AV0>simply <w XX0>not <w VVG>renewing <w NN1>employment <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>why <w NN2>industries <w VBB>are <w VVG>succumbing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w AJ0>ruthless <w NN1>logic<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w PNP>I <w VVB>urge <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w PRP>for <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>let's <w VHI>have <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>rights <w PRP>for <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00U><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00V></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="577"><ptr target=HLULC00U><w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <ptr target=HLULC00V><pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FA>
<s n="578"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>supporting <w NN1-AJ0>composite <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w AVQ>How <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>employment <w NN2>rights<c PUN>?
<s n="581"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>with <w DT0>most <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>part-time <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><w AT0>No <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w NN1>redundancy <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AJ0>accrued <w NN1>holiday <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w AV0>Most <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AJ0>short-term <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>E <w AJ0-NN1>monthly <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>cases <w AJ0-AV0>weekly<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w PRP>In <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>clothing <w CJC>and <w NN2>textiles <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w VVD-VVN>fought <w AJ0-AV0>long <w CJC>and <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w PRP>to <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>employment <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>climate<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w AJ0>backward <w NN1>step <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bad <w AJ0>old <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w AVQ>How <w DT0>many <w NN2>rights <w VHB>have <w PNP>we <w VVN>lost <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tories <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NN1>power<c PUN>?
<s n="587"><w PNP>We <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w DT0>many <w DT0>more <w AJ0>temporary <w CJC>and <w AJ0>part-time <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>commas<c PUN>, <w AJ0>decent <w NN2>employers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <w VDI>do <w PNI>anything <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="588"><w VBZ>Is<w XX0>n't <w AV0>this <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>workers <w PNQ>who <w VVB>feel <w DPS>their <w NN1>job <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>permanent<c PUN>?
<s n="589"><w AVQ>How <w DT0>many <trunc> <w UNC>employee </trunc> <w NN2>employers<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>E <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Home <w NN2>Stores<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w VVN>paid <w AVP>off <w DPS>their <w AJ0>full-time <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w VVN>given <w PNP>them <w AJ0-AV0>part-time <w AV0>only <w NN1>employment<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w NP0>Timex <w PRP>in <w NP0>Scotland <w PNQ>who <w VVD>sacked <w DT0>all <w DPS>their <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>job <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w AVQ>How <w DT0>many <w DT0>more <w VM0>will <w VVI>try <w DT0>this <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>?
<s n="592"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can <w AV0>no longer <w VVI>stand <w PRP-AVP>by <w CJC>and <w VVB>let <w DT0>this <w VVI>happen<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w AVQ>When <w VM0>will <w PNP>we <w VVI>say <w AV0>enough <w VBZ>is <w AV0>enough<c PUN>?
<s n="594"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00W><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC00X></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="595"><ptr target=HLULC00W><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>recommending <ptr target=HLULC00X><w DPS>your <w NN1>acceptance <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0>National <w AJ0>Vice <w NN1>President <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FB>
<s n="596"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>appalled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>part-time <w CJC>and <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>by <w NN2>employers <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w NN1>cost-cutting<c PUN>.
<s n="597"><w DT0>This <w NN1>increase<c PUN>, <w VVN>accelerated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>meant <w NN1>inequality <w CJC>and <w NN1>discrimination <w PRP>for <w CRD>hundreds <w CJC>and <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="598"><w AT0>The <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>market <w NN1>flexibility<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w NN2>employers <w AV0>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>become <w DT0>another <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w VVG>describing <w NN1>de-regulation <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w AJ0>eroding <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tories <w AJ0>part-time <w CJC>and <w AJ0>temporary <w VVG-AJ0>working <w AV0>all <w AV0>too <w AV0>often<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>all <w AV0>too <w AV0>often<c PUN>, <w AV0>always<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w VVZ>means <w AJ0>low <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>, <w AJC>poorer <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w DT0>few <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w NP0>Britain <w VBZ>is <w AV0>fast <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>a <w NN1>sweatshop <w NN1>economy <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>labour <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN1>investment <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tories <w VHB>have <w VVN>proved <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>put <w NN2>adverts <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>press <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w VVB>come <w PRP>to <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN2>employees <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>labour<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w NN1>rhetoric<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>truth<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w PRP>Instead of <w VVG>moving <w AV0>forward <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w CRD>twenty <w ORD>first <w NN1>century<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Tories <w VBB>are <w VVG>moving <trunc> <w UNC>backward </trunc> <w PNP>us <w AV0>backwards <w PRP>with <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions <w CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>suited <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>nineteenth <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>stood <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>platform <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>denounced <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>T<c PUN>, <w AJ0>compulsive <w AJ0>competitive <w NN1>tendering<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>low <w AJ0-VVN>paid <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w VVB>Lower <w AT0>the <w NN2>hours<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN2>holidays<c PUN>, <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w AJC>shorter <w NN2>hours<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract<c PUN>.
<s n="606"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>most <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVN>threatened<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1>time <w AV0>ago <w NP0>Jack <w NN1>Straw <w VBD>was <w AJ0>supposed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>no </trunc> <w AJ0>new <w UNC>er <w NN2>Acts<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PRP>under <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>T <w VM0>would <w VVI>remain <w PRP>because of <w AT0>a <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN2>undertakings <w PNP>we <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w UNC>er <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>change<c PUN>.
<s n="608"><w DT0>This <w NN1>union <w VVD-VVN>made <w NP0>Jack <w NN1>Straw <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>doubt<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>election <w AT0>the <w AJ0>compulsory <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>T <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <ptr target=HLULC00Y><w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w DT0>any <w NN2>ideas <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w AV0>better <w VVI>forget <w PNP>'em<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLULC010></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC00Y><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC010></u>
<u who=PS2FB>
<s n="609"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AV0>long <w AV0>ago <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w NN1>Panorama <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>congratulate <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNP>'em<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VVG>highlighting <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AJ0>temporary <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>low <w VVN-AJ0>paid <w AJ0>part-time <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w AVQ-CJS>where <w CRD>one <w NN1>agent <w VVD>went <w PRP>under <w NN1>cover <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <w NN1>Panorama <w VVD-VVN>highlighted <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>back-street <w NN2>sweatshops<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w NN1>corner <w NN2>shops <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>road<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w NN1>needlework <w NN2>factories<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJS>biggest <w NN2>producers <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>employing <w NN1>labour <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <w CRD>eleven <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>eight <w NN2>days <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVG>sacking <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w DTQ>What <w AT0>a <w NN1>disgrace <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>behave<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w PRP>like <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I<c PUN>.
<s n="611"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0-AJ0>only <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>behalf<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>attended <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Policy <w NN1>Forum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>plain <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>manifesto <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w AJ0>full <w NN1>employment <w NN2>rights <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w PRP>from <w NN1>day <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNI>no one <w VM0>can <ptr target=HLULC011><w NN1>abuse <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>rights<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLULC012></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC011><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC012></u>
<u who=PS2FB>
<s n="613"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w CJT>that <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Dobson <w VHZ>has <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourteenth <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>effort<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w NN1>policy <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>endorsed<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>for <w AJ0>part-time <w CJC>and <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VVI>ensure <w DPS>our <w NN1>bargaining <w NN1>agenda <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer<w POS>'s <w AJ0>so-called <w NN1>flexibility <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>for <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w AJ0>part-time <w CJC>and <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>full <trunc> <w UNC>empli </trunc> <w NN1>employment <w AV0-AJ0>right <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w PRP>from <w NN1>day <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><w VVB>Support <w AT0>the <w NN1>composite<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="618"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AJ0>composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="621"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="622"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w NN2>Rights <w PRP>at <w NN0>Works<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VVI>include <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>two <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w ZZ0>O<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>accepting<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>coupled <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>qualification <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>asking <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w NP0>May <w NN1>Day <w NN2>Holidays<c PUN>.
<s n="625"><w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>speakers <w VVB-NN1>move<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>seconders<c PUN>, <w AJ0>additional <w NN2>speakers<c PUN>, <w VVB>come <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rostrum <w AV0>please <pause dur=7>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="626"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VVD>thought <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w AJS>wildest <w NN2>dreams <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w CJC>But <w AV0>there <w AV0>again <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0-AJ0>bloody <w AJ0>surprised<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w AT0>The <w NN1>leadership <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>picked <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w CJS>As <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>Greek <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVB>hold<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w AV0>bloody <w VVI>lose <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>love <w PRF>of <w PNP>me <w VVB>understand <w AT0>the <w NN1>leadership <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions <w CJT>that <w VVD>allowed<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>even <w VVI>get <w DT0>enough <w NN2>holidays <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>get <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>continent<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w DT0>more<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVG>taking <w PNP>them <w PRP>off <w PNP>us <w CJC>or <w VVG>putting <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate <w NP0>Nelson <w CJC>and <w NP0>Trafalgar <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>monkey <w PRP>for <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh> <vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="633"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w DPS>your <w NN2>holidays<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w NP0>May <w NN1>Day <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Conservative <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Communist <w NN1>Party<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>always <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>remain <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="636"><w VBZ>Is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>seconder<c PUN>? <pause dur=7>
</u>
<u who=PS2FD>
<s n="637"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="639"><w PRP-AVP>In <w VVG>seconding <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w PRP>for <w VVG>keeping <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN1>Day <w NN1>holiday<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w DPS>my <w NN1>opinion <w CJT>that <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w VHG>having <w AV0>yet <w DT0>another <w NN1-VVB>go <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>seems <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w AV0>all <w AVP>over <w AV0>again <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DT0>many <w NN2>things <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN>fought <w PRP>for <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>gained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w AV0>all <w VVI>fight <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NN1-VVB>thet
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="642"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Legislation<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FE>
<s n="643"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>eight <w PRP>on <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w PRP>Over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>legislation <w VHB>have <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront <w PRF>of <w NN0>media <w NN1>attention<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>least<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>ruling <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>working <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight <w NN2>hours<c PUN>.
<s n="647"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>infinite <w NN1>wisdom<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>decided <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w DT0>this <w NN1-AJ0>ruling <w CJS>until <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>earliest <w CRD>two <w CRD>thousand <w CJC>and <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="648"><w DTQ>What <w AT0>a <w NN1>farce<c PUN>.
<s n="649"><w DT0>This <w NN1>government <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w NN2>convictions<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w VVB>pick <w CJC>and <w VVB>choose <w NN2>rulings <w TO0>to <w VVI>follow <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>fill <w DPS>its <unclear> <w CJS>whilst <w VVG>ignoring <w DT0>those <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>benefit <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ordinary <w AJ0>working <w NN1>man<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w AVQ>Why <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>away <w PRP>with <w VVG>limiting <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transfer <w PRF>of <w NN2>Undertakings <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector<c PUN>?
<s n="651"><w VBB>Are <w AJ0>public <w NN1>sector <w NN2>employees<w POS>' <w NN2>rights <w AV0>less <w AJ0>important <w CJS>than <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w NN2>employees<c PUN>?
<s n="652"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="654"><w DT0-CJT>That <w VVN-VVD>seconded<c PUN>?
<s n="655"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w ZZ0>O<c PUN>, <w NN1>Employment<c PUN>, <w NP0>London <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2FF>
<s n="657"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>London <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>Resolution <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w ZZ0>O. <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNI>everybody <w AV0>here <w VHZ>has <w VVN>heard <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w NN1>experience <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>employment<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w AV0>No longer <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w VVN>granted <w PRP>as <w NN1-VVG>meaning <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>an <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>hope <w CJC>and <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>learning <w AJ0>new <w NN2>skills<c PUN>, <w VVG>gaining <w NN1>experience <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>becoming <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w VVG-NN1>passing <w PRP>on <w NN2>skills <w CJC>and <w VVG>giving <w NN2>others <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>experience<c PUN>.
<s n="659"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>move <w PRP>from <w NN1>company <w PRP>to <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>most <w AV0>certainly <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVD>thought <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w PRP>for <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVD>expected <w AT0>a <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>permanence <w CJC>and <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reward <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>endeavours <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>labour<c PUN>.
<s n="660"><w CJC>But <w DT0>that <w VHZ>has <w DT0>all <w VVN>changed <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="661"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <w AV0>now <w VVB>see <w AV0>all <w AV0>too <w AV0>often <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w DT0>less <w AJ0>secure <w NN2>substitutions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full-time <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>employment<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w DT0>These <w VVB>come <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>guise <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>short-term <w CJC>and <w AJ0>temporary <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>, <w NN1>agency <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w VVG>contracting <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>rolling <w NN2>contracts <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>extended <w NN1>trial <w NN2>periods<c PUN>, <w AV0>right <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>employment <w NN1>scene<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w CJC>And <w VVB>make <w AT0>no <w NN1>mistake<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>piecemeal <w CJC>and <w AV0>seemingly <w AJ0>haphazard <w NN1>manner<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w AT0>a <w AV0>well <w VVD>thought <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>strategy <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Tory <w NN2>think-tanks <w CJC>and <w VVN>implemented <w PRP>with <w NN1>gusto <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w AJ0>close <w NN2>friends <w CJC>and <w NN2>allies <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>both <w AJ0>public <w CJC>and <w AJ0>private <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN2>goals <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>policy <w VBB>are <w DT0>many <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>varied<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w AJ0>Prime <w PRP>amongst <w PNP>them <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w AV0>nationally <w VVN-AJ0>agreed <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w NN2>rights <w VVN>embodied <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN2>victims <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>policy <w VBB>are <w AV0>often <w AV0-AJ0>low <w VVN-AJ0>paid <w CJC>and <w AV0>often <w NN2>women<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>by no means <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>groups<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>widespread <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>extent <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AV0>currently <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>legislate <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>variable <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>between <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NN2>non-members<c PUN>.
<s n="668"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w CJC>and <w NN2>intentions <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>short-termism <w VVB-NN1>go <w AV0-AJ0>far <w PRP>beyond <w DT0>these <w NN2>limits<c PUN>.
<s n="669"><w AV0>Just <w VVB>think <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>struggled <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AVP>up <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>call <w NN1>job <w NN1>security<c PUN>.
<s n="670"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>struggled <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>security <w AV0>so as <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>families <w CJC>and <w NN2>communities<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>housing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w NN1>freedom <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w NN1>poverty <w CJC>and <w NN1>deprivation<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VVB>approach <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>manner<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w NN1>hand <w PRP>in <w NN1>hand <w PRP>with <w NN1>stability <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w NN1>job <w NN1>satisfaction<c PUN>, <w NN1>fulfilment <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>pride<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w CJC>But <w CJS>once <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w VVZ>becomes <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>chances <w PRP>with <w NN2>restrictions <w VVN>built <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVD>struggled <w CJS>for <w VVZ>becomes <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w NN1>Uncertainty <w VVZ>replaces <w NN1>contentment<c PUN>, <w NN1>insecurity <w VVZ>replaces <w NN1-VVB>hope<c PUN>.
<s n="675"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w NN1>short-termism <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>dressed <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w AJ0-VVG>appealing<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w AT0>no <w NN1>job <w AV0>at all <trunc> <w UNC>som </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>hear <w PNP>them <w VVI>say<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>doubt <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>effects <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>bad <w PRP>for <w AJ0>organized <w NN1>labour <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cruel <w NN1>price <w PRP>for <w DT0>many<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>price <w XX0>not <w PRP>worth <w VVG-AJ0>paying<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w NN1>short-termism <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>opposed <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>reversed<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC013><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC014></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="680"><ptr target=HLULC013><w VBZ>Is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>seconder <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w ZZ0>O<c PUN>?
<s n="681"><ptr target=HLULC014><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="682"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="683"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>North <w NP0>Derbyshire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>moving <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w NN2>Contracts <w PRF>of <w NN1>Employment<c PUN>.
<s n="685"><w AT0>A <w NN1>contract <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w VM0>can <w AV0>also <w VVI>consist <w PRF>of <w NN2>items <w PRP>other than <w DT0>those <w AJ0-VVN>listed <w PRP>in <w NN1>employment <w NN2>statements<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w NN0>Works <w NN2>rules<c PUN>, <w NN1>custom <w CJC>and <w NN1>practice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>terms <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN2>agreements <w VM0>can <w DT0>all <w VBI>be <w VVN>incorporated<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w CJS>once <w AT0>the <w NN1>employment <w NN2>contracts <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>employee<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VVI>make <w NN2>changes <w PRP>without <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w CJS>If <w NN2>employers <w VVB>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1-VVB>notice <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract <w PRP>without <w NN1>agreement <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVG>giving <w NN1-VVB>notice <w TO0>to <w VVI>terminate <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract <w CJC>and <w VVG>offering <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w PNI>one <w PRP>on <w AJ0>different <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="689"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w NN1>employee <w VVZ>refuses <w AT0>the <w NN1>change<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>employee <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w NN1>contract<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><w CJS>If <w PNP>they <w VVB>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w PNP>it <w AV0>unilaterally<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>employm </trunc> <w NN1>employee <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VVI>resign <w CJC>and <w VVI>claim <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>alternately<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>County <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w VVZ>starts<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><w AT0>The <w NN1>employee <w VM0>must <w VVI>leave <w DPS>his <w CJC>or <w DPS>her <w NN1>employment <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>case <unclear> <w VVB>succeed<c PUN>.
<s n="693"><w VVG>Bearing <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>mind <w CJT>that <w CJS>even if <w AT0>an <w NN1>employer<w POS>'s <w NN1>action <w VVZ>amounts <w PRP>to <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>dismissal<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w AV0>always <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismissal <w VM0>will <w AV0>automatically <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unfair<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tribunal <w CJC>or <w NN1>court <w VM0>could <w AV0>well <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VVI>reorganize <w CJC>or <w VVI>terminate <w NN2>practices <w CJC>or <w AV0>indeed <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN2>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="695"><w DT0>All <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>viewed <w PRP>as <w AJ0>valid <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w VVG>changing <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w TO0>To <w VVI>succeed <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w UNC>er <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>dismissal <w NN1>case <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>changes <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>viewed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>fundamental<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>changes <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVN>viewed <w CJS>as <w AJ0>fundamental <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>today<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>climate<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w NN1>theory <w PNP>we <w VM0>may <w VVI>seem <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>backing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PRP>in <w NN1>practice <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>interpretation <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>weighed <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>arguments<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>why <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w NN2-VVZ>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rolling <w NN1>campaign <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>introducing <w NN1>legislation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>bind <w NN2>companies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>status quo <w CJS>until <w AJ0>new <w NN2>agreements <w VBB>are <w VVN>reached <w PRP>through <w NN1>consultation<c PUN>.
<s n="699"><w AT0>A <w NN1>company <w VVG>breaking <w DT0>this <w NN1>agreement <w VM0>should <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <w AT0>the <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w AJ0>New <w NN1>legislation <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>needed <w CJS>because <w NN2>employers <w VM0>can <w VVI>hide <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>smoke <w NN2>screens <w PRF>of <w NN1>reorganization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>enables <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN2>terms <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w AV0>Surely <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w VBZ>is <trunc> <w UNC>impl </trunc> <w VVN>imposed <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>su </trunc> <w AJ0>supposed <w AJ0>economic <trunc> <w UNC>arg </trunc> <w NN1>argument<c PUN>, <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer<w POS>'s <w AJ0>dictatorial <w NN1>attitude<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w DT0>these <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>changes <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w NN1>effect <w PRP-CJS>until <w AJ0>full <w NN1>negotiation <w CJC>and <w NN1>agreement <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>reached<c PUN>.
<s n="702"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>ask <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w PNP>I <w AV0>also <w VVB>ask <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w DT0>any <w AJ0>unilateral <w NN1>decision <w VVD-VVN>made <w PRP>by <w DPS>your <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>document <w DT0>any <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="704"><w VVB>Let <w DPS>your <w AJ0>full-time <w NN1>organizer <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>details<c PUN>.
<s n="705"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w AV0>then <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>our <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>facts<c PUN>.
<s n="706"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w VVB>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC015><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC016></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="707"><ptr target=HLULC015><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w NN1>colleague<c PUN>.
<s n="708"><w VBZ>Is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>seconder<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLULC016><pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="709"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>North <w NP0>Derbyshire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w NN2>Contracts <w PRF>of <w NN1>Employment<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>outlined <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>complex <w NN2>legalities <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <trunc> <w UNC>emp </trunc> <w NN2>employers <w VVG-AJ0>imposing <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w NN2>contracts <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>wishes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>employee<c PUN>.
<s n="711"><w PRP>On <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>employees <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>make <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w NN2>contacts <w PRP>without <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>realize <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>difficult <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w DT0>these <w AJ0-NN1>rogue <w NN2>employees <w PRP>to <w NN1>task<c PUN>.
<s n="713"><w AV0>Unfortunately <w DT0>many <w NN2>employees <w AV0>also <w VVB>know <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>difficult <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>them <w AV0>simply <w AJ0-VVG>imposing <w NN2>changes <w PRP>without <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>affected<c PUN>.
<s n="714"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>alternatives <w PRP>to <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w NN2>Workers <w VM0>can <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w CJC>and <w VVB>withdraw <w DPS>their <w NN1>labour<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>workers <w VBB>are <w AV0>already <w VVG>looking <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN2>shoulders <w PRP>with <w CRD>four <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NN1>reality <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><w PNP>They <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>see <w NN1>strike <w NN1>action <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>choice<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AVQ>why <w VM0>should <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="718"><w PNP>They <w VHB>have <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w AVQ>why <w VM0>should <w PNP>they <w AV0>even <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>contemplate <w VVG>taking <w DT0>this <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action<c PUN>?
<s n="719"><w PNP>They <w VHB>have <w VVN>kept <w DPS>their <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>kept <w DPS>their <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract<c PUN>.
<s n="720"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>rule <w VHZ>has <w VVN>taken <w DPS>its <w NN1>toll<c PUN>.
<s n="721"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>employees <w VBB>are <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>excuse <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w NN0>sales <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AV0>previously <w VVN-AJ0>agreed <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>excuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w NN2>conditions <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>fought <w PRP>for <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w PNP>They <w VM0>will <w AV0>sometimes <w VVI>attempt <w TO0>to <w VVI>justify <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>by <w VVG>buying <w AVP>out <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="723"><w AT0>The <w NN2>workers <w VM0>would <w AV0>rather <w VVI>stick <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>status quo <w CJC>but <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>tribunal <w VM0>would <w VVI>rule <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w PRP>for <w AV0>supposedly <w AJ0>sound <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>moreover <w VHD>had <w VVN>sought <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w VVZ>asks <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w VVI>initiate <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>changing <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w NN2>workers <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AJ0>previous <w AJ0>agreed <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>start <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>collating <w CJC>and <w VVG>documenting <w DT0>all <w NN2>cases<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w VVN>imposed <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w VVG-AJ0>affecting <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w PNP>We <w VM0>should <w VVI>highlight <w CJC>and <w VVI>publicize <w DT0>these <w NN1>imposition<c PUN>, <w VVB>pass <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0>sponsored <w NN2>MPs<c PUN>, <w VVB>ask <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in <w NN1>Parliament<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><w DPS>Our <w NN2>forbearers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement <w VVD-VVN>fought <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w VVN>enjoyed <w PRP>by <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>members <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="728"><w PNP>They <w VM0>would <w VVI>turn <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>graves <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>knew <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>allowing <w NN2>employees <w TO0>to <w AV0>simply <w VVI>give <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>weeks<w POS>' <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w NN1-AJ0>intent <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w DT0>those <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w NN1>legislation <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>with <w NN2>teeth<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w NN1>legislation <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>help <w PNP>us <w VVI>retain <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>hard-fought <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="731"><w VVG-AJ0>Working <w NN0>people <w VVB-NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>their <w NN1>dignity<c PUN>.
<s n="732"><w CJS>If <w NN2>employers <w VM0>can <w AV0>simply <w VVI>change <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>without <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w VVZ>needs <w VVG>changing<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w VVB>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>help <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>dignity <w PRP>in <w NN1>work <unclear> <w VBN>been <w VVN>stolen<c PUN>.
<s n="734"><w VVB>Support <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w AV0>hopefully <w VBI>be <w VVG>starting <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w NN1>fairness<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>level <w VVG-NN1>playing <w NN1>field<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w NN1>justice <w PRP>under <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="735"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>second <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC017><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC018></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="736"><ptr target=HLULC017><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w NP0>London <w NN1>Region<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLULC018><pause dur=7>
</u>
<u who=PS2F8>
<s n="737"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>London <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="738"><w AT0>The <w NN1>saying<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>law <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>back <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="739"><w AV0>Probably <w PNI>nobody <w PRP>in <w NN1>Congress <w VBD>was <w AJ0>alive <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w ORD>first <w VVN>said<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN1>conception <w VBB>are <w AV0>as <w AJ0>valid <w AV0>today <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AVQ>whenever <w AT0>the <w NN1>saying <w VBD>was <w ORD>first <w VVN>coined<c PUN>.
<s n="741"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>truly <w AJ0>amazing <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civilized <w NN1>country <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w AV0>staunchly <w VVN-AJ0>committed <w PRP>to <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>order<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w PNP>they <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>payer<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w AJ0>fellow <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w VVN>left <w TO0>to <w VVI>pick <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w VVG>amounting <w PRP>to <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN2>actions <w PRP>by <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>employers<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN1>doubt<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>criminal<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>talking<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w NN2>companies <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w NN1>mask <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <unclear> <w DPS>their <w AV0>very <w AJS>best <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w AJ0>blatant <w NN1>fraud<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>going <w PRP>into <w NN1>liquidation <w AV0>overnight<c PUN>, <w VVG>owing <w CRD>millions <w PRP>in <w AJ0>unpaid <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>holiday <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>, <w NN1>redundancy <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>Y <w ZZ0>E<c PUN>, <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Insurance<c PUN>, <w NN1>pension <w CJC>and <w NN1>union <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>mention <w ZZ0>V <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>T. <w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w NN2>provisions<c PUN>, <w PRP>subject to <w NN2>limits<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN2>payments <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>debts<c PUN>.
<s n="743"><w PNP>We <w VVB>pay <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w CJC>But <w DT0>this <w VVZ>takes <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NN2>months <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>.
<s n="745"><w AT0>The <w NN1>distress <w CJC>and <w NN1>hardship <w VVN-VVD>caused <w PRP>to <w AJ0>redundant <w NN2>workers <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>valued<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <trunc> <w UNC>disc </trunc> <w NN1>distress <w VBZ>is <w AV0>greatly <w VVN-AJ0>increased <w CJS>when <w DT0>these <w NN2>workers <w VVB>find <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN2>ex-bosses <w VVZ>opens <w DT0>another <w NN1>business <w PRP>with <w DT0>another <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <w CJC>or <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>premises<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AJ0>numerous <w NN2>examples <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>mal-practice<c PUN>.
<s n="748"><w AT0>The <w NN1>sewing <w NN1>factory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Buckinghamshire <w AVQ>where <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>workers <w VVN-VVD>arrived <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>the <w NN1>door <w VVN-VVD>locked <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PRP>in <w NN1>receivership<c PUN>, <w VVG>owing <w PNP>them <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w AT0>The <w NN1>brand <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>factory <w VBD>was <w VVN>sold <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w VBG>being <w VVN>manufactured <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unsuspecting <w NN1>public <w AV0>still <w VVZ>buys <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>brand<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VHG>having <w VVN>paid <w PRP>in <w NN2>taxes <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="750"><w AT0>The <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>factory <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hertfordshire <w PNQ>who <w VVD>conned <w DPS>their <w NN0>staff <w PRP>into <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>without <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>before <w AV0>finally <w VVG>going <w PRP>into <w NN1>receivership<c PUN>.
<s n="751"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>loyal <w NN2>workers <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>gobsmacked <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w AV0>later <w DPS>their <w NN1>ex-boss <w VHD>had <w VVN>bought <w DT0>all <w DPS>his <w NN1>ex-machinery <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>receivers<w POS>' <w NN1>auction <w PRP>for <w PRP>next to <w PNI>nothing <w CJC>and <w VVD>started <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NN1>business <w AV0>again <w PRP>under <w DT0>another <w NN1>name <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>premises<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>many <w DT0>more <w NN2>examples <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>crime <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="753"><w VVB>Go <w AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>ticket<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>TV <w NN1>licence <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w AJ0>fine <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
<s n="754"><w NP0>Rob <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRF>of <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>pounds <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w PRP-AVP>off <w AJ0>scot-free<c PUN>.
<s n="755"><w AT0>A <w NN1>tax <w NN1>loophole <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>bosses <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w NN1>noose <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w VVZ>urges <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w NN1>legislation <w CJS>so that<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>insolvency<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AJC>greater <w NN1>degree <w CJC>and <w AV0>indeed <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w AV0>criminally <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w NN2>actions <w VVG>involving <w NN1>awardance <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w NN1>liability<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w NN1>sake <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>employees <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w NN1>employment <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC019><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC01A></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="758"><ptr target=HLULC019><w EX0>There <w AT0>a <w NN1>seconder <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>three<c PUN>?
<s n="759"><ptr target=HLULC01A><w VBZ>Is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>seconder<c PUN>?
<s n="760"><w AV0>Formally <w VVN-VVD>seconded<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="761"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Single <w NN1>Table <w NN1>Pay <w NN2>Negotiations<c PUN>.
<s n="762"><w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2F9>
<s n="763"><w UNC>Er <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>basically <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w UNC>er <w DPS>our <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>harmonization <w PRF>of <w NN2>conditions <trunc> <w UNC>pe </trunc> <w PRP>irrespective of <w DTQ>what <trunc> <w UNC>peop </trunc> <w NN2>jobs <w NN0>people <w VDB>do <w UNC>er <w PRP>in terms of <w VVG-NN1>negotiating<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>it </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VDZ>does <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w CJS>where <w AJ0>appropriate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w AV0>obviously <trunc> <w UNC>it </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>inappropriate<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>appropriate<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>undermine <w UNC>er <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w AV0>locally<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>actually <w VVZ>refers <w PRP>to <w AV0>so <w UNC>er <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>anticipate <w AJ0>appropriate <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>undermine <w UNC>er <w AJ0>national <w NN2>agreements<c PUN>.
<s n="766"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>also <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>service <w NN1>section <w PRP>in <w NN1>respect <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w CJS>because <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>something <trunc> <w UNC>prob </trunc> <w AV0>perhaps <w XX0>not <w AV0>actually <w VVN>tackled <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w CJC>but <w AV0>equally <w UNC>er <w AJ0>important <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>actually <w VVG>getting <w AT0>the <w NN2>resources <w PRP>into <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>br </trunc> <w NN1>branch <w NN1>level <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVD>took <w DT0>this <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>literally<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>actually <w VVI>mean <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>in </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>har </trunc> <w PRP>with <w NN1>harmonization <w PRF>of <w NN2>agreements <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>handing <w AVP>over <w UNC>er <w DPS>our <w NN1>majority <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>manual <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>public <w NN1>service <w NN2>workers <w PRP>to <unclear><c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AV0>obviously <w PNP>we <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>take <w DT0>this <w NN1>resolution <w AV0>very <w AV0>seriously<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB>consider <w DPS>its <w NN2>implications <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>relevance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>word <w AJ0>appropriate <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w UNC>er <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w TO0>to <unclear> <w VVI>come <w NP0>July <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>single <w NN1>table <w NN1>bargaining <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AT0>an <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>minority <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w DT0>that <w NN1>union <w VVB>merge <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>taking <w NN1>place <w VBZ>is <w AV0>obviously <w AJ0>hostile <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="767"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>move <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="768"><ptr target=HLULC01B><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>. <ptr target=HLULC01C></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLULC01B><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLULC01C></u>
<u who=PS2F7>
<s n="769"><w NN1>Seconder <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AV0>formally <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>.
<s n="770"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>calling <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w CJS>Whilst <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rostrum<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w VVB>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w NN2>colleagues <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>ten <w NN2>years <w CJS-PRP>since <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>Q <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>demonstration <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>planned <w CJS>when <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>date <w VVZ>occurs <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS2FA>
<s n="771"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVZ>accepts <w NN2>motions <w CRD>three <w CRD>fifty<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="773"><w PNP>We <trunc> <w UNC>mis </trunc> <w VVB>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>statements <w PRP>on <w NN2>motions <w CRD>three <w CRD>three <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>qualification <w PRP>to <w NN1>motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>two <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w VVB>Let <w PNP>me <w VVI>begin <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>qualification<c PUN>.
<s n="775"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>three <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>criticize <w AT0>the <w AV0>blatantly <w AJ0>political <w NN1>proposal <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w AT0>the <w NP0>May <w NN1>Day <w NN1-VVB>holiday <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w PRP-CJS>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>few <w AJ0>civilized <w NN2>countries <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w TO0>to <w VVI>acknowledge <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="776"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>regret <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>word <w NN1>genocide <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w PRP>out of <w NN1>proportion <event desc="end of tape side two">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLW>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Trade Union Annual Congress. Sample containing about 11704 words speech recorded in business context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 178 Kbytes running text, containing about 11704 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLW</idno><idno type="old"> 100911 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="100911" date="1993-06-08" time="11:10+" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1409"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="47"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="14"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="25"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="28"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="706"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="41"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="101"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="7"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="40"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="11847"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1409"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="47"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="14"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="25"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="28"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="706"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="41"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="101"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="7"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="40"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="11847"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-06-08</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C385"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2K5" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Dick</name><occupation>president of trade union</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2K6" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Bob</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2K7" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Bill</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2K8" n="W0005" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Avril</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2K9" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Mel</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KA" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Cliff</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KB" n="W0009" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>John</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person id="HLWPS000" n="W0002"></person><person id="HLWPS001" n="W0007"></person><particLinks><relation active='PS2K5 PS2K6 PS2K7 PS2K8 PS2K9 PS2KA PS2KB' desc="colleagu" mutual="Y"/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="100911" who='PS000 PS2K5 PS2K6 PS2K7 PS2K8 PS2K9 PS2KA PS2KB HLWPS000 HLWPS001'><name>Hampshire:  Portsmouth </name><locale> The Guildhall </locale><activity> trade union congress speech </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom2 spolog1 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S speech scripted</classCode><keywords><term> politics </term><term> trade union amalgamation and recruitment </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HLWLC001> <loc id=HLWLC002> <loc id=HLWLC003> <loc id=HLWLC004> <loc id=HLWLC005> <loc id=HLWLC006> <loc id=HLWLC007> <loc id=HLWLC008> <loc id=HLWLC009> <loc id=HLWLC00A> <loc id=HLWLC00B> <loc id=HLWLC00C> <loc id=HLWLC00D> <loc id=HLWLC00E> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><w VVB-NN1>vote <w PRP>against <w PNP>it <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w VVB>prevent <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>&amp; <w ZZ0>G <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unworkable <w NN1>alliance<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>say <w AJ0>unholy <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVD>took <w PNP>it <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>strong<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="4"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>stop <w VVG>wasting <w DPS>our <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w NN1>effort <w PRP>on <w VVG>going <w PRP>down <w DT0>this <w NN1>road <w TO0>to <w VVI>ruin<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>need <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>reaction <w PRP>to <w NN1>UNISON <w CJC>or <w PNI>anyone <w AV0>else<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VDI>do <w VBZ>is <w VVI>show <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>union <w PRP>by <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>representing <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w NN2>others <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move <w NN1>rejection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLWLC001><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLWLC002></u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="8"><ptr target=HLWLC001><w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLWLC002></u>
<u who=PS2K6>
<s n="9"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <w VHZ>has <w VVN>told <w PNP>us <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>documen </trunc> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>document <w PRP>on <w NN1>cooperation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w VBD>was <w AV0>carefully <w VVN-AJ0>written<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>so <w AV0>carefully <w VVN>written <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>read <w PNP>it <w CRD>three <w NN2>times <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>it <w VVZ>says <w PNI>anything<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w DT0>This <w NN1>union <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>history <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>union<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w NN2>amalgamations<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w VVN>conducted <w AV0>more <w AV0>successfully <w CJS>than <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w NN1>amalgamation <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>considering<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>merger<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enormous <w NN1>undertaking<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>something <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w PRP>to <w NN1>pussyfoot <w AVP>around <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w CJS>because <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>way <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w VBB>are <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>dictate <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>want<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w EX0>There <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>price <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>undertaken <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>price<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w DT0>many <w AJ0>sacred <w NN2>cows <trunc> <w UNC>with </trunc> <w PRP>within <w DT0>this <w NN1>organization <w CJT>that <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>preserved<c PUN>, <w AV0>principally <w DPS>our <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>things <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w DPS>My <w DT0>own <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>, <w AV0>regardless <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w VVB>think <w PRP>about <w NN1>sectionalization<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w AJ0>sectional <w NN1>structure <w VBZ>is <w PNI>something <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <trunc> <w UNC>wi </trunc> <w UNC>er <w VVN>built <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NN2>times <w PRP>with <w NN1>difficulty <w CJC>and <w NN2>prices <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>high <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>pay <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJ0>high<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>something <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w AV0>strongly<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>organizations <w VBB>are <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w UNC>er <w AV0>so <w AJ0>large <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>join <w PNP>'em <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>pieces <w PRF>of <w AJ0>sticking <w NN1>plaster <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN1>tin <w NN2>tacks<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w EX0>There <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>created <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w CJC>and <w AJ0>vibrant <w NN1>organization <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>twenty <w ORD>first <w NN1>century <w CJC>and <w AV0>beyond<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w PRP>To <w DPS>our <w NN1>colleague <w PRP>from <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w VVB>let <w PNP>me <w VVI>say <w PNP>I <w VVI>happen <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>boilermaker<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w CJS>because <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>dinosaur <w PRP>with <w DPS>me <w NN1-VVB>head <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>because <w DT0>that <w VVZ>happens <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>occupation <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>follow <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VBB>am<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w CJC>But <w VVB>let <w PNP>me <w VVI>say <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>boilermaker<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AV0>always <w VBN>been<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w AV0>always <w VBI>be <w AJ0>proud <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>boilermaker<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w CJC>But <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>proud <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w UNC>er <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2K6>
<s n="26"><w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B. <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>proud <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionist<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>proud <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Socialist<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>remain <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>carry <w DT0>that <w NN1>message <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>carry <w PNP>it <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>muddle <w DPS>our <w NN1>way <w AVP>through<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>direction<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PRP>about <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>gets <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>gets <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>power <w NN2>positions<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>about <w VVG>dictating <w AT0>an <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<w POS>'s <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN2>unionists <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w PNP>I <w VVB>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper<c PUN>.
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<vocal desc=clapping>
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<s n="29"><w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>? <pause dur=12>
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<u who=PS2K7>
<s n="30"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sensible <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NN1>amalgamation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>formed <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>W<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>ambition <w PRF>of <w DT0>many <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>W <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>the <w NN1>task <w CJC>and <w VVB>bring <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>tru </trunc> <w CRD>two <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>general <w NN2>unions <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w CRD>one <w AJ0>super <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w PRP>Over <w AT0>the <w NN2>years <w DT0>many <w NN2>obstacles <w VHB>have <w VVN>arisen <w TO0>to <w VVI>halt <w DT0>these <w NN2>dreams<c PUN>, <w AV0>yet <w AV0-AJ0>still <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ultimate <w NN1>objective <w VVZ>remains<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w DT0>those <w NN2>ambitions <w PRF>of <w VVG>merging <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VHB>have <w VVN>received <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w AT0>The <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN1>membership<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>damaged <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w VHZ>has <w VVN>forced <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w DT0>all <w NN2>prejudices<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sectional <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w AVQ>wherever <w AJ0>possible <w VDB>do <w DT0>all <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w DPS>our <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w VVB-NN1>support <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Report<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DPS>our <w AJ0>pre- <w NN1>congress <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>reservations <w VBD>were <w VVN>expressed<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>timing <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>merger <w CJC>and <w PRP>about <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>union <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>controlled<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w DT0>Many <w VVD>asked<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w TO0>to <w AV0>even <w VVI>consider <w VVG>merging <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>thirteen <w NN2>years <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w VHZ>has <w VVN>lost <w AV0>over <w CRD>fifty <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w VVZ>stands <w PRP>in <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w DT0>These <w NN2>issues <w VBB>are <w AJ0>far- <w VVG>reaching <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fundamental <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w PNP>They <w VVB>require <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>attention <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>before <w DT0>any <w NN2>talks <w VBB>are <w VVN>conducted <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w PRP>By <w VVG>supporting <w DT0>this <w NN1>Report <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>support <w AT0>a <w NN1>merger <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w AV0>Instead<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>frank <w CJC>and <w AJ0>open <w NN1>debate <w PRP>within <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>basis <w AV0-AJ0>alone<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w VVB-NN1>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>Report<c PUN>.
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<vocal desc=clapping>
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<s n="43"><w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>Region<c PUN>? <pause dur=7>
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<u who=PS2K8>
<s n="44"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Statement<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w PRP-AVP>In <w VVG>supporting <w DT0>this <w NN1>document <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w AV0>realistically <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w CJC>and <w VVB>recognize <w DT0>that <w CRD>one <w AJ0>general <w NN1>union <w VM0>would <w VVI>benefit <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w AV0>far <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>competition<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w PRP>In <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w NN1>cooperation<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>proved <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>W <w ZZ0>U <w VM0>can <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PNP>We <w VVB>know <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJC>closer <w NN1>contact <w PRP>between <w DPS>our <w CRD>two <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VVG>hosting <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>conferences <w CJC>and <w NN2>campaigns <w PRP>with <w AJ0>distinct <w NN2>advantages <w PRP>for <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w CJC>and <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>decline<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VM0>must <w VVI>move <w AV0>forward <w PRP>with <w AJC>wider <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w NN1>unionism <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w CJC>But <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DPS>my <w NN1>region <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>such <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>caution <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w DPS>our <w NN1>by-word <w PRP-CJS>as <w DT0>some <w NN2>regions <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w DT0>more <w NN1>success <w CJS>than <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w PRP>On <w DT0>this <w NN1>basis<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>Region <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Statement<c PUN>.
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<vocal desc=clapping>
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<s n="51"><w NP0>Lancashire<c PUN>? <pause dur=12>
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<u who=PS2K9>
<s n="52"><w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w NN2>reservations<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w VVZ>supports <w DT0>any <w NN1>amalgamation <w NN2>initiatives <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w NN1>union <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>here <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w AV0>Indeed<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>already <w DPS>our <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w AV0>today <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>green <w NN1-AJ0>light <w TO0>to <w VVI>rush <w PRP>into <w DT0>any <w NN1>amalgamation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>General <w NN1-NP0>Union <w CJC>and <w VVB>carve <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B.
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<s n="57"><w AV0>Now <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w PRP>for <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>activist <w PRP>for <w AV0>over <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NN1>conference <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fifteen <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>build <w AT0>the <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>union <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>sit <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVI>watch <w DT0>this <w VVD-VVN>carved <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w PNI>nobody<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w PNI>nobody<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>talks<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>consultation <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w DT0>any <w AJ0>hidden <w NN2>agendas<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w AT0>The <w NN2>cards <w VHB>have <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VBI>be <w AV0>firmly <w VVB>put <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>table<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w PNI>Everybody<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VBI>be <w VVN>kept <w VVN-AJ0>informed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>developments <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>merger <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVB-NN1>start <w TO0>to <w VVI>unfold<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>come <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>reservations<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w NN1>amalgamation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>General <w NN2>Workers <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>through<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inevitable <w NN2>casualties<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w NN2>casualties <w PRP>within <w DT0>this <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI>nobody <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>hall <w AV0>today <w VM0>can <w VVI>escape <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>knife<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w AJ0>Long <w NN1>time <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w AJ0>lay <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NN0>staff <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w AV0>as well <w VVI>face <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>redundancies <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w AJ0>mass <w NN2>redundances<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>shop <w NN2-VVZ>stewards <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>sect<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w AJ0>Regional <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2K9>
<s n="69"><w AJ0>regional <w NN2>offices<c PUN>, <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>offices <w VBZ>is <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>close<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <trunc> <w UNC>hea </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>one </trunc> <w CRD>one <w AJ0>head <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w DT0>Some <w NN0>people <w VVB>say <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNP>them <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="73"><w ITJ>No <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w VVB>behave <w PNX>yourself<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2K9>
<s n="74"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>surplus <w PRF>of <w NN2>organizers <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w VM0>dare <w PNP>I <w VVI>say <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN2>Secretaries <w VBZ>is <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AJ0>redundant<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w CJS>Unless <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <w NN2>cuts <w AV0>on board<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>waste <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w VVG>discussing <w AT0>the <w NN2>possibilities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>amalgamations <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w NN2>Cuts <w VBB>are <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>remind <w PNP>you <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>history <w PRF>of <w AVQ>when <w NN2>amalgamations <w VVB>take <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VVN>touched <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w AJ0>very <w NN1>point <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w AT0>The <w AJC>larger <w NN1>union <w VVZ-NN2>swallows <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>let's <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w AJ0>straight<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w AVP-PRP>over<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>an <w NN1>amalgamation<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>amalgamation<c PUN>, <w VVB>recognize <w AT0>the <w DT0>many <w NN2>difficulties <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>lie <w AV0>ahead<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB>remember <w AV0>also <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>activists <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1-VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>kept <w AV0>fully <w VVN>informed <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VDG>doing<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>listen <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w NN1>speculation <w VVG>telling <w PNP>me <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w VVN>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w TO0>To <w VVI>finalize<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>read <w AT0>the <w NN1>book<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>vision<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w AT0>The <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>body-snatchers<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>D <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B.
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<vocal desc=laugh> <vocal desc=clapping>
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<s n="86"><w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>? <pause dur=10>
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<u who=PS000>
<s n="87"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w NN2>Thanks <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bugger<w POS>'s <w AJ0>pinched <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>me <w NN1>speech<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w DT0>This <w NN1>Report <w VVZ>highlights <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN-VVD>experienced <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN2>attempts <w TO0>to <w VVI>explore <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>style <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionism <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NN1>tune <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>new <w NN1>style <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>allow <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>two <w CRD>thousand <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>structure <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>suitable <w PRP>for <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w AT0>The <w NN1>document <w NN2>details <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>experiences <w PRF>of <w AJC>closer <w NN1>contact <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>refers <w PRP>to <w VVG>exploring <w AT0>the <w NN1>scope <w PRP>for <w VVG>reducing<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVG>eliminating<c PUN>, <w NN1>duplication <w PRF>of <w NN2>efforts <w CJC>and <w NN2>resources<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w DT0>This <w NN1>exploration <w PRF>of <w NN2>methods <w VVN-VVD>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG-AJ0>reducing <w NN1>expenditure<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w VVG>improving <w DPS>our <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>continued<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w CJC>And <w CJS>if <w DT0>these <w NN2>explorations <w AV0>conclusively <w VVB-NN1>point <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>amalgamation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AV0>so <w VBB>be <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w CJS>before <w PNP>we <w VVB>consider <w DT0>any <w NN1>amalgamation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>house <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w PRP-AVP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1>direction <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>going<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>decide <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VM0>will <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN2>changes <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VHI>have<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>workplaces <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>represent<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>examine <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fine <w NN1-VVB>detail <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>structure<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w AVQ>How <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w VVB>serve <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w VVB>communicate <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w VVB>ask <w PNX>ourselves <w AT0>the <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>give <w PNP>them <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>want<c PUN>?
<s n="100"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>we <w VVN>coped <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AJ0>different <w NN2>needs <w VVN-VVD>demanded <w PRP>in <w AJ0>small <w NN2>groupings <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w VVN>based <w PRP>in <w AJ0>small <w NN2>shops<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>residential <w NN2>homes<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>private <w NN2>sports <w NN2>centres<c PUN>, <w AJ0>small <w NN2>offices <w CJC>or <w AV0-AJ0>even <w NN2>individuals <w VVG>working <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>their <w DT0>own<c PUN>?
<s n="101"><w DPS>Our <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>recruitment <w NN1>base<c PUN>, <w AJ0>large <w NN2>factories<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w CRD>Fourteen <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>rule <w VHZ>has <w VVN>seen <w PRP>to <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w PNP>They <w VHB>have <w VVN>butchered <w DPS>our <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w TO0>To <w VVI>attract <w DT0>this <w AJ0>new <w NN1>category <w PRF>of <w NN2>workers <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <unclear> <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>servin </trunc> <w NN1-VVG>servicing<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>change<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w AV0>Quite <w AV0>possibly<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>represented <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>workplace <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>shop <w NN1>steward <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVD>lay <w NN1-AJ0>representative<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w PNP>They <w VM0>will <w VVI>need <w NN1>advice <w AJ0-AV0>direct <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJS>nearest <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>office<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w AT0>The <w NN1>advice <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB>need <w VM0>will <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN1>probability <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>nature <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w AJ0-VVN>required <w PRP>in <w AJ0>large <w NN2>workplaces<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w TO0>To <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>advice <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>available <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>telephone<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN2>advances <w PRP>in <w NN1>information <w NN1>technology<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>answers <w PRP>to <w DT0>many <w NN2>questions <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>delivered <w PRP>in <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRP>on <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w AV0>like <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>cold <w VDZ>does <w PNP>it <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CJS>before <w PNP>we <w VVB>stop <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>heavy <w AT0>a <w NN1>load <w VM0>should <w PNP>I <w VVI>lift<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AJ0>other <w NN2>questions <w XX0>not <w VVN>related <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w AV0>always <w VVN-VVD>answered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w NN2>Questions <w VVN-VVD>related <w PRP>to <w AV0>more <w AJ0>social <w NN2>issues<c PUN>, <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax<c PUN>, <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w AV0>etcetera<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>answered <w VVG>using <w DT0>this <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>employees <w VM0>would <w VVI>need <w VVG>training <w VVG>enabling <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w NN2>experts <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>field<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w AV0>Perhaps <w AV0>eventually <w AJ0>small <w NN1>drop-in <w NN2>offices <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>open <w PRP>in <w AJ0>large <w NN2>towns <w CJC>or <w NN2>cities<c PUN>, <w VVG>offering <w AJ0>instant <w NN1>face <w PRP>to <w NN1>face <w NN1>access<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w AV0>Of course<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN2>activities <w VM0>would <w VVI>run <w NN1>parallel <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w VVG>servicing <w DPS>our <w AV0>more <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w PNP>I <w VVB>note <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVZ>proposes <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>four <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w NN1>form <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>union <w VVG>resulting <w PRP>from <w DT0>any <w DT0>such <w NN1>amalgamation <w VM0>might <w VVI>take<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Report <w VM0>will <w AV0>hopefully <w VVI>address <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>issues <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VVN>raised<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w AJ0>Proposed <w NN2>changes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>traditionally <w VVN-VVD>served <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w VVG>Adapting <w PRP>to <w AJ0>new <w NN2>times<c PUN>, <w VVG>releasing <w AJ0>new <w NN2>concepts<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w DT0>This <w VVZ>enables <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PRP>without <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w NN1>contradiction <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w AJ0>new <w NN1>partner<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN1>house <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NN1>order<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN2>structures <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AV0>forward<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>look <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Report <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
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<s n="122"><w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>Region<c PUN>? <pause dur=12>
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<u who=PS2KA>
<s n="123"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Birmingham <w CJC>and <w NP0>West <w NP0>Midland <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>Region <w AV0>fully <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>document <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>amalgamation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>fit <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w VVI>complement <w DPS>our <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>difficult <w AV0>indeed <w TO0>to <w VVI>argue <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w VBG>being <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>merge <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B. <w DT0>This <w NN1>organization <w VVZ>represents <w NN2>peoples <w PNQ>who <w VVB>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0>often <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>workplaces <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>work<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w AT0>The <w NN1>saving <w PRP>in <w NN1>officer <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>shop <w NN1>steward <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>fight <w PNX>one another <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w DPS>our <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN2>savings <w AJ0>great <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w AT0>The <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w CJS>because <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>opinion <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>proud <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>heritage<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>wan<w TO0>na <w VVI>say <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>which <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>maintained<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>structure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B. <w AT0>The <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w VVZ>comes <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w CJC>And <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVD>thought <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>fight <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>bi-annual <w NN2>congresses<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>wait <w CJS>until <w PNP>you <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w PNI>anything <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>affect <w DPS>our <w NN1>structure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KA>
<s n="130"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>keep <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>brief<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN2>points <w CJT>that <w NN2>others <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN>missed<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w DT0>Most <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>said<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>Region <w NN2-VVZ>supports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="134"><w VVB>Ask <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond<c PUN>, <w UNC>C=conference <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2KB>
<s n="135"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VVG>responding <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>motions <w ORD>first<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>five <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <w NN1>Executive <w VVD>asked <w PRP>for <w NN1>withdrawal <w VBD>was <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>moving <w PNP>us <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>fast <w PRP>along <w DT0>this <w NN1>track<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>moving <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>direction <w CJS>before <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w PRP>about <w CJS>whether <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>direction <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w PNP>It <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federated <w NN1>structure <w VBZ>is <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w AJ0>long-term<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w AJ0-NN1>short-term<c PUN>, <w NN1>structure<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AV0>there <w AV0>yet<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer <w CJS>before <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>really <w VVN>considered <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w VBZ>is <w AV0>probably <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wrong <w NN1>way <w AVP>round<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>diving <w PRP>into <w PNI>anything<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w DT0>all <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>asking <w AV0>really <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>inviting <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VM0>might <w VVI>go <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN1>paddle <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>temperature <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>water<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN2>remarks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>tone <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>reassure <w NP0>London <w NN1>Region <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AV0>forward <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>careful <w NN1>pace<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>certainly <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w CJC>and <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>federated <w NN1>structure <w VBZ>is <w PNI-CRD>one <w AT0>the <w NN2>matters <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>considered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w DT0>few <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>form <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Report <w CJT>that <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress <w ORD>next <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>motion <w VBZ>is <w AV0>of course <w VVG>pointing <w PRP>to <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>society <w DTQ>which <w VVB>prompt <w PNP>us <w PRP>into <w VVG-NN1>building <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w DT0-CJT>that <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>eight <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>referred <w CJS>so that <w DT0>that <w NN1>discussion <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>into <w NN1>account <w PRP>in <w VVG>determining <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w AT0>the <w NN1>design <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Report <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w AJ0>quick <w NN2>points<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w AT0>The <w NN1>idea <w AV0>of course <w AT0>the <w NN1>vision <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PNI>one <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>exactly <w PRP>like <w PNP>us <w CJS>because <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w AJ0>occasional <w NN1>fault <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w XX0>Not <w PNI>one <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>exactly <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w PNP>I <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w AV0>even <w VVI>comment <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>faults <w CJS>because <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>reported<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNI>something <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w DT0>either<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w AV0>So <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="149"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>really <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w NN2>unions <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>base <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w AJ0>new <w NN1>structure<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w AJ0>new <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VBZ>is <w CRD-PNI>one<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>another <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>name<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>probably <w VVI>guess<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w CJS>If <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>enterprise<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w AT0>the <w AJC>better<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>spread <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>industries <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>join <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w AV0>considerably<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w DT0>Several <w NN2>delegates <w VHB>have <w VVN>talked <w PRP>about <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <w NN1>caution <w VBZ>is <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w AT0>The <w NN1>danger <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>mergers <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2-VVZ>ends <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w VVG>equalling <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>union <w VBZ>is <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>sum <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>task <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w VVB>come <w AVP>out <w PRP>at <w CRD>five <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>deal <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>union <w CJS>than <w PNP>they <w VVD>got <w PRP>from <w DT0>either <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>amalgamating <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w NN1>Timescale<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w DT0>some <w AJ0>silly <w NN2>things <w VVD>said <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Press<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w PRP>by <w DPS>our <w NN2>colleagues <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w NN1>enterprise <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>just <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>bolt <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>unions <w AV0>then <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>years <w CJC>or <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w PNI>something <w AJC>better<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>project <w CJT>that <w VVZ>takes <w NN1>place <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>several <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>important <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w DT0>both <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Executive <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>branches <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>them <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w CJC>But <w AV0>of course <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VVB>get <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>impossible <w NN1>task<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wish <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>pound <w PRP>for <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VVN>denied <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w UNC>&amp;G<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w DT0>Those <w NN2>meetings <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w CJC>but <w AV0>of course <w PNI>no-one <w VVZ>believes <w PNP>it <w CJS>because <w NN1>mis-information <w VBZ>is <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>exciting <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>truth<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VVI>send <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>reports<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w PNP>We <w VVB>hope <w AT0>the <w NN2>branches <w CJC>and <w NN2>members <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VM0>will <w VVI>believe <w DT0>those <w NN2>reports <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>truth<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AV0>highly <w AJ0-VVN>coloured <w NN2>statements <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w AVP>around <w AV0>from time to time<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w AV0>only <w VVG>suggesting <w AT0>a <w NN1>start <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>project <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w NN1>mind<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN1>mind<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>taking <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>step <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>important<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w DT0>Several <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>kind <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>remind <w PNP>me <w PRP>as <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w AJ0>expendable<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w CJC>And <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VBB>are<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>really <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>start <w DT0>this <w NN1>project <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>thinking <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>way <w AV0>forward <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w NN1-VVB>trade <w NN1>unionism <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVG>failing <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w VVG>wrapping <w PNP>it <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>change <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>failure <w AVP>round <w PRP>into <w NN1>success<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w AV0>So <w AT0>the <w NN1>starting <w NN1>point <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AJS>best <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>personalities <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>positions <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>track<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w EX0>There <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w NN2>changes<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w NN1>consultation <w CJC>and <w NN1>debate <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>guess <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>debates <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>really <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>lively<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w AV0>So <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>project<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>assurances <w VVN>given<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w CRD>five <w CRD>five <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>eight <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>referred <w CJS>so that <w AT0>the <w NN1>content <w CJC>and <w NN1>discussion <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Report <w PNP>it <w VVZ>asks <w PRP>for <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>discussions<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w VVB>Support <w AT0>the <w NN1>Report <w CJC>and <w VM0>let's <w VVI>see <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>succeed <w PRP-AVP>in <w DTQ>what <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>enterprise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>twenties<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="186"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w VM0>Could <w NP0>London <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>withdrawal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w CRD>five <w CRD>five<c PUN>? <pause dur=8>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="188"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>London <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w VVB>Listen <w AV0>carefully <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN2>delegates <w VHB>have <w VVN>said <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Report<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w PNP>I <w VVB>note <w AV0>most <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <trunc> <w UNC>gr </trunc> <w DT0>some <w NN2>reservations<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>reservations <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w DT0>All <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>say <w VBZ>is <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>read <w DT0>that <w NN1>document <w AV0>carefully <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>cheque <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w PNP>They <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVI>come <w AVP>back <w ORD>next <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w VVB>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>merger<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>says <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w CJC>But <w AV0>still <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>read <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>carefully <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>ca </trunc> <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>urge <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>five <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="194"><w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>position <w VBZ>is <w AV0>therefore <w VVG>asking <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>oppose <w CRD>two <w CRD>five <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="196"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="197"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>five <w CRD>five <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>lost<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w NN1>reference<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w NP0>Midland <w NN1>Region <w VVB>accept <w NN1>reference<c PUN>?
<s n="201"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w VDZ>Does <w NN1>Conference <w VVB>accept <w NN1>reference<c PUN>?
<s n="203"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Report<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="206"><pause> <w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="207"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w PNP>We <w AV0>now <w VVB-NN1>turn <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>motions <w PRP>on <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w NN1>Shop <w NN2>Stewards<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>Services<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>three <w CRD>one <w NN1>Publicity<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w NN1-VVB>Shop <w NN2>Stewards<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven <pause dur=8>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="215"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="216"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VVB>hang <w AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN0>sec<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w VVG>moving <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>move <w AVP>out <w AV0>very <w AV0>quietly <w AV0>please <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="218"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVD>asked <w AT0>the <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>shop <w NN1>steward <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w VHI>'ve <w VBN>been <w AJ0>confident <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w DT0>all <w VVB>seem <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>leaving<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="219"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w AV0>safely <w VVI>say <w PNP>it <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w CJC>But <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>question <w PRP>throughout <w NN1>industry <w AV0>today <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>different<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>survey <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w NN1>Labour <w NN1>Research <w VVZ>shows <w CJT>that <w PRP>out of <w CRD>two <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>workplaces <w VVN-VVD>studied<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>decline <w PRP>in <w NN1>unionization<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighties <w AT0>the <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w NN2>employees <w PRP>in <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership <w VBD>was <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight <w NN0>percent <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>eight <w NN0>percent <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <trunc> <w UNC>ni </trunc> <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>gloomy <w NN1>story <w VBZ>is <w VVN>reflected <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>disappearance <w PRF>of <unclear> <w NN1>union <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>decline <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>widespread<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>affecting <w NN2>workplaces <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>types<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w DTQ>What<w VBB>'re <w PNP>we <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VDI>do <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="226"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w CJC>But <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>successful <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>party <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>established<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>conclusions <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>might <w VVI>reach <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w AJ0>General <w NN2>Secretaries <w VM0>should <w VVI>keep <w DPS>their <w AJ0>sticky <w NN2>fingers <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN2>shops <w NN1>steward<w POS>'s <w NN2>commissions<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="229"><w AT0>The <w NN1>seconder<c PUN>? <pause dur=7>
</u>
<u who=HLWPS000>
<s n="230"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>agree <w PRP>with <w PNI>everything <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>just <w VVD-VVN>said<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w CJC>But <w VVB-NN1>talk <w PRP>about <w NN2>incentives<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>opposite <w VBZ>is <w VVG>happening<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w CJC>and <w NN2>commissions<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w CJS>If <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN2>proposals <w VBB>are <w VVN>passed <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w VM0>will <w VVI>receive <w DT0>less <w ORD>next <w NN1>year <w CJS>than <w PNP>they <w VVB>get <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>invited <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w PRP>out of <w AT0>a <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>just <w VVZ>happens <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>friendly <w PRP>with <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AJ0>dissatisfied <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w VVN>provided<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>asked<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>join <w DPS>your <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VM0>will <w PNP>we <w VVI>get<c PUN>?
<s n="240"><w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>morning <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w DT0>this <w NN1>union <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w PNP>we <w VVB>provide<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w PNP>I <w VVD>recruited <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one <w NN2>members <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w DT0>more <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w PNP>I <w VVB>tell <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w VBB>am <w PNP>I <w AJ0>glad <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>meeting <w VBD>was <w PRP>before <w DT0>this <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>hold <w PRP>on to <w DT0>these <w NN2>members <w VVZ>depends <w PRP>on <w NN2>benefits <w VBG>being <w VVN>maintained<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVN>decreased<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w NN1>incentive<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w NN2>Commissions<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jesus<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>imagine <w CRD>two <w NN1>branch <w NN2>secretaries <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>?
<s n="245"><w PNI-CRD>One <w PRP>on <w CRD>ten <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRP>on <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AJ0>happy<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w ITJ>Eh<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w DT0>these <w NN2>ideas<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>honest<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w CJC>But <w CJS>if <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w NN1>incentive <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w PNP>I <w AV0>often <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVB>come <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w DT0>these <w NN2>proposals <w VHB>have <w DT0>any <w NN1>experience <w PRP>in <w NN1>recruitment<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w PNP>I <w VVB>doubt <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>?
<s n="250"><w PNP>I <w VVB>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>fortnight<w POS>'s <w AJ0>compulsory <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w NN1>recruitment <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w DT0>these <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w DT0>Half <w CRD>five <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rain <w VVG>going <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w AJ0>bleeding <w NN1>neck<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VVN-VVD>set <w PRP>upon <w PNP>you <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>owner <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>manager<c PUN>, <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VHD>'d <w VVN>liven <w PNP>'em <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w ITJ>Eh<c PUN>?
<s n="253"><vocal desc=giggle> <w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AV0>too <w AJ0>keen <w PRP>on <w VVG-NN1>cutting <w NN2>commissions <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><vocal desc=laugh> <w ITJ>Eh<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>doubt<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <vocal desc=laugh> <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>laugh <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w PNX>myself<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh> <vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=HLWPS000>
<s n="256"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>save<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w NN1>Problem <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w DT0>this <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>difference<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>vested <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w CJS>Because <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>rank <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>file <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>succeed<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>go <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>tube <w AV0>together<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w NN1-VVB>Support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="264"><w NN2>Thanks <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>Services<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2K6>
<s n="266"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>our <w NN1>union <w VHZ>has <w VVN>changed <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w AJ0>great <w NN1>history <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>lost<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>adapted <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VVB>live<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>education <w NN1>department <w VHZ>has <w VVN>undergone <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w NN1>return <w VHZ>has <w VVN>produced <w NN1>quality <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>turn <w NN1>quality <w NN2>stewards <w DTQ>which <w VVB>meet <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w AT0>The <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>department <w AV0>now <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>environment <w NN1>department<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVN>envied <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHZ>has <w AV0>clearly <w VVN-VVD>responded <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>review<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w AV0>Now <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>adapt <w AT0>the <w AJ0>considerable <w NN2>changes <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>terrorism<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>organization <w VBZ>is <w VVG>crying <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AJ0>high <w NN1>quality <w NN1>information <w TO0>to <w VVI>fulfil <w AT0>the <w NN2>demands <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>upon <w AV0>both <w AJ0>full- <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>lay <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w DT0>This <w NN1>information <w VBZ>is <w AV0>increasingly <w VVG>becoming <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>nature<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>S <w VVB>make <w PNP>it <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w AJ0>national <w NN1>research <w NN1>department <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="273"><w PRP>At <w DT0>this <w NN1>point<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>add <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN1>research <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w DT0>More <w NN2>cries <w PRP>for <w NN1>devolution<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>S<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Local <w NN2>Authorities<c PUN>, <w NN2>multi-nationals<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w VVG>going <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <unclear> <w AJ0>local <w NN1>bargaining<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>from <w NN1>district <w PRP>to <w NN1>district<c PUN>, <w NN1>region <w PRP>to <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AV0>sometimes <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w AV0>apart <w CJS>as <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w PNP>We <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w AJ0>local <w NN1>bargaining <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>encouraged<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w TO0>to <w VVI>lower <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w VVB>give <w AJ0>rich <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>few<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>rule <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>research <w NN1>point <w CJC>but <w AV0>again <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w DT0>more <w VBZ>is <w VVN>needed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>union <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN1>doubt<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>shining <w NN1>light <w PRP>in terms of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>offer <w PRP>to <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w CJC>and <w AV0>better <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w VVN>provided<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w AT0>The <w AJS>easiest <w NN1>way <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>channel <w NN2>resources <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w AT0>A <w NN1>review <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>show <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>local<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w NN1>Bargaining <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>local<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>research<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whatever <w NN1>nature <w CJC>or <w NN1>subject<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>local <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>our <w NN2>activists <w CJC>and <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can <w VVI>boast <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ-NN2>changes <w XX0>not <w VVN>made <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AJ0>necessary <w CJC>but <w PRP>without <w VVG>looking <w AV0>ahead <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w VVG>responding<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>leave <w DPS>our <w NN1>organization <w VVG>floundering <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>lose <w AVP>out <w AV0>locally <w PRP>to <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w AV0>Please <w VVB>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="286"><w NN1>Seconder <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine<c PUN>? <pause dur=6>
</u>
<u who=PS2K7>
<s n="287"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w NN1>sub-committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VVN-AJ0>initiated <w NN2>reviews <w PRF>of <w NN2>departments <w DTQ>which <w NN1-VVB>offer <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>to <w AJ0>national<c PUN>, <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>lay <w NN2>officials<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w AT0>The <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>reviews <w VHB>have <w AV0>certainly <w VVN>taken <w PRP>into <w NN1-VVB>account <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w DTQ>which <w AV0>of course <w VVZ>means <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>bargaining <w NN2>initiatives<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>S<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN1>research <w NN1>department <w VM0>could <w AV0>best <w VVI>provide <w DPS>their <w NN2>services <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>need<c PUN>, <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>many <w NN2>changes <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>information <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>provided <w AV0>quickly <w CJC>and <w AV0>effectively<c PUN>, <w VVG>delivering <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <unclear> <w CJC>and <w NN1>value <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>therefore <w VVB>ask <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w AV0>immediately <w VVI>instigate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comprehensive <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>research <w NN1>department <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>doubt<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w NN1>doubt <w VHZ>has <w VVN>supplied <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>information <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>fulfil <w CJC>and <w VVI>identify <w AJ0>local <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever<c PUN>, <w VVZ>needs <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>response <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w AV0>hopefully <w DT0>this <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>review <w VVZ>begins<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w AV0>Please <w VVB>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="296"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w NN1>Publicity<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool <w NN1>Region<c PUN>? <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2K8>
<s n="297"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w NP0>Wales <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>moving <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w DT0>this <w NN1>union <w AT0>the <w NN1>credit <w PNP>it <w VVZ>deserves <w CJS>when <w VVG>achieving <w NN1>victory <w PRP>for <w DPS>its <w NN2>members <w AV0>throughout <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w NN1>publicity <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w CJS>if <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w AV0>again <w AV0>tonight <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>rating <w CJS>than <w NP0>Coronation <w NP0>Street <w DT0>this <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN1>section <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>sector<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w AJ0>bold <w NN1>headline <w NN2>posters <w PRP>in <w NN1>colour <w TO0>to <w VVI>identify <w DTQ>what <w NN2>sections <w PNP>they <w VVB>represent <w CJS>so that <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>give <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w NN1>activist <w AJ0>up to date <w NN1>information <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <trunc> <w UNC>comp </trunc> <w NN1>competition <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w PRP>Because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>competition <w PNP>we <w VVB>face <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w NN1>UNISON<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w NN1>application <w NN2-VVZ>forms <w VVN-VVD>geared <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>particular <w NN2>industries <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>require<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="303"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>three <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>seconded<c PUN>?
<s n="304"><w VVD-VVN>Seconded<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>one<c PUN>?
<s n="305"><w VDD>Did <w PNI>somebody <w VVI>say <w AV0>formally<c PUN>?
<s n="306"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVB-NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>speaker <w UNC>in <w PRP>in respect of <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>reference<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause dur=10>
</u>
<u who=PS2K9>
<s n="308"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w DT0>that <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AT0>an <w NN1>omen<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midland <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>Region <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBZ>is <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>motions <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>one <w CJC>but <w VVB>refer <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w PRP>On <w NN2>pages <w CRD>one <w CRD>0 <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w CRD>0 <w CRD>seven <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary<w POS>'s <w NN1>Report<c PUN>, <w NN1>reference <w VBZ>is <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>organization <w NN1>sub-committee <w VVG>reviewing <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>research <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VDN>done <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w AT0>The <w NN1>research <w NN1>department <w VHZ>has <w VVN>followed <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines <w VVN>set <w PRP>by <w DT0>that <w NN1>review<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w VVN>shifted <w NN2>resources <w PRP>from <w NN1>routine <w VVG-NN1>servicing <w PRP>to <w NN1>policy <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w NN1>Investment <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>online <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>information <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w DT0>This <w VHZ>has <w VVN>speeded <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>flow <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w NN2>companies <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>great <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w NN1>progress <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w NN2>Negotiators <w NN2>guides <w PRP>on <w NN1>disability <w CJC>and <w NN1>harassment <w VHB>have <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w VVN>produced<c PUN>, <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>model <w NN2>agreements <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN1>support <w NN2>services <w PRP>for <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w DT0>These <w VHB>have <w VVN>become <w AJ0>key <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>department<w POS>'s <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w AT0>The <w NN1>department <w VHZ>has <w VVN>directed <w DT0>much <w NN1>effort <w PRP>to <w AJ0>European <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B's <w AJ0>European <w NN1>officer <w VHZ>has <w VVN>contributed <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>cutting <w NN1>edge <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>recognized <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>Directives <w VBB>are <w AV0>increasingly <w VVG>affecting <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w NN2>Examples <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w VBB>are <w DT0>these<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w AJ0-VVN>Acquired <w NN2>Rights <w NN1>Directive<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <unclear> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight <w NN1>hour <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w AVP>Back <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w NN1>front<c PUN>, <w NN1>bargaining <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>shifting <w AV0>rapidly <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>arena <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>recognized <w CJT>that <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B's <w NN2>resources <w VVB-NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w DT0>This <w AV0>especially <w VVZ>applies <w TO0>to <w VVI>research <w NN2>services <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVB>supply <w AT0>the <w AJ0>raw <w NN1>material <w PRP>with <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VVB>work<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w VVN>needed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>challenges <w DTQ>which <w VVB>arise <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="327"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AV0>constantly <w NN1>vigil <w CJC>and <w VVB>keep <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1-VVB>look <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AJ0>new <w NN2>issues <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>keep <w NN1>pace <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w CJT>that <w VVB>affect <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w AT0>The <w NN1>research <w NN1>department <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>resource <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>well <w VVN>placed <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>examples <w PRF>of <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN1>training<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w AV0>Similarly<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>ex </trunc> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>output <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>research <w NN1>department <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>essential <w TO0>to <w VVI>formulate <w AJ0>effective <w NN2>responses <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AV0>ever <w AV0>more <w AJ0>sophisticated <w NN1>management <w PNQ>who <w AV0>constantly <w VVB>employ <w AJ0>new <w NN2>techniques <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>resource <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<w POS>' <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w NN2>Examples <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w VBB>are <w PRF>of <w NN1>performance <w AJ0-VVD>related <w NN1-VVB>pay
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="331"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>wind <w AVP>up <w AV0>please<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2K9>
<s n="332"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w AV0>sometimes <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>pre-cursor <w TO0>to <w VVI>de- <w NN1>recognition<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w AV0>Therefore<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBZ>is <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w VVB>refer <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="335"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="336"><w VVB>Propose <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>accepted<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="338"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="339"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w NN1>Reference <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>sought <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w VVN>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w VVN>Agreed<c PUN>?
<s n="342"><w NN1>Conference <w VVB>accept <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="343"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="346"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="347"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w PNP>I <w AV0>now <w VVB-NN1>call <w NN1>motion <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>rule <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Legal <w NN1>Assistance<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>motion <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>moved <w PRP>by <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause dur=6>
</u>
<u who=HLWPS001>
<s n="350"><w NN1>Morning <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVG>speaking <w PRP-AVP>on <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>Mm </trunc> <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Executive<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w PRP>Under <w UNC>er <w NN1>rule <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Executive <w NN1>Council <w VVZ>authorizes <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>secretaries <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>assistance<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w AV0>usually <w VVZ>consists <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>asking <w NN1>law <w NN2>firms <w PNQ>who <w VVB>specialize <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>injury <w VVZ-NN2>claims <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w VVG>claiming <w NN1>compensation <w PRP>for <w AJ0>occupational <w NN2>accidents <w CJC>and <w NN2>diseases<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary<w POS>'s <w NN1>Report <w VVZ>indicates<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w NN2>members <w VVN>obtained <w AV0>about <w CRD>forty <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w PRP>through <w DPS>our <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>solicitors<c PUN>.
<s n="354"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regional <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>officers <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w NN2>guidelines <w CJC>and <w NN2>codes <w PRF>of <w NN1>practice<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>ask <w AT0>the <w NN2>solicitors <w TO0>to <w VVI>abide <w PRP>by <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>secretaries <w VVG>ensuring <w CJT>that <w NN2>cases <w VBB>are <w VVN>pursued <w AV0>as <w AV0>forcefully <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w NN2-VVZ>interests <w AJ0>uppermost <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w NN2>stages<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>secretaries<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w DPS>our <w DT0>many <w AJ0>wonderful <w NN2>skills<c PUN>, <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w NN1>litigation <w NN2>experts <w CJC>and <w VVB>run <w AT0>the <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w PNP>We <w VVB>rely <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>good <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>solicitors <w PNQ>who <w VVB>advise <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>take<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>solicitor <w VVZ>recommends <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>writ <w VBZ>is <w VVN>issued<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>usually<c PUN>, <w AV0>almost <w AV0>invariably<c PUN>, <w VVB>authorize <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>step<c PUN>, <w CJS>provided <w PNP>it <w VVZ>falls <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>guidelines<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>for <w AJ0>medical <w NN2>reports <w CJC>and <w NN2>engineers<w POS>' <w NN2>reports <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w AV0>also <w VVZ>applies <w CJS>when <w DPS>our <w NN2>solicitors <w NN1-VVB>report <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VDN>done <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>bes </trunc> <w AV0>very <w AV0>best <w PNP>they <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>recommend <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w VVZ>continues <w TO0>to <w VVI>finance <w AT0>the <w NN1>claim<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w VVB>Try <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VM0>might<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>win <w AT0>every <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>will <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w DT0>many <w NN2>cases <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>withdrawn <w CJC>or <w VVD-VVN>discontinued <w DT0>each <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w VVD-VVN>posed <w PRP>by <w NN1>motion <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="363"><w CJS>When <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w VVG>acting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>solicitor<c PUN>, <w VVZ>indicates <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>case <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>won<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ>terminates <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>under <w NN1>rule <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>against <w DT0>that <w NN1>decision<c PUN>?
<s n="364"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVZ>thinks <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w NN2>Decisions <w TO0>to <w VVI>terminate <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>under <w NN1>rule <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>seven <w VBB>are <w AJ0>different <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>decisions <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>invariably <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>express <w VVN-AJ0>written <w NN1>recommendation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>specialist <w PRP>in <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w NN2>Appeals <w PRP>against <w NN1>termination <w PRF>of <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>assistance <w VBB>are <w AJ0>unfair <w PRP>to <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>committees<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>appeals <w NN1>committee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>appeals <w NN1>tribunal<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w PNI>None <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>bodies<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>expert <w PRP>in <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>injury <w NN1>litigation<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w AV0>Yet<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>appeal <w PRP>by <w NN1>definition<c PUN>, <w VVZ>asks <w PNP>them <ptr target=HLWLC003><w PRP>to <w ORD>second <w NN1-VVB>guess <ptr target=HLWLC004></u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="369"><ptr target=HLWLC003><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>wind <w AVP>up <w AV0>please<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLWLC004></u>
<u who=HLWPS001>
<s n="370"><w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>barrister<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w PNP>They <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>try<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>committee <w VBG>being <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
<s n="373"><w TO0>To <w VVI>refer <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>solicitor <w PNQ>who <w VHZ>has <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w VVN>won<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVB>refer <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>?
<s n="374"><w DTQ>What <w VVZ>happens <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>solicitor <w AV0>also <w VVZ>recommends <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>?
<s n="375"><w AV0>Currently <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w AV0>afresh<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sensible<c PUN>.
<s n="377"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w AV0>lightly <w VVI>bring <w AV0>forward <w AT0>a <w NN1>motion <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>limits <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>right <w PRF>of <w NN1>appeal<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w AV0>very <w AJ0>special <w NN2>circumstances <w PNP>we <w VVB>feel <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>both <w VVN-AJ0>justified <w CJC>and <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
<s n="378"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move <w NN1>motion <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="379"><ptr target=HLWLC005><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w VBZ>Is <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLWLC006></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLWLC005><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLWLC006></u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="381"><w AV0>Formally <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w VM0>Could <w PNP>you <w AV0>formally <w VVI>pen <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="383"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="384"><w AV0>Formally <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w AV0>obviously <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="387"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="388"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="389"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w AV0>now <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>welcome <w PRP>to <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="390"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w NN1>Director <w AJ0>General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Engineering <w NN2>Employers <w NN1>Federation<c PUN>.
<s n="391"><w NN1>Colleague<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w NN1>interruption <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w PRP>through <w DT0>that <w NN1>door<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>telling <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="393"><w PRP>Except for <w AT0>a <w CRD>three <w NN1>year <w NN1>secondment <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>career <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>spent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>motor <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>world-wide <w NN0>sales <w PRP>for <w NP0>Land <w NP0>Rover <w CJC>and <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <pause> <event desc="tape ends side one and starts side two"> <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AJ0>main <w NN1>Board <w NN1>Director <w PRP>with <w NP0>Rover<c PUN>.
<s n="395"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD-VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>F <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><w VVB>Invite <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping> <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2KA>
<s n="397"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>ladies <w CJC>and <w NN2>gentlemen<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w NN1-AJ0>welcome<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>confess <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AJ0>surprised<c PUN>, <w AJ0>curious <w CJC>and <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>delighted <w CJS>when <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVD>invited <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>here <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very <w CJC>and <w AV0>sincerely <w AJ0-VVD>pleased <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>glad <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>feel <w AV0>a bit <w PRP>like <w NP0>Zsa <w NP0>Zsa <w NP0>Gabor<w POS>'s <w ORD>fifth<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w ORD>sixth<c PUN>, <w NN1>husband <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>wedding <w NN1>night<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w UNC>er <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>pretty <w AJ0>clear <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-VVN>expected <w PRF>of <w PNP>me <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>certain <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AV0>sufficiently <w AJ0>interesting <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w DPS>your <w AJ0>undivided <w NN1>attention<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w AV0>no doubt <w DPS>your <w NN2>predecessors<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>certainly <w PNP>mine<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>astonished <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>whether <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>approve<c PUN>?
<s n="404"><w DPS>My <w NN1>guess <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w AV0>Indeed<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w UNC>er <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w AV0>still <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DT0>both <w DPS>our <w NN2>organizations <w PNQ>who <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w AV0>right <w AV0>now <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w VBZ>is <w VVG>supping <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>devil<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>see <w PNP>it <w DT0>that <w NN1>way <w AV0>at all <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0-AJ0>right <w UNC>er <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>defend <w DPS>your <w NN1>invitation <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>acceptance <w PRP>by <w VVG>quoting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>idiom<c PUN>, <w AV0>better <w AT0>the <w NN1>devil <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w PNP>You <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN2>judges <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether or not <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>the <w NN1>devil <w CJC>or <w AV0>at least <w DPS>his <w NN1>representative<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>see <w PNP>me <w DT0>that <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w VVB>let <w PNP>me <w VVI>strike <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w AV0>straight away<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w PNP>I <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>judge <w PNP>you <w PRP>by <w DPS>your <w NN1>past <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>judge <w PNP>me <w PRP>by <w PNP>mine<c PUN>.
<s n="410"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>dinosaur <w NN2>suits <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>start <w VVG>talking <w AJ0>real <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>here <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>share <w DT0>many <w NN2>objectives <w CJC>and <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>more <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>unites <w PNP>us <w CJS>than <w VVZ>divides <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVD>adopted <w DPS>your <w VVG-NN1>working <w AV0>together <w NN1>slogan <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVG>thinking <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>included <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><w CJC>But <w AVQ>why <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="414"><w AV0>Surely <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>objectives<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w AJ0>low <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prosperous <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>education<c PUN>, <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w AV0>In short<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>caring <w NN1>society <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNI>everyone <w VM0>can <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>comfort <w CJC>and <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNI>everyone <w VVZ>contributes <w PRP>according to <w DPS>their <w NN0>means<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>stupid <w TO0>to <w VVI>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>always <w AV0>necessarily <w VVI>agree <w PRP-AVP>on <w AVQ>how <w DT0>those <w NN2>objectives <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>met<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>see <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>ground <w NN2>lies <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>identified <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>build <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>fail <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>failing <w DT0>both <w DPS>our <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w VVG-AJ0>Failing <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN2>generations <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>failing <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>C. <w CJC>And <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w DT0>that <w NN1>legacy <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w AJ0>short <w NN1>talk<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>propose <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w AV0>just <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="420"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRP>for <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w NN1-VVB>view <w NN2>trades <w NN2>unions <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="421"><w ORD>First<c PUN>, <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>.
<s n="422"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>topic <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>F <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVG>promoting <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PRP>since <w ORD>last <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VVB>believe <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>without <w AT0>an <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards <w CJC>and <w NN1>status <w VM0>will <w VVI>sink <w AV0>quite <w AV0>quickly <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w PNP>it <w AV0>either<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w PRP>For <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w VVI>succeed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>years <w AV0>ahead<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>simply <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>agree <w NN2>objectives<c PUN>, <w VVB>navigate <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>map<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>aim <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>goals<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>mot <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>easy<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>least <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>require <w AT0>the <w NN2>politicians <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>cooperative <w CJC>and <w AV0>less <w AJ0>combative<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>simply <w XX0>not <w AJ0>good <w AV0>enough <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w VVB>elect <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>change <w PNI>everything <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NN2>things <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>alright<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w AJ0>long- <w NN1>term <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>policies <w CJT>that <w VVB>survive <w AJ0>general <w NN2>elections <w CJC>and <w NN2>changes <w PRF>of <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w AVQ>How <w AV0>else <w VM0>will <w PNP>we <w AV0>ever <w VHI>have <w AJ0>sustainable <w NN2>strategies <w PRP>for <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>transport<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN2>telecommunications<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w VHD>Had <w PNP>we <w VVN>defined <w AT0>a <w AJ0>robust <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventies<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>we <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w AVP>back <w AV0>now <w PRP>on <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>consistent <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>decline<c PUN>?
<s n="431"><w VHD>Had <w PNP>we <unclear> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>powerful <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>policy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighties<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>we <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w AVP>back <w AV0>now <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>nineties<c PUN>?
<s n="432"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>globally <w AJ0>competitive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>simply <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>perpetuate <w DT0>such <w NN2>mistakes<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>purpose <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AJ0>strategic <w NN1>thinking <w PRP>about <w DPS>our <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>affairs <w CJC>and <w VVB>provide <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>background <w PRP>against <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>decisions <w VVG>determining <w DT0>that <w NN1>future <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w PRP>Without <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>understanding<c PUN>, <w NN1>market <w NN2>forces <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>function <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>intended<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>F <w VVB>define <w AT0>an <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>policy <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>understanding <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>finance <w CJC>and <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>direction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>technological <w CJC>and <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>progress<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w CJC>And <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposition <w NN2>parties <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>this <w AJ0>common <w NN1>understanding <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>competitor <w NN2>countries <w VVB>possess <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w AV0>so <w AV0>sadly <w NN1-VVB>lack<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w PRP>Without <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w AV0>brutally <w AJ0>honest <w NN1-VVB>look <w PRP>at <w DPS>our <w AJ0>current <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>base <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>decline<c PUN>, <w VVN>accelerated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w PRP>Despite <w DPS>our <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN1>productivity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighties<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1-VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>rebuild <w NN1>belief <w CJC>and <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>chronic <w NN1>trade <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>, <w AJ0>high <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w AJ0>productive <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>in <w NN1>manufacturing <w VBZ>is <w AV0>simply <w AV0>too <w AJ0>low<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w AJ0>pivotal <w NN1>problem <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w NN1>appetite <w TO0>to <w VVI>consume <w VBZ>is <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>exceed <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>capacity <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w PRP>Despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>surge <w PRF>of <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>trend <w VBZ>is <w PRP>towards <w VVG>investing <w AT0>an <w AV0>ever <w AJC>smaller <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>earn<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w DPS>Our <w NN0>statistics <w VVB-NN1>show <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>consume <w DT0>all <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>producing<c PUN>, <w AV0>yet <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>investing <w AV0>less <w CJC>and <w AV0>less <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>new <w NN1>capacity <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w PRP>In <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>two <w DPS>our <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector <w VVN-VVD>accounted <w PRP>for <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>two <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>gross <w AJ0>domestic <w NN1>product<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w PRP>By <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w TO0>to <w AV0>just about <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>percent<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VVZ>matters <w CJS>because <w DPS>our <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>capacity <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>our <w AJ0>national <w NN1>living <w NN2>standards <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN2>payments<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w CJC>And <w PRP>for <w AV0>too <w AV0-AJ0>long <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>misled <w PRP>into <w VVG>believing <w DT0>that <w NN1>manufacturing <w CJC>and <w NN1>industry <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AJ0>unimportant<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w PRP>In <w NN1>truth<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>competitiveness <w CJC>and <w NN1>prosperity <w VVB>depend <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever <w AV0>before <w PRP>on <w NN1>technology <w CJC>and <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>potential <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>future <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth <w VVZ>depends <w AV0>partly <w PRP>on <w NN2>innovations <w PRP>in <w NN1>production <w NN1>technology<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN2>costs <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>crucially<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>innovative <w NN2>products <w DTQ>which <w VVB>create <w AJ0>new <w NN2>markets <w PRP>in <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w AJ0>Innovative <w NN2>products <w VBB>are <w AT0>an <w AJ0>essential <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>new <w NN1>employment <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRP>in <w NN1>manufacturing<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w XX0>not <w VVI>forget <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>most <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>growth<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w PRP>in <w NN1>service <w NN2>industries<c PUN>, <w VVZ>originates <w PRP>from <w AJ0>technological <w NN1>innovation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="454"><w NN1-VVB>Service <w NN2>industries <w VBB>are <w AV0>rarely <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>their <w NN1>productivity<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>service <w NN1>quality<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN1>competitiveness <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>efforts <w AV0-AJ0>alone<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><w PNP>They <w AV0>usually <w VVB>need <w AJ0>new <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>improved <w CJC>or <w AV0>more <w AJ0>affordable <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w NN1>service <w NN2>industries <w PRP>such as <w NN1>travel<c PUN>, <w NN1>broadcasting <w CJC>and <w NN1>entertainment<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>increasingly <w PRP>in <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w NN1>health <w NN1>care <w NN2>activities <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VVI>depend <w PRP>upon <w AJ0>continued <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>innovation<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VVB>seem <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w DT0>that <w NN1>technology <w VVZ>means <w NN2>machines <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN2>machines <w CJC>and <w NN1>equipment <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>software <w CJT>that <w VVB>run <w PNP>them <w VBB>are <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN2>products <w PRF>of <w NN1>technology<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w NN1>Technology <w VBZ>is <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w NN2>goods <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w AV0>competitively<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>therefore <w PRP>about <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN2>skills<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN1>knowledge <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>cooperative <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>takes <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w NN1>industry <w TO0>to <w VVI>accumulate <w NN1>expertise<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w NN2>teams<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>market <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w TO0>To <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>competitiveness <w AV0>normally <w VVZ>requires <w NN2>decades <w PRF>of <w AJ0>persistent <w NN1>activity<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>thrown <w AV0>away <w AV0>very <w AV0>quickly <w CJC>and <w AV0>very <w AV0>easily<c PUN>.
<s n="461"><w AJ0>Strategic <w NN1>vision <w CJC>and <w NN1>consistency <w PRF>of <w NN2>policies <w PRP>by <w NN2>firms<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>investors<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w AJ0>crucial<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w AJ0>coherent <w AJ0>sustained <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><w AT0>The <w NN1>problem <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy <w PRP>for <w NN1>prosperity <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>glamorous <w NN1>thing<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>long-term <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>produce <w NN2>profits <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
<s n="464"><w PNP>It <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VVI>win <w NN2>votes <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w AV0>At least <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN2>politicians <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>think<c PUN>.
<s n="466"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w NN2>things <w VBB>are <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <w VVI>change<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>expect <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>agree <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w PRP>across <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>professional <w NN2>politicians <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>letting <w PNP>us <w AVP>down <w PRP>for <w NN2>decades<c PUN>.
<s n="468"><w PNP>They <w AV0>really <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DT0>much <w PRP>about <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w PNP>They <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>care <w DT0>enough <w PRP>about <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>certainly <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w NN2>timescales <w VBB>are <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>different <w PRP>from <w PNP>theirs<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w NN1>Industry <w AV0>certainly <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>high <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>agenda <w CJC>but <w PRP>like <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parties <w VM0>must <w VVI>agree <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="471"><w NN1>Industry <w VBZ>is <w AV0>simply <w AV0>too <w AJ0>important<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>depending on <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w AJ0>political <w NN1>punchball<c PUN>.
<s n="472"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>build <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>good <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Heseltine <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cook <w VVB>understand <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>get <w NN1>industry <w PRP>out of <w NN1>party <w NN1>politics <w CJC>and <w VVB>make <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w AV0>truly <w AJ0>national <w NN1>priority<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><w VM0>Would<w XX0>n't <w AV0>that <w AV0>really <w VVI>benefit <w DPS>your <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w PNP>mine<c PUN>?
<s n="475"><w VM0>Would<w XX0>n't <w DT0>that <w VVI>begin <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>premier <w NN1>league <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>twenty <w ORD>first <w NN1>century<c PUN>?
<s n="476"><w AV0>Now <w DPS>my <w ORD>second <w NN1>topic<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w NN2>employers <w VVI>view <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w AV0>today<c PUN>?
<s n="477"><w AV0>Surprisingly <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w VVI>find<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AV0>very <w AV0>differently <w PRP>from <w PNX>yourselves<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>both <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>recessions <w CJC>and <w VVB>undergo <w AJ0>immense <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>process<c PUN>.
<s n="479"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w PRF>of <w NN1>change<c PUN>, <w CJS>even though <w PNP>we <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w VVN>liked <w PNI>everything <w CJT>that <w VVD>went <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>here <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="480"><w AJC>Leaner<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>probably <w AJC>fitter <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>competitive<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w VHB>have <w VVN>changed <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>ten <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w AJ0>down-sized<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>restructured<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>looked <w PRP>at <w NN2>amalgamations <w CJC>and <w AV0>generally <w VVN>sought <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>role<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>F<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>like <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w AT0>A <w NN1>bonanza <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w PRP>for <w NN1>management <w NN2>consultants <w CJC>and <w NN2>accountants<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>speaking <w PRF>of <w NN2>accountants<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w CJT-DT0>that <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>perks <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w NN1>job <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w AVP>about <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AJ0>real <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w VVG>meeting <w AJ0>real <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w CJC>And <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>company <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>managing <w NN1>director <w VVD>told <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>now <w VVG>using <w NN2>accountants <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>safety <w NN2>experiments <w PRP>instead of <w NN2>rats<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>mi </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VVI>share <w DPS>my <w NN1>surprise <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>heard <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVD>asked <w PNP>him <w NN1>whey <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VDG>doing <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w CRD>three <w AV0>very <w AJ0>simple <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w ORD>First <w PRF>of <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>far <w DT0>more <w NN2>accountants <w AVP-PRP>around <w AV0>now <w CJS>than <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>rats <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VHG>having <w AJ0>great <w NN1>difficulty <w PRP>in <w VVG>getting <w NN1>hold <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rats <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>sounds <w AJ0>logical<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w AT0>The <w ORD>second <w UNC>er <w NN1>reason <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>gave <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>thought <w PRP>for <w PNX>myself<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>accountants <w AV0>more <w AV0>accurately <w VVN-VVD>represented <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>form <w CJS>than <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN2>rats<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w PNI>one <w PRP>to <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w AV0>really <w VVD>floored <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>told <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN0>staff <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>getting <w AV0>really <w VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>rats<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2KA>
<s n="490"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>theme<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>become <w AV0>more <w AJ0>business-like<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>word<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w PNP>You <w VVB>collaborate <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AV0>readily <w PRP>with <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w PNP>We <w AV0>only <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>deals<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w NN1>union <w NN2>deals <w CJC>and <w VVD>changed <w NN1>working <w NN2>practices <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><w PNP>They <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>accept<c PUN>, <w VBN>been <w VVN>greeted <w PRP>with <w VVG-NN1>standing <w NN2>ovations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>unions <w VHB>have <w VVN>moved <w AV0>more <w AV0>quickly <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NN1>change <w CJS>than <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w AV0>too <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w CJC>But <w DT0>those <w NN2>changes <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w VVN>met <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>politicized <w CJC>and <w AJ0>combative <w NN2>attitudes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>.
<s n="496"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w CJS>because <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>realism<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w NN2>Unions <w VHB>have <w VVN>turned <w AJ0>professional<c PUN>, <w VVG>serving <w DPS>their <w NN2>members<w POS>' <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>call <w PNP>them <w NN2>customers<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>demand<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w PNP>You <w AV0>now <w VVB-NN1>offer <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AV0>just <w NN2>negotiations <w PRP>on <w NN1>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="499"><w PNP>You <w VVB>provide <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>take <w AT0>a <w AJ0>keen <w CJC>and <w AJ0>active <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w AJ0>important <w NN2>issues <w PRP>such as <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>, <w NN1>child <w NN1-VVB>care<c PUN>, <w NN1>training<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VVB>agree <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="501"><w DT0>Many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sad <w CJC>but <w AJ0>true<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w AVP>about <w PRP>through <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w PNP>We <w VVD>lost <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w AJ0>unskilled <w CJC>and <w AJ0>semi-skilled <w NN2>posts<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>companies <w VVD>went <w AJ0>bust <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>cut <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NN1>size <w AV0>dramatically<c PUN>.
<s n="503"><w CJC>But <w DT0>that <w NN1>recession <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>brought <w AVP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>relations <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VVB>see <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w AT0>The <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>workforces <w CJT>that <w VVD>came <w PRP>out of <w PNP>it <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w VBD>were <w AV0>far <w AJC>leaner<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>committed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>change <w CJS>than <w DPS>their <w NN2>predecessors <w VHD>had <w AV0>ever <w VBN>been<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w NN2>Managements <w VVD>took <w NN2>steps <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>variety <w PRF>of <w NN2>forms <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN2>communications <w PRP>with <w NN2>employees<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w CJC>And <w NN2>unions <w VVD>became <w AV0>less <w AJ0>sensitive <w PRP>about <w NN2>companies <w VVG>communicating <w AV0>directly <w PRP>with <w NN2>employees<c PUN>.
<s n="507"><w NN2>Unions <w AV0>also <w VVD>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN2>deals <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w AJ0>commonplace <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="508"><w AV0>In short<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>emerging <w PRP>from <w AV0>right <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AV0>hopefully<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>different<c PUN>.
<s n="510"><w PNP>It <w VVD>hit <w NN2>sectors <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w AV0>largely <w VVD>escaped <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>skilled<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>clerical <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>managers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>professionals <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AV0>badly <w VVN-VVD>mauled <w DT0>this <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <w ORD>last <w NN1>time <w AVP>around <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w NN1>sector <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>expanding <w TO0>to <w VVI>mop <w AVP>up <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who<w VHD>'d <w VVN>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>jobs <w PRP>in <w NN1>manufacturing<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w NN1>sector <w AV0>too <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>always <w VVZ>takes <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN0>people <w AV0>here <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very <w AJ0>glad <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w NN2>craftsmen <w PRP>within <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>indu <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w NN2>craftsmen <w PRP>within <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>ind <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>request<c PUN>.
<s n="512"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>request <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>big <w NN1>issue <w VBZ>is <w VVG>rebuilding <w CJC>and <w VVG>expanding <w DPS>our <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>base <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>remain <w AT0>a <w AJ0>prosperous <w AJ0>industrialized <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w CJC>But <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>another <w AJ0>big <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w NN2>employers <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w PRP>for <w AJC>greater <w NN1>cooperation <w PRP>between <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>still <w AJ0>passive <w NN1>acceptance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w PNP>us <w NN1>syndrome<c PUN>.
<s n="515"><w CJC>And <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w NN2>places<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sure <w AVQ>why<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PRP>without <w VVG>realizing <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w PNI>something <w AV0>else <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w AV0>in common<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w NN2>employees<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>an <w NN1>employee <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>F <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>way <w CJT-DT0>that <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>employee <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w NN2>managers <w CJC>and <w NN0>staff <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w NN2>employees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>companies <w PNP>they <w VVB>work <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w DPS>your <w NN1>rank <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>file <w NN2>members <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w NN2>employees<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w DPS>your <w AJ0>full <w NN1>time <w NN2>officials <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w NN2>employees<c PUN>.
<s n="519"><w CJS>When <w PNP>we <w VVB>come <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w AV0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w DT0>few <w NN2>owner-occupiers <w PRP-AVP>around <w DT0>these <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w PRP>on <w VVG>solving <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>find <w PNP>it <w AV0>much <w AJC>easier <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w CJC>And <w CJS>where <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w AV0>right <w AV0>now <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w VVZ>stays <w AJ0>competitive<c PUN>.
<s n="522"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w DPS>our <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w VM0>will <w VVI>differ <w AV0>somewhat<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w VHZ>has <w AV0>publicly <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>its <w NN1>concern <w AV0>just <w AV0>recently <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>across <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>competitiveness <w PRF>of <w AJ0>European <w NN1>industry <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="523"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>F<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0-AJ0>alone<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>in <w NN1>engineering <w NN2>employers<w POS>' <w NN2>organizations <w PRP>throughout <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>German<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>French<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>Belgians<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Dutch<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>argued <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>working <w NN1>time <w NN1>directive <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0>original <w NN1>form<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><w DT0>That <w NN1>draft <w UNC>er <w VVN>approved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Affairs <w NN1>Council <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>ago <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>flexibility <w PRP>for <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>employees <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w NN1>working <w NN1>time <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>at <w AJ0>local <w NN1>plant <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VVI>question <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C's <w NN1>involvement <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w NN1>Working <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w NN1>overtime<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>decided <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w AJ0>voluntary <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>emphasize <w AT0>the <w NN1>word <w AJ0>voluntary<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w AJ0-VVG>Remaining <w AJ0>competitive <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w CJS>when <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>countries <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w NN1>recession<c PUN>, <w NN0>means <w VVG>keeping <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tight <w NN1>rein <w PRP>on <w NN2>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="528"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN2>colleagues <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>under <w AJ0>great <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>during <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>recession <w TO0>to <w VVI>restrain <w NN1>wage <w NN2>claims <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJ0>deferred <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w CRD>zero <w NN2>settlements<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w CJC>But <w DPS>my <w NN1>message <w AV0>today <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>straightforward<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w DT0>that <w NN1>restraint <w AV0>even <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN2>things <w VVB-NN1>start <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AJC>better<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VVZ>means <w NN2>restraints <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>bottom<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NN1>board <w NN1>room <w TO0>to <w VVI>shop <w NN1>floor<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prize <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long-term <w NN1>success <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w AJ0>precious <w TO0>to <w VVI>throw <w AV0>away <w PRP>for <w AJ0>transient <w AJ0>short-term <w NN1>benefit<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w NN1>address <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>see <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>ground <w VVZ>lies<c PUN>.
<s n="533"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>find <w PNP>it <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>better <w AV0>still<c PUN>, <w VM0>let's <w VVI>build <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN1>attention <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>warmth <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN1>welcome <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="535"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w NN1>address<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w AV0>now <w VVI>turn <w PRP>to <w NN1>recruitment<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>motions<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w NN1>Recruitment<c PUN>, <w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>, <w AJ0>composite <w CRD>four <w NN1>Recruitment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unemployed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Midland <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Accrued <w NN1>Membership <w NN2>Rewards<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool <w TO0>to <w VVI>move<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w NN1>Recruitment <w NN1>Procedure<c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w PNP>I <w VVB>call <w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AJ0-VVG>supporting <w NN2>speakers <w VM0>could <w VVI>come <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>front <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>assist<c PUN>. <pause dur=9>
</u>
<u who=PS2KB>
<s n="538"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Birmingham <w CJC>and <w NP0>West <w NP0>Midland <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w PRP>on <w NN1>recruitment<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w PRP>During <w AT0>the <w CRD>seventies <w NN2>unions <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>reporting <w NN1>record <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w AV0>Indeed<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w NP0>Birmingham <w NP0>West <w NP0>Midland<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>membership <w PRP>in excess of <w CRD>one <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w CRD>seventies <w NN1>life <w VBD>was <w AJ0>rosy <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w PNI>everyone <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>organization <w VVD-VVN>felt <w AJ0>secure<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w AT0>Every <w NN1>cloud <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>silver <w NN1>lining<c PUN>.
<s n="543"><w PNI>Nothing <w VM0>could <w VVI>go <w AJ0>wrong <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NP0>Midas <w NN1-VVB>touch<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w CJC>But <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>nine <w NN2>things <w VDD>did <w VVI>go <w AJ0>wrong<c PUN>.
<s n="545"><w NN1>Thatcherism <w VBD>was <w VVN>born <w CJC>and <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>decade <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w NN1>record <w NN2>redundancies <w CJC>and <w NN2>bankruptcies <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w AV0>Unfortunately <w DT0>many <w VBD>were <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lost <w DPS>their <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>retained <w DPS>their <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership <w AV0>so <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>lost <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w PNP>We <w AV0>now <w VVB>find <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>offering <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w NN1>style <w NN2>benefits <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w NN1>style <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w AT0>The <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w PNP>us <w CJT>that <w AT0>every <w NN1>year <w DPS>our <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>finance <w NN1>debate<c PUN>, <w VVZ>asks <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w NN2>increases <w PRP>in <w NN2>contributions<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w CJT>that <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w CJC>and <w VM0>must <w XX0>not <w VVI>continue<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>recipe <w PRP>for <w NN1>disaster<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><w AV0>So <w DTQ>what <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w TO0>to <w VVI>redress <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance<c PUN>?
<s n="552"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w CRD>One<c PUN>, <w VVB>retain <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w CRD>Two<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>recruit <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VM0>could <trunc> <w UNC>reg </trunc> <w VVI>retain <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed <w CJC>and <w AJ0>redundant<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>solid <w NN1>base <w PRP-AVP>on <w DTQ>which <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w AJ0>good <w NN1>signing <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>member <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVG>losing <w CRD>two <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>step <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>steps <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVG>crumbling <w NN2>foundations<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w AT0>The <w NN1>way <w AV0>forward <w AV0>then <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>recruit<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w VBD>was <w AV0>never <w AV0>more <w AJ0>critical <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="560"><w AV0>Too <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w AV0>still <w VVB>see <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership <w PRP-CJS>as <w VVG>belonging <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>militant <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w AJ0>Old <w NN2>images <w VVB>die <w AV0-AJ0>hard<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w NN0>People <w AV0>still <w VVB>see <w NN2>unions <w PRP>as <w NN1>wage <w NN2>negotiators <w CJC>and <w PNI>nothing <w AV0>else<c PUN>.
<s n="563"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VDZ>does <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w AV0>best <w VVB>get <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>mem </trunc> <w AJ0-NN1>non- <w NN2>members <w CJS>because <w NN2>unions <w VHB>have <w VVN>progressed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way <w PRP>since <w DPS>our <w NN1>founder<c PUN>, <w NP0>Will <w NP0>Thorne<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>collected <w NN2>subs <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bucket<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w AT0>The <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w DPS>our <w NN1>organization <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w NN1>expertise <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>offered<c PUN>, <w PRP>such as <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>advice <w CJC>and <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w NN1>advice <w PRP>on <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>, <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN2>colleges <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>run <w NN2>courses <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>kinds <w PRF>of <w NN2>subjects<c PUN>.
<s n="566"><w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NN1>information <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w AJ0>wide <w AJ0-VVG>ranging <w NN1>subject <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>available<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>department <w AJ0>skilled <w PRP>in <w AJ0>occupational <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w NN1>advice <w PRP>on <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>pensions <w PRP>through <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Unity <w NN1-VVB>Trust<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PRP>In <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w NN1>expertise <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w NN2>subjects <w AV0>too <w AJ0>numerous <w TO0>to <w VVI>mention<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>outline <w NN2>things <w CJT>that <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AJ0>important <w CJC>and <w AJ0>useful <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>recruiting <w NN1-VVB>drive<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VM0>must<w XX0>n't <w AV0>just <w VBI>be <w VVN>left <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>activists <w TO0>to <w VVI>recruit<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w DPS>Our <w AJ0>national <w NN1>office <w VM0>must <w VVI>help <w PRP>by <w AJC>better <w NN0>media <w NN1>coverage<c PUN>, <w VVG>bringing <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>non- <w NN2>members <w NN1>attention <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>useful <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>belong <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>approach <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w NN1>success <w VM0>will <w VVI>follow<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="573"><w VBZ>Is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>seconder<c PUN>?
<s n="574"><w AV0>Formally <w VVN-VVD>seconded<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region <pause dur=7>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="576"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w AT0>The <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>union <w NN1>organization <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>trade <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>branch <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>appreciate<c PUN>, <w NN1>recruitment <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>difficult <w CJS>when <w AJ0>little <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>recruitment <w NN1>literature <w VVZ-NN2>appertains <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w AJ0>Existing <w NN1>recruitment <w NN1>literature <w VVZ-NN2>deals <w PRP>with <w AJ0>employed <w NN2>persons <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>values <w PRF>of <w NN1>union <w NN1>organization <w CJS>when <w VVG-NN1>negotiating <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer <w PRP>for <w AJ0>proper <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w PNI>None <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>above <w NN1>appertain <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>trade <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w VBZ>is <w AV0>predominantly <w AJ0>self-employed<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w CRD>three <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>seven <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>in <w NP0>England <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wales <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>authorized <w TO0>to <w VVI>licence <w CJC>and <w VVI>administer <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>trade <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w AJ0>respective <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="581"><w CJS>Although <w DT0>these <w NN2>authorities <w VVB-NN1>work <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w PRF>of <w AJ0>central <w NN1>government <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN1>interpretation <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>legislation <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>always <w AJ0>correct <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>often <w AJ0>reckless <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>detriment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN2>members<w POS>' <w NN1>income <w CJC>and <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><w AT0>The <w NN1>treatment <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w VVN>received <w PRP>from <w NN2>councils <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>shoddy <w CJC>and <w AJ0>inconsiderate <w CJC>and <w AV0>often <w AJ0>disrespectful <w CJC>and <w AJ0>contemptuous<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w AT0>The <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>trade <w VBZ>is <w AV0>desperately <w PRP>in need of <w NN1>organization <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>workers <w VVN-VVD>employed <w AV0>therein<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w AJ0>national <w NN1>recruitment <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>necessary <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>begin <w DT0>that <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w NN1>Recruitment <w NN1>literature <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VVI>convince <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxi <w NN1-VVB>trade <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>organization <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>will<c PUN>, <w VVB>improve <w DPS>their <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>by <w VBG>being <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recognized <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w NN1>expertise <w PRP>in <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w VM0>will <w VVI>benefit<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w NN1>Recruitment <w VM0>will <w AV0>ideally <w VVI>contain <w DT0>enough <w NN1>information <w TO0>to <w VVI>convince <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>trade <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>membership <w CJS>when <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w NN1>representation <w PRP>at <w AJ0>local <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>advantages <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w CJS>when <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>national <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w NN1>Working <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>driver <w VBB>are <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>poor <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>likened <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Victorian <w NN2>times<c PUN>, <w NN2>hours <w VVN>worked <w VBB>are <trunc> <w UNC>ra </trunc> <w AV0>rarely <w AV0>less than <w CRD>sixty <w PRP>per <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>holiday <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>pension <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0>sick <w NN1>pay<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>say <w PRP-AVP>in <w DTQ>which <w NN1>way <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w VBZ>is <w VVN>administered <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><w AVQ>How <w DT0>many <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VBB>are <w VVG>working <w PRP>under <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>?
<s n="588"><w PNP>I <w VVB>guess <w XX0>not <w DT0>many <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVN>sat <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>organization <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>support <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>?
<s n="590"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w VVN>organized <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AJ0>improved <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>before <w DT0>these <w NN2>aims <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>achieved<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>recruit <w CJC>and <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w PRP>without <w NN1>literature <w VVN-AJ0>required<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w CJS>If <w VVN>passed<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>move <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w NN1>recruitment <w CJC>and <w NN1>organization <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w CJS>As <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>heard <w AV0>earlier <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>week <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary<w POS>'s <w NN1>Report <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VVN>generated <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>recruitment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>trade <w VM0>will<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>sure<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w AV0>greatly <w VVN>received<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w PNP>I <w VVB>urge <w NN1>Conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLWLC007><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLWLC008></u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="596"><ptr target=HLWLC007><w NN2>Thanks <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="597"><w VBZ>Is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>seconder<c PUN>?
<s n="598"><ptr target=HLWLC008><w AV0>Formally <w VVN-VVD>seconded<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w AJ0>Composite <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w NN1>Recruitment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Unemployed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Midland <w NN1>Region <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>sec </trunc> <w UNC>er <w VVI>move <pause> <w CJC>and <w ORD>second<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AV0>formally <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="601"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w AJ0>composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>mixture <w PRF>of <w NN1>sadness<c PUN>, <w NN1>disappointment <w CJC>and <w NN1>disbelief <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>required <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>brought <w PRP>before <w NN1>Congress <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>wrong <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w DT0>this <w AJ0>great <w NN1>union <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wrong <w CJT>that <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>righted <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w EX0>There <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w DT0>fewer <w DT0>more <w AJ0>devastating <w NN2>experiences <w PRP>in <w NN1>life <w CJS>than <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>thrust <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>employment <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>stature <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVZ>entails<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enforced <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN1>society<w POS>'s <w NN1>underclass<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>dignity<c PUN>, <w VVB>ask <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>tries <w TO0>to <w VVI>claim <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w AJ0>social <w NN1>standing <w CJC>and <w NN1>frustration <w PRP>at <w AJ0>unachievable <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w PNP>We <w VVB>hope <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>sooner <w CJC>or <w AV0>later <w AT0>the <w NN1>philosophy <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>classes <w NN0>people <w CJS>as <w AJ0>mere <w NN2>units <w PRF>of <w NN1>labour <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>consigned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dustbin <w PRF>of <w NN1>history <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VVZ>deserves<c PUN>.
<s n="606"><w AJ0>Unfettered <w NN1>competition <w PRF>of <w NN1>dog <w VVB>eat <w NN1>dog <w NN2>policies <w VM0>must <w AV0>surely <w VVI>give <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>employment <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w VVB>achieve <w DTQ>what <unclear> <w VVD>desired<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>society <w VVN-VVD>set <w AJ0>free <w PRP>from <w NN1>idleness<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w CJC>But <w DTQ>what <w PRF>of <w AV0>today<c PUN>?
<s n="608"><w AVQ>Where <w VM0>can <w AT0>a <w NN1>person <w VVI>turn <w PRP>to <w PRP>for <w NN1>advice<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>support <w CJC>and <w NN1>encouragement<c PUN>?
<s n="609"><w PRP>To <w DPS>its <w NN1>shame<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>certainly <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B. <w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w AT0>No <w NN1>job<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="611"><w DT0>That <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>message<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w AV0>Politically <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w DT0>this <w NN1>situation <w TO0>to <w VVI>exist <w AV0>any longer<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w VVB>Imagine <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>floor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0>Commons<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>Party<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rare <w NN1>attack <w PRP>on <w NN1>unemployment <w PRP>through <w NP0>John <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVN>confronted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>stereotype <w AJ0>smart <w NN1>arse <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w DPS>His <w NN1>reply<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w NN1>union <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w AV0>even <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed <w TO0>to <w VVI>join<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w AVQ>Where <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>compassion<c PUN>?
<s n="617"><w AVQ>Where <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>concern<c PUN>?
<s n="618"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>embarrassment<c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w NN1>reference <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0-NN1>composite<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w AV0>sooner <w CJS>than <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>needy <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>society <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w AV0>Finally<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>note <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w VVZ>provides <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>membership <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>rate <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fiscal <w NN1>drag <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="622"><w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="623"><w CJS>Whilst <w AT0>the <w NN1>seconder <w VBZ>is <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rostrum <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VVI>advise <w NN1>Conference <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PRP>concerning <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w AV0>certainly <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>overrun <w AV0>again <w PRP>at <w NN1>lunchtime <w AV0>today <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Section <w NN1-NP0>Secretary<w POS>'s <w NN1>Report <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter <w NN1>Ship <w NN1>Building <w AJ0-VVN>Limited<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>remainder <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recruitment <w NN2>motions<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Report <w CJC>and <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HLWPS000>
<s n="625"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w AJ0>composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w PNP>I <w VVB>recognize <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>represents <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w NN1>policy <w TO0>to <w AV0>even <w VVI>consider <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w VVG>recruiting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w PRP>for <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NN1>referral <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w DTQ>What <w VVD>prompted <w AT0>the <w NN1>submission <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>thi </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>feeling <w PRF>of <w NN1>disaffection <w CJC>and <w NN1>desertion <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w AJ0>unemployed <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w DT0>many <w AV0>never <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w CJS>Once <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>movement <w VVD-VVN>offered <w NN1-VVB>hope <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w PNP>They <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <trunc> <w UNC>ch </trunc> <w AT0>no <w NN1>voice<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>counter <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w PNP>We<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w PNP>them <w DT0>that <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>long-term <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1-AJ0>do-nothing <w NN1>policy <w VBB>are <w AJ0>easy <w TO0>to <w VVI>predict<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <trunc> <w UNC>irrel </trunc> <w AJ0>irrelevant <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w AV0>so <w AJ0>long <w CJT>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w VVI>find <w DT0>another <w NN1>job <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>job<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>task <w TO0>to <w VVI>convince <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN2>interests <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w NN1>profile <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w VVB>Think <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN1>member <w AV0>now <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>member <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w AV0>possibly <w PRP>in <w NN2>firms <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>previously <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="636"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w DT0>another <w NN1>dimension <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w CJT>that <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered<c PUN>.
<s n="637"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VVB>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>ignore <w DT0>these <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVG>fighting <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <trunc> <w UNC>fu </trunc> <w NN1-AJ0>future <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>actively <w VBG>being <w VVN>targeted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w AJ0-AV0>right <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Party <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>fascist <w NN2>organizations <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>using <w DT0>this <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w NN1>desertion<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>alternative <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crap <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>peddling<c PUN>.
<s n="639"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w NN1-VVB>support <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PRP>above <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>offer <w NN1-VVB>hope<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w NN1>Fascism <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>begin <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>concentrations <w NN2>camps<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VVZ>ends<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>begins <w PRP>in <w AJ0>social <w NN2>conditions <w AV0>exactly <w PRP>like <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w VM0>Let's <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w VM0>let's <w VVI>offer <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unemployed <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>alternative<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w AV0>Please <w VVB>consider <w AT0>the <w NN2>implications <w PRF>of <w XX0>not <w VVG>acting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w AV0>very <w AV0>carefully<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLWLC009><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLWLC00A></u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="645"><ptr target=HLWLC009><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>two <ptr target=HLWLC00A><w NP0>Liverpool <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w AV0>Formally <w VVN>moved<c PUN>.
<s n="647"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <w AV0>formally <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>?
<s n="648"><w AV0>Formally <w VVN>referred<c PUN>?
<s n="649"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w NP0>Liverpool <w NN1>Region<c PUN>? <pause dur=9>
</u>
<u who=PS2K6>
<s n="650"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w NP0>Wales <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>Region<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>ex </trunc> <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VVB>believe <w AT0>the <w NN1>Executive <w VBB>are <w VVG>accepting <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VVB>believe <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>aired <w PRP>at <w NN1>Congress <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w AV0>Surely <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJC>better <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>new <w NN2>members <w VVB>feel <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>deals <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>basis <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w DT0>another <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w DT0>Each <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>union <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>individual <w CJC>and <w VVZ>deserves <w AT0>the <w NN1>recognition <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>status <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>equal <w NN1>partner <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w AJ0>great <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>self-esteem <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w NN0>means <w PRF>of <w VVG>demonstrating <w DPS>our <w NN1>respect <w CJC>and <w NN1>encouragement <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w NN1>person <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w DPS>their <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>affairs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="654"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishing <w PRF>of <w NN2>sections<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>vital <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <trunc> <w UNC>no </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w VVZ>knows <w DTQ>what <w NN2>avenues <w VBB>are <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w NN2>facilities <w CJC>and <w NN2>rights <w PNP>they <w VHB>have<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>utilize <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w VVB>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>running <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>facility <w PRF>of <w NN2>computers <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VVN>shown <w PRP>by <w AJ0>other <w NN2>unions <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0-NN1>forward-looking <w NN2>branches <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w DT0>own<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>communicate <w PRP>with <w NN2>members <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w DT0>This <w NN1>approach <w VBZ>is <w AV0>never <w AV0>more <w AJ0>important <w CJS>than <w AVQ-CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>person <w ORD>first <w VVZ-NN2>joins <w DT0>any <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="657"><w PNP>You <w AV0>only <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w PNP>you <w AV0>only <w VHB>have <w CRD>one <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>impression <w UNC>er <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>impression<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w AV0>So <w AVQ>why <w XX0>not <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
<s n="659"><w CJS>Given that <w AT0>the <w NN1>member <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>sent <w DPS>their <w NN1>membership <w NN1>card<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>seem <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>step <w AV0>away <w TO0>to <w AV0>actually <w VVI>send <w PNP>them <w AT0>a <w NN1>letter <w VVD-VVN>addressed <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w AV0>personally <w VVG>welcoming <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w CJC>and <w VVB>advise <w PNP>them <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AV0>least <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>facilities <w CJC>and <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>, <w PRP>plus <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>important <w NN1>information<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>signed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Regional <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w XX0>not <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>.
<s n="660"><w TO0>To <w VVI>inform <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w PNQ>who <w TO0>to <w VVI>contact <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>plus <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>, <w NN2>discounts <trunc> <w UNC>etcet </trunc> <w AV0>etcetera<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <w NN1>accrual <w NN2>benefits <w CJT>that <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVN>lost <w CJS>if <w NN1>membership <w NN2>lapses<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w NN1>loyalty <w NN2>benefits <w CJT>that <w VM0>may <w VVI>assist <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>helping <w TO0>to <w VVI>recruit <w CJC>and <w VVI>retain <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="661"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w AV0>correctly <w VVN-VVD>set <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>process <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AV0>completely<c PUN>, <w VVN>completed <w AV0>automatically <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w NN1>technology <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>set <w AVP>up <w AV0>speedily <w PRP>upon <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>membership <w NN1>application<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w AV0>Surely <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>aid <w PRP>to <w NN1>recruitment <w CJC>and <w NN1>retention<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w DPS>My <w NN1>region <w VVZ>asks <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLWLC00B><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLWLC00C></u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="664"><ptr target=HLWLC00B><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w VBZ>Is <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>?
<s n="666"><ptr target=HLWLC00C><w AV0>Formally <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="668"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVB-NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>speaker <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
<s n="669"><w PNP>I <w VVB>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2K7>
<s n="670"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w VVB>seek <w AT0>a <w NN1>referral <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w NN1>referral <w PRF>of <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>ask <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>seven <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w TO0>to <w VVI>recruit <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>licensed <w NN1>taxi <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w CJC>But <w CJS>whilst <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>clearly <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-unionized <w NN1>labour <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VVI>assess <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>potential <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w VVG>committing <w NN2>resources <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w AJ0>transient<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w AJ0>temporary <w NN1>nature<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w NN1>referral <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w PNP>We <w AV0>already <w VVD>reviewed <w DPS>our <w NN1>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>recruitment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unemployed <w NN0>people <w CJS>as <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>concept <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade <w NN1>unionism<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>prepared <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>specially <w VVN-AJ0>prepared<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="675"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>wish <w PRP>to <w AJ0>pre- <w NN1-VVB>judge <w DT0>this <w NN1>review <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w VVB>ask <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>composite <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>referred<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w PNP>We <w AV0>also <w VVB>ask <w DT0>that <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>two <w VBI>be <w VVN>referred<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w AT0>The <w NN1>motion <w VVZ>contains <w DT0>several <w AJ0>interesting <w NN2>ideas <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VM0>would <w VVI>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>examine <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>review<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w AV0>Therefore<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>summarize <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN2>motions <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w VVB>seek <w NN1>referral <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>two <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>reasons <w VVN>outlined<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w CJC>And <w AV0>finally <w VVB>ask <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="680"><ptr target=HLWLC00D><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <ptr target=HLWLC00E><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="681"><ptr target=HLWLC00D><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>. <ptr target=HLWLC00E></u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2K5>
<s n="682"><w VVB>Propose <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w NN1>Conference <w PRF>of <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w CJS>As <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>indicated<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>acceptance<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="685"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="686"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>three <w CRD>seven <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>accepted <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="689"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="690"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w AJ0>Composite <w NN1>motion <w CRD>four <w UNC>er <w NN1>reference <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>sought<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><w VDZ>Does <w AT0>the <w NP0>Midland <w NN1>Region <w VVB>agree<c PUN>?
<s n="693"><w VVN-AJ0>Agreed<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w NN1>Conference <w VVB>accept <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="695"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><w NN1>Reference <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>sought<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><w VDZ>Does <w AT0>the <w NP0>Liverpool <w NN1>Region <w VVB>agree<c PUN>?
<s n="699"><w VVN-AJ0>Agreed<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w NN2>lads<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w NN1>Conference <w VVB>accept <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="702"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w VBG>being <w VVN>recommended <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept<c PUN>.
<s n="704"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="705"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="706"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried <pause> <event desc="end of tape side two">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HLX>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Trade Union Annual Congress. Sample containing about 2425 words speech recorded in business context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 41 Kbytes running text, containing about 2425 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLX</idno><idno type="old"> 100912 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="100912" dur="1200" date="1993-06-08" time="12:30+" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="270"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="117"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="17"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="24"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="10"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="2436"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="270"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="117"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="17"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="24"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="10"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="2436"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-06-08</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C386"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KL" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Dick</name><occupation>president of trade union</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KM" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Dave</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KN" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Nick</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KP" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Frank</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><particLinks><relation active='PS2KL PS2KM PS2KN PS2KP' desc="colleagu" mutual="Y"/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="100912" who='PS000 PS2KL PS2KM PS2KN PS2KP'><name>Hampshire:  Portsmouth </name><locale> The Guildhall </locale><activity> trade union congress speech </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom2 spolog1 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S speech scripted</classCode><keywords><term> politics </term><term> ship building industry </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HLXLC001> <loc id=HLXLC002> </align>
<u who=PS2KL>
<s n="1"><w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJS>newest <w NN1>section <w NN2>secretaries <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>present <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>Report <w PRP>to <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <w NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>congratulate <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>appointment <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w AJS>best <w NN2>wishes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KM>
<s n="3"><w AV0>Well <w NN2>thanks <w NN1>President <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w NN1>welcome <w CJC>and <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>welcome <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>moving <w NN2>pages <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fourteen <w PRP>to <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w PRP>including <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Report<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AT0>The <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>industry <w VHZ>has <w VVN>continued <w PRP>in <w NN1>decline <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w AT0>The <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>policy <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w NN1>reliance <w PRP>on <w NN1>market <w NN2>forces<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>short-term <w NN1>investment <w NN2>policies <w VHB>have <w VVN>undermined <w AT0>an <w NN1>industry <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>economy<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w AT0>The <w AV0>most <w AJ0>worrying <w NN1>feature <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>decline <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>failure <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry <w TO0>to <w VVI>train <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <w NN2>unions <w PRP>in <w NN1>engineering <w VHB>have <w VVN>developed <w AT0>a <w NN1>training <w PRP>for <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>strategy<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w AJ0>Extensive <w NN2>consultations <w VHB>have <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w AJ0>complete<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>publishing<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w CJT>that <w NN2>employers<c PUN>, <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w NN2>trainers <w PNX>themselves <w VM0>will <w VVI>treat <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w TO0>to <w VVI>contribute <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>debate <w PRP>on <w NN1>training <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w NN1>industry <w VHZ>has <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>decline <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>decade <w CJC>or <w AV0>more<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VHZ>has <w VVN>documented <w AV0>well <w DT0>that <w NN1>decline<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AT0>A <w NN1>decline <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>under <w NN2>circumstances <w CJS>when <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w AT0>an <w NN1>island <w NN1>nation<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>upon <w VVG-NN1>shipping <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>impor </trunc> <w VVI>export <w CJC>and <w VVI>import <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PNP>It <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>acknowledged <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PRP>between <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four <w AT0>a <w NN1>slump <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w NN1>industry <w VVD-VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>slump <w PRP>in <w NN1>world <w NN1-AJ0>sea-borne <w NN1>trade<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w CJS>until<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w NN1>record <w NN2>orders <w VVN>placed <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>levelled <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>orders <w AV0-AJ0>still <w VVB-NN1>outstrip <w NN1>production<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w PRP>Along with <w DT0>these <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>see <w NN2>demands <w PRP>for <w NN1>vessel <w NN1>safety<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>concern <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN1>oil <w NN2>spillages <w VHB>have <w VVN>highlighted <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJ0>modern <w NN2>ships <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>design<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w VVN>Coupled <w PRP>with <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>exploitation <w PRF>of <w AJ0>marine <w NN2>resources<c PUN>, <w NN1>fishing <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>gas <w CJC>and <w NN1>oil <w NN1>extraction<c PUN>, <w VVN>supplemented <w PRP>by <w AJ0-NN1>aqua- <w NN1>culture <w CJC>and <w NN1>seabed <w NN1>mining<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w DT0>All <w VVG>creating <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>decade <w CJC>and <w PRP>beyond <w NN2>opportunities <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>, <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>exploit <w DT0>those <w NN2>opportunities<c PUN>?
<s n="19"><w VHZ>Has <w AT0>the <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w NN1>industry <w VVD>cooperated<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Europe <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront<c PUN>?
<s n="20"><w VHZ>Has <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist<c PUN>?
<s n="21"><w VHZ>Has <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w AJ0>naval <w NN2>shipyards <w TO0>to <w VVI>diversify <w PRP>into <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building<c PUN>?
<s n="22"><w AT0>The <w NN1>answer<w VBZ>'s <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w AV0>Instead<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>seeing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cynical <w AJ0>deliberate <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sunderland <w NN1>ship <w NN2>builders<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>Camel <w NN1-NP0>Laird<w POS>'s <w AJ0-VVN>retained <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mersey <w PRP>by <trunc> <w UNC>re-zed </trunc> <w VVG>designating <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <unclear> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w AT0>the <w NN2>employees <w VVN>encouraged <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w NN1>fight <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w NN2>competitions <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w VVN>weakened <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w NN2>competitions <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w AV0>clearly <w VVN-VVD>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>receivership <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Swan <w NN2>Hunters<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w CJS-PRP>Before <w DT0>that <w NN1>contract <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>helicopter <w NN1>support <w NN1>ship <w VBD>was <w VVN>awarded<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVD>knew <w AV0>well <w DT0-CJT>that <w PNQ>whoever <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>of course <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>why <w PNP>we <w AV0>never <w VVD>took <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>surprised <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>speed <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>receivership <w PRP>at <w NN2>Swans <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tyneside<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w AV0>So <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on to <w PRP>save <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tyneside<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w AV0>Firstly<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>pay <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>tr </trunc> <w NN1>tribute <w CJC>and <w VVB>say <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>proud <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tyneside <w VHB>have <w VVN>responded <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="28"><w VVB>Hear <w VVB>hear
</u>
<u who=PS2KM>
<s n="29"><w NN1-VVB>Shop
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KM>
<s n="30"><w NN1-VVB>shop <w NN2>stewards<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NN2>MPs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>community <w VHB>have <w VVN>worked <w PRP>at <w CRD>hundred <w NN1>mile <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w AVQ>wherever <w AJ0>necessary <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tyneside <w CJC>and <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w PNP>We <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Confed <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>should<c PUN>, <w VVB>give <w AJ0>unqualified <w CJC>and <w AJ0>total <w NN1>support <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w CJC>And <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>step <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>demand <w CRD>three <w NN2>things <w AJ0>essential <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w DT0>any <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tyneside<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w NN2>frigates <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VM0>must <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w NN2>guarantees <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Omani <w NN1>order <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>placed<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w AT0>The <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>fund <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AJ0>available <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>ship <w NN2>yards <w TO0>to <w VVI>diversify <w PRP>into <w NN1>merchant <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w DT0>This <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>saved <w NN1>Camel <w NN2>Lairds <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>must <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>commend <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLXLC001><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLXLC002></u>
<u who=PS2KL>
<s n="38"><ptr target=HLXLC001><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="39"><ptr target=HLXLC002><w VVB-NN1>Turn <w PRP>to <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Report<c PUN>, <w NN1>page <w CRD>one <w CRD>one <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>one <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>one <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>one <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>one <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>one <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w ZZ0>O<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>now <w VVB>call <w AT0>the <w NN1>mover <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>motion <w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter <w NN1>Ship <w NN1>Building <w AJ0-VVN>Limited <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>moved <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>seconded <w PRP-AVP>by <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KN>
<s n="41"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region<c PUN>, <w VVG>moving <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C's <w NN1>special <w NN1>motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w CJS>If <w AV0>only <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>stayed <w AV0>behind <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DT0>this <w VBG>being <w VVN>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>could<w VHI>'ve <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>messages <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>friends <w PRP>in <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KN>
<s n="43"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w CRD>two <w NN2>types <w PRF>of <w NN2>swans <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PNI>one <w AV0>totally <w VVN>protected <w PRP>by <w DPS>our <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>faces <w NN1>extinction <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w AT0>The <w NN2>swans <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w NN1-VVB>build <w NN2>ships <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>River <w NP0>Tyne<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w AT0>the <w AJ0>middle <w NN2>ages<c PUN>, <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w ORD>nineteenth <w NN1>century<c PUN>, <w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter <w VHZ>has <w VVN>played <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>maritime <w NN1>history<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w PRP>During <w DT0>those <w NN2>years <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VVN>built <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>seven <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>ships<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w CRD>four <w CRD>hundred <w NN1>war <w NN2>ships <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Navy<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>developed <w AT0>a <w NN1>reputation <w PRP-CJS>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>ship <w NN2>builders<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w CJS>since <w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter <w VVD>returned <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN1>sector <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>, <w NN1>management<c PUN>, <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w VVN>worked <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>finest <w NN1>war <w NN2>ships <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<w POS>'s <w AJS>finest <w NN2>yards<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w CRD>Millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>pounds <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>spent <w PRP>on <w NN1>research <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>developing<c PUN>, <w AJ0>flexible <unclear> <w NN1>working <w NN1>practice <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w AT0>A <w NN1>model <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w NP0-NN1>Swan <w NN2>Hunters <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry <w NN1>Minister <w VVN-VVD>described<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>out of date <w NN1>sunset <w NN1>industry <w PRF>of <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w AT0>No <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>modern <w AJ0>hi-tech<c PUN>, <w AJ0-AV0>high <w AJ0>skilled<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>state <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>art<c PUN>, <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>facility<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>modern <w NN1>ship <w NN1>yard<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>built <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>dedication <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tyneside <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NP0>Falklands <w NN1>crisis<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>worked <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w NN1>night <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>the <w NN2>ships <w VVN>needed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Navy<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w NN1>dedication<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>commitment<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>stand <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w AT0>The <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AV0>yet <w AV0>more <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>neglect <w CJC>and <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>mismanagement<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>empoy </trunc> <w NN1>employment <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tyneside<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>close<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>disastrous<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>catastrophe <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w NP0>Tyneside <w VM0>might <w AV0>never <w VVI>recover<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>experts <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN-VVD>predicted <w CJT>that <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses <w VM0>could <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>six <w CRD>thousand<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w DT0>That<c PUN>, <w VVG>remembering<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w CJT>that <w AV0>already <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>record <w PRP>in <w NN1>mainland <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRP>for <w NP0>Tyneside <w VM0>should <w NN2>Swans <w VVI>close<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w AJ0>bleak <w TO0>to <w VVI>contemplate<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w AT0>The <w NN1>workforce <w PRP>at <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters <w VHB>have <w AV0>never <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w AJ0>special <w NN2>privileges<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w VVN>asked <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>deal <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>level <w VVG-NN1>playing <w NN1>field<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w CJC>But <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w VVI>ask <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVG>calling <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>honour <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>at <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN2>workers <w PRP>at <w NP0>Swan <w TO0>to <w VVI>complete <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>vessels <w AV0>already <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>river<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w AV0>In addition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w NN2-VVZ>calls <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>open<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AV0>importantly<c PUN>, <w AJ0>independent<c PUN>, <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>tendering <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>H. <w PNP>We <w VVB>demand <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w AJ0>unequivocal <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w CJT>that <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters <w VBB>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>tender <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>Navy <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w AJ0>economic <trunc> <w UNC>af </trunc> <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tyneside <w VVZ>stands <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>minute <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w PRP>In <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Region <w AV0>alone <w VHZ>has <w VVN>lost <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>fella <w VVG>visiting <w PNP>us <w AV0>today <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVG>telling <w PNP>me <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>di </trunc> <w VM0>might <w VVI>eat <w DT0>all <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>trough<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>hell <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AJC>bigger <w NN2>spoons <w CJS>than <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KN>
<s n="65"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN2>Regions <unclear> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dismal <w NN1>future <w CJC>and <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN2>demands <w VBB>are <w AJ0>simple<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w PNP>We <w VVB>call <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>dedication <w CJC>and <w NN1>commitment <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce <w PRP>at <w NN2>Swans<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w PNP>We <w VVB>call <w PRP>upon <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w DPS>their <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>to <w NN1>manufacturing<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>quality <w NN2>skills<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>excellence<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>demonstrate <w DT0>that <w NN1>commitment <w TO0>to <w VVI>ship <w NN1-VVG>building <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w PRP>at <w NP0>Tyneside <w CJS>before <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>too <w AJ0>late <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w PNP>They <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>orders <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oman<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w PNP>They <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>frigates <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>finished <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tyne<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>urge <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NP0>Swan<w POS>'s <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>, <w VVB>support <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tyneside<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w DT0>all <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>retain <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tyne<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w VVB>Support <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C's <w NN1>special <w NN1>motion <w CJC>and <w CJS>before <w PNP>I <w VVB>move <w DT0>that <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>accept <w PRP>in <w NN1>anticipation<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <w VM0>will <w VVI>double <w AT0>the <w NN1>pocket <w NN1>collection <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>door<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>move<c PUN>.
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<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
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<s n="73"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
</u>
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<vocal desc=clapping>
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<s n="76"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w AJ0>Technical <w NN1>Craft <w NN1>Section<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Motion <w PRP>on <w NP0>Swan <w NP0>Hunter <w NN1>Ship <w NN2>Builders <w AJ0-VVN>Limited<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>start <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w VVG>highlighting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sad <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>demise <w PRF>of <w NN1>Camel <w NN1-NP0>Laird<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w AJ0>once-great <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w NN1>Camel <w NN2>Lairds <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w VVN>owned <w PRP>by <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>L<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w VVD>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>run <w AVP>down <w PRF>of <w NN1>Camel <w NN2>Lairds <w CJS>unless <w DT0>another <w NN1>buyer <w VBD>was <w VVN>found<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w ORD>Next <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w NP0>July<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>run <w AVP>down <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>complete<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0>ironic <w CJT>that <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>L <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w CJT>that <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters <w VBD>were <w VVG>hoping <w PRP>for <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DPS>their <w NN1>workforce <w VVN-VVD>employed<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w CJS>Because <w DT0>that <w NN1>order <w VBD>was <w VVN>lost<c PUN>, <w NN2>Swans <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dire <w NN1>position <w DT0>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w NN2-VVZ>highlights<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w AV0>too <w AJ0>familiar <w PRP>to <w PNX>myself <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>ex-member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Camel <w NN1>Laird <w NN1>workforce<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>six <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>direct <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w VVD-VVN>estimated <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>thousand <w AJ0>indirect <w NN2>jobs <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>lost <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>years <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>closing <w PRF>of <w NN1>Camel <w NN2>Lairds<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w NN2>Lairds<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NN2>Swans<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>designated <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Naval <w NN1>yard <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <unclear> <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>fund <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C. <w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>advent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>peace <w NN1>dividend<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w NN2>yards<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>designated <w AJ0>Naval <w NN2>yards <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>compete <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>merchant <w NN2>yards <w PNQ>who <w VVB>receive <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>fund<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>basically <w AT0>a <w NN1>subsidy <w CJT>that <w VVZ>allows <w AJ0>European <w NN2>yards <w TO0>to <w VVI>compete <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>level <w NN1>plain <w PRP>with <w NN2>shipyards <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Far <w NN1>East<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w CRD>Two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w NN1>Camel <w NN1-NP0>Laird <w VVD>started <w AT0>a <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>gain <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>funding <w CJC>and <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>policy <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>refusal <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>Camel <w NN1>Laird <w NN1>application <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w ORD>next <w NN1>month <w VM0>will <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NN1>Camel <w NN2>Lairds <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN2>skills <w CJT>that <w VVZ-NN2>amounts <w AV0>almost <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN1>act <w PRP>on the part of <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVB>seem <w VVN-AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>skill-free <w NN1>zone <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>rate <w AJ0>comparable <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w ORD>Third <w NN1>World <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VVI>appear <w PRP>from <w NN2>investigations <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four <w VDD>did <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN2>shipyards <w PRP>in <w AJ0>future <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>received <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>from <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN2>funds<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>never <w VVD>used <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>purposes <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>supposed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>used <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w DT0>This <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>S<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>L. <w PNP>You <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V <w NN1>programme <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>genocide<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w CJC>And <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>reason <w NN1>Camel <w NN2>Lairds <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VVI>gain <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>funding<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w PRP>For <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>years <w NN1>Camel <w NN2>Lairds <w VHB>have <w AV0>unsuccessfully <w VVN>campaigned <w PRP>for <w NN1>intervention<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN2>Swans <w VVN-VVD>caught <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>trap<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w PNP>They <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>delay <w CJC>or <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>become <w PRP>like <w NN1>Camel <w NN1-NP0>Laird<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extinct <w NN1>breed<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w DT0>This <trunc> <w UNC>gov </trunc> <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VM0>should <w VVI>support <w AT0>an <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AJ0>British <w NN2>yards <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>intervention <w NN1>funding <w CJC>or <w AV0>shortly <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w AJ0>major <w NN1>ship <w NN1>building <w NN2>facilities <w AV0>at all <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>hopefully <w AT0>no <w NP0>John <trunc> <w UNC>Ma </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>the </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w AV0>either<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w PNP>I <w AV0>therefore <w VVB>second <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion <w CJC>and <w VVB>ask <w NN1>Congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>support<c PUN>.
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<s n="94"><w VVB>Put <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergency <w NN1>motion <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w DT0>All <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour<c PUN>?
<s n="96"><w PRP>Against<c PUN>?
<s n="97"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>carried <w AV0>unanimously<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVN>mentioned <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>bucket <w NN1>collection <w PRP>for <w NP0>Swan <w NN2>Hunters <w PRP>at <w NN1>lunch <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w AV0>Please <w VVB>give <w AV0>as <w AV0>generously <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w AV0>Still <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>theme <w PRF>of <w NN2>collections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>Region <w VHB>have <w VVN>donated <w CRD>five <w CRD>hundred <w NN1>pound <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Burnsall <w NN2>strikers <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Crawley <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w NN1>dispute<c PUN>.
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<s n="102"><w AT0>A <w NN1>message <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Bill <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>General <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Transport <w CJC>and <w AJ0>General <w NN2>Workers <w NN1-NP0>Union<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><shift new=reading> <w AJ0>Dear <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w DPS>my <w NN1>pleasure <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AJ0>fraternal <w NN2>greetings <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>delegates <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>Conference <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Executive <w NN2>Officers <w CJC>and <w NN2>Members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>&amp; <w ZZ0>G. <w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>months <w CJS>since <w PNP>I <w ORD>last <w VVD>sent <w PNP>you <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>good <w NN2-VVZ>wishes <w AV0>much <w NN1>activity <w VHZ>has <w VVN>taken <w NN1>place <w PRP>within <w DPS>our <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w DPS>Our <w CRD>two <w NN2>unions <w VHB>have <w VVN>shown <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w VVG>working <w AV0>closer <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>pursue <w DPS>our <w AJ0>common <w NN2>aims <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>look <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w VVG>continuing <w DPS>our <w NN1>association<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w PNP>We <w VVB>send <w PNP>you <w DPS>our <w AJS>best <w NN2>wishes <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>Conference<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w PNP>We <w VVB>hope <w DPS>your <w NN2>debates <w VVB>prove <w AJ0>interesting <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>decisi </trunc> <w AJ0>decisive <w PRP>in <w NN1>furtherance <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w NN2>policies <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG>addressing <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VVB>face <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>society <w AV0>at large<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w AV0>only <w AV0>too <w AV0>painfully <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>difficult <w NN2>times <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VVB>face <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w DPS>their <w NN2>interests <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>uppermost <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN2>minds<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w AJS>Best <w NN2>wishes <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w NP0>Bill <w NP0>Morris <shift><c PUN>.
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<s n="110"><w AV0>Early <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w VVI>recall <w CJT-DT0>that <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>Region <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rostrum <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w PRP>concerning <w AJ0>Black <w NP0>Wednesday<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w DT0>any <w NN2>references <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w AJ0>disastrous <w NN1>day <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w VVN>referred <w PRP>to <w AV0>as <w AJ0>Black <w NP0>Wednesday<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w PRP>as <w NN1>Devaluation <w NN1>Day<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w DT0>Some <trunc> <w UNC>pe </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-VVN>given <w NN1>offence <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>remember <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>appreciated<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>close <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>session<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w NN1>hall <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Guildhall<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Trade <w NN1>Union <w NN2>Laws <w PRP>on <w AJ0>National <trunc> <w UNC>Tamp </trunc> <w NN1-NP0>Tampon <w AJ0>Alert <w NN1>Day<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>video <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>last <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>eleven <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>purchase<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>purchase<c PUN>, <w NN2>CDs <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w AJ0>different <w NN2>sessions <w CJC>and <w AV0>indeed <w DT0>all <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w NN2>speeches <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>remind <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>good <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w CJC>or <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>bad <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VVI>purchase <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hall<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w NN1>Conference <w NN2-VVZ>stands <w VVN>adjourned <w PRP>till <w CRD>two <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>M. <w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
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<bncDoc id=HLY>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Trade Union Annual Congress. Sample containing about 13912 words speech recorded in business context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 206 Kbytes running text, containing about 13912 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HLY</idno><idno type="old"> 100913 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="100913" date="1993-06-08" time="14:00+" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="950"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="63"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="20"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="668"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="40"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="462"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="8"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="38"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="105"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="77"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="31"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="14009"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="950"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="63"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="20"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="668"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="40"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="462"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="8"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="38"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="103"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="77"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="31"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="14009"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-06-08</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C387"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KR" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Dick</name><occupation>president of trade union</occupation></person><person age="X" dialect="XSD" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS2KS" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Neil</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KT" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Derek</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KU" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Len</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KV" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Owen</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KW" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Les</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KX" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Peter</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2KY" n="W0009" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Hywel</name><occupation>trade unionist</occupation></person><person id="HLYPS000" n="W0005"></person><particLinks><relation active='PS2KR PS2KS PS2KT PS2KU PS2KV PS2KW PS2KX PS2KY' desc="colleagu" mutual="Y"/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="100913" who='PS000 PS2KR PS2KS PS2KT PS2KU PS2KV PS2KW PS2KX PS2KY HLYPS000'><name>Hampshire:  Portsmouth </name><locale> The Guildhall </locale><activity> trade union congress speech </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom2 spolog1 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S speech scripted</classCode><keywords><term> politics </term><term> ship building industry and South Africa </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HLYLC001> <loc id=HLYLC002> <loc id=HLYLC003> <loc id=HLYLC004> <loc id=HLYLC005> <loc id=HLYLC006> <loc id=HLYLC007> <loc id=HLYLC008> <loc id=HLYLC009> <loc id=HLYLC00A> <loc id=HLYLC00B> <loc id=HLYLC00C> <loc id=HLYLC00D> <loc id=HLYLC00E> <loc id=HLYLC00F> <loc id=HLYLC00G> <loc id=HLYLC00H> <loc id=HLYLC00J> <loc id=HLYLC00K> <loc id=HLYLC00L> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon<w POS>'s <w NN1>business <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>printed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <w NP0>Neil <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w DPS>his <w AJ0>national <w NN1>officer<w POS>'s <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w NP0>Neil <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w VVB>settle <w AVP>down <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KS>
<s n="4"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w NP0>Neil <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>national <w NN1>office <pause> <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <pause> <w NN2>pages <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w NN1>Congress <pause> <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w DPS>my <w AJ0>sad <w NN1>misfortune <w TO0>to <w VVI>encounter <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>hostile <w NN2>employers <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>year <w CJT-DT0>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w AJ0>grey <w NN2>hairs <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN1-VVB>fall <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>said <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>tried <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w NN1>Defence <pause> <w AVQ>where <w NN1>market <w NN1>testing <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>confusing<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VBG>being <w AJ0>polite<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Chairman<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w EX0>There <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>utter <w CJC>and <w AJ0>total <w NN1>confusion <w CJC>and <w PNI>anything <w CJT>that <w VVZ>stands <w AJ0>still <pause> <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>paint <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w NN1>industry <pause> <w PNP>they <w AV0>now <w VVB>say <w NN1-VVB>market <w VVB-NN1>test <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w VVI>admit <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w NN1>object <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w AV0>necessarily <w VVI>mean <w AJ0>complete <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>contractorization </sic> <w CJC>or <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <unclear> <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>moment <w PRP>in <w NN1>time
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="8"><unclear> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>found <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>opposite <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w CJC>And <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>scheduled <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>an <w NN1>agency <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>date <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Chairman<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>quagmire <w PRF>of <w VVG>getting <w NN2>arrangements <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AJ0>suitable <w CJC>and <w VVG>protecting <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w NN2>craftsmen <w PRP>within <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NP0>Wolfe <w NN1>report <pause> <w CJC>but <w AV0>unfortunately <pause> <w XX0>not <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>want <w PRF>of <w NN1>effort<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Wolfe <w NN1>report <w VBZ>is <w VVG>turning <w AVP>out <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Black <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>because <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>gentleman <w PNQ>who <w VDN>done <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w NN1-AJ0>Black <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>gathering <w NN1>dust<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Wolfe <w NN1>report <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>shelf<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>endeavour <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>push <w PRP>for <pause> <w DPS>their <pause> <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>rights<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w AJ0>just <w NN2>rights <pause> <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AV0>just <w NN2>rights <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>earned <w NN2>rights <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>afforded <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w PRP>Within <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Ordnance <pause> <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VVN>resumed <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w CJS>for <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Chairman<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>convened <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>convenors <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce <w PNX>myself <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>familiarize <w PNX>myself <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry <pause> <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>announce <w CRD>thirteen <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>redundancies<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w DT0-CJT>That <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>further <w VVN>added <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w NN2>problems <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bentley <pause> <w NP0>Chorley <pause> <w NP0>Blackburn <pause> <w CJS>although <w NP0>Blackburn <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>moment <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVG>easing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>pressure <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w VVG>suffering <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>restraints <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VVI>endeavour <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>project <w DPS>their <w NN2>needs <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>desires <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VBB>are <w VVG>saying <w PRP>to <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>O <w ZZ0>D<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>ending <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Cold <w NN1>War <pause> <w NN2>things <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w VVG>changing <pause> <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>demand<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Germany <w VBZ>is <w AV0>as <w AJ0>stable <w CJS>as <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w VVG>making <w AVP>out <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>continents<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>continents<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stable <w NN1>nature <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w VVG>happening <w PRP>in <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <pause> <w NP0>Russia <pause> <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN2>states <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>R <pause> <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>complete <w CJC>and <w AJ0>utter <w NN1>confusion <w CJC>and <w NN2>atrocities <w VBG>being <w VVN>perpetrated <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN0>people <w PRP>within <w DT0>those<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>the <w NN1>car <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>associates <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w PNP>we <w AV0>also <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w VVG>affecting <w DT0>those <w AJ0>particular <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do <w VHI>have<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <unclear> <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <pause> <w VDB>do <w VBI>be <w VVN>utilized <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ford <pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>love <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ford <w CJC>and <w VVB>say <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>utilize <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <pause> <w CJC>but <pause> <w AV0>unfortunately <pause> <w NN2>colleagues <pause> <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>forgotten<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can<w XX0>nae <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>legislation <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w AV0>Just <w PRP>like <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>allow <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>sing <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1>song <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVN>sung <w AV0>often <unclear><c PUN>, <w VVB>Show <w PNP>Me <w AT0>The <w NN1>Road <w CJC>And <w AT0>The <w NN2>Miles <w PRP>To <w NP0>Dundee <pause> <w AV0>perhaps <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>song <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVG>singing <w AV0>just <w AV0>now <pause> <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w AJ0>particular <w NN2>circumstances <pause> <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AV0>maybe <w AV0>even <unclear> <w PRP>in <w NP0>Portsmouth <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Portsmouth <w AV0>also <w VHZ>has <w DPS>its <w NN2>problems <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>O <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>with <w NN1>interest <w VVG>walking <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w ORD>last <w NN1>night<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>saw <w CJT>that <w NP0>Charles <w AT0>the <w ORD>Second <w VVN-VVD>fortified <w DT0>this <w NN1>town <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <trunc> <w UNC>deg </trunc> <w NN1>extent <w VVG>using <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AJ0>grave <w NN2>doubts <w CJC>and <w NN2>reservations<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Charles <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NP0>Portsmouth <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w TO0>to <w VVI>fortify<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AJ0>great <w NN2>reservations <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>that <w CJS>as long as <w AT0>the <w NN2>policies <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>perpetrated <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VVB>remain<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w PNP>I <w VHD>had <pause> <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>permission <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deputy <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <pause> <w NN1>leave <w PRF>of <w NN1>conference <w AV0>yesterday <pause> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>told <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w CRD>nine <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>redundancies <pause> <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>time <w AV0>ago <w VBD>was <w VVG>telling <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w DPS>my <w NN1>report <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>delete <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>paragraph <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>secured <w NN2>orders <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<w POS>' <w NN1>employment <pause> <w AV0>only <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>told <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>, <w CRD>nine <w CRD>hundred <w VM0>will <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w PNP>They <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>volunteered <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>compulsory<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w PNP>We <w VVD>asked <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>any <w NN1>possibility <pause> <w PRP>due to <w AT0>the <w NN1>loyalty <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>they
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="29"><unclear> <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>severance <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w PNP>We <w AV0>also <w VVD>asked <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>consultation <w NN1>period <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>breaking <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>sites <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>sites <w VM0>will <w VVI>get <w CRD>thirty <w NN2>days<w POS>' <w NN1>notice <pause> <w NN2>others <w VM0>will <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w CRD>ninety <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VVD>gave <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>sheet<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w PNP>They <w VVD>gave <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>sheet<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w VVB-NN1>Team <w PNI-CRD>one <pause> <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AVP>out <w AV0>more <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>division <pause> <w CJC>and <unclear><c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w NN1>party <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>team <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>atrocity <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DT0>such <w NN1>terminology<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do <w VVI>meet <w AV0>again <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w AV0>tomorrow <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w VVB-NN1>progress <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w CJC>and <w AV0>hopefully <unclear><c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>my <w AJ0>big <w NN1>fear <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>two-stage <w NN1>closure <pause> <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>go <w PRP>for <w CRD>nine <w CRD>hundred <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <pause> <w AV0>then <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>find <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>useful<c PUN>, <w AJ0>expensive <w NN1>equipment <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sweden<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AJ0>great <w NN2>fears <w CJC>and <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w AV0>So <pause> <w PNP>we <w AV0>also <w VHB>have <w PRP>within <unclear> <w AT0>the <w NN1>steel <w NN1>industry <w DTQ>which <w PRP>like <w DT0>all <w AJ0>other <w NN2>industries <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>turmoil <w PRF>of <w NN1>redundancy <w CJC>and <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w NN1>Privatization <pause> <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>?
<s n="38"><w AV0>Well <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w NN2>facts <w CJC>and <w NN2>figures <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>meant <w PRP>to <unclear> <pause> <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>meant <unclear> <w NN1>training <w NN1>service <pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>meant <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN2>dockyards <pause> <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w AV0>yet <pause> <w PRP>from <w CRD>thirteen <w CRD>thousand<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>instances <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w AV0>So <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w NN1>privatization <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>about <pause> <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>privatization <pause> <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w AV0>really <w VVI>represent <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <pause> <w PRP>by <w VVG>attacking <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w CJT>that <w VVZ>prevents <w PNP>us <w PRP>from <w VVG>acting <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>spontaneous <w NN1>manner<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>assist <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>hour <w PRF>of <w NN1>need<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w DT0>That <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>&amp; <w ZZ0>G's <w XX0>not <w DPS>our <w NN1>enemy<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Tory <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>legislation <w VBZ>is <w DPS>our <w NN1>enemy <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>attacked<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w AV0>So <pause> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>dockyard <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <pause> <w ITJ>ah<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN2>rumours <w VVG>circulating <w DT0>this <w NN1>conference <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w AV0>also <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w NN2>statements <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w AJC>later <w CJS>than <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w AV0>ago <w VVD>contacted <w DPS>my <w NN1>office <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN1>communication <w PRP>re <w DT0>any <w NN1>decision <w VBG>being <w VVN>made <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>royal <w NN1>dockyard <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN1>capacity <pause> <w PNI>none <w DTQ>whatsoever<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNI>someone<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>playing <w NN2>games <pause> <w AV0>well <w DTQ>whatever <w NN2>games <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <pause> <w AV0>please <w VVB>stop <w PNP>it <pause> <w AV0>there <w VBB>are <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w AJ0>human <w NN2>beings <w VVN-VVD>involved <w AV0>here <w PNQ>who <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>fashion <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VBG>being <w VVN>used<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w AV0>So <w AV0>please <w VVB>come <w PRP>away from <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>avenue<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w AV0>also <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <pause> <w NN1>government <w NN1>policy <w AV0>again <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>Wage <w NN2>Councils <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w VVN>agreed <w NN2>increases <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>prison <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w PNP>them <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD-PNI>one <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN0>percent<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Health <w VHZ>has <w VVN>told <w PNP>us <w CRD-PNI>one <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN0>percent <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>holiday<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>holiday<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w CRD>three <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>take <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>leave <w PNP>us <w PRP>with <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w NN0>percent<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VVD>took <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>left <w PRP>with <w PNI>none<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w AV0>So <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sorry <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Chairman <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VBZ>is <w NN1>doom <w CJC>and <w NN1>gloom <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w CJT>that <w VDZ>does <w VVI>prevail <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>endeavour <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>ability<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>but <w AV0>please <w VVB>remember <w AT0>the <w NN2>constraints <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AVP-PRP>under <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w DT0>any <w NN2>views<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Dundee <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVG>pilfering <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Rail <w NN1>pension <ptr target=HLYLC001><w NN1>scheme <ptr target=HLYLC002><pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="51"><ptr target=HLYLC001><w NP0>Neil<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <ptr target=HLYLC002><w PNP>you <w VVI>wind <w AVP>up <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KS>
<s n="52"><w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>tune <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>billion<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVB>look <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>legislation <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>inflicted <w PRP>upon <w PNP>us <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Conservative <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="54"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w NP0>Neil<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="55"><w NN1>Page <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>five <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>seven <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>eight <pause> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KT>
<s n="56"><w NP0>Derek <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w NN1>page <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w DT0>This <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w VVG>playing <w CRD>one <w NN1>yard <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN2>ones <w TO0>to <w VVI>suffer <w VBB>are <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w PNP>We <w VVB>see <w NN2>jobs <w VBG>being <w VVN>lost <w AT0>every <w NN1>week <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>our <w NN2>employers <w VVN>cut <w AVP>back <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>outbid <w PNX>each other <pause> <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w CJC>but <w AV0>purely <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>political <w NN1>dogma<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Devonport<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NP0>Devonport <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>close<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>possible <pause> <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>become <w AJ0>uneconomic <w PRP>with <w AJC>further <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>workload <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <pause> <w AJ0>horrific<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w AV0>Both <w AJ0>direct <w CJC>and <w AJ0>indirect <w NN2>jobs <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>lost <pause> <w DT0>some <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>eight <w CRD>thousand <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>yard <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>close<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w AT0>The <w NN1>south <w NN1>west <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>an <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>desert <w AJ0-NN1>dependent <w AV0>solely <w PRP>on <w NN1>tourism<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w DT0>Any <w AJ0>political <w NN1>decision <w CJT>that <w VM0>could <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w AV0>either <w NP0>Devonport <w CJC>or <w NP0>Rossythe <w VM0>would <w AV0>also <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w AV0>properly <w VVD>thought <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN1>defence <w NN1>policy <pause> <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maritime <w NN1>nation <pause> <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>maritime <w NN1>city <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>navy <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>keep <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w NN2>dockyards <w AJ0>open <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>naval <w NN1>base <w PRP>in <w NP0>Portland<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Portsmouth<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w PRP>On <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Neil <w VHZ>has <w VVN>said<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>P<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>allay <w DT0>those <w NN2>fears <w PRP>for <w AV0>both <w NP0>Devonport <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rossythe <w CJC>and <w NP0>Neil<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>update <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>position <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>response<c PUN>?
<s n="67"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="68"><w CRD>One <w CRD>two <w CRD>nine <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w ZZ0>O <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>one <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>two <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2KU>
<s n="69"><w NP0>Les <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w NP0>Neil<c PUN>, <w NN1>page <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>quote<c PUN>, <shift new=reading> <w AV0>Sadly<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>E <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>cover <w NN2>pensions<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>some <w AJ0>grey <w NN1>area <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w NP0>Neil <pause> <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>E <w NN2>regs <w VDB>do <w VVI>apply <pause> <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>&amp; <w ZZ0>G <w NN1>document <w AV0>clearly <w VVZ-NN2>outlines<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0-NN1>Perry </sic> <w PRP>versus <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Intec </sic> <unclear> <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>eternal </trunc> <w NN1>attorney <w AJ0>general <w VHZ>has <w VVN>confirmed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gillian <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJT>that <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>E <w VM0>must <w VVI>protect <w AV0>both <w AV0>past <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>present<c PUN>, <w AJ0>future <w NN1>pension <w NN2>rights<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w AV0>Also <w NP0>Neil<c PUN>, <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>craft <w NN2>workers <pause> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>small <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <pause> <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>section <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w DT0>This <w NN1>section <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>services <w NN1>section<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w PRP>In <w NP0>June <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>two <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVD>recommended <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w NN1-AJ0>manual<c PUN>, <w NN1>building <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>engineering<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>craft <w NN2>workers <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AV0>As <w DT0>all <w AJ0>local <w NN1>authority <w NN2>reps <w VVB>know <pause> <w DT0>this <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>happen<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w VDD>Did <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>happened<c PUN>?
<s n="78"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>craft <w NN1>conference <w PRP>at <w NN1>Congress <w NN1>House<c PUN>, <w CRD>thirteen <w NN2>reps <w VVN-VVD>attended <pause> <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w VBD>were <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>assurance <w PRP>from <w NP0>Neil <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <pause> <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>authority <w NN1-AJ0>public <w NN2>services <w NN1>section <w VM0>will <w VVI>meet <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>forum <w PRP>for <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>four <pause> <w PRP-CJS>as <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLYLC003><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLYLC004></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="81"><ptr target=HLYLC003><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><ptr target=HLYLC004><w CRD>One <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>six <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="83"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <unclear> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w NP0>Neil <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>draw <w DPS>your <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Ministry <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Defence <w NN1>guard <w NN1>force<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w PNP>I <w VVD>drew <w DT0>this <w NN1>item <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>attention <w PRF>of <w NN1>congress <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w PRP>since <w AVQ>when <w DPS>my <w NN1>branch <w VHZ>has <w VVN>lost <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>four <w NN2>members <w PRP>to <w AJ0>new <w NN2>caps <pause> <w PRP>including <w PNI>one <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>making <w AJ0>good <w NN1>progress <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w VVN>become <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>delegate<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w NN2>copies <w PRF>of <w NN2>letters <w PRP>between <w PNX>yourself <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>caps<c PUN>, <w VVN>dated <w AT0>the <w CRD>twenty <w ORD>fourth <w PRF>of <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w CJS>whether or not <w NP0>Bridlington <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>breached <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w NP0>Bridlington <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <pause> <w DTQ>what <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>that <w NN1>decision <trunc> <w UNC>res </trunc> <w VVN>reversed<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLYLC005><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLYLC006></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="89"><ptr target=HLYLC005><w CRD>One <w CRD>three <w CRD>seven<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLYLC006></u>
<u who=PS2KV>
<s n="90"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w NP0>Owen <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midland <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w NP0>Neil <pause> <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>tell <w PNP>me <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>apprentices <pause> <w PRP>in <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>A <pause> <w PRP-CJS>as <unclear> <w NN1-VVB>work <w NN0>staff <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w NN1>grass <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="92"><w CRD>One <w CRD>three <w CRD>eight <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>nine
</u>
<u who=PS2KW>
<s n="93"><w NP0>Les <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w NN1>Congress <pause> <w NP0>Neil <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVD>raised <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP>about <unclear> <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>waste <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w NP0>Rossythe <w VBD>was <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>delicate <w NN1>position <w PRP>as <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VHB>have <w VVN>heard <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w PRP>from <w DPS>our <w NN1>colleague <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Devonport <w NN1>dockyard<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w NP0>Rossythe <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w AJ0>different <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>stand <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w CRD>eighteen <w CRD>thousand <w PRP>plus <w NN1>training <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w NP0>Scotland <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w PRF>of <w AJ0>recent <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>waste <w NN1>dump <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>built <w PRP>at <w NP0>Rossythe <pause> <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>tell <w PNP>us <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>forerunner <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>closing <w NP0>Rossythe <w AVP>down <pause> <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>?
<s n="97"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="98"><w CRD>One <w CRD>three <w CRD>nine <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>four <w ZZ0>O<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>four <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2KX>
<s n="99"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midland <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>four <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w NN1>section <w CRD>seventeen<c PUN>, <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Steel<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w NP0>Neil <pause> <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>congresses <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>come <w AV0>here <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>spoke <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN1>predecessor <w PRP>about <w NN1>team <w VVG>working <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>team <w VVG-AJ0>working <w NN1>concept <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>told <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w DPS>your <w NN1>predecessor <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>steel <w NN1>union <w VBD>was <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>takeover <w DPS>our <w NN2>craftsmen <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w AJ0>general <w NN2>workers<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w PNP>They <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w PRP>at <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>now <w PRP-AVP>in <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>N <w NN1-AJ0>treble <w ZZ0>C <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>grip <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>let <w PNI>anybody <w AV0>else <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="103"><w CRD>One <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>four <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w CRD>four <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KY>
<s n="104"><w NP0>Hywel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w NP0>Wales<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w NP0>Neil <pause> <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you <unclear> <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <unclear> <w PRP>on <w DPS>my <w NN2>eyes <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>see <w DT0>any <w NN1>reference <w AV0>at all <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>authority <w NN1>engineering <w NN2>craftsmen<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>looked <w PRP>at <unclear> <w NN1>report <pause> <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>find <w PNI>anything<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>the <w NN1>officer <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <pause> <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>ask <w AVQ>why <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>I <w VVI>ask <pause> <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>small <w AT0>a <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w CJS>because <w PNI>no one <w VM0>can <w VVI>make <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>their <w NN1>mind <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVB>belong<c PUN>?
<s n="109"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>say <w AT0>the <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN2>pitters </sic> <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>branch <w VM0>will <w AV0>certainly <w VBI>be <w VVG>asking <w NN2>questions <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="110"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <pause> <w NP0>Neil<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>finished <w VVG>writing <w DT0>those <w AVP>down<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2KS ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="111"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w XX0>not <w VVN>got <w DT0>many <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<unclear> <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2KS>
<s n="112"><w NP0>Derek <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause> <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w VVI>take <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>dockyards<c PUN>, <w NP0>Derek<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w VVI>indicate <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w CJT>that <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w PRP>before <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>to <w NN1>congress <w DPS>my <w NN1>office <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w AV0>officially <w PRP>by <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>O <w ZZ0>D <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w VBG>being <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w AT0>The <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>retention <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>true <w NN1>facility <pause> <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>clear <pause> <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>conference <w DT0>some <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w VVN>moved <w PRP>by <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>seconded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VVN>worked <w PRP>towards <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>towards <w DT0>that <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w DPS>our <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w PRP>For <w NN1>page <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <pause> <unclear> <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>E<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w AV0>quite <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>document<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w VDN>done <w PRP>about <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>E <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>sector <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w NN1>sector <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVN>given <w NN2>guidelines<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>E<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>like <w PNP>you <w AV0>rightly <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>total <w NN1-VVB>answer <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w PNI>something <w AJC>better<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>level <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>playing <w NN1>field <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>cowboys <w VM0>can <w VVI>find <w PNP>it <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <pause> <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <pause> <w VBB>are <w VVG>advocating <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w AVQ-CJS>where <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>transfer <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN1>employment <pause> <w VVB-NN1>challenge <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>support <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>necessary <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>interpretation <w CJS>if <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w DPS>your <w AJ0>local <w NN1>authority <w NN2>craftsmen <w CJC>and <pause> <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <pause> <w CJS>as <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>aware<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w VVN>taken <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>responsibilities <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>meeting <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AVQ>why <w AV0>also <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>spoken <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>shop <w NN2-VVZ>stewards <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w AT0>a <w NN1>feedback <w PRP>prior to <w AT0>the <w NN1>closing <w NN1>date <w PRF>of <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VBG>being <w VVN>concluded <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVB>print <pause> <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VHB>have
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="117"><unclear> <w VVN-AJ0>spoken <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mick <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>our <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>further <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>envisage <w DT0>any <w AJ0>great <w NN1>problem <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>said<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w PNP>I <pause> <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>difference <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VDD>did <w VVI>say <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <trunc> <w UNC>dif </trunc> <w AJ0>different <w NN1>negotiating <w NN2>procedures <pause> <w CJS>as <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w AJ0>aware <pause> <w CJC>but <w NP0>Mike <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VBB>are <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>overcome <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>guard <w NN1>force <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>four <w NN2>members <pause> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w AV0>rightly <w VVD>mentioned <w AT0>the <w NN1>correspondence <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <unclear> <pause> <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>moment <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>reply <pause> <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VVN>sent <w DT0>another <w NN1>letter <w DTQ>which <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>received <w AV0>as yet <w PRP>to <unclear><c PUN>, <w VVG>indicating <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>return <w DT0>those <w NN2>members <pause> <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>proceed <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bridlington<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w VHB>Have <w AT0>no <w NN1>doubt <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>mind <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <unclear> <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>representatives <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>guard <w NN1>force <w TO0>to <w VVI>enhance <w DPS>your <unclear> <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>membership <pause> <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w NN1>game <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>playing <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>rest <w AJ0>assured <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>pursue <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bridlington <w CJS>if <w VM0>need <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w NP0>Owen <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>apprentices <pause> <w NP0>Owen <pause> <w PRP>like <w AV0>everywhere <w AV0>else <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>apprentices <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>cutback <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w AT0>The <w NN2>apprentices <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>there <w PRP>under <w AT0>an <w NN1>apprentice <w NN1>contract <w AV0>unfortunately <w AJ0>secure <w NN1>employment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>period <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVN>contracted <w PRP>to <pause> <w PRP>after <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PRF>of <w NN1>dog <w VVB>eat <w NN1>dog<c PUN>, <w VVB>dare<c PUN>, <w VM0>dare <w PNP>I <w VVI>say<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>endeavouring <w PRP>to <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w AV0>as yet <w VVD>went <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>dispersed <w PRF>of <w NN2>apprentices <w AV0>willy-nilly<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w AV0>Hopefully <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>retain <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w NP0>Les <unclear> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>waste <pause> <w AV0>again <w NP0>Les<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>no <w NN1>indication <w DTQ>whatsoever <pause> <w PRP>in respect of <w VBG>being <w VVN>notified <w AV0>officially <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>O <w ZZ0>D<c PUN>, <w PRP>as to <w NP0>Rossythe <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1-VVB>dump <pause> <w PNI>none <w DTQ>whatsoever<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w NN0>People <w VHB>have <w VVN>suggested <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in respect of <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w NN1>conference <unclear> <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>seven <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w NP0>Les<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <pause> <w VVI>concentrate <w DPS>our <w NN2>efforts <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>concentrating <w DPS>our <w NN2>efforts <w PRP-AVP>on <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w VVG>turning <w DT0>any <w NN1>place <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nuclear <w NN1>dump<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>our <w NN1>union<w POS>'s <w NN1>policy <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>retention <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>facilities <w CJC>and <w NN1>job <w NN1>security <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>knowledge <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <pause> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>team <w VVG>working <pause> <w CJC>and <pause> <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hall <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AV0>quite <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w CJC>but <w AV0>perhaps <w VVG>cumulating <w ORD>last <w NP0>Friday<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w ORD>last <w NP0>Friday<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>N <w NN1-AJ0>treble <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>calling <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1-AJ0>lay- <w NN2>delegates <w NN1>conference <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sheffield<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>item <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda <pause> <w NN1>team <w VVG>working<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w PNX>yourselves<c PUN>, <w AV0>equally <w AJ0>despondent <w PRP>with <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG-AJ0>employing <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w CJC>But <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>receiving <w NN1>notification <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>said <w NN1>meeting <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <pause> <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>colleague <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Northern <trunc> <w UNC>Irela </trunc> <w NP0>Wales <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>chat <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>corridor<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>something <w DTQ>which <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w PNP>you <w VVI>alleviate <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>sa </trunc> <w NN1>situation <w PRP>between <w PNP>us<c PUN>. <unclear dur=6>
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<s n="131"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Neil<c PUN>.
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<s n="132"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w CJS>before <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <w AT0>the <w NN1>mover <w PRF>of <w NN1>motion <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w PRP>on <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <pause> <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>read <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <trunc> <w UNC>Nafr </trunc> <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="134"><shift new=reading> <w AJ0>Dear <w NN2>friends<c PUN>, <w AV0>comradely <w NN2>greetings <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>conference <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w PRP>Over <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>together <w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AVQ>when <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VBB>are <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>vote <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>choice <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>destiny<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w PRP>On <w DT0>this <w NN1>path <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>seen <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>congress <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>African <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN2>positions <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVB>claim <w DPS>their <w AJ0>rightful <w NN2>places <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w AJ0>democratic<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>non-racist<c PUN>, <w AJ0>non-sexist <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>new <w NN1>era <w VM0>will <w VVI>usher <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>restructuring <w CJC>and <w NN1>reconciliation <pause> <w CJS>when <w NP0>South <w NN2>Africans<w POS>' <w AJ0>international <w NN2>relationships <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>advantage <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w PRP>on <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w NN1>slave <w NN1>labour<c PUN>, <w VVN>bred <w PRF>of <w NN1>racism<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tentative <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>elections <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet <w AV0>there <pause> <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w NN2>elections <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>constitution <w VVZ>needs <w DPS>your <w AJ0>urgent <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w AV0>Together <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>lay <w AT0>the <w NN2>foundations <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>government <pause> <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C. <w PNP>We <w VVB>wish <w DPS>your <w NN1>conference <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>outcome <pause> <w NN1-NP0>Mendy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Representative<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>mission <w PRP>to <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ireland <shift><c PUN>.
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<s n="140"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>now <w VVB>call <w AT0>the <w NN1>mover <w PRF>of <w NN1>motion <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w VVG>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
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<s n="141"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ed <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Westminster <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-VVB>Touch </sic> <w NN1>branch<c PUN>, <w NP0>London <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w NN2>Brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w AV0>too <w AJ0>easy <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>go <w PRP>through <w DPS>our <w NN1>union <w VVZ-NN2>lives <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AJ0>obsessed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>face<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w AT0>Every <w NN1>day <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN2>battles <w PRP>with <w NN2>employers <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AJ0>decent <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w AV0>However <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>look <w AV0>outwards <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w VVG>happening <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w TO0>to <w VVI>trade <w NN2>unionists <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>problems <w VBZ>is <w VVN>put <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJC>truer <w NN1>perspective<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w VVG>Joining <w AT0>a <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w VBG>being <w AJ0>active <w PRP>within <w DT0>that <w NN1>union <w VM0>can <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w NN1>dismissal <pause> <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>violence <pause> <w NN1>imprisonment <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>even <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>black <w NN2>activists<w POS>' <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>rights <w PRP>within <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VBZ>is <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>union <w VM0>must <w VVI>support <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>look <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>their <w NN2>unions <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>way <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w NN2>resources <pause> <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>into <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <pause> <w VVD>forced <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w AJ0>white <w NN1>minority <w NN1>government <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w AJ0>international <w NN1>pressure <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>magnificent <w NN1>work <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Cosatu <pause> <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>supported <w AV0>as well <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>treat <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJS>as <w PNI>anything <w PRP>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>pariah <pause> <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>pariah <pause> <w CJS>until <w PNP>we <w VVB>see <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w CRD>one <w NN1>vote<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>majority <w NN1>government <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w DT0>This <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w VM0>must <w VVI>support <w CJC>and <w VVI>strengthen <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w CJS>As <w PNP>we <w VVB>support <w PNP>them <pause> <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>certain<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>support <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w NN1>way <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>move <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w AJ0>true <w AJ0>international <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN2>comrades <w PRP>within <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w PNP>I <w VVB>urge <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
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<s n="152"><w VBZ>Is <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>?
<s n="153"><w AV0>Formally <w VVN>seconded<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w VBB>are <w VVG>recommending <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w NN1>motion <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <pause> <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w PRP>against <pause> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w DPS>my <w AV0>very <w AJ0>great <w NN1>privilege <w PRP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>behalf <w TO0>to <w VVI>extend <w AT0>an <w NN1>invitation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Abdul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>honorary <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Apartheid <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w PRP>In <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>eight <pause> <w NP0>Abdul<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>formed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Apartheid <w NN1>Movement <pause> <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>privileged <w AV0>today <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w PNI>somebody <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>stature <w PRF>of <w NP0>Abdul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>at <w DPS>our <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>tireless <w NN1>worker <pause> <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain <pause> <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he <w VVZ>performs <w AT0>the <w NN1>task <w PRF>of <w AJ0>honorary <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Apartheid <w NN1>Movement<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <pause> <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w PNP>He <w VBZ>is <w AV0>indeed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>international <w NN1>figure <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>respected <w AV0>so <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>few <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>actually <w VVN-VVD>addressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Security <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN1>apartheid <pause> <w CJC>and <w VHZ>has <w AV0>indeed <w VVN>spoken <w PRP>at <w DT0>many <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN2>conventions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN1>apartheid<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <w NN1>person <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Apartheid <w NN1>Movement <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>knows <w DT0>more <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>more <w AJ0>up to date <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>my <w NN1>pleasure <w TO0>to <w VVI>welcome <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>behalf<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="161"><w NN1>Comrade <w NN1>chair<c PUN>, <w NN1>comrade <w NN1>secretary <w AJ0>general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w DPS>my <w NN1-VVB>say <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w NN1>comrade <w NN2>delegates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>explain <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w AJ0-VVG>changing <w NN2>times <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>word <w NN1>comrade<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>mean <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>ideological <w NN1>sense <pause> <w CJC>or <w AJ0>historical <w NN1>sense <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>provocative <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>with <w AV0>very <w AJ0>deep <w NN2>feelings <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>speak <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>today <w CJS>because <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VVI>understand <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>but <w PRP>for <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>exile <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one <pause> <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN2>activities <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>invited <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-NP0>Cosatu </sic> <w CJC>And <w AV0>so <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>say <w NN2>comrades <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>sense<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2>comrades <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>mean <w PNP>it <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2>comrades <w PRP>in <w NN2>arms<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w PNP>You <w VVB>see <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w AV0>always <w VVI>help <w PNQ>who <w DPS>our <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters <w VBB>are <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>make <w NN2>alliances <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>liberation <w CJC>and <w NN1>freedom <w CJT>that <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>beyond <w DT0>that <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>family <w NN1>relationship <w CJC>and <w VVZ>develops <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>solid <w NN1>alliance <w CJT>that <w VVZ>helps <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w NN2>situations<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>great <w NN1>honour <w CJC>and <w NN1>privilege <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w PNP>you <w AV0>today <pause> <w CJS>because <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>end <w PNP>it <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>understand <pause> <w CJC>but <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVB>return <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>forgive <w PNP>me <w PRP>for <w VVG>speaking <w AV0>personally <pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>also <w VVB>realize <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>meaning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>labour <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>churches <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>because of <w DPS>your <w AJ0>political <pause> <w NN1>material <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B<c PUN>, <w AJ0>financial <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1-VVB>support <pause> <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVD>gave <w PNP>us <w AT0>the <w NN0>means <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DTQ>what <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>about <w DPS>our <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w NN1>situation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>bring <w AVP>about <w VVB-NN1>change <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w AV0>peacefully<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w AV0>also <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>deeply <pause> <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>innermost <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w NN1>heart<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w VVN>given <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain <pause> <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>accepted <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>worked <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>the <w NN1>solidarity <w NN1>movement <w CJT>that <w VVD>brought <w AT0>the <w NN1>apartheid <w NN1>regime <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN2>knees<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>our <w NN1>victory <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>complete <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>sense <w DPS>your <w NN1>victory <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>sense <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN1>affection <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>love <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hearts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>oppressed <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Southern <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>just <w VVI>say <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w NN1>time <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>valuable <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>explain <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>also <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w TO0>to <w VVI>convey <w DT0>this <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>your <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w NN2>decades <w PRF>of <w NN1>solidarity <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberation <w NN1>struggle<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w NN2>Friends<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VVB>speak <w AV0>today <w PRP>about <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>speak <w PRP>about <w NN1>transition <pause> <w NN1>transition <w PRP>from <w NP0>February <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CJS>when <w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>change <w NN2>things <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w VVI>change <w NN2>things <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN2>changes <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w NN1>apartheid <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>liberal <w NN1>dispensation<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>organizations <w VBD>were <w AJ0>unbanned <pause> <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AJ0>free <w NN1>activity <pause> <w NN0>people <w VM0>can <w VVI>meet <w NN2>others <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>colour <w NN1>line <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w AV0>so <w VVB-NN1>wish <pause> <w CJC>but <w AV0>basically <w AT0>the <w NN1>apartheid <w NN2>structures <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <w AV0>still<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w CJC>And <w VVB>let <w PNP>us <w VVI>remember <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>De <w NP0>Klerk <w PNX>himself <w VVD>said <pause> <w PNP>they <w VVD>changed <w XX0>not <w CJS>because <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w CJC>but <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w TO0>to<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w CJS>because <w NN1>apartheid <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dead <w NN1-VVB>end <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>struggle <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ungovernable <pause> <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VVD>stood <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w NN2>sanctions <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w NN1>noose <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>apartheid <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w CJC>And <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>often <w VVN-AJ0>forgotten <pause> <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>western <w NN2>powers <w VBD>were <w VVG>facing <w AT0>a <w AV0>real <w AJ0>hot <w NN1>revolution <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w AJ0>hot <w NN1>revolution <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>destroyed <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w DPS>its <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w CJC>And <w AV0>so <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiation <w NN1-VVB>process <w AV0>so <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>stalemate<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w AT0>The <w NN1>regime <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVN-AJ0>defeated <pause> <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dead <w NN1>end <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberation <w NN1>movement <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>conquer <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w CJS>although <w PNP>they <w VVD>made <w NN1>government <w AJ0>impossible<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w AV0>So <w AVP>out <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>stalemate <w NN2>negotiations <w VHB>have <w VVN>begun <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>gone <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w PRP>without <w VVG-AJ0>changing <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>often <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>in <w NN1>power <w NN2>relationships<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w NP0>Mandela <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>free <pause> <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>out of <w NN1>prison <pause> <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>address <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>parliament<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>parliaments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <pause> <w PNP>he <w VVZ>addresses <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>world <w PRP>through <w NN1>television <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>held <w DT0>those <w NN2>concerts <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w PRP>at
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="178"><unclear> <w NP0>Wembley <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>yet <w PNP>he <w AV0>still <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AV0>Meanwhile <pause> <w CJS-PRP>as <w DPS>my <w NN2>visits <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VVD>showed <w PNP>me <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>traumatic <w CJC>and <w AJ0>depressing <w NN1>way <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w AJC>worse <pause> <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>recession <pause> <w NN2>lay-offs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>high <w NN1>inflation <w NN1>rate <pause> <w CJC>and <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>violence <pause> <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>at<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w CJC>And <w DT0>this <w NN1>violence <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>unleashed <w PRP>from <w NN1>state <w NN2>structures <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w NN1>accident <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <unclear> <w VVB>happen <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>mainly <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <pause> <w CJC>or <w AV0>as <w AV0>recently <w PNP>you <w VVD>saw<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>communist <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w NP0>Chris <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause> <w CJC>or <w NP0-NN1>Cosatu <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>or <w NN1>church <w NN2>leaders<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>pattern <w PRF>of <w NN1>violence <pause> <w AJ0>indiscriminate <w NN1>killing <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>trains<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w PNP>I <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w AV0>here <w AV0>today <w PRP>from <w NP0>London <pause> <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w AJ0>black <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>got <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>train <pause> <w PNP>it <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AV0>as <w AJ0>comfortable <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN2>crowds <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w PNP>you <w VVD>reached <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>end <pause> <w CJS>because <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN1>station <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VVI>get <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w VVI>shoot <w PNP>you <w AV0>indiscriminately<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w AVP>off <w AV0>again <pause> <w VVG>leaving <w DT0>that <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w NN1>massacre<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w TO0>To <w VVI>destabilize <w AV0>like <unclear> <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mozambique<c PUN>, <w VVN>trained <w PRP>by <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>pattern <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>rife <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w AT0>The <w NN1>regime <w AV0>of course <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>order <pause> <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w AJ0>freedom-loving <w NN0>people <w VVB>want <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>order <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>change <pause> <w CJC>but <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>mo </trunc> <w VVI>move <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>situation <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w AV0>also <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>wing <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN2>forces <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <w XX0>not <w AJ0-VVG>wanting <w NN1>change<c PUN>?
<s n="184"><w AVQ>How <w VDB>do <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w NN2>friends<c PUN>, <w VVB>change <w AT0>a <w NN1>structure <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>structure <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>security <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <w CJT>that <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>move <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>justice <pause> <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>move <w AV0>too <w AV0>rapidly <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>make <w NN2>concessions <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>ignore <w AT0>the <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>wing <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>military <w NN1>might <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w NN1>disposal <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>very <w AV0>easily <w VVI>create <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <pause> <w AT0>a <w NP0>Lebanon <pause> <w CJC>or <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Yugoslavia<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w CJC>And <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w CJS>while <w PNP>it <w VVZ>works <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>aspirations <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN0>people <pause> <w PNP>it <w VM0>must <w AV0>also <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>afraid <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>context <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w PRP>through <w NN2>negotiations <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN0>means <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>conceded <pause> <w VVN>made <w NN2>concessions <pause> <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>organization <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>interest <pause> <w AV0>even <w VVG>losing <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN2>supporters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>basically <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>remarkable <w NN1>thing <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w NN2>leaders <w VBB>are <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>l </trunc> <w VVI>lose <w AJ0>political <w NN1>support <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w PNP>We <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>date <w PRP>for <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>four <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w DT0>that <w NN1>date <w VBZ>is <w AV0>formally <w VVN-VVD>agreed<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>sanctions <w VM0>will <w VVI>go <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>already <w VVG>preparing <w CJS>because <w NP0>Cosatu <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Churches <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>code <w PRP>for <w NN2>investments <pause> <w CJS>so that <w NN2>investments <w VVB>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>uplift <w NN0>people <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>indeed <w AV0>tomorrow <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Holland <w PRP>for <w AV0>exactly <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w VVN>called <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Council <w PRF>of <w NN2>Churches <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>South <w AJ0>African <w NN2>churches<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w AV0>Then <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <w VBB>are <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>constituent <w NN1>assembly <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w VM0>will <w VVI>work <w AVP>out <w DPS>our <w AJ0>new <w NN1>constitution <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>constituent <w NN1>assembly <w PNP>we <w VVB>hope <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VVI>form <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NN1>unity<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>unity <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>continue <w AV0>maybe <w PRP>for <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1>stability <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w AV0>of course <w AV0>also <w VVZ>means <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>concession <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>power <w NN2-VVZ>structures <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DT0>some <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>stability<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w CJC>And <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>organizations <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent <w NN1-VVB>vote <w TO0>to <w VVI>cross <w AT0>the <w NN1>hurdle <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>assembly <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>parliament <w AV0>so <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>hear<c PUN>?
<s n="189"><w PNP>We <w VVB>hear <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Carter <w VVB>say <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>unfair <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>let <w PNP>you <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>secret <pause> <w NP0>Baroness <w NP0>Chalker <w AV0>then <w VVZ>responds <pause> <w VVZ>interferes <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>negotiations <w CJC>and <w VVZ>says <w CRD>five
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="190"><unclear> <w NN0>percent <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>high <w AT0>a <w NN1>figure<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w AVQ>Why<c PUN>?
<s n="192"><w CJS>Because <unclear> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Carter <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VVI>manage <w CRD>three <w NN0>percent<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w AV0>So <w NN1>democracy <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN1>exercise <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w PNP>we <w VVB>empower <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRP>against <w NN1>minority <w NN2>groups <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>rested <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AV0>Then <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <pause> <w CJC>or <w AV0>rather <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>free <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fair <w CJS>as <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>heard <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w PRP>from <w NP0>Britain <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Apartheid <w NN1>Movement <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>vigilant <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AJ0>international <w NN2>monitors <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>N<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Commonwealth <w CJC>and <w NN2>individuals <w PRP>from<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Britain <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w PNP>We <w AV0>also <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <pause> <w PRP>for <w CRD>thirty <w NN2>years <w AT0>a <w AJ0>banned <w NN1>organization <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>from <w NN1>scratch <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>supported <w CJC>but <w VHG>having <w AT0>no <w NN1>party <w NN2>officers <w CJC>or <w NN2>structures <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <pause> <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>suspend <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w CJC>or <w VVB>reduce <w PNP>it <pause> <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>like <w VHG>having <w AT0>no <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w DT0>all <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w AV0>just <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>bird <w VBZ>is <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>fly <w PNP>you <w VVB>clip <w DPS>its <w NN2>wings<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w AV0>So <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>moment <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJC>greater <w CJS>than <w DT0>this <w PRP>for <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberation <w NN1>struggle<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>violence <w CJS>as <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>said <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>wait <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>violence <w CJS>before <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>elections <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <w PRP>at <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>great <w NN1>disadvantage <w AT0>the <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>forces <w VM0>will <w VVI>work <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>try <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN2>elections <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>atmosphere <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>determined <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w NN1>structure<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>from <w AJ0>old <w NN2>structures <w PRP>to <w AJ0>new <pause> <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>new <w NN1>government <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>compromise <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>united <w NN1>government <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>inherit <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>post-apartheid <w NN1>state <w CJS>as <w DT0>many <w NN2>academics <w CJC>and <w NN2>politicians <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <pause> <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>inherit <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>nil-apartheid <w NN1>state <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>big <w NN1>difference <pause> <w PNP>we <w AV0>still <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>post-apartheid <w NN1>situation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>take <w NN2>decades<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AJ0>horrified <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one <w PRP>with <w DPS>my <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>visit <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w AJ0>enormous <w NN2>problems <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>housing <pause> <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>forcibly <w VVN-VVD>moved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighties <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>peacetime <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w AV0>anywhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <pause> <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w AV0>over <w CRD>seven <w CRD>million <w NN0>people <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>shacks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>roads<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w AJ0>informal <w NN1>housing <w DTQ>which <w VVZ-NN2>counts <w PRP>for <w DT0>more<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w AT0>No <w NN1>sanitation<c PUN>, <w NN1>water <pause> <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>health <w NN1-VVB>care<c PUN>, <w AV0>virtually <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>country <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>primary <w NN1>health <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w NN1>Unemployment <pause> <w CRD>forty <w PRP>to <w CRD>fifty <w NN0>percent<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w NN1-VVB>Transport <w AV0>virtually <w PNI>nil <w PRP>for <w NN2>Africans<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN2>hours <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w VVG-NN1>coming <w AVP>back <pause> <w AJ0>tired<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>exhausted <w CJC>and <w VVG>risking <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w PRP>with <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w AT0>Every <w NN1>area <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PNP>I <w VVD>gave <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w NN1>government <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVD>commissioned <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w AT0>every <w NN1>area <w VBZ>is <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>disaster <w NN1>area <w CJS>as if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>hit <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w NN1>earthquake <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>activity <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>situation <w VVZ>needs <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>plan <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>martial <w NN1>aid <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w TO0>to <w VVI>address <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w PNP>we <w VVB>live <w AVP>in <w AV0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>prospect <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN1>assistance <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Southern <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w AV0>Then <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <w NN2>conditions <pause> <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>generation <w VVN>brought <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NN1>violence <w PRP>without <w NN1>education <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>you <w VVD>survived <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w AJ0>black <w PRP>by <w VVG>breaking <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>!
<s n="205"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVD>respected <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>survive<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w AV0>So <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>generation <w CJT>that <w VHZ>has <w VVN>learned <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <pause> <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>create <w PNP>them <w PRP>into <w AJ0-NN1>law-abiding <w NN2>citizens<c PUN>?
<s n="207"><w AT0>A <w NN1>generation <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NN1>prison <w AV0>more <w AV0>often <w CJS>than <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NN2>schools <w CJC>or <w NN2>cinemas <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>generation <w AVQ>where <w NN1>family <w NN1>life <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w VVN>known <pause> <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>horrible <w AJ0>migrative <w NN1>system <w VVN-VVD>destroyed <w DT0>any <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w NN1>family <w NN1>life <pause> <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>reconstruct<c PUN>?
<s n="208"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w NN2>friends<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w DT0>many <w NN2>problems <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>neighbouring <w NN2>countries <w NP0>Mozambique<c PUN>, <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>, <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>by <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>in <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w AV0>even <w AJC>greater <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legacy <w PRF>of <w NN1>apartheid <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>borders <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AJ0>lucky <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AJ0>great <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w AJ0>great <w NN0>people <w PRP>in terms of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w AT0>The <w NN1>struggle <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Cosatu
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="212"><unclear> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberation <w NN1>struggle<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w PNP>it <w PNP>it <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>you <w AJ0>great <w NN1>hope <w PRP>in terms of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>capacity <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>need <w AJ0>other <w NN2>kinds <w PRF>of <w NN1>help <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>reconstruct <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVI>let <w PNP>me <w VVI>say <w DT0>this <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>important <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w PNP>it <w PRP>with <w DT0>any <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>arrogance <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w CRD>one <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>miracle <w VVG>occurring <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VVB>ignore <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hell <w PRF>of <w NN1>racism <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>leadership <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>strongest <w NN1>leadership <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w PRP>against <w NN1>racism<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w CJC>And <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>unique <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <pause> <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>black <w NN2>leaders <w CJC>and <w NN2>blacks <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>go <w PRP>for <w AJ0>quick <w NN2>votes <w CJC>and <w AJ0>quick <w NN2>solutions<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>tu </trunc> <w VVB-NN1>turn <w NN0>people <w PRP>against <w NN2>whites<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w AVQ>how <w AJ0-AV0>easy <w DT0>those <w NN2>slogans <unclear> <w AJ0>political <w NN1>support <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>begin <w TO0>to <w VVI>understand <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>educational <w NN1>role <w AT0>the <w NN1>liberation <w NN1>movement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>churches <w PRF>of <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w VHB>have <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w CJC>And <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>sense<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>liberate <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>also <w VVI>create<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>hope <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>become <w AJS>foremost <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w NN1>racism <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>level <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN1>community <w VVN>based <w NN2>organizations <pause> <w DPS>our <w AJ0>non-governmental <w NN2>organizations <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w PRP>across <w NN1>colour <w VVN-VVD>built <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>structures <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w NN2>communities <w AV0>forward <pause> <w CJS>if <w DPS>our <w NN2>friends <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Europe <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <w VM0>could <w VVI>see <w AVQ>how <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w VDN>done <w PRP>at <w NN1>grass <w NN2>roots <w NN1-AJ0>level <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hell <w PRF>of <w NN1>racism <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <pause> <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w TO0>to <w VVI>learn<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w AV0>So <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PNP>we <w AV0>also <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w PRP>rather than <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>for <w NN1>help<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w PRP>by <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w VVI>go <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>this <w NN1>hurdle <w PRF>of <w NN1>liberation <pause> <w VVB>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AJ0>black <w NP0>South <w NN2>Africans <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>angry <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>saw <w DT0>this <w NN1>anger <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJS>when <w NP0>Chris <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w VVN>assassinated <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>anger <w VBD>was <w VVG>turning <w PRP>into <w NN1>rage <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>knife <w NN1>edge <pause> <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>blown <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>burned <pause> <w VHD>had <w PNP>it <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>achievement <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>enormous <w NN1>stature <w PRP>by <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>addressed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>nation <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>sense <w VVD-VVN>seized <w NN1>power <pause> <w AV0>informally <pause> <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>white <w CJC>and <w AJ0>black <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVN-VVD>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>survive <w DT0>that <pause> <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w DT0>that <w NN1>anger <w VVZ>turns <w PRP>into <w NN1>rage <w AV0>again <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VM0>could <w VVI>burn <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w DT0>this <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>dramatic <w CJC>but <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>warn <pause> <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>moments <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN0>media <w AV0>and so on <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>explain <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w AV0>well <pause> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w DPS>our <w NN0>people <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w AV0>then <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>future <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <pause> <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <pause> <w NP0>Angola<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mozambique<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>relationship <w PRF>of <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Latin <w NP0>America <w VVD>reproduced <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VVB-NN1>talk <w PRP>about <w AV0>now <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>talk <w PRP>about <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>engine <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>growth <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>distorted <w CJC>and <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VM0>will <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w AV0>So <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AV0>forward <w CJC>and <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <w NN1>Archbishop <unclear> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Julius <unclear><c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>founders <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Apartheid <w NN1>Movement <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>nine <pause> <w VBB>are <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <pause> <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>entitled <w AJ0>Southern <w NP0>Africa <w VVG>Making <w VVB>Hope <w AT0>a <w NN1>Reality<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><w CJC>And <w AJ0>foreign <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>from <w NP0>Africa <w VBB>are <w VVG>coming <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w AJ0>General <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>O <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>U <pause> <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w NN2>representatives <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>agenda <w CJC>and <w VVB>move <w AT0>the <w AJ0>anti-apartheid <w NN1>campaign <w CJS>so that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>prepares <w TO0>to <w VVI>handle <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Southern <w NP0>Africa<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w PNP>We <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>campaign <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN2>armaments <w PRP>to <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w AJ0>nuclear <w VVB-NN1>build <w AVP>up <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w CJS>if <w AJ0>possible <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>security <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>arrangement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <pause> <w AVQ>where <w NN1>peace <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>everywhere <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AV0>everywhere <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>weapons <w CJC>and <w NN2>arms <pause> <w CJC>and <w AJ0>military <w NN1>expenditure <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>easy <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>nation <w NN2>states <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w AV0>really <w VVB>need <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we <w VVB>hope <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w ORD>last <w NN1>mile <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>now
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="224"><unclear> <w VVG>walking <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Anti-Apartheid <w NN1>Movement <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Cosatu <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <pause> <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w NN2>eyes <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>prize <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>democratic <w NN1>parliament <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>horrendously <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>task <w PRF>of <w NN1>reconstruction <w CJC>and <w NN1>development <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tough <w NN1>battle <pause> <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>as <w AV0>elsewhere <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRP>for <w AJ0>political <w NN1>democracy <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>so <w AV0>often <w AJ0>democratic <w NN2>processes <w VBB>are <w VVN>misunderstood <w PRP>for <w NN1>empowerment <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN0>people <pause> <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w NN1>democracy <w VM0>should <w AV0>really <w VVI>mean <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>destiny <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>from <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w AJ0>advanced <w NN1>society <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <pause> <w AVQ>how <w DT0>little <w NN1>power <w NN2>individuals <w VHB>have <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w PRF>of <w NN1>finance <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1>industry <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRF>of <w NN1>technology <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w NN1>Technology <w VBZ>is <w VVG>changing <w DPS>our <w NN1>world <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>small <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>through <w NN2>computers <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <w VBB>are <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>determine <w AJ0>vast <w NN2>patterns <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>behaviour <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>struggle <pause> <w CJC>but <w PRP>through <w DPS>our <w NN1>struggle <w PRP>in <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN1>struggle <w AV0>here <pause> <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>want <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>but <w NN1>democracy<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>process <pause> <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>contend <w PRP>with <w VBZ>is <w AV0>also <w NN1-VVB>power <pause> <w CJS>because <w AV0>ultimately <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0-AJ0>only <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w DT0>that <w NN1>power <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>deliver <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <pause><c PUN>.
<s n="226"><event desc="end of side one of tape"> <w NP0>Africa <w PRP>like <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w AV0>just <w VVB>win <w NN1>freedom <pause> <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>freedom <w VM0>will <w VVI>become <w AV0>very <w AJ0>empty <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w NN1>justice <w CJC>and <w NN1>peace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w CJC>And <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w AV0>still <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w NN1>struggle <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>our <w AJ0>international <w NN1>solidarity<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w PRP>In <w NN1>conclusion <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w PRP>At <w DT0>this <w NN1>stage<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>situation <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>poor <pause> <w DT0>any <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN2>gifts <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>valid <w NN1>expression <w AV0>even <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>token <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN1-VVB>support <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w DT0>all <w VVN>given <w PNP>us <w PRP-AVP>over <w DT0>many <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w NN2>decades <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain <pause> <w CJT>that <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>inspiration<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w CJS>If <w PNP>I <w VM0>may <w VVI>take <w CRD>one <w DT0>more <w NN1>minute <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>convey <w DT0>this <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>child <w PRP>in <w NP0>South <w NP0>Africa <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>demonstrated <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>fire <pause> <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>kill <w CJS>if <w AJ0>necessary <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>calculate <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>avoid <w DT0>that <w NN1>situation <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVB>try <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>life <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>demonstration <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>something <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>regime <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w NN0>people <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>juggernaut <w AT0>the <w NN1>state <w VVZ>comes <w CJC>and <w VVZ>destroys <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w PRP>for <w NN2>years <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w VVB>see <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>child <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w DPS>your <w NN2>parents <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VHD>had <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>difficult <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJ0>white <pause> <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AV0>very <w AJ0>angry <w PRP>with <w NN1>life <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVB>hear <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>Trafalgar <w NP0>Square <w PNI>someone <w VVD-VVN>demonstrated <pause> <w NP0>Canon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>or <unclear> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>or <w NP0>Barbara <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w ITJ>no<c PUN>!
<s n="233"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AJ0>sensible <w AJ0>white <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w PNP>We <w VVB>continue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w CJC>and <w VVB>forget <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mad <w NN2>whites <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PNP>them <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w DPS>our <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w CJC>But <w PRP>without <w DPS>your <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN2>demonstrations <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>from <w NN2>whites <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rugby <w NN2>demonstrations<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>cricket<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN2>aspects <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>also <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AJC>easier <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>way <w PNP>we <w AV0>therefore <w VDB>do <w VVI>share <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>family <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>create <w CRD>one <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w AV0>So <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>token <w PRF>of <w NN1>appreciation<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VHB>have <w CRD>two <w NN2>books <pause> <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w NN2>copies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>book <pause> <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w NN1>hand <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN1>president <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>token <w PRF>of <w NN1>appreciation <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>authorized <w NN1>biography <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nelson <w NP0>Mandela <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w AV0>very <w AJ0>proud<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>considering <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VVN>suffered <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>hope <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w AJ0>little <w NN1>token <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>memento <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w DPS>your <w NN1>support <pause> <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w VDG>doing <w DT0>this <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w DPS>your <w NN1>support <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>over <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>struggle <w VVZ>continues<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping> <event desc="rapturous applause">
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="238"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Abdul <pause> <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w AJ0>marvellous<c PUN>, <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>address<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="239"><w NN2>Colleagues <pause> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourteenth <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <pause> <w NP0>Trevor <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w AV0>indeed <w VHZ>has <w VVN>addressed <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>past <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w CRD>eighty <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>age<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>send <w DPS>our <w AJS>best <w NN2>wishes <w CJC>and <w NN2>congratulations <w PRP>to <w NP0>Trevor <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w DT0>that <w AJ0>marvellous <w NN1>achievement<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLYLC007><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLYLC008></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="241"><ptr target=HLYLC007><w VM0>Would <w PNP>you <w VVI>agree <w PRP>to <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="242"><ptr target=HLYLC008><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>now <w VVB-NN1>move <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <w NP0>Alan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<unclear> <event desc="background talking">
</u>
<u who=PS2KS>
<s n="244"><w NP0>Alan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>national <w NN1>officer<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w PRP>to <w DPS>my <w AJ0>written <w NN1>report <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>touch <w PRP>on <w CRD>three <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w ORD>First <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>four <w NN1>building <w NN2>materials <w VVB-NN1>pay <w AVP-PRP>round <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1>detail <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>written <w NN1>report <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VHB>have<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w NN1>Second <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>words <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>months <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B's <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w CJC>and <w AJ0>civil <w NN1>engineering <w NN2>industries <pause> <w CJC>and <w ORD>third <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNI>something <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>situation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w NN1>industry <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PRP>from <w DPS>my <w AJ0>written <w NN1>report <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>material<c PUN>, <w NN1>building <w NN2>materials <w VVB-NN1>pay <w AVP>round <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>tough <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w NN2>Redundancies<c PUN>, <w AJ0>short-time <w VVG-AJ0>working<c PUN>, <w NN1>bonus <w NN2>cuts <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AV0>like <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>percent <w NN1>job <w VVZ-NN2>cuts <w PRP>at <w AJ0>Blue <w NN1>Circle <w NN1>Cement <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w VVN>mentioned <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>also <w VVN>seen <w AJ0>significant <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>job <w NN2>losses <w PRP>at <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Gypsum <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>brick <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w AJ0>other <w NN2>sectors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w NN2>materials <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>against <w DT0>that <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>pressed <w AV0>forward <pause> <w AV0>usually <w PRP>in cooperation with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>W <w ZZ0>U <pause> <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w PRP>on behalf of <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w NN1>Congress <w VM0>will <w VVI>see <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJT>that <w NN2>settlements <w PRF>of <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w CRD-PNI>one <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN0>percent <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>generally <w VVG>speaking <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>worth <w VVG>noting<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>determination <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w AV0>already <w AJ0>meagre <w NN1>standard <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>living <w CJC>and <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>rates <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJC>further <w AJ0-VVD>eroded <pause> <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>even <w DT0>this <w AJ0>small <w NN1>achievement <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w AV0>also <w VVI>report <w PRP>to <w NN1>congress <w CJT>that <w AV0>at last <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>some <w NN2>signs <w AV0>at long last <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>recovery <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w NN2>materials <w NN1>industry <pause> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>early <w NN2>days <w AV0>yet <w CJC>but <w DT0>some <w NN2>companies <w VBB>are <w AV0>actually <w VVG>beginning <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full-time <w VVG-AJ0>working <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w NN2>cases <w VBB>are <w AV0>actually <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>on <w AJ0>additional<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>employees<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w AT0>The <w NN1>recession <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>gone <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>in <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>economy <pause> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>taught <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>taught <w PNP>us <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>lesson <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <unclear> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w NN2>materials <w NN1>industry <w AVQ>where <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w VVB>rely <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>standard <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>living <w PRP>on <w NN1>bonus <w NN2>earnings <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w VBG>being <w AV0>of course <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>as soon as <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w VVZ>starts <w TO0>to <w VVI>bite<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>pay <w VVZ>becomes <w AV0>very <w AJ0>vulnerable <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack <w CJC>and <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>reason <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>shop <w NN2>stewards<w POS>' <w NN2>conferences <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>convened <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>pressing <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w PRF>of <w AJ0>consolidating <w NN1>bonus <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>basic <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>achieved <w DT0>some <w AJ0>small <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w NN1>building <w NN1>brick <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VM0>might<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B's <w NN1-VVB>profile <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>active <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Federation <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>belong <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Building <w CJC>and <w NP0>Woodworkers<w POS>' <w NN1>Federation <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS-PRP>as <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN1>conference <w VM0>will <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>some <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>in <w NN1>congress <w VM0>will <w VVI>know <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>actually <w VHN>had
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="258"><unclear> <w DT0>several <w NN1>shop <w NN2>stewards<w POS>' <w NN2>exchanges <w PRP>within <w NN2>companies <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>p- <w AJ0-NN1>potential <trunc> <w UNC>wh </trunc> <unclear> <w NN1>council <w NN2>directives<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>worthwhile <w PNP>me <w VVG>recording <w DPS>my <w NN1>gratitude <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>cooperation <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>extended <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w PRP>In addition to <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>profile <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w PRP>by <pause> <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>worthwhile <w PNP>me <w VVG>recording <w DPS>my <w NN1>appreciation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>efforts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>direction <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>running <w AV0>very <w AV0>closely <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>tandem <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>elite <w NN1>union <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>campaign <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w NN1>industry <w AT0>a <w AJC>safer <w NN1>industry <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w VVB>Last <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w XX0>not <w VVZ>means <w AV0>least<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w PNP>them <w VVN>mentioned <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w NN2>times <w AV0>already <w DT0>this <w NN1>week <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w DT0>more <w AV0>extensively <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>of course <w VVN>persuaded <unclear> <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AJ0>detailed <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w AV0>hopefully <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NN2>engagements <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>obvious <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w DTQ>what <w DT0>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AJC>higher <w NN1>profile <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>construction <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>construction-related <w NN2>industries<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w AV0>Finally <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>deadlock <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w NN1>industry <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="264"><w AV0>Early <w DT0>this <w NN1>week <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w VVD-VVN>pointed <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w VHZ>has <w VVN>thrown <w AV0>almost <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN1>building <w NN2>workers <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dole<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shocking <w NN1>waste <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>talents <w CJC>and <w NN2>skills <w CJC>and <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>potent <w NN1>weapon <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>put <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w NN2>employers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>consequence <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>seeking <w AT0>a <w CRD>twelve <w NN1>month <w NN1-VVB>pay <w CJC>and <w NN2>conditions <w VVB-NN1>freeze <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w AT0>The <w NN2>unions <w VBB>are <w AV0>presently <w VVG>consulting <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w PRP>as to <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>process <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PRP>inside <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>difficulty <w AV0>of course <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w AJ0>low <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>organization<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>convinced <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w AV0>however<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sporadic <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>change <w DPS>their <w NN1>stance <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>my <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>restart <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w PRP>With <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w NN1>mind <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w NP0>George <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <unclear> <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Civil <w NN1>Engineering <w NN1>Conciliation <w NN1>Board<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>negotiating <w NN1>machine <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVZ>contacts <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>meeting <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>restart <w AT0>the <w NN2>talks <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w VDG>doing <w PNI>something <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>longstanding <w NN1>commitment <w PRP>by <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sensible <w NN1>pay <w NN1>structure <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <pause> <w DT0>this <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w NN1>way <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>way <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>deadlock<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>these <w DT0>few <w AJ0>brief <w NN2>remarks <w PNP>I <w VVB>commend <w DPS>my <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
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<vocal desc=clapping>
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<s n="271"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alan<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w NN1>Page <w CRD>one <w CRD>five <w CRD>eight <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>five <w CRD>nine <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w ZZ0>O <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>one <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <trunc> <w UNC>fi </trunc> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="273"><unclear> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Liverpool<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w NP0>Wales<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unique <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>give <w NP0>Alan <w NN1-VVB>praise<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w NP0>Alan <pause> <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>message <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <pause> <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>stewards <w CJC>and <w NN2>secretaries <w PRP>within <w NP0>Pilkingtons <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>U<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>F <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>&amp; <w ZZ0>G <pause> <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <unclear> <w PRP>in <w VVG>getting <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w AV0>together <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>took <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVG>getting <w PNP>us <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>set-up <pause> <unclear> <w NN1>company <pause> <w NP0>Pilkingtons<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w AJ0>present <w NN1>time <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>negative<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
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<s n="277"><w CRD>One <w CRD>six <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KU>
<s n="278"><w NP0>Bob <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>region <pause> <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>admiration <w NN1>society<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alan<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>congratulate <w PNP>you <w AV0>firstly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN2>settlements <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>extracting <w CJC>and <w NN1>building <trunc> <w UNC>conc </trunc> <w NN1>building <w NN2>products <w NN1>division <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>secondly<c PUN>, <w PRP>on<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>seven <unclear> <pause> <w AT0>the <unclear> <w VVN-AJ0>refused <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <pause> <vocal desc=cough> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w AV0>perhaps <w VVI>update <w PNP>us <w PRP>as to <w DTQ>what<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>method <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>approach <w NN2>employers <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>secure <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>industry <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>deplorable <w CJT>that <w AT0>no <w NN1>offer <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w AV0>also <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>deplorable <w CJT>that <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Building <w NN2>Products <w VVN-VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w CJS>even if <w AT0>an <w NN1>offer <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>Alan<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLYLC009><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLYLC00A></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="281"><ptr target=HLYLC009><w CRD>One <w CRD>six <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>eight <ptr target=HLYLC00A><pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CRD>seven <w ZZ0>O <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>seven <w CRD>one <pause> <w CRD>one <w CRD>seven <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alan<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KS>
<s n="282"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN1>advice <w PRP>from <w DPS>my <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>as to <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>comments <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>shop <w NN2>stewards <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VVI>respond <w CJC>and <w VVI>say <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w NN2>things <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>said <pause> <w AV0>particularly<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>point <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>raised <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN1>industry <w PRP>from <w DPS>my <w NN2>colleagues <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w AV0>currently <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>ballot <w PRP>for <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action <w PRP>in <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>&amp; <w ZZ0>G <w VHB>have <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>ballot <w PRP>for <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>its <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>informed <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w AV0>hopefully <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><unclear> <w PRP>as <w NN2>colleagues <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVN>involved <w VM0>will <w VVI>know <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>industry <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w NN2>materials <w NN1>sector <w CJT>that <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>made <w DT0>some <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>pay <w NN1-VVB>offer <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>current <w NN1>round <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w VVG>bringing <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>rear <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVN-AJ0>determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>strength <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer<w POS>'s <w NN1>stance <pause> <w AV0>otherwise <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <unclear> <w AJ0>national <w NN1>negotiation <w NN1>missionary <unclear><c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w DPS>his <w NN1>death <w NN1>knell <w CJS>since <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>resort <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN1>pay <w NN1>bargaining<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w AJ0>short <w NN1>answer <w VBZ>is <pause> <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>balloted <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>concerned <unclear> <w NN1>union <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>T <w CJC>&amp; <w ZZ0>G <w VBB>are <w VVG>balloting <w AVP>in <unclear> <w PRP>for <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>action <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers<w POS>' <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><ptr target=HLYLC00B><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NN1>congress<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLYLC00C></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="286"><ptr target=HLYLC00B><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alan<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLYLC00C></u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
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<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="287"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VVI>explain <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>hour <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>proposing <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Safety <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Service <w NN1>Review <pause> <w VBI>be <w VVG>asking <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <pause> <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>seconded <w PRP>by <w NP0>Fred <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>central <w NN1>executive <w NN1>council <pause> <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>then <w VVI>invite <w NN2>speakers <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w AV0>then <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>following <w NN1>section <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w PRF>of <w NN2>women <w NN2>workers <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w PRP>in <w NN2>motions <w CRD>two <w CRD>five <w CRD>eight <pause> <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>two <pause> <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <w CRD>one <pause> <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <w CRD>nine <pause> <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w VBB>Be <w VVG>asking <w NP0>Sue <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>debate <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w DT0>That <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>motions <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <pause> <w NN1-AJ0>composite <w CRD>five <pause> <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <pause> <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <w CRD>six <pause> <w NN1>motion <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>composite <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>asking <w NP0-NN1>Mark <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>debate<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w DPS>my <w AV0>very <w AJ0>great <w NN1>pleasure<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Service <w NN1>Review<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=HLYPS000>
<s n="292"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NN1>Director <w PRF>of <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <pause> <w VVG>moving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Safety<c PUN>, <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Service <w NN1>Review<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>developments <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <pause> <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>developments <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJ0>important <pause> <w CJC>but <w PRP>over <w DT0>this <w ORD>next <w NN1>year <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>measures <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>start <w AVP>off <w PRP>by <w VVG>saying <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VVD-VVN>held <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>conference <w TO0>to <w VVI>relaunch <w DPS>our <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Service<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w PRP>At <w DT0>that <w NN1>conference <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>director <w AJ0>general <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <pause> <w VVD>gave <w DPS>his <w NN2>views <w PRP-AVP>on <w AVQ>why <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>regulations <w VVB>appear <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>weaker <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w AJ0>European <w NN2>directives <w PRP-AVP>on <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>based<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>due to <w DPS>our <w AJ0>unique <w NN1-AJ0>Anglo-Saxon <w NN1>law <pause> <w AVQ>whereby <w PNP>we <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NN1>law <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>reasonable <w CJC>and <unclear> <pause> <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VVB>enforce <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w NN2>Directives <w VBB>are <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w NN1>law <w AVQ>whereby <w AJ0>absolute <w NN2>duties <w VBB>are <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>vigorously <w VVN-AJ0>enforced<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w AV0>recently <w VVN-VVD>found <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>now <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Anglo-Saxon <w NN1-AJ0>Roman <w NN1>law <pause> <w AVQ>whereby <w PNP>we <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>reasonable <w PRP>in <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VVB>hear <w PRP>from <trunc> <w UNC>Saf </trunc> <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w DT0>This <w AV0>hardly <w VVZ>seems <w AT0>a <w AJ0>credible <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>weakening <w NN2>directives <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w PNX>themselves <w AV0>only <w VVB>establish <w AJ0>minimum <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>standards <w PRP>for <w NN2>workers <w PRP>across <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w PRP>By <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>conference<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w VVN>left <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>doubt <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VVD>rejected <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>S's <w VVB-NN1>approach<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w DTQ>What <w VHZ>has <w VVN>happened <w PRP>since <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
<s n="302"><w PRP>In <w NP0>January <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>union <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w VVG-NN1>briefing <w NN2-VVZ>notes <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w CRD>six <w AJ0>key <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>regulations <w VVN-VVD>enacted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <pause> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>stand <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-NP0>EuroSafe </sic> <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three <w NN1>exhibition <pause> <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>exhibition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>year <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <pause> <w DT0>this <w VVN>promoted <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<w POS>'s <w NN1>approach <w PRP>to <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>contributed <w PRP>to <w AJ0>numerous <w NN1>guidance <w NN2-VVZ>notes <w PRP>on <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations <w PRP>across <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>range <w PRF>of <w AJ0>industrial<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>service <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>sections <pause> <w PRP>through <w NP0>Steven <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>submitted <w AT0>a <w NN1>draft <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>directive <w VVG>covering <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>limb <w NN2>disorders <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <pause> <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>putting <w AV0>further <w NN2>proposals <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>establishment <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>work <w NN1>environment <w NN1>fund <w TO0>to <w VVI>assist <w NN1>workplace <w NN1>activity<c PUN>, <w NN1>workplace <w NN1>research <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w DT0>All <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>initiatives <pause> <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>to <w NN1>day <w NN1-VVB>work <w CJT>that <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>, <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w NN2>officials <pause> <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>initiatives <w VBB>are <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>standards <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>also <w VVG>contributing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>action <w NN1>programme <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <pause> <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>setting <w AVP-PRP>out <w DPS>their <w NN1>action <w NN1>programme <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w PNP>them <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ORD>next
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="305"><unclear> <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>against <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w PRP>since <w DPS>our <w AJ0>unique <w NP0>November <w NN1>conference <pause> <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>cut <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive<w POS>'s <w NN1>budget <w PRP>for <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>four <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w CRD>thirteen <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Employment <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN-VVD>admitted <w DT0>this <w VM0>will <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w DT0>less <w NN2>inspections <w CJC>and <w DT0>less <w NN2>prosecutions <pause> <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>introduced <w AT0>a <w NN1>market <trunc> <w UNC>tex </trunc> <w NN1>market <w NN1>testing <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>E <pause> <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>words <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>saying <w DTQ>what <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>privatized <w PRP>into<c PUN>, <w AV0>no doubt<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN2>friends <w PRP>in <w NN1>industry <pause> <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>made <w AJ0>sure <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>Health <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Commission <w VM0>will <w VVI>work <w AV0>slower <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRP>by <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>currently <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full-time <w NN1>post <w AT0>a <w AJ0>part-time <w NN1>post <w PRP>from <w NP0>September <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w CJS>As <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w AJ0>aware<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>cut <w AT0>the <w NN1>grant <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w NN1>training<c PUN>, <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives<w POS>' <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w AV0>completely <w VVI>eliminate <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>grant <w PRP>by <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>five <pause> <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>top <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AV0>just <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w NP0>April <w ORD>next <w NN1>year <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>objective <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>review <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>so-called <w NN2>burdens <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>legislation <w VVZ>puts <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w PRP>At <w DPS>our <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>roll <w NN1>call <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>members <w PNQ>who<w VM0>'d <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AV0>either <w VVN>killed <w PRP>in <w NN1>work <w CJC>or <w VHD>had <w VVN>died <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>work-related <w NN1>disease <w PRP>since <w NP0>May <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>nine <pause> <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>attended <w VM0>may <w VVI>recall <w AT0>the <w AJ0>emotional <pause> <w UNC>er <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="309"><unclear> <w VVG-NN1>feeling <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VVD>gave <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>conference <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w AV0>then <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w NN1>audacity <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>burdens <w PRP>on <w NN2>employers <pause> <w DTQ>what <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>burdens <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w DTQ>whose <w NN2>relatives <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>killed <w CJC>or <w AJ0>diseased <w PRP>through <w NN1>workplace <w NN2>injuries <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>negligence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w CJT>that <w AV0>actually <w VVB>employ <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
<s n="310"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <pause> <w NN2>developments <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w AV0>now <w AV0>in public<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <w VBB>are <w VVG>giving <w AT0>every <w NN1>indication <w PRP>to <w NN2>employers <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w AV0>rigorously <w VVI>enforce <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>indeed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>figure <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w AV0>softly <w AV0>softly <w VVB-NN1>approach<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VHZ>has <w VVN>rejected <w DT0>this <w NN1>approach <w CJC>and <w VVD>recognized <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>standards <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w AJ0>specific <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w NN2>recommendations <w VBB>are <w VVN>made <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w AT0>the <w NN1>consistency <w PRF>of <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives<w POS>' <w NN1>training <pause> <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN1>information <w NN1>flow <w CJC>and <w VVG>giving <w DT0>more <w NN1-AJ0>uniform <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>to <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>officers <pause> <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVZ>identifies <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>areas <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>addressed <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>more <w NN1>detail <pause> <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <trunc> <w UNC>recommendatin </trunc> <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VVG>recommending <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>consultation <w NN1>exercise <w VBB>be <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VBI>be <w VVN>conducted <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>many <w NN2>ideas <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>our <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Service <w VBB>are <w VVN>considered<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w NN2>Recommendations <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>consultation <w NN1>exercise <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>then <w VVN>brought <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>congress<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w PRP-AVP>In <w VVG>stressing <w AT0>the <w NN2>challenges <w CJT>that <w VVB>face <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>ignore <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1-VVB>challenge <pause> <w AVQ>however <w PNP>we <w VVB>recognize <w PNP>it <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>considered <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AV0>widely <w CJS>so that <w DPS>our <w NN2>resources <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AV0>most <w AV0>effectively <w VVN>targeted<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>move <w DT0>this <w AJ0>special <w NN1>report <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>provides <w PNP>us <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>framework <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>record <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VHZ>has <w PRP>on <w AJ0>improving <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>standards <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="318"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigel<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KV>
<s n="319"><w NP0>Fred <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>member<c PUN>, <w VVG>seconding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>report <w PRP>on <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Safety <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w NN1>President <pause> <w PRP>in <w VVG>seconding <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN2>points <w PRP>to <unclear> <w DPS>our <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>bear <w AT0>the <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w TO0>To <w VBI>be <w AJ0>successful <w PRP>in <w AJ0>improving <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>standards <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w AJ0>good <w NN1>workplace <w NN1>organization <pause> <w AJ0>good <w NN2>laws <pause> <w AJ0>good <w NN2>inspectors <w CJC>and <w AJ0>good <w NN1>guidance <w DT0>all <w VHB>have <w DPS>their <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>improving <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>influence <w NN2>events <w AVQ>where <w NN0>people <w AV0>actually <w VVB>work <pause> <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>standards <w VM0>will <w VVI>result <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>true <w PRP>during <w AT0>a <w NN1>recession <w CJS>as <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w AV0>here <w AV0>no doubt <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>clearly <w VVN-VVD>recognized <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w NN1>representative<w POS>'s <w NN1>role <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>vital <w CJS>if <w NN1>workplace <w NN2>standards <w VBB>are <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>consistently <w VVN-AJ0>improved<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w CJS>Since <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>rights <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <trunc> <w UNC>con </trunc> <w VVN>consulted <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>quote <pause> <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>good <w NN1>time <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <pause> <w PNI>one <pause> <w AV0>any <w VVB-NN1>measure <w DTQ>which <w AV0>substantially <w VVZ>affects <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w NN2>employees <pause> <w CRD>two <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>for <w VVG-AJ0>appointing <w AJ0-NN1>specialist <w NN0>staff <pause> <w CRD>three <pause> <w DT0>any <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>information <w VVD-VVN>circulated <w PRP>to <w NN2>employees <pause> <w CRD>four <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>planning <w CJC>and <w NN1>organization <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>training <pause> <w CJC>and <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>technologies<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w DT0>These <w AJ0>important <w NN2>rights <w VVB>mean <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>consulted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>employer <w AV0>well <w CJS>before <w NN1>action <w VBZ>is <w VVN>taken <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w VVN>combined <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN2>functions <w PRF>of <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>provide <w AJ0>extensive <w NN2>rights <w TO0>to <w VVI>organize <w PRP-AVP>around <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w AVQ>However <pause> <w DT0>many <w NN2>employers <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>comply <w PRP>with <w DT0>these <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>duties <w CJS>unless <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVN>pressed <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so <pause> <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>reason <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w PRP>in <w NN1>section <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VBB>are <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w VVG>giving <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>to <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w CJC>and <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>officials <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>workplace <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="327"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>key <w NN1>priority <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w PRP>During <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w ORD>next<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AJ0>European <w NN2>directives <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>agreed<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w VHB>have <w VVN>agreed <w AT0>an <w NN1>action <w NN1>programme <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w PNP>us <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>century <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w AV0>Once <w AJ0>new <w NN2>laws <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>passed<c PUN>, <w NN1>workplace <w NN1>action <w VBZ>is <w VVN>needed <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w NN2>employers <w VVB>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w AV0>clearly <w VVZ>stresses <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>focus <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>resources <w PRP>on to <w NN1>workplace <w NN1>activity <pause> <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>highlighted <w AT0>the <w AJ0>complacent <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>enforcing <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w PNP>We <w AV0>simply <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w VVI>rely <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <pause> <w CJC>or <w PNI>anybody <w AV0>else <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w DPS>our <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>activists <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>lead <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>basis <w PRP>for <w VVG>developing <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>action <w NN1>programme <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>standards <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w NN1>Congress<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>these <w NN2>points <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w ORD>second <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="335"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NN1>President<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="336"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Fred<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><w CJS>As <w PNP>I <w VVD>indicated<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>my <w NN1>intention <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions <w CJC>and <w VVB>ask <w NN2>regions <w CJS>whether <w PNP>they <w VVB>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>speaker <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w ORD>First <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NP0>Birmingham <pause> <w AV0>again <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>helpful <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>save <w NN1>time <w CJS>if <w VVN-AJ0>intended <w NN2>speakers <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>front <pause dur=12>
</u>
<u who=PS2KW>
<s n="339"><w AJ0>Sorry<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w NP0>Bert <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause> <w NP0>Birmingham <w CJC>and <w NP0>West <w NP0>Midland <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVG>moving <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Service <w NN1>Review<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w PRP>At <w DPS>our <w NN2>pre-delegates <w NN1>conference <w AV0>earlier <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNI>one <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w PNI>one <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>remember <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN1>region <w AV0>unanimously <w VVN-VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w NN1>review<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><w AT0>The <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>reference <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w VBB>are <w AJ0>excellent <pause> <w PRP>with <w NN2>issues <w VVG>spreading <w PRP>from <w NN1>shop <w NN1>floor <w NN1>organization <pause> <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>training <pause> <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>tackle <w NN1>legislation <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN2>directives <w DTQ>which <w AV0>hopefully <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AJ0>new <w NN2>responsibilities <unclear> <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w DT0>This <w NN1>document <w VVZ>makes <w AJ0>good <w CJC>and <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>reading <pause> <w AJ0>full <w PRF>of <w NN1>fact <pause> <w NN1-AJ0>individual <w NN2>references <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>guidance <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>action <pause> <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>solicitor <w TO0>to <w VVI>understand <w PRP>at <w NN1>consultation <w NN1>exercise <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>then <w VVN>brought <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN0>th <w NN1>conference <w PRP>in <w NP0>Blackpool <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>spoke <w PRP>about <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>European <w NN1>directive <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w PNP>He <w VVD>referred <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN1-VVB>pack <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>initial <w VVD>thought <w VBD>was <pause> <w AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w CRD>six <w NN1>pack <w PRF>of <w NP0>Newcastle <w NP0>Brown <w NN1>Ale <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <ptr target=HLYLC00D><w NN1>Safety<c PUN>? <ptr target=HLYLC00E></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<ptr target=HLYLC00D><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HLYLC00E></u>
<u who=PS2KW>
<s n="345"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Nigel <w VDD>did <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w CJT>that <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <w DT0>that <w AV0>basically <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>directive <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <pause> <w VVG>keeping <w PNP>it <w AJ0>simple<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>glad <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w NN1>environment <w VVN-VVD>put <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w VVN-AJ0>related<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w PRP>On <w AT0>a <w AJC>lighter <w NN1-VVB>note <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN1>worker <w VVD>approached <w PNP>me <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>months <w AV0>ago <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>European <w NN1>directive <w AV0>almost <w VVN-VVD>ruined <w DPS>his <w NN1>holiday <pause> <w PNP>he <w AV0>then <w VVD>explained <pause> <w PNP>he <w VVD>booked <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DPS>his <w NN1>family <w PRP>to <w NP0>EuroDisney<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w PRP>On <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w NN1>arrival <pause> <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w VHD>had <w VVN>closed <w NP0>EuroDisney <w AVP>down <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>asked <w AVQ>why<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w PNI>someone <w VHD>had <w VVN>reported <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w CRD>six <w NN1>foot <w NN1>mouse <w VBD>was <w VVG>walking <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w DT0>that <w AV0>either <w CJS>until <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w NP0>Mick<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w CJC>But <w AV0>seriously<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>impresses <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w PNP>He <w VVD>impressed <w DPS>our <w AJ0>sectional <w NN1>conference <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VM0>will <w VVI>impress <w DT0>this <w NN1>conference <w AV0>as well <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w AV0>only <w VVZ>makes <w PNP>me <w AJ0>aware <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>force <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>trades <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w PNP>We <w VVB>support <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>move <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>before <w PNP>I <w VVB>go <pause> <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w VVG-AJ0>boing <w VVG-AJ0>boing <w NN1>baggis </sic> <w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping> <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="353"><w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <pause dur=26>
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="354"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=HLYPS000>
<s n="355"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <unclear> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NN1>South <w AJ0>Western <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>refreshing <w TO0>to <w VVI>note <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>self-criticism <w CJT>that <w VVZ>appears <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>equally <w AJ0>refreshing <w TO0>to <w VVI>note <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w NN1>criticism <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>acknowledged <pause> <w CJC>and <w NN2>solutions <w VBB>are <w AV0>readily <w AJ0>available <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>an <w NN1>answer<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w PNP>We <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AJ0>ready <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>sterling <w NN1-VVB>work <w VVN>carried <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w DPS>our<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>Os <pause> <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AJ0>limited <w NN2>resources <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>disposal <pause> <w CJC>and <w AJ0>particular <w NN2>thanks <w VM0>must <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>Os <w PNQ>who <w VVB>find <w PNX>themselves <w AJ0>dual-roled <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN2>officers<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w CRD>One <w NN1>way <w AV0>forward <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w NN2>sections <w CRD>five <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <pause> <w PRP>with <w NN1>section <w CRD>six <w VVG>providing <w DT0>enough <w NN1>material <w TO0>to <w VVI>devote <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>forum <w PRP>to <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>just <w DPS>its <w DT0>own<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>good <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>union <w VHZ>has <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>trouble <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <pause> <w PRP>with <w AV0>so <w AV0>much <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pipeline<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w AT0>The <w NN2>matters <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>highlighted <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <w VBB>are <w AV0>as <w AJ0>relevant <w AV0>now <w CJS>as <w DT0>those <w DTQ>which <w VVD>necessitated <w AT0>the <w NN2>formings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w NN1>congress <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w PNP>We <w VVB>ask <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>support <w DT0>this <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="363"><ptr target=HLYLC00F><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <pause> <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>region<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLYLC00G></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLYLC00F><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLYLC00G></u>
<u who=PS2KX>
<s n="364"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>sisters <w CJC>and <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>, <w NP0>Graham <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>on <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Service <w NN1>Review<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w AV0>Right <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVN>told <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AV0>justifiably <w AJ0>proud <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>achievements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w AJ0>occupational <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN1>safety <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>fifteen <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w AV0>Quite <w AV0>rightly <w AV0>so <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AJ0>complacent <pause> <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w VVG>affecting <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>regulations <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <w PRP>since <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>eight <pause> <w CJC>but <w NN1>factory <w NN2>inspectors <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>severely <w VVB>cut <pause> <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>workplace <w AV0>now <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VVI>expect <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w AV0>once <w AT0>every <w CRD>eleven <w NN2>years <pause> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>backup <w NN1>service <w AV0-AJ0>right <pause> <w AV0-AJ0>right <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <trunc> <w UNC>sa </trunc> <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVN>told <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>small <w NN2>firms <w PRP>with <w AV0>less than <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fatal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>major <w NN1>accident <w NN1>rate <w CRD>forty <w NN0>percent <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w NN2>firms <w VVG>employing <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w CRD>thousand<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w NN2>firms <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w VBZ>is <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>usually <w AJ0>hard <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w DT0>any <w NN2>courses <w CJT>that <unclear> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><w PNP>We <w VVB>welcome <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Service <pause> <w AJ0-VVD>specialized <w NN0>staff <pause> <w NN1>quality <w NN2>publications <pause> <w NN1-VVB>campaign <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>in <w NN1>workplace <trunc> <w UNC>activi </trunc> <w NN2>activities <pause> <w CJC>but <w CJS>as long as <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VVZ>allows <w AJ0>unscrupulous <w NN2>employers <w TO0>to <w VVI>explore<c PUN>, <w VVB>exploit <w AT0>the <w AJ0>low <w NN1>pay<c PUN>, <w AJC>lower <w NN1>inspection <w NN2>rates<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>accident <w NN1>rate <w VM0>will <w VVI>climb <pause> <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <w VM0>will <w VVI>get <w AV0>increasingly <w VVN-AJ0>frustrated<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <trunc> <w UNC>cour </trunc> <w NN1>training <w NN2>courses <pause> <w PRP>according to <w DT0>these <w NN2>reports <w DT0>these <w VBB>are <w AV0>poorly <w VVN>attended <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>majority <w AV0>below <w CRD>forty <w NN0>percent <pause> <w CJC>but <w AV0>more <w AJ0>worrying <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <w VVD>said <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w XX0>not <w VVN>received <w AT0>a <w NN1>copy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w NN1>rep<w POS>'s <w NN2>kits<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AV0>least <w AV0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>reps <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>kit<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w VVN-VVD>Included <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>recommendations <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>two <w NN1>day <w NN1>training <w NN1>course<c PUN>, <w VVG>costing <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>thousand <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>places <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>excellent <pause> <w CJS>except <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVN>told <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w NN2>courses <w AVQ>however <w AJ0>good <w PNP>they <w VBZ>is <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>es </trunc> <w AV0>especially <w PRP>among<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>small <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>find <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w VVG>getting <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <w CJT>that <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>attend <w NN2>courses <w PRP>in <w VVG>making <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>they <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w AV0>there <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w VVG-NN1>Briefing <w NN2>sessions <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN1>kit <w PRP>for <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>officials <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>think <w DT0>these <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>extended <w TO0>to <w VVI>branch <w NN2>secretaries <w AV0>as well <pause> <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>person <w VVZ>rings <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>advi </trunc> <w VVZ>asks <w PRP>for <w NN1>advice<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w DT0>that <w NN1>advice<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>shows <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>light<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w PRP>With <w DT0>these <w AJ0>small <w NN2>points <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lancashire <w NN1>region <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>forward <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>wider <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>at <w AJ0>regional <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>branch <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLYLC00H><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLYLC00J></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="377"><ptr target=HLYLC00H><w NN2>Thanks <w NP0>Graham<c PUN>.
<s n="378"><w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>region<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLYLC00J></u>
<u who=PS2KY>
<s n="379"><w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Yorkshire <w CJC>and <w NN1>North <w NP0>Derbyshire<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety<c PUN>, <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Service <w NN1>Review<c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>applaud <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>department <w PRP>at <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Office <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w VVG>supporting <w DT0>this <w NN1>service <w NN1>report <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>go <w AV0>swiftly <w AV0>forward <w PRP>into <w AJ0>wide-ranging <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B. <w AT0>The <w NN2>publications <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>produced <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>consistent <w AJ0>high <w NN1>standard <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>user-friendly<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w NN1>Consideration <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Direct <w NN1>Journal <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>supplement <pause> <w AV0>possibly <w VVN>entitled <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w AJ0-AV0>Direct <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Membership<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w AV0>Also <w AJ0>industrial <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>information <w PRP>such as <w NN1>welder<w POS>'s <w NN1>lung <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>crafts <w NN1>section <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>.
<s n="383"><w PNP>We <w VM0>should <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AJ0>new <w NN2>technologies <pause> <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>storage <w CJC>and <w NN1>dissemination <w PRF>of <w NN1>information <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="384"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w DT0>these <w VBB>are <w VVG>increasing <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>rapid <w NN1>rate <pause> <w AV0>almost <w AV0>as <w AV0>quickly <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>legislations <w VVB>develop <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVG>keeping <w AJ0>accurate <w NN1>paper <w NN2>records <w VBZ>is <w VVG>becoming <w AV0>increasingly <w AV0>more <w AJ0>difficult<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>region <w VHZ>has<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>years <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>combined <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Officer<w POS>'s <w NN1>job <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>education <w NN1>officer <pause> <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w VHB>have <w AV0>always <w VVN-VVD>married <w AV0>together <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>principal <w NN1>thrust <w PRF>of <w NN1>workplace <w NN1>activity <w PNP>it <w VVD>involved <w AT0>the <w NN1>training <w PRF>of <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <pause> <w VVG>enabling <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>out <w DPS>their <w NN1>role <w AV0>effectively<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w VVD>played <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN2>studies <w NN1>information <w NN1>unit <w NN1-VVB>survey <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>survey <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVN>taken <w AV0>shortly <w CJS>after <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w VVN>commenced <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>education <w NN1>system <pause> <w AV0>therefore <w AT0>the <w NN2>figures <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AV0>necessarily <w VVN>reflected <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>region<w POS>'s <w AJ0>current <w NN1>situation <w VVZ>ensures <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>new <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w VBB>are <w VVN>invited <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w CRD>two <w NN1>day <w NN1>introduction <w NN1>course <pause> <w PRP>from <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVN>encouraged <w TO0>to <w VVI>attend <w AT0>a <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>course <w PRP>at <w AJ0>National <w NN1>College<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w AT0>The <w NN1>take-up <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w VVN>indicated <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>survey <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN2>views <w VVN>expressed <w PRP>regarding <w NN2>changes <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular <w VVB-NN1>point <w CRD>thirteen<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w AT0>The <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NN1>legislation <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>dramatic <w CJS-PRP>since <w AT0>the <w CRD>mid-eighties <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>changes <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN2>directives<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w PNP>We <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>requirement <w PRP>on <w NN2>employers <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AV0>clearly <w VVN>written <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>use <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>advantage <pause> <w VVG>providing <w DPS>our <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>correctly <w VVN>trained <w TO0>to <w VVI>implement <w AT0>the <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
<s n="391"><w AT0>The <w NN1>environment <w PNP>we <w VVB>live <w AVP-PRP>in <w VM0>must <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVN>protected <pause> <w NN2>sources <w PRF>of <w NN1>pollution <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>located <w CJC>and <w AJ0-VVD>stopped <pause> <w NN2>employers <w AV0>clearly <w VVN>held <w AJ0>liable <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>actions <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>dealt <w PRP>with <w AV0>as <w AV0>severely <w CJS>as <w VVN>allowed <w PRP>by <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>union <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRP>in <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>training <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w DPS>our <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>ramifications <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w AT0>The <w NN1>situation <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>enforcement <w PRF>of <unclear> <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>disgraceful <pause> <w AV0>too <w DT0>few <w NN2>inspectors <pause> <w AV0>far <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>work <pause> <w AV0>therefore <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>encourage <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>self-sufficient <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace <pause> <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>campaign <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>inspectorate<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w NP0>Yorkshire<c PUN>, <w NN1>North <w NP0>Derbyshire <w VVZ-NN2>supports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HLYLC00K><vocal desc=clapping> <ptr target=HLYLC00L></u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="395"><ptr target=HLYLC00K><w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>region<c PUN>. <ptr target=HLYLC00L></u>
<u who=PS2KT>
<s n="396"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues <pause> <w NP0>Derek <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>document <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w ORD>Last <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w DPS>my <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w DT0>That <w NN1>report <w VHD>had <w CRD>two <w AJ0>main <w NN2>objectives <pause> <w CRD>one <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>policy <w PRP>for <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>second <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1>training <w NN1>programme <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B's <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w DT0>This <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w VVZ-NN2>hopes <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>consultation <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VVI>prioritize <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Service<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w PNP>It <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>lay <w NN2>reps <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>officers <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>we <w VVB>distribute <w AT0>the <w AJ0>up to date <w NN1>information <pause> <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>vital <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>organization <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>role <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>recruitment <w CJC>and <w NN1>retention <w PRF>of <w NN1>membership<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>region <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w CJC>but <w VVZ-NN2>urges <w NN1-VVB>caution<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>finances <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>found <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>never <w VVN-VVD>told <w PRP>from <w AVQ>where <w DT0>that <w NN1>money <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>from<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w NN2>Colleagues<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>promote <w AT0>a <w NN1>culture <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN1>starting <w NN1>point <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>establish <w AT0>a <w NN1>network <w PRF>of <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>workplaces <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w AJ0>proper <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>training <pause> <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <pause> <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>most <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w AT0>The <w NN1>introduction <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w AJ0>European <w NN2>directives <w VHZ>has <w VVN>given <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unique <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w AT0>the <w NN1>profile <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w NN2>places <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN1>membership <w CJC>and <w AV0>elsewhere<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>message <w VVZ>gets <w PRP>across <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN2>reps <w VBB>are <w AV0>so <w AV0>well <w VVN>trained <w CJC>and <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w NN2>members <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="405"><w TO0>To <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Officer <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <w CJC>and <w AJ0>full-time <w NN2>officers <w VBB>are <w VVN>kept <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>speed <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NN1>legislation <pause> <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w AJ0>adequate <w NN1>training<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w DT0>This <w AV0>of course <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>monitored <w CJC>and <w AJ0>accountable <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>at present <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>region <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w AV0>already <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w PNP>We <w VVB>urge <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w AT0>a <w NN1>consultation <w NN1-VVB>process <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DPS>their <w NN2>recommendations <w PRP>into <w NN1>practice<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w AJ0>Southern <w NN1>region <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <w NN1>document<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="409"><w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="410"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w NP0>Eddie <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVG>supporting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>special <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w NN1>Congress <pause> <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B's <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>envy <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w AV0>Time and again <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w DPS>our <w NN1>union <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>on <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w CJS>whilst <w AJ0>other <w NN2>unions <w VHB>have <w AV0>merely <w VVN>followed<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w DTQ>which <w VVD>campaigned <w CJC>and <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>Safety <w PRP>at <w NN1>Work <w NN1>Act<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w DTQ>which <w VVD>campaigned <w PRP>for <w CJC>and <w VVD>won <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w CJC>And <w AV0>currently<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Steven <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>stated <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>address <w AV0>yesterday <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVG>pressing <w PRP>for <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>winning <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN2>Directives<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w NN1>Congress <pause> <w PRP>against <w DT0>this <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>region <w VVZ>welcomes <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>impressive <w NN1>report <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>signifies <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VVZ>attaches <w PRP>to <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>indicates <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>union <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>its <w AJ0>high <w NN2>standards <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w PNP>We <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>region <w NN1>welcome <w AV0>in particular <w AT0>the <w NN1>recommendation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Officer <w PRP>to <w NN1>beef <w PRP-AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w VVN-VVD>delivered <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w PNP>We <w VVB>look <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>President<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>implementation <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <pause> <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w AV0>once again <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>trade <w NN1>union <w NN1>movement <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>field<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>take <w DT0>this <w NN1>opportunity <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w PRP>to <trunc> <w UNC>condra </trunc> <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>, <w VVB>congratulate <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>work <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w PRP>since <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Officer<c PUN>.
<s n="420"><w NN1>Congress <pause> <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>region <w NN2-VVZ>supports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="421"><w NP0>London <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="422"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress <pause> <w NP0-NN1>Ray <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>London <w NN1>region <pause> <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>in support of <w AT0>the <w NN1>motion<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <pause> <w AJ0-NN1>close<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>identify <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>failings <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <pause> <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>ninety-f </trunc> <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>five <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w NN1>motion <w CRD>forty <w VVN>urged <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DT0>each <w NN1>region <w VVZ>appoints <w AT0>an <w NN1>officer <w DTQ>whose <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>responsibility <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w AT0>The <w NP0>London <w NN1>region <w VVD-VVN>defined <w DT0>this <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>minimum <w PRF>of <w CRD>fifty <w NN0>percent <w CJC>or <w AV0>more<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w NN1>Motion <w CRD>forty <w VVN>outlined <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>workplace <pause> <w PRP>with <w AJ0>new <w NN1>technology <pause> <w AJ0>new <w NN1>machinery <w CJC>and <w AJ0>new <w NN2>practices <pause> <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>membership <w VVN-VVD>needed <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>backup<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w CRD>Eight <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>decreased <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>increased <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w AV0>more <w AV0>so <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>present <w NN1>problem <w PRF>of <w NN2>employers <w PNQ>who <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>ignore <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w VVG>using <w NN1>fear <w PRF>of <w NN1>unemployment <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN2>complaints<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w AT0>The <w NN2>reports <w AV0>still <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>identify <w PRP>by <w NN2>regions <w DTQ>which <w NN2>regions <w VVB>comply <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>five <w NN1>motion<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>secretary <w NN1>report <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>sections <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>invisible <w NN1>service <pause> <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unable <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>special <w NN1>report <w VBZ>is <w VVN>meant <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w UNC>s=Service <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cinderella <w NN1-VVB>service <pause> <w EX0>there <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>general <w NN1>principle <w PRF>of <w NN1>accountability <w CJC>and <w NN1>monitoring <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>area <w AVQ>where <w NN1>shop <w NN2>stewards<c PUN>, <w NN1>safety <w NN2>representatives <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="431"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1-VVB>backup <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN2>services <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>offer <w PRP>for <w NN1>recruitment <w CJC>and <w NN1>retention<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w NN2>Comrades<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>region <w VVZ>supports <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>reservation <w PNP>I <w VVD>mentioned<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="433"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w NN2>colleagues <pause> <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KS>
<s n="434"><w NP0>Richard <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w AJ0>supporting <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w AJ0>Special <w NN1>Report<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN1>success <w CJC>and <w NN1>effectiveness <w VVZ>depends <w PRP>on <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VVB>organize<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>train <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>activists <w CJC>and <w NN2>officers <pause> <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VVB>adjust <w PRP>to <w AJ0>legislative <w NN1>change <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VVB>progress <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>collective <w NN2>aims<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w AT0>The <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN1>reference <w VVD-VVN>contained <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w AV0>clearly <w VVZ>identifies <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VM0>should <w VVI>progress <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>policy<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>highlights <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inadequate <w NN1>support <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVZ>gives <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AJ0-VVG>failing <w TO0>to <w VVI>enforce <w AJ0>current <w NN1>legislation <pause> <w CJC>or <w VVB>prosecute <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w AV0>openly <w VVB>disregard <w DPS>their <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>for <w NN1>employee <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VHZ>has <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>failed <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>Sa </trunc> <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <w PRP>by <w VVG>restricting <w NN1>year <w PRP>after <w NN1>year <pause> <w AJ0>adequate <w NN2>resources <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>function <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>designed <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w CJS>If <w DT0>this <w NN1>government <w VVD-VVN>channelled <w DPS>its <w NN2>resources <w PRP>against <w NN2>employers <w PNQ>who <w VVB>disregard <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>legislation <pause> <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVZ>channels <w DPS>its <w NN1>energy <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>trade <w NN2>unions <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Employment <w NN1>Act <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>see <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>decrease <w PRP>in <w NN2>accidents <w CJC>and
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="441"><unclear> <w NN2>fatalities <w PRP>at <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w EX0>There <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJ0>new <w NN1>legislation <w VVN-VVD>introduced <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>European <w CRD>six <w NN1-VVB>pack <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w NN2>regulations <pause> <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>will <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w AJ0>effective <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>enforced<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VHZ>has <w PRP>through <w DPS>its <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <pause> <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w NN2>reps <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>committee<w POS>'s <w NN2>regulations <pause> <w AJ0>specific <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>rights <w DTQ>which <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>exercised <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w AV0>of course<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w NN1>identifies <w NN1>workplace<c PUN>, <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>organization <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w NN1>training<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w NN1>quality <w NN1>training <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>needed <pause> <w NN1>quality <w NN1>training <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>addresses <w AT0>the <w NN1>core <w NN2>values <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>perception <pause> <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>key <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>success<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>coordinate <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w VVB>organize <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>training <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>service <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>response <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w VVG>seeking <w NN1>guidance <w CJC>or <w NN1>information<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w AJ0>new <w NN1>computer <w NN1>system <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>linked <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>regions<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>potential <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>access <w AJ0>detailed <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>use <w PNP>it <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w NN1>technology <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>available <w TO0>to <w AV0>further <w DPS>our <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w NN1>safety <w NN1>service <w NN1>delivery<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w PRP-AVP>In <w VDG>doing <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>create <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <w AT0>an <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>service <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w PRP>through <w AJ0>instant <w NN1>response <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>while <w VVG>improving <w DPS>our <w NN1>service <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>members <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>also <w VVI>improve <w DPS>our <w NN1>recruitment <w NN1>potential<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w AT0>The<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w VVZ>addresses <w AT0>the <w NN1>past <w CJC>and <w AJ0>current <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>policy <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN2>needs <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>plan <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>consolidate <w DPS>our <w NN1>expertise <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <w DT0>that <w NN1>expertise <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>evident<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>create <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w PRP-AVP>In <w NN1-AJ0>parallel <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN1>training <w NN1>strategy <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>ensure <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>campaigns <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w TO0>to <w VVI>realize <w AT0>the <w NN2>objectives <w VVN-VVD>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w NN2>Governments<c PUN>, <w NN2>employers<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>conclusion <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>deny <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w AT0>a <w AJ0>safe<c PUN>, <w AJ0>healthy <w NN1>working <w NN1>environment<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w PRP-AVP>In <w VVG>supporting <w DT0>this <w NN1>report <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>setting <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>agenda <w DTQ>which <w VM0>should <w VVI>go <w DT0>some <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w VVG>extending <w VVG-AJ0>working<c PUN>, <w NN2>workers<w POS>' <w NN1>protection <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
<s n="454"><w PNP>I <w VVB>support<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2KR>
<s n="455"><w NP0>Midland <w NN1>region<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2KT>
<s n="456"><w NN1>President<c PUN>, <w NN1>congress<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ken <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Midlands <w CJC>and <w NN1>East <w NN1>Coast <w NN1>region<c PUN>, <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>to <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w AJ0>special <w NN1>report<c PUN>, <w NN1>Health<c PUN>, <w NN1>Safety <w CJC>and <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w NN1>Conference<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>document <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w AV0>all <w VVI>realize <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><w AT0>The <w NN1>world <w PRF>of <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>a-changing <w AV0>rapidly <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w AV0>always <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>forefront <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>reviews <w CJT>that <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHB>have<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>taken <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w PNP>We <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>B <w VHB>have <w AT0>an <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>record <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fifteen <w NN2>years <pause> <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>g <w DPS>our <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w NN2>craftsmen <w PRP>within <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w ZZ0>g<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w NN1-VVB>cause <w PRP>for <w NN1>concern <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>scope <w PRP>for <w NN1>improvement <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w NN1>safety <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w DPS>Our <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w NN1>industry <pause> <w PRP>through <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>green <w NN0>works <w NN1>campaign <w VBZ>is <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view <w PRP>to <w NN1>encase <w PNP>it <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>review <w VBZ>is <w AV0>vitally <w AJ0>important <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>policy <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w VVB>advise <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VVB>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>forward<c PUN>.
<s n="461"><w CJS>Since <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>eight <w NN1>congress <w TO0>to <w VVI>appoint <w AJ0>national <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>officers <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>political <w NN1>context <w PRP>within <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VVB>operate <w VHZ>has <w VVN>changed <w AV0>dramatically <pause> <w PRP>with <w DT0>more <trunc> <w UNC>legila </trunc> <w NN1>legislation<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>four <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>separate <w NN2>regulations <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>introduced <pause> <event desc="end of tape">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HM2>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Camera club meeting. Sample containing about 13523 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 223 Kbytes running text, containing about 13523 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HM2</idno><idno type="old"> 101101 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="101101" dur="7200" date="1993-12-01" time="20:00+" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1902"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="45"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="132"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="1003"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="264"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="921"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="115"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="420"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="51"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="132"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="13977"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1902"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="45"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="132"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="1003"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="264"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="921"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="115"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="414"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="51"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="132"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="13977"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-12-01</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C388"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2MT" n="W0001" sex="f" soc="UU"><name>Jean</name></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2MU" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Mark</name></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2MV" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>George</name></person><particLinks><relation active='PS2MT PS2MU PS2MV' desc="colleagu" mutual="Y"/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="101101" who='PS000 PS2MT PS2MU PS2MV'><name>Hertfordshire:  Bishop's Stortford </name><activity> camera club meeting speech </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S speech unscripted</classCode><keywords><term> hobbies </term><term> judging a competition of prints </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HM2LC001> <loc id=HM2LC002> <loc id=HM2LC003> <loc id=HM2LC004> <loc id=HM2LC005> <loc id=HM2LC006> <loc id=HM2LC007> <loc id=HM2LC008> <loc id=HM2LC009> <loc id=HM2LC00A> <loc id=HM2LC00B> <loc id=HM2LC00C> <loc id=HM2LC00D> <loc id=HM2LC00E> <loc id=HM2LC00F> <loc id=HM2LC00G> <loc id=HM2LC00H> <loc id=HM2LC00J> <loc id=HM2LC00K> <loc id=HM2LC00L> <loc id=HM2LC00M> <loc id=HM2LC00N> <loc id=HM2LC00P> <loc id=HM2LC00R> <loc id=HM2LC00S> <loc id=HM2LC00T> <loc id=HM2LC00U> <loc id=HM2LC00V> <loc id=HM2LC00W> <loc id=HM2LC00X> <loc id=HM2LC00Y> <loc id=HM2LC010> <loc id=HM2LC011> <loc id=HM2LC012> <loc id=HM2LC013> <loc id=HM2LC014> <loc id=HM2LC015> <loc id=HM2LC016> <loc id=HM2LC017> <loc id=HM2LC018> <loc id=HM2LC019> <loc id=HM2LC01A> <loc id=HM2LC01B> <loc id=HM2LC01C> <loc id=HM2LC01D> <loc id=HM2LC01E> <loc id=HM2LC01F> <loc id=HM2LC01G> <loc id=HM2LC01H> <loc id=HM2LC01J> <loc id=HM2LC01K> <loc id=HM2LC01L> <loc id=HM2LC01M> <loc id=HM2LC01N> <loc id=HM2LC01P> <loc id=HM2LC01R> <loc id=HM2LC01S> <loc id=HM2LC01T> <loc id=HM2LC01U> <loc id=HM2LC01V> <loc id=HM2LC01W> <loc id=HM2LC01X> <loc id=HM2LC01Y> <loc id=HM2LC020> <loc id=HM2LC021> <loc id=HM2LC022> <loc id=HM2LC023> <loc id=HM2LC024> <loc id=HM2LC025> <loc id=HM2LC026> <loc id=HM2LC027> <loc id=HM2LC028> <loc id=HM2LC029> <loc id=HM2LC02A> <loc id=HM2LC02B> <loc id=HM2LC02C> <loc id=HM2LC02D> <loc id=HM2LC02E> <loc id=HM2LC02F> <loc id=HM2LC02G> <loc id=HM2LC02H> <loc id=HM2LC02J> <loc id=HM2LC02K> <loc id=HM2LC02L> <loc id=HM2LC02M> <loc id=HM2LC02N> <loc id=HM2LC02P> <loc id=HM2LC02R> <loc id=HM2LC02S> <loc id=HM2LC02T> <loc id=HM2LC02U> <loc id=HM2LC02V> <loc id=HM2LC02W> <loc id=HM2LC02X> <loc id=HM2LC02Y> <loc id=HM2LC030> <loc id=HM2LC031> <loc id=HM2LC032> <loc id=HM2LC033> <loc id=HM2LC034> <loc id=HM2LC035> <loc id=HM2LC036> <loc id=HM2LC037> <loc id=HM2LC038> <loc id=HM2LC039> <loc id=HM2LC03A> <loc id=HM2LC03B> <loc id=HM2LC03C> <loc id=HM2LC03D> <loc id=HM2LC03E> <loc id=HM2LC03F> <loc id=HM2LC03G> <loc id=HM2LC03H> <loc id=HM2LC03J> <loc id=HM2LC03K> <loc id=HM2LC03L> <loc id=HM2LC03M> <loc id=HM2LC03N> <loc id=HM2LC03P> <loc id=HM2LC03R> <loc id=HM2LC03S> <loc id=HM2LC03T> <loc id=HM2LC03U> <loc id=HM2LC03V> <loc id=HM2LC03W> <loc id=HM2LC03X> <loc id=HM2LC03Y> <loc id=HM2LC040> <loc id=HM2LC041> <loc id=HM2LC042> <loc id=HM2LC043> <loc id=HM2LC044> </align>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="1"><w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>in </trunc> <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>help <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <unclear> <w AV0>before <pause> <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w AV0>So <w DT0>some <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>interval <w CJC>or <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w UNC>er <w VVI>give <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w NP0>Heather <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>she<w VM0>'ll <w NN1-VVB>hand <w PNP>them <w PRP>on to <w PNP>me <w AV0>afterwards<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>tickets <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w AV0>So <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <ptr target=HM2LC001><w UNC>erm <ptr target=HM2LC002></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="5"><ptr target=HM2LC001><w AV0>Right<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC002></u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="6"><w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>interval<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w AT0>The <w NN1>dinner<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNI>anybody <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN-AJ0>booked <w VM0>would <w PNP>they <w AV0>please <w VVI>see <w NP0>Elaine <pause> <w AV0>either <w DT0>this <w NN1>week <w CJC>or <w ORD>next<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>brings <w PNP>us <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN2>announcements<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w DTQ>Which <w VVZ>brings <w PNP>us <w PRP>to <pause> <w AV0>tonight<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>big <w NN1>competition <w NN1>number <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w NN1>pleasure <w PRP>in <w VVG>introducing <w DPS>our <w NN1>judge<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mark <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w NP0>Chelmsford<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w VM0>Would <w PNP>you <w AV0>please <w VVI>welcome <w NP0>Mark <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="13"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>evening<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><unclear> <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w AJ0>lovely <w AJ0>new <pause> <w AV0>really <w AJ0-VVG>smashing<c PUN>!
<s n="15"><w AV0>Really <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="16"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w UNC>er <pause> <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>places <w VBB>are <w AJ0>alright<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC003><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <ptr target=HM2LC004></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC003><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC004></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="17"><w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w PNI>one <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PRF>of <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HM2LC005><w PRP>with <ptr target=HM2LC006></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="18"><ptr target=HM2LC005><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HM2LC006></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="19"><w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>carpet <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>floor<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="20"><w VM0>Can<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w VHI>have <pause> <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w VHI>have <w DT0>some <w NN1>light <w PRP-AVP>on<c PUN>?
<s n="21"><w CJS>If <w PNI>someone <w VM0>could <w VVI>crawl <w PRP>under <w AT0>the
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="22"><w ITJ>No <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="23"><w AV0>Underneath<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="24"><trunc> <w UNC>fo </trunc> <w PRP>underneath <w AT0>the <pause> <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <trunc> <w UNC>clo </trunc> <w VVI>crawl <w PRP>underneath <w AT0>the <ptr target=HM2LC007><w NN1>cupboard<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC008></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="25"><ptr target=HM2LC007><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>! <ptr target=HM2LC008></u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="26"><w PNP>You <w VVD>found <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="27"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><ptr target=HM2LC009><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM2LC00A></u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="30"><ptr target=HM2LC009><w AT0>The <ptr target=HM2LC00A><unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="31"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><ptr target=HM2LC00B><w DT0>This <w PNI>one <ptr target=HM2LC00C></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC00B><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC00C></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="33"><w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w VVN>called <w AJ0>Ancient <w NN1>Greek<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="34"><w AJ0>Ancient <w NN1>Greek<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="35"><w AJ0>Ancient <w NN1>Greek<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="36"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>doubt <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there<c PUN>?
<s n="37"><w AV0>Certainly <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w NN2>titles <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>front <w AV0>so
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="38"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="39"><w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><unclear> <w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Ancient <w NN1>Greek<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>candid <w NN1>portrait <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w AJ0>candid <w NN1>portrait <w VBZ>is <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <pause> <w PNP>he <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w PNI>somebody <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>camera<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w AV0>certainly <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVG>posing <pause> <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>camera<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w VVZ>appears <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w XX0>not <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>cameraman<c PUN>, <w NN1>photographer<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w AV0>So <w AV0>maybe <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>photographed<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w CJC>But <w AV0>certainly<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN1>location <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>correct <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>costume<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>guess <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w VM0>could <w PNP>he <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>priest<c PUN>?
<s n="47"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <pause> <w AJ0>familiar <w PRP>with <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as if <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <pause> <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Orthodox <pause> <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Jewish <w AJ0>Orthodox <w NN1>priest<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w PRP>With <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long <w NN1>beard <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>box <w NN1>hat<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>sa </trunc> <w AV0>already <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>location <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>correct<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w VVN-VVD>Got <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>archway <w AV0>here <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <pause> <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause dur=6> <w AT0>the <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>bri </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>stonework <w PRP>behind <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w NN1>doorway <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AV0>always <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w NN2>doorways <w AV0>always <w VVB>add <w NN1>interest <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>sort of <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>intriguing<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>wonder <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w VVB-NN1>place <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nobody <w AV0>else <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w AV0>so <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>totally <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP>on <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><pause dur=6> <w PNP>It <w VDZ>does <w VVI>lack <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>sharpness <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="56"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="57"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AV0>as <w AJ0>crisp <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>but <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN2>tones <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w AJ0>ideal<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w AJ0>Beautiful<c PUN>!
<s n="60"><w PNI>Nothing <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>tones <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>crispness<c PUN>, <w NN1>sharpness <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>afraid<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>lost<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>sure <w AVQ>why<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w PNP>It <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <w PRP>like <w NN1>camera <w NN1-VVB>shake<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w PNP>It <w AV0>just <pause> <w VVZ>appears <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <pause> <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>fraction <pause> <w PRP>out of <w NN1>focus <w AV0>maybe<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w AV0>Maybe <w UNC>er <pause> <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>camera <w NN1-VVB>shake <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="66"><trunc> <w UNC>I </trunc> <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>lack <w DT0>that <pause> <w NN1>crispness <w PNP>we <w VVB>feel <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <ptr target=HM2LC00D><w AV0>there<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC00E></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="67"><ptr target=HM2LC00D><w VHB>Have <ptr target=HM2LC00E><w NN2>marks <w PRP>out of <pause> <w CRD>ten <w AV0>so <w UNC>erm
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="68"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w AV0>just <w VVZ>loses <w AV0>a bit <w CJS>because <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>sharpness <w AV0>so <w AT0>a <w CRD>five <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=cough>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="69"><w DT0>This
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="70"><w NN2>Steps<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="71"><w VVB-NN1>Step<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="73"><w AV0>Slowly <w VVD>got <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w AV0>Certainly <pause> <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>picture <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w AV0>often <w CJT>that <w AJ0>simple <w NN2>pictures <w VBB>are <w AJ0>successful <w NN2>pictures<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w XX0>not <w AV0>always<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>pictures <w CJC>or <w NN2>photographs <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVB>suffer <w CJS>because <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w PRP>in <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>prefer <w PNI>something <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>kept <w AV0>as <w AJ0>simple <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AV0>too <w AJ0>busy<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AV0>Certainly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>printing <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w AJ0>Lovely <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AT0>The <w NN1>texture<w VBZ>'s <w AV0-AJ0>right <w AV0>everywhere <w PRP>through <w DT0>that <w NN1>photograph<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>texture<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w CJS>Cos <w AV0>even <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>shadow <w NN1>area <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w AJ0>nice <w NN2>textures <w VVN>shown <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN2>fronts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>wall <w AV0>here <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NN1>shadow<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>still <w VVN>got <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>texture <w VVG>showing <w AVP-PRP>through<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w DT0>those <w NN2>steps <w VVB>go <w PRP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner<c PUN>, <w AVP>up <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>intriguing <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>wonder <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>leading <w TO0>to <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>steep <w NN2>steps<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>dodgy<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>think <trunc> <w UNC>som </trunc> <w PNI>someone <w AV0>a little <w AJ0>unsteady <w VVG-NN1>coming <w AVP-PRP>down <w DT0>those <w NN2>steps <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>dodgy<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN2>shapes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>diamond <w NN1>shape <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>wall <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>tree <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>back<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <pause> <w AT0>an <w AJ0>excellent <pause> <w AJ0>simple <pause> <w NN1>study<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>picture <w DTQ>which <pause> <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w NN1>photography <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w AV0>even <w VVI>bother <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VVB>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG-AJ0>missing<c PUN>?
<s n="89"><w AV0>So <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <pause> <w PNI>someone <w UNC>er <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>walking <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>road<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w PNP>you <w VVG>standing <w AV0>there <w VVG>taking <w DT0>that <w NN1>picture <w CJC>and <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth <w VBB>are <w PNP>they <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w NN1>picture <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
<s n="90"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w NN1>result <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VBZ>is <w PRP>worth <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1-VVB>look <w PRP-AVP>through <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>remember <pause> <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w VVG-AJ0>coming<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="92"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="93"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>give <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AT0>a <w CRD>ten <w CJS>cos <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="94"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w NP0>Elaine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w VVB-NN1>Skyscape<c PUN>, <w NP0>Loch <w NP0>Linnhe<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="96"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN1>punch<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>impact<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVD>appeared <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>small <w CJS>so <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>to </trunc> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>fact <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>small <w NN2>prints <pause> <w VHB>have <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w DT0>more <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AJ0>big <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w DT0>more <w NN1>impact<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w VBI>be <w VVN>lost <w AV0>a bit <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>small<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <trunc> <w UNC>thi </trunc> <w CJC>but <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>looked <w PRP>at <pause> <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>small<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>still <w VVN>got <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>impact<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <w DTQ>what <w DT0>this <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>like <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CRD>twenty <w PRP>by <w CRD>sixteen<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w AV0>Just <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>illustrate <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>size <w VDZ>does <w VVI>matter <w AV0>sometimes<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>lighting <w PRP>throughout <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>dark <pause> <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>nowhere <pause> <w VVB>excuse <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <pause> <w PRP>in <w AJ0>bright <w NN1>light<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>sun <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>high<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>artificially <w AJ0>dark<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w AV0>nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w NN1>detail <w AV0>everywhere<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>water<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>ripples <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w VBB>are <unclear> <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>even <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>headland <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>even <w DT0>some <w NN1>detail <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w AV0>So <w AV0>even <w AV0>though <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w PRP-AVP>in <pause> <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>dark <w NN2>tones<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>detail<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w CJC>And <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w NN2>clouds <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>water<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>give <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AT0>an <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="108"><w CRD>Eight<c PUN>?
<s n="109"><w NP0-NN1>Heather <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w ORD>Next <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w NN1>Fascination<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="111"><w NN1>Fascination <w PRF>of <w VVG>watching <w PNI>somebody <w VDG>doing <w PNI>something <w DTQ>which <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>familiar <w PRP>with<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w AV0>Probably <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <w VVZ>comes <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w AV0>Now <w PRP>with <pause> <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <pause> <w PRP>at <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVG>working <pause> <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>hobby<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>job<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w AJ0>important <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>clear <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN2>pictures <w AVQ>where <pause> <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w AV0>obviously <w VDG>doing <w PNI>something <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity <w CJS>because <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>photograph <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>illustrate <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>clear <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVG>weaving <w VVG>going <w AVP>on<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>sure <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>material <w VBZ>is <pause> <w UNC>er <w CJC>but <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>a <w NN1>loom <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>weaving <w VBG>being <w VVN>demonstrated<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <w VVN-AJ0>demonstrated <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w NN1>man <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w NN1>girl <w AV0>there <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>obviously<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>visit <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>mill <pause> <w VVG>watching <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w AV0>So <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>straightforward <w NN1>demonstration<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>composition <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>weak <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>lacks <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>punch<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>sort of <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVN-VVD>washed <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>a bit <w DT0>more <pause> <w NN1>contrast <pause> <w VVD-VVN>added <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>help <pause> <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>lack <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJC>better <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>left <pause> <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w AT0>the <w NN1>lady<w POS>'s <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>sa </trunc> <pause> <w UNC>as <w UNC>well <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <pause> <w PRP>as well as <w DPS>her <w NN1>face<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>get <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VDG>doing<c PUN>, <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VDG>doing <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w AJ0>nice <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>included <pause> <w DPS>her <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <pause dur=6> <w ITJ>yes <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a little <w AJ0>unfortunate <w DT0>this <w NN1>chap <w VVD>happened <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>his <w NN1>hand <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>post <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a little bit <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>ungainly<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>sort of <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <pause> <w AJ0>elegant <w AV0>sort of <trunc> <w UNC>po </trunc> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <trunc> <w UNC>su </trunc> <w VVG>suggesting <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VVI>pose <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w AV0>maybe <w VHD>had <w PNP>you <w VVN>waited <w CJS>until <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>he <w VVD>moved <w DPS>his <w NN1>hand <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>a <w CRD>five <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><pause dur=6> <ptr target=HM2LC00F><w CJC>And <w AV0>so <ptr target=HM2LC00G></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="127"><ptr target=HM2LC00F><trunc> <w UNC>Kathle </trunc> <ptr target=HM2LC00G><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC00H><w AJ0>Sorry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC00J></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="128"><ptr target=HM2LC00H><w AJ0>Sorry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC00J></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="129"><w NP0>Kathleen<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="130"><w PRP>As opposed to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>candid <w NN1>portrait<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>now <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>portrait<c PUN>, <w AV0>obviously <w VVN>taken <pause> <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>studio <w CJC>or <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PRP>with <w NN1-AJ0>light<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM2LC00K><w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <ptr target=HM2LC00L></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC00K><vocal desc="clears throat"> <ptr target=HM2LC00L></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="131"><w PRP>about <trunc> <w UNC>pho </trunc> <w AJ0>photographic <w NN1>studio<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>certainly <w NN2>lights <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>background <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1>nature <w VBG>being <w VVN>used <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w DT0>this <w NN1>photograph<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w AV0>Now <w PRP>with <pause> <w NN2>photographs <w PRF>of <w AJ0>young <w NN2>ladies <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>soft <w NN1-AJ0>light <unclear> <w VVN>cast <w NN2>shadows<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>cliches<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>hear <w NN2>cliches <w PRP>from <w NN2>judges <pause> <w UNC>er <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <pause> <w NN2>facts <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VBB>are <w VVN>bound <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>repeated <w PRP>with <trunc> <w UNC>na </trunc> <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <unclear> <w NN1>photographer <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <pause> <w AJ0>normal <w NN1-AJ0>female <w NN1>photography <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VVI>need <pause> <w UNC>er <w AJ0>soft <w NN1>lighting<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w AJ0>harsh <w NN2>lights <w CJC>and <w NN2>shadows<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><trunc> <w UNC>The </trunc> <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>always <w NN2>exceptions <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rule<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w DT0>This <w PNI>one<w POS>'s<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>got <w AV0>very <w AJ0>soft <w NN1>lighting<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0>harsh <w NN2>shadows <w AV0>anywhere <pause> <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>face<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w AJ0>Nice <w NN1>flaunting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>face<c PUN>, <w DPS>her <w NN2>cheeks <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w AJ0>Nice <w NN1>lighting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>hair<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>inclusion <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <pause> <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>jewellery<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w DT0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w DT0>This <w NN1>earring <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>pendant <w NN1>earring <w AV0>just <pause> <w VVZ>lifts <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>area <w AVP>up <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w DT0>much<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w AJ0>obtrusive<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>just <w AV0>enough <w PRP>for <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>highlight <w VVG>catching <w AT0>the <w NN1>pendant <w NN1>earring <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w AV0>a little<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w CJC>And <w AV0>particularly <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1-VVG>breaking <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mottled <w NN2>tones<c PUN>, <unclear><c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <pause> <w NN1>paper <w CJC>or <w NN2>lights<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN2>ways <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>achieve <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>important <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w NN1>interest<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w NN1>interest <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>forgotten <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w CRD>nine <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="145"><w NP0>Howard <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w AJ0>Western <w NN2>Isles<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="147"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>letter <w NN1>box <w NN1-VVB>format <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w AJ0-AV0>long<c PUN>, <w AJ0>narrow <pause> <w NN1>format <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>ideal <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <pause> <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>landscape<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w AV0>Well <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w NN2>landscapes <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>honest<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VVB>fit <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>horizontal <w NN1>format <trunc> <w UNC>le </trunc> <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>vertical<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <pause> <w AV0-AJ0>long<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w AJ0>gentle <w NN2>slopes <w PRP>like <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>expanses <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AJ0>narrow <w PNP>it <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>helps <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>narrow <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>letterbox <w NN1-VVB>format<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>good <w NN1>thing <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w PRP>through <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w AT0>The<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AT0>the <w NN2>hills <pause> <w VVB>get <w NN1>lighter <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>go <w AVP-PRP>through <pause> <w CJS>until <w PNP>we <w VVB>get <w AV0-AJ0>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>finish <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>light <w NN1>cloud <pause> <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN2>hills <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>distance<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>exciting <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w VBZ>is <w AV0>perhaps <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>disappointing<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <pause> <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>ripple <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>surprised <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>picking <w AVP>up <pause> <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>more <pause> <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w DT0>more <w NN2>highlights<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w DT0>any <w NN1>sparkle <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w UNC>a<c PUN>, <w AV0>a bit <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>ploughed <w NN1>field<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>obviously<c PUN>, <w NN1>water <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <pause> <w AJ0-VVN>wet <w PRP>like <w NN1>water <w VM0>should <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w AV0>there <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>wash<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>light<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>lets <w PNP>it <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AV0>a little<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity <w AV0>really <w CJS>because <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>hills <w AV0>and so on <w AV0>beyond <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w AJ0>fine <w CJS>cos <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>presented <w CJC>and <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0>nicely <w VVN-AJ0>mounted<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w AV0>Just <w VVZ>lacks <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>quality <w NN1>lighting<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w AV0>So <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="164"><w NN1>Sunshine <w CJC>and <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w NN1>Sunshine <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Shadow<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="165"><w NN1>Sunshine <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Shadow<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AV0>well <pause dur=6> <w AV0>certainly <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>explains <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>photographer <w VBD>was <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>portray<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w DT0>These <w UNC>er <pause> <unclear> <w AVP-PRP>on <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>look <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN2>cloisters <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>cathedral<c PUN>, <w CJS>although<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w AVP-PRP>through <pause> <w PNP>they <w VVB>seem <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w AVP>out <w PRP>into <w NN1>street<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>sure <pause> <w AV0>exactly <w DTQ>what <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>building <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>turn <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>street <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w PRP>beyond <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w NN2>archways<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AV0>as <w AJ0>sharp <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w UNC>er <pause> <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-VVB>unsharp </sic><c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>thing <w AV0>too <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <pause> <w NN1>chap <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>actually <w VBB>are <w VVG-AJ0>standing <trunc> <w UNC>whe </trunc> <w NN1-VVB>pity <w PNP>they <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <pause> <w VBI>be <w VVN>persuaded <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>chap <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dark <w NN1>suit<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w PRP>against <w DT0>that <w AV0>very <w AJ0>dark <w NN1>archway <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>real <w NN1>reason <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w CJT>that <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>somebody <w AV0>there <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN2>legs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>head<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <pause> <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>a bit <w VVN>lost <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>standing <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>quite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN2>archways <w VVG>looking <w AVP>out <pause> <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <pause> <w VVG-NN1>letting <w AJ0-NN1>light <pause> <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>fall <w AVP-PRP>in <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <pause> <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>pool <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>light <w AJ0-NN1>ideal <w PRP>for <w PNI>somebody <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>standing<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>standing <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>quite <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>picking <w AVP-PRP>up <pause> <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>light<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w DTQ>Which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>shame<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w AJ0>Nice <w NN2>archways <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>interesting <w NN2>shapes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>lack <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>quality<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AT0>A <w CRD>five <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="180"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>Closed <w NN1>Door<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="181"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>door<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w DT0>Another <w AV0>very <w AJ0>simple <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w UNC>er <pause dur=6> <w DT0>another <vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <ptr target=HM2LC00M><w VVD>saw <ptr target=HM2LC00N></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="184"><ptr target=HM2LC00M><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC00N></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="185"><w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>earlier <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w DT0>This <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AV0>as <w AJ0>nice <w CJS>as <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>little <w NN1>bit <w AV0>more <pause> <w AJ0>straightforward <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <pause> <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w AV0>straight <w PRP>onto <w DT0>this <w NN1>wall<c PUN>, <w VVG>looking <w AV0>straight <w PRP>onto <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w AV0>straight <w PRP>onto <w AT0>the <w NN1>door<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNI>everything <w VBZ>is <pause> <w VVG>looking<c PUN>, <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1-AJ0>full-faced <w AV0>as it were <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>makes <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>less <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>composition <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w VBG>Being <w AV0>sort of <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>angle <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it <pause> <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PNP>it <pause> <w VVZ>allows <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w NN2>textures <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w AV0>rather <w AV0>better<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>makes <w PRP>for <pause> <w AV0>generally <w VVG-AJ0>speaking<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w PNP>You <w VVB>see<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <pause> <w NN2>steps <w AV0>here <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w CJS>as if <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>pile <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN2>beams <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>door <w VVG-NN1>standing <w PRP>on <w NN1>top<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w AV0>quite <w AV0>clearly <w VVB>see <w DT0>those <w NN2>steps<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w AV0>so <pause> <w PNI>everything <w VBZ>is <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>flat<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>thing <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AJ0-NN1>flat<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w AV0>Certainly<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>door<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>nice <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>positioning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <unclear> <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>photograph <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <pause> <w NN1>view<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJC>better<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w NN1>experience<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>move <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>left <w AV0>a little bit <pause> <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>go <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>slightly <w AV0>more <w AJ0>interesting <pause> <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w AT0>A <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="196"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause dur=6> <w NP0>Eileen <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="197"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="198"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="199"><w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>place <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="200"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>co </trunc> <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <ptr target=HM2LC00P><w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>castle<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM2LC00R></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="201"><ptr target=HM2LC00P><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>castle<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><ptr target=HM2LC00R><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="203"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Eileen<w POS>'s <ptr target=HM2LC00S><w AV0>then<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC00T></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="205"><ptr target=HM2LC00S><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>!
<s n="206"><ptr target=HM2LC00T><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w ITJ>Oh <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <unclear> <w VVN>written <ptr target=HM2LC00U><w AV0>here<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC00V></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="208"><ptr target=HM2LC00U><w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC00V></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="209"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="210"><w NN1-VVB>Print <w NN1>number <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><ptr target=HM2LC00W><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <ptr target=HM2LC00X></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="212"><ptr target=HM2LC00W><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><ptr target=HM2LC00X><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="214"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="215"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w DT0>this <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>castle <w DTQ>which <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>photographed <pause> <w CRD>thousands <w CJC>and <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>times<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w AV0>never <w VVI>remember <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>forget <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w AV0>home<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <unclear><c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>castle <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>often <w VVN>photographed <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <pause> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>recall <w VVG>seeing <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>photographed <pause> <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <pause> <w NN1>place <w VBZ>is <w AV0>sort of <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>side <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>bridge <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w AV0>possibly<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w AT0>a <w NN1>photograph <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>side <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="221"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <pause> <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>landscape <pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>always <pause> <w VVB-NN1>credit <w AT0>the <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>lens <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>used<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>angle <w NN1>lens <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>see <w EX0>there<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w VVN-VVD>created <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>angle <w NN1>lens <pause> <w VM0>will <w VDI>do <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>landscape<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w PNP>It <w VM0>will <w VVI>create <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>important <w CJC>and <w AV0>often<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w VVG>looking <w PRP>across <w NN1>water <pause> <w AT0>an <w NN1>expanse <w PRF>of <w NN1>water <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w DT0>any <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>detail <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w CJS-PRP>before <w PNP>it <w VVZ>begins <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AJ0>interesting<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground <w VBZ>is <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>wi </trunc> <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>angle <w NN1>lens<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><w PNI>Something <w AJC>wider <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>standard <w NN1>lens<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w AT0>A <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>five <w NN1>millimetre <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w CJT>that<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>quite <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause dur=6> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN1>cloud <w CJC>and <w NN1>sky <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>nice <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>castle <w PNX>itself <w VBZ>is <pause> <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>indistinct <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>stand <w PRP>away from <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>hardly <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>castle <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attractive <w NN1>castle<c PUN>, <w VVN>photographed <w DT0>many <w NN2>times <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w AV0>just <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w DT0>that <pause> <w VVN>shown <w AVP>up <w AV0>a little <w DT0>more <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>possibly <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>slightly <w AV0>more <w AJ0>contrasting <unclear> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w AV0>maybe<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>perhaps <w DT0>that <w NN1>castle <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>persuaded <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AVP>up <w AV0>just <w AV0>a little <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w PNP>It <w VDZ>does <w VVI>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AJ0>lost <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>boundaries<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><pause dur=8> <w UNC>Erm <pause> <w DT0>another <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="231"><w NN2>Fingers <w VVN>Crossed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="232"><vocal desc=laugh> <pause> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w NN2>Fingers <w VVN>crossed <w PRP>for <w NN1>luck<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="234"><unclear> <pause> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>guess <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>come <w AVP>down <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>strips <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>go <w AVP>back <w AVP>up <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as if <w AV0>perhaps <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>happened <w AV0>here <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>rope <w VHZ>has <w AV0>sort of <w VVN-VVD>got <w DT0>this <w NN1>twist <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w VVZ>imagines <w CJT>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>jump <w AVP-PRP>down <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>right <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w AVP>back <w AVP>up <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w UNC>er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>spectac </trunc> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>spectacular <w NN1>thing <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>watch<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w TO0>To <w VVI>stand <w AVP>down <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>idiot <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>leap <w AVP-PRP>off
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="237"><w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>spectacular <pause> <w NN1>thing <w TO0>to <w VVI>watch<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>imagine <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w AJ0>photographic <w NN1>subject<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AJ0>simple <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>sort of <w AJ0>small<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w DT0>any <w AJC>bigger <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>do </trunc> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w AV0>Really<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>chap <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>person <w AV0>rather<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w NN1>jump<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w VHG>having <w DT0>this <w AJ0>great <trunc> <w UNC>exten </trunc> <w AJ0>extended <w NN1-VVB>crane <w AV0>there <w VDZ>does <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>impression <w PRF>of <w NN1>height<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w VBZ>is <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a little <w AJ0>small <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>frame <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <pause> <w CJS>although <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>fe </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>imagine <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVG>standing <w PRP-AVP>around <w VVG>watching <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <pause> <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <pause> <w NN1>photograph <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w AV0>quite <w DT0>enough <w NN1-VVB>impact <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>terribly <w AJ0>interesting<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>thing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>maybe <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>jump <pause> <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>photograph <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AVP>down<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC00Y><unclear> <ptr target=HM2LC010></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC00Y><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC010></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="243"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>find <w PNP>it <w VVZ>loses <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w AV0>fairly <w AV0>quickly <pause> <w UNC>erm <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>subject<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chap <w VVG-NN1>jumping <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <w VBD>was <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>shown<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <pause> <w AV0>perhaps <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AV0>just <pause> <w VHN>had <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>longer <w NN1>lens <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>more <w AJ0>important <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="245"><vocal desc=laugh> <pause> <w NN1>Leica <w CRD>Three <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>manufactured <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>nine <w PRP>to <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>fifty<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="246"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <w AV0>Well <pause> <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="247"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>this <pause> <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>photograph <w PNI>anything<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w AV0>just <w VVZ>happens <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>camera <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w DT0>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>camera <w NN2>collectors <pause> <w PRP>to <w NN0>people <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <pause> <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w PNQ>who <w PNP>I <w VVB>work <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w NN0>people <w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w NN2>friends <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>know <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w NN1>photography <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>always <w VVB>ask <w PNP>me <w PRP>about <w NN2>cameras
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC011><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC012></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="248"><ptr target=HM2LC011><w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>hate <w PNP>it<c PUN>!
<s n="249"><ptr target=HM2LC012><w PNP>I
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="250"><w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>really <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w NN2>cameras<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="251"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>!
<s n="252"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>.
</u>
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<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="253"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w NN2>photographs <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w PRP>in <w NN2>cameras<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>cameras <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>use <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VVB>know <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>about <w NP0>Leica <w NN2>cameras<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w VVN>used <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>particularly <w VVI>know <w PNI>anything <w PRP>about <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w CJS>Cos <w DT0>this <w VVZ>happens <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>camera <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w AV0>just <w AV0>as well <w VBI>be <pause> <w UNC>er <w AT0>an <w AJ0>electric <w NN1>toaster<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>any<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w AJ0>inanimate <w NN1>object <pause> <w VVN>taken <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>fashion<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>take <w AT0>a <w NN1>photograph <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>inanimate <w NN1>object <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>light <w PNP>it <w AV0>correctly<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>detail <w AV0>finely<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJ0>good <w NN1>quality <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>printing<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VDZ>does<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>lighting <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>engraving <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>controls <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>nerving <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>knobs <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AV0>very <w AV0>nicely <pause> <w VVN>lit<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w CJC>And <w AV0>even<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>read <w PNP>it <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>sort of <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>an <w AJ0>oblique <w NN1>angle<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w AV0>Even <w AT0>the <w NN1>engraving <w CJC>and <w VVG>writing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <pause> <w PRP>on<c PUN>, <w PRP>on<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>viewfinder <w AV0>here <w VBZ>is <w AV0>nicely <w VVN-VVD>lit<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w VBZ>is <w VVG>catching <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>edges <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>engraving <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>top<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>lit<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AVQ-CJS>where <pause> <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VVN>lost <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>lighting <pause> <w VBZ>is <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>base<c PUN>.
<s n="264"><w PNP>You <w VVB>see<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AJ0>white <w NN1>metal <w NN1>bit<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>brushed <w NN1>chrome <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>finish <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>a little bit <w VVN-VVD>lost <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>white <w NN1>background<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w PNP>It <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>great <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>bottom <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w VVN>lit <w AV0>quite <w AV0>so <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>tending <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN1>quality<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w AV0>better <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <pause> <w NN1>bit <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w AV0>okay<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>set <w PNX>yourself <w AT0>a <w NN1>task <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <pause> <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>lighting <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w TO0>to <w VVI>photograph <w DT0>this <w NN1>camera <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w AV0>really <pause> <w VVI>control <w AT0>the <w NN2>lights <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <pause> <w VDB>do <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PNP>you <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <pause> <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AV0>just <w CRD>one <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>weak <w NN1>area <w PRP-AVP>round <w DT0>that <w CJC>but <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>easy <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>light <w NN1>background <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <trunc> <w UNC>dar </trunc> <w AV0>presumably <w AJ0>black <pause> <w NN1>body <ptr target=HM2LC013><w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>camera <ptr target=HM2LC014></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC013><vocal desc=cough> <ptr target=HM2LC014></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="268"><w AV0>so <w PNP>you <pause> <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>contrasting <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>with<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>exposure <w AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>thing <w AV0>right <w AV0>throughout <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w AJ0>easy <w NN1>task <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w CJC>And <w DT0>this <w VHZ>has <w AV0>almost <w VVN>worked<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>slight <pause> <unclear> <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="272"><w CRD>Seven<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="273"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="274"><w NP0>Sarah<c PUN>. <vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="275"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>nice <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>nicely <w VVN-AJ0>presented <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>print<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w AJ0>Lovely <w NN1>mounting <w CJC>and <w AV0>very <w AJ0>clean <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>crisp<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w CJC>And <pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>often <w VVB>say <w DT0-CJT>that <pause> <w AJ0>young <w NN2>ladies <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVG>looking <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>shoulder <w PRP>like <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VBI>be <w AJ0>careful <pause> <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>neck <w CJS>because <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>turn <w AVP>round <w CJC>and <w VVB>look <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>shoulder <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w NN2-VVZ>creases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>neck<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>slight <w NN1>crease <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>neck <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>disguised <pause> <w PRP>by <w VVG>covering <w PNP>it <pause> <w PRP>with <w DPS>her <w NN1>hair<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <pause> <w VVB>look <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <pause> <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>young <w NN1>lady<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PNI>anybody<c PUN>, <w VVG>looking <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>shoulder<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>with <w AJ0>young <w NN2>ladies<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>look <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>shoulder <w AV0>like <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>cause <w NN2>creases <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>neck <pause> <w DTQ>which <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unsightly<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <pause> <w VBN>been <w AJ0>conscious <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <pause> <w VVN>made <w AJ0>sure <w AT0>the <w NN1>hair <pause> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>covered <w AT0>the <w NN2>creases <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>hair <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>lighting <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>hair<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w AV0>Again<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>mottled <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>similar <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC015><w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w PNI-CRD>one <ptr target=HM2LC016></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC015><vocal desc=sneeze> <ptr target=HM2LC016></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="282"><w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w DT0>This <w NN1>time <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w UNC>er <w VVN>included <w DPS>her <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <pause> <w NN1>nail <w NN1>varnish <w AVP-PRP>on <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>highlights <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>nails <w DTQ>which <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>accen </trunc> <w VVI>accentuate <w DPS>her <w NN2>fingers<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w AV0>However<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w AJ0>obtrusive<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w AV0>sort of <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w DPS>her <w NN1>shoulder <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>hand <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>there <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w AV0>well <w VVI>imagine <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bright <w NN1>highlight <pause> <w PRP>off <w DPS>her <w NN1>shoulder<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AV0>maybe <w VVG>putting <w NN2>hands <w AV0>there <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VVN>helped <w AVP-PRP>in <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>quite <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>hand <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w AV0>Sometimes <w NN2>hands <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AV0>a little <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w VVG>looking <w PRP-AVP>over <w DPS>their <w NN1>shoulder <w CJS>because <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>camera <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>keep <w DPS>her <w NN2>eyes <w AVP-PRP>over <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>really <pause> <w AVP-PRP>over <w PRP>to <w DPS>her <pause> <w UNC>er <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>it <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>a little bit <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AJ0>uncomfortable<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>perhaps <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AV0>so <w DT0>much<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>bending <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>slightly <w AV0>more <w AJ0>comfortable<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w AV0>Nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w CRD>Eight<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="291"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="292"><pause dur=11> <w AJ0>Green <w NN2>Bottles<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="293"><w AJ0>Green <w NN2>Bottles <w ITJ>ha<c PUN>?
<s n="294"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>take <w DPS>your <w NN1>word <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="295"><w VVG>Hanging <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC017><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC018></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="296"><ptr target=HM2LC017><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC018><pause> <w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>they <w VVB>look <w PRP>like <w UNC>erm <pause> <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>gourds <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w ORD>first <w VVD>saw <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>good <w NN2>gourds<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="298"><vocal desc=laugh> <pause> <shift new=laughing> <w AJ0>Good <w NN1>gourd <shift><c PUN>! <ptr target=HM2LC019><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC01A></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="299"><ptr target=HM2LC019><w CJC>And <w PRP>by<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gordon<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC01A></u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="300"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w NN2>gourds<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="302"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="303"><w AV0>Anyway <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>good <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VHI>have<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w DT0>Any <w NN1>subject <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w CRD>three <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VVI>suit<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AJ0>odd <w NN2>numbers<c PUN>, <w AJ0>funny <w AV0>enough<c PUN>, <w VVB>seem <w PRP>to <w AJC>better <pause> <w CJS>than <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w AJ0>even <w NN2>numbers<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w AVQ>why<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>maybe <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>by <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>judges <w PNP>I <w VVB>begin <w TO0>to <w VVI>believe <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CRD>three <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <w PNI>one <w AVP>up <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AV0>a little bit <w AV0>sort of <w VVN-VVD>lost <w CJS>because <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>against <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN1>cavity <w NN1>light <w AV0>here <w CJS>so that <w PNI>one <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>a little bit <w VVN>lost<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w DT0>These <w CRD>two <pause> <w VBB>are <w AV0>quite <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AJ0>clear<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=7> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>shape <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>quite <pause> <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>interesting <w CJC>and <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>unusual <w NN2>shapes <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>feature<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>find <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>overall <w NN1>thing <w AV0>terribly <w AJ0>interesting<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>maybe <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>just <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>make <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>my <w NN1>mind <w AVQ>why <w PNP>it <w VVZ>loses <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w VBG>being<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w DT0>all <w DT0>this <w NN1>foliage <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN1>light <w VVG>pouring <w AVP-PRP>on <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DT0>this <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>twiggery <w AVP-PRP>round <w AV0>here <w VBZ>is <pause> <w UNC>er <w VVG>picking <w AVP>up <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN2>highlights <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>detract <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <pause> <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>plain <w NN2>shapes <pause> <w CJC>and <w AJ0>smooth <w NN2>surfaces <pause> <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>gourds<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w AV0>earlier <w AVP>on <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB>keep <w AT0>the <w NN1>photograph <w AJ0>simple <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>background<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>overpower <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w AV0>Certainly <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w AV0>totally <w VVN>overpowered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w CJC>and <w DT0>these <w NN2>ones <w VBB>are <w VVG>tending <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>perhaps <w AJC>better <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w AV0>somehow <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>maybe <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w AV0>so <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>ri </trunc> <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PNP>them <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>possible <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>situation <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="316"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Porch <w NN1>Way<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="317"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w PNI>one <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <pause> <w VBD>was <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w NN2>others <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>steps <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>door <w CJC>and <pause> <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>steps <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DT0>all <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>types <w PRF>of <w NN2>photographs <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w VVN>taken <w PRP>from <w AJ0>different <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN2>angles<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w CRD-PNI>one<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nice <pause> <w NN1>angle <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w PNI>one <w VVG>looking <w AV0>straight <w AVP>on<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w DT0>half <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w DT0>half<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>falls <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w AV0>again <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>simple<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>light<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>simplicity <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>particularly <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>land <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>adds <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>interest <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>another <pause> <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN1>point <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract <w DPS>your <w NN1>eye<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w VVZ>becomes <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <pause> <w NN1>point <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>called <w AT0>The <w NN1>Porch <w NN1>Way<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fair <w AV0>enough <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>porch<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>clearly <w VVN>defined <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>pillars <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>green<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>losing <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>shape <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>porch <pause> <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VVZ>becomes <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AJ0>main <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><trunc> <w UNC>I </trunc> <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>porch <w PNX>itself <pause> <w AV0>again <w VBZ>is <pause> <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>showing <w AT0>the <w NN1>shape <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>porch <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>porch <w PRP>in <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>detail <w CJC>and <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity <w AV0>really <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <pause> <w NN1>photograph <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VHD>had <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <pause> <w AVQ>where <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>photograph<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>gone <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>no </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>criticized <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w PNI>one <w AV0>a bit<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>person <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w AV0>possibly <w VBZ>is <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>style<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>mounting<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>too <w AV0-AJ0>far <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>way <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w AV0>unfortunately<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>quality<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>printing<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause dur=6> <w DT0>another <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="327"><w ITJ>Ha<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="328"><trunc> <w UNC>Ne </trunc> <w ORD>next <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>title<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=cough>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="329"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>get <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>simple <w CJS>than <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w AV0>Just <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pebbly <w NN1>beach <w AV0>somewhere<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice <w NN2>clouds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>printing <w VBZ>is <w AV0>again <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w AT0>The <w NN2>clouds <w VBB>are <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>shown<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>pebbles <w VBB>are <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>shown<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>as <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as if <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w NN2>paddings <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground<c PUN>, <w AV0>maybe <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>boat <w AV0>sometimes <w VVZ>gets <w VVN>moored <w PRP>up to <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <pause> <w UNC>er <w VVG>banging <w AVP>up <trunc> <w UNC>agai </trunc> <w AV0>maybe <w AT0>the <w NN1>tide <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w AJ0-AV0>far<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=7> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>post <w PNP>I <w VVD>liked<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>glad <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>standing <w AVP>up <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>horizon <w CJS>because <w AV0>at least <w DT0>that <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <pause> <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w DT0>some <w NN1>dominance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="335"><w CJC>But <w CJS>once <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w AVP>down <w PRP>below <w AT0>the <w NN1>horizon <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP-AVP>round <w DT0>this <w NN1>area <w AV0>here <w CJS-AVQ>where <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>some <w NN1>rope <w VVD-VVN>tangled <w AVP>round<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>padding<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>a little bit <w VVN>lost <w PRP>amongst <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>pebbles<c PUN>.
<s n="336"><w AV0>So <w AV0>maybe<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJC>better <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AV0>even <w VVN-VVD>got <w AVP>down <w AV0>a bit <w AJC>lower <pause> <w CJC>and <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>get <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>horizon<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>saying<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>landscapes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>thing <w VVZ>applies <w PRP>to <w NN2>seascapes <w CJS>as <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>nice <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>detail <w AV0>lower <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w AJ0>main <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>photograph <w VBZ>is <pause> <w AV0>terribly <w AJ0>strong<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w AV0>really <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>photograph <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w DT0>more <w NN1>strength <w PRP>on <w VVG>making <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="339"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>bit <w CJT>that <w VVZ>stands <w AVP>up <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>horizon <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>idea <pause> <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>like <w VHD>had <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>whole<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w XX0>not <w AV0>perhaps <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>a lot <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>post <w AVP>up <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>horizon <w AV0>simply <w PRP>by <w VVG>getting <w AVP>down <w AV0>lower<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w AV0>So <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="341"><w CRD>Six <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="342"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="343"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><pause dur=8> <w ORD>Next <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w AT0>The <w NN1>Shrimper<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="345"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>chap
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="346"><w ITJ>Yep<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="347"><w VVG>wading <w AVP>out <w AV0>there <pause> <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>shrimp <w NN1>net<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>well <w AV0>perhaps <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w CJC>And <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>three <pause> <w NN2>boats<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>subject<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <pause> <w AV0>nicely <w VVN-AJ0>separated<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w CJC>But <w AV0>often <w NN2>boats <w VVN>moored <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>river <pause> <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>blend <w PRP>into <w PNX>one another<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>these <w CRD>three <w NN2>boats <w VBB>are <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>separate<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVN>separated<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>overlap <pause> <w PNX>each other <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJS>although <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w AV0>closely <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>chap <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>shrimp <pause> <w NN1>net <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJS>so <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="354"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w PNI>someone <w AV0>here <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>dogs<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <vocal desc=sigh> <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>sort of <pause> <w VVN>lost <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w DT0>any <w NN1>dominance <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>overpowered <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>white <w NN2>blobs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>boats<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <pause> <w PNP>it <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>a bit <w VVN-VVD>lost <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>earthiness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mud <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>water<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>appears <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>darker <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN2>edges<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <pause> <w PNP>you <pause> <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>burn <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle<c PUN>, <w VVG>holding <w AVP>back <w AT0>the <w NN2>edges<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>darkish <w NN1>patch <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=7> <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>lack <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>impact<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN2>boats <w VBB>are <w AJ0>fine <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <pause> <w NN1-AJ0>human <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>tend <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <pause> <w AV0>personally<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>dogs <w VHZ>has <pause> <w VHZ>has <w DT0>more <w NN1>prominence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w CJS>than <w DT0>this <w NN1>chap<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>possibly <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>lens<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w VHG>having <pause> <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>boats<c PUN>, <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <pause> <w AJC>better<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w CJC>And <w AT0>a <w CRD>five <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="363"><w NN1>Dusk <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Derwentwater<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="364"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w AJ0>Nice <pause> <w NN1>lighting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>hills <w PRP>beyond
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc=sniff> <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="366"><w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVG>putting <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>detail <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>tall <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN1>wood <w EX0>there <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>really <w VVG>making <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>subject <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w AV0>Also<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fence <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>runs <w AVP>out <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>lake <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>just <w VVZ>breaks <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>distance <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w CJS>Because <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>there <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>beautiful <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>photograph <pause> <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <w AV0>really <w AJ0>good <w NN1>light <w CJS>until <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w CJC>and <w AVP>out <w PRP>onto <w DT0>these <w NN2>hills <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>good <w NN1>light <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>top <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN1>quality <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w DT0>such <w AJ0>good <w NN1>quality<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>certainly <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>detail<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><pause dur=8> <w AJ0>Lovely <w NN2>clouds<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w DT0>That<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>days <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN1>cloud <w PRP>about <pause> <w AJ0>broken <w NN2>clouds<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AT0>every <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w AT0>the <w NN1>sun <w VM0>will <w VVI>come <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>light <w AVP-PRP>up <w AJ0>different <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>light <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VVI>need <w PRP>for <pause> <w NN2>landscapes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w AV0>over here<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w AV0>Just <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w DT0>such <w AJ0>lowish <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>foreground<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>certainly <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>detail <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w AT0>An <w CRD>eight <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="376"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="377"><w AT0>No <w NN1>title <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="378"><w PNP>You <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w VVG-NN1>standing <w AVP>up <w AV0>here <pause> <w AV0>now <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AVP>down <w AV0>a lot <w AJC>lower <w DT0>this <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="379"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="380"><w AT0>The <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w VVN>given <w DT0>much <w DT0>more <pause> <w NN1>dominance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w PRP>by <pause> <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w VVI>stand <w AV0>right <w AVP>up <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>horizon<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <pause> <w AJC>better <pause> <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>quite <w AV0>clearly <w VVI>see <w AV0>now <w CJS>once <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w PNI>one <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>eliminated <w DT0>this <w NN1>boat<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>eliminate <w DT0>that <w NN1>post <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>boat<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>rather <w PNP>we <w AV0>just <w VHB>have <w DT0>this <w NN1>post <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sea <w AV0>beyond<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w DT0>same <w NN1>sky
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="383"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="384"><w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>now <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>included <w DT0>this <w AJ0>little <w NN1>foreground <w PNP>it <w AV0>really <w VVZ>brings <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>picture <w PRP>to <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w CJC>And <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>example<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>put <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w AV0>together <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w PRP>by <w VVG>moving <w AVP>round <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>viewpoint<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>always <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNI>one <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>take <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN1>picture <w AVP-PRP>around<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>subject<c PUN>, <w VVB>make <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VVB>move <w AVP>around <w CJC>and <w VVB>take <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN2>pictures<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVB>select <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>printing<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>illustration <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>fact<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w DT0>All <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>here <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AVP>back <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>steps <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>interesting <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreground<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w AV0>So <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>satisfying <w NN1>picture <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w VVZ>works <pause> <w AV0>much <w AV0>better<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="391"><w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="392"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>we <w VVB>start <ptr target=HM2LC01B><w VVG>judging<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM2LC01C></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="393"><ptr target=HM2LC01B><w AV0>Well <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <ptr target=HM2LC01C><w ITJ>yes <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w NP0>Mark<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>get <pause> <unclear> <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w NN2>copies <w CJC>and <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>colour <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>half way<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="395"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><w PNP>We <w VM0>should <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="397"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="398"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w AV0>Okay <w UNC>er
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="400"><w DT0>That<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>called <w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>My <w NP0-NN1>Teddy<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="401"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>cuddling <w AT0>the <w NN1>teddy <w NN1>bear <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>expression <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>face <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>suit <w AT0>the <w NN1>title<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w CJC>And <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>yellow <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>deliberately <w VVN>chosen <w CJC>or <w CJS>whether <w PNP>she <w AV0>just <w VVD>happened <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>standing <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>yellow <w NN1>background <w VVZ>makes <w PNP>it <w VVI>stand <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>picture <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>captures <w DPS>your <w NN1>eye<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <pause> <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN1>photography <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>capture <w AT0>the <w NN1>onlooker<w POS>'s <w NN1>eye <w CJC>or <unclear> <w NN1>eye<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w AJ0>yellow <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>little <w NN1>grin <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>face<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>cuddling <w AT0>the <w NN1>teddy<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>teddy <w CJT>that <w VVZ>happens <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>rabbit<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>leaves <w PNP>us
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="405"><w AT0>the <w NN1>teddy <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>rabbit <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <ptr target=HM2LC01D><w VVI>say<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC01E></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="406"><ptr target=HM2LC01D><w ITJ>Mm <ptr target=HM2LC01E><w ITJ>mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="407"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>family <pause> <w NN1>album <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN1>portrait<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1-AJ0>competition-winning <w NN1>portrait<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w AV0>certainly<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>, <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>family <w NN1>album <w NN1>stuff <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>which<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w PRP>for <w DT0>many<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>come<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w CJS>When <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w CJC>or <w CRD>thirty<c PUN>, <w PNI>someone <w VM0>will <w VVI>drag <w DT0>this <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>no<c PUN>!
<s n="410"><w XX0>Not <w DT0>that <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>nevertheless<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>kept <pause> <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w DT0>many<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AV0>quite <w AV0>deservedly <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=8> <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="413"><w CRD>Seven<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="414"><ptr target=HM2LC01F><w AV0>Now <ptr target=HM2LC01G></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="415"><ptr target=HM2LC01F><w NN1>Dusk <ptr target=HM2LC01G><w PRP>at <w NP0>Finchingfield <w NN1>Mill<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="416"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNI>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>things <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>helps <w DT0>this <pause> <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>mounted<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w AJ0>large <w NN1>mount<c PUN>, <w VVZ>tends<c PUN>, <w AV0>somehow <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>accentuate <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>windmill <pause> <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w NN1>colour<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>creamy <w NN1>colour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mount<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>creamy <w NN1>colour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>windmill <w VVB-NN1>go <w AV0>nicely <w AV0>together<c PUN>, <w PRP>as <w VDB>do <w AT0>the <w AV0>sort of <pause> <w AV0>more <w AJ0>subtle <w NN2>colours <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>know <w AV0>quite <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>photograph <w NN2>windmills<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>include <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <pause> <w CRD>four <w NN2>sails<c PUN>?
<s n="420"><w CJC>Or <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <pause> <w VVI>move <w AVP>around <w CJC>and <w AV0>just <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVB>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
<s n="421"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VHI>have <w PNP>them <w VVG>going <w AV0>right <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <unclear><c PUN>?
<s n="422"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <pause> <w VVI>make <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>your <w NN1>mind <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>photograph <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>reasonably <w AJ0>successful<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w PNP>I <w AV0>often <w VVB>think <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>perhaps <w VVG>putting <w AT0>the <w NN1>hub <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sails <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJS>because <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>trees <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w CJS>Although <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>hub <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>sails <w VBZ>is <w AV0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>photograph <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>sent </trunc> <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NN1>vision <w CJS>because <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>dark <w NN1>area <w AV0>here <w AV0>so <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NN1>vision <w AV0>so <w PNP>it <w VVZ>becomes <pause> <w DT0>this <w NN1>bit<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>like<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <pause> <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>matter <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><pause dur=8> <w AT0>A <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="428"><w DT0>This <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w VVN>called <w NP0>Nonnie<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="429"><w NN1-NP0>Nonnie<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Nonnie<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Nonnie<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="430"><w NN1-NP0>Nonnie<c PUN>, <w NN1-NP0>Nonnie<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="431"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w AJ0>close <w NN1>cropping <w CJS>as <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w AV0>here <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>an <w AJ0>acceptable <w CJC>and <pause> <w AJ0>well-known <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w VVG>showing <w AJ0-NN1>facial <w NN2>portraits<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <pause> <w VVI>work <w AV0>nicely <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>frame <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>filled <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl<w POS>'s <w NN1>hair <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>blonde <w NN1>hair<c PUN>, <w AV0>nicely <w VVN-VVD>lit<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w VVG>showing <w AVP>off <w DPS>her <w NN1>head<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w AT0>The <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>hair <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w CJS>Where <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AV0>so <w AJ0>good <w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <pause> <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>face<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w PNP>You <w VVD>got <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of <w AJ0>shiny <w NN1>nose <w CJC>and <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>shadow <pause> <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AV0>quite <pause> <w AJ0>bright <w NN1>highlight <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>bottom <w NN1>lip<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w AV0>So <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>face <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w AV0>a little bit <w AV0>too <w AJ0>harsh<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>reflector <w CJC>or <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>umbrella <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>used<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>need <pause> <w PNI>something<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w NN1>lighting <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>a little <w AV0>less <w AJ0>harsh<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w PNP>I <w VVB>find <w CJT>that <pause> <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>shade <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1-VVB>face <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>shame<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>use <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>pe </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN2>pearls <w VHB>have <w VVN>made<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>earring <w VDZ>does <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>job <pause> <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w ITJ>Tt<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w AV0>Just <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>find <w CJT>that <pause> <w PNP>she <w AV0>almost <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as if <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sun <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w AV0>sort of <pause> <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>like <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>sunlight <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1-VVB>face <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>shame <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><w VVZ>Needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>softer<c PUN>, <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>softer <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w PRP>by <w VVG>using <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>diffuser <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>light<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w AT0>an <w NN1>umbrella<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <pause> <w VVI>soften<c PUN>, <w AV0>like <w VVG>using <w AT0>a <w NN1>reflector<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>kinds <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=7> <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="446"><w ORD>Next <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>Two<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN0>Pair<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="447"><w CJC>And <pause> <w CJS>although <w DT0>these <w VBB>are <w AV0>obviously <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>show <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN2>horses <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>marquees <pause> <w AV0>and so on <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>presumably <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>a <unclear> <w NN1>competition <pause> <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <pause> <w CJC>or <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVG>demonstrating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old fashioned <pause> <w AJ0>agricultural <w NN1>machinery<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>a <w NN1>show<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w AV0>well <w VVI>imagine <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>days <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <pause> <w NN2>horses <w VBD>were <w AV0>really <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w AV0>quite <w DT0>such <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>clean <w NN1-VVB>tack <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJS>as <w DT0>these <pause> <w NN2>ones <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w AV0>Certainly <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>magnificent <w NN2>animals<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <pause> <w AV0>magnificently <w VVN>photographed<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <pause> <w UNC>erm <w NN2>handlers <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>one <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>handling <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w PNI>one<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <pause> <w AV0>sort of <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>chat <pause> <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w AVP-PRP>about <pause> <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <pause> <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>important <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>horses <w AV0>completely <w VVB>dominate <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <pause> <w DT0>this <pause> <w NN1>plough<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="454"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>plough<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>harrow <unclear> <w NN1-VVB>plough<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>old <w NN1>machinery <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>handsome <w NN0>pair <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN2>horses<c PUN>, <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>photographed<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><pause dur=6> <w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w AJ0>creative <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w CRD>ten<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w AV0>really <w VHB>have <pause> <w DT0>some <w AJ0>creative <w NN1>element <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w AV0>quite <w VVN-VVD>got <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>picture <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>very <w AV0>nicely <w VVN-VVD>photographed <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="459"><w CRD>Eight<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="461"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVD>saw<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="462"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="463"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>this <w CRD>one <w NP0>Mark <w AV0>then <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <ptr target=HM2LC01H><w NN1>break <ptr target=HM2LC01J></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="464"><ptr target=HM2LC01H><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC01J></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="465"><w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>tha </trunc> <ptr target=HM2LC01K><w PNP>you<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <ptr target=HM2LC01L></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="466"><ptr target=HM2LC01K><w AJ0>Okay<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC01L></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="467"><w AV0>just <w AVP-PRP>over <w AV0>half way<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="468"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>well <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>certainly <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>go <w AV0>ideally <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>horses<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <ptr target=HM2LC01M><w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <ptr target=HM2LC01N></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC01M><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC01N></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="470"><w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>show <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC01P><w UNC>er <ptr target=HM2LC01R></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="471"><ptr target=HM2LC01P><w ITJ>Ha<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC01R></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="472"><w NN1-VVB>show <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="473"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="474"><w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w AV0>well <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <pause> <w NN1>event <w CJS>as <w DT0>that <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w AV0>certainly <pause> <w VVZ>looks <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>character<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w VVN>Got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1-AJ0>weather-beaten <w NN1>face <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w VVG>wearing <w DPS>his <w NN1>hat<c PUN>.
<s n="476"><w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w CJS>whether <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>he <w AV0>really <w VM0>could <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <pause> <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <pause> <w VVN>compared <w PRP>to <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>hobo<c PUN>.
<s n="477"><w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>certainly <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>style <w PRF>of <w NN1>hat <w VBD>was <w AV0>commonly <w VVN-AJ0>worn <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVB>work <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>land<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continental <w NN1>grammar <unclear> <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>Italians<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>like<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="479"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>certainly <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>certainly <w VVN>got <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>face<c PUN>.
<s n="480"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>lit<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <pause> <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>mind <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <pause> <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>harsh <w NN1>lighting <w CJS>because <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNI>someone <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>used <w PRP>to <w VBG>being <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DT0>all <w NN2-VVZ>weathers <pause> <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AJ0>cold <w CJC>or <pause> <w AJ0>sunny<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>feeling <w AV0>mostly <w AJ0>sunny<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJC>harsher <w NN1>lighting <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>face <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>fine <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN2>wrinkles <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>forehead<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DPS>his <w NN2>eyes <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>whiskers <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>fine <w CJS>because <pause> <w CJS>when <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DPS>my <w AJ0>old <w NN2>portraits <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>nature<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>like<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DPS>his <w NN1>hat <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>local<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>from <pause> <w NP0>Chelmsford <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>say <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>wearing <w DPS>his <w NN1>hat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hollywood <w NN1-VVB>fashion<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <ptr target=HM2LC01S><w CJS>whether <ptr target=HM2LC01T></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC01S><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC01T></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="485"><w CJS>whether <w DT0>that <w VVZ>means <w PNI>anything <w PRP>to <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVB>live <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bishop<w POS>'s <w NP0>Stortford <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chelmsford <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVD>wore <w DPS>their <w NN1>hat <w AV0>sort of <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <pause> <w AJ0-NN1>flaunty <w NN1>angle <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>heads <w VBD>were <w AV0>always <pause> <w VVB>seem <w PRP>to <w VVG>wearing <w DPS>their <w NN2>hats <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Hollywood <w NN1>fashion<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="487"><w CJC>but <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>matter <w CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VVB>come <w PRP>from <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w AV0>Right <w AT0>a <w CRD>nine <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="490"><w NP0>Gerald <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="491"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="494"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <pause> <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w NN1>jigsaw <w NN1>puzzle<c PUN>, <w NN1>chocolate <w NN1-VVB>box <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing <pause> <w AJ0>derogatory <w VVN>meant <pause> <w UNC>er <w PRP>by <w DT0>that <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <pause> <w NN2>photographs <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>used <w PRP>for <w NN1>chocolate <w NN2>boxes <w CJC>and <w NN2>biscuits <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w CJC>and <w NN1>jigsaw <w NN2-VVZ>puzzles <w VBZ>is <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>good <w NN2>photographs <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <pause> <w NN2>subjects <w DTQ>which <w NN0>people <w AV0>like<c PUN>.
<s n="496"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <pause> <w AV0>very <w AV0>nicely <w VVN-VVD>lit <w NN1>cottage<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>texture <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>plasterwork<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>front <w AV0>here <w VBZ>is <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>shown<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <pause> <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>cottages <w AVP>down <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <pause> <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>ones <w AV0>there <w AV0>so <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w DTQ>which <w AV0>sort of <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVZ>detracts <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <pause> <w UNC>er <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pretty<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w AJ0>little <w NN1>cottage<c PUN>.
<s n="499"><w AJ0>Nice <w NN1>sky<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w CJC>And <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>hint <w PRF>of <w NN1>sea <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>.
<s n="501"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <w VVZ>tells <w PNP>us <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cornwall<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>matter <w CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <pause> <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>hint <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sea<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>super <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>think <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>cottage <w CJC>and <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>walk <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <pause> <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>se </trunc> <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>sea<c PUN>.
<s n="503"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w AV0>also <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>fortunate <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>cars <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>very <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>disguised <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>containers<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN1>brick <pause> <w UNC>erm <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VVZ>appears <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>sort of <w AT0>a <w NN1>stone <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>brick <w NN1>wall <w AV0>there <pause> <w PRP>with <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>flowers <w VVG>growing <pause> <w PRP>in <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w AV0>very <w AV0>nicely <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>dis </trunc> <w VVN>disguised <w DT0>those <w CRD>two <w NN2>cars <pause> <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVN>parked <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>even <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <w NN1>aerial <w CJC>or
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="506"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="507"><w PNI>anything<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <pause> <w DTQ>which <w VDZ>does<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>telephone <w NN2>lines <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG>going <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>skyline <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>faint<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>hardly <w VVI>see <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>look <w AV0>very <w AV0>closely <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="508"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <pause> <w AV0>kinda <w VVB>like <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w PNP>It <w AV0>sort of <pause> <w VVZ>grows <w PRP-AVP>on <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>quality<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>nice <w NN2>colours<c PUN>.
<s n="510"><w AT0>A <w CRD>nine <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="511"><w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="512"><pause dur=10> <w VVG>Breaking <w NN2>Waves<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="513"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><shift new=whispering> <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w UNC>er <ptr target=HM2LC01U><w VVG>breaking <ptr target=HM2LC01V></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="515"><ptr target=HM2LC01U><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM2LC01V></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="516"><w NN2>waves <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="517"><w VVB>remember <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w AV0>earlier <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0>white <w NN2>ones <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w NN1>water <w AV0>there <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AJ0>nice <w NN2>lines <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>water <w AV0>certainly <w VHZ>has<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w VVB>Look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w DT0>those<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>tha </trunc> <pause> <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w NN2>waves <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>water<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>light <pause> <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="519"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w NN2>ripples <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>waves <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>shown<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w AT0>A <w AV0>very <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>picture<c PUN>, <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w PNI>anything <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>simple <w CJS>than <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w CRD>two <w NN2>waves <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>onto <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>shingle <w NN1>beach <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>almost <w VVI>hear <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>waves <w VVG>rushing <trunc> <w UNC>u </trunc> <w VVG-NN1>running <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>shingle<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>good <w NN2>points <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>water <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>waves <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>even <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NN1>mount <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w AT0>the <w NN1>blue<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>obvious <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AJ0>surprised <w DTQ>what <pause> <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w VDB>do <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>mounts<c PUN>.
<s n="522"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w DT0>this <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>red <w NN1>mount <w CJC>or <w PNI>something<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>hopeless<c PUN>.
<s n="523"><w CJC>But <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice <pause> <w AJ0>gentle <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN2>colours <w PRP>throughout<c PUN>, <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>mount <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>possibly <w PNP>it <w VVZ>needs <w PNI>something <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP-PRP>up <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>lines<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w VVD>got <w DT0>those <w NN2>bands <w PRF>of <w NN2>waves <w VVG>going <w PRP>across <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>nice <w CJS>if <w EX0>there<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>rock <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>over<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AV0>a little bit <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>waves <w PNX>themselves <w VBB>are <w AJ0>nice <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w VVI>need <w PNI>something <w AV0>else <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVI>break <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>linearity <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><pause dur=7> <w AT0>A <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=whistling>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="528"><w VVD-VVN>Tied <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w ITJ>Yep<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="532"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <pause> <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>little <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>small <w NN1>boat <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>colour <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>impact<c PUN>.
<s n="533"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tiny <w AJ0>little <w NN1>dinghy<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>about <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <pause> <w VVI>manage<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NN1>impact <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>colour <pause> <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>trolley <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>standing <w AVP-PRP>on <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>red <w NN2>wheels<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <pause> <w AJ0>yellow <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w VVG-AJ0>towing <w NN1>bar <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w VVB>beg <w DPS>your <w NN1>pardon<c PUN>!
<s n="536"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>towing <w NN1-VVB>bar <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>another <w NN1>boat<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <pause> <w AJ0-NN1>towing <w NN1>bar <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>another <w NN1>boat <pause> <w AV0>sort of <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>se </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>se </trunc> <pause> <w NN1>harbour<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="538"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>colour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>so <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>impact <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>colouring <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>with<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>quality<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>good <w NN2>colours <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <pause> <w DT0>this <w NN1>stone <w NN1>bollard <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w AV0>Quite <w AJ0>nice <w NN2>colours <unclear> <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>lichen <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>growing <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="543"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>maybe <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bow <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w AV0>just <w VVN>hidden <w PRP>behind <w AV0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>perhaps <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJC>better<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VVN>moved <w AVP>round <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>side <w CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>shadow <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <w DT0>those <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>bright <w NN2>colours<c PUN>.
<s n="545"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>contrast <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>white <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>inside <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>dark<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="546"><w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>obviously <w AVQ>where <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJS>brightest <w NN1>area <w VBZ>is <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w VVG>becoming <w AV0>a bit <w VVN-VVD>burned <w AVP>out <w CJS>because <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>camera <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVN>used <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-VVN>exposed <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <pause> <w AV0>consequently <w VVG>over-exposing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>inside <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=cough>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="547"><w AV0>Especially <w VVN-AJ0>painted <w AJ0>white <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>awful <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>light<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w AT0>A <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="549"><w PRP>In <w NN2>Pastures <w AJ0-NN1>Green<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="551"><w NN1-VVB>Couple <w PRF>of <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice <pause> <w NN2>horses<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="552"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>good <w NN1>composition <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w VVN-AJ0>separated <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w NN2>horses <w VDB>do <w VVI>stand <w AJ0>close <w AV0>together <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w AV0>sometimes <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w PNP>them <w VVG-AJ0>overlapping <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>thing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>nice <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w PNP>them <w AJ0-VVN>separated <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w AV0>possibly <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w AV0>So <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w AT0>a <w NN0>pair <w PRF>of <w NN2>horses <pause> <w VVB-NN1>move <w AVP>round <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>so that <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VVI>get <w PNP>them <w AJ0-VVN>separated <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w NN1>animal<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w NN2>horses<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN2>animals <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w VVB>get <w PNP>them <w AJ0-VVN>separated<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w CJC>or <w DT0>any<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>object <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>better <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>separation<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="556"><w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleasant <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <pause> <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>excitement <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleasant<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>criticize <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>exposure<c PUN>, <w NN2>colours <w VBB>are <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>picture <w DTQ>which <pause> <w CJS>unless <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w AV0>sort of <w AJ0>mad <w AJ0>keen <w PRP>on <w NN2>horses <w CJT>that <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>perhaps <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>picture <w DTQ>which <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VM0>will <w VVI>hold <w DPS>your <w NN1>interest <w PRP>for <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="559"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing <pause> <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleasant <w NN1>picture <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>horses<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>attractive <w NN2>horses<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>horse <w NN1>enthusiast <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AV0>quite <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>impact<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w AV0>otherwise <w VM0>would <w VHI>have<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="560"><w AT0>The <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>pleasant <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>horses<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>find <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w NN1-VVB>matter<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AV0>okay<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>okay <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>competition <pause> <w VVG>winning <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w AT0>A <w CRD>six <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><pause dur=7> <w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>somebody <pause> <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>go <w PRP>at <w PNI>something <w AV0>a little <w AJ0>creative<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="563"><w AJ0-VVD>Altered <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="564"><w AJ0>Altered <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>altered <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="566"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w AV0>even <w VVI>begin <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w AVQ>how <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>effect <w VBD>was <w VVN>achieved<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>portrait <pause> <w AV0>really <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>subject <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w AVP-PRP>out <w DT0>this <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>technique <pause> <w CJS>because <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w NN1>impact<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>here <pause> <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>green <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <pause> <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVB>want <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>colour<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>really <w AJ0>red<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>purply <w NN1>colour<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>dark <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>head <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>stand <w AVP>out <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <pause> <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <ptr target=HM2LC01W><w NN1>background <ptr target=HM2LC01X></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC01W><vocal desc="clears throat"> <ptr target=HM2LC01X></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="568"><w NN1-VVB>colour <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <pause> <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>too <w AJ0>dark <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>they <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w DT0>more <w NN1>contrast<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>sure <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>portrait <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w AJ0>possible <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>medium <w TO0>to <w VVI>use<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w AJ0>possible <w NN1>photograph <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN1>trick<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0-CJT>that <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AJ0>modern <w NN1>structure <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <ptr target=HM2LC01Y><w NN1>treatment <ptr target=HM2LC020></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC01Y><vocal desc=cough> <ptr target=HM2LC020></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="571"><w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>better<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>sure <w NN1>portrait <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>thing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=6> <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>almost <w AT0>an <w AJ0>abstract<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <pause> <w PNI>one <w VM0>would <w VVI>accept <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>abstract <w CJC>and <w VVB>forget <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>portrait <w AV0>then <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w AV0>perhaps <w VVZ>works <w AV0>a little <w AV0>better<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><w AT0>The <w CRD>two <w NN2>colours <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w AV0>too <w AV0>badly <w AV0>together <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w AV0>really <w VVI>want <w DT0>that <w NN1-VVG>hanging <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w AV0>very <w DT0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="574"><w AJ0>Sorry <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w CJC>But <w DT0>another <w NN1>judge <w VM0>will <w VVI>come <w AVP>along <w CJC>and <w VVI>give <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fine <w NN1>mark<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM2LC021><w CJC>but <ptr target=HM2LC022></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC021><vocal desc=cough> <ptr target=HM2LC022></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="576"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>give <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="577"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Dordogne<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="578"><w AT0>The <w NP0-NN1>Dordogne<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="579"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="580"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <pause> <w VVD>guessed <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>certainly <w NN2>vineyards<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AJ0-AV0>quick <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="581"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <w UNC>Erm <pause> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>viewpoint <w AV0>obviously <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>which <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><w PNP>It <pause> <w AV0>now <w CJS>whether <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w NN1>portrait <w CJC>or <pause> <w PNI>anything <w AV0>at all <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w AV0>more <w AJ0>interesting <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <pause> <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w AV0>slightly <w AJ0>different <w NN1>viewpoint<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>di </trunc> <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>up <w AJ0>high <w CJC>or <w AVP>down <w AV0>below<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever <pause> <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w DT0>that <w AV0>always <w VVZ>adds <w NN1>interest <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w AVP>down <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w AV0>obviously <w VVG>standing <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>hill <pause> <w CJS>because <w AV0>here <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w NN2>plants <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <pause> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>hillside <pause> <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>river <w AV0>here <w AV0>so <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w PRP>on <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <pause> <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>steep <w NN1>slope<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>imagine<c PUN>, <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>river<c PUN>, <w VVG>looking <w AVP>over <w PRP>across <w DT0>these <w NN2>vineyards<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>lighting <pause> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>gentle <w NN1>lighting <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>countryside <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing <w AV0>very <w AJ0>dramatic<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w DT0>much <w NN1>drama <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleasant <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><w XX0>Not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1-AJ0>competition-winning <w NN1>shot <w CJC>but <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w AV0>enough <w NN1>shot <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <pause> <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="588"><w AT0>A <w AV0>very <w AJ0>beautiful <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>France<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w VBG>being <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>bits <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VVZ>catches <w DPS>your <w NN1>eye <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this <w AJ0>little <w NN1>house <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AVP-PRP>about<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>slightly <w AJC>darker <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>reason <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>sort of <w VVG>picking <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AVP>out <w AV0>rather <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <pause> <w AJ0>little <w NN1>feature<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w AT0>A <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><pause dur=8> <w DT0>That
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="592"><w NP0>Le <w NP0>Tower <w NP0>D'Eiffel<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="593"><w ITJ>Ooh<c PUN>!
<s n="594"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>!
<s n="596"><w ITJ>Dear <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>dear<c PUN>!
<s n="597"><ptr target=HM2LC023><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w DPS>your <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN1>accent<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC024></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC023><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC024></u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="598"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <pause> <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="599"><vocal desc=laugh> <pause> <w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w AV0>Well <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <pause> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>recognizable <w NN1>subject <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="601"><ptr target=HM2LC025><w PNP>I <ptr target=HM2LC026></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="602"><ptr target=HM2LC025><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC026></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="603"><ptr target=HM2LC027><w PNP>I <ptr target=HM2LC028></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC027><unclear> <ptr target=HM2LC028><unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="604"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris <w AV0>since <w UNC>er <pause> <w ITJ>ooh <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>whe </trunc> <pause> <w ORD>last <w NN1>time <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w AV0>there <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w NN1>honeymoon <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC029><w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC02A></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC029><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC02A></u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="605"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="606"><shift new=laughing> <w VDD>Did <w PNP>you <w VVI>see <ptr target=HM2LC02B><w AT0>the <w NP0>Eiffel <w NN1>Tower <shift><c PUN>? <ptr target=HM2LC02C></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="607"><ptr target=HM2LC02B><w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AV0>so <ptr target=HM2LC02C><pause> <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>landmark <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <trunc> <w UNC>tha </trunc> <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>there <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="608"><w DPS>My <w NN1>wife<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>times <trunc> <w UNC>si </trunc> <w PRP>since <w AV0>then <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <pause> <w AJ0>straightforward <w NN1>shot <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <pause> <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well <w AV0>internationally <w VVN-AJ0>known <w NN1>landmark <pause> <w UNC>erm <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w AV0>sort of <pause> <w PRP>at <w AT0>an <w NN1>angle <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>bridge<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bridge <w VVZ>leads <w PNP>you <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>archway <w PRP>underneath <w AT0>the <w NN1>tower <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>viewpoint<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you <pause> <w AV0>obviously <w VVD>thought <w PRP>about <w AVQ>where <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand<c PUN>.
<s n="611"><w PNP>It <w VM0>might<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>tempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>walk <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>embankment <w AV0>a little <w AV0>further <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>look <pause> <w PRP-AVP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>bridge<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of <w AJ0-AV0>straight <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>tower<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w DT0>that <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>anywhere <w AV0>nearly <w AV0>so <w AJ0>effective<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w AV0>Much <w AV0>more <pause> <w AJ0>effective <w TO0>to <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AJ0>attractive <w NN1>bridge <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w VVG>going <w AV0>underneath <w AV0>just <w UNC>er <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>print <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>exhibited <w PRP>on <w NN1>exhibition <w NN2>walls <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>extent<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleasant <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>shot<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>competent <w NN1>shot<c PUN>.
<s n="618"><w XX0>Not <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>pity <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w NN2>clouds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky<c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w AT0>An <w CRD>eight <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="620"><w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="621"><pause dur=9> <w NN1>Seljuk <w NN1>Peasant <pause> <w NP0-NN1>Turkey<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="622"><w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>do </trunc> <w VVD>wondered <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>say <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>George<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM2LC02D><w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>that <ptr target=HM2LC02E></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC02D><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC02E></u>
<u who=PS2MV ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="623"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>super <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC02F><w UNC>erm <ptr target=HM2LC02G></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC02F><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC02G></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="625"><w NN1>portrait <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>knitting<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN2>hands <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>face<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w DT0>this <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>quality<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nice <w NN2>colours <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <pause> <w AJ0>super <pause> <w NN1>portrait<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=6> <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>, <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w NN1>tree <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>fill <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bare <w NN1>sky <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>ideal<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w PNP>She <w AV0>almost <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w CRD>three <w ZZ0>D <pause> <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DPS>her <w NN1-VVB>face <w AV0>really <w VVZ>stands <w AVP>out <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>background<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <pause> <w CRD>three <w ZZ0>D <w NN1>impression <w PRP>from <w DPS>her <w NN1>head<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w PNP>She<w VBZ>'s <trunc> <w UNC>stan </trunc> <w AV0>really <trunc> <w UNC>sa </trunc> <w PRF>of <w NN2>stands <w AVP>out <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=6> <w VBI>be <w AJ0>careful <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN2>titles <pause> <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>easy <w TO0>to <w VVI>title <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w DT0>That <w NN1>title <w VBZ>is <pause> <w AV0>perhaps <w AT0>a <pause> <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>straight <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>kink <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w AV0>Though<c PUN>, <w VVG>using <w NP0>Letraset <w TO0>to <w VVI>title <w PNP>them <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>easy <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>straight <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="635"><w ITJ>Mm <w ITJ>mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="636"><w UNC>Erm <w CJC>but <pause> <w AV0>nevertheless <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>think <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>super <w NN1>portrait<c PUN>.
<s n="637"><w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>criticize <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>give <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AT0>a <w CRD>ten<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="639"><w NP0>Gerald <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="640"><pause dur=6> <w PRP>Over <w AT0>the <w NN1>stile<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="641"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>light<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w AJ0>lovely <pause> <w AJ0>golden <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>grass <pause> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>late <pause> <w NN1>afternoon <w NN1>light <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>suggest <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w AJ0>lovely <w AJ0>warm <pause> <w NN1>colour <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>grass<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w CJC>And <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>hillside <w AV0>over here<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w CJC>And <w VHG>having <w PNI>someone <w AV0>just <w VVG>climbing <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>stile <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>idea <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>signpost <w VVG>pointing<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w PNP>It <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>matter <w DTQ>which <w NN1>way <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w CJT>that <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>late <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>stormy <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>maybe <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>thinking <w PRP>about <pause> <w UNC>er <w VVG>getting <w AV0>home <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w NN1>person <w VVG-NN1>climbing <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>stile <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>sort of <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w AV0>home <w PRP>after <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w AJ0>super <w NN1>day <w AVP>out <w VVG>walking <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN2>Dales <w CJC>or <w AV0>somewhere <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="647"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>pubs <w VBB>are <w AJ0>open<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="648"><ptr target=HM2LC02H><shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <shift><c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC02J></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC02H><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC02J></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="649"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w AJ0>Lovely <w NN2>colours <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>light <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>grass <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w AV0>Perhaps <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>lacks <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>sharpness <w DTQ>which <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>lost<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w AT0>The <w NN2>colours<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>colours <w VBB>are <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>quality <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1-VVB>print <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>sharpness<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AV0>perhaps <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AV0>as <w AJ0>good <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w AV0>still<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w CRD>eight <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="654"><w CRD>Eight<c PUN>?
<s n="655"><w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w NP0>Knossos<c PUN>, <w NP0>Crete<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="657"><w NP0>Knossos<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="658"><w NP0>Knossos<c PUN>.
<s n="659"><trunc> <w UNC>Ka </trunc> <w UNC>nossos<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="660"><trunc> <w UNC>Ka </trunc> <w NN2>nossos<c PUN>.
<s n="661"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>typical <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w UNC>er <w NN1>lighting<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NP0>Aegean <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="662"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>wan<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AV0>really <pause> <w AJ0>accurate<c PUN>.
<s n="663"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <pause> <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <trunc> <w UNC>lo </trunc> <w AJ0>strong <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>sunlight <w DTQ>which <w UNC>er <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>attractive <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>scene<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w XX0>Not <w AJ0>attractive <w PRP>for <w AT0>every <w NN1>subject <w CJC>but <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <pause> <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w DT0>these <w AJ0>old <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AJ0>broken <pause> <w NN2>walls <w CJC>or <w PNI>summat <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>ideal <w PRP>for <w VVG>showing <w AVP>up <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN2>textures <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>lighting<c PUN>.
<s n="665"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AV0>often <w AVQ>why <w PNP>it <w VVZ>works<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Mediterranean <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w NN2>places <pause> <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>cloud <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><ptr target=HM2LC02K><w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <ptr target=HM2LC02L></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC02K><vocal desc="clears throat"> <ptr target=HM2LC02L></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="668"><w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>tourist <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>find<c PUN>, <w NN2>tourists<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>always <w VVB>wear <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wrong <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>clothes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC02M><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC02N></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="669"><ptr target=HM2LC02M><w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w AV0>a little <ptr target=HM2LC02N><w AJ0>guilty<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w VVN>got <w NN2>shorts <w CJC>and <w NN2>T-shirts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w AV0>often<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM2LC02P><w PRP>to <w DPS>my <w NN1>mind<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM2LC02R></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC02P><vocal desc="clears throat"> <ptr target=HM2LC02R></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="670"><w NN1-VVB>spoil <w NN2>photographs <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN2>places <w PRP>such as <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=cough>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="672"><w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <trunc> <w UNC>li </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VDI>do<w XX0>n't <w NN1-VVB>mind <w NN0>people <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w AV0>rather<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>imagine <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Greek <w NN1>priest <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w ORD>first <ptr target=HM2LC02S><w NN1-VVB>print <ptr target=HM2LC02T></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC02S><vocal desc=cough> <ptr target=HM2LC02T></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="673"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>fit <w PRP>into <w DT0>this <pause> <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>superb <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w AV0>just <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w CJT>that <w NN2>tourists <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>dress <w PRP>in <pause> <w DT0>those <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>clothes<c PUN>.
<s n="675"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w VVN>got <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>lighting<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>quality <pause> <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w UNC>Er
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=cough>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="677"><w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="678"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <w AJ0>Brooding <w NN1>Skyline<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="679"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>drama <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>makes <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w NN1>lighthouse <w AV0>right <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cliff <w AV0>there <pause> <w VVG>showing <w AVP>up <w AV0>quite <w AV0>nicely<c PUN>.
<s n="680"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>some <w NN2>occasions <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>li </trunc> <w AV0>just <w AV0>a little <w DT0>more <w NN1>sunlight <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>lighthouse <w VM0>would <w AV0>really <w VVI>stand <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>stands <w AVP>out <w AV0>reasonably <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <w PNP>it <w VVG>standing <w AVP>out <w AV0>even <w DT0>more <w PRP>under <w AJ0>other <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="682"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>darkening <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>edges<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w CJT-DT0>that<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VDN>done <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AV0>a little <w DT0>more <w NN1>atmosphere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w AV0>possibly <w VDZ>does<c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w AV0>actually <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach <w AV0>as well<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>important <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <pause> <w AJ0>empty <w NN1>area <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>featureless <pause> <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>nice <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DT0>these <pause> <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN0>people <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVD>dotted <w AVP>around <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w DT0>these <w NN2>cliffs <w AV0>over here<c PUN>.
<s n="685"><pause dur=8> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w VVZ>works <w AV0>quite <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w AT0>An <w CRD>eight <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="687"><w NP0-NN1>Heather <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="688"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>studio <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC02U><w NN1>portrait<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC02V></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="689"><ptr target=HM2LC02U><w VVB-NN1>Nadine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC02V></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="690"><w VVB-NN1>Nadine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="691"><w VVB-NN1>Nadine<c PUN>. <pause dur=6> <vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="692"><w PNP>She <w AV0>really <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>like <pause> <w NP0>Sandy <w NP0>Shaw<c PUN>.
<s n="693"><ptr target=HM2LC02W><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <ptr target=HM2LC02X></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC02W><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC02X></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="694"><w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DPS>her <w NN2>shoes <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="695"><w VVZ>Shows <w DPS>your <w NN1>age <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>remember<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><ptr target=HM2LC02Y><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VDI>do <w AV0>as well<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC030></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC02Y><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC030></u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="697"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PRP>to <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w AV0>here <w NP0>Sandy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sandy <w NP0>Shaw <w VBD>was <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="698"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="699"><w ITJ>Ha<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="700"><w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>title <w NN1>portrait <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w AV0>always <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVB>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>emphasize <w CJC>and <pause> <w VBZ>is <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>using <w NN2>props <w PRP>like <w DT0>these <w NN2>stools <pause> <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN2>props <w AV0>at all <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN1>glamour <w NN1>photography <pause> <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>pristine <w NN1>condition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVD>mentioned <w CJT>that <w CJS>so that <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w DT0>this <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>photography <w AV0>always <w VVB>remember <w CJT>that <w DPS>your <w NN2>props<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AV0>absolutely <w PRP>in <w AJ0>pristine <w NN1>condition<c PUN>.
<s n="702"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w DT0>any <w AJ0>chipped <w NN1>paint<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>rusty <w NN2>legs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>stools <w CJC>or <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VBI>be <w AV0>really <w AJ0>good <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>good <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="704"><w AV0>Otherwise <w PNP>it <w VVZ>tends <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>picture<c PUN>, <w AV0>like<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w NN1>club <w AV0>once <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>portrait<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AJ0>unlike <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>stool<c PUN>, <w AV0>rather <w DT0>less <w NN2>clothes <w AVP>on <w CJS>than <w DT0>this <w NN1>girl <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AV0>nicely <w VDN>done <w CJS>except <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>painted <w NN1>stool <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>paint <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>chipped <w CJC>and <ptr target=HM2LC031><w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w VVN-VVD>looked <w AV0>really <w AJ0>tacky<c PUN>!
<s n="705"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w ITJ>ah<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <ptr target=HM2LC032></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC031><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC032></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="706"><w PNP>they<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w DT0>that <w NN1>trouble <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>photograph<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>absolutely <w VVD-VVN>ruined <w PNP>it <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>stool<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w VVB>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNI>everything <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AJ0>good <w NN1>nick<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="708"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="709"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>pose <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w AV0>possibly <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>different <w NN2>stools <w VBZ>is <w AV0>a little bit <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>unfortunate<c PUN>.
<s n="711"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVI>think <w AV0>possibly <pause> <w VHG>having <w DT0>that <w NN1>foot <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>stool <w VBD>was <w AV0>perhaps <w AT0>a <w NN1>mistake<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="712"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="713"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>perhaps <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>arranged <w PNP>her <w CJS>so that <w UNC>er <pause> <w DT0>this <w NN1>foot <w AV0>somehow <w VBD>was <w VVG>resting <w AVP>down <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM2LC033><w AV0>well <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJC>better<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC034></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC033><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC034></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="714"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>a little <w AJ0>uncomfortable <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>a little bit <w AV0>sort of <w VVN-VVD>set <w AVP>up <w VHG>having <w DT0>that <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>different <w NN1>stool <w VVN-VVD>brought <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="717"><w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>whether <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w NN1>stool <w EX0>there <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJC>better <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w PNP>her <w VVG-NN1>sitting <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AV0>so <w AJ0>high <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>adopted <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>comfortable <w NN1>pose <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>needed <w DT0>another <w NN1>prop <w PRP>for <w DPS>her <w NN1>foot<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>right <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>stool <w VBZ>is <w AV0>sort of
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="719"><w VBG>being <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVN>chopped <w AVP>off <pause> <w PRP>along <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w PRP>as well as <w AT0>the <w NN1>leg<c PUN>.
<s n="720"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>possibly <pause> <w AV0>a little <w AV0>more <w NN1>thought <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>shape <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>actually <w VVG-AJ0>sitting <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as if <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>propped <w AVP>up <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w AV0>better <w VVI>put <w DT0>this <w NN1>stool <w PRP>under <w DPS>your <w NN1>foot <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w DT0>that <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <pause> <w VVB>put <w DT0>this <w NN1>crutch <w PRP>under <w DPS>your <w NN1>arm <ptr target=HM2LC035><w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w DT0>that <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <ptr target=HM2LC036></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC035><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC036></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="721"><w AV0>and so on<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as if <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VHN>had <w DT0>these <w NN2>things <w VVB>put <w AV0>there <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w PNP>her <w PRP>rather than <w AV0>actually <w AV0>casually <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>on <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="723"><w CJC>But <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w NN1>lighting<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>nice <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pretty <w NN1>girl <w CJC>and <pause> <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AJC>better <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJC>better <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="725"><w VVG-AJ0>Feeding <w AV0>Quietly<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="726"><w VVG-NN1>Feeding<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="727"><w VVG-AJ0>Feeding<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="728"><w ITJ>Ya<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="729"><w NN1-VVG>Eating<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w VVG-AJ0>Feeding<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="731"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="732"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC037><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <ptr target=HM2LC038></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="733"><ptr target=HM2LC037><w AV0>Quite<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <ptr target=HM2LC038><unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="734"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>often <w CJS-AVQ>when <pause> <w NN2>judges<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w NP0>George <pause> <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN2>judges <w CJT>that <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AV0>here <w AV0>tonight<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>things <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w AV0>often <w VVB-NN1>dread <w VBZ>is <w NN2>photographs <w PRF>of <w NN2>babies <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up <ptr target=HM2LC039><w PRP>in <w NN1>competition<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC03A></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC039><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC03A></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="735"><w XX0>Not <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNI>anything <w PRP>against <w NN2>babies<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="736"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>often <w AJ0>difficult <w CJS>because <w AV0>quite <w AV0>often <w PNP>they <w VVB>come <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>honest <pause> <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AV0>that <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="737"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>start <w TO0>to <w VVI>criticize <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w ITJ>oh <w DPS>my <w NP0>God<c PUN>!
<s n="738"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w PNI>someone<w POS>'s <w NN1>baby <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>audience <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>go <w PRP>at<c PUN>.
<s n="739"><w CJC>But <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w AV0>here <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>baby<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>face<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>boy <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>girl<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>matter<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>baby<w POS>'s <w NN1>face
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=cough>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="741"><w VBZ>is <w AJ0>super<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w AV0>certainly <w VVB>love <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w DT0>both <w NN2>eyes <w VBB>are <w VVG>catching <w DT0>those <w AJ0>lovely <w NN2>highlights<c PUN>!
<s n="743"><w AJ0>Great <w AJ0>big <w AJ0>brown <w NN2>eyes<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w AV0>very <w AJ0>appealing<c PUN>.
<s n="745"><w AJ0>Nice <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>curls <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>forehead<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AJ0>lovely <w AJ0>soft <w NN1>lighting <pause> <w AV0>throughout<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AJC>brighter <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>furthest <w PRP>away from <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w CJC>or <w PNP>she<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVG>eating <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>a <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN0>fruit <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>appealing<c PUN>.
<s n="748"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w CRD>ten <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>hand <w AV0>here <w AV0>perhaps <w AV0>a little bit <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>obtrusive <pause> <w CJC>but <w AV0>certainly <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>worth <w AT0>a <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="750"><w NP0>Elaine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="751"><pause dur=8> <w VVN-VVD>Restored <w PRP>to <w DT0>former <w NN1>Glory<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="752"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>remember <w AVQ>when <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w UNC>er <pause> <w CRD>seven <w CJC>or <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w NP0>Hornby <pause> <w VVB-NN1>train <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>identical<c PUN>, <w CJS>except <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>red<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>go </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>some <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w VHD>had <w PNI>one <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="753"><w NP0>Hornby <trunc> <w UNC>loco </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DT0>those <pause> <w NN2>things <w PNP>you <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN2>cabs <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>go
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="754"><w AV0>forwards <w CJC>and <w AV0>backwards<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="755"><w ITJ>Oh <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>!
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="756"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w AJ0>identical <w PRP>to <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>quality <w NN1-VVB>print<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><w UNC>Er <w AJ0>lovely <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w VVD-VVN>restored <w PRP>in <w AJ0>absolute <w AJ0>pristine <w NN1>condition<c PUN>.
<s n="759"><w AV0>Magnificently <w AJ0>restored <w NN1>locomotive<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="760"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>location <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>old <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="761"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>steam <w AVP-PRP>around <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VVI>get <w AT0>an <w NN1>impression <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>alive <w CJC>and <w VVG>working <pause> <w AV0>obviously <w XX0>not <w VDG>doing <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<w POS>'s <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>certainly <w VBG>being <w VVN>restored <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>working <w NN1>condition<c PUN>.
<s n="762"><w CJC>And <w PRP>for <w PNI>anybody <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>rail <w NN1>enthusiast <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleased <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <pause> <w NN1>shot<c PUN>.
<s n="763"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>possibly <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>maybe <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a little bit <w AV0>too <w AJ0>specialized<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <pause> <w NN1>quality<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause dur=6> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>good <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJC>higher <w NN1>echelon <w PRF>of <w NN2>marks<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VM0>shall <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVI>give <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AT0>an <w CRD>eight <pause> <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="766"><w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="767"><pause dur=6> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC03B><w VVB-NN1>Blaze <ptr target=HM2LC03C></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="768"><ptr target=HM2LC03B><w DTQ>What <ptr target=HM2LC03C></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="769"><w AV0>Away<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="770"><w ITJ>Ah<c PUN>!
<s n="771"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>apt <w NN1>title<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w VVG>Blazing <w AT0>the <w NN1>gun <w AV0>away<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>Blaze <w AV0>Away<c PUN>.
<s n="773"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="775"><w UNC>er <pause> <w VVD>thought <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <w PRF>of <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="776"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>surprised<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w DPS>my <w NN1>grandson<w POS>'s <w NN1>school <w NN1>fete <pause> <w CJC>and <pause> <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hot <w NN1>air <w NN1>balloon <pause> <w NN1>demonstration <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>car <w VVD-VVN>turned <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>trailer <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <w DT0>some <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w AJ0>hot <w NN1>air <w NN1>balloon <w NN1>name <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>trailer<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>show <w PNP>us <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>inflate <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>amazed <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VVD>unpacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>balloon <pause> <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>it <w AV0>actually <w VVD>took <w AVP>off <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>ten <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>.
<s n="777"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>really <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>impressed<c PUN>!
<s n="778"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>realize <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <pause> <w VVN>got <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <pause> <w NN1>space <w PRF>of <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w CJC>But <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>shot <w VVG>looking <w AVP>up <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>mouth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>balloon <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>flame <w VVG>going <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w PNP>I <w VVB>guess <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <trunc> <w UNC>be </trunc> <w AV0>actually <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>basket<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PRF>of <w CJS>whether <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w AJ0>airborne <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>stage<c PUN>.
<s n="782"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>think <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>very <w AV0>nearly<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w AV0>Perhaps <pause> <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>airborne <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>stage <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>enormous <w NN1>flame <w VVG>going <w AVP>up <pause> <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>balloon<c PUN>.
<s n="784"><w AV0>Very<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w AJ0>eye-catching <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nature <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="785"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>exposed <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AT0>the <w NN1>detail <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>burner<c PUN>.
<s n="786"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>gas <w NN1>burner <w AV0>here <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>detail<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>hand <w NN1>rail <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w PRP>around <w PNP>it <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>burner <w VBB>are <w AV0>quite <w AV0>nicely <w VVN>shown<c PUN>.
<s n="787"><w CJC>But <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NN1-VVB>roar <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN1>noise <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB>make<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w CJC>Or <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w AJC>quieter <w NN2>ones <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="789"><w UNC>Erm <pause dur=7> <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="790"><w CRD>Seven<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><pause dur=6> <w VVB-NN1>Ferry <pause> <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Zy <w NP0>de <w NP0>Zi </sic>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="792"><shift new=whispering> <w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>nice <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="793"><w VVZ>Looks <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>mini <w NP0>Battersea <w NN1-NP0>Power <w NN1>Station<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC03D><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC03E></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="794"><ptr target=HM2LC03D><shift new=whispering> <unclear><c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <shift><c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC03E></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="795"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="796"><w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>those <w CRD>three <w NN2>chimneys <w EX0>there <pause> <w VBB>are <w PRP>from <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VVZ>looks <w CJS-PRP>as <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <pause> <w NN1>kiln <w CJC>or <w PNI>something<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="797"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>pottery<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="798"><w PNP>It<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>certainly <w VVB>look <w CJS>as if <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>sort of <w VVN>intended <pause> <w UNC>er <w TO0>to <w VVI>heat <w NN2>things <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>a <w NN1>furnace
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="800"><w VVB-NN1>Kiln<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="801"><w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w DT0>each <w PNI>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those<c PUN>.
<s n="802"><w CJC>But <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>chimneys <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="803"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <trunc> <w UNC>intere </trunc> <w VVB>find <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <pause> <w NN1>composition<c PUN>.
<s n="804"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>which <w AV0>really <w VVZ>makes <w PNP>it <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>chimneys<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w DT0>those<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>okay<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>terribly <w AJ0>exciting<c PUN>.
<s n="805"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>chimneys <w VBB>are <pause> <w AJ0>vital <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w AV0>Quite <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>colours<c PUN>.
<s n="807"><pause dur=7> <w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <pause> <w NN1-AJ0>competition- <w VVG-AJ0>winning <w NN1>shot<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w AV0>still <w VVB>think <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="808"><w CRD>Seven <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="809"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <w AT0>The <w ORD>next <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>title<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="810"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>title<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>anywhere <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of <w VVN-VVD>got <w DT0>that <w NN1>hint <w PRF>of <w NN1>west <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>matter <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>image<c PUN>.
<s n="811"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <pause> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="812"><w CJS>Although <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>some<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>these <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>pictures <w PNP>they <w AV0>always <w VVB>look <w AJC>darker <w CJS>than <w PNP>they <w AV0>actually <w VBB>are <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>sun <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w AV0>pretty <w AV0>high <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>imagine <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>surrounding <pause> <w NN1>scene <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>quite <w NN1>sunlight<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w VVG>looking <w AV0>straight <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>sun<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CJS>albeit <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <ptr target=HM2LC03F><w NN2>clouds <ptr target=HM2LC03G></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC03F><vocal desc=cough> <ptr target=HM2LC03G></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="813"><w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <pause> <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>darkening <w PNI>everything <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="814"><trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>highlight <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>reflection <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w AV0>obviously <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>which <pause> <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w CJS-PRP>as<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>rays <w PRF>of <w NN1>sun <w VVG>coming <w AVP>down <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>cloud<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><w AV0>Just <w DT0>enough <w NN1-VVB>light <w AVP>around <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <pause> <w DT0>that <w NN1>tree <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>detail <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foreshore <w CJC>and <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>the <w NN1>headland<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w UNC>er <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VDN>done <w DT0>many <w NN2>times <w AV0>before <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w VM0>would <w VVI>think <w DT0-CJT>that <w PNI>everybody<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>seen <w DT0>some <w AV0>just <w AV0>slightly <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN1>sunset<c PUN>.
<s n="817"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>reflection <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>water<c PUN>.
<s n="818"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>six <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="819"><w AJ0>Olive <w NN2>Trees<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="820"><w ITJ>Ah<c PUN>!
<s n="821"><w AT0>A <w NN1>pity <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <pause> <w AV0>sort of <trunc> <w UNC>le </trunc> <w VVI>air <w DPS>my <w NN1>knowledge <w CJC>and <w VVB>say <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJC>and <w VVB>say <w VVB-NN1>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>these <w AJ0>olive <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="822"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w AV0>obviously <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>obvious <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<c PUN>.
<s n="823"><ptr target=HM2LC03H><w UNC>Erm <ptr target=HM2LC03J></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<ptr target=HM2LC03H><vocal desc="clears throat"> <ptr target=HM2LC03J></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="824"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mount <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>good <trunc> <w UNC>bu </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>associate <w AJ0>olive <w NN2>trees <w VVG>growing <w PRP>in <w AJ0>hot <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>dry <w NN2>areas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>mount <w NN1>colour <w VVZ>accentuates <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="825"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>possibly <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w PNX>themselves <w VBB>are <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AV0>okay <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>olive <w NN2>trees<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>unusual<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <pause> <w VVI>get <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w AJ0>olive <w NN2>trees <w VVG>growing <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>as <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w DT0>that <w AJ0>attractive <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <pause> <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>photograph <w AV0>solely <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>olive <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>just <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NN1>elm <w NN2>trees <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NN1-VVB>blackthorn <w NN2>trees <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VHD>'d <w VVN>taken <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN1>blackthorn <w NN2>trees<c PUN>!
<s n="827"><w CJC>And <pause> <w AV0>here <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w CJT>that <w VVB>happen <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>olive <w NN2>trees<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>olive <w NN2>trees <pause> <w AV0>really <w VBZ>is <pause> <w DT0>that <w AJ0>important<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <pause> <w PNP>it <w VVZ>lacks <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>importance<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>strength <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>stand <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w DT0>own<c PUN>.
<s n="829"><w PNP>It <w AV0>really <w VVZ>needs <w PNI>something <w AV0>else<c PUN>.
<s n="830"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>donkey <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM2LC03K><w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>just <w PRP>to <ptr target=HM2LC03L></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC03K><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC03L></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="831"><w UNC>erm <pause> <w VBB>be <w PRP>in keeping with <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>donkey <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
<s n="832"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w DT0>own<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>scene <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>for <w PNI>something <w VVB>happen<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w PNP>It<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>empty<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><w AV0>So <w AT0>a <w CRD>six <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w CRD>one <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="835"><ptr target=HM2LC03M><w AJ0-VVN>Deserted <ptr target=HM2LC03N></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="836"><ptr target=HM2LC03M><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HM2LC03N></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="837"><w NP0-NN1>Shore<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><ptr target=HM2LC03P><w AT0>The <w ORD>last <w PNI>one<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC03R></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="839"><ptr target=HM2LC03P><w AV0>well <w VVB>guess <ptr target=HM2LC03R><w DTQ>what<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="840"><w AJ0-VVN>Deserted <w NP0-NN1>Shore<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="841"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
<s n="842"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VVD>said <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="843"><ptr target=HM2LC03S><shift new=laughing> <w PNI>Someone <w VVD-VVN>sent <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w AVP>over <shift><c PUN>! <ptr target=HM2LC03T></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC03S><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC03T></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="844"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w AT0>the
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC03U><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC03V></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="845"><ptr target=HM2LC03U><w PNP>You <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>move <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot<c PUN>.
<s n="846"><ptr target=HM2LC03V><w VVB>Move <w AVP>around <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>more
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="847"><w AV0>a bit <w AV0>more
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="848"><ptr target=HM2LC03W><w VVB>Tip <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat <w AVP-PRP>over<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC03X></u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="849"><ptr target=HM2LC03W><unclear> <ptr target=HM2LC03X><w AT0>the <w NN1>camera<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>photograph<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="851"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w VVZ>deserves <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>this <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w VVG>taking <w NN1>colour <w CJC>and <w AJ0>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0>white <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>then <w VVI>decide <trunc> <w UNC>whe </trunc> <pause> <w CJS>whether <w CRD>one <w NN1>medium <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w AT0>an <w NN1>advantage <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CJC>or <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>argue <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>talking <w NN1>point<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>discussion <w NN1>point<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <pause> <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>get <w AJ0>different <w NN2>opinions <w UNC>er <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whoever <w PNP>you <w VVB>speak <w TO0>to<c PUN>.
<s n="853"><w CJC>But <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w NN1>colour<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>boat <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG>lying <w AV0>there <w VVZ>becomes <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>important<c PUN>.
<s n="854"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>red <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>erm <w NN1>bit <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>boat
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<s n="855"><w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVZ>becomes <w AJ0>important<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w VDZ>does <w AT0>the <w NN1>colour <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky<c PUN>.
<s n="856"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VHZ>has <pause> <w DT0>some <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>picture <w NN1>gain <w NN1>importance<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>I <w AV0>still <unclear> <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0>white <w NN2>ones<c PUN>.
<s n="857"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>chosen <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>eliminate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>boat<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>another <w NN1>boat <w AVP>around <w PRP>about <w AV0>here <w AV0>somewhere<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>another <w NN1>post <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJC>but <pause> <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>shown <w PRP>in <w NN1>isolation <w PNP>we <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>known <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VVZ>stands <w AVP>up <w AV0>quite <w AV0>nicely <w PRP>on <w DPS>its <w DT0>own<c PUN>.
<s n="859"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>quality<c PUN>.
<s n="860"><w AJ0>Lovely <w NN1>sky<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>particularly <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>sky <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>possibly <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHD>'d <w VVN>got <w AVP>down <w AV0>a bit <w AJC>lower <w DT0>this <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>little <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="863"><w AT0>A <pause> <w NN1>breakwater <pause> <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AV0>just <w VVN>risen <w AVP>up <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>horizon <w CJC>and <w VVB>come<c PUN>, <w VVB>become <w AV0>slightly <w AV0>more <w AJ0>important<c PUN>.
<s n="864"><w CJC>But <w AV0>still<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>still <w VVB>think <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="865"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AT0>an <w CRD>eight <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="866"><w NP0-NN1>Heather <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w UNC>er
</u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="868"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <ptr target=HM2LC03Y><w VVB>Mark<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC040></u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="869"><ptr target=HM2LC03Y><w DT0>That <ptr target=HM2LC040><w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="870"><w VM0>Could <w PNP>we <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>lights <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="871"><pause dur=6> <w CJS>While <w NP0>George <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <pause> <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w NN2>marks<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>might <w VVI>call <w PRP-AVP>on <w NP0>Gerald <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>please <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN2>thanks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="872"><event desc="speaking very quietly"> <w NN1>Evening <w PNI>everybody<c PUN>.
<s n="873"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>hear<c PUN>, <w VVI>hear <w PNP>me <w AV0>over there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="874"><ptr target=HM2LC041><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM2LC042></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="875"><ptr target=HM2LC041><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><ptr target=HM2LC042><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="877"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>?
<s n="878"><w AV0>Once again<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w PNP>us <w AJ0>proud<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>judges <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w DT0>few <pause> <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>picture <w VVZ>delivers <w AT0>a <w AJ0>very <unclear> <w NN1>picture<c PUN>.
<s n="880"><w PNP>He <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>advice <w PRP-AVP>on <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>make <w DT0>that <w NN1>picture<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>colouring<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVG>mounting <w AV0>better<c PUN>.
<s n="881"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>often <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>every <w NN1>picture <w PNP>he <w VVZ>tells <w PNI>something<c PUN>, <w PNI>something <w AJ0>nice <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="882"><w CJC>And <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w PNP>mine <w AV0>as well <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="883"><w PRP>About <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>week <pause> <w PNP>he <w VVD>came <unclear dur=7> <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>five <w NN2>judges <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>picked <w AT0>every <w NN1>year <pause> <w PRP>for <w CRD>fifteen <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="884"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>!
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="885"><w CJC>And <w PRP>despite <unclear><c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>managed<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>somehow <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>get <w PNP>them <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>evening <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>thank <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="887"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN2>thanks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="888"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w NP0>Mark<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>given <w PNP>me <w AT0>the <w AJS>hardest <w NN1>part<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="889"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w AJ0-NN1>monochrome <w NN2>prints <pause> <w NP0>Elaine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Alf <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>tied <w PRP>with <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w NP0>Heather <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Gloria <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w CRD>sixteen<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><w AV0>So <w NN1>aggregation <w AV0>then <w PRP>with <w NN1>number <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>with <w CRD>fifty <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="894"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <pause> <w CJC>But <w NP0>Alfie <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w NN1>second <w PRP>with <w CRD>forty <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="895"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>!
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="896"><w AV0>So <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot<c PUN>, <w NN1>lot <w PRP>in <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="897"><w NP0-NN1>Heather <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w ORD>third<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w NP0>Elaine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w ORD>fourth <w PRP>with <w CRD>forty <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="899"><w CJC>And <w NN1-AJ0>technicolour<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>shop <w AV0>tonight <w VBD>was <w NP0>Gerald <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>gave <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN2>thanks<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>got <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="900"><shift new=laughing> <w CJC>And <shift> <pause> <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <pause> <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Heather <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="901"><w ITJ>Tt<c PUN>!
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="902"><w AV0>all <w PRP>with <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="903"><w NP0>Vince <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="904"><w NP0-NN1>Bill <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Elaine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHB>have <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one <w DT0>each<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MU>
<vocal desc=cough>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="905"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w VVG>aggregating <w AV0>again <w PRP>with <w NN1>number <w CRD>one <pause> <w NP0>Gerald <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>with <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2MV>
<s n="906"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NP0>Nigel <w PRP>with <w CRD>forty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="907"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w NP0>Gordon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Heather <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>both <w PRP>with <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="908"><w NP0>Elaine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>with <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w VBZ>is <w ORD>fourth<c PUN>.
<s n="909"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CRD>forty <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half <w VBZ>is <w ORD>fifth<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="910"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>George<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="911"><w AV0>Well <w VDN>done <w NP0>George<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="912"><w NN2>Thanks<c PUN>.
<s n="913"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>auction<c PUN>.
<s n="914"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w DT0>some<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w AJ0>expensive <w NN2>items <w AV0>so <pause> <ptr target=HM2LC043><w VVB>bring <w DPS>your <ptr target=HM2LC044></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM2LC043><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM2LC044></u>
<u who=PS2MT>
<s n="915"><w NN1>money <w NN2>bags <w AVP>along<c PUN>.
<s n="916"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNI>anybody<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DT0>any <w NN2>items <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>told <w PNP>me <w PRP>about <w AV0>tonight <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>go <w CJS>before <unclear> <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AJ0-NN1>kind <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w NN1>phone <w NN1>call<c PUN>.
<s n="917"><w CJC>And <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w AV0>here <w PRP>by <w DT0>half <w PRP>past <w CRD>seven <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w NN2>items<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>much <w VVN-VVD>appreciated <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it <w VVZ>takes <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w PNP>them <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="918"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>coffee <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w NP0>Jane <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="919"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>week <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>selling <w NN2>tickets <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>social <pause> <w AV0>so <w CJS>if <pause> <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <pause> <w NN2>tickets <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="920"><w CJC>And <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>made <w NN2>arrangements <w PRP>about <w DPS>your <w NN1>dinner <pause> <w PRP>after <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w AV0>please <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>leave <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w ITJ>goodnight<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w VVG>coming <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HM4>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  London Talkback Radio: radio broadcast. Sample containing about 12143 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 196 Kbytes running text, containing about 12143 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HM4</idno><idno type="old"> 101801 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="101801" date="1993-12-10" time="05:30+" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="2243"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="27"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="44"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="94"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="25"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="192"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="730"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="38"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="336"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="29"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="12574"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="2243"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="27"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="44"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="94"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="25"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="192"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="730"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="38"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="336"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="29"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="12574"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-12-10</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C389"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2N3" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Douglas</name><occupation>radio presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2N4" n="W0002" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Pam</name><occupation>sports presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2N5" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Dave</name><occupation>radio presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2N6" n="W0004" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Frances</name></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2N7" n="W0005" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Judy</name><occupation>astrologer</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2N8" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Humphrey</name></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2N9" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>David</name></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2NA" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Bob</name></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2NB" n="W0009" sex="f" soc="UU"><name>Madeline</name><occupation>writer</occupation></person><particLinks><relation active="PS2N3" desc="speaker" mutual="N" passive='PS2N6 PS2N8 PS2N9 PS2NA'/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="101801" who='PS000 PS2N3 PS2N4 PS2N5 PS2N6 PS2N7 PS2N8 PS2N9 PS2NA PS2NB'><name>London:  London </name><locale> studio </locale><activity spont="L"> radio broadcast </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast discussn</classCode><keywords><term> media </term><term> radio breakfast show concerned with current topics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HM4LC001> <loc id=HM4LC002> <loc id=HM4LC003> <loc id=HM4LC004> <loc id=HM4LC005> <loc id=HM4LC006> <loc id=HM4LC007> <loc id=HM4LC008> <loc id=HM4LC009> <loc id=HM4LC00A> <loc id=HM4LC00B> <loc id=HM4LC00C> <loc id=HM4LC00D> <loc id=HM4LC00E> <loc id=HM4LC00F> <loc id=HM4LC00G> <loc id=HM4LC00H> <loc id=HM4LC00J> <loc id=HM4LC00K> <loc id=HM4LC00L> <loc id=HM4LC00M> <loc id=HM4LC00N> <loc id=HM4LC00P> <loc id=HM4LC00R> <loc id=HM4LC00S> <loc id=HM4LC00T> <loc id=HM4LC00U> <loc id=HM4LC00V> <loc id=HM4LC00W> <loc id=HM4LC00X> <loc id=HM4LC00Y> <loc id=HM4LC010> <loc id=HM4LC011> <loc id=HM4LC012> <loc id=HM4LC013> <loc id=HM4LC014> <loc id=HM4LC015> <loc id=HM4LC016> <loc id=HM4LC017> <loc id=HM4LC018> <loc id=HM4LC019> <loc id=HM4LC01A> <loc id=HM4LC01B> <loc id=HM4LC01C> <loc id=HM4LC01D> <loc id=HM4LC01E> <loc id=HM4LC01F> <loc id=HM4LC01G> <loc id=HM4LC01H> <loc id=HM4LC01J> <loc id=HM4LC01K> <loc id=HM4LC01L> <loc id=HM4LC01M> <loc id=HM4LC01N> <loc id=HM4LC01P> <loc id=HM4LC01R> <loc id=HM4LC01S> <loc id=HM4LC01T> <loc id=HM4LC01U> <loc id=HM4LC01V> <loc id=HM4LC01W> <loc id=HM4LC01X> <loc id=HM4LC01Y> <loc id=HM4LC020> <loc id=HM4LC021> <loc id=HM4LC022> <loc id=HM4LC023> <loc id=HM4LC024> <loc id=HM4LC025> <loc id=HM4LC026> <loc id=HM4LC027> <loc id=HM4LC028> <loc id=HM4LC029> <loc id=HM4LC02A> <loc id=HM4LC02B> <loc id=HM4LC02C> <loc id=HM4LC02D> <loc id=HM4LC02E> <loc id=HM4LC02F> <loc id=HM4LC02G> <loc id=HM4LC02H> <loc id=HM4LC02J> <loc id=HM4LC02K> <loc id=HM4LC02L> <loc id=HM4LC02M> <loc id=HM4LC02N> <loc id=HM4LC02P> <loc id=HM4LC02R> <loc id=HM4LC02S> <loc id=HM4LC02T> <loc id=HM4LC02U> <loc id=HM4LC02V> <loc id=HM4LC02W> <loc id=HM4LC02X> </align>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="1"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="2"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>Culture <w NN1>Beat <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cherry <w NN2>Lips<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w DPS>our <w NN1>out-tro <w NN1>music
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="3"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="4"><w CJC>but <w AV0>unfortunately<c PUN>, <w PNI>something<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>equipment<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC001><w CJC>or <w PNI>something <ptr target=HM4LC002></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="5"><ptr target=HM4LC001><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>see <ptr target=HM4LC002></u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="6"><w AV0>so <w PNP>it <w VVD>jumped <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w AJ0>different <w NN1>track<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>different <w NN1>timing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh<c PUN>, <w VVB>let <w PNP>it <w VVI>roll<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="7"><w VBZ>Is <w DT0>that <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>present<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w NN1>sweater<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="8"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>old <w DT0>this <w NN1>sweater <w VBZ>is<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="9"><w ITJ>No
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="10"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="11"><w NP0>Pam <w NP0>Dixon<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bearded <w NN1>wonder <w VHZ>has <w VVN>taken <w PNX>himself <w AVP>off <w PRP>for <ptr target=HM4LC003><w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <ptr target=HM4LC004></u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="12"><ptr target=HM4LC003><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <unclear> <ptr target=HM4LC004></u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="13"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>calling <w PNP>me <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bearded <w NN1>wonder <w AV0>then<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="14"><w NP0>Dominic<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>changed <w AV0>dramatically<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="15"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="16"><w NP0>Dominic <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VVI>look <w AJ0>strange <w PRP>since
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="17"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="18"><w CJC>And <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="19"><w AT0>The <w AJS>nicest <w AJ0>looking <w NN1>edition <w PRF>of <w NP0>Dominic <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>ever <w VVN>seen
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="20"><w AT0>A <w AV0>much <w AJC>better <w NP0>Dominic<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <ptr target=HM4LC005><w VVN>improved <w AV0>dramatically <ptr target=HM4LC006></u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="21"><ptr target=HM4LC005><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <ptr target=HM4LC006></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="22"><w ITJ>Yes
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="23"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>believe <w DT0>this <ptr target=HM4LC007><unclear> <ptr target=HM4LC008></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="24"><ptr target=HM4LC007><w AT0>no <ptr target=HM4LC008><w NN1>go <w AVP-PRP>on <w VVB>tell<c PUN>, <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="25"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w AV0>like <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>about <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="26"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="27"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>looks<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC009><w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>as <w AJ0>good <w CJS>as <ptr target=HM4LC00A></u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="28"><ptr target=HM4LC009><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM4LC00A></u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="29"><ptr target=HM4LC00B><w ITJ>Yes <w NN1>Christmas <w AJ0-NN1>red <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <ptr target=HM4LC00C></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="30"><ptr target=HM4LC00B><w CJC>And <w AV0>still<c PUN>, <w AV0>still <ptr target=HM4LC00C><w AV0>still <w VVZ>fits <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>put <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>weig </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>put <w DT0>any <w NN1>weight <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="31"><w AV0>Anyway
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="32"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>running <w PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs <ptr target=HM4LC00D><w CJT>that <w VDZ>does <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC00E></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="33"><ptr target=HM4LC00D><w NP0>Pam<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>rather <ptr target=HM4LC00E><w AJ0>impatient <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP-PRP>on
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="34"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
<s n="35"><ptr target=HM4LC00F><w ITJ>Oh <w AVQ>why<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM4LC00G></u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<ptr target=HM4LC00F><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM4LC00G></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="36"><ptr target=HM4LC00F><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w AV0>absolutely <ptr target=HM4LC00G><w VBZ>is <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <w PRP>from <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="37"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DPS>our <w NP0>Friday <w NN1>debate
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="38"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="39"><w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Friday <w NN1>debate <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christmas <w VHZ>has <w VVN>lost <w DPS>its <w NN1>meaning <w PRP>because of <w NN1>commercialization<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>chestnut<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w CRD>ninety <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w CRD>nine <w ZZ0>O <w NN0>percent <w VVN-VVD>agreed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="41"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="42"><w CRD>Ten <w NN0>percent <w VVD>disagreed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AJ0>surprised<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="43"><w PNP>it <w VVZ>starts <w AV0>a lot <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AV0>ever <w AV0>earlier<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="44"><w PNP>It <w VDZ>does<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>another <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w NN1>Christmas <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w NN1>Christmas <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="45"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w VBB>are <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>tranquil <w CJC>but <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>which <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNI>everyone <w AV0>really <w VVN-VVD>enjoyed<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VVI>remember <w DT0>this <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dougie<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <ptr target=HM4LC00H><w DPS>your <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>kiss <ptr target=HM4LC00J></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<ptr target=HM4LC00H><unclear> <ptr target=HM4LC00J></u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="46"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>I <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HM4LC00K><w AV0>so <w AV0>long <w AV0>ago<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC00L></u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="47"><ptr target=HM4LC00K><w ITJ>Oh <w VVB>come <w AVP>on <ptr target=HM4LC00L><w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>, <w VVB>come <w AVP-PRP>on
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="48"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>so <w AV0>long <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="49"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>I <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w VBD>was <w DPS>your <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>kiss<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pam<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="50"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w DT0>this <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>cellar <w NN2>steps<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>teenage <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="51"><w AJ0>Disgraceful<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<c PUN>!
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="52"><w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w PNI>somebody<w POS>'s <w NN1>chandelier<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVG>hanging <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cellar
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="53"><w AV0>Really
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="54"><w UNC>erm
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="55"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>dear<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dougie<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>getting <w AV0>a bit<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>see <w NP0>Dougie<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>getting <w AV0>a bit <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC00M><w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <ptr target=HM4LC00N></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="56"><ptr target=HM4LC00M><w AV0>A bit <w AJ0>hot <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>collar<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC00N></u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="57"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>lady <w VVD>said<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="58"><w VVB>Go <w AVP>on<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="59"><w CRD>one <w NN1>lady <w VVD>said <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVN>put <w AVP>off <w PRP>for <w NN1>life <w PRP>after <w DPS>her <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>kiss<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>never <w VVN-VVD>kissed <w DT0>another <w NN1>man<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w PNP>She<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w DPS>her <w CRD>seventies<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="61"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w PRP>on <ptr target=HM4LC00P><w NN2>women <ptr target=HM4LC00R></u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="62"><ptr target=HM4LC00P><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM4LC00R><w PNI>Someone <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>kiss <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>broom <w NN1>cupboard<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><ptr target=HM4LC00S><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>like <ptr target=HM4LC00T></u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="64"><ptr target=HM4LC00S><w AT0>a <w NN1>broom <w NN1>cupboard <ptr target=HM4LC00T></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="65"><ptr target=HM4LC00S><w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC00T></u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="66"><w AT0>a <w NN1>kiss <w PRP>after <w NP0>Postman<w POS>'s <w NN1-NP0>Knock<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="67"><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="68"><w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>lady <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w PRP>by <w PNI>someone <w PNQ>who <w VVD>kissed <w PNP>her <w ORD>first<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>kiss<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PRP>to <w PNP>her<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>natural
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="69"><w AV0>Right
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="70"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <unclear><c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>leave <w PNP>it <ptr target=HM4LC00U><w PRP>at <w DT0>that <ptr target=HM4LC00V></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="71"><ptr target=HM4LC00U><w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>song <ptr target=HM4LC00V><w VVZ>says<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>kiss <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>hand <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite<c PUN>, <w AJ0>continental<c PUN>, <w NN2>diamonds <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl<w POS>'s <w AJS>best <w NN1>friend<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="72"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>note<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>start <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dave <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w AV0>Well <w UNC>er <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>some <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages <w VBB>are <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>freed <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>jail <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Simon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>follows <w AT0>a <w NN1>mercy <w NN1>mission <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Prime <w NN1>Minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0-NN1>Heath<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w NP0>Iraq <w VBZ>is <w VVG>denying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>lifted<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>talking <w NN2>points <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w NN1>call<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w VHZ>Has <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w VBN>been <w VVN>struck <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w NP0>Saddam<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>?
<s n="79"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>correspondent<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Spannier<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w PRP>In <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN2>comments<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w NN1>Labour <w VHZ>has <w VVN>broken <w PRP-AVP>off <w AJ0>parliamentary <w NN2>relations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w VVI>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>pairing <w PRP>for <w NN2>Commons<w POS>' <w NN2>votes<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NN1>protest <w PRF>of <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>rush <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>legislation <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NP0>Commons<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>watchdogs <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>convinced <w AT0>the <w NN1>Channel <w NN1>Tunnel <w VHZ>has <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>safety <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN2>passengers<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w AT0>The <w NN1>tunnel <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w ORD>next <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <w VVB-NN1>say <w NN2>procedures <w AV0>still <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w VVN>tested<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w PRP>On <w DT0>that <w NN1>talking <w NN1>point <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VVI>go <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Channel <w NN1>Tunnel<c PUN>, <w VVG>knowing <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>?
<s n="85"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pam <w NP0>Dixon <w VHZ>has <w VVN>sat <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0>patiently <w PRP>through <w DT0>all <w DT0>this <w NN1>claptrap <w PRP>with <w NN1>laddie<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sport<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="86"><event desc="sports news"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Michael <w CJC>and <w NP0>Stefan <w NP0>Edberg <w VVB>meet <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>semi-finals <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Grand <w NN1>Slam <w NN1>Cup <w PRP>in <w NP0>Munich<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w AT0>The <w NN1>winner <w VBZ>is <w VVN>set <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DT0>some <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w AV0>better <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AV0>better <w AVP>off <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>tipple <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1-VVG>racing <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w NP0>Doncaster <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cheltenham<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="90"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w NP0>Derek <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w DT0>another <w NN1>winner<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>week <w NP0>Pam<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VHN>had <w CRD>three <w NN2>winners <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>at <w NP0>Fakenham <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w CRD>fifteen <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w AJ0>bad <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w PRP>for <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>again <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="92"><w NN2>Fingers <w VVN>crossed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="93"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w VVB>see <w PNP>you <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news <w UNC>er <w NN1>spot<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="94"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="95"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>travel <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w NP0>Rob <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>morning <pause> <event desc="travel news and weather"> <w CRD>Twenty <w CRD>one <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w NN1>ring<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN1>talking <w NN2>points <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w ORD>First <w PRF>of <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>story <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>news <w PRP>at <w CRD>five <w CRD>thirty<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJS>unless <w PNI>anything <w AV0>more <w AJ0>dramatic <w VVZ>happens<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>story <w AV0>right <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w NN2>bulletins <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w CRD>Three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>freed <w PRP>from <w NN1>jail <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>, <w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Simon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVN-AJ0>released<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w DT0>this <w VVZ>follows <w AT0>a <w NN1>mercy <w NN1>mission <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0-NN1>Heath<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>feel <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>something <w DT0>more <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w CJS>than <w VVZ>meets <w AT0>the <w NN1>eye<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w NP0>Saddam <w VHZ>has <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w VVN>known <w PRP>for <w VDG>doing <w PNI>something <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>obviously <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saddam<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>benefit <w VM0>might <w VBI>be<c PUN>?
<s n="104"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w DT0>some <w NN1>deal <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>struck<c PUN>?
<s n="105"><w NP0>Saddam <w AV0>certainly <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w DPS>his <w AJS>best <w TO0>to <w VVI>milk <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>occasion<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>evident <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>given <w NN1>permission <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>released <w PRP>after <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Heath<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Tariq <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>rigmarole <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NN1>man<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AJ0>inverted <w NN2>commas<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>he <w VVZ>thinks <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NN1>man <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>feel <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>feel <w CJT>that <w CJS>even if <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Office<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>represented <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AV0>admirably <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0-NN1>Heath<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VDN>done <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>job<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>hard<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w PNI>anybody <w VM0>could <w VVI>carry <w DT0>that <w AVP>out<c PUN>?
<s n="110"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VHN>had <w NN1>experience <w PRP>in <w VVG>getting <w NN2>hostages <w VVN>freed <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w AV0>So <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>man <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>throw <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w CRD>two <w NN1>penn'orth <w CJS>before <w PNP>I <w VVB>talk <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>correspondent<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Spannier <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>subject<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>story <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interesting <w PNI>one <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DPS>your <w NN1>view <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w NN2>families <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN1>television <w NN2>sets <w VM0>could <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w VVG>paying <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>lessen <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w AJ0>hard-up <w NN2>viewers<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VM0>might <w VVI>think <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>charge <w VM0>would <w AV0>mainly <w VVI>hit <w NN2>households <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>children <w VBB>are <w VVN>allowed <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>sets<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w CJC>But <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NN1>family <w NN2>homes <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w UNC>er <w AV0>more than <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>set<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w AV0>more than <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>generally <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>parents<w POS>' <w NN1>bedroom<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>youngsters<w POS>' <w NN2>bedrooms<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VM0>could <w AV0>even <w VBI>be <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>kitchen <w DT0>these <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w AV0>So <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>feel <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>fair <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>set<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AV0>more <w AV0>again <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>set <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>set<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w VVB>Give <w PNP>me <w DPS>your <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>changes<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NP0>Commons<w POS>' <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Committee <w PRF>of <w NN2>MPs <w PNQ>who <w UNC>er <w VBD>were <w VVG>sitting <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>, <w PRP>under <w DPS>their <w UNC>er <w NN1>leader <w NP0>Gerald <w NP0>Kaufman<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>he <w AV0>still <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Labour <w NN1>politician<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0>high <w NN1>profile <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w NN1>politics<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>creating <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>stir <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>changes <w VVB>include <w AJ0-AV0>high<c PUN>, <w AJC>higher <w NN2>charges <w PRP>for <w NN2>hotels<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>fee <w PRP>for <w NN1>car <w NN2>radios<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>specialist <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w VVN>funded <w PRP>by <w NN1>subscription<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>telly <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>comment <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>watchdogs <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>convinced <w AT0>the <w NN1>Channel <w NN1>Tunnel <w VHZ>has <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>safety <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN2>passengers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <w NN1>incident <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w AV0>certainly <w VVN-VVD>played <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w AV0>just <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>safe <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tunnel <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>open <w PRP>till <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive <w VVB>say <w CJT>that <w NN1>safety <w NN2>procedures <w AV0>still <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w VVN>tested<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>even if <w PNP>they <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VVI>go <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tunnel<c PUN>?
<s n="126"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>dinner <w AJ0>other <w NN1>night<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AVQ>where <w UNC>er <w AJ0>French <w NN2>Railways <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>hosts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VDG>doing <w DPS>their <w AJS>best <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>tell <w PNI>everybody <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tunnel <w AV0>naturally <w AV0>enough<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w DPS>their <w NN2>trains <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VDG>doing <w VVB>come <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>said<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>touch <w AJ0>sceptical<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>dinner<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VHI>have <w VVN>joined <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>scepticism<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AV0>around <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fascinating <w NN1>report <w AVP>in <w PNP>She <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>entitled <w AVQ>How <w TO0>to <w VVI>Survive <w NN1>House <w NN2>Guests <w PRP>from <w NN1>Hell<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>seasonal <w NN1>item<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w UNC>er <w VVB>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>with <w NN2>friends <w CJC>and <w NN2>relatives <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w AV0>Frequently <w PNP>they <w VVB>stay <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w DT0>some <w NN2>days <w DT0>this <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>day <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w NP0>Saturday<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>long<c PUN>, <w AJ0>long <w NN1>weekend <w CJC>and <w NN1>holiday <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w AV0>So <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w NN1>house <w NN2>guests <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>festive <w NN1>period <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVG>staying <w CRD>four <w CJC>or <w CRD>five <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VBB>are<c PUN>?
<s n="133"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w VVG>dreading <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>duty <w NN2>visits<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>duty <w NN1-VVG>receiving <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="134"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>proverb<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>states <w CJT>that <w NN0>fish <w CJC>and <w NN2>guests <w VVB-NN1>smell <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>visits <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w VVN>begun <w AV0>so <w AV0>successfully <w PRP>from <w NN2>friends <w CJC>and <w NN2>relatives<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>need<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AV0>often <w VVN>ruined <w PRP>by <w NN0>people <w VVG-AJ0>lingering <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>well <w PRP>past <w DPS>their <w NN1>sell-by <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>categories <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVB>come <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w AV0>importantly<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>perhaps <w VVI>get <w VVN>rid <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>want<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w AV0>better<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVB>put <w PNP>them <w AVP>off <w AV0>altogether<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>fun <w PRP>in <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>advice <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w VVG>preparing <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w NN2>guests <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w AV0>rather <w XX0>not <w VVI>see <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w CJS>If <w UNC>er <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AJ0>dreadful <w NN2>experiences <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w NN2>guests <w VVG>staying <w PRP>at <w DPS>your <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w VVB>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJC>and <w VVB>share <w DPS>your <w AJ0>horrid <w NN2>experiences <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w CJC>And <w AV0>of course <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tragic <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <w AV0>far <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>early <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w CJS>for <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower <w VVD>cut <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NN1>disease<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>footballers<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>generation<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRF>of <w PNI>anyone<w POS>'s <w NN1>generation <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>sad <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>lose <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>footballers <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w AV0>Both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>style <w NN2>wing-halves<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>call <w PNP>them <w NN1>mid-field <w NN2>players <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bobby <w NP0>Moore <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w NP0>Danny <w VVD>graced <w AT0>the <w NN2>Spurs <w NN1-VVB>team <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVD-VVN>completed <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>double <w PRP>with <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w NN1>captain<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>Spurs <w NN2>supporters <w VM0>will <w VVI>remember <w DT0>those <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w AV0>Perhaps <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>reminisce <w CJC>and <w VVI>say <w VBD>was <w PNP>he <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>players <w AV0>ever <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN2>Spurs <w NN1>jersey<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w PNP>I <w VVB>suspect <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJC>or <w VVB>come <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w AT0>a <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1>jersey<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<event desc="travel news">
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="145"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>reminder<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>reminder <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>perhaps <w AV0>just <w VVN>come <w AVP>back <w PRP>from <w NN1>holiday <w PNX>yourself<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJ0>new <w NN2>listeners<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VVI>know <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Cameron<w POS>'s <w NN1>Breakfast <w NN1-VVB>Call<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w AJ0>very <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>breaking <w AJ0>new <w NN1>ground <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w ORD>next <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>travelling <w AVP>down <w PRP-AVP>under <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>coming <w AJ0>live <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>week <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exciting <w NN1>bit <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w PNP>You <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVG>travelling <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>trip <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w PNP>It<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>working <w NN1>holiday<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>my <w NN1>goodness <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>experience <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>lifetime <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>join <w PNP>us <w VVB-NN1>stay <w VVN>tuned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w CRD>Eleven <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w PRP>on <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>subjects <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>mentioned<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w NN0>People <w VBB>are <w VVG>joining <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very <w AV0>briefly <w UNC>er <w AV0>just <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>word <w CJC>or <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>subjects<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring<c PUN>, <w AV0>please <w VDB>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>story <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w DPS>our <w NN1>news <w NN2>bulletins <w VBB>are <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w VVN>released <w PRP>from <w NN1>jail <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Heath <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w AT0>an <w AJ0>admirable <w NN1>job<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>die <w VBD>was <w VVN>cast <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>?
<s n="156"><w CJT-DT0>That <w UNC>er <w DT0>any <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>figure <w PRP>worth <w DPS>his <w NN1>salt <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>achieved <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>brought <w PNI>something <w AJ0>special <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>negotiations<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AVQ>why <w VHZ>has <w NP0>Saddam <w VDN>done <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="157"><w XX0>Not <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>never <w VDZ>does <w PNI>anything <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PNI>one <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VVI>feel <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVZ>sees <w DT0>some <w NN1>advantage <w PRP>in <w VVG>releasing <w DT0>these <w AJ0>British <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="159"><w VHZ>Has <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w VBN>been <w VVN>struck<c PUN>? <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>struck<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VBI>be<c PUN>? <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w AV0>really <w VVI>mind<c PUN>, <w CJS>as long as <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>released<c PUN>?
<s n="160"><w CJC>And <w VM0>let's <w XX0>not <w VVI>forget <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w DT0>more <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w PNP>They <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AJ0>British<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>more <w NN2>hostages <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w NN2>hostages <w AV0>really <w VBB>are <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w CRD>Twenty <w NN2>pounds <w DT0>more <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>television <w NN1>set <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>?
<s n="164"><w DT0>Another <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>quid <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>television <w NN1>set <w PRP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder<c PUN>?
<s n="165"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>survive <w NN1>house <w NN2>guests <w PRP>over <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>horrifying <w NN1>experience <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN2>visitors <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>invited<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVB>let <w PNP>me <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w CRD>Nine <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w NP0>Frances <w VHZ>has <w VVN>joined <w PNP>me <w PRP>from <w NP0>Harrow<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="170"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w AV0>just <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN2>licences<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="172"><w AV0>Please <w VDB>do
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="173"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>shops <w CJT>that <w VVB>sell <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="174"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="175"><w VM0>Will <w PNP>they <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>television <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHB>have<c PUN>?
<s n="176"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>I <w VVB>assume <w PNP>they <w VVB>pay <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>licence <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="177"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>idea<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="178"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w AJ0>elderly <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w PNI>one <w AV0>downstairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>bedrooms<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="180"><w ITJ>Mhm
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="181"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>only <w VHB>have <w CRD-PNI>one <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>my <w NN1>husband <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w DT0>another <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC00W><w CJC>but <ptr target=HM4LC00X></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="182"><ptr target=HM4LC00W><w VBZ>Is<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <ptr target=HM4LC00X><w DT0>that <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="183"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>assume <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>afford <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w PNI>one <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bedroom <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w PNI-CRD>one <w AV0>downstairs<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w AJ0>Fair <w AV0>enough<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="185"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="186"><w CJC>But <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>enough <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <ptr target=HM4LC00Y><w CRD>eighty <w NN2>pounds <ptr target=HM4LC010></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="188"><ptr target=HM4LC00Y><w UNC>Er <w AV0>over <w CRD>eighty <w NN0>quid <ptr target=HM4LC010><w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="189"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="190"><w CRD>Eighty <w CRD>three <w NN2>pounds <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="191"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>every <w AJ0>other <w NN1>station <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w AVP-PRP>on <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>advertising<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w NN1>advertising<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="192"><w ITJ>Ah<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w AV0>now <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w UNC>erm <w NN1>barrel <w PRF>of <w NN2>worms <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <ptr target=HM4LC011><w AV0>really<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM4LC012></u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="193"><ptr target=HM4LC011><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <ptr target=HM4LC012><w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>charge <w PRP>for <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>televisions<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="194"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VVB>reckon <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VVI>charge <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>quid <w DT0>more <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>television <w NN1>set<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VVI>take <w DT0>some <w NN1>advertising<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="195"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="196"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>on <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w CRD>One<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="197"><w PRP-AVP>On <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w XX0>not <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w CRD>One <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w CRD>Two<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w AT0>Every <w AJ0>other <w NN1>station <w VHZ>has<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w AV0>even <w VHB>have <w NN1>advertising <w PRP>on <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VHI>have <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w PRP>on <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w CRD>One <w CJC>and <w CRD>Two <w CJC>and <w VVB>cut <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighty <w NN2>pounds <ptr target=HM4LC013><unclear><c PUN>? <ptr target=HM4LC014></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="199"><ptr target=HM4LC013><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HM4LC014><w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w NN1>advertising <w PRP>on <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>radio <w AV0>of course <w VDB>do <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
<s n="200"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w UNC>er <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AV0>still <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>call <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>state <w VVD-VVN>controlled<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="201"><w XX0>Not<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>sector <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="202"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DPS>their <w NN2>licences<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN2>ones <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>revenue <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="203"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="204"><w AVQ>why <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w AV0>now <w VVI>decrease <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVB-NN1>start <w VDG>doing <w NN1>advertising<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="205"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Frances<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w DT0>some <w NN1>comment <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVN>bound<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w AV0>Never <w VVB>mind <w VVG>paying <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>television <w NN1>set<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w NN1>set <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w AVQ>Why <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w NN1-VVB>radio <w CJC>and <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w VVB>take <w NN1>advertising<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>quid<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>probably <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighty <w AJ0>odd <w NN2>pounds <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>paying <w AV0>already <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>colour <w NN1>television <w NN1>licence<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w CJC>And <w AV0>now <w VVB>throw <w PNI>something <w AV0>else <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w AVQ>How <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>purchase <w NN1>tax <w PRP>on <w NN2>televisions<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="210"><w VVB>Ring <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>take <w DPS>your <w NN2>calls <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w AT0>The <w NN1>number<c PUN>, <w AV0>as <w AV0>ever<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w NP0>Judy <w NN2-VVZ>Flowers <w AV0>here <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w DPS>our <w NN2>stars<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="215"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Doug
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="216"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>sandwich <w DT0>this <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="217"><shift new=laughing> <w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w PNP>We <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w PNP>we <w AV0>sometimes <w VVB-NN1>talk <w PRP>about <w NN1>sandwich <w NN2>days <ptr target=HM4LC015><w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM4LC016></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="219"><ptr target=HM4LC015><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC016></u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="220"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w AT0>a <w NN1>sandwich <w CRD>three <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sunday <w VVG>looking <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>difficult <w CJC>and <w AJ0>tense <w NP0>Saturday <w AV0>sort of <w VVN-VVD>tucked <w AV0>in between<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><trunc> <w UNC>B </trunc> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sunday <w VVB-NN1>look <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w VVG>socializing <w CJC>and <w AV0>generally <w VVG>enjoying <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w NP0>Saturday <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w NN1>perspective<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="222"><w AVQ>Why <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w VHZ>has <w NP0>Saturday <w VVN-VVD>got <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>?
<s n="223"><ptr target=HM4LC017><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>bad <w NN2>ones<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM4LC018></u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="224"><ptr target=HM4LC017><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <ptr target=HM4LC018><w AT0>a <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>aspect<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>tense <w NN1>aspect<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>flowing <w NN2>aspects <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sunday<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>these <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>tense <w NN2>ones <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w NP0>Saturday<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="226"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="227"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>particularly <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVG>keeping <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w NN1>perspective<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w NN2>Sagittarians <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>. <event desc="reads horoscopes">
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="228"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Monday<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AJ0>wonderful <w PRP>for <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>operation <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <w CJC>but <w AV0>seriously<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tuesday<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>away <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>Doc <w VVD>said <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>come <w AVP>back <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>till <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>listen <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DTQ>what <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="229"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AT0>The <w NN2>aspects <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monday <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC019><w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>worry<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC01A></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="230"><ptr target=HM4LC019><w VBB>Are <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="231"><w AJ0>Good<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC01A></u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="232"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>moon <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>aspect <w PRP>between <w NP0>Mars <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saturn<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w DT0>all <w PRP>about <w AJ0>disciplined <w CJC>and <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w VHB>Have <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>weekend <w PNI>everyone<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w CJS>like <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w VVB>get <w AJ0>well <w AV0>soon<c PUN>, <w VVB>come <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w PNP>us <w AV0>soon<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AVP>back <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jeff <w NP0>Clark <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="235"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jeff <w AV0>here <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>hopefully <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w VVB-NN1>Hope <w AV0>so <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>travel <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<event desc="travel news and news bulletin"> <event desc="music of Waltzing Matilda playing">
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="239"><w VVD>Thought <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VVI>play <w AV0>a little <w UNC>er <w AJ0>different <w NN1>version <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>change <w NN2>things <w AVP-PRP>round <w AV0>a bit<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>message <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Cameron<w POS>'s <w NN1>Breakfast <w NN1>Call <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>broadcasting <w AJ0>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>telling <w PNP>you <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>expenses <w VVN>paid<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w VVB-NN1>Stay <w VVN>tuned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <w CRD>Nine <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRF>of <w NP0>Friday<c PUN>, <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w ORD>tenth<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>joined <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VDB>do <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>welcome <w AVP>along <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>talking <w NN2>points <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NN1>story <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>bulletin <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>concerned <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>top <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w AT0>The <w CRD>three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>freed <w PRP>from <w NN1>jail <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Simon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VVZ>follows <w AT0>a <w NN1>mercy <w NN1>mission <w PRP>by <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0-NN1>Heath<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w NP0>Iraq <w VBZ>is <w VVG>denying <w AT0>the <w NN1>move <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bid <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN-VVD>lifted<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB-NN1>wonder<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>heard <w AV0>yesterday <w PRP>from <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN1>phone <w NN2>calls<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>indeed <w PNP>we <w VVD>heard<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>news <w PRP>on <w NP0>Wednesday <w NN1>evening<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>plight <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>civilians <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w AT0>The <w NN2>sanctions <w AV0>really <w VBB>are <w VVG>beginning <w TO0>to <w VVI>bite <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w NP0>Saddam <w VVZ>feels <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w AT0>a <w NN1>favour <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>, <w PRP>in return for <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w CRD>three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w PNP>He <w AV0>never <w VDZ>does <w NN2>things <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>good <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>generally <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>good <w PRF>of <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>mind <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Simon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w DT0>some <w NN1>deal <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>struck <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>government<c PUN>?
<s n="252"><w CJS>If <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>worry <w PRP-AVP>about <w DTQ>what <w NN1>deal <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AV0>as <w AJ0>long <w CJS>as <w DT0>these <w CRD>three <w NN2>men <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>released<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>say <w PNP>we <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w NN2>deals <w PRP>with <w NN0>people <w PRP>like <w NP0>Saddam<c PUN>?
<s n="253"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>it <w VVI>send <w AT0>a <w NN1>feeling <w PRF>of <w NN1>revulsion <w AVP-PRP>down <w PNP>you <w UNC>er <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVD>saw <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0-NN1>Heath <w VVG-NN1>shaking <w NN2>hands <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>?
<s n="254"><w CJC>Or <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AT0>an <w AJ0>admirable <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w DT0-CJT>that <w PNI>anybody <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VDN>done <w DT0>that <w NN1>job<c PUN>?
<s n="256"><w CJC>Or <w VDD>did <w PNP>it <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PNI>somebody <w PRP>like <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward<c PUN>?
<s n="257"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w TO0>to <w VVI>answer<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w DPS>your <w NN2>replies <w AV0>please <w PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>story<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w AV0>already <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w NN2>calls <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>story<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w NN2>Families <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN1>television <w NN2-VVZ>sets<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w AVQ>How <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVB>fancy <w VVG>paying <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>set<c PUN>?
<s n="261"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>fancy <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>?
<s n="262"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>suggested <w PRP>by <w NN0>MPs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Commons<w POS>' <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>proposals <w TO0>to <w VVI>spread <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C's <w CRD>one <w NN1>point <w CRD>six <w CRD>billion <w NN1>pound <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w VVB>lessen <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w AJ0>hard-up <w NN2>viewers <w PNQ>who <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighty <w AJ0>odd <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>three <w NN2>pounds <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>television <trunc> <w UNC>li </trunc> <w AT0>a <w NN1>colour <w NN1>television <w NN1>licence <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
<s n="264"><w AV0>Anyway <w VM0>let's <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>around <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w CRD>Eighty <w CRD>three <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w UNC>er <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>feel<c PUN>?
<s n="268"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>feel <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w CRD>three <w NN1>television <w NN2-VVZ>sets<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w VVG>ringing <w AVP-PRP>up <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w VVG>saying <w AV0>well <w AVQ>why<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <w NN1>devil <w VM0>should <w PNP>we <w VVI>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w AVQ>Why <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>more <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w VVI>get <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>licence <w NN2>dodgers<c PUN>?
<s n="271"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>making <w AJ0>great <w NN2>inroads <w AV0>now <w PRP>into <w VVG>catching <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w UNC>er <w AV0>simply <w VVB>refuse <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w UNC>er <w DPS>their <w NN1>television <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>of course <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>a lot <w DT0>more <w PNQ>who <w UNC>er <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w VVG>escaping <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>net<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VVI>help<c PUN>.
<s n="273"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN1>thrust <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN1>argument <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VVI>take <w NN1>advertising<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>feel <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>idea<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <w VVI>say <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>idea<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>television <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w VVD>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>advertising<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>see <w DPS>their <w NN1>slice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cake <w VVB>get <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>touch <w AV0>less<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w AV0>here <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w VM0>should <w VVI>take <w NN1>advertising<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w VM0>let's <w VVI>hear <w DPS>your <w NN2>views <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Channel <w NN1>Tunnel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w AV0>again <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN2>watchdogs <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>safety <w NN2>measures <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w NN2>passengers<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Tunnel <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>due <w TO0>to <w VVI>open <w ORD>next <w NP0>May<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>long <w AV0>really <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w NN1>Safety <w NN1>Executive<c PUN>, <w VVB>say <w NN1>safety <w NN2>procedures <w AV0>still <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w VVN>tested<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w NN1>incident <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>tunnel<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN2>authorities <w UNC>er <w VVD>tried <w DPS>their <w AJS>best <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AVP>down<c PUN>?
<s n="281"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder<c PUN>, <w VVG>bearing <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>mind <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>incident<c PUN>, <w AVQ>however <w AJ0>serious<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>minor <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Channel <w NN1>Tunnel<c PUN>?
<s n="282"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VBI>be <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VVD>went<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AV0>maybe <w VVB>go <w PRP>through <w PNP>it <w ORD>next <w NN1>summer <w CJC>or <w ORD>next <w NN1>winter<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w AV0>never<c PUN>, <w AV0>ever <w VVB>go <w PRP>through <w PNP>it <w AV0>ever<c PUN>?
<s n="283"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w PRP>At <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>news <w NN1>sequence<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w PNP>She <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w PNI>Everyone<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>vulnerable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>guest<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN2>guests <w CJT>that <w VVB>descend <w PRP>upon <w PNP>you <w AV0>from time to time<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w AV0>Generally <w NN2>relatives <w PRP>from <w NP0>Scotland <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>decide <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>invited <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>turn <w PNP>them <w AV0>away<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>decide <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PNP>you <w VVB>greet <w PRP>with <w DT0>more <w NN1>affection <w CJS>than <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>said<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>perhaps <w AJ0-VVG>dreading <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>guests <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>coming <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w CJS>If <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>guests <w VVG>coming<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>love <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DT0>some <w NN1>horror <w NN2>stories <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>past <w NN2>Christmases<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w UNC>er <w AV0>perhaps <w AJ0>unwelcome <w NN2>guests<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN2>guests <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>overstayed <w DPS>their <w NN1>welcome<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w AJ0>helpful <w NN2>hints<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>writer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>article <w AVP>in <w PNP>She <w NN1>magazine <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>about <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>minutes<w POS>' <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>discuss <w PRP>with <w PNP>her<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VVB>make <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>unwelcome <w NN2>guests<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w PNP>They <w VVB>fall <w PRP>into <w DT0>some <w NN2>categories <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w AJ0>lazy <w NN1>slob<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>never <w VDZ>does <w PNI>anything<c PUN>, <w AV0>never <w VVZ>washes <w AT0>a <w NN1>dish <w CJC>or <trunc> <w UNC>ne </trunc> <w AV0>never <w VVZ>helps <w AV0>at all <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w CJS>even though <w PNP>they <w VVB>stay <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>know <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>them <w VVG>coming<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVB>get <w VVN>rid <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>minutes<w POS>' <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w CJC>And <w NN2>Spurs <w NN2>fans <w AV0>especially<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w NN1>football <w NN2>fans <w AV0>in general<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DPS>your <w NN1>tribute <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Danny <w NP0>Blanchflower <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w AV0>so <w AV0>tragically <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>seven <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Alzheimer<w POS>'s <w NN1>Disease<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>top <w CRD>ten <w PRF>of <w AJ0>all-time <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>British <w NN2>footballers<c PUN>, <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>say<c PUN>?
<s n="296"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>players <w AV0>ever <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN2>Spurs<w POS>' <w NN1>jersey <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>think<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w AT0>A <w NN1>man <w PNQ>who <w VVD>led <w NN2>Spurs <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>League <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cup <w NN1>double<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w CRD>thirty <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w PNP>You <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w DT0>some <w NN2>memories <w PRF>of <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower<c PUN>, <w VVG>playing <w PRP>for <w NN2>Spurs <w CJC>and <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>share <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>sixteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <w CRD>Seventeen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>six <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w AV0>still <w VHB>have <w DT0>some <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>travel <w NN1>front <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>delays <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Line <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>underground<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w CJS>When <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>trouble <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w CRD>three <w NN2>lines<c PUN>, <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AT0>no <w NN2>trains <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>resolved <w AV0>fortunately<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>still <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w NN2>delays <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Line<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>obviously <w VDB>do <w VVI>allow <w PNX>yourself <w AV0>a little <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>time <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Northern <w NN1>Line <w NN1>traveller<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w AJ0>unhappy <w NN1>breed<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w AV0>Maybe <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VDG>doing <w PNP>them <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>dis- <w NN1>service<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w AV0>Right <w AT0>the <w NN2>cancellations <w PRP>on <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Rail<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><pause> <event desc="travel news"> <w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>take <w DT0>some <w NN2>calls <w PRP>after <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w VVG>starting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Humphrey <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kew<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pinner <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bob <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Edgeware<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <event desc="music of Waltzing Matilda playing"> <w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w AV0>by now <w AJ0>familiar <w NN1>music <w PRP>to <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VVZ>means <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w AV0>As <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>broadcasting <w AJ0>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>week <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w NP0>Australia <w NP0>Day<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VM0>need<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w NN1>husband <w CJC>and <w NN1>wife <w AV0>particularly<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w UNC>er <w AV0>very <w AJ0>nice <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w NN1>mother <w CJC>and <w NN1>daughter<c PUN>, <w NN1>father <w CJC>and <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN1>combination <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>couples <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AJ0>roving <w NN2>reporters<c PUN>, <w VVG>travelling <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VVG>reporting <w PRP-AVP>on <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>see <w PRP>to <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>telephone<c PUN>, <w VVB>live <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>expenses <w VVN-VVD>paid<c PUN>, <w VVD>thought <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w AV0>just <w UNC>er <w VVI>let <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w NN1>fact<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w CJC>And <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>roving <w NN2>reporters <w VM0>will <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>become <w AT0>a <w NN1>finalist<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>an <w NN1>audition <w VVI>live <w PRP>on <w NN1>air<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w PNP>You <w VM0>must <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>valid <w NN1>passport<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>asking <w PNP>you <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w CJC>and <w AJ0>final <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w AVP>out <w ORD>next <w NN1>month <w PRP>with <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP-AVP>Under<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w CRD>Twenty <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>six <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w NP0>Humphrey <w VHZ>has <w VVN>rung <w PNP>me <w PRP>from <w NP0>Kew<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="317"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP-AVP>about <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>em<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>hosp </trunc> <w NN1>hospitality <w PRP>over <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="319"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="320"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w CJS>as<c PUN>, <w CJS>as<c PUN>, <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <unclear> <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w PNX>each other<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w NP0>Thursday<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w AJ0>horrific <w UNC>er <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>guest <w CJT>that <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VHD>had <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>house <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gloucestershire<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>clients<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w NN1>artist<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>woman<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w PRP>up to <w DPS>her <w NN1>bedroom<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVG>standing <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electric <w NN1>fire <w CJC>and <unclear> <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0>nearly <w VVD-VVN>scorched <w PNP>her <w UNC>nightdress<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><trunc> <w UNC>In </trunc> <w UNC>er <w AJ0>incredible<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AV0>away<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AVP-PRP>up<c PUN>, <w AVP-PRP>up <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>night <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w DTQ>What
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="323"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>you <w VVB-NN1>need <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC01B><w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="324"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC01C></u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="325"><ptr target=HM4LC01B><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>absolutely<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC01C><w VVB>set <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="326"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>goodness <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w NP0>Humphrey <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>horrifying <w NN1>experience<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="327"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="328"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNI>anybody <w VM0>can <ptr target=HM4LC01D><w VVI>match <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>mean <w NN1-VVB>match <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w AV0>nearly <w VVD>set <w AVP>off <w DPS>her <w NN1>nightdress <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire <ptr target=HM4LC01E></u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="329"><ptr target=HM4LC01D><w AV0>Quite <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <pause> <w ITJ>no <ptr target=HM4LC01E></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="330"><w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Freudian <w NN1>slip <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="331"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w AJ0>horrifying <w NN1>experience<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w AV0>Of course<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN2>things <w VM0>can <w VVI>happen <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AV0>especially <w CJS>if <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>guests<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>suggesting <w DPS>your <w NN1>mother<w POS>'s <w NN2>guests <w UNC>er <w VVD>over-imbibed<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>guests <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>jars <w PRP>over <w NN1>Christmas <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>get <w PRP>up to <w DT0>all <w NN2>sorts <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <ptr target=HM4LC01F><w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM4LC01G></u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="333"><ptr target=HM4LC01F><w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <ptr target=HM4LC01G><w CRD>two <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>quick<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>quick<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>quick <w AV0>very <w AJ0>funny <w NN2>stories<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="334"><w ITJ>Yes
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="335"><w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DT0>former <w NN1>Bishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Gloucester<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w DPS>your <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>def </trunc> <w NN1>definition <w PRF>of <w NN1>hospitality<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="336"><w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w DPS>my <w NN1>definition <w PRF>of <w NN1>hospitality<c PUN>?
<s n="337"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w NP0>Humphrey<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w DPS>your <w NN1>definition <ptr target=HM4LC01H><w PRF>of <w NN1>hospitality<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM4LC01J></u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="338"><ptr target=HM4LC01H><w VVG>Making <w NN0>people <ptr target=HM4LC01J><w VVI>feel <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w AV0>really <w VVB>wish <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>.
<s n="339"><vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>And <w DT0>another <w PNI>one<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="340"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="341"><w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w DPS>your <w NN1>definition <w PRF>of <w NN1>happiness<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="342"><w NN1>Definition <w PRF>of <w NN1>happiness<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="343"><w VVG-NN1>Eating <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nice <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <pause> <w VVG>drinking <w PRP>with <w AJ0>nice <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>sleeping <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>conscience<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="344"><w NP0>Humphrey<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w CRD>Twenty <w CRD>two <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>six <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w NP0>David <w VHZ>has <w VVN>rung <w PNP>me <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pinner<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w NP0>David <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="348"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w NN1>number <w CRD>one <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>an <w NN1-NP0>Arsenal <w NN1-VVB>fan<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w UNC>er <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>tragic <w NN1>loss <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="350"><w PRF>Of <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="351"><w CJS>Because <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>lost <w NP0>England<w POS>'s <w NN1>number <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>lost <w NP0>Ireland<w POS>'s <w NN1>number <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>like <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w AV0>even <w VVI>lose <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w AV0>long<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NN1>illness<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="352"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>actually <w AV0>just <w VVG>saying <w PRP>to <w DPS>my <w NN1>wife <w ORD>last <w NN1>night<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AV0>ever <w VVN>thought <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>lost <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>wing-halves<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w NN1>mid-field <w NN2>players <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC01K><w PNQ>who<w VHD>'d <ptr target=HM4LC01L></u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="353"><ptr target=HM4LC01K><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC01L></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="354"><w VHB>have <w AV0>ever <w VVN>thought <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VVN>lost <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN2>players <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w VHZ>has <w AV0>ever <w VVN>seen<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="355"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>sad <w NN1>thing <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w NP0>Danny <w NP0>Blanchflower <w VBD>was <w AJ0>great <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJC>and <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>field<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>ball<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJC>longer <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>played <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJC>heavier <w PNP>it <w VVD>got<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w NN1>lace <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre<c PUN>, <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVI>head <w AT0>a <w NN1>ball<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN2>studs<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNX>yourself<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN2>nails<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w DT0>Half <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VBD>were <w AV0>badly <w VVN>worn<c PUN>, <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>leg <w NN2>injuries
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="357"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="358"><w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>finished <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Derek <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sheffield <w NP0>Wednesday<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="359"><w NP0>Derek <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="360"><w NP0>Derek <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="361"><w NP0>Derek <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="363"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>finally <w PRP-AVP>about <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w AJ0>great <w UNC>er <w NP0>Tottenham <w UNC>er <w NN1>player<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>guy <w VBD>was <w AV0>ever <w VVN-AJ0>booked<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="365"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>he <w AV0>probably <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w NP0>David<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <ptr target=HM4LC01M><w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC01N></u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="366"><ptr target=HM4LC01M><w AV0>Anyhow<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <ptr target=HM4LC01N><w DT0>all <w VVZ>goes <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w VDB>Do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>worry<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w AJ0>bad <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="369"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w PNI>one <w VHB>have <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
<s n="370"><vocal desc=laugh> <w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>just <w VVG>going <w PRP>for <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>hernia <w NN1>operation <w AV0>actually<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w UNC>er <w PNI>everybody <w VVZ>says<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>problem <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w VVB-NN1>Hope <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>all right<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w NP0>Bob <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Edgeware<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Bob<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NA>
<s n="374"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>recovered <w PRP>from <w NP0>Humphrey <w AV0>yet<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="377"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>card<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NA>
<s n="378"><w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w NP0>Julie <w UNC>erm <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>glad <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w VBB>are <w VVG>coming <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="380"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NA>
<s n="381"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very <w AJ0>annoyed <w PRP>with <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>incessant <w VVG-NN1>canting <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><w VDZ>Does <w PNP>she <w AV0>really <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Heath <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>connivance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Foreign <w NN1>Office <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w PNP>it <w VBG>being <w VVN>sorted <w AVP>out <w AV0>beforehand<c PUN>?
<s n="383"><w DT0>All <w PNP>it <w VVD>needed <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>envelope <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>stuck <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="384"><w PNP>You<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Heath <w VDD>did <w PNI>anything <w AJ0>special <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>men<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NA>
<s n="385"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>your <w NN2>words<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w EX0>there <w PNI>anything <w PRP>about <w DT0>any <w NN1>revulsion <w PRF>of <w VVG>watching <w PNP>them <w NN1-VVB>shake <w NN2>hands <w PRP>with <trunc> <w UNC>Sa </trunc> <w DT0>that <w NN1>animal<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="386"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w PNP>You <w VVB>see<c PUN>, <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB>wonder <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VVI>say <w ITJ>oh<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>awful<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VVD>thought <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w NN1>politician <w VVD>shook <w NN2>hands <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w AJ0-NN1>particular <w NN1>feeling <w NP0>Bob<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NA>
<s n="391"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w NP0>Edward <w NP0>Heath <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>slightly <w AJ0>prejudiced<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w PNP>He <w VVD>went <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>shook <w NN2>hands<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>shake <w NN2>hands <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>vulture <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVD>thought <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w PNP>him <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>pedestal<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>neither <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w PNI>something <w VBD>was <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w AT0>A <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
<s n="395"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>promise<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>get<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><w AT0>The <w NN1>promise <w VBD>was <w AV0>probably <w AJ0>vague<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>may <w VVI>use <w DPS>our <w AJ0>good <w NN2>offices <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>embargoes <w CJC>or<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <trunc> <w UNC>ca </trunc> <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>promised <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>position <w TO0>to <w VVI>promise <w PNI>anything<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="397"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Bob<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w NP0>Bob <w VVZ>thinks <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w VBD>was <w AV0>perhaps <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>correspondent<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Spannier <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w CRD>six <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><pause> <event desc="music of Waltzing Matilda playing"> <w AJ0-AV0>Right <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>couples <w VM0>must <w VVI>win <w AT0>an <w DT0>all <w NN2>expenses <w VVN>paid <w NN1>trip <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>Breakfast <w NN1>Call <w VVZ>comes <w AJ0>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w CRD>four <w NN2>questions <w AV0>already <w DT0>this <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>missed <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>repeating <w PNP>them <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>now <w AV0>here <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w NN1>kangaroo <w VVN>called<c PUN>?
<s n="404"><w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w NN1>kangaroo <w VVN>called<c PUN>?
<s n="405"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w CJS>as soon as <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>answers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w VVI>remember <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>hear <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>repeated <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2-VVZ>answers <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w PNP>them <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VVZ>becomes <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>different <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN2>competitions<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w PNP>them <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>card <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w PNP>We <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>really <w AJ0>festive <w PRP>about <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w VVZ>answers <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>card <w AV0>only <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>address<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><gap reason=anonymization desc=address><c PUN>. <w VVZ-NN2>Answers<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>card<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN2>cards <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w ORD>first <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w ORD>next <w NP0>Friday<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventeenth<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w CRD>Six <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="410"><pause> <event desc="traffic news and advertisements"> <w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>news <w NN1>sequence <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up <w AV0>directly<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fascinating <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>edition <w PRF>of <w PNP>She <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w NN1>house <w NN2>guests <w PNQ>who <w VM0>may <w AV0>well <w VBI>be <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VM0>may <w AV0>well <w VVI>outstay <w DPS>their <w NN1>welcome<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w DT0>all <w VHN>had <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>we<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<event desc="news bulletin"> <event desc="end of side one of tape"> <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="412"><w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>edition <w PRF>of <w PNP>She <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>although <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>edition<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <w VDZ>does <w VVI>pertain <w PRP>to <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>guests <w PNP>you <w VVB>invite <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN1>home <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>festive <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w AV0>well <w VDI>do <w PRP>without<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <w AV0>Well <w NN1>Christmas <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>apace<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>coming <w AV0>far <w AV0>too <w AJ0>fast <w PRP>for <w UNC>er <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>fortnight <w AV0>tomorrow <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN0>people <w VVG>coming <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>festive <w NN1>season<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="415"><w AV0>Undoubtedly<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>actually <w AJ0-VVG>dreading <w NN1>Christmas <w UNC>er <w VVG>bearing <w PRP>in <w NN1>mind <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w PNI>somebody <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>want <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>perhaps <w DT0>that <w NN1>person <w CJC>or <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VVN>asked <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>refuse <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="416"><w AV0>Especially <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>come <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w DT0>such <w NN2>guests<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>categories <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w VVI>fall <w PRP>into<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fascinating <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>edition <w PRF>of <w PNP>She <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>written <w PRP>by <w NP0>Madeline <w NN1-NP0>Rice <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w VVB>Madeline <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="420"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="421"><w AV0>Right <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w VBZ>is <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>visits <w VVB-NN1>start <w AVP>off <w AV0>quite <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VVB>wear <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>thin <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w ORD>third <w CJC>or <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="422"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>favourite <w NN1>proverb <w PRF>of <w PNP>mine<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Danish <w NN1>proverb<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>says <w UNC>er <w NN0>fish <w CJC>and <w NN2>guests <w VVB-NN1>smell <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="423"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>probably <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>true<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PRP>after <w CRD>three <w NN2>days <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w UNC>er <w VVN>worn <w AVP-PRP>out <w DPS>their <w NN1>welcome<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w PNP>They<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>sights<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>eaten <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w CJS>before <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VVB>get<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>outstay <w DPS>their <w NN1>welcome<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>go <w PRP>past <w DPS>their <w NN1>sell-by <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="426"><shift new=laughing> <w AJ0>Nice <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w VVG>putting <w PNP>it <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w DT0>Some <w NN0>people <w AV0>never <w AV0>quite <w VVB>know <w AVQ>when <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="428"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>with <w PNI>someone <w PRP>at <w NN1>college <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>stay <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w NN2>months <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w NN1>guest<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>absolute <w NN1>peril<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="430"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w AV0>never <w VVZ>likes<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>minute <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>door<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>actually <w VVG>going<c PUN>?
<s n="431"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>sounds <w AV0>so <ptr target=HM4LC01P><w AJ0>discourteous <ptr target=HM4LC01R></u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<ptr target=HM4LC01P><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM4LC01R></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="432"><w CJC>but <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w CRD>three <w CJC>or <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>sorry <w PNP>you <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>pose <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>question <w AT0>the <w NN1>minute <w PNP>they <w UNC>er <ptr target=HM4LC01S><w VVB>put <w DPS>their <w NN1>foot <w PRP-AVP>on <w UNC>er <ptr target=HM4LC01T></u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="433"><ptr target=HM4LC01S><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HM4LC01T></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="434"><w DPS>your <w NN1>hall <w NN1>carpet<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VM0>must <w DT0>several <w NN2>categories<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w PRP>In <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w EX0>there <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w DPS>your <w AV0>most <w AJ0>amusing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>article<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>categories <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>guests <w VVB-NN1>fall <w PRP>into<c PUN>, <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w EX0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="438"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>archetypal <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>miser <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>turns <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stale <w NN1>box <w PRF>of <w NN2>chocolates <w CJC>and <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ingratiating <w NN1>smile<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>proceeds <w TO0>to <w VVI>eat <w PNP>you <w PRP>out of <w NN1>house <w CJC>and <w NN1>home<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>supermarket<c PUN>, <w VVZ>disappears <w AV0>mysteriously <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>checkout<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>returns <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>paid <w PRP>with <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>bumper <w NN1>bag <w AT0>a <w NN2>crisps <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVZ>keeps <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>bedroom <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w CJS>in case <w PNP>he <w VVZ>gets <w AJ0>peckish <w PRP>at <w NN1>night<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="439"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>may <w VVI>take <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>meal <w CJS>after <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>stayed <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>fortnight<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VVI>lose <w DPS>his <w NN1>wallet<c PUN>, <w CJC>or<c PUN>, <w VVB>take <w PNP>you <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>sausage <w CJC>and <w NN2>chips <w VVB-NN1>place <w PRP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>nightmare<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>over-amorous <w NN1>couple <w PNQ>who <w UNC>er<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="441"><w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w AJ0>nice <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w DPS>your <w NN2>friends <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>love<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC01U><w CJC>but <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC01V></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="442"><ptr target=HM4LC01U><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC01V></u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="443"><w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>disconcerting <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>forget <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="444"><w AV0>Especially <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AJ0>thin <w NN2>walls<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="445"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN2>weekends<c PUN>, <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>banging <w PRF>of <w NN2>spoons<c PUN>, <w AJ0>animated <w NN1>chat<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w AVP>up <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AV0>so <w AV0>audibly <w VVG>going <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>upstairs<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="446"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w AV0>well <w VVI>remember<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w AV0>well <w VVI>remember <w AVQ>when <w DPS>our <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w DPS>our <w NN2>children <w VBD>were <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>young<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w VVG>staying <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w VVG>putting <w AV0>too <w AJ0>fine <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w EX0>there<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>moans <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>bedroom<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>lady<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>son <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>well <w NN1>daddy<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><ptr target=HM4LC01W><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>ill<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>go <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w NN1>care <w PRF>of <w DT0>that<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC01X></u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<ptr target=HM4LC01W><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM4LC01X></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="449"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>over-amorous <w NN1>couple<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>embarrassment<c PUN>, <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="450"><w PNI>Anybody <w AV0>else<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="451"><w AV0>Well <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w NN0>people <w PRP>with <w NN2>children <w PNQ>who <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>behave<c PUN>, <w CJC>or<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>at least <w VVB>use <w DPS>your <w NN1>house <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>running <w NN1>ground<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN2>guests <w CJT>that <w VVB>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of <w VVG>using <w PNP>it <w AV0>as<c PUN>, <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w PNI>one <w VM0>would <w VVI>exercise <w NN2>dogs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>let <w DPS>their <w NN2>children <trunc> <w UNC>r </trunc> <w VVI>run<c PUN>, <unclear> <w AV0>like <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>sort of <w VVG>saying <w NN2>things <w AV0>like<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>sensible <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>decorated <w CJS>until <w CJS-PRP>after <w DPS>your <w NN1>son<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>older<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="452"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>nightmare <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of <w AV0>never <w VVB>tell <w DPS>their <w NN2>children <w AVP-PRP>off<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w DT0>some <w AJ0>ghastly <w AJ0>little <w NN1>child <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVG>floating <w DPS>your <w NN2>CDs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bath
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="453"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="454"><w CJC>or <w VVG>scrawling <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>your <w NN2>tiles
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="455"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w VVG-AJ0>laughing<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>absolutely <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>enraging<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="456"><ptr target=HM4LC01Y><w CJS>If <w PNP>it <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC020></u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="457"><ptr target=HM4LC01Y><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w AV0>absolutely <ptr target=HM4LC020></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="458"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w NN1>couple <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>never<c PUN>, <w AV0>never <w VVB>stop <w VVG>arguing<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w PNP>They<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>probably <w VVB>come <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>foul <w NN1>mood<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>keep <w AVP-PRP>up <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>er <w VVG-NN1>bickering <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>stay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="460"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>probably <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>row <w AV0>half way <w AV0>there <w CJC>or <w PNI>something<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w AV0>just <w VVZ>carries <w AVP>on<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="461"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="462"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>enlist <w DPS>your <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w PNP>They <w VVB>get <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>in </trunc> <w AV0>individually<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>sort of <w VVB>reveal <w AJ0>embarrassing <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>stories<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>it <w AV0>just <w VVZ>becomes <w AT0>a <w NN1>battleground<c PUN>, <w DPS>your <w NN1>house <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="464"><w VVB-NN1>Madeline<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there <w PNI>anything <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VDN>done<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="465"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w VVB>lay <w DPS>your <w NN1>ground <w NN2>rules<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w VVB>state <w DPS>your <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w AJ0-AV0>early <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>good <w ORD>first <w NN1>thing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>tell <w PNI>someone <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w CRD>three <w NN2>cups <w PRF>of <w NN1>coffee <w CJS>before <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>safe <w TO0>to <w VVI>approach <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lazy <w NN1>slob <w PNQ>who <w AV0>sort of <w VVZ>lies <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>sofa <w DT0>all <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>throw <w AT0>the <w NN1>dishcloth <w PRP>at <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w CJS>if <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>sort of <w AV0>badly <w VVN>behaved <w NN2>pets <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>invite <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w DT0>that <w VVZ>means <w DPS>your <w NN1>guest <w NN1>list <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AV0>somewhat <w AJC>shorter <w AV0>then <w DT0>all <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>good<c PUN>.
<s n="466"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w AV0>always <w VVI>go <w AV0>away <w PRP>on <w NN1>holiday<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w NN0>people <w VVG>coming <w AVP>round <w PRP>with <w NN1>bargain <w NN2>barrels <w PRF>of <w NN2>biscuits
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="468"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>difficult<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w PRP>at <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>suffer <w PRP>from <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w AV0>as well<c PUN>, <w NN2>friends <w PRP>from <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>originally<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w VVB>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w NN0>people <w VVG>ringing <w AVP>up <w PRP>from <w UNC>er <w NP0>Scotland <w VVG>saying<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>just <w VVG>passing <w AVP-PRP>through <w AV0>en route <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NP0>Amsterdam<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>somewhere<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w VVI>stay <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>busy <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w PNP>them <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="470"><ptr target=HM4LC021><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC022></u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="471"><ptr target=HM4LC021><w PNP>You <ptr target=HM4LC022><w VHB>have <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VBI>be <w AJ0>busy <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>time<c PUN>?
<s n="472"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>too <w AJ0>hard <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>hop<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>impossible<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w PNP>They <w VHB>have <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>come<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="474"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w NP0>Madeline<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="476"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC023><w NN1>article<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC024></u>
<u who=PS2NB>
<s n="477"><ptr target=HM4LC023><w NN2>Thanks <ptr target=HM4LC024></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="478"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>amusing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>explained <w PNP>it <w AV0>amusingly <w PRP>to <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>truth<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AVP-PRP>in <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AVQ>how <w VM0>can <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVB>make <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>unwelcome <w NN2>guests <w PNQ>who <w VVB>insist <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>turning <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>inopportune <w NN2>times<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>enjoy <w PNX>ourselves<c PUN>.
<s n="479"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w NN1>horror <w NN2>stories<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN2>guests <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>invited <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="480"><w NN2>Guests <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>invite<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>you <w AV0>really <w VVB>dread <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>happen <w TO0>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>fortnight<w POS>'s <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVN>gone <w PRP>through <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>experiences <w CJT>that <w NP0>Madeline <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>l <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>love <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DPS>your <w NN1>horror <w NN2>stories <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN2>guests <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>necessarily <w PRP>at <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN1>time <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><w CRD>Five<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w NN1>quarter <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><pause> <event desc="advertisements and travel news"> <w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>break<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w NP0>Anne <w PRP>from <w AV0>Hither <w NP0>Green<c PUN>, <w VVG>getting <w PNP>us <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN1>section <w PRF>of <w NN1>phone <w NN2>calls<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <w DT0>Most <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VVB>know <w AV0>by now<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w AJ0>regular <w NN2>listeners <w VM0>will <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w ORD>next <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Cameron<w POS>'s <w NN1>Breakfast <w NN1-VVB>Call<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w VVB>live<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w NP0>Australia <w NP0>Day<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples<c PUN>, <w CRD>four <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>stay <w VVN>tuned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>Competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w NN2>expenses <w VVN-VVD>paid<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fabulous <w NN1>trip<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w AVQ>how <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>plane <w PRP>to <w NP0>Sydney <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w NP0>Anne <w PRP>from <w AV0>Hither <w AJ0>Green<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Anne<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="493"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nice <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <ptr target=HM4LC025><w AV0>again<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC026></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="494"><ptr target=HM4LC025><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC026></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="495"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVD>brought <w AVP>back <w NN2>memories <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AJ0>unwanted <w NN1>Christmas <w NN2>guests<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="496"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="497"><w CJS>When <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w AV0>before <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>face <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w AV0>defiantly<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>say <w DPS>your <w NP0>Aunty <w NP0>May<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>coming <w PRP>for <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVD>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>scream <ptr target=HM4LC027><w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w NP0>Aunty <w NP0>May <w AV0>please<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC028></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<ptr target=HM4LC027><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM4LC028></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="498"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VHZ>has <w AV0>nowhere <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>damp <w NN1>sponge<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="499"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="500"><w PNP>She <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w NN1>squelching <w NN1>misery <w PRP>behind <w PNP>her
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="501"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>dear<c PUN>!
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="502"><w VVB>face <w PNP>us <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>Christmas <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>tease <w DPS>my <w NN1>brother <w CJS>cos <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>tease <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <unclear><c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w NP0>Aunty <w NP0>May <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>sofa<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>fed <w AJ0>brown <w NN1>ale <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>never <w VVG>ending <w NN2>glasses<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w VVG>adding <w CRD>one <w AJ0>single <w NN1>thing <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w NN1>Christmas <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="503"><unclear> <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>word <w PNP>she <w VVD>knew<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="504"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>she <w VVI>come <w CJC>and <w VVI>stay <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN1>family <w AT0>every <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="505"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>every <w NN1>week <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>appear <w AV0>just <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>weather<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="506"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>local <w VBD>was <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="507"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>end <w PNP>it <w VVD>taught <w DPS>me <w NN1>tolerance <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>love<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VVD>learned <w TO0>to <w VVI>love <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="508"><w PNP>I <w VVD>loved <w PNP>her<c PUN>, <w CJS>even though <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AJ0>miserable<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AJ0>kind<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="509"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="510"><w PRP>underneath <w DT0>that <w NN1>exterior<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w PNP>me <w VVI>realize<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>like <w DPS>your <w NN2>relatives<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>afraid<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>love <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="511"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>pick <w DPS>your <w NN2>friends<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>never <w VVI>pick <w DPS>your <w NN2>relatives <w AV0>unfortunately<c PUN>.
<s n="512"><w NP0>Anne<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>story<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>very <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w NP0>Aunty <w NP0>May <w VVD>came <w AVP>round <w PRP>for <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>inflicted <w PNX>herself <w PRP>upon <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>brand <w PRF>of <w NN1>misery<c PUN>?
<s n="513"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NP0>Aunty <w NP0>Mays <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN1>house <w DT0>this <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>?
<s n="514"><w NP0>Peggy <w PRF>of <w NP0>Surbiton<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="515"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <w NN1>Morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>funny <w NN1>story<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>few<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>met <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>daughter <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend <w PRP>on<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>bus<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVG>going <w PRP>into <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="518"><w PNP>I <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w VVN>seen <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>call <w AT0>a <w NN1>child<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w VVB>excuse <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w PRP-AVP>about <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="519"><w AV0>Anyhow<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>living <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>married<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w DPS>my <w NN1>husband <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w VVB>ask <w PNP>her <w AVP>over<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>for <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we <w VVB>go <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVB>pick <w PNP>her <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kensington<c PUN>, <w VVB>bring <w PNP>her <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVZ>unpacks <w DPS>her <w NN1>bag <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>plonks <w PNX>herself <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVZ>eats <w PNI>everything <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>put <w PRP>in front of <w PNP>her<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w ORD>second <w NN2>helpings<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="521"><w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>laugh<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w AV0>never <w VVD>lifted <w AT0>a <w NN1>fork <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>plate <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>table<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="522"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="523"><w PNP>We <w VVD>waited <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>her <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w NN1>foot
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="524"><w ITJ>Yes
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="525"><w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>enormous <w NN1>Christmas <w UNC>er <w NN1>lunch<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>six <w AV0>o'clock <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w PNP>I <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>bowl <w PRF>of <w NN1>soup<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="526"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="527"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Boxing <w NN1>night<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>came <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <trunc> <w UNC>e </trunc> <w AJ0>enormous <w NN1>breakfast<c PUN>, <w AJ0>enormous <w NN1>lunch<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>I <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w CRD>two <w AV0>lightly <w AJ0-VVN>boiled <w NN2>eggs <trunc> <w UNC>wi </trunc> <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w NN2>soldiers<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="528"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w AJ0>lovely
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="529"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>age<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w PNP>We <w VVD>packed <w PNP>her <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="531"><w AVQ>How <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>manage <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="532"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>husband <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="533"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="534"><w AV0>So <w PNP>he <w VVD>took <w PNP>her <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>certain <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>kn </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>there
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="535"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="536"><w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>never <trunc> <w UNC>st </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VVD>waited <w PRP>on <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w AV0>never <w AV0>even <w VVD>made <ptr target=HM4LC029><w DPS>her <w NN1>bed <ptr target=HM4LC02A></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="537"><ptr target=HM4LC029><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <ptr target=HM4LC02A><w DT0>this <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>categories <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VVI>fall <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>lazy <w NN1>slob <w NN1>category<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peggy<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="539"><w PNP>I <w VVD>called <w PNP>her <w AT0>a <w NN1>slut<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="540"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w UNC>er
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="541"><w NN1>Bit<c PUN>, <w NN1>bit<c PUN>, <w NN1>bit <w AV0>more <w AJ0>vicious<c PUN>, <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>dreadful<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w PNP>We <w VVD>waited <w PRP>on <w PNP>her
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="543"><w DT0>Some <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w NP0>Peggy<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w PNP>They <w VVB>expect <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>waited <w PRP>on <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w NN1>foot<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>no <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>for <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="545"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>about <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><w NP0>Terry <w PRP>from <w NP0>Camberwell<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Terry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="547"><w NN1>Morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ken<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Clarke <w VBZ>is <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>protest <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>billion <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w NN1>creation <w NN1>scheme <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w PNP>He <w VVZ>knows <w CJT>that <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>money <w VM0>will <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w AV0>just <w CRD>three <w NN1>member <w NN2>states<c PUN>, <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>, <w NP0>France <w CJC>and <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w VM0>will <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>handout <w PRP>from <w DT0>any <w NN2>funds <w VVN-VVD>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w DTQ>whatever <w NN1>reason<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="551"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N4>
<s n="552"><w DT0>Each <w AJ0>British <w NN1>tax <w NN1>payer <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVG>paying <w AV0>about <w CRD>eight <w NN2>pounds <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <trunc> <w UNC>tacp </trunc> <w NN1>tax <w NN2>payers <w VBD>were <w VVN>dragged <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>hair<c PUN>, <w VVG>screaming <w PRP>into <w NP0>Europe<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>any <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><w DT0>This <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AV0>actually <w VVG>cutting <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w PNI>everything <w AV0>here <w AV0>just <w CJS>so that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>French <w NN2>farmers <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>mafia <w VM0>can <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manner <w PRP>to <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>become <w AJ0>accustomed<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="554"><w NP0>Terry<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>getting <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>calls <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>subject <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w PRP>from <w NP0>Erith<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w NP0>John<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="556"><w NN1>Morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>unjustified<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC02B><w PNX>myself<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <ptr target=HM4LC02C></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="557"><ptr target=HM4LC02B><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<c PUN>?
<s n="558"><w ITJ>Aha<c PUN>, <w AV0>right <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w DPS>your <w NN1>view <ptr target=HM4LC02C><w PRF>of <w NN2>things<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="559"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>worrying <w PRP>about <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBG>being <w AJ0>weak <w PRP>in <w NN1>representation <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1>pin <w NN2-VVZ>plugs<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="560"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>we <w VBD>were<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="561"><w AV0>well <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>guarantee <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>fight <w NN1>tooth <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>nail <w PRP>over <w DT0>this <w NN1>job <w NN1>creation <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="562"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="563"><w AVQ>Why <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>?
<s n="564"><w CJS>When <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>really <w AJ0>important<c PUN>, <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>evil <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>unemployment<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w AV0>About <w CRD>five <w CRD>million<c PUN>, <w CRD>million <w AJ0>unemployed<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <w AJ0>true <w NN2>figures <w PRP>into <w NN1>account<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="566"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>as <w AJ0>high <w CJS>as <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="567"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w AV0>personally<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a lot <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w AV0>actually <w VBZ>is <ptr target=HM4LC02D><w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN2>anomalies <ptr target=HM4LC02E></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="568"><ptr target=HM4LC02D><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC02E></u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="569"><w CJT-DT0>that <w VBB>are <w UNC>em<c PUN>, <w AV0>accidentally <w VVN>cut <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC02F><w NN2>figures<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC02G></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="570"><ptr target=HM4LC02F><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC02G></u>
<u who=PS2N5>
<s n="571"><w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>so <w AJ0>important <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w AV0>actually <w VVI>cost <w PNP>them <w DT0>some <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>invest <w PRP-AVP>in <w PNI>anything <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>important<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>drain <w PRP>on <w PNP>us <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w CJC>Or <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>budget <w NN1>deficit <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>social <w NN1>security <w AV0>etcetera<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>get <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brilliant <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>job <w NN1>creation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
<s n="573"><w AJ0>Black <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="574"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w NP0>John<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w AJ0>contrasting <w NN2>views <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w CJC>And <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>summit <w AV0>today <w PRP>in <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>fight <w NN2>plans <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Commission <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>one <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>billion <w NN1>pound <w NN1>job <w NN1>creation <w NN1>programme <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>Community<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w CJS>As <w PNP>I <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>contrasting <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>story<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>welcome<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>take <w NN2>calls <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w AV0>indeed <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>subject <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w CRD>six <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><pause> <event desc="advertisements and travel news"> <w AT0>The <w NN1>time <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Breakfast <w NN1-VVB>Call<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Cameron<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CRD>three <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="581"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>move <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w NN2>birthdays <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>anniversaries<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sunday<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><pause> <event desc="birthdays etcetera"> <w DT0>Those <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN2>birthdays <w CJC>and <w NN2>anniversaries<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VHD>'d <w AT0>a <w NN1>dedication <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="585"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>send <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>we <w AV0>certainly <w VDB>do <w DPS>our <w AJS>best<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>sometimes<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>anniversaries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>birthdays<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>very <w AV0>often<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>crowded <w AVP>out <w PRP>by <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN1>news <w NN2>stories <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w VVD>became <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w AJS>foremost <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>news <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVG>reflecting <w AT0>the <w NN2>stories <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>generally <w VVG>speaking <w PNP>we <w VVB>manage <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN2>dedications <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>let <w PNP>us <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>birthday <w CJC>or <w AT0>an <w NN1>anniversary <w NN1>message <w PRP>in <w VVG-NN1>writing <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>date<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>us <w PNQ>who <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>from<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><w AJ0>Commonsense <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w VVI>think<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>amazing <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VVB>leave <w AVP>out <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>details<c PUN>.
<s n="588"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w DPS>our <w AJS>best <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DPS>your <w NN1>dedication <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w AT0>The <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news <w VVG>coming <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>right <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<event desc="news bulletin">
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="590"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w AV0>by now <w AJ0>familiar <w NN1>music <w VM0>will <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas <w NP0>Cameron<w POS>'s <w NN1>Breakfast <w NN1>Call <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>broadcasting <w AJ0>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>telling <w PNP>you <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>join <w PNP>us <w AVP>down <w PRP>under<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>Competition<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>stay <w VVN>tuned <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <w AT0>The <w NN1>time <w AV0>now <w VBZ>is <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>concentrate<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w CJC>or <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>stories <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w CJS>As <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN>heard <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w VBG>being <w VVN>freed <w PRP>from <w NN1>jail <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baghdad<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w AT0>The <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Simon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VVZ>follows <w AT0>the <w NN1>mercy <w NN1>mission <w PRP>by <w DT0>former <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0-NN1>Heath<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w DPS>our <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>correspondent<c PUN>, <w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Spannier<c PUN>.
<s n="596"><w NP0>David<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="597"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="598"><w AVQ>Why <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w DT0>these <w CRD>three <w NN2>men<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="599"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>say <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w DT0-CJT>that <w NP0>Ted <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w AV0>jolly <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PRP>in <w VVG>getting <w PNP>them <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI>everyone <w VVZ>deserves <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>deserves <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN1>vote <w PRF>of <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>from <w PNI>everyone<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Saddam<w POS>'s <w NN2>motives <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AV0>at all <w AJ0>altruistic<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNI>everyone<c PUN>, <w PNI>everyone <w VM0>can <w VVI>guess<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>simply <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>atmosphere<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>show <w CJT>that <w PRP>after <w DT0>all <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>man<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AV0>too <w AJ0>hard <w PRP>on <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VVZ>gets <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>publicity <w PRP>out of <w DT0>this <w PRP>by <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>photographed <w PRP>with <w NP0>Ted <w NN1>Heath<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w VVG>announcing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>showing <w NN1>clemency <w PRP>to <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVN>convicted <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>really <w NN0>people <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VVI>hold <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="603"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>certainly <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="604"><w VVD-VVN>Milked <w AT0>the <w NN1>occasion <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>worth<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>thought<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>after <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward<w POS>'s <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NP0>Ted<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>kno </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PNP>him <w NP0>Ted<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>him <w AV0>intimately<c PUN>, <w NP0>David<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w PNP>him <w NP0>Ted<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>call <w PNP>him <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS-PRP>after <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>meeting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Tariq <w NP0>Aziz<c PUN>, <w AV0>surely <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>enough<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="606"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Saddam <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w AV0>just <w VVI>play <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>game<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>propaganda <w PRP>out of <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w VM0>must<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="607"><w AT0>The<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>handshake<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="608"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w DT0>this <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>game<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w AV0>rightly <w VVB>describe <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>only <w VVZ>takes <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>place<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN2>hostages <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>use <w PRP>as <w NN1-VVG>bargaining <w NN2>chips <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w CRD>three <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w VM0>may <w CJC>or <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w VVN>strayed <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>border<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w AV0>certainly <w VDD>did <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>wrong<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="611"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="612"><w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>just <w VVN-AJ0>jailed <w PRP>for <w AJ0>long <w NN2>periods <w PRF>of <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>assert<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saddam <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>assert<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DPS>his <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>show <w AVQ>how <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AJ0>tough <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w CJC>But <w AV0>really <w DT0>these <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBB>'re <w AV0>about <w CRD>thirty <w AJ0>other <w NN2>nationalities<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>held<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>tough <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>useful <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>gesture<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w AT0>The <w NN1>publicity <w VBZ>is <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>short-lived<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN1>effect <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN0>media<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN0>people
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="615"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="616"><w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>actually <w VVI>change <w AJ0>British <w NN1>policy<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVB>alter <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w NN2>sanctions <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>maintained <w PRP>against <w NP0>Saddam<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><w CJC>But <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>part<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w VVZ>gets <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN1>promotion <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVZ>controls <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>across <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w NN1-VVB>show <w AJ0>great <w NN1>severity <w PRP>with <w NN2>executions <w AV0>and so forth<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>hand<c PUN>, <w VVB>dispense <w UNC>er <w NN1>justice <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2>feelings<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>show <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w AV0>really <w VVZ>loves <w NN0>people <w AV0>in general<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="618"><w CJC>But <w NP0>David<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>proving <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>father <w VBZ>is <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w DT0>many<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w NN2>pictures <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w PRP>on <w NP0>Wednesday <w NN1>night<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w DT0>these <w NN2>sanctions <w VBB>are <w AV0>really <w VVG>hurting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>street<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="620"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Saddam<w POS>'s <w NN1>dilemma<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRP>about <w PNP>him <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNI>one <w VM0>must<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w PNP>him <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rational <w UNC>er <w NN1>politician <w PNQ>who <w VDZ>does <w AJ0>sensible <w NN2>things<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AJ0>sensible <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w DT0>That <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wrong <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w NP0>Saddam<c PUN>.
<s n="622"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>emotional<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unstable <w NN1>dictator<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>just <w VBN>been <w VVN>determined <w AV0>somehow <w TO0>to <w VVI>exploit <w DPS>his <w NN1>position <w AV0>geographically<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Middle <w NN1>East<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>emerge <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>mini <w NN1>superpower<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>end<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AJ0>terrible <w NN2>things<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>invasion <w PRF>of <w NP0>Kuwait <w VBD>was <w AV0>really <w AV0>only <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w CJC>But <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w PRF>of <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>so <w VVN-VVD>angered <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community <w CJT>that <w NN2-VVZ>sanctions <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>sanctions <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>levelled <w PRP>against <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w NN1>bit<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VVN>hurt <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>in general<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saddam <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>responsive <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w PRP>After <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w CJS>even if <w DPS>his <w NN0>people <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole <w VBB>are <w VVG>suffering <w NN2>privations <w CJC>and <w NN2>losses<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>buy <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>things <w PNP>they <w VVB>want<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>affect <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>ruling <w NN1>clique<c PUN>.
<s n="625"><w PNP>He <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w AV0>perfectly <w AJ0>healthy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w VVN>seen <w NN2>pictures <w PRF>of <w PNP>him<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="627"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="628"><w VVB>See <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>sleek <w PNP>he <w VVZ>looks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>dark <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>well <ptr target=HM4LC02H><unclear> <w CJC>and <w DT0>such<c PUN>, <pause> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <ptr target=HM4LC02J></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="629"><ptr target=HM4LC02H><w PNP>He <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>very <w AJ0>healthy<c PUN>, <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>fit<c PUN>?
<s n="630"><pause> <w UNC>Erm <ptr target=HM4LC02J></u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="631"><w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>evade <w NN2>sanctions<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>usually<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>genuine <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>asks <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>essential <w NN2>supplies<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w NN2>medicines <w CJC>and <w DT0>such<c PUN>, <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w PRP-AVP>through<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>general<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>Nations <w VHB>have <w VVN>responded <w PRP>by <w VVG>saying<c PUN>, <w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>still <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>observe <w AT0>the <w NN2>rules <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>afraid<c PUN>, <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>flouts<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w AJ0>real <w NN1>sign <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>part<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>change <w PRF>of <w NN1>heart<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="633"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>him <w VVG>arresting <w AV0>more <w AJ0>British <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN1>nationality<c PUN>, <w VVB>come <w PRP>to <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVG>saying <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w VVI>stray <w PRP>into <w DPS>our <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sorry <w PRP>about <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVI>come <w CJC>and <w VVI>see <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w PNI>Nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>him <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>whole <w AV0>all <w AVP>over <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="635"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VDG>doing <w PNP>it <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBB>'re <w AV0>about <w CRD>thirty <w AJ0>other <w NN2>nationalities <w VVN-VVD>held <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Iraqi <w NN2>prisons<c PUN>.
<s n="636"><w CJC>But <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w PRF>of <w NP0>Saddam<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN1>tragedy <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w VVN-VVD>involved <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>concerns <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>lives<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>always <w AV0>very <w AJ0>upset<c PUN>.
<s n="637"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w AV0>much <w AJC>worse <w NN2>things <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>south<c PUN>, <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NN1-NP0>Marsh <w NN2>Arabs<c PUN>, <w CJC>or<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NP0>Shea <w NN2>Arabs<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>continually <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG>persecuting <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>many<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>indications <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVZ>uses <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>poisoned <w NN1>gas<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0-NN1>chemical <w NN2>weapons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVZ>lays <w NN1>waste <w DPS>their <w AJ0>whole <w NN2>villages<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>this <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>dominate <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVB>allow <w DT0>any <w NN2>minorities <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>after <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w VVZ>applies <w AV0>of course <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kurds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north<c PUN>, <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>direct <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect<c PUN>.
<s n="639"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>this <w NN1>action <w PRP>against <w AJ0-NN1>whole <w NN2>groups <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBZ>is <w AV0>so <w AJ0>awful <w NP0>Douglas
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="640"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="641"><w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>fear<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>sooner <w CJC>or <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>probably <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>war <w PRP>with <w NP0>Saddam <w AV0>again
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="642"><w PNP>You<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w AV0>really <w VVI>feel <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="643"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>feel <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w AVQ>why<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>many<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN2>cases <w PRF>of <w NN1>injustice <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>West<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>already <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w NN1>freedom<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>when <w NP0>Saddam <w VVZ>offends <w AV0>again <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w NN1>day <w PRP>by <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>turn <w AT0>a <w AJ0>blind <w NN1>eye<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can <w VVI>turn <w AT0>a <w AJ0>blind <w NN1>eye <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w VBZ>is <w AV0>always <w VVN-VVD>reached <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVZ>goes <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>far<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>intervention <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>required<c PUN>, <w AV0>usually <w AV0>only <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w PRF>of <w AJ0>American <w NN2>attacks <w PRP>by <w NN0>aircraft <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN2>offences <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>em<c PUN>, <w NN2>areas <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>supposed <w TO0>to <w VVI>penetrate<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="647"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>it <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>possibility<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0-NN1>Heath<c PUN>, <w VM0>might <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>European <w NN2>hostages <w AVP>out<c PUN>?
<s n="648"><w DPS>His <w NN1>success <w NN1>rate <w PRP>with <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>outstanding <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="649"><w AV0>Well <w NP0>Ted <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>experienced <w NN1>operator<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>always <w VHN>had <w DPS>his <w NN1>heart <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>diplomacy <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>authority <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w PRP>for <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w AV0>That is<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ex-prime <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w VVI>face <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saddam <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>table<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w AT0>no <w AJ0>political <w NN1>authority<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG>representing <w AV0>as it were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AT0>an <w NN1>individual <w PRF>of <w NN1>stature<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>energy <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>look <w PRP>after <w AJ0>other <w NN2>countries<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>precedent <w VM0>could <w AV0>no doubt <w VVI>apply <w AV0>for example<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w AJ0-NN1>French <w AJ0>prime <w NN1>minister<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>probably <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AVP>around<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC02K><w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <ptr target=HM4LC02L></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="654"><ptr target=HM4LC02K><vocal desc=laugh> <w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HM4LC02L></u>
<u who=PS2N6>
<s n="655"><w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>negotiation<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w AT0>The <w NN1>danger <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saddam <w NN2>exploits <w DT0>this <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>more <w CJC>and <w AV0>more<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVZ>seeks <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>get <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN>overturned<c PUN>.
<s n="657"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>happen<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>from<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward<w POS>'s <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w AV0>jolly <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN>expressed <w DPS>their <w AJ0>great <w NN1>gratitude <w PRP>to <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="659"><w AV0>Well <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VM0>may<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>coin <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN2>phrases<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VDN>done <w NP0>Ted<c PUN>.
<s n="660"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>David<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="661"><w NP0>David <w NP0-NN1>Spannier<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w AJ0>diplomatic <w NN1>correspondent<c PUN>, <w VVG>giving <w PNP>us <w AT0>an <w NN1>expert<w POS>'s <w NN1>eye <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>whys <w CJC>and <w NN2>wherefores <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>happily <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>home <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w CRD>Seventeen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>seven<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<event desc="weather and travel news">
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="663"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NP0>Mr <w AJ0>Blobby <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="664"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>keeps <w VVG>calling <w PNP>me <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Robbie<c PUN>, <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN1>reason<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>thinks <w PNP>I <w VVB>resemble <w DT0>this <w AJ0>silly <ptr target=HM4LC02M><w NN1>character<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC02N></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="665"><ptr target=HM4LC02M><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HM4LC02N><pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand <w AVQ>why<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="666"><w PNP>You <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>you <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>a little<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN2>pounds <ptr target=HM4LC02P><w PRP>over <w DPS>your <w NN1>fighting <w NN1>weight <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN1>height<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>still<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM4LC02R></u>
<u who=PS2N7>
<s n="667"><ptr target=HM4LC02P><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM4LC02R><w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w CRD>eight <w NN1>foot <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>working <w PRP>on <w PNP>it
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="668"><vocal desc=laugh> <w PNP>We <w VHD>had <w DT0>enough <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Blobby <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>, <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <w NN1>mention <w PRF>of <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="669"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="670"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <event desc="music of Waltzing Matilda playing"> <w PNP>We <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w AJ0>modern <w NN1>technology <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>old <w NN1>wind-up <w NN2>gramophones<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w AV0>nevertheless<c PUN>, <w AV0>not withstanding<c PUN>, <w AV0>etcetera<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w PRP>In <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w DT0>most <w NN0>people <w VVB>know <w PRP-AVP>by <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w NN1>show <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w VVB>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>week <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w NP0>Australia <w NP0>Day <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>thing <w PRP>from <w DPS>your <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>husband <w CJC>and <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w NN1>mother <w CJC>and <w NN1>daughter<c PUN>, <w NN1>father <w CJC>and <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN1>combination <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>friends<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AJ0>roving <w NN2>reporters<c PUN>.
<s n="675"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>travel <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AJ0>selected <w NN2>spots<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>phone <w PRP>into <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w VVB>live<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VDG>doing<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>seeing<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w DT0>All <w NN2>expenses <w VVN-VVD>paid<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>need <w AV0>hardly <w VVI>add<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VM0>will <w VVI>mean <w DT0>that <w VM0>should <w PNP>you <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>get <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>final<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>need <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>an <w NN1>audition<c PUN>, <w VVB>live <w PRP>on <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w PRP>before <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="677"><w DT0>More <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w AV0>also <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>valid <w NN1>passport<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
<s n="679"><w AV0>So <w PRP>in <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>could <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w ORD>next <w NN1>month <w PRP>with <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP-AVP>Under<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="680"><w CRD>Seven <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><w NP0>Leslie <w PRF>of <w NP0>Finsbury<c PUN>.
<s n="682"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Leslie<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="683"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w NP0>Em<c PUN>, <w AV0>much <w AV0>earlier <w PNP>you <w VBD>was <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>television <w NN2>licences<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBB>be <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w DT0>another <w AJ0>extra <w CRD>twenty <w NN1>pound <w VBG>being <w VVN>added <w PRP>to <w DT0>any<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w NN1>set <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC02S><unclear> <ptr target=HM4LC02T></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="685"><ptr target=HM4LC02S><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HM4LC02T><w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w AV0>very <w AV0>quickly <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leslie<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVB>join <w PNP>us <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>minute<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>MPs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Commons<w POS>' <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w VVN>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>idea<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AV0>more than <w CRD>one <w NN1>telly<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w PNI>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>knows<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="687"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AVP>on <w PRP>about<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>assume <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>?
<s n="689"><ptr target=HM4LC02U><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <ptr target=HM4LC02V></u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="690"><ptr target=HM4LC02U><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <ptr target=HM4LC02V></u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="691"><w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w AT0>a <w VBI>be <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<c PUN>?
<s n="692"><w CJC>Or <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w VVG-AJ0>affecting <w NN2>households <w CJC>or <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>dispensation <w PRP>for <w NN2>hotels<c PUN>, <w NN2>hospitals<c PUN>, <w NN2>commercials<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>establishments<c PUN>, <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w NP0>Buckingham <w NN1>Palace<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w NN2>homes<c PUN>, <w VVB>go <w AV0>right <w AVP>through<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w AV0>right <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>card<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="693"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>certainly <w AJ0>large <w NN2>hotels <w VM0>could <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w AJC>bigger <w NN1-AJ0>collective <w NN1>bill <w CJS>than <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>paying <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VVI>agree <w PRP>with <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="695"><w VM0>Would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="696"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>appear <w TO0>to <w VHI>have<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w NN2>televisions <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>room<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>put <w DPS>their <w NN2>prices <w AVP>up <w AV0>accordingly<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AJ0>en suite<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w DT0>this <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>television<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="697"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="698"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w AV0>actually<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>creaming <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="699"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w AV0>more than <w CRD>one <w NN1>telly<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="700"><w AJ0>Sorry<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="701"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w AV0>more than <w CRD>one<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="702"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>live <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>my <w DT0>own<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>got<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>one <w AJ0>little <w NN1>television <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>bedsitter<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="703"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>idea <w AV0>maybe <w TO0>to <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>charge <w NN0>people <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w NN1>telly<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="704"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PRP>according to <w CJS>whether <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>afford <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>instance<c PUN>, <w AV0>secondly<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="705"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N8>
<s n="706"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AV0>just <w VVI>hammer <w NN2>households<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>leave <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w AV0>even<c PUN>, <w AV0>even<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w PRP>like <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>ju </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>ju </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>courts<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w DT0>all <w VVN>got <w NN2>televisions <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <trunc> <w UNC>pl </trunc> <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AV0>surely<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>property<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>pay <w DT0>any <w NN1>television <w NN2>licences <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="708"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Leslie<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>calls <w VVG>coming <w AVP>through <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="709"><w VVB-NN1>Inge<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>Wembley<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0-NN1>Inge<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="711"><w NN1>Morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dougie<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>luck <w PRP>for <w ORD>next <w NN1>week
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="713"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="714"><w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>things <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN2>guests <w PRP>at <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNI>one <w VM0>must <w VVI>remember <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w AJ0>lonely <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christmas <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="716"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="717"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w NN1>television <w NN1>licence<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>see <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>charging <w PRP>for <w AT0>every <w NN1>television <w NN1>set<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w DT0>any <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w NN1>objection <w PRP>to <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CRD>one <w NN1>rider<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>citizens <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>helped<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="719"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>probably <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>thinking<c PUN>, <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="720"><w CJT>That <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AV0>really <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>genuinely <w VVN-VVD>hit <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>current <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>three <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>colour <w NN1>television <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>?
<s n="721"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>helped<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w DT0>this <w CJC>and <ptr target=HM4LC02W><w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJS>if <w DT0>that <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AV0>wholeheartedly <w PRP>behind <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM4LC02X></u>
<u who=PS2N9>
<s n="722"><ptr target=HM4LC02W><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <ptr target=HM4LC02X><w AV0>for instance<c PUN>, <w NN2>hotels<c PUN>, <w NN2>establishments<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>pay <w DT0>much <w DT0>more<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2N3>
<s n="723"><w VVB-NN1>Inge<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>calls <w VVG>coming <w AVP>through <w PRP>on <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>take <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w CRD>seven <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><event desc="music of Waltzing Matilda playing"> <w AV0>Well <w AV0>here <w VVB>go<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="728"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>couples <w VM0>must <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w DT0>all <w NN2>expenses <w VVN>paid <w NN1>trip <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>Breakfast <w NN1>Call <w VVZ>comes <w AJ0>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w CRD>four <w NN2>questions <w AV0>already <w DT0>this <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>missed <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>repeating <w PNP>them <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>miss <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w CJC>But <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>question <event desc="end of recording">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HM5>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  London Talkback Radio: radio broadcast. Sample containing about 6896 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 117 Kbytes running text, containing about 6896 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HM5</idno><idno type="old"> 101802 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="101802" date="1993-12-10" time="07:50+" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1500"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="21"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="92"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="23"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="184"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="417"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="22"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="219"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="11"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="7154"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1500"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="21"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="92"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="23"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="184"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="417"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="22"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="219"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="11"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="7154"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-12-10</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C390"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2NL" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Douglas</name><occupation>radio presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2NM" n="W0002" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Pam</name><occupation>sports presenter</occupation></person><person id="HM5PS000" n="W0003"></person><person id="HM5PS001" n="W0004"></person><person id="HM5PS002" n="W0005"></person><person id="HM5PS003" n="W0006"></person><person id="HM5PS004" n="W0008"></person><person id="HM5PS005" n="W0009"></person><particLinks><relation active='PS2NL PS2NM' desc="colleagu" mutual="Y"/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="101802" who='PS000 PS2NL PS2NM HM5PS000 HM5PS001 HM5PS002 HM5PS003 HM5PS004 HM5PS005'><name>London:  London </name><locale> studio </locale><activity spont="L"> radio broadcast </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast discussn</classCode><keywords><term> media </term><term> radio breakfast show concerned with current topics </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HM5LC001> <loc id=HM5LC002> <loc id=HM5LC003> <loc id=HM5LC004> <loc id=HM5LC005> <loc id=HM5LC006> <loc id=HM5LC007> <loc id=HM5LC008> <loc id=HM5LC009> <loc id=HM5LC00A> <loc id=HM5LC00B> <loc id=HM5LC00C> <loc id=HM5LC00D> <loc id=HM5LC00E> <loc id=HM5LC00F> <loc id=HM5LC00G> <loc id=HM5LC00H> <loc id=HM5LC00J> <loc id=HM5LC00K> <loc id=HM5LC00L> <loc id=HM5LC00M> <loc id=HM5LC00N> <loc id=HM5LC00P> <loc id=HM5LC00R> <loc id=HM5LC00S> <loc id=HM5LC00T> <loc id=HM5LC00U> <loc id=HM5LC00V> <loc id=HM5LC00W> <loc id=HM5LC00X> <loc id=HM5LC00Y> <loc id=HM5LC010> <loc id=HM5LC011> <loc id=HM5LC012> <loc id=HM5LC013> <loc id=HM5LC014> <loc id=HM5LC015> <loc id=HM5LC016> <loc id=HM5LC017> <loc id=HM5LC018> <loc id=HM5LC019> <loc id=HM5LC01A> <loc id=HM5LC01B> <loc id=HM5LC01C> <loc id=HM5LC01D> <loc id=HM5LC01E> <loc id=HM5LC01F> <loc id=HM5LC01G> <loc id=HM5LC01H> <loc id=HM5LC01J> <loc id=HM5LC01K> <loc id=HM5LC01L> <loc id=HM5LC01M> <loc id=HM5LC01N> <loc id=HM5LC01P> <loc id=HM5LC01R> <loc id=HM5LC01S> <loc id=HM5LC01T> <loc id=HM5LC01U> <loc id=HM5LC01V> <loc id=HM5LC01W> <loc id=HM5LC01X> <loc id=HM5LC01Y> <loc id=HM5LC020> <loc id=HM5LC021> <loc id=HM5LC022> <loc id=HM5LC023> <loc id=HM5LC024> <loc id=HM5LC025> <loc id=HM5LC026> <loc id=HM5LC027> <loc id=HM5LC028> <loc id=HM5LC029> <loc id=HM5LC02A> <loc id=HM5LC02B> <loc id=HM5LC02C> <loc id=HM5LC02D> <loc id=HM5LC02E> <loc id=HM5LC02F> <loc id=HM5LC02G> <loc id=HM5LC02H> <loc id=HM5LC02J> <loc id=HM5LC02K> <loc id=HM5LC02L> <loc id=HM5LC02M> <loc id=HM5LC02N> <loc id=HM5LC02P> <loc id=HM5LC02R> <loc id=HM5LC02S> <loc id=HM5LC02T> <loc id=HM5LC02U> <loc id=HM5LC02V> </align>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="1"><w VVB>tell <w PNP>them <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w ORD>next <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w NP0>Australia <w NP0>Day<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w VVB>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples <w TO0>to <w VVI>accompany <w PNP>us <w AVP>down <w PRP>under<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>perhaps <w VVI>qualify<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>stay <w VVN>tuned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w CRD>Ten <w PRP>to <w CRD>eight <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anna <w PRP>from <w NP0>Chigwell <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PRP>to <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w NP0>Anna<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="5"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Doug<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w NN1>caller<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="6"><w VVB-NN1>Welcome<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="7"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w AV0>just <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>lady <w PNQ>who <w VVD>kept <w DPS>her <w NN1>hat <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNI>someone <w VVN>called <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VVI>say <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>just <w VVG>going <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w CJS>If <w PNI>someone <w VVN>called <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VVD>liked<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>come <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="9"><vocal desc=laugh> <w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <trunc> <w UNC>alre </trunc> <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>story <w CJT>that <ptr target=HM5LC001><w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>discussing <ptr target=HM5LC002></u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="10"><ptr target=HM5LC001><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC002></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="11"><w AV0>earlier<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>calls <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w AVP-PRP>on <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN1>house <w NN2>guests <w PNQ>who <w VVB>inflict <w PNX>themselves <w PRP-AVP>on <w PNP>you <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w AV0>ever <w VHN>had <w DT0>any <w NN1>horror <w NN2>stories <w PNX>yourself<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="12"><vocal desc=laugh> <w PNP>I <w VVB>guess <pause> <w AV0>well <w XX0>not <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN0>people <w AJ0>welcome<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>usually <w VVB>let <w PNP>me <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>coming <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0-VVN>prepared<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="13"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>true<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w AV0>rather <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <ptr target=HM5LC003><w AV0>really <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w DT0>much <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w VVG-AJ0>coming<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w AV0>really<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM5LC004></u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="14"><ptr target=HM5LC003><unclear><c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>say <ptr target=HM5LC004><w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w AV0>away <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="15"><w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="16"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w EX0>there<w VBB>'re <w AV0>always <w NN2>excuses <w DT0>these <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w NN0>People <w VDB>do <w VVI>go <w AV0>away <w PRP>for <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="18"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>story<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anna<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>hat <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNI>anybody<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w VVG>going <w AVP>out
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="19"><shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>Yes <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="20"><w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>lovely <ptr target=HM5LC005><w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HM5LC006></u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="22"><ptr target=HM5LC005><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w VVB>listen<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC006><w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>say <w PNI>something <w AV0>else<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="23"><w AV0>Please <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="24"><w PRP>About <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN1>licence
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="25"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NP0>Commons<w POS>' <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w AV0>actually <w VVB>want <w DT0>another <w NN1>telly <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>quid <w AJ0>extra<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="26"><w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w CRD-PNI>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>expensive <w AV0>enough<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w NN1>licence <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DT0>any <w NN1>television <w NN1>licence <w AV0>at all <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>programmes <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>getting <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w VVN-VVD>repeated
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="27"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Anna<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>complaint <w AV0>that is <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>often<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVB>put <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>discuss <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN-AJ0>repeated<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>agree<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>an <w AJ0>awful <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>repeats<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w AV0>especially<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>repeats <w VVB>get <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>audiences<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>they <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w VVN>repeated <w NN1>Dad<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>'Ello<c PUN>, <w NN1>'Ello <w AV0>about <w CRD>fourteen <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>times<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w AV0>still <w VVB>get <w AJ0>enormous <w NN2>ratings<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>humour <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNI-CRD>one <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>at <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>still <w VVZ>laughs<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NN1>Dad<w POS>'s <w NN1>Army<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>getting <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>ratings <w PRP>with <w DT0>those <w NN2>repeats<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>obviously <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>put <w PNP>them <w AVP>on <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="32"><w NP0>David <w PRP>from <w NP0>Stratford<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS005>
<s n="33"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w NN1>story <w AT0>a <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>back <w AV0>about <w CRD>twenty<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AV0>about <w CRD>twelve<c PUN>, <w CRD>thirteen <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w NN1>aunt <w CJC>and <w NN1>uncle<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Southend<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVI>perform <w PNP>em<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>violin <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>the <w NN1>piano<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>father <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>care <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>music<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <ptr target=HM5LC007><w VVD>liked <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>opera <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>stuff <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <ptr target=HM5LC008></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<ptr target=HM5LC007><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM5LC008></u>
<u who=HM5PS005>
<s n="37"><w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVD>saw <w PNP>them <w AV0>actually <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VVB>live <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>flat<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w PNP>them <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NP0>Saturday <w NN1>morning
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="38"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS005>
<s n="39"><w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>pretend <w PNP>we <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DPS>my <w NN1>grandmother <w VVG-NN1>living <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>her <w VVB>shut <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>rang<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>door<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w TO0>to <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>call <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>us <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>door <w VBD>was <w VVG>ringing<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="41"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS005>
<s n="42"><w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>rang <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>rang<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>rang <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w CRD>twenty <w PRP>to <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w AV0>just <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVD>huddled <w AV0>together <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>living <w NN1>room<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>anyway <w AV0>about <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w VVD>went <w AV0>past<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w AV0>finally <w VVD>went<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>live <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>flat<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w PNP>them <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>window<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w PNP>them <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>station <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>dad <w VVZ>says <w ITJ>oh<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w NN1>goodness <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>sort of <w VVD>relaxed <w PRP>after <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w AV0>About <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>hours <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w NN1>lunch<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>another <w NN1>ring <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>doorbell<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w TO0>to <w VVI>answer <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>guess<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w AV0>There <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w VVN>gone <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>walk <w PRP-AVP>round <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVB>come <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w PNP>They<w VM0>'d <w VVI>come <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>from <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Southend<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <unclear><c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="47"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS005>
<s n="48"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w AVQ>where <w VBD>were <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVG>standing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>balcony <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>hear <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <trunc> <w UNC>ab </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w VVG>looking <w AVP>back <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>funny<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ludicrous <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="49"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>got <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>they <w VVD>proceeded <w TO0>to <w VVI>entertain <w DPS>your <w NN1>father <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>music <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>particularly <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>place<c PUN>?
<s n="50"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>sorry <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w VVN>come <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>from <w NP0>Southend<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w VVN>left <w VVG>ringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>doorbell <w PRP>for <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VVI>say <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w DPS>his <w AJ0>just <w NN2>desserts<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w DT0>all <w VVD>came <w AVP>back <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>hours <w AV0>later<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>gained <w NN1>entry<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w NP0>Doris <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ilford<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <ptr target=HM5LC009><w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC00A></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="54"><ptr target=HM5LC009><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Doug<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <ptr target=HM5LC00A><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w AVQ>why <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>so <w AJ0>jolly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>takes <w PNP>me <w CRD>four <w NN2>hours <w CJS>before <w PNP>I <w VVB>come <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>always <w AV0>so <w AJ0>jolly<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="56"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w AV0>naturally <w AJ0>optimistic <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>person<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>sort of <w VVG>blowing <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w NN1>trumpet <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVB>look <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>life <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w NN1>optimism<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>touch <w NN1>wood<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>lucky <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>love <w VDG>doing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>also <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVD>came <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w VVD>moaned <w AV0>away <w PRP>at <w PNI>everybody<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVD>moaned <w AV0>away <w PRP>about <w PNI>everything<c PUN>, <w PNI>nobody <w VM0>would <w VVI>ring <w PNP>me <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI>nobody <w VM0>would <w VVI>listen<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>too <w AJ0>jolly<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>as <w AJ0>bad <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w AJ0>morbid<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w AJ0>miserable<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>strike <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>balance<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="59"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>televisions<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="60"><w ITJ>Yeah
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="61"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>bedroom <w AVP-PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w CJS>cos<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w AJ0>ill<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>nice <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNI>one <w AV0>downstairs<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w DPS>my <w NN2>children <w VHB>have <w VVN>grown <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>see <w PNP>them <w VBG>being<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w AJ0>young <w NN2>men<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN2>men <w VVB>get <w VVN>married<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w NN2>mothers <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>see <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PRP>on <w DPS>my <w DT0>own<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>rely <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PRP>for <w NN1>company <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN1>night <ptr target=HM5LC00B><w CJC>but <ptr target=HM5LC00C></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="64"><ptr target=HM5LC00B><w AJ0>Wonderful<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC00C></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="65"><w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>standard <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>good <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>warrant <w VVG>paying <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>two <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>licence<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="66"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w PRP>from <w VVG>paying <w DT0>any <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w DT0>another <w NN1>television <w NN1>set<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>at <w VVG>paying <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>paying <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="67"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>going <w AT0>a <w NN1>step <w AV0>further<c PUN>, <w NP0>Doug<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w NN2>friends<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>affluent<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>affluent <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="69"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="70"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>go <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>home<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0>white<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVB>refuse<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>it <w VVZ>warrants <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>two <w NN1>pound <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>get<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AJ0>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0>white<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="71"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Doris<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>far <w PRP>from <w VVG>paying <w DT0>another <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>quid <w PRP>for <w DPS>her <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>television <w NN1>set<c PUN>, <w NP0>Doris <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>annoyed <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>three <w NN0>quid <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>colour <w NN1>licence<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w AV0>now <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>black <w CJC>and <w NN1>white<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w PNP>I <w VVB>forget <w DTQ>what <w AJ0-NN1>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>white <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>considerably <w AJC>cheaper<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="73"><w CJC>But<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>a lot <w AT0>a <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>programmes <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>telly <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVI>develop <w DT0>that <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>argument<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PRP>by <w DT0>all <w NN0>means<c PUN>, <w VM0>let's <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w CRD>three <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><pause> <event desc="advertisements and travel news"> <w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w AV0>exactly <w CRD>sixty <w NN2>seconds <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>bring <w PNP>you <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PRP>after <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>continue <w DPS>our <w NN1>conversation <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>topics <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w PRP>according to <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w NN2>Families <w PRP>with <w AV0>more than <w CRD>one <w NN1>telly<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w VVG>paying <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>licence<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w TO0>to <w VVI>lessen <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w AJ0>hard-up <w NN2>viewers<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w VVB>feel <w CJT>that <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>licence <w NN1>fee <w VBZ>is <w AV0-AJ0>far <w AV0>too <w DT0>much<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DT0>more <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PRP>from <w NN2>Spurs <w NN2>fans <w AV0>especially<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>football <w NN2>fans <w AV0>in general<c PUN>, <w DPS>your <w NN2>memories<c PUN>, <w DPS>your <w NN2>tributes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>late<c PUN>, <w AJ0>great <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AV0>Right <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><pause> <event desc="news bulletin, advertisements and weather"> <event desc="music of Waltzing Matilda playing"> <w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w VVI>know <w AV0>by now<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>say <w PNP>it <w AV0>anyway <pause> <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Breakfast <w NN1-VVB>Call<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVG>broadcasting <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w VVB>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate <w NP0>Australia <w NP0>Day<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w AV0>Now <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>bit<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>telling <w PNP>you <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>an <w DT0>all <w NN2>expenses <w VVN>paid <w NN1>trip<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w VVB-NN1>Stay <w VVN>tuned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w AT0>The <w NN1>time <w AV0>now <w VBZ>is <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>joined <w PNP>us <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>eight <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w AJ0>welcome<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>discussing <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>run <w AV0>briefly <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>subjects <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>discussing <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>new <w NN2>listeners<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w NN2>Families <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>tellies <w VM0>could <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w VVG>paying <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN2>licences<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>lessen <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w AJ0>hard-up <w NN2>viewers<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w DT0>That <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>proposal <w PRP>from <w NN0>MPs <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Commons<w POS>' <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>?
<s n="88"><w DT0-CJT>That <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>telly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0-AV0>extra <w PRP>in <w NN1>licence <w NN1>money <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VM0>may <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w CRD>three <w NN2>tellies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w CRD>forty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0-AV0>extra<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>, <w CJS>even if <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w AJ0>hard-up <w NN2>viewers<c PUN>?
<s n="91"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w VVG>saying <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>licence <w NN1>fee <w PRF>of <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>three <w NN0>quid <w VBZ>is <w AV0-AJ0>far <w AV0>too <w AJ0>high<c PUN>, <w CJS>given that <w PNP>we <w UNC>er <w VVB>get <w NN2-VVZ>repeats <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NN2>talkers <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>discussing <w AT0>the <w NN1>release <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJ0>British <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w NP0>Saddam <w NP0>Hussein <w VHZ>has <w VVN>made <w AT0>the <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="95"><w VVG>Getting <w PNX>himself <w VVD>photographed <w VVG>shaking <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>mediator<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>negotiator<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Edward <w NP0-NN1>Heath<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w DT0>that <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>really <w VDD>did <w VVI>revile <w PNP>you <w VVG>seeing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w AJ0>British <w NN1>politician <w VVG>shaking <w NP0>Saddam<w POS>'s <w NN1>hand<c PUN>?
<s n="97"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VDN>done <w AV0>there<c PUN>?
<s n="98"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w AV0>indeed <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VDN>done<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w PRP>worth <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>those <w CRD>three <w AJ0>British <w NN0>people <w AVP>out<c PUN>?
<s n="99"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>discussing <w NN2>guests <w VVG>coming <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>at <w DPS>your <w NN1>place <w PRP>over <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fascinating <w NN1>article <w PRP>in <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>edition<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>January <w NN1>edition <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVB>go <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w PNP>She <w NN1>magazine<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>says <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>plight <w AV0>sometimes<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w NN0>people <w VVG>coming <w PRP>for <w NN1>Christmas <w PNQ>who <w VVB>fall <w PRP>into <w DT0>several <w NN2>categories <w PRP>like <w AJ0>lazy <w NN2>slobs<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VDB>do <w AV0>absolutely <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>misers<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVB>turn <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>stale <w NN1>box <w PRF>of <w NN2>chocolates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>never <w VVB>take <w PNP>you <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>meal <w PRP>in return for <w DPS>your <w NN1>hospitality<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>amorous <w NN2>couples <w PNQ>who <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>embarrass <w PNP>you <w PRP>by <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>noisily <w VVG-AJ0>retiring <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>bedroom<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VM0>may <w VVI>put <w PNP>it <w DT0>that <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN2>guests <w PNQ>who <w VVB>turn <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NN1>mid-row<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>bicker <w AV0>systematically <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>festive <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>get <w VVN>rid <w PRF>of <w CJC>or <w VVB>avoid <w VVG>coming<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unwanted <w NN1>guest<c PUN>?
<s n="102"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DPS>your <w NN1>tribute<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w DPS>your <w NN1>memory <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w AV0>so <w AV0>sadly <w VVD-VVN>left <w PNP>us <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NN2>footballers <w PRF>of <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>age<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>perhaps <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>age<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>sad <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>lost <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bobby <w NP0>Moore <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NP0>Danny<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>also <w DT0>another <w NN1>story<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVI>throw <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>conversation<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VM0>may<c PUN>?
<s n="105"><w AT0>The <w NN2>residents <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tunbridge <w NP0>Wells <w PRP>in <w NP0>Kent<c PUN>, <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>dismay<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NP0>Telecom <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>, <w CJS>because<c PUN>, <w AV0>about <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>T's <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>customers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Tunbridge <w NP0>Wells<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>book<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that <w VM0>may <w VVI>surprise <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w VVG>Keeping <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>book<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>become <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>popular<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>average <w PRF>of <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w VBG>being <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>highest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w PRP>In <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w VVB>believe <w PNP>it <w CJC>or <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>T <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w CRD>forty <w CRD>three <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>customers <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>listed<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PRP>in <w NN1>south <w NN1>west <w NP0>Essex<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>average <w VBZ>is <w CRD>forty <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>west <w NP0>Middlesex <w CJC>and <w NN1>north <w NN1>west <w NP0>Kent <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w UNC>er <w AVQ>why <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unlisted<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>ex-directory<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>book<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVB>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w CJC>and <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w AVQ>why<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w NP0>Melvin <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hendon<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Melvin<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="113"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DPS>my <w NN1>tribute <w PRP>to <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="115"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="116"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>rare <w NN1>spirit<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spirit<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w PRP>to <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w AV0>virtually <w VVN>gone <w PRP>from <w PNP>em<c PUN>, <w AV0>certainly <w AJ0>English <w NN1>football <w AV0>nowadays<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>ways<c PUN>, <w AJ0>English <w NN1>sport <w AV0>in general<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fine <w NN1>footballer<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NN1>gentleman <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>Nth <w NN1>degree<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN1>story<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>started <w DPS>his <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AJ0>professional <w NN1>football <w NN1>career <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Barnsley<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>from <w NP0>Barnsley <w PRP>to <w NP0>Aston <w NP0>Villa<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVG>haggling <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>fee<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Barnsley<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aston <w NP0>Villa <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Rolls <w NP0>Royce<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w PNP>They <w VVD>went <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NP0>Birmingham<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>chairmen <w VVN-VVD>negotiated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>dining <w NN1>room<c PUN>, <w PRP>over <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>affluent <w NN1>lunch<c PUN>, <w NP0>Danny <w NP0>Blanchflower <w VBD>was <w PNP>em<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>pushed <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>kitchen <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>servants<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>like<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="121"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="122"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>unusually <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w AV0>unusually <w PRP>for <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>university <w NN1-VVB>graduate<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w PNP>He <w VVD>graduated <w PRP>from <w NP0>St <w NP0>Andrew<w POS>'s <w NN1>University<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>many <w NN2>ways<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>infinitely <w AV0>better <w VVN-AJ0>educated <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>intelligent <w CJS>than <w DT0>those <w PNQ>who <w VVD>ran <w NN1>football <w PRP>around <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>nevertheless<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>never <w VVD>showed <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w AJ0>superior<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w AV0>Never<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>remarkable <w NN1>footballer<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w PNP>He <w VVD>gave <w NP0>Tottenham <w NP0>Hotspur <w AT0>the <w NN1>title<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>club <w NN1>side <w AV0>ever <w PRP-AVP>in <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AJ0>British <w NN1>football<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>won <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CJS>as <w PNI>everyone <w VVZ>knows<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>English <w NN1>team <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>won <w PNP>it <w DT0>this <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w PNP>He <w VVD>led <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w AJ0>British <w NN1>title <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>European <w NN1>trophy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>eventually <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1-VVB>team <w CJT>that <w AV0>actually <w VVN-VVD>reached <w AT0>the <w NN2>quarter-finals <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>eight <w NN1>World <w NN1>Cup<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>small <w NN1>country <w PRP>against <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="128"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="129"><w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that <w NN1>phrase <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>never <w VVI>see <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>like <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we <w AV0>probably <w VM0>will<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w AT0>the <w AJ0>infinite <w NN1>feeling <w PRF>of <w NN1>sadness <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVD>felt <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>heard <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>passing<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w PNP>It <w VVD>seemed <w PRP>to <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>age <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="131"><w NP0>Melvin<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN2>reminiscences<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w NP0>Jeff <w PRF>of <w NP0>Streatham<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="134"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w ORD>First <w PRF>of <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="136"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="137"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>secondly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>hostages<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="138"><ptr target=HM5LC00D><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM5LC00E></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="139"><ptr target=HM5LC00D><w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC00E><w AT0>the <w NN2>ones <w VBG>being <w VVN>released <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="140"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="141"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>like <w PNI>everybody <w AV0>else<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>glad <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>get <w DPS>their <w NN1>release<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w NP0>Dougie<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>understand<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN2>circumstances<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w VVB>wander <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w PRP>like <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>reputation<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w PNP>us <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VDZ>does <w DT0>this <w VVI>happen<c PUN>?
<s n="142"><w VM0>Would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>stay <w AV0>about <w CRD>five <trunc> <w UNC>mil </trunc> <w AV0>at least <w CRD>five <w NN2>miles <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>place <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG>wandering <ptr target=HM5LC00F><w AVP>out <w AV0>there <ptr target=HM5LC00G></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="143"><ptr target=HM5LC00F><w PNP>I <ptr target=HM5LC00G><w AV0>certainly <w VM0>would <w NP0>Jeff<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC00H><w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>agree <w DT0>more <ptr target=HM5LC00J></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="144"><ptr target=HM5LC00H><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <pause> <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HM5LC00J></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="145"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>stay <w AV0>about <w CRD>five <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>miles <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <ptr target=HM5LC00K><w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PNP>them <pause> <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HM5LC00L></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="146"><ptr target=HM5LC00K><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>me <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><ptr target=HM5LC00L><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>heard <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="148"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w VVG>raising <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>might <w VVI>get <w DT0>some <w UNC>er <w NN1>comeback <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w AV0>very <w AJ0>well <w VVG>saying <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVN>apprehended<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>luck<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DTQ>what <w PRP>in <w NP0>God<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w VBD>were <w PNP>they <w VDG>doing<c PUN>, <w VVG>straying <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>country <w PRP>like <w NP0>Iraq<c PUN>?
<s n="151"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>I <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>steer <w AV0>well <w AJ0>clear <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w DT0>many <w AJ0>other <w NN2>places <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>visit<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sydney <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>telling <w PNP>you <w AV0>more <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NN1>mo<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><pause> <event desc="advertisements and travel news"> <event desc="music of Waltzing Matilda playing"> <w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>getting <w AV0>quite <w AJ0-VVN>attached <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>tune<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w PRP>In <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>Competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>bringing <w AT0>the <w NN1>show <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w VVB>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>mark <w NP0>Australia <w NP0>Day<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w NN1>husband <w CJC>and <w NN1>wife<c PUN>, <w NN1>mother <w CJC>and <w NN1>daughter<c PUN>, <w NN1>father <w CJC>and <w NN1>son<c PUN>, <w DT0>any <w NN1>combination <w PNP>you <w VVB>like<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>friends<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>couples <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>show<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <w AJ0>roving <w NN2>reporters<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w PNP>We <w VVB>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>at <w DPS>our <w NN1>expense<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>expenses <w VVN-VVD>paid<c PUN>, <w AJ0>needless <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>phone<c PUN>, <w VVB>live <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sydney<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>seeing <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w VVZ>Sounds <w AT0>an <w AJ0>exciting <w NN1>trip<c PUN>, <w AV0>really <w AJ0>fabulous <w NN1>trip<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>mean <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w CJS>seeing <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <trunc> <w UNC>li </trunc> <w AJ0>live <w PRP>on <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>audition<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w NN2>finalists<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>an <w NN1>audition <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w VVB>live <w PRP>on <w NN1>air<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>before <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w PNP>You <w VM0>must <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>valid <w NN1>passport<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>travel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>about <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CJC>or <w CRD>four <w NN2>minutes<w POS>' <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>could <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w AVP>out <w ORD>next <w NN1>month <w PRP>with <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP-AVP>Under<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w NP0>Beverley <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hampstead<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="164"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="165"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="166"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="167"><w DTQ>What <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="168"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>about <w AVQ>why <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AJ0>ex-directory <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="169"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="170"><w AV0>Well <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w CJS>because <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>parent<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="171"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="172"><w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>mum<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w VVD>started <w AVP>off <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w AJ0>small <w NN2>babies<c PUN>, <w VVG>living <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>fast<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>sort of <w AJC>safer<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <w NN1-VVG>living <w AV0-AJ0>alone<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="174"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="175"><w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>age<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AV0>sort of <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w VVB>advertise <w DPS>your <w NN1>name <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>phone <w NN1>directory<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="176"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>find <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>you <w DT0>any <w NN1>difficulty <w AV0>at all<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PRP>with <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w AV0>genuinely <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w DPS>your <w NN1>number<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="177"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w AV0>sort of <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVB>leave <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>place <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>house <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>leave <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>forwarding <w NN1>address <w CJC>but <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>make <w AJ0>sure<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVB>take <w AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>actually <w VVI>give <w AVP>out <w DPS>my <w NN1>phone <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="178"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="179"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>serious<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w NN1-VVG>writing<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="180"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>ex-directory<c PUN>, <w NP0>Beverley<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>found <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>benefit <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>mum<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS000>
<s n="181"><w PRP>For <w NN1>security <w NN2>reasons<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="182"><w NP0>Beverley<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN1>call<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w NP0>Larry <w PRP>from <w NN1>Chalk <w NN1>Farm<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Larry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="185"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Doug<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VBB>are <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="186"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very <w AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <w NN1>birthday <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC00M><w CJC>and <w VVD>said <ptr target=HM5LC00N></u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="187"><ptr target=HM5LC00M><w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC00N></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="188"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PNP>we <w AJ0>right<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="189"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w DPS>My <w NN1>birthday <w VBZ>is <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w ORD>tenth<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="191"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="192"><w CJC>And <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>probably <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>invited <w CJS>because <w PNI>everybody <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>an <w ORD>eightieth <w NN1>birthday <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="193"><w AT0>An <w ORD>eightieth <w NN1>birthday <w NN1>party<c PUN>?
<s n="194"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w CRD>eighty <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="195"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w ORD>tenth<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="196"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC00P><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <ptr target=HM5LC00R></u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="197"><ptr target=HM5LC00P><w AV0>Now <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <ptr target=HM5LC00R></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="198"><w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w ORD>tenth<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w PNP>We <w VVD>got <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wrong <w NN2>dates<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNP>you <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>list <w PRP>as <ptr target=HM5LC00S><w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w ORD>tenth <ptr target=HM5LC00T></u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="200"><ptr target=HM5LC00S><w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>odd <ptr target=HM5LC00T><pause> <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>parties<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>choose <w DPS>your <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VBD>were <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w PRP>in <w NP0>George <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>studio<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="202"><shift new=laughing> <w AV0>Alright<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>February <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w AV0>okay<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w AT0>a <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>birthday <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>welcome <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>show<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="204"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w PNP>I <w VVD>called <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AV0>always <w VBN>been <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>phone <w NN1>directory <w AV0>ever <w CJS>since <w DPS>my <w NN1>name <w VVD-VVN>got <w AV0>well <w VVN>known <w PRP>in <w NN1>showbiz<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><ptr target=HM5LC00U><w PNP>You <w VVB>get <ptr target=HM5LC00V></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="206"><ptr target=HM5LC00U><w AV0>Sure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC00V></u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="207"><w AT0>an <w AJ0>awful <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure <w CJS>if <w DPS>your <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>pleasure <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>organized <w AT0>the <w NN1>reading <w PRP>from <w NP0>Salman <w NP0>Rushdie<w POS>'s <w NN1>book<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="208"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <ptr target=HM5LC00W><w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <ptr target=HM5LC00X></u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="209"><ptr target=HM5LC00W><w PNP>I <w VVD>organized <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>at <w NP0>Conway <w NN1>Hall <ptr target=HM5LC00X><w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN1>reference <w NN2-VVZ>books <w DPS>my <w NN1>agent<w POS>'s <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>listed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>agent <w VVN-VVD>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w VVG>saying <w AT0>the <w NN1>minute <w PNP>I <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>read <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>book <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>die<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="210"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="211"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>agent <w VVD>got <w AJ0-VVN>terrified<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VVD>closed <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>her <w NN1>office <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w DT0>all <w VVD>went <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="212"><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="213"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>still <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w PNP>They<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w VVI>get <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VVD>got <w DPS>my <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w PNP>They <w VVD>called <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVB>read <w AT0>the <w NN1>book <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>killed<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VVB>look <w AVQ>why <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>meet <w PNP>me <w PRP>in front of <w NP0>Conway <w NN1>Hall <w CJC>and <w VVB>kill <w PNP>me <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>save <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="217"><w NP0>Larry <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w AJ0>famous <w NN1>personality <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>book<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>awful <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w AV0>just <w VHI>have <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>look <w AVP-PRP>up <w NP0-NN1>Adler<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>L <w CJC>and <w PNP>they
</u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="218"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="219"><w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>get <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC00Y><w AV0>really<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM5LC010></u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="220"><ptr target=HM5LC00Y><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <ptr target=HM5LC010><w PNP>you <w VVI>get <w PRF>of <w AT0>every <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>charity <w NN1>application<c PUN>, <w NN1>begging <w NN2>letters <w AV0>and so forth <w CJC>and <ptr target=HM5LC011><w PNP>it <w VVZ>sounds <w AJ0>cruel <w AV0>rather <ptr target=HM5LC012></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="221"><ptr target=HM5LC011><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>understand <w DT0>that<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC012></u>
<u who=HM5PS001>
<s n="222"><w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>read <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w NN2>letters<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VVI>get <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="224"><w NP0>Larry <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VHB>have <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>birthday <w PRP>on <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w AJ0>Happy <w NN1>birthday <w PRP>for <w NP0>December <w AT0>the <w ORD>tenth <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w CRD>Eight <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><event desc="music of Waltzing Matilda playing"> <w AJ0-AV0>Right <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Dougie <w NN1>Down <w PRP>Under <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>to <w NN2>QUANTAS<c PUN>, <w NP0>Australia<w POS>'s <w AJ0>national <w NN1>airline<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>couples <w VM0>must <w VVI>win <w AT0>an <w DT0>all <w NN2>expenses <w VVN>paid <w NN1>trip <w PRP>to <w NP0>Australia <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>show <w VVZ>comes <w AJ0>live <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sydney <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>January<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w VVB-NN1>Hope <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AVP>back <w PRP>for <w NP0>Larry<w POS>'s <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w CRD>four <w NN2>questions <w AV0>already <w DT0>this <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>missed <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>repeating <w PNP>them <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>now <w AV0>here <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>difficult <w AV0>actually <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVD>brought <w PNP>you <w DT0>this <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w NN1>kangaroo <w VVN>called<c PUN>?
<s n="233"><w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w NN1>kangaroo <w VVN>called<c PUN>?
<s n="234"><w AV0>Now <w CJS>as soon as <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>answers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>heard <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>four <w NN2>questions<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PNP>them <w AV0>again <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w NN2>answers<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w PNP>me <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>card <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <pause> <w VVB>send <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>card <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>address<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><gap reason=anonymization desc=address><c PUN>. <w VVZ-NN2>Answers <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>card<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Christmas <w NN2>cards <w AV0>please<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN2>answers<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>by <w ORD>first <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w ORD>next <w NP0>Friday<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventeenth<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w AV0>Then<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>keep <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>posted <w PRP>as to <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w ORD>next<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w CRD>Eight <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>search <w VBZ>is <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>person <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>team <w PNQ>who <w VVD>told <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w NP0>Larry <w NP0>Adler<w POS>'s <w NN1>birthday <w VBD>was <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w ORD>tenth<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>apart<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN2>views <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w AT0>The <w NN1>news <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up<c PUN>. <pause> <event desc="news and weather reports">
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="241"><event desc="sports report"> <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>talked <w PRP>to <w NP0>Derek <w NP0>Thompson <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AJ0>good <w NN1>form <w VHZ>has <w NP0-NN1>Tommo<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>winners <w PRP>out of <w CRD>four <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>second<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRP>at <w NP0>Cheltenham <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w NN1>number <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w NN1>Book <w PRF>of <w NN1>Music<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w NN1>number <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>Flashing <w NP0-NN1>Steel<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w CRD>Twelve <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cheltenham<c PUN>, <w NN1>number <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w NN1>Book <w PRF>of <w NN1>Music<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w NN1>number <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>Flashing <w NP0-NN1>Steel<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="244"><w NP0>Pam<c PUN>, <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w NN2>papers <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>glowing <w NN2>tributes<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w AV0>rightly <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NP0>Danny <w NP0-NN1>Blanchflower<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>never <w VVI>see <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>like <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>dreadful <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>lost <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outstanding <w NN2>footballers <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>age <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w NP0>Bobby <ptr target=HM5LC013><w NP0>Moore <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Danny<c PUN>?
<s n="247"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC014></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="248"><ptr target=HM5LC013><w NP0>Bobby <w NP0>Moore<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC014><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>sad <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>couple <w PNP>it <w AV0>together <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0-NN1>Ashe<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Wimbledon <ptr target=HM5LC015><w NN1>champion <w CJC>and <ptr target=HM5LC016></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="249"><ptr target=HM5LC015><w AV0>Of course<c PUN>, <w ITJ>mm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC016></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="250"><w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NP0>James <w NP0>Hunt<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>sad <w AV0>as well <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NP0>Danny<w POS>'s <w NN1>life <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>so <w AJ0>crippled <w PRP>with <w NP0>Alzheimer<w POS>'s <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>really <w XX0>not <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w NN1>shade <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>happy<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w NN1>person<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VBN>been<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>remember <w PNP>him <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>sadness <w UNC>er <w VVZ-NN2>passes <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="252"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NN2>gentlemen <w PRF>of <w NN1>football<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="253"><w AV0>Now <w AV0>maybe <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>place <w PRP>for <w NN2>gentlemen <w PRP>in <w NN1>football <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC017><w CJC>but <w UNC>er <ptr target=HM5LC018></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="254"><ptr target=HM5LC017><w AV0>Absolutely <ptr target=HM5LC018><pause> <w AV0>well <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>seem<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>seem <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>football <w PRF>of <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NN1>era <w AV0>certainly<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he <w VVD>brought <w AT0>a <w NN1>breath <w PRF>of <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>air <w PRP>into <w NN1>football <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AV0>even<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w PNX>myself <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>young <w NN1>girl<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w AJ0>young <w AV0>yet<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>remember <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>streak <w PRF>of <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>lightning <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w AJ0-NN1>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0>white <w NN1>screen<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><ptr target=HM5LC019><w CJC>But <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC01A></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="257"><ptr target=HM5LC019><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC01A></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="258"><w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>revered <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>intellectual <w NN1>player<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>thinking <w NN1>player<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shining <w NN1>example<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>shows <w AVP>up <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN0>statistics <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>read <w PRP-AVP>about <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>achieved<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>six <w NN2>caps <w PRP>for <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="259"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="260"><w PNP>He <w VVD>got <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>quarter-finals <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Cup <w PRP>in <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PRP>at <w NN1>club <w NN1>level<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w NN1>Cup <w NN1>double<c PUN>, <w NN1>cup <w CJC>and <w NN1>league <w NN1>double <w PRP>in <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>A <w NN1>Cup <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w AJ0>British <w NN1>club<c PUN>, <w NN2>Spurs <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Trophy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cup <w NN1>Winner<w POS>'s <w NN1>Cup<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>five <w CRD>one <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>victory <w PRP>against <w AJ0>Athletic <w NP0>Madrid<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>tremendous<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w DT0>all <w VVZ>speaks <w PRP>for <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>gather <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>great <trunc> <w UNC>rac </trunc> <w NN1>raconteur<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC01B><w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w AV0>much <w VVN-VVD>loved <w UNC>er <w NN1>man<c PUN>, <w AV0>sadly <w VVN-VVD>missed <ptr target=HM5LC01C></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="262"><ptr target=HM5LC01B><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>, <w ITJ>mm <pause> <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>yes <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w PRP>after <ptr target=HM5LC01C><w NN1>dinner <w NN1>speaker <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w AJ0>tremendous <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>tremendous <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>wit<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>graced <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VVN>placed <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Cup <w VVB-NN1>draw<c PUN>, <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="264"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>interesting <w CJS>because <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>named <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>group <w CRD>two <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>seedings<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVN-AJ0>released <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w AT0>The <w NN1>draw <w VM0>will <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>glitzy <w NN1>affair <w PRP>in <w NP0>Las <w NP0>Vegas<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w AJ0>various <w NP0>Hollywood <w NN2>stars<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>rock <w NN2>stars<c PUN>, <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <ptr target=HM5LC01D><w NP0>Elton <w NP0>John <w CJC>and <w NN1>Rod <w NP0>Stewart <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>turning <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Julio <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HM5LC01E></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="266"><ptr target=HM5LC01D><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <pause> <w AV0>well <w PNP>they <w VVB>know <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRP-AVP>about <pause> <w PNP>they <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w NP0>Julio <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HM5LC01E><w AV0>of course <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NN1>goal <ptr target=HM5LC01F><w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="267"><w PRP>For <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>club <w NN1>side <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM5LC01G></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="268"><ptr target=HM5LC01F><vocal desc=laugh> <w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>imagine <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w AV0>of course <w NN1>Rod <ptr target=HM5LC01G><w NN1>Steward<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Elton <w NP0>John<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VVN>connected <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC01H><w UNC>er <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>, <w AV0>absolutely<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <ptr target=HM5LC01J></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="269"><ptr target=HM5LC01H><w CJC>And <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN2>footballers<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w ITJ>mm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC01J></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="270"><w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>need <w AV0>quite <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>turn <w AVP>up <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ireland <w VBB>are <w AJ0-VVN>seeded <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>group <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w PRP>above <w NP0>Holland <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>group <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Norway<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>group <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w CRD>two <w PNQ>who <w VDD>did <w AV0>better <w CJS>than <w NP0>England<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="272"><w AV0>Sure<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="273"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>old <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>P <ptr target=HM5LC01K><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>afraid<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC01L></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="274"><ptr target=HM5LC01K><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AJ0>poor <unclear> <ptr target=HM5LC01L></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="275"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>group <w CRD>one <w NN2>seedings<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>let <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w NP0>United <w NP0>States <w PNQ>who<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>seeding <w NN1>group <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2>hosts <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>holders<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w DT0>former <w NN2>winners<c PUN>, <w NP0>Argentina<c PUN>, <w NP0>Italy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Belgium <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w DPS>their<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN2>results <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>three <w NN2>competitions<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w AV0>So<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="277"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w NN1>Rugby <w NN1>Union<c PUN>, <w DT0>more <w NN1>concern <w PRP>about <w UNC>er <w AJ0>rough <w NN1>play<c PUN>, <w NP0>Bath <w VVD>accused <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>foul <w NN1>play<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="278"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="279"><w VVG>Getting <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="280"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>much <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AJ0>hot <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>heels <w PRF>of <w NP0>Will <w NP0>Carling<w POS>'s <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w NN2>accusations <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w DT0>All <w NN2>Blacks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>alleged <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <w PRP>up to <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w CJC>and <w NP0>Scotland<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NP0>Harlequins <w VHB>have <w VVN>complained <w PRP>to <w NP0>Bath<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w NN2>allegations <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w ORD>last <w NN1>weekend<w POS>'s <w UNC>er <w NP0-NN1>Courage <w NN1>League <w NN1-VVB>match<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Bath <w VVD>won <w AV0>incidentally<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>gouging <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>biting<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bath <w NN2>officials <w AV0>now <w VHB>have <w VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>video <w NN1>recording <w CJC>and <w VVB>take <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>action<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2>quotes<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNI>anything <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NP0>Harlequins <w AV0>actually<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVD-AJ0>alleged <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>just <w AT0>an<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>indiscriminate <w NN1>boot <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>punch<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w AV0>quite <ptr target=HM5LC01M><w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <ptr target=HM5LC01N></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="283"><ptr target=HM5LC01M><w AJ0-VVN>Calculated <w NN1>stuff<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <ptr target=HM5LC01N><w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG-NN1>talking <w PRF>of <w NN1>fracas<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lucky <w NN1>escape <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ayrton <w NP0>Senna<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>disciplinary <w NN1>hearing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Paris<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="284"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>escaped <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>two <w NN1>race <w AJ0-VVD>suspended <w NN1-VVB>ban<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>fist <w VVG>meeting <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>driver <w NP0>Eddie <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="285"><ptr target=HM5LC01P><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w AV0>so <unclear> <ptr target=HM5LC01R></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="286"><ptr target=HM5LC01P><vocal desc=laugh> <w AJ0>Nice <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w VVG>putting <w PNP>it<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC01R></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="287"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Japanese <w NN1>Grand Prix <w PRP>in <w NP0>October<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>actually <w VVI>admit <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>hearing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>hit<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>disciplinary <w NN1>panel <w VVD-VVN>agreed <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>perhaps <w VBN>been <w VVN>provoked <w UNC>er <w AV0>rather <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w AV0>So <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>upshot <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w DT0>all<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>banned <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>races<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>susp </trunc> <w AJ0>suspended <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>ban <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>months<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w AV0>rather<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>boy <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w PNP>he <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>miss <w DT0>any <w NN2>races <w AV0>at all<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lucky <w NN1>escape<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="290"><w PNP>He <ptr target=HM5LC01S><w VHZ>has<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC01T></u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="291"><ptr target=HM5LC01S><w AV0>Well <w VVN>known <ptr target=HM5LC01T><w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>temper<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="292"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>indeed <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w NP0>Pam <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pam <w NP0>Dixon <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>step </trunc> <w VVG>stepping <w AVP>in <w PRP>for <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dominic <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>bearded <w NN1>man <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NM>
<s n="295"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>gather <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>whisked <w PNX>himself <w AVP>off <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>afraid <w PNP>I <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w VVB>know <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <w VBI>be<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dominic<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>taking <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>well <ptr target=HM5LC01U><w VVN-VVD>needed <w NN1-VVB>rest<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC01V></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="296"><ptr target=HM5LC01U><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC01V><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>might <w VVI>say <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pam<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><pause> <event desc=advertisements> <w CRD>Seventeen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w NP0>Gerald <w VHZ>has <w VVN>rung <w PNP>me <w PRP>from <w NN1>East <w NP0-NN1>Sheen<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Gerald<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="300"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Cameron<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>birthday <w NN2-VVZ>returns <w PRP>for <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Larry <w NP0-NN1>Adler<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="301"><w ITJ>Yes <w PRP>in <w NP0>February<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="302"><w AV0>No doubt <w PNP>he <w VM0>will<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w VVB-NN1>reciprocate<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>mine <w PRP-AVP>on <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="303"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="304"><w CRD>Twenty <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sure <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>six <w CJC>or <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w AT0>No <w NN1>comment <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="306"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AV0>Never <w VVB>mind<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC01W><w AJ0>happy <w NN2>returns<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w AJ0>happy <w NN2>returns <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC01X></u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="307"><ptr target=HM5LC01W><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <ptr target=HM5LC01X><w AV0>well <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>go <w PRP>into <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>on <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="308"><w ITJ>Oh <w NN2>thanks<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>minor <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC01Y><w PRP>on <w NP0>Monday<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC020></u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="309"><ptr target=HM5LC01Y><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <ptr target=HM5LC020><w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>still<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>always <w VVZ>causes <w DT0>some <w NN1>concern <w AV0>though<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>around <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>business <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w NN1>pound <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="311"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="312"><w AV0>Quite<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>goodness <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>surely <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AJ0>sick <w CJC>and <w AJ0>tired <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>lot<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w AV0>All <w PNP>they <w VVB>seem <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w VBZ>is <w VVI>target <w AT0>the <w NN2>ones <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>hospitals<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>fire <w NN1>brigade<c PUN>, <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w AV0>Even <w AT0>the <w NN1>heating<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>targeting <w NN1>invalidity <ptr target=HM5LC021><w NN1-VVB>benefit <pause> <w ITJ>yes <pause> <w ITJ>mm <ptr target=HM5LC022></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="315"><ptr target=HM5LC021><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <ptr target=HM5LC022><w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w DT0>this <w NN1>lot<c PUN>, <w AV0>actually<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>actually <w AT0>a <w NN1>government <w NN1>body<c PUN>, <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Commons<w POS>' <w NN1>Heritage <w NN1>Committee<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w DT0>these <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVG>announcing <w DT0>this <w NN1>price <w NN1-VVB>rise<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>actually <w VVN>led <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gerald <w NP0>Kaufman<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>Conservative <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="316"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w CJC>But <w AV0>even so<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NN1>charge<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VM0>should <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>decision <w CJC>or <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="318"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc>
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="319"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>indeed <ptr target=HM5LC023><w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC024></u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="320"><ptr target=HM5LC023><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>they <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>really <w VBB>are <ptr target=HM5LC024><w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>so <w AJ0>complacent <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Cameron<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>just <w VVG>hitting <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>direction<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>goodness <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>afraid <w TO0>to <w VVI>breathe <w PRP>without <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>target <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="321"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Gerald<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w NP0>Gerald <w AV0>obviously <w VVG>feeling <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>bad <w PRP>about <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>scheme <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w VVB-NN1>pay <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0-AV0>extra<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V <w NN1>set <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>, <w NP0>Derek <w PRP>from <w NP0>Barnet<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="324"><w NP0>Mr. <w NP0>Cameron<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <trunc> <w UNC>tri </trunc> <w NN1>tribute <w PRP>to <w NP0>Danny <w NP0>Blanchflower
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="325"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="326"><w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him <w VVI>play <w AV0>actually <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>two <w NN1-AJ0>final <w PRP>against <w NP0>Burnley<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="327"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="328"><w CJC>And<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w AV0>actually <w VVN-VVD>looked <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w AV0>before <w CJC>and <w VVD>found <w PNP>he <w VVD>knew <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>M<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1>school <w NN1>chum<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>sent <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>ticket<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AV0>once<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="330"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="331"><w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w AV0>really <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marvellous <w NN1>player<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>never <w DT0>any<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>against <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>skill <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>performance <w VBD>was <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>immaculate<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="333"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w AVQ>how <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VDN>done <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>today<w POS>'s <ptr target=HM5LC025><w NN1>game<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w NN1>room <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w AV0>today<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM5LC026></u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="334"><ptr target=HM5LC025><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AV0>absolutely <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>so <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Cameron<c PUN>.
<s n="335"><w PNP>You <w VVB>see<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC026><w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DT0>such <w NN1>skill<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>footwork<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w AV0>really <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w AJC>higher <w NN1>tribute<c PUN>.
<s n="336"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>sad<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="337"><w VVB>Mind <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w PRF>of <w AV0>probably <w VBN>been <w VVN>hacked <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC027><w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w AV0>nowadays<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM5LC028></u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="338"><ptr target=HM5LC027><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <pause> <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marvellous <w NN1-VVB>draw <w NP0>Barnet<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Cameron<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC028><w PRP>against <w NP0>Chelsea <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Cup<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="339"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NP0>Barnet <w NN1>supporter <ptr target=HM5LC029><w AV0>just <w AT0>an <trunc> <w UNC>ex </trunc> <ptr target=HM5LC02A></u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="340"><ptr target=HM5LC029><w AV0>Absolutely<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <ptr target=HM5LC02A><w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>trouble <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>supporters
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="341"><w AV0>Well <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w NP0>Chelsea <w VBB>are <w VVG>playing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>winning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="342"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w NN1>runner <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>, <w AJC>younger <w NN1>brother <w NP0>Carl<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>job <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>spice <w VVD-VVN>added <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="343"><vocal desc=laugh> <w NP0>Derek <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <ptr target=HM5LC02B><w AV0>indeed <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN1>call<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC02C></u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="344"><ptr target=HM5LC02B><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>Mr. <w NP0>Cameron<c PUN>, <w ITJ>bye-bye <ptr target=HM5LC02C></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="345"><w PNP>We <w VM0>must <w VVI>move <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>break<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>traffic<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><pause> <event desc="advertisements and travel news"> <w NN1>Countdown <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>stars<c PUN>, <w AV0>here <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Murray<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="349"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w NP0>Douglas<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="350"><w XX0>Not <w AJ0>bad <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w NN1>sir<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <ptr target=HM5LC02D><w CJC>and <w PNP>you<c PUN>? <ptr target=HM5LC02E></u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="351"><ptr target=HM5LC02D><w VHZ>Has <w PNP>it <w VVN>stopped <ptr target=HM5LC02E><w VVG>raining<c PUN>? <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="352"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>yet<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>pretty <w AJ0>dismal<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="353"><w AJ0>Horrible <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>hear <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>better <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="354"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AV0>a little bit <w AV0>better<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>much <w AJC>colder <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>touch <w PRF>of <w NN1>sleet<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC02F><w PRP>by <w NP0>Sunday <w NN1>evening<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVN>told <pause> <w ITJ>mm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC02G></u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="355"><ptr target=HM5LC02F><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>sleet <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sunday<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>dear<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC02G></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="356"><w AV0>Never <w VVB>mind<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>all <w VVI>warm <w PNP>us <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w DPS>your<c PUN>, <w DPS>your <w NN1>programme <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="357"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>start <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w NN1>talkback<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>hour <w PRP>between <w CRD>ten <w CJC>and <w CRD>eleven<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Vocational <w NN1>Guidance <w NN1>Association<c PUN>, <w VVG>helping <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w PNP>they <w AV0>really <w VVB>want<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w CRD>eleven <w CJC>and <w CRD>eleven <w CRD>thirty<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mike <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mark <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>joining <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AT0>the <w NN2>authors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>official <w AV0>politically <w AJ0>incorrect <w NN1>handbook<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>And <w PRP>between <w CRD>eleven <w CRD>thirty <w CJC>and <w CRD>twelve<c PUN>, <w NP0>Eddis <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>author <w PRF>of <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w PRP>Under <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w DT0>Some <w AJ0>fascinating <w NN2>things <w VVB>happen <w PRP-AVP>under
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="362"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS002>
<s n="363"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PRP>between <w CRD>twelve <w CJC>and <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>sport <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NN1>talkback <w PRP>with <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="364"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="365"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="366"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>calls <w AVP-PRP>on <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Danny <w NP0>Blanchflower <ptr target=HM5LC02H><w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVG>ringing <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w VVG>remembering <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w AJ0>great <w NN1>fondness<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC02J></u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="367"><ptr target=HM5LC02H><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>we <w VM0>will<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><ptr target=HM5LC02J><w AT0>A <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>thing <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w NP0>Alzheimer<w POS>'s <w NN1>Disease <w PRP>for <w AV0>so <w AV0-AJ0>long <ptr target=HM5LC02K><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>only<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>seven <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>died<c PUN>, <w AJ0>terrible<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC02L></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="369"><ptr target=HM5LC02K><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC02L><w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wonderful<c PUN>, <w AJ0>wonderful <w NN1>player<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=HM5PS003>
<s n="370"><w CJC>And <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>intelligent<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>footballers<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM5LC02M><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>ever <w VVN>met<c PUN>, <w AV0>right <ptr target=HM5LC02N></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="371"><ptr target=HM5LC02M><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>mm<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><ptr target=HM5LC02N><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>calls<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w VVB>remember <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w AJ0>great <w NN1>fondness<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w NP0>Pete <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w NP0>Pete <w NP0>Murray<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w CRD>Nine <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w AVP-PRP>On <w PNP>we <w VVB>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>birthdays<c PUN>. <pause> <event desc="end of side">
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="377"><w VVD>Saw <w NP0>Dennis <w NN1>Law <w PRP>on <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w ORD>first <w VVD>played <w PRP>against <w NP0>Danny<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>kicked <w PNP>him <w AV0>all <w AVP>round<c PUN>, <w AV0>all<c PUN>, <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>park<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="378"><w NP0>Dennis <w VDD>did<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="379"><w NP0>Dennis <w VVD>said <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <ptr target=HM5LC02P><w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w DT0>that <ptr target=HM5LC02R></u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="380"><ptr target=HM5LC02P><w NP0>Dennis <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <ptr target=HM5LC02R><w AV0>fairly<c PUN>, <w VM0>let's <w VVI>put <w PNP>it <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>as <w AV0>mildly <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VM0>can<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>competitive <w NN1>player <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="381"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="382"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>said <w PRP>about <w NP0>Dennis <w NN1-NP0>Law<w POS>'s <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="383"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>brilliant <w NN1>player<c PUN>, <w VVN>played <w DT0>many <w AJ0>great <w NN2>games<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>competitive<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="384"><w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>regretted <w PNP>it <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>young <w AV0>probably<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>game <w PNP>he <w VVD>played <w PRP>against<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w CJC>But <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w AV0>before <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Danny <w NP0>Blanchflower <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>goalkeeper <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="388"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ted <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="389"><w PNP>You <w VVB>remember <w PNP>him<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="390"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>cat <ptr target=HM5LC02S><w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w ITJ>mm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM5LC02T></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="391"><ptr target=HM5LC02S><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <ptr target=HM5LC02T><w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>goalkeeper <w TO0>to <w VVI>throw <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VVD>saw <w AT0>a <w NN1>goalkeeper <w PRP>before <w PNP>him <w VVB>throw <w AT0>a <w NN1>ball <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>player<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="393"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w NP0>Alf<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>remember <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>goalkeeper <w AV0>ever <w TO0>to <w VVI>throw <w AT0>a <w NN1>ball <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>player <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w VVB>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w AVP>up <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AVP-PRP>around<c PUN>, <w PRP>between <w CRD>twelve <w CJC>and <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>discuss <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pete <w NP0>Murray<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>Lockwood<c PUN>, <w CJS>for<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>sport <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Talkback<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>specialist <w NN1>sportsperson<w POS>'s <w NN1>hour<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>throw <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>light <w PRP>on <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>remember <w NP0>Ted <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="395"><w AT0>The <w NN1>cat<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ORD>first <w NN2>goalkeepers <w TO0>to <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>habit <w PRF>of <w VVG>catching <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w VVG>punching <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alf<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN1>call<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w NP0>Rebecca <w PRF>of <w NN1>Poplar<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w AV0>Sadly <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1-VVB>call<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>squeeze <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN1>programme<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w NP0>Rebecca<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="400"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w NP0>Doug<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2-VVZ>regards <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>television <w NN2>licences<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="402"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="403"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="404"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="405"><w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>pay <w AJ0>full <w NN1>price<c PUN>, <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w PNP>I <w VVD>heard <w AT0>a <w NN1>while <w AV0>ago <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>put <w PNP>it <w AV0>up to <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four <w CRD>fifty<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN2-VVZ>regards <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand<c PUN>, <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VVB>live <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>sheltered <w NN1>accommodation<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1>pay <w CRD>five <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w NN1-VVB>pay <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>pensioner <w PRP>to <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w VVI>allow <w AJ0>other <w NN2>pensioners <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="409"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="410"><w CJC>Or<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w VVB>make <w PNP>it <w AV0>a little <w AJC>cheaper<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="411"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>thought <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HM5LC02U><w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <ptr target=HM5LC02V></u>
<u who=HM5PS004>
<s n="412"><ptr target=HM5LC02U><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>mind <ptr target=HM5LC02V><w VVG>paying <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w AV0>even <w VVI>reduce <w PNP>it <w AV0>a bit
</u>
<u who=PS2NL>
<s n="413"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>perhaps <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w VM0>may <w VVI>happen<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w DPS>your <w NN2>hopes <w AV0>too <w DT0>much<c PUN>, <w NP0>Rebecca<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DTQ>what<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRP>behind <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w NN2>families <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>tellies<c PUN>, <w VVG>paying <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds <w AJ0>extra <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>set<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>perhaps <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>set<c PUN>, <w DT0>another <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>lessen <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w NN2>viewers <w PNQ>who <w AV0>genuinely <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>licence <w NN1>fee <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rebecca<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>thought <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w VHI>'ve <w VVN>fallen <w PRP>into <w DT0>that <w NN1>category<c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>help <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w NN1>hand <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>message<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AJ0-AV0>good <w DT0>enough <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>phone <w NN2>calls <w VBB>are <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Breakfast <w VVB-NN1>Call <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>three <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>break<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w NP0>Rob <w AVP>back <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>traffic<c PUN>.
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HM6>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Pearson: annual general meeting and extraordinary general meeting. Sample containing about 6341 words speech recorded in business context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 103 Kbytes running text, containing about 6341 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HM6</idno><idno type="old"> 101901 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="101901" date="1990-05-11" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="705"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="28"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="30"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="555"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="60"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="240"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="6"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="49"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="102"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="52"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="14"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="6442"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="705"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="28"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="30"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="555"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="60"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="240"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="6"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="49"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="92"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="52"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="14"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="6442"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1990-05-11</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C391"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2P1" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Michael</name><occupation>director</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2P2" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>David</name></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2P3" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Simon</name><occupation>director</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2P4" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>John</name></person><particLinks><relation active='PS2P1 PS2P2 PS2P3 PS2P4' desc="colleagu" mutual="Y"/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="101901" who='PS000 PS2P1 PS2P2 PS2P3 PS2P4'><name>Unknown</name><locale> meeting room </locale><activity spont="M"> annual general meeting and extraordinary general meeting </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom2 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S meeting</classCode><keywords><term> business </term><term> company finance </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HM6LC001> <loc id=HM6LC002> <loc id=HM6LC003> <loc id=HM6LC004> <loc id=HM6LC005> <loc id=HM6LC006> <loc id=HM6LC007> <loc id=HM6LC008> <loc id=HM6LC009> <loc id=HM6LC00A> <loc id=HM6LC00B> <loc id=HM6LC00C> <loc id=HM6LC00D> <loc id=HM6LC00E> <loc id=HM6LC00F> <loc id=HM6LC00G> <loc id=HM6LC00H> <loc id=HM6LC00J> <loc id=HM6LC00K> <loc id=HM6LC00L> <loc id=HM6LC00M> <loc id=HM6LC00N> <loc id=HM6LC00P> <loc id=HM6LC00R> <loc id=HM6LC00S> <loc id=HM6LC00T> <loc id=HM6LC00U> <loc id=HM6LC00V> <loc id=HM6LC00W> <loc id=HM6LC00X> </align>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="1"><w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>accounts <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>reports <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors <w CJC>and <w NN2>auditors <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VVD-VVN>ended <w CRD>thirty <w ORD>first <w NP0>December <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>nine <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>dividend <w PRP>for <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w AV0>Secondly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-election <w PRF>of <w NN2>directors <w VVG-AJ0>retiring <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>thirdly <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>audit </trunc> <w NN2>auditors <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>remuneration<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>followed<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>directly <w PRP-CJS>after <w DT0>this <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extraordinary <w AJ0>general <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>authorized <w NN1>share <w NN1>capital <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w AJ0>new <w NN1>preference <w NN1>share <w NN1>capital <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>renew <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<w POS>'s <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>allot <w NN2>shares <pause> <w TO0>to <vocal desc=cough> <w VVI>seek <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN2>shares <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w NN1>share <w NN1>capital <w PRP>by <w VVG>repaying <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>some <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>employee <w NN1>share <w NN2>schemes <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <unclear> <w AJ0-NN1>aggregate <w NN1>amount <w AJ0>available <w PRP>for <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>fees <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN1>summary <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>statements<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>now <w VVI>call <w PRP>upon <w NP0>David <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Coopers <w CJC>and <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Lybrand </sic> <unclear> <w TO0>to <w VVI>read <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>auditors <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>members<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P2 ><unclear dur=72 ></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="5"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>David<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w ORD>next<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>shall <w VBI>be <w VVG>proposing <w AT0>a <w NN1>resolution <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w NN2>accounts <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VVI>declare <w AT0>a <w NN1>dividend<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w AV0>Then <pause> <w PRP>before <w VVG>putting <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>vote <pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>shall <w VVI>say <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>words <w CJC>and <w VVB>ask <w CJS>whether<c PUN>, <w ITJ>ah<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>any <w NN2>questions<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w AT0>The <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w NN2>accounts <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN2>hands <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>statutory <w NN1>period <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>read <w DPS>my <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w PNP>I <w AV0>therefore <w VVB>propose <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>audited <w NN2-VVZ>accounts <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w VVD-VVN>ended <w CRD>thirty <w ORD>first <w NP0>December <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>nine <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>submitted <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w VBI>be <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AV0>hereby <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>received <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>dividend <w PRF>of <w CRD>twelve <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w NN0>pence<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>net <w PRP>per <w NN1>share<c PUN>, <w VVN>recommended <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors <pause> <w VBI>be <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>hereby <w VVN-VVD>declared <w AJ0>payable <w PRP-AVP>on <w ORD>first <w NP0>June <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w NN2>holders <w PRF>of <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>register<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>M <pause> <w PRP-AVP>on <w ORD>fourth <w PRF>of <w NP0>May <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w VVG>entering <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>nineties <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>well-defined <pause> <w AJ0>well-balanced <w NN1>company <pause> <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>businesses <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>geographical <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w PNP>We <w AV0>now <w VVB>generate <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN0>sales <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w PNP>We <w VHD>had <w DT0>another <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>year <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>nine <pause> <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>percent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>nineteen <w NN0>percent <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>dividends <w PRP>per <w NN1>share<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PRP>Since <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>two <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>merged <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NP0>Pearson <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>companies <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>increased <w NP0>Pearson<w POS>'s <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share <w CJC>and <w NN2>dividends <w AV0>four-fold<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>achieved <w DT0>this <w PRP>by <w VVG-NN1>selling <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>quality <w NN2>products <w CJC>and <w NN2>services <w AV0>expertly <w CJC>and <w AV0>aggressively <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>marketplace <pause> <w PRP>by <w VVG>acquiring <w NN2>businesses <w DTQ>which <w NN1>complement <w CJC>and <w VVB>support <w DPS>our <w CRD>four <w AJ0-VVN>chosen <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>operation <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w VVG>disposing <w PRF>of <w NN2>businesses <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w AJ0>obvious <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>areas<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w PNP>I <w VVD>explained <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>statement <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>management <w NN1>reorganisation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w CJS>Although <w NP0>Frank <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearson <w PRP>since <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w PNP>him <w CJS>before <pause> <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>introduce<c PUN>, <w ITJ>ah<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frank <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NN1>capacity <pause> <w AJ0>Managing <w NN1>Director <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>Operating <w NN1>Officer <w PRP>at <w NP0>Pearson<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w NP0>Frank<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w PNP>you <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w NN1>bow<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="18"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w AV0>also <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w NP0>Jean-Claude <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>at <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>meetings <pause> <w DTQ>which <w PNP>he <w VVD>attended <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capacity <w PRP>as <unclear> <w PRP>to <w NP0>Michel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>welcome <w NP0>Jean-Claude <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="20"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>on to <w NN2>events <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>happened <w PRP-CJS>since <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>printed <pause> <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w AV0>no doubt <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VVD>announced <w DPS>our <w NN2>results <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>March <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVD>agreed <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers <w NN1>theme <w NN1>park <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>Staffordshire<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>purchase <w VHZ>has <w AV0>now <w VBN>been <w VVN>completed<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>really <w AJ0>marvellous <w NN1>addition <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN1>Group <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>intends <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w AV0>further <w AV0>both <w PRP>by <w VVG>attracting <w DT0>more <w NN2>visitors <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w AJ0>new <w CJC>and <w AJ0>exciting <w NN2>rides <w CJC>and <w AV0>also<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>by<c PUN>, <w PRP>through <w DPS>their <w AJ0>unique <w NN1>knack <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increasing <w NN1>visitor <w NN1-VVG>spending <w NN2>levels<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>also <w VVD>announced <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alton<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Towers <w NN1>acquisition <w CJT>that <w NP0>Longman <w VHD>had <w VVN>acquired <w NP0-NN1>Rank <w NN1>Training <w PRP>for <w CRD>eleven <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>company <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w AJ0>leading <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fast <w AJ0>expanding <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w NN1>video <w NN1>training <w NN2>products <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>market <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Longman <w VHZ>has <w VVN>identified<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>area <w PRP>for <w NN1>expansion<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w NP0>Longman <w VBZ>is <w AV0>already <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K's <w VVG>leading <w NN2>providers <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w NN1>education <pause> <w NN2>materials <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>use <w DT0>this <w NN1>base <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w CJC>and <w VVI>expand <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rank <w NN1>Training <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>nineties <w VBB>are <w PRP-CJS>as <w VVG-AJ0>testing <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN2>markets <w CJS>as <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VVB>predict <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>nonetheless <w AJ0>confident <w CJT>that <w NP0>Pearson <w VBZ>is <w AV0>better <w VVN>placed <w CJS>than <w DT0>most <w NN2>companies <w TO0>to <w VVI>withstand <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w AV0>more <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w AJ0>geographical <w NN2>areas <pause> <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>nine <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>forty <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearson<w POS>'s <w NN1>trading <trunc> <w UNC>ca </trunc> <w NN1>profit <pause> <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NN2>economies <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w CJC>and <w NN1>North <w NP0>America <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>expect <w DPS>our <w NN2>activities <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>satisfactory <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>concludes<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2-VVZ>remarks <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>make<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>already <w VVN>put <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>shareholders <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w VVG>voting <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w VVI>answer <w DT0>any <w NN2>questions<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="29"><w CJC>And <w VM0>could <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>say <pause> <w DPS>your <w NN1>name <pause> <w CJC>and <pause dur=10>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="30"><w DPS>My <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>shareholder <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN2>years<w POS>' <w NN1>standing<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w PNP>I <w VVB>welcome <w DPS>your <w NN1>speech <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>habit <w PRF>of <unclear> <w AJ0>optimistic <w NN1>outlook <unclear> <w NN1>future <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w PRP>contrary to <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN2>chairmen <w VBB>are <w VVG>saying<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><unclear> <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <unclear dur=6> <w AT0>no <w NN1>chance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>year <unclear dur=6> <w NN1>share <w NN2>prices <w VHB>have <w VVN>dropped <w AV0>enormously<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><unclear dur=6> <w PNP>I <w VVD>noted <w PNP>you <unclear> <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VVD-VVN>bought <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <unclear dur=6> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>asking <w VBZ>is <w CJS>whether <w DPS>its <w NN2>shareholders <w VM0>could <w VVI>write <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>apply <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>concessionary <w NN1>ticket <w PRP>to <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers <w CJC>and <unclear> <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reduced <w NN1>price <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w AV0>so <w VVB-NN1>wish<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="36"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>just <w VVG>saying <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>remarks <pause> <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>misquoted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Reuters <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VDD>did <w VVI>leave <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>share <w NN1>price <w VVD-VVN>dropped <w PRP>by <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>several <w ZZ0>P <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w AJ0>correcting <w NN1>statement <w AV0>so <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>precaution <w PRF>of <w VVG>issuing <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w NN1-VVB>release <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w CJS>as <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>making <w DT0>these <w NN2>remarks <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w AV0>at least <w PNP>they <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w VVN>misinterpreted<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PRP>as to <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VVD>heard <w PNP>you <w VVI>say <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>ask <w PRP>about <w AJ0>concessionary <w NN2>prices <w PRP>to <w NP0>Alton <pause> <w NN2>Towers<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w AJ0>correct<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<unclear> <event desc="inaudible response">
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="39"><w ITJ>Ya<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w AV0>Well <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>policy <w NN1>view <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>years <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>group <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w AV0>very <w AJ0>attractive <w UNC>er <w NN2>products <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>shareholders <w VHB>have <w AV0>frequently <w VVN>asked <w CJS>if <w VBD>was <w AJ0>possible <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN2>concessions <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w NN2>sorts <w PRF>of <w NN2>areas <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>view <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <pause> <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <pause> <w PNP>it <w VVZ>involves <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w NN1>administration <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w AJ0>real <w NN1>job <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w NN2>profits <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w AV0>as <w AV0>well <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN2>dividends <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>shareholders <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w VVB>use <w DT0>that <w NN1>money <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>hopefully <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>products<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w ITJ>Yes <w NN1>sir<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="42"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w DPS>My <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it <w VVZ>appears <w PRP>to <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w NN1>sir <pause> <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>life <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>managers <w TO0>to <w VVI>negotiate <w NN1>wage <w NN2>settlements <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>employees <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>note <w CJT>that <w DPS>your <w NN1>salary <w VHZ>has <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w AV0>more than <w CRD>fifty <w NN0>percent <pause> <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w CJT>That <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w VM0>will <w AV0>please <w NP0>John <w NP0>Major <w CJC>or <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Thatcher <pause> <w PRP>for <w VBG>being<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJS>seeing <w PNP>you <w VVG>fuelling <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>directors <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>companies <pause> <w VVG>fuelling <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w AJ0>inflationary <w NN1>wage <w VVZ-NN2>rises <pause> <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>seem <w AJ0>reasonable <w DTQ>whatsoever <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNI>one <w VM0>should <w VVI>consider <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>light<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="45"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>question<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w EX0>There<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>comment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AJ0>high <w NN2>levels <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1>salary <pause> <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>remu </trunc> <w NN1>remuneration <w PRP>for <w NN2>directors <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>helpful <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <pause> <w VBD>were <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>some <w AJ0>general <w NN2>remarks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>background <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>approach <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN1>remuneration<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>position <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Simon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNI>something <pause> <w CJS>because <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <pause> <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>set <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w NN1>remuneration<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <pause> <w AV0>in general <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>panel <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>non-executive <w NN2>directors <w PNQ>who <w VVD>set <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN1>salary <pause> <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>directors <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AV0>also <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>panel <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>obviously <w XX0>not <w PRP>in relation to <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w NN1>salary<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w AJ0>professional <w NN2>advisers<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <unclear> <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Co <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN1>policy <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NN1>base <w NN2>salaries <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>mid-point <w PRF>of <w NN1>market <w AJ0>competitive <w NN1>range <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVB>provide <w NN1>bonus <w NN2>opportunities <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VVI>lift <w AJ0-NN1>total <w VVB-NN1>take <w AV0>home <w VVB-NN1>pay <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>quartile<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Pearson <w NN1>scheme <w VBZ>is <w AV0>highly <w AJ0>leveraged <pause> <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>above-average <w NN1>performance <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>shareholders <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVB>let <w PNP>me <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>an <w NN1>example<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NP0>Pearsons <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w VVN>achieved <w VVB-NN1>say <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent <pause> <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1-VVB>share <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN1>remuneration<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>forecast <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>clear<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AT0>an <w NN1>illustration <pause> <w CJS>if <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share <w NN1-VVB>increase <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>expect <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN1>remuneration <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>perhaps <w VVN>increased <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w NN0>percent <pause> <w DT0>that <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>salaries <w VM0>would <w AV0>actually <w VVI>halve <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ill <w VVB>say <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN1>total <w VVB-NN1>take <w AV0>home <w NN1-VVB>pay <w VM0>would <w VVI>halve <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>salary <w NN1>element <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>alter<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>so <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>the </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w AV0>quite <w AV0>as <w AJ0>simple <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VM0>might<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VVI>think <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ORD>next <w NN1>year <w CJS>if <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVD>happened <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w EX0>there<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w NN2>headlines <w VVG>saying <w NP0>Pearson <w NN2>directors <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>half <w DPS>their <w NN1>remuneration<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w PNP>we <w VVD>set <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w PRP>above <w AJ0-NN1>average <w UNC>er <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <trunc> <w UNC>shareh </trunc> <w VVZ>increases <w PRP>in <w NN1>shareholder <w NN1>value <w AV0>really <w VVB>depend <w PRP>on <pause> <w CJC>and <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>again <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>an <w NN1>example <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>take <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>E <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>companies <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w NN2>analyses <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>growth <w NN2>rates <w CJC>and <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1-VVB>share <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>find <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>growth <w NN1>rate <w VBD>was <w CRD>eleven <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN0>percent <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>ours <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w NN0>percent <pause> <w AV0>so <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>above <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>remuneration <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>for <w PRP>above <trunc> <w UNC>av </trunc> <pause> <w PRP>for <w PRP>above <w AJ0-NN1>average <w NN1>performance<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>say <w DT0>much <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w CJC>but <w AV0>perhaps <w NP0>Simon
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="54"><w PNP>I <w AV0>hardly <w VVB>feel<c PUN>, <w NN1>sir<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w DT0>some <w NN1>influence <w PRP>on <w DPS>your <w NN2>salaries <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>directors <w CJC>and <w NN2>chairmen <w VVB>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>influence <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w DT0>This <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>cut <w DT0>any <w NN1>ice <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <pause> <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>directors <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w VVN>invited <w AV0>there <w PRP>by <w PNX>yourself<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w AV0>So <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="57"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>beg <w TO0>to <w VVI>correct <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w DT0>these <w NN2>directors <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN2>bosses <w PRF>of <w AJ0>international<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN2>companies <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w PNP>They <w VHB>have <w AT0>no<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w AJ0>personal<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>the <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>our<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>most <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>directors <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>just <w VVN>joined <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Ruben <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NP0>Colgate <trunc> <w UNC>Palmo </trunc> <w NP0-NN1>Palmolive<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVD>described <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <pause> <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AVQ>how <pause> <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w VVD>selected <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w PNP>We <w VVD>went <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>felt <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVD>needed<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w NN1>director <w CJS>because <w AV0>much <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>business <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <pause> <w PRP>with <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>marketing <w NN1-VVB>experience <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVD>went <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN2>headhunters <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NP0>America <pause> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>drew <w AVP>up <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w CRD>sixty <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVN>culled <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>research <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVD>narrowed <w DT0>that <w AVP>down <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>executive <w PRP>to <w CRD>twelve<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w PNP>We <w VVD>presented <w DT0>these <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>names<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearsons <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w VVN>selected <w CRD>three <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>kept <w CRD>one <w PRP>in <w NN1>reserve <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>sent <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w NP0>America <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w TO0>to <w VVI>see<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVG>leading <w NN2>candidates<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>met <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w NN1>lounge <w PRP>at<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kennedy <w NN1>Airport <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>discussed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>great <w NN1>length <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>discussion <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pearsons <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>accepted <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <pause> <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w AT0>no <w NN1>obligation <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w DTQ>whatsoever <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>remuneration <w NN1>committee<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w VVB>take <w NN1>offence <w PRP>at <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>saying<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><ptr target=HM6LC001><w NP0>Simon <ptr target=HM6LC002></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="64"><ptr target=HM6LC001><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <ptr target=HM6LC002><w AV0>very <w AJ0>sorry <w PNP>you <w VVB>take <w NN1>offence<c PUN>, <w NN1>sir<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><unclear> <w AT0>no <w NN1>offence <w VVD-VVN>meant <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VVB-NN1>hope <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>take <w NN1>offence <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><ptr target=HM6LC003><w UNC>Erm <ptr target=HM6LC004></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="67"><ptr target=HM6LC003><unclear> <ptr target=HM6LC004><w DT0>This <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w PRP>out of <w NN1>order <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>experience <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <pause> <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>non-executive <w NN2>directors <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>compensation <pause> <w VVN-VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>recommendation <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w NP0>Michael <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w POS>'s <w NN1>salary <w VBI>be <w AJC>higher <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJS>than <w PNP>he <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w VVN-VVD>agreed <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>requested <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>lower <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="68"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>hope <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>companies <w VVB>take <w PRP>into <w NN1>consideration <w NN1>inflation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <ptr target=HM6LC005><w AV0>very <ptr target=HM6LC006></u>
<u who=PS2P3>
<s n="71"><ptr target=HM6LC005><w NN2>Ladies <ptr target=HM6LC006></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="72"><w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>, <w NN1>sir<c PUN>, <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVD>took <w NN1>offence <w PRP>at <w PNI>anything <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>offence <w VVN>meant<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P3>
<s n="74"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><ptr target=HM6LC007><trunc> <w UNC>La </trunc> <w NN2>ladies <w CJC>and <w NN2>gentlemen <ptr target=HM6LC008></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM6LC007><unclear> <ptr target=HM6LC008></u>
<u who=PS2P3>
<s n="76"><w NP0>Lord <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>asked <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>words <w PRP-AVP>about <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>salaries <w CJC>and <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w DT0>own<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>stand <w AV0>here <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w VVG>defending <w DT0>these <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>our <w NN1>policy <w VBZ>is <w AV0>entirely <w AJ0>right <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>inflationary<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w NN1-NP0>Ergo<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>look<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>company <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w VVD>said <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w AJ0>introductory <w NN2>remarks <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>very <w AJ0>remarkable<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w AT0>The<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>credit <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>executive <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w NN2>directors <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>rewarded <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>encouraged <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>risks <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN1>behalf <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w NN1>growth <w VVZ>continues <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>benefits <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VVZ>benefits <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <pause> <w PNP>it <w VVZ>benefits <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>ergo<c PUN>, <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>inflationary <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w NN1>productivity <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>productivity <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VHZ>has <w VVN>increased <w AV0>significantly<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w VVD>said <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>base <w AT0>the <w NN2>salaries <w PRF>of <w NN2>directors <w PRP>on <w CRD>two <w NN2>elements <pause> <w AT0>an <w NN1>element <w PRF>of <w NN1>base <w NN1>salary <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>at <w NN1>market <w NN2>levels <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <pause> <w NN1>ergo<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>base <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>reflects <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>medium <w PRP>to <w AJ0>upper <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN2>companies <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>size <pause> <w PNP>we <w AV0>then <w NN1>leverage<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0>carefully<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>scheme <w VVD-VVN>related <w PRP>to <w NN1>performance <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>thing <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w VDB>do <w DPS>my <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN2>directors <w PNQ>who <w VVB>sit <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>committee <pause> <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>reasons <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w AT0>the <w AJ0>great <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>company <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w DTQ>which <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>achieved <pause> <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w AV0>actually <w AT0>the <w NN1>Chancellor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Exchequer <w VM0>would <w AV0>very <w AJ0>glad <w PRP-AVP>about <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w NN1>wealth <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>earnings <w VBB>are <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AV0>overseas <pause> <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>repatriated <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>good <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>good <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>shareholders<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="82"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w AV0>just <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>add <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>take <w NN1>offence <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>perfectly <trunc> <w UNC>qu </trunc> <w AJ0>fair <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>inference <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>rigging <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w AV0>right<c PUN>, <w VM0>could <w PNP>we <w VVI>go <w PRP>on to <w AV0>perhaps <w AT0>a <w AV0>less <w AJ0>emotive <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS2P4>
<s n="84"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>name<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w VM0>Could <w PNP>I <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>suggestion <unclear> <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w NN1>board <w NN2>salaries <w CJC>or <w NN2>remunerations <pause> <w CJC>or <w NN1>compensation <w NN2>packages <pause> <w CJC>or <w NN2>bonuses <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>saying <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>slightly <w NN1-VVB>tongue <w PRP>in <w NN1>cheek <w NN1>way <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w NN2>shareholders <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand <w AT0>the <w NN2>differences <w PRP>between <w DT0>these <w NN2>concepts<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w NN2>gentlemen <w AV0>evidently <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w AV0>Most <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>shareholders <w VHB>have <w AV0>never <pause> <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>total <w NN1>remuneration <w NN1>package <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <pause> <w AJ0-NN1>performance-related <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w VM0>Would <w PNP>you <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>prepared<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w NN2>gentlemen <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w NP0>Pearson <w VVG>giving <w AT0>a <w NN1>lead <w PRP>in <w VVG>spelling <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0-NN1>annual <w NN1-VVB>report <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>precise <w NN1>relationship <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>element <pause> <w CJC>and <pause> <w DT0>some <w NN1>parameter <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>gather <w PRP>from <w DPS>your <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>remarks <w VBZ>is <w AV0>probably <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w VM0>might <w VVI>help <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>defuse <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>situation <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG>getting <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>hot<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM6LC009><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <ptr target=HM6LC00A></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM6LC009><vocal desc=cough> <ptr target=HM6LC00A></u>
<u who=PS2P4>
<s n="89"><w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>Ms <w AV0>recently <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>topic <w VBZ>is <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up <w AV0>at most <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w VVZ>feels <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w AV0>almost <w VM0>may <w VVI>become <w AT0>an <w NN1>issue <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w AJ0>general <w NN1>election<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VBI>be <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w DT0>this <w PRP>at <w DT0>another<c PUN>, <w PRP>at<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>board <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="91"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>constructive <w NN1>suggestion <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>certainly <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>consider <w PNP>it <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w VVG>drawing <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w NN2>accounts <w ORD>next <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w NN1>lady <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="93"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>name<w VBZ>'s <unclear><c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>shareholder <w PRP>for <w AJ0>long-standing <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>interesting<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>possible <w AV0>now <w CJC>or <w AV0>maybe <w VVG>following <w AVP>on <w PRP>from <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>speaker <w VHZ>has <w VVN>said<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DT0>some <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>system <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>only <w VVB>know <w AV0>very <w AJ0>little <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AVQ>how <w DT0-CJT>that <w VVZ>works <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN2>presidents <w CJC>and <w AJ0>vice <w NN2>presidents <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VVB-NN1>work <w AV0>rather <w AV0>differently<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w AV0>So <pause> <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>interesting <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w DT0>some <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>comparison<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="95"><w VM0>Would <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJ0>American <w NN2>directors <shift new=laughing> <w AV0>like <w TO0>to <shift> <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="96"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>confess <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>by <w AJ0>American <w NN2>standards <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>directors <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearson<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w NN2>directors <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearson <w CJC>and <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>chairman <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearson <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors <w PRF>of <w AV0>most <w AJ0>English <w NN2>companies <w VBB>are <w AV0>significantly <w VVN>underpaid <w PRP>by <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w NN2>standards <pause> <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-AV0>right <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w ITJ>ha <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>current <w NN1>trend<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="97"><w AV0>Actually<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>mean <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP>regarding <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN2>amounts <w CJS>because <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN2>ones <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AJC>higher<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>merely <w AT0>the <w NN1>method <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <ptr target=HM6LC00B><unclear> <ptr target=HM6LC00C></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="98"><ptr target=HM6LC00B><w DPS>My <w DT0>own <ptr target=HM6LC00C><w NN1>feeling <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>similarity <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>base <w NN1>salary <w AV0>normally <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <pause> <w VVN>set <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>competitive <w NN1>level <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>target <w CJS-PRP>as <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>case <pause> <w AV0>perhaps <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>mid-point<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w CRD>sixty <w NN0>percent <unclear> <w NN1>level <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>uplift <w PRP>in <w NN1>compensation <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>obtained <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w CJS>as <w VVN>measured <w PRP>in <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>return <w PRP>on <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>return <w PRP>on <w NN1>equity <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w AJ0>other <w NN1>measure <pause> <w CJS>if <w DT0>those <w NN2>objectives <w VBB>are <w VVN>met<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w CJT>that <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NP0>Pearson <w VVZ>uses <w VBZ>is <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AV0>at all <w AJ0>dissimilar <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>standard <w NN1>practice <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>States<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="100"><unclear dur=6> <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>actually <w VVN>organized <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>different<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="101"><w PNP>It<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM6LC00D><w AV0>again <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <ptr target=HM6LC00E></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM6LC00D><unclear> <ptr target=HM6LC00E></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="102"><w DT0>that <unclear> <w NN1-VVB>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w NN1>chairman <pause> <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <pause> <w NN2>personnel <w CJC>and <w NN1>compensation <w NN1>committee <pause> <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>absence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>executive <pause> <w VVZ>sets <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>executive<w POS>'s <w NN1>remuneration <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>presence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>executive<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>committee <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>work <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>executives <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w VVN-VVD>used <w AV0>here <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="103"><w ITJ>Yes <w NN1>sir<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="104"><w DPS>My <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause> <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>shareholder <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w NN1>family <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <pause> <w DT0>much <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>said <w PRP>about <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w AJ0-NN1>particular <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN2>fees <w AV0>in particular<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VVZ>appears <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>overlooked <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bracket <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>eight <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>thousand <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>five <w CRD>thousand <pause> <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>increased <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>five <w CRD>thousand <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AV0>also <w UNC>erm <w VVN-VVD>mentioned <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>bonus <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>profit-related<c PUN>?
<s n="107"><w CJS>If <w XX0>not <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>suggest <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>therefore <w CJS>if <w AV0>unfortunately <w AT0>the <w NN2>profits <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VDD>did <w VVI>go <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>foreseeable <w NN1>future <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>salaries <w PRF>of <w PNX>yourself <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN2>directors <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>reduced<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w PRP>As regards <w AT0>the <w NN2>salaries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>A <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>read <w CJC>and <w VVN>seen <w PRP-AVP>about <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>companies <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>pay <w AJ0>sky-high <w PRP>for <trunc> <w UNC>v </trunc> <w AJ0>various <w NN2>salaries <w CJC>and <w AJ0>other <w NN2>schemes<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VVI>want <w AT0>a <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w NN1>evenness <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>repeat <w PRP-CJS>as <w PNI>somebody <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VVN>said<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DPS>your <w NN1>salary <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w AVP-PRP>up <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>six <w NN0>percent <pause> <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>high<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w AV0>Now <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w AJ0>other <w NN1>thing <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VVI>care <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <pause> <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w NN1>organization <w PRP>for <w AJ0>concessionary <w NN2>tickets <pause> <w PRP>for <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers <w CJC>or <w NP0>Tussauds <pause> <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AJ0>Ready <w NN1>Mix <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>theme <w NN1>park <pause> <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w NP0>Thorpe <w NN1>Park <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>problem <w AV0>there <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>issuing <w NN2>tickets <w PRP>to <w NN2>shareholders <w PRP>for <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>entertainment <w PRF>of <w DPS>their<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NN2>families<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w PNP>They <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>make <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w NN1>fuss <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <pause> <w PNP>they <w VVB>distribute <w PNP>it <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>gets <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>very <w AJ0>satisfactory <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>happy <w TO0>to <w VVI>receive <w DT0>these <w NN2>tickets<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w VVG>turning <w PNP>it <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>work <w VBZ>is <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>forgive <w DPS>my <w NN1>bluntness <pause> <w NN1>nonsense<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w CRD>one <w AJ0>other <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>share <w NN1>capital <w VBZ>is <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>five <w CRD>billion <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>true <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <unclear> <w NN1>issue <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>five <pause> <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>reserves <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w CRD>six <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w CJS>Whether <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w VVN>given <w DT0>this <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>consideration <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>increase <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>salaries <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>worthy <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <w NN1>consideration<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w CRD>one <w ORD>last <w NN1>thing <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>need <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>non-executive <w NN2>directors <pause> <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid<c PUN>?
<s n="117"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>five <w NN1-AJ0>executive <w NN2>directors <pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>adequate <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w AJ0>outside <w NN2>directors <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>bring <w PRP>outside <w NN1>knowledge <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>experience <pause> <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w CRD>thirteen <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w PNP>I <w VVB>suggest<c PUN>.
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<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="118"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w AV0>well <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NN2>points <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>cover <w PNP>them <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PNP>you <w VVD>asked <w AV0>again <w PRP>about<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>salaries <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN1>remuneration <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors <w VBB>are <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN2>bonuses <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>linked <w PRP>to <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>hoped <w PNP>I<w VHD>'d <w VVN>made <w AJ0>clear <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>profits <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearsons <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er <w XX0>not <w AV0>only <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>went <w AVP>down <pause> <w CJC>but <w CJS>even if <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN2>earnings <w PRP>per <w NN1>share <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w ORD>next <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>salaries <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AV0>considerably <w VVN>reduced <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>I<w VHD>'d <w AV0>already <w VVN>made <w DT0-CJT>that <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w UNC>erm <w NN1>remuneration <w NN1>total <w VVB-NN1>take <w AV0>home <w NN1-VVB>pay <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>considerably <w VVN>reduced <pause> <w VVD>thought <w PNP>I<w VHD>'d <w AV0>already <w VVN>made <w DT0>that <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PRP-AVP>on <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers <w DTQ>which <w PNP>you <w VVD>brought <w AVP>up <w AV0>again <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>where <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>stop<c PUN>?
<s n="122"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w AV0>just <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CJS>whether <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>get <w NN2>discounts <w PRP>on <w NP0>Penguin <w NN2>Books <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CJS>whether <w PNP>you <w VVD>got<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>bottles <w PRF>of <w NN1>Chateau <w UNC>le <w NN1>Tour <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <unclear> <w VVZ>requests <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w AJ0>different <w NN2>things <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AV0>alright <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>could<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>could<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DTQ>what<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w NN2>shareholders <w VVD-VVN>wanted <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>consider <w DT0>that <pause> <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w AJ0>attractive <w NN2>products<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w DPS>your <w ORD>third <w NN1>point <w VBD>was <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w NN1>sheet <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w NN1>finance <w NN1>director <pause>
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<s n="124"><w ITJ>Yes <pause> <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>give <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w AV0>of course <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause>
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<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="125"><w AJ0>Sorry<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>I
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<u who=PS000>
<unclear> <event desc="background remarks and laughter">
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<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="126"><w NN2>Apologies<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>will<c PUN>, <w AV0>course <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>give <w NN1>consideration <w PRP>to <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJC>further <unclear> <w NN1>issue <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>asking <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w DT0>All <w DT0>that <w VDZ>does<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VBZ>is <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w VBZ>is <w VVB>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>unit <w NN1>price <pause> <w NN1>share <w NN1>price<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w AT0>no <w AJ0>other <pause> <w NN1>effect <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>purely <w AJ0>cosmetic <w PNX>myself <w CJC>and <w AV0>nowadays <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>a <w NN1>share <w NN1>price <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>seven <w CRD>hundred <w ZZ0>P <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>shares <w VBB>are <w AV0>currently <w VVG-AJ0>hovering<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>e </trunc> <w AV0>enormously <w AJ0>disproportionate <unclear> <w CJC>but <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>keep <w PNP>it <w PRP>under <w NN1>consideration<c PUN>.
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<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="129"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w ORD>last <w NN1>point <w VBD>was <w PRP-AVP>about<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>directors <w CJC>and <w AV0>particularly <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>outside <w NN2>directors<c PUN>, <w AJ0>non- <w NN1>executive <w NN2>directors<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>all <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>say <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Simon <w VBD>was <w VBG>being <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>modest <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>company <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJ0>due <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>entirely <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w NN2>directors<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w CJT>That <pause> <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w AV0>actually <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>non-executive <w NN2>directors <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>enormously <w AJ0>helpful <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRF>of <w NN1>strategy <pause> <w PRP>in <w VVG>giving <w AT0>the <w NN1>executive <w NN1>advice <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>they <w VVB>play <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>full <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>role <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>develop </trunc> <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w NN1>development <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>they <w AV0>also <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>keep <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN2>executives<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w PNQ>Who <w VM0>would <w VVI>sack <w PNP>me<c PUN>?
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<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
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<s n="133"><trunc> <w UNC>Ch </trunc> <w NN1>chairman<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VM0>may <w AV0>just <w VVI>add <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <unclear>
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<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="134"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <unclear> <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w VHB>have <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>point <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w NN1>balance <w EX0>there <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>non-executive <w NN2>directors <w CJS>than <w AJ0-NN1>executive <w NN2>directors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVN>felt <w AV0>very <w AV0>strongly <w DT0-CJT>that <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>mix <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-executive <w NN2>directors <w AV0>really <w VDZ>does <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN2>shareholders<w POS>' <w NN2>interests <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w PRP>following <w AT0>the <w NN1>lead<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w NP0>England<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>respect<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>lucky <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AJ0>high <w NN1>calibre <w PRF>of <w AJ0>non-executive <w NN2>directors <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>attract<c PUN>.
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<u who=PS000 ><unclear dur=9 ></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="136"><w NN1-VVB>Name<c PUN>, <w NN1>sir<c PUN>.
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<u who=PS000>
<s n="137"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Saturday <ptr target=HM6LC00F><w NN1>afternoon <w ORD>last <ptr target=HM6LC00G></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<ptr target=HM6LC00F><unclear> <ptr target=HM6LC00G></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="138"><w DTQ>What<c PUN>?
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<s n="139"><w DPS>Your <w NN1>name<c PUN>!
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<u who=PS000>
<s n="140"><w ITJ>Oh <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w DT0>same <w CJS>as <w NN1-VVB>jam<c PUN>!
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="142"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>you <w DT0>all <w VVD>laughed <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>asked <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP>from <w AV0>over there <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>capital <w ZZ0>P <w PRP>in <w NP0>Pearson <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w DT0>all <w VVD>laughed <pause> <w PNP>it <w VVD>took <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>weeks <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>The <w NN2>Times<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>remember<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="143"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w NN1>secretary <pause> <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>an <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>S <pause> <w AJ0>Chartered <w NN1>Institute <w NN2>Secretaries <pause> <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>much <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>chartered <w NN1>accountant<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AT0>no <w AV0>damn <w AJ0>good <w CJS-PRP>as <ptr target=HM6LC00H><w NN2>secretaries<c PUN>, <w AV0>right<c PUN>!
<s n="145"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <ptr target=HM6LC00J></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM6LC00H><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HM6LC00J></u>
<u who=PS2P2>
<s n="146"><w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>L <w ZZ0>B <w NN0>people <pause> <w AV0>really <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w PRP>up to <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="147"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>this <w NN1>chap <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>supposed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJ0>constructive <w AJ0>commonsense <pause> <w AJ0>forensic <w NN1>ability<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>mean<c PUN>, <unclear> <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>?
<s n="148"><w NN1>Affability <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>laugh <w PRP-AVP>off <w DPS>his <w CRD>twenty <w NN1>week <w NN1-VVB>delay <w PRP>in <w VVG>getting <w DPS>my <w NN1>capital <w ZZ0>P<c PUN>!
<s n="149"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w AV0>Now <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>pay <pause> <w CJS>cos <w PNP>you <w DT0>all <w VBN>been <w AJ0>busy <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN1>pay <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w AJ0>chartered <w NN1>secretary <w VBZ>is <w AV0>really <w AJ0>important <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>so that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AJ0>available <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>Saturday <w NN1>afternoon <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>wanted<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>emotional <pause> <w VM0>shall <w PNP>I <w VVI>say <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>blasphemous<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0>Rushdie<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <pause> <w CJT>that <w DPS>my <w NN1>vicar <w VVD>came <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNP>me <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>three <w NN2>churches <pause> <w AV0>well <w AV0>luckily<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <pause> <w AV0>only <w VHZ>has <w AV0>about <w CRD>twelve <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <pause> <w DT0>another <w VHZ>has <w CRD>eighty <w CJC>and <w DT0>another <w CRD>sixty <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <pause> <w AV0>well <w DTQ>what <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VDI>do <w PRP>about <w NP0>Rushdie<c PUN>?
<s n="153"><w CJC>And <w AV0>so <pause> <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VDG>doing <pause> <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>rate <w PNP>it <w VVD>happened <w PRP-AVP>on <w NP0>Sunday <w NN1>morning <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNI>somebody <w VVD-VVN>read <w AT0>the <w NN1>lesson <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0>Saint<c PUN>, <w NP0>Saint <w NP0>John <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN2>chapters <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>skipping <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>verses <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w VVD>got <w AJ0>fed up <w PRP>with <w NN2>verses<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w AV0>Right <pause> <w PNP>he <w AV0>then <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>pulpit <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <pause> <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>preach <w PRP>about <w NP0-NN1>Lazarus <w AV0>actually <pause> <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quiet <w NN1>fellow <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>shouted <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>voice <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>about <w AJ0>satanic <w NN1>bondage<c PUN>!
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="155"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="156"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <ptr target=HM6LC00K><w VBZ>is <ptr target=HM6LC00L></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="157"><ptr target=HM6LC00K><w UNC>er <ptr target=HM6LC00L></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="158"><w AV0>that <w AJ0>blasphemous<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="159"><w UNC>er<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>n </trunc> <w DTQ>what<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w VBZ>is <w VVI>ask <w DPS>your <w NN1>question <w CJS>because <pause> <ptr target=HM6LC00M><w UNC>er <ptr target=HM6LC00N></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="160"><ptr target=HM6LC00M><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>right <ptr target=HM6LC00N></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="161"><w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <ptr target=HM6LC00P><w AJ0>narratable <w NN1>speech <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w NN1>order <ptr target=HM6LC00R></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="162"><ptr target=HM6LC00P><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>so <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><unclear> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <pause> <w AV0>right<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><ptr target=HM6LC00R><w VBZ>Is <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>know <w PNI>anything <w PRP>about <w NP0>Rushdie <w CJC>or <w PNI>anything<c PUN>?
<s n="165"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>point <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hull <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNI>somebody <w VVD>wrote <w AT0>a <w NN1>book <w PRP>about <w NP0>Mahatma <w NP0>Ghandi <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w NN1>death <w NN2>threats <pause> <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vice <w NN1>chancellor <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Hull <w NN1>University <pause> <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Fenners </sic> <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>J <w ZZ0>H <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Fenners </sic> <w PRP>in <w AJ0>industrial<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>suggest <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary <w VVZ-NN2>rings <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>secretary <w PRF>of <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Fenners </sic> <pause> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVN-AJ0>listed <w PRP>in <w NN2>newspapers <w CJS>cos <w AJ0>industrial <w NN0>people <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w DT0>that <pause> <w CJC>but <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>word <w PRP>with <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Fenners </sic> <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="167"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w DPS>your <w NN1>question<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="168"><w AT0>The <w NN1>question <w VBZ>is <w VM0>can <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>shareholder <w VDB>do <w PNI>anything <w PRP>for <w NP0>Rushdie<c PUN>, <w VBB>am <w PNP>I <w VDG>doing <w NN1>damage <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pearson<c PUN>?
<s n="169"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <ptr target=HM6LC00S><w VVG>trying <ptr target=HM6LC00T></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="170"><ptr target=HM6LC00S><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM6LC00T></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="171"><w TO0>to <w VVI>help <ptr target=HM6LC00U><w NP0>Pearson <ptr target=HM6LC00V></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="172"><ptr target=HM6LC00U><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>. <ptr target=HM6LC00V></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="173"><pause> <w XX0>not <w VVB>pick <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w NN2>bits <w PRP>over <w DPS>its <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>salaries<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="174"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <pause> <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN1>offer <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>help <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er <w AV0>clearly <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>issue<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AJ0>important <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w NN1>principle <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>directions <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w AJ0>easy <w PNI>one <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <pause> <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>really <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w PNI>anything <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJT>that<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w DT0>any <w NN1>shareholder <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearsons <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><vocal desc=cough> <pause> <w VBB>Are <w EX0>there <w DT0>any <w AJC>further <w NN2>questions<c PUN>?
<s n="177"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w AV0>now <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1>favour <pause> <w VM0>would <w PNP>they <w VVI>raise <w DPS>their <w NN2>hands <pause> <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP>against <pause> <w AV0>there <w VBZ>is <w PNI>nobody <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>declare <w PNP>it <w VVD>carried <w AV0>unanimously<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>matter <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>re-election <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>retiring <w NN2>directors <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>separate <w NN1>resolution <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>required <w PRP>for <w DT0>each <w PNI>one <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>asked <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="181"><unclear> <w PNP>I <w VVB>propose <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mr <w ZZ0>J <w ZZ0>H <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>director<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>retiring <w PRP>by <w NN1>rotation <pause> <w VBI>be <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w AV0>hereby <w VVN>re-elected <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="182"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w DT0>Those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against<c PUN>?
<s n="186"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Simon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="189"><w PNP>I <w VVB>propose <w CJT>that <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Simon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w VVG>retiring <w PRP>by <w NN1>rotation <pause> <w VBI>be <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w AV0>hereby <w VVN>re-elected <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="190"><w VVB>Put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w DT0>Those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against <pause> <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="194"><w PNP>I <w VVB>propose <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mr <unclear> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w VVG>retiring <w PRP>by <w NN1>rotation <pause> <w VBI>be <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w AV0>hereby <w VVN>re-elected <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="195"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w DT0>Those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="198"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mr <w ZZ0>J <w ZZ0>C <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w VVG>retiring <w PRP>in accordance with <w NN1>article <w CRD>eighty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN2>Articles <w PRF>of <w NN1>Association <pause> <w VBI>be <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>hereby <w VVN>re-elected <w AT0>a <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="199"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w DT0>Those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against <pause> <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>we <w AV0>now <w VVB>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>appointment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>auditors <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>remuneration<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><event desc="shuffling papers"> <w PRP>Under <w AT0>the <w NN2>provisions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Companies <w NN1>Act <w CRD>Nineteen <w CRD>Eighty <w CRD>Five <pause> <w DPS>their <w NN1>appointment <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVZ>requires <w AT0>the <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>approval <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>shareholders<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w PNP>I <w AV0>therefore <w VVB>propose <w CJT-DT0>that <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Coopers <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lybrand <unclear> </sic> <w VBI>be <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AV0>hereby <w VVN-AJ0>appointed <w NN2>auditors <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w NN1>office <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>meeting <w PRP-CJS>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>conclusion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <pause> <w PRP>at <w DTQ>which <w NN2>accounts <w VBB>are <w VVN>laid <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PRP>in accordance with <w NN1>section <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <pause> <w NN2>Companies <w NN1>Act <w CRD>Nineteen <w CRD>Eighty <w CRD>Five <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>remuneration <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>period <w VBI>be <w VVN>fixed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="205"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w DT0>Those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against<c PUN>?
<s n="207"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVN-VVD>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>concludes <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>M <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>forty <pause> <w CJC>and <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>move <w AV0>straight <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extraordinary <w AJ0>general <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>you <w AV0>already <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>read <w DPS>my <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighteenth <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>circulated <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w NN2>accounts<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>fully <w VVZ>explains <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w VBG>being <w VVN>put <w AV0>forward <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w PRP>for <w AV0>firstly <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>authorized <w NN1>share <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <pause> <w VVG>creating <w CRD>two <w AJ0>new <w NN2>classes <w PRF>of <w NN1>preference <w NN1>share <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG>renewing <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<w POS>'s <w NN1>authority <w TO0>to <w VVI>allot <w NN2>shares <pause> <w VVG>renewing <w AT0>the <w NN1>board<w POS>'s <w NN1>power <w TO0>to <w VVI>modify <w NN1>preemption <w NN2>rights <pause> <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>purchase <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>shares <pause> <w VVG>reducing <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>share <w NN1>capital <w PRP>by <w VVG>repaying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>existing <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>amendments <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>employee <w NN1>share <w NN2>schemes <pause> <w VVG>increasing <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>aggregate <w NN1>sum <w AJ0>available <w PRP>for <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>fees <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVG>authorizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN1>summary <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>statements<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <pause> <w VVB>hope <w CJT>that <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>circular <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>pretty <w AV0>fully <w VVZ>explains <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN2>proposals <pause> <w CJC>but<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>questions <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w VVI>answer <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w DT0>any <w NN2>questions <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>return <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>resolutions<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>separately <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>propose <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNI>one <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>resolution <pause> <w AV0>namely <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w VVB>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>meeting <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w AJ0>authorized <w NN1>share <w NN1>capital <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against<c PUN>?
<s n="214"><w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>carried<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>secondly <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>propose <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w VVB>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>create <w CJC>and <w VVI>allot <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>thousand <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w NN2>dollars<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>billion <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>pound <w DT0>each <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against<c PUN>?
<s n="216"><w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>special <w NN1>resolution <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>carried<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>propose <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>three <w VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>grant <w NN1>authority <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w TO0>to <w VVI>exercise <w AT0>the <w NN2>powers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>allot <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>shares <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>annual <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>event <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against<c PUN>?
<s n="218"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>carried <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w ORD>next <w PNP>I <w VVB>propose <w PRP>as <w AT0>a<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>four <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>resolution <pause> <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>modify <pause> <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>extent<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>obligations <w VVG>relating <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>allotment <w PRF>of <w NN2>shares <w PRP>for <w NN1>cash <pause> <w VVD-VVN>contained <w PRP>in <w NN1>section <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Companies <w NN1>Act<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against<c PUN>?
<s n="221"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>carried <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w ORD>Next <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>five <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>resolution <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>set <trunc> <w UNC>ou </trunc> <w VVB>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>market <w NN2>purchases <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w DT0>This <w AV0>again <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>annual<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>carried <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>six <pause> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>share <w NN1>capital <w PRP>by <pause> <vocal desc=cough> <w VVG>repaying <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w CRD>thousand<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN0>percent <w AJ0>cumulative <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w NN1>pound<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>each <w PRP>at <w NN1>par<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <ptr target=HM6LC00W><w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <ptr target=HM6LC00X></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HM6LC00W><unclear dur=12> <ptr target=HM6LC00X></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="227"><trunc> <w UNC>S </trunc> <pause> <w PNP>I <pause> <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VVD>asked <w PRP>for <w NN2>questions <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w DPS>your <w NN1>question<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u> <u who=PS2P1 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="228"><w AVQ>Why <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>need<c PUN>, <w NN1>sir<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>repay <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>pounds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN0>percent <w AJ0>cumulative <trunc> <w UNC>pref </trunc> <w NN2>shares <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <unclear> <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low <w NN1>interest <w VVN-VVD>involved<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w DTQ>What <unclear> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>low <w NN1>interest <w NN1>share<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="230"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>this <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>us <w AT0>the <w NN1>ability <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w VVG-NN1>tidying <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN1>operation <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>finance <w NN1>director <w VM0>will <w VVI>give <w DT0>more <w NN2>details<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="231"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="232"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>helpful <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <pause> <w CJS>because <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>factors <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AV0>very <w AJ0>small<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w AJ0>cheap <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>no <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <w PRP>other than <w DT0>those <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>repaid <w PRP>prior to <w DT0>that <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w NN2>shares <w PNP>we <w VVB>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AJ0>permanent <w NN2>shares<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVN>repaid <w PRP>at <w DPS>our <w NN1>option <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DT0>that <w NN1>flexibility <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>context <w PRF>of <w DT0>either <w CJS>if <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w VVB>get <w AV0>very <w AJ0>high <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>tax <w NN1>treaty <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN2-VVZ>changes <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>them <w AV0>more <w AJ0>onerous <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>circumstances <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>inhibited <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>existence <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>historic <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>preference <w NN2>shares <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w NN1>balance<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>quite <w AJ0-AV0>right <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cheap <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w PRP>in <w PNX>themselves <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>helpful <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>wider <w NN1>sense <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVN>repaid<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS2P1>
<s n="233"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against <pause> <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>carried <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w ORD>next <w VBZ>is <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>seven <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>authorize <w AT0>the <w NN2>directors <w TO0>to <w VVI>amend <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>employee <w NN1>share <w NN2>schemes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manner <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>circular <w VVN-AJ0>dated <w ORD>eighteenth <w PRF>of <w NP0>April <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <pause> <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>carried <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>eight <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>increase <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>aggregate <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>sum <w AJ0>available <w PRP>for <w NN2>directors<w POS>' <w NN2>fees <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>pounds <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>carried <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ordinary <trunc> <w UNC>re </trunc> <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AV0>finally<c PUN>, <w NN1>resolution <w CRD>nine <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w TO0>to <w VVI>alter <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN2>articles <w TO0>to <w VVI>enable <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w NN1>summary <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>statements<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w PNP>I <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w DT0>those <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>favour <pause> <w AV0>any <w PRP>against <pause> <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>declare <w AT0>the <w NN1>resolution <w VVD-VVN>carried <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <trunc> <w UNC>reso </trunc> <w NN1>resolution<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VVZ>concludes <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extraordinary <w AJ0>general <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w PRP>for <w VVG>attending <w CJC>and <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lively <w NN1>meeting <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN2>colleagues <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVI>meet <w PNP>you <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foyer <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w NN2>refreshments <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN>served<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HM7>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Pearson interim results: meeting. Sample containing about 3759 words speech recorded in business context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 59 Kbytes running text, containing about 3759 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HM7</idno><idno type="old"> 102001 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="102001" date="1991-08-12" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="245"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="338"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="87"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="18"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="9"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="3827"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="245"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="338"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="87"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="18"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="9"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="3827"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1991-08-12</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C392"><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2P7" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><name>Michael</name><occupation>director</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2P8" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Frank</name><occupation>managing director</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" id="PS2P9" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>James</name><occupation>finance director</occupation></person><particLinks><relation active='PS2P8 PS2P9' desc="colleagu" mutual="Y"/></particLinks></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="102001" who='PS2P7 PS2P8 PS2P9'><name>Unknown</name><locale> meeting room </locale><activity spont="M"> meeting </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom2 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S meeting</classCode><keywords><term> business </term><term> interim results </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<u who=PS2P7>
<s n="1"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w PNI>everyone<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>nearly <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>house <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w DT0>more <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>come<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w VVG-AJ0>taking <w NN1>part <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>presentation <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <pause> <w ITJ>ah <pause> <w VBB>are <w NP0>Frank <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>fr </trunc> <w AJ0>managing <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearsons<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NP0>James <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>finance <w NN1>director<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>questions <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>end <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>camera <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>use <w AV0-AJ0>only <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w NN1>hand <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN2>copies <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>slides <w PRP>to <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>wants <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w DPS>Our <w NN2>profits <w VBB>are <w AV0>disappointingly <w AJ0>small <w PRP>in relation to<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w UNC>er <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AJ0>buoyant <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>made <pause> <w DT0>more <w NN1>money <w CJS>than <w PNP>we <w AV0>ever <w VHD>had <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w NN1>Recession <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VVN>promised <w AT0>a <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>start <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w NP0>January <w AVQ>when <w VVB-NN1>worry <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w AV0>actually <w VVD>gave <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w PNX>itself <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>trading <w NN1>climate <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w AJ0>weak <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVN-VVD>worsened <w AV0>still <w AV0>further<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w NN1>consumer <w NN1>confidence <w VVD>fell <w AV0>away <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN2>consumers <w VVN>kept <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>cash <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>pockets <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>saved <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>billion <w NN2>pounds <w AV0>more <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one <pause> <w CJS>than <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w CRD>One <w AJ0>immediate <w NN1>casualty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>was <w VVG-NN1>advertising<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w NN1>Recruitment <trunc> <w UNC>adversiding </trunc> <pause> <w NN1>advertising <w AV0>for example <w AV0>virtually <w VVN-VVD>ground <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>halt <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2>businesses <w VVD>started <w TO0>to <w VVI>shed <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVB>look <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w AV0>So <w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>trading <w NN1>profit<c PUN>?
<s n="11"><w PRP>In <w DT0>this <w NN1>analysis <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>set <w AV0>aside <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-NP0>Elsivir </sic> <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>variance <w VBD>was <w CRD>forty <w CRD>nine <w CRD>million <pause> <w CRD>seventy <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>relates <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w AT0>The <w NN1>drop <w PRP>in <w NN2>profits <w PRP>from <w DPS>our <w NN2>newspapers <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>probably <w AT0>the <pause> <w AV0>most <pause> <w AV0>widely <w VVN>expected <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>substantial <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>costs <w VBB>are <w AJ0-VVN>fixed <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>therefore <w VBB>are <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>sensitive <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN2>changes <w PRP>in <w NN1>volume<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AJ0>Fine <w NN1>china <w CJC>and <w NN1>investment <w NN1>banking <w AV0>inevitably <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w VVD-VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>conditions <pause> <w AV0>so <w VDD>did <w NN1>entertainment <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>also <w VVD>brought <w CRD>two <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>burdens <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>firstly <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AJ0>marked <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>tourism <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w NN1>pound <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>bill <w PRP>for <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers<w POS>' <w AJ0>loss-making <w NN1>winter <w NN1>quarter <pause> <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>flagged <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>quite <w AV0>consistently<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PRP-CJS>After <w NN2>newspapers<c PUN>, <w NN2>books <w VVD>showed <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>decline <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>fifteen <w CRD>million <w NN1>variance <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>shared <w AV0>roughly <w CRD>one <w ORD>fifth <w PRP>by <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Addison <w NP0>Wesley </sic> <pause> <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w CRD>fifths <w AV0>apiece <w PRP>by <w NP0>Penguin <w CJC>and <w NP0>Longman<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>abiding <w NN2>characteristics <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>businesses <w VBB>are <w ORD>first <w DT0>that <w AJ0>like <w NN2>newspapers <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>costs <w VBB>are <w AJ0-VVN>fixed <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>secondly<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unlike <w NN2>newspapers <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w AJ0>main <w NN1>selling <w NN1>season <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w AV0>Outside <w ITJ>AW<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN2>specialists <w NN2>books <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>markets <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>book <w NN0>sales <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>almost <w AV0>universally <w AJ0>slow <pause> <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>very <w AJ0>high <w NN2>returns <w PRP>as <w NN1>book <w NN2>sellers <w AV0>everywhere <w VVD>reacted <w PRP>to <w AJ0-VVD>reduced <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>demand <w PRP>by <w VVG>replacing <w CJC>or <w VVG>winding <w AVP-PRP>down <w DPS>their <w NN1>stock<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w DT0>This <w AV0>particularly <w VVN>affected <w NP0>Penguin <pause> <w AV0>substantially <w VVG>increasing <w DPS>its <trunc> <w UNC>spec </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w DPS>its <w AJ0>expected <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w NN1>loss<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w NP0>Penguin <w AV0>also <w VVD>incurred <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w CRD>million <w PRP>on <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0-NN1>Smithmark </sic> <pause> <w DPS>its <w AJ0>American <w NN1>remainder <w NN1>book <w NN2>businesses <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>before <w VVG>selling <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w NP0>Longman <pause> <w AT0>the <w AV0>least <w AV0>seasonally <w AJ0-VVN>biased <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <pause> <w VVN>struggled <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AJ0>even <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VVD-VVN>removed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>pattern <w PRF>of <w NP0>Longman<w POS>'s <w AJ0>half-year <w NN2>profits <w VVG>helping <w TO0>to <w VVI>offset <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>half <w NN2>losses <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>other <w CRD>two <w NN2>businesses <pause> <w CJC>but <w CJS>before <w PNP>we <w VVB>get <w AV0>too <w AJ0>depressed <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>I <pause> <w VVB>point <w AVP>out <w CJT>that <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Addison <w NP0>Wesley </sic> <w ZZ0>s <w NN0>sales <w VBD>were <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>eleven <w NN0>percent <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w NN1>loss <w VVZ>reflects <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>to <w NN1>gear <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NN1>advance <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VVB>believe <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ORD>second <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>half <w NN1>performance<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w UNC>Er<c PUN>, <w AV0>overall <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>disappointed <w PRP>by <w DT0>these <w NN2>results <w CJC>but <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVN-AJ0>downhearted<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w DT0>All <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>businesses <w VHB>have <w VVN>maintained <w CJC>or <w VVN>improved <w DPS>their <w NN1>market <w NN2>shares <pause> <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2>managers <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>concentrate <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>year <w AV0>rather <w PRP>on <w DT0>either <w NN1>half <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>because of <w DPS>our <w AJ0>seasonal <w NN1>bias <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN2>presentations <w AV0>before <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VVI>remember <w CJT>that <w PRP>without <w NN1>fail <w PNP>I <w VVB>tell <w PNP>you <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN2>results <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>half-way <w NN1>stage <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>guide <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>major <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>profits <w VBB>are <w VVN>made <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w VM0>will <w AV0>certainly <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1>exception<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w TO0>To <w VVI>underline <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>show <w PNP>you <w AV0>this <w CRD>four <w NN1>year <w NN1>average <pause dur=7> <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>exercise <w NN2-VVZ>shows <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN1>book<c PUN>, <w NN1>entertainment <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fine <w NN1>china <w NN2>businesses <w AV0>normally <w VVB-NN1>account <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w CRD>seven <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w NP0>Pearson<w POS>'s <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>profit <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>three <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>profit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w DT0>This <w NN1>year <w DPS>their <w NN1>net <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w NN1>contribution <w VBD>was <w AJ0>negative <pause> <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w AV0>strongly <w VVI>exaggerate <w AT0>the <w AJ0>seasonal <w NN1>bias <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN2>conditions <w VM0>will <w AV0>still <w VBI>be <w AV0>far from <w AJ0>ideal <pause> <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>factor <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w AJ0>visible <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>markets<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w NN1>North <w NP0>America <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>trading <w NN1>environment <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>broadly <w AJ0>equivalent <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS>before <w PNP>I <w VVB>hand <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w NP0>Frank <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>word <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>dividend <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>paid <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>interim <w NN1>dividend <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN2>dividends <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>built-in <w NN1>increase<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w DT0>This <w NN1>year <w PNP>we <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w AJ0-AV0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>reserve <w DPS>our <w NN1>judgment <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJS>so <w PNP>we <w VVD>matched <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>interim<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w NP0>Frank<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P8>
<s n="27"><w AV0>Well <pause> <w CJS>as <w NP0>Michael <w VVZ>says<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>proud <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>results <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>dress <w PNP>them <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w NP0>Michael <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w AV0>certainly <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>intend <w PRP>to<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w CJC>But <w AV0>nevertheless <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VVI>bring <w AV0>home <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AT0>the <w AJ0>underlying <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>businesses <pause> <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <trunc> <w UNC>wel </trunc> <w AV0>very <w AV0>well <w VVN>faced <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>upturn<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w CJC>But <w PRP>before <w VDG>doing <w DT0>that <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w AV0>reasonably <w VVI>ask <w DTQ>what <w NN1>action <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w AVQ>when <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>remember <pause> <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>announcement <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<w POS>'s <w NN2>results <w PNP>we <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVD>mentioned <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP>on <w CRD>four <w NN2>themes <pause> <w CRD>one<w POS>'s <w NN1>cost <w NN1>reduction <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVG-AJ0>driving <w PRP>for <w NN1>cash <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VVG>improving <w DPS>our <w NN1>market <w NN1>share <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>investing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>future<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w VVG-NN1>Starting <w PRP>with <w NN1>cost <w NN1>reduction <pause> <w DT0>any <w NN1>cost <w NN1>reduction <w NN1>programme <w AV0>always <w VVZ>involves <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>redundancy <pause> <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <pause> <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>exception <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>slide <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN0>staff <w NN1>reduction <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <pause> <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w CRD>thousand <w CJC>and <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>three <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>save <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>year <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w CRD>fifteen <w NN1>point <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w CRD>sixteen <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w DT0>This <w NN1>year <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>negative <w NN1>benefit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w CRD>million <pause> <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>benefit <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <pause> <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w AV0>Incidentally<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w NN1>disposal <pause> <w PRF>of <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-NP0>Smithmark </sic> <w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>also <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>also <w VVN>gone <w AVP>in <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN1>cost <w NN1>reduction <pause> <w NN2-VVZ>exercises<c PUN>, <w AV0>for instance <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w NP0>Dalton <pause> <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w PRF>of <w NN1>warehousing <w CJC>and <w NN1>distribution <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>save <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>ramming <w AV0>home <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN2>executives <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w AJ0>annual <w NN1>payroll <w VVZ>reviews <pause> <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>geared <pause> <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>profitability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <pause> <w PRP>rather than <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>inflation <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>even<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><vocal desc=cough> <w VVG-AJ0>Driving <w PRP>for <w NN1>cash <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>well <w AT0>an <w NN1>indication <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w AV0>strongly <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>driving <w PRP>for <w NN1>cash <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PRP>in <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVG>operating <w NN1>cash <w NN1>flow <pause> <w VBZ>is <w DT0>less <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN1>profit<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>telling <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN2>executives <w CJT>that <w CJS>even though <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN0>sales <w AV0>then <w AV0>at least <w VVB>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>your <w AJ0>working <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w DPS>your <w AJ0>working <w NN1>capital <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>ratio <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>success <w PRP>in <pause> <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>area <pause> <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper <w NN2>companies <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w VDG>doing <w AV0>better <w CJS>than <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w NP0>Longmans <w AV0>for instance <w VVB>expect <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVB>expect <w DPS>their <w NN1>operating <w NN1>cash <w NN1>flow <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DPS>their <w AJ0>working <w NN1>capital <w AV0>rather <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>lower <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w CJS>than <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP>by <pause> <w PRP>by <w NN1>year <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w AJ0>improving <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>share<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>businesses <w VHB>have <w VVN>improved <w DPS>their <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>share <w PRP>during <w DT0>this <w NN1>recession <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>mention <w PNP>them <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVB>go <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w VVG-AJ0>Investing <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>future <pause> <w CJS>although<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w PRP>for <w NN1>cash <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>really <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>balance <w NN1>sheet <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>so <w AVQ>where <w NN1>investment <w VHZ>has <w VVN>seemed <w AJ0>sensible <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>sound<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made <w DT0>those <w NN2>investments<c PUN>, <w AV0>of course <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>put <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>cash <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>Sky <w ZZ0>B <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>also <w VVN>invested <w AV0>further <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>Spanish <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN2>Recollectors </sic> <w NN1>Group <pause> <w VVG>taking <w DPS>our <w NN1>stake <w PRP>in <w NN1>expansion<c PUN>, <w VVG>adding <w DT0>some <w NN1>cash <w CJC>and <w VVG>getting <w AT0>a <w NN1>stake <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>bigger <pause> <w AJC>bigger <w NN1>grouping<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>businesses <pause> <w AV0>there <w PNP>we <w UNC>er <w VVB>see <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>individual <w NN2>profits<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VVB>start <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <pause> <w AV0>well <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN2>standards <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>result <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>again <pause> <w VM0>let's <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w NN1>context<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>newspaper<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>trading <w NN1>margin <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w AV0>under <w CRD>ten <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>about <w CRD>nine <w NN1>point <w CRD>six <w NN0>percent <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>circulation <w NN1>front <pause> <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w NN1>market <w NN1>share <w NN2>terms <pause> <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>marginally <w VVN>improved <w DPS>our <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>share <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>gone <w AVP-PRP>up <w CRD>six <w NN0>percent <w PRP>in <w NN1>circulation <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w PRP>on <w NN1>target <w AV0>there <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>under <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w PRP>In <w NN1>advertisement<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>advertisement <w NN1>volume <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w AV0>again <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>increased <w DPS>our <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>share <pause> <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>qu </trunc> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w NN1>quality <w NN2>dailies <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marginal <w NN1>increase <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>nationally <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>for instance <w PRP>in <w NP0>Europe <pause> <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w CRD>sixteen <w NN0>percent <w NN1>head<c PUN>, <w PRP>ahead of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP>in <w NN1>volume <w CJC>and <w NN1>revenue <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w NN1>side<c PUN>, <w PRP>apart from <w AT0>the <w NN2>redundancies <w PNP>I <w VVD>mentioned<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN2>redundancies <w PNP>I <w VVD>mentioned <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w UNC>non <w NN1>volume <w AJ0-VVN>related <w NN2>costs <w VBB>are <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w NN0>percent <w PRP>ahead of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w NN1>East <w NP0>India <w NN1>Dock <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>virtually <w AV0>fully <w VVD-VVN>utilized <pause> <w VVG>printing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Basildon <w NN2>papers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>daytime <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Financial <w NN2>Times <w PRP>at <w NN1>night <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Observer <w PRP>on <w NP0>Saturday <w NN1>night <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AJ0>high <w NN2>hopes <w PRF>of <w VVG>getting <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract <w TO0>to <w VVI>print <unclear> <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>Japanese <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>European <w NN1>edition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Japanese <w AJ0-NN1>daily <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>fill <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w NN1>slot <w CJS>so that <w AV0>really <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AJ0>great <w NN1>utilization <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w NN1>installation<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><unclear> <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>affected <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>revenue <w NN1>front <pause> <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>publishing <w CJC>but <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w NN1>extent <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>sector <pause> <w CJS>although <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w AV0>absolutely <w VVB-NN1>market <w AJ0>dominant <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>sector <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>increased <w AT0>the <w NN1>circulation <w AV0>there <w PRP>by <w CRD>ten <w NN0>percent<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>T <w NN2>magazines <w VHB>have <w DT0>all <w VVN>increased <w DPS>their <w NN1>market <w NN1>share <pause> <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Profile<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w AJ0>electronic<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <pause> <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w NN1>information <w NN1>business <w VHZ>has <w VVN>grown <w PRP>in <w NN1>revenue <w NN2>terms <w PRP>by <w CRD>twelve <w NN0>percent<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w VVG-NN1>Turning <w PRP>to <w NP0>Westminster <w VVB-NN1>Press <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <unclear> <w NP0>Westminster <w NN1-VVB>Press <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>year <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VVI>amount <w PRP>to <w CRD>three <w NN1>point <w CRD>eight <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause><c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJ0>paid <w NN2>fors <w VHB>have <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VDN>done <w AV0>very <w AV0>well <pause> <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w PRP>in <w NN1>circulation <w NN2>terms <pause> <w DT0>all <w PRP>but <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VHB>have <w VVN>increased <w DPS>their <w NN1>circulation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half<c PUN>, <w PRP>despite <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>high <w NN1>price <w NN2-VVZ>rises<c PUN>, <w AV0>for instance <w AT0>the <w NP0>York <w NN1>county <w NN1>newspaper<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>weekly <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>daily <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>weekly <w AV0>there <w VVD>went <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>five <w ZZ0>P <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekly <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bath <w AVQ>where <w AV0>again <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>daily <pause> <w CJT>that <w VVD>went <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w CRD>six <w ZZ0>P<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w CJC>And <w AT0>every <w AJ0>single <w NP0>Westminster <w NN1-VVB>Press <w NN1>centre <w VHZ>has <w VVN>increased <w DPS>its <w NN1>market <w NN1>share<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w VVG-NN1>Turning <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w NN2>books <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVG>starting <w PRP>with <w NP0>Longman<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>there <pause> <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>mentioned <w AT0>a <w NN0>staff <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>two <pause> <w CJC>and <w AJ0>significant <w UNC>er <w NN0>staff <trunc> <w UNC>reduct </trunc> <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>cost <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other<c PUN>, <w AJ0>other <w NN2>areas <pause> <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>analyze <w AT0>every <w AJ0>single <w UNC>er <w NN1>publishing <w NN1>unit <w CJC>and <w CJS>where <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>marginally <w AJ0>profitable <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AV0>marginally <w AJ0>profitable <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w CJC>And <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>mentioned <w AV0>earlier <pause> <w NP0>Longman <w VVB>expect <w AT0>the <w NN1>cash <w NN1>flow <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w NN2>profits<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w ORD>Last <w NN1>year <w PNP>I <w VVD>told <w PNP>you <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Alhambra </sic> <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>receiving <w AT0>the <w NN1>treatment<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w DT0>This <w NN1>year <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>on <w NN1>profit<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NN1>budget <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>half-way <w NN1>stage <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>expect <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w NN1>budget <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w PNP>We <w VVD>mentioned <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>acquisition <w PRP>in <w NP0>Japan <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>medi </trunc> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>medical <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w NP0>Longman<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>K <w ZZ0>K <pause> <w PNP>it <w VVD>cost <w PNP>us <w AV0>about <w CRD>four <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>reckoning <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>profit <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <pause> <unclear> <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w DPS>its <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w NN1>profit <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>like <w VVG>getting <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w CJC>And <w AJ0-NN1>English <w NN1>Language <w VVG>Teaching <w PRP>at <w NP0>Longman <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>of course <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>profit <w NN1>contributor <pause> <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DPS>their <w NN1>blueprint <w NN1>sale <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>exceed <w CRD>nine <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Addison <w NP0>Wesley </sic> <w DPS>our <w AJ0>American <w NN1>college <w NN1>publisher <pause> <w CJS>as <w NP0>Michael <w VVD>mentioned <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>half-way <w NN1>stage <w DPS>their <w NN0>sales <w VBD>were <w CRD>eleven <w NN0>percent <w PRP>ahead of <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w VVI>remember <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w NN1>record <w NN0>sales <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>record <w NN2>profits <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>forecasting <pause> <w UNC>er <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w CRD>fourteen <w NN0>percent <w AT0>a <w NN1>head <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w NN1>end <w PRP>in <w NN0>sales <w NN2>terms <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>expecting <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>their <pause> <w DPS>their <w NN2>margins <pause> <w CJC>and <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>margin <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w AV0>Once again <w EX0>there<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AJ0>great <w NN1>emphasis <w PRP>on <pause> <w NN1>cash <w NN1>maintenance<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w NP0>Penguin <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN0>staff <w NN1>reduction <w AV0>there <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <w AV0>particularly <w UNC>er <w AJ0>high <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>reducing <w NN0>staff <w AV0>there <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>disposed <w PRF>of <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-NP0>Smithmark </sic> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>travel <w NN2>guides <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN1>warehouse <w CJC>and <w NN1>distribution <w NN1>system <w VBZ>is <w VVG>working <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG-AJ0>adding <trunc> <w UNC>distribu </trunc> <w NN1>distribution <w NN2>clients <w AV0>there <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w NN1>list <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <w AV0>indeed <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w AV0>especially <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>shipped <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w NP0>Stephen <w NP0-NN1>King<w POS>'s <w AJS>latest <w NN1>book <pause> <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>another <w PNI-CRD>one <w AJ0>due <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>autumn <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>expecting <w TO0>to <w VVI>ship <w AV0>about <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>held <w DPS>our <w NN1>market <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <pause> <w AT0>a <w AV0>pretty <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1>market <pause> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <pause> <w DT0>few <w CJS>if <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>book <w NN1>seller <w PNQ>who <w VVD>refused <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>yield <w AJC>better <w NN1>discount <w NN2>terms <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>every<c PUN>, <w AT0>every <w NN1>book <w NN1>seller <w VBD>was <w AT0>every <w UNC>er <w NN1>publisher <w VBD>was <w VVN>threatened <w PRP>with <w UNC>erm <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w VVN>stocked <w CJS>unless <w PNP>we <w VVD>gave <w AJC>bigger <w NN2>discounts<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w PNP>We <w VVD>held <w DPS>our <w NN1>position <w PRP>against <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>stocked<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w DPS>our <w NN1>distribution <w NN1>system <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w AJ0>great <w NN1>press <w AV0>recently <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w AJS>best <w NN1>distribution <w NN2>systems <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>things <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w DT0>less <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>books<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>easy <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>fancy <w NN2>prices <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>mid-range <w NN2>authors <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>earn <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AV0>much <w AJC>cheaper <w NN2>books<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>good <w NN1>example <w VBZ>is <w NN2>Dances <w PRP>With <w NN2>Wolves <w DTQ>which <w VVD>cost <w PNP>us <w CRD>four <w CRD>thousand <pause> <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w CJC>and <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VVN>sold <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>copies<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w NP0>Penguin <w VVZ>continues <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>develop <w DPS>its <w NN1>merchandising <pause> <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>successful <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>success <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>Flower <w NN2>Fairies <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marks <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spencers <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <pause> <w NN1>sleepwear <w NN1>range <w DTQ>which <w VM0>will <w AV0>also <w VBI>be <w VVN>marketed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>A <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w AJ0>Federal <w CJC>and <w NN1>Capital <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>but <w AJ0>high <w NN1>quality <w UNC>er <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>new </trunc> <w UNC>er <w NN1>newsletter <w NN1>business <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>States <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well <w AV0>indeed <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve <w DPS>its <w NN2>profits<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN2>entertainments <w NN1>side <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>one-off <w NN1>benefit <w PRP>with <w XX0>not <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>absorb <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter<w POS>'s <w NN1>loss <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <pause> <w ORD>first <w NN1>quarter <pause> <w VBD>was <w AV0>pretty <w AJ0>disastrous <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w AT0>an <w UNC>er <w NN1>amalgamation <w PRF>of<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>A <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Gulf <w NN1>War <pause> <w ZZ0>B <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w NN1>bombing <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>really <w VVN-AJ0>stopped <w NN2>tourists <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NP0>London <pause> <w PRP>from <w AV0>overseas <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w CJC>But <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>we<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>coming <w AVP>back <w AV0>very <w AV0>strongly <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>for instance <w PRP>in <w NP0>July <pause> <w PRP>at <w AV0>virtually <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>centres <w NN2>attendances <w VBD>were <w AV0>either <w AV0>up to <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w AV0>very <trunc> <w UNC>nearl </trunc> <w AV0>very <w AV0>nearly <w AV0>up to <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJC>or <w PRP>ahead of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP>at <w NP0>Chessington <w DPS>our <w NN1>revenue <w VBD>was <w CRD>thirteen <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN0>percent <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VVZ>justifies <w DPS>our <w NN1>investment <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>competitors <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>really <w AJ0-VVG>struggling <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <pause> <w VVG-NN1>offering <w CRD>four <w NN2>pounds <w AVP>off <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w NN1>pound <w CRD>fifty <w NN1>entrance <w NN1>fee <pause> <w AV0>so <pause> <w VVG>bearing <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>mind <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <trunc> <w UNC>v </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>v </trunc> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>confident <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <trunc> <w UNC>im </trunc> <w VVN>improved <w DPS>our <w NN1>market <w NN1-VVB>share <pause> <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>area <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w PNP>We <w VVD>opened <w DPS>our <w NP0>Amsterdam<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w AJ0>new <w NN1>exhibition <w PRP>in <w NP0>Amsterdam <w PRP>in <w NP0>June <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>up to <w AV0>now <w NN2>audiences <w VHB>have <w VVN>flocked <w AV0>there <pause> <w DT0>many <w NN2>weeks <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w CRD>thirty <w NN0>percent <w PRP>ahead of <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP>ahead of <w NN1>budget<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w VVG>Moving <w PRP>on to <w ZZ0>B <w NN1>Sky <w ZZ0>B <pause> <w AV0>well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>making <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>progress <pause> <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>July <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN1>point <w CRD>three <w CRD>million <w NN2>homes <w VVN>connected <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>over <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VBB>are <w VVG>subscribing <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w NN1>movie <w NN2>channels<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w NN2>Costs <w VBB>are <w AJ0>well <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w DT0>more <w AJ0>confident <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w PRP>on to <w AT0>a <w NN1>winner<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VVB>move <w PRP>to <w NN1>oil <pause> <w AV0>well <w DPS>our <w NN1>oil <w NN1>business <w AV0>obviously <w VVZ>operates <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>cycle <w AJ0>different <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>publishing <w NN2>businesses <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>half <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w NN1>record <w NN0>sales <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>profits <pause> <w CRD>fifteen <w NN0>percent <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in <w NN1>dollar <w NN2>terms <pause> <w CRD>ten <w NN0>percent <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>in<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>sterling <w NN2>terms <w DTQ>which <w VM0>may <w VVI>surprise <w PNP>you <w AV0>slightly<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>James <w AV0>probably <w VM0>will <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>good <w NN1>performance<c PUN>, <w AV0>specially <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>A <w AVQ-CJS>where <w EX0>there<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>downturn <w PRP>in <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>gas<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>increased <w DPS>our <w NN1>market <w NN2>shares <w AV0>virtually <w AV0>everywhere <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w CRD>two <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w NN2>improvements <pause> <w NP0>Venezuela <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nigeria <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>initiative <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>Soviets <w TO0>to <w VVI>rework <w DPS>their <w NN2>wells <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w NN1-VVB>onstream <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>hoping <w DT0>that <w VM0>may <w VVI>lead <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <pause> <w NN2>opportunities <pause> <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w AV0>both <w PRP>in <w NP0>Russia <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w NN1>business <w PRP>in <w AJ0>Eastern <w NP0>Europe <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w NN1>Investment <w NN1>banking <pause> <w CJS>although <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>different <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>environment <w PRP>for <w NN1>investment <w NN1>banking <w AV0>particularly <w AT0>a <w NN1>house <w CJT>that <w VVZ>concentrates <w PRP-AVP>on<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1-VVB>finance <pause> <w UNC>er <pause> <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>M <w CJC>and <w AT0>A <w NN1>activity <w CJC>and <w CJS>if<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>high <w UNC>erm <w AV0>very <w AJ0>high <w NN1>ticket<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w UNC>Er <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>field <w CJC>but <w AV0>of course <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>produce <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN1>fee <w NN1>income <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w CJC>and <w AT0>A <w NN1>activity<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Lazzards </sic> <w NP0>New <w NP0>York <w VVD>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>maintain <w DPS>their <w NN2>figures <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP>in <w NN1>dollar <w NN2>terms <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-NP0>Lazzard </sic> <w NN2-VVZ>houses <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole <pause> <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w ORD>second <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Goldman <w NP0>Sachs </sic> <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w CJC>and <w AT0>A <w NN1>table <w AV0>internationally <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>value <w PRF>of <w NN2>bids <w PRP-AVP>on <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>advised<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AJ0>Fine <w NN1-NP0>China <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>poor <w ORD>first <w CRD>four <w NN2>months <pause> <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w PRP>in <w NP0>May <w NN1>world <w NN0>sales <w VBD>were <w CRD>nine <w NN1>point <w CRD>nine <w NN0>percent <w PRP>ahead of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>A <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>ten <w NN2>weeks <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>actually <w VBN>been <w PRP>ahead of <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w CRD>One <w NN1>factor <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DPS>our <w NN1>exporting <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AJ0>successful <w AJ0>Bridal <w NN1>Collection <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVD>developed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>exported <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>to <w NP0>Canada <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AVP>down <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>also <w VHN>had <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>growth <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>chain <w NN1>store <w NN1>business <pause> <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>signed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>two-year <w NN1>contract <w PRP>with <w NN1>Air <w NP0>Canada <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>optimistic <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <pause> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>orders<c PUN>, <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN0>sales <w AV0>all <w AV0>nicely <w PRP>in <w NN1>equilibrium <pause> <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>pass <w PNP>you <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <pause> <w NP0>James<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS2P9>
<s n="81"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w AV0>just <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <pause> <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN2>points <pause> <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>factor <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Frank <w VVD>touched <w PRP>upon <w CJS>when<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <unclear> <w NN2>profits <pause> <w PNP>you <w AV0>probably <w DT0>all <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>familiar <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VVN>forgotten <w AV0>quite <w AVQ>how <w DT0>much <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w VHZ>has <w VVN>strengthened <w AV0>recently <pause> <w VVG-NN1>beginning <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>two <w NN2>dollars <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>whole <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>translation <w VBD>was <w AJ0>adverse <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>profits <w VVN>compared <w PRP>with <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>tune <w PRF>of <w PRP>about <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>enormous <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>perhaps <pause> <w UNC>er <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w NN0>people <w UNC>er <w VBD>were <w VVG>thinking<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w NN1>consequence <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>June <pause> <w UNC>er <w AV0>relatively <w AJ0>strong <w PRP>at <w PRP>around <w CRD>one <w CRD>sixty <w AV0>of course <w VDD>did <w VVI>impinge <w PRP-AVP>on <w UNC>er <w DPS>our <pause> <w UNC>er <w NN2>borrowings <w CJS>since <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>percentage <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w AJ0>gross <unclear> <w PRP>in <w NN1>dollar <w NN2>terms <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>turn <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1-VVB>slide <pause> <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <pause> <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>summary <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w NN1>sheet <w PRP>at <w ORD>thirtieth <w PRF>of <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w AV0>Now <pause> <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>familiar <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJS>since <w PNP>we <w VVD>went <w PRP>through <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w NP0>April <pause> <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>jump <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w AJ0>known <w NN2>assets <pause> <w VVN>brought <w AVP>about <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-NP0>Elsivir </sic> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AV0>substantially <w VVN>written <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN1>value <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN2>books<c PUN>, <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>five <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN2>shareholders<w POS>' <w NN2>funds <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <pause> <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>debt <w DTQ>which <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w AV0>quite <w AV0>as <w UNC>er <pause> <w AJ0>substantial <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>expected <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>hand <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceeds <w PRF>of <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-NP0>Elsivir </sic> <w PRP>less <w DT0>some <w NN1>reinvestment <w DTQ>which <w NP0>Frank <w VVD>mentioned<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>put <w AV0>a little <w DT0>more <w NN1>money <w PRP>in <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>B <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>minority <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <unclear> <pause> <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w AV0>traditionally <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w AJ0>adverse <w NN1-AJ0>net <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN2>funds <w PRP>from <w NN1>operation <pause> <w AV0>about <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>five <w CRD>million <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>two <w CRD>million <w AJ0>odd <pause> <w UNC>er <w PRF>of <w AV0>simply <w NN1>revaluation <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w VVG>translating <w DPS>our <w NN1>dollar <w NN1>debt <pause> <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w CRD>sixty <w PRP>as opposed to <w AT0>the <pause> <w NN1>year <w NN1-VVG>ending <w NN1>rate<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w AV0>So <pause> <w AJ0>net <w NN1>debt <w VBZ>is <w CRD>two <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>four <w CRD>million <pause> <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w AT0>the <w NN1>pro forma <w NN1>debt <w NN1>equity <w NN1>ratio<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>halved <w PRP>from <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>seven <w NN0>percent <w PRP>to <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>eight <w NN0>percent <pause> <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w AV0>of course <w VVI>expect <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>somewhat <w AJC>lower <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w NN1>end <w PRP-CJS>as <w DPS>our <w AJ0>working <w NN1>capital <pause> <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w DPS>its <w NN1>peak <w NN1>season<c PUN>, <w VVZ>unwinds<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w AV0>a little <w AV0>more <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>composition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>net <w NN1>debt <w DTQ>which <w AV0>again <w VBZ>is <w PNI>something <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w VVZ>interests <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>reduction <w AV0>both <w PRP>on <w AJ0>gross <w NN1>debt <w CJC>and <w AV0>equally <w AT0>an <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w NN1>cash <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VVI>expect <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>Elsivir </sic> <w NN1>sale <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>increases <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJ0>fixed <pause> <w NN1>debt <pause> <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>term <w AJ0>fixed <w NN1>rate <w NN1>debt <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>function <w AV0>again <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w NN1>rate <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVN>issued <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>reduction <w PRF>of <w NN1>debt <w AV0>therefore <w VBZ>is <w VVN>confined <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w AJ0>floating <w NN1>rate <w CJC>or <w AJ0-NN1>variable <w NN1>debt <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>amount<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>repayment <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>gilder <w NN2>drawings <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w PRP>under <w DPS>our <unclear> <w TO0>to <w VVI>hedge <pause> <w CJC>or <w AV0>partially <w TO0>to <w VVI>hedge <w DPS>our <w NN1-VVG>holding <w PRP>in <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0-NN1>Elsivir </sic> <w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>increased <w DPS>our <w NN1>cash <w NN2>holdings <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>remain <w VVN>concentrated <w PRP>in <w NN1>sterling <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>sterling <w UNC>er <w NN1>asset <w UNC>er <w NN1>portfolio <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>managed <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Millbank <w CJC>and <w DTQ>which <w PNP>we <w VVB>regard <w PRP>as <w DPS>our <w AJ0>investable <w NN2>funds <w CJS>as <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w VVN>needed<c PUN>.
</u>
</stext>
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</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMA>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  BBC Radio Nottingham: radio broadcast. Sample containing about 15734 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 236 Kbytes running text, containing about 15734 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMA</idno><idno type="old"> 106001 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106001" dur="90" date="1993-11-03" time="12:30" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="858"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="11"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="23"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="98"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="196"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="898"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="36"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="23"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="547"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="37"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="16298"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="858"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="11"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="23"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="98"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="196"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="898"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="36"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="23"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="546"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="37"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="16298"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-11-03</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C393"><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS329" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>geoff owen</name><occupation>radio presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS32A" n="W0002" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>alison ford</name><occupation>newsreader</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS32B" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>jonathan clays</name><occupation>reporter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS32C" n="W0004" sex="f" soc="UU"><occupation>reporter</occupation></person><person age="0" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS32D" n="W0005" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>14+</age><para>Pre-recorded phone call</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS32E" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>mick cox</name><occupation>police detective superintendent</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS32F" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>nigel bell</name><occupation>reporter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS32G" n="W0008" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Louise</name><occupation>radio presenter</occupation><para>Action Line presenter</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS32H" n="W0009" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>David</name><occupation>education and training development officer</occupation></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106001" who='PS329 PS32A PS32B PS32C PS32D PS32E PS32F PS32G PS32H'><name>Nottinghamshire:  Bbc Radio Nottingham </name><locale> Radio broadcasting studio </locale><activity> Radio broadcast Interview, reporting, discussion, phone-in. </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg2 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast discussn</classCode><keywords><term> Various </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
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<align> <loc id=HMALC001> <loc id=HMALC002> <loc id=HMALC003> <loc id=HMALC004> <loc id=HMALC005> <loc id=HMALC006> <loc id=HMALC007> <loc id=HMALC008> <loc id=HMALC009> <loc id=HMALC00A> <loc id=HMALC00B> <loc id=HMALC00C> <loc id=HMALC00D> <loc id=HMALC00E> <loc id=HMALC00F> <loc id=HMALC00G> <loc id=HMALC00H> <loc id=HMALC00J> <loc id=HMALC00K> <loc id=HMALC00L> <loc id=HMALC00M> <loc id=HMALC00N> <loc id=HMALC00P> <loc id=HMALC00R> <loc id=HMALC00S> <loc id=HMALC00T> <loc id=HMALC00U> <loc id=HMALC00V> <loc id=HMALC00W> <loc id=HMALC00X> <loc id=HMALC00Y> <loc id=HMALC010> <loc id=HMALC011> <loc id=HMALC012> <loc id=HMALC013> <loc id=HMALC014> <loc id=HMALC015> <loc id=HMALC016> <loc id=HMALC017> <loc id=HMALC018> <loc id=HMALC019> <loc id=HMALC01A> <loc id=HMALC01B> <loc id=HMALC01C> <loc id=HMALC01D> <loc id=HMALC01E> <loc id=HMALC01F> <loc id=HMALC01G> <loc id=HMALC01H> <loc id=HMALC01J> <loc id=HMALC01K> <loc id=HMALC01L> <loc id=HMALC01M> <loc id=HMALC01N> <loc id=HMALC01P> <loc id=HMALC01R> <loc id=HMALC01S> <loc id=HMALC01T> <loc id=HMALC01U> <loc id=HMALC01V> <loc id=HMALC01W> <loc id=HMALC01X> <loc id=HMALC01Y> <loc id=HMALC020> <loc id=HMALC021> <loc id=HMALC022> <loc id=HMALC023> <loc id=HMALC024> <loc id=HMALC025> <loc id=HMALC026> <loc id=HMALC027> <loc id=HMALC028> <loc id=HMALC029> <loc id=HMALC02A> <loc id=HMALC02B> <loc id=HMALC02C> <loc id=HMALC02D> <loc id=HMALC02E> <loc id=HMALC02F> <loc id=HMALC02G> <loc id=HMALC02H> <loc id=HMALC02J> <loc id=HMALC02K> <loc id=HMALC02L> <loc id=HMALC02M> <loc id=HMALC02N> <loc id=HMALC02P> <loc id=HMALC02R> <loc id=HMALC02S> <loc id=HMALC02T> <loc id=HMALC02U> <loc id=HMALC02V> <loc id=HMALC02W> <loc id=HMALC02X> <loc id=HMALC02Y> <loc id=HMALC030> <loc id=HMALC031> <loc id=HMALC032> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><w AJ0>Bright <w NN2>intervals <w VBB>are <w AJ0>possible <w CJC>and <w PRP>apart from <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>light <w NN1-VVB>shower <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>stay <w AJ0>dry <w AJC>milder <w CJS>than <w PRF>of <w AV0>late <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>temperature <w PRF>of <w CRD>eleven <w NN0>celsius <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>two <w NN1>fahrenheit <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>moderate <w NN1>south <w NN1>easterly <w NN1>wind<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w NN1-VVB>Mist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>patchy <w NN1>fog <w VM0>will <w VVI>form <w AV0>tonight <w CJC>and <w NN1>drizzle <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>likely <w PRP>in <w NN2>places <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>overnight <w AJ0-NN1>low <w CRD>eight <w NN0>celsius <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six <w NN2>degrees <w NN1>fahrenheit<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>afternoon <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>county<w POS>'s <w AJ0>favourite <w NN1>station <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>half <w PRP>past <w CRD>twelve<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="5"><w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>news <w NN2>headlines <w PRP>with <w NP0>Alison <w NP0>Ford<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w NN1-NP0>Calverton <w NN1>Colliery <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>just <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks<w POS>' <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>closure <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w AV0>just <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w NN2>hours <w CJS>after <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>review <w NN1>procedure <w CJC>and <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>lost <w AV0>more than <w CRD>six <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal<w VHZ>'s <w NP0>Midlands <w NN1>Group <w NN1>Director <w NP0>John <w NP0>Longdon <w VHZ>has <w VVN>recommended <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Calverton <w VM0>should <w VVI>cease <w NN1>production <w PRP>by <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w ORD>nineteenth<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN2>police <w VHB>have <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>recording <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl <w PNP>they <w VVB>believe <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kingsmill <w NN1>Hospital <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sutton <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ashfield <w VVG-NN1>claiming <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PNP>They <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>teenager <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w AV0>at least <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>calls <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lincolnshire <w PNP>she <w AV0>sometimes <w VVZ>uses <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NP0>Cindy <w CJC>and <w AV0>sometimes <w NP0>Linda<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>says <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>fourteen <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>child <w VBZ>is <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w NN1>dad<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AT0>A <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>centre <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>handicapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w PRP>pending <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w AT0>The <w NN1>probe <w PRP>at <w NP0>Redoaks <w NN1>Training <w NN1>Centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ringworth <w VVZ>follows <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>at <w NP0>Stonecross <w NP0>Lane <w AJ0>Residential <w NN1>Unit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>confirm <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN2>allegations <w VBB>are<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>stressed <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>cases <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w VVN-AJ0>linked<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w AT0>A <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>car <w NN1>salesman <w PNQ>who <w VVD>went <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>prostitutes <w PRP>aged <w CRD>fourteen <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifteen <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>jailed <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w CRD>Forty <w CRD>seven <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NP0>John <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fairwell <w NN1-VVB>Drive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulwell <w VVD>denied <w VHG>having <w AJ0>unlawful <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>intercourse <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>girls <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w AJ0-VVN>Recorded <w NN1>crime <w PRP>in <w NP0>England <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wales <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w NN1>point <w CRD>eight <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w NN2>figures <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NN2>offences <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w CRD>five <w NN1>point <w CRD>seven <w CRD>million <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>increase <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>drop <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recorded <w NN1>crime <w VBD>was <w AV0>either <w NN1>theft <w PRF>of <w CJC>or <w PRP>from <w NN2>vehicles<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w NN1>business <w NN2>leaders <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AV0>least <w AJ0>confident <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRF>of <w AJ0>increased <w NN0>sales <w PRP>according to <w AT0>a <w NN1>survey <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>accountants <w NP0-NN1>Price <w NP0-NN1>Waterhouse<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w AT0>The <w NN1>survey <w AV0>also <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w CRD>ten <w NN0>per cent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>county<w POS>'s <w NN2>companies <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w VM0>will <w AV0>actually <w VVI>contract <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w DT0>Those <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN2>headlines <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AVP>back <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w PRP>in <w NN1>detail <w PRP>at <w CRD>one <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="23"><w PRP>At <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>two <w NN1>traffic <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>travel <w PRP>for <w NP0>Wednesday <w NN1>lunchtime <w VVB-NN1>listen <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>space <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment <w ORD>first <w NN1>traffic <w AV0>further <w AV0>afield <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jonathan <w NN2>Clays<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="24"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>range <w NN1>view <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>heading <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>motorways <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w UNC>Er <w AV0>locally <w AT0>no <w AJ0>real <w NN2>troubles <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>One <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>heading <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicestershire <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRP>at <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>One <w XX0>not <w AV0>really <w VVG>causing <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN2>troubles <w CJC>but <w DT0>some <w AJ0>brand new <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>go <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northants <w AV0>today <w PRP>between <w NN2>junctions <w CRD>nineteen <w CJC>and <w CRD>eighteen <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>Six <w AVP>down <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Rugby<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w AJ0>Southbound <w NN2-VVZ>looks <w AV0>pretty <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>heading <w PRP>into <w DT0>those <w NN2>roadworks <w AV0>as well <w AV0>for the time being<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w AV0>Of course <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w NP0>Derbyshire <w PRP>at <w NN1>junction <w CRD>thirty <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>One <w PNP>we <w AV0>still <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w AV0>Again <w AV0>just <w CRD>two <w NN2>lanes <w VVB>open <w VM0>can <w VVI>slow <w NN2>things <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>glance <w AV0>elsewhere <w AV0>well <w AT0>no <w AJ0>real <w NN2>troubles <w VVN-VVD>reported <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>One <w NP0>Stanford <w AV0>still <w AT0>the <w NN2>roadworks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>go <w AV0>there <w AV0>both <w NN1>north <w CJC>and <w NN1>south <w VM0>will <w VVI>slow <w NN2>things <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w NP0>Jonathan <w NP0-NN1>Clay<w POS>'s <w AT0>A <w AT0>A <w NN1>Roadwatch<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="30"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>park <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>ride <w NN1>attendant <w VVZ>tells <w PNP>me <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>busy <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w AJ0>still <w NN1>parking <w NN1>space <unclear> <w NN1>site <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>room <w TO0>to <w VVI>park <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Colwick <w NN1>Race <w NN1>Course <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>Queens <w NN1-VVB>Drive <w NN1>site <w AV0>too <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <unclear> <w NN1>service <w VDZ>does <w VVI>offer <w AJ0>free <w NN1>parking <w PRP>for <w PNX>yourself <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN2>passengers <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>travel <w PRP>into <w CJC>and <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w AV0>again <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>pound<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN2>problems <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>parking <w NN1>front <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Walken <w NP0>Street <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w NN1>attendant <w VVZ>tells <w PNP>me <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>parking <w NN1>space <w AJ0>available <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w AV0>though <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Hotel <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>busy <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w NN2>queues <w PRP>at <w DT0>both <w NN2>entrances <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Victoria <w NN1>Centre <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNX>yourself <w VVN>parked <w PRP>in <w NP0>Trinity <w NP0>Square <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0-AJ0>still <w VVG>operating <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w CRD-PNI>one <w AVP-PRP>out <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>in <w NN1>basis <w AV0>so <w AV0>obviously <w AJC>better <w TO0>to <w VVI>avoid <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNX>yourself <w VVN>parked <w AVP>up <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>avoid <w DT0>those <w NN2>queues <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>room <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stoney <w NP0>Street <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Market <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Fletchergate <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w NP0>St <w NP0>James <w NP0>Street <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>find <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>next to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Albany <w NN1>Hotel <w CJC>or <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w UNC>er <w VVI>make <w DPS>your <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Broadmoor <w NN1>Centre <w PNP>you <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>queue <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w ORD>Next <w NN1-VVB>update <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>around <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="35"><w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>one <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>three <w NN1>point <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>five <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>favourite <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>four <w VM0>let's <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w DT0>this <w NN1>lunchtime<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w CJS>As <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>heard <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>headlines <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN2>police <w VHB>have <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unusual <w NN1>step <w PRF>of <w VVG>releasing <w AT0>a <w NN1>recording <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl <w PNP>they <w VVB>believe <w VHZ>has <w VVN>made <w AV0>at least <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>calls <w VVG>claiming <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN1>birth<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>call <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kingsmill <w NN1>Hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sutton <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ashfield <w PRP>on <w NP0>Saturday <w NN1>night<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w PRP>Since <w AV0>then <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-VVB>contact <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lincolnshire <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lincoln <w NN1>County <w NN1>Hospital<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>uses <w CRD>two <w NN1-VVB>name <w NP0>Cindy <w CJC>and <w NP0>Linda <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>claims <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>says <w PNP>she <w VVZ>lives <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>housing <w NN1>estate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="42"><unclear> <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVD>killed <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVD>got <w PNP>me <w AJ0>pregnant <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>come <w AV0>home <w AV0>at all <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>phoned <w AT0>the <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w VVB>come <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVB>go <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>then <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>arrest <w PNP>me <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>just <w VVI>call <w DPS>my <w NN1>dad <w PRP>like <w PNP>you <w AV0>always <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>run <w PRP>away from <w NN1>home <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>you <w NN1>lot <w VHB>have <w VVD>took <w PNP>me <w AVP>back <w AV0>home <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VVB>end <w AVP>up <w VVG>getting <w AJ0>pregnant<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="44"><w AJ0-VVG>Acting <w NN1>Detective <w NP0>Superintendent <w NP0>Mick <w NP0>Cox <w VBZ>is <w VVG>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>enquiry <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nigel <w NP0>Bell <w CJC>and <w VVG>telling <w PNP>him <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>girl <w VHZ>has <w VVN>made <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>phone <w NN2>calls<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="45"><w PNP>We <w VVD>sent <w UNC>er <w DPS>our <w UNC>er <w NN1>receptionist <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lincoln <w TO0>to <w VVI>listen <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>tape <w NN1>recording<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VVN>held <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w PRP>in <w NN1>conversation <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mansfield <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>while <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>listened <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>tape <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>convinced <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>girl<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="47"><w VVN>Given <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN2>calls <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN>telephoned <w PRP>in <w AJ0>different <w NN2>areas <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>trouble <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>hoax<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="48"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>exactly <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w AT0>the <w NN1>tape <w UNC>er <w PNP>she <w VVZ>sounds <w AV0>very <w AJ0>harassed <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>for <w DPS>her <w NN1>welfare<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="49"><w AVQ>When <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>telephone <w NN1-VVB>call <w VVN>made<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="50"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Monday <w NN1>evening <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w DT0>these <w NN2>calls <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w CRD>three <w NN1>day <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="51"><w DTQ>What<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>come <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>telephone <w NN1-VVB>call <w DTQ>which <w PNP>you <w VVD>recorded <w VBD>was <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w NN1>baby <w PNP>she <w VBZ>is <w VVG>alleging <w VBZ>is <w AV0>actually <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w NN1>father <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>puts <w PNP>her <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>danger <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>making <w DT0>this <w NN1>public <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w VM0>may <w VVI>hear <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="52"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>possibility <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>talked <w AVP>through <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Services <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>hospital <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>that <w NN1>chance<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="53"><w PRP>In terms of <w DPS>your <w NN2>inquiries <w AVQ>where <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w NN1>information <w PRP>from<c PUN>?
<s n="54"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>about <w AJ0>local <w NN2>schools <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="55"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w PRP>in touch with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>schools <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mansfield <w NN1>area <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>followed <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>inquiries <w PRF>of <w NN2>girls <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w PRP>at <w NN1>school <w AV0>and so on <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w DT0>these <w UNC>er <w VHB>have <w VVN>led <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w PRP>to <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="56"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w PNP>she <w VVZ>lives <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>estate <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mansfield <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w VVG>checking <w PRP-AVP>around <w DT0>that <w NN1>area<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="57"><w ITJ>Yes <w CJC>but <w UNC>of <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>estates <w UNC>er <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mansfield <w UNC>er <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>made <w NN2>inquiries <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>press <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w AV0>well <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="58"><w VBB>Are <w EX0>there <w DT0>any <w NN2-VVZ>leads <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="59"><w PNI>None <w AV0>at all <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>tape <w VVD-VVN>recorded <w NN1>message <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w VVD>left <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN2>police <w PRP>at <w NP0>Lincoln<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="60"><w VVN>Given <w AT0>the <w NN1>prospect <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w DPS>her <w NN1>father <w VBZ>is <w AV0>actually <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>child <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w CJT>that <w PNP>she<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>still <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w NN1>home<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="61"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AT0>no <w NN1>idea <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w CJS>whether <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w CJC>or <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="62"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>about <w NN2>assurances <w AV0>then <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>obviously <w VVN>distressed <w PNP>she <w VVZ>thinks <w CJT>that <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble <w CJS>if <w PNP>she <w VVB>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="63"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVN-AJ0>bothered <w PRP>about <w DPS>her <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>emphasize <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <w CJS>if <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>listening <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>concerned <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w AV0>just <w VVI>give <w PNP>her <w DT0>some <w NN1>sympathy <w NN1>advice <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>support <w PRP>in relation to <w DT0>this <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="64"><w AV0>Well <w DTQ>what <w PRP>about <w NN1>family <w NN2>ties <w NN1>family <w NN2>ties <w VBB>are <w AJ0>strong <w CJS>if <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>worried <w DPS>her <w NN1>father<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>into <w NN1>trouble <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="65"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>appreciate <w DT0>that <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>moment <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>worried <w CJC>or <w VVD-VVN>bothered <w PRP>about <w DT0>any <w NN2>prosecutions <w PRP>in relation to <w DT0>this <w NN1>matter <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVN-AJ0>bothered <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>ch </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>child<w POS>'s <w UNC>er <w NN1>health<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w PNP>She <w VM0>can <w VVI>contact <w AT0>the <w NN1>hospital <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Services <w AVQ>where <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>agreed <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <w CJC>and <w VVB>give <w PNP>her <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>comfort <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VVZ>needs<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="67"><w PRP>From <w DPS>your <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view <w PRP>apart from <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN2-VVZ>calls <w PRP>from <w PNP>her <w DTQ>what <w VM0>can <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="68"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>monitor <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>on <w NN2>inquiries <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w PRP>at <w NN2>schools <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w AV0>further <w AV0>afield <w AV0>now <w CJS>in case <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>some <w NN1>suggestion <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w PNP>she <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVG>living <w AV0>further <w AV0>afield <w UNC>er <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Worksop <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Derbyshire<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="69"><w AV0>Now <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDD>did <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>voice <w CJC>or <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w AV0>then <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>phone <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>contact <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>six <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>six <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>phone <w NN1>number <w AV0>so <w PNP>it <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>cost <w PNP>you <w PNI>anything <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>six <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDD>did <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN1>voice <w AV0>there <w CJC>or <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>way <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>six <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w DT0>more <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w ORD>next <w AJ0-NN1>main <w NN1>news <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PRP>at <w CRD>one <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w AV0>Now <w VM0>let's <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w VVN>placed <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVZ>thinks <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PRP>for <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w DT0>This <w NN1>lunchtime <w PRP>from <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>until <w CRD>three <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meadows <w NN1>Community <w NN1>Art <w NN1>Centre <w VBB>are <w VVG>running <w AT0>a <w NN1>craft <w NN1>marathon<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w AVP-PRP>along <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w VVB>make <w NN2>crafts <w NN2>cards <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christmas <w NN2-VVZ>presents <w AT0>no <w NN1>experience <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>necessary <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>take <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>object <w AV0>home <w DT0>each <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN2>items <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>Craft <w AJ0-NN1>Fair <w TO0>to <w VVI>raise <w NN2>funds <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>arts <w NN1-VVB>project<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>go <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Centre <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w NP0>Queens <w NN1-VVB>Walk <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>Meadows <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>from <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>until <w CRD>three <w AV0>today <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w PNI-CRD>One <w PRP>till <w CRD>three <w AV0>as well <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Special <w VVZ>Needs <w NN1-VVB>Support <w NN1>Group <w VBB>are <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ilkeston <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Centre <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>offer <w AJ0>mutual <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>understanding <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w NN2>parents <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w NN2>children <w PRP>with <w AJ0>special <w NN2>needs<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w CRD>One <w CRD>fifteen <w PRP>till <w CRD>three <w CRD>fifteen <w AT0>the <w NP0>Blidworth <w ITJ>Wow <w NN1>Group <w VBB>are <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Blidworth <w AJ0>Social <w CJC>and <w NN1>Welfare <w NN1>Centre <w TO0>to <w VVI>learn <w DT0>more <w PRP>about <w NN1>screen <w NN1>printing<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AT0>A <w NN1>creche <w VBZ>is <w VVN>provided <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VVZ>costs <w CRD>fifty <w ZZ0>P <w CRD>ten <w NN0>bob<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w CRD>One <w CRD>thirty <w PRP>until <w CRD>three <w CRD>thirty <w AT0>a <w AJ0>friendly <w NN1>ballroom <w CJC>and <w NN1>sequence <w NN1>tea <w NN1-VVB>dance <w PRP>with <w NN2>refreshments <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w PRP>on <w NP0>Mansfield <w NP0>Road <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w AT0>the <w AJ0>International <w NN1>Community <w NN1>Centre <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>half <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>till <w DT0>half <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w AV0>Half <w CRD>one <w PRP>until <w CRD>three <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w NN1>sequence <w VVG-NN1>dancing <w AVP>on <w PRP>at <w NP0>St <w NP0>John<w POS>'s <w NN1>Church <w NN1>Hall <w PRP>on <w NP0>Greylands <w NP0>Road <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Bilborough <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w VBZ>is <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>five <w NN0>pence <w AV0>there <w PRP>including <w AT0>a <w NN1>cup <w PRF>of <w NN1>tea <w CJC>and <w VVZ-NN2>bickies <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w CRD>One <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w AT0>the <w VVB>Keep <w AJ0>Fit <w NN1>Association <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>got <w NN2>ladies <w VVB>keep <w AJ0>fit <w TO0>to <w VVI>music <w PRP>at <w NP0>Attenborough <w NP0-NN1>Village <w NN1>Hall<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w CRD>Six <w PRP>till <w CRD>seven <w DT0>this <w NN1>evening <w AT0>the <w NN1>youth <w CJC>and <w AJ0>junior <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Beeston <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w VBB>are <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>six <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Road <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beeston <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Red <w NN1>Cross <w NN1>Centre <w PRP>at <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w CRD>Seven <w AV0>o'clock <w AT0>an <w NN1>evening <w PRF>of <w NN1>entertainment <w PRP>with <w AJ0>clairvoyant <w NN1-AJ0>medium <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Gibson <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Scout<w POS>'s <w NN0>Headquarters <w PRP>on <w NP0>Lovers <w NP0>Lane <w PRP>at <w NP0>Newark <w NN2>tickets <w VBB>are <w CRD>two <w CRD>fifty <w AV0>there <w CRD>seven <w PRP>until <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w AT0>A <w CRD>ten <w NN1>week <w NN1>preparation <w NN1>course <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Open <w NN1>University <w NN1>programme <w VVG>leading <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>diploma <w PRP>in <w NN1>Health <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Social <w NN1>Welfare <w VVZ>starts<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w NP0>Clarendon <w NN1>College <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>on <w NP0>Pallam <w NP0>Avenue <w AV0>just <w PRP>off <w NP0>Mansfield <w NP0>Road <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w UNC>er <w VVB-NN1>contact <w AT0>the <w NN1>college <w PRP>for <w DT0>more <w NN1>information <w CJT>that <w VVZ>starts <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w AV0>tonight<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w CRD>Seven <w CRD>thirty <w AT0>a <w NN1>tour <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Broadmarsh <w NN2>Caves <w VVZ>leads <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Broadmarsh <w NN1>Centre <w TO0>to <w VVI>book <w AT0>a <w NN1>place <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>tour <w NN1-VVB>call <w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>four <w CRD>eight <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>four <w CRD>four <w CRD>eight <w CRD>three <w CRD>five <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w DT0>Half <w CRD>seven <w AT0>the <w NN1>Hare <w CJC>and <w NN2>Hounds <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Warsop <w CJC>and <w NN1>District <w NN1>Camera <w NN1>Club <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Hare <w CJC>and <w NN2>Hounds <w NN1>pub <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Warsop <w CJC>and <w AV0>tonight <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>competition <w VVZ-NN2>Slides <w PRP>in <w NN1>Action <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w CRD>thirty <w NN2>Slimmers <w NN2>Clubs <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w VBB>are <w VVG>meeting <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Age <w NP0>Concern <w NP0>Centre <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NP0>Street <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beeston <w CJC>and <w CRD>seven <w CRD>thirty <w AV0>as well <w PRP-CJS>until <w CRD>eight <w CRD>thirty <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mixed <w NN1>ability <w NN1>aerobics <w NN1>class <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>gymnasium <w PRF>of <w NP0>Rainworth <w NN1>Recreation <w NN1>Centre <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w CRD>fifty <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joe <w NP0>Walker <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NP0>Zydeco </sic> <w NN1>Band <w AJ0-AV0>direct <w PRP>from <w NP0>Louisiana <w VBB>are <w VVG>appearing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Old <w NP0>Vic <w PRP>on <w NP0>Fletchergate <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nottingham <w AV0>tonight <w PRP>at <w DT0>half <w CRD>seven <w CRD>six <w NN2>pounds <w AT0>the <w NN2>tickets <w AV0>there <w CRD>four <w NN2>pounds <w NN2>concessions <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>available <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>door<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w PNI>Anything <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>let <w PNP>us <w VVI>know <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>On <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>O <w NN1>Box <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w NP0>Nottingham <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>G <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>Z <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>weeks<w POS>' <w NN1>notice <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w PNP>You <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w PRP>for <w AJ0>free <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>On <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Box <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w NP0>Nottingham <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>G <w CRD>one <w CRD>three <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>Z <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w AV0>tonight <w AV0>as well <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w VVI>see <w PNP>us <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing <w NN1-VVG>Drinking <w NN2>Partners <w DPS>our <w NN1>pub <w NN1>quiz <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Star <w NN1>Inn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Middle <w NP0>Street <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beeston <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w AV0>there <w VVZ>starts <w PRP>at <w CRD>eight <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><event desc=music> <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Hammond <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBZ>is <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AT0>A <w AJ0>Free <w AJ0>Electric <w NN1>Band <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w NN1>time <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>film <w NP0-NN1>Thelma <w CJC>and <w NP0>Louise <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>starter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>trend <w PRP>for <w AJC>stronger <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>women <w CJS>if <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>fancy <w AT0>a <w NN1>lift <w CJC>but <w VVB>want <w PNI>something <w AV0>a little <w AV0>less <w AJ0>drastic <w AV0>then <w DPS>our <w NP0>Louise <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w NN1>team <w VBZ>is <w AV0>here <w AV0>today <w PRP>with <w PNI>something <w TO0>to <w VVI>tickle <w DPS>your <w NN1>fancy <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>scared <w AV0>now <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>suggesting <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w NN2>women <w VVB>take <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>cars <w CJC>and <w VVB>mow <w AVP>down <w DT0>any <w AJ0>unsuspecting <w NN1>male <w CJT>that <w VVZ>gets <ptr target=HMALC001><w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <ptr target=HMALC002><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="89"><ptr target=HMALC001><w AV0>Now <w VM0>would <w PNP>I <ptr target=HMALC002><w NP0>Geoff <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VM0>would <w VDI>do <w PNP>you <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="90"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>hope <w XX0>not <w AV0>actually <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>relief <w AV0>so <w UNC>er <w AV0>so <w AV0>so <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="91"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>suggest <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w VVG>Returning <w PRP>to <w NN1>learning <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>easy <w PRP>for <w PNI>everyone <w AV0>especially <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w NN1>time <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>your <w NN2>kids<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w PNP>You <w VM0>may <w VVI>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w AV0>even <w VVI>need <w DT0>some <w NN1>help <w VVG>looking <w PRP>after <w DPS>your <w NN2>children <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>young<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w AV0>Well <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>live <w PRP>in <w NP0>Snainton <w NN2>towns <w AV0>then <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w CJT>that <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w NN2>things <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>help <w PNP>you <w VVI>get <w AVP>back <w PRP>onto <w AT0>the <w NN1>learning <w NN1>ladder <w CJC>and <w AV0>maybe <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="95"><w AV0>All right <w AV0>then <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <w PNQ>who <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="96"><w AV0>Okay <w AV0>well <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>something <w PNP>we <w VVB>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN>called <w AV0-AJ0>Fast <w AV0>Forward <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w NN1>training <w NN1>agency<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w PNP>They <w VVB>run <w NN2>courses <w AV0>especially <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VM0>might <w VVI>find <w PNP>it <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w NN1>course <w PRP>at <w DPS>their <w AJ0>local <w NN1>college <w PRP>because of <w NN2>things <w PRP>like <w NN1>language <w NN2>difficulties <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w NN2>children <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>after<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w NP0>David <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w NN1>training <w NN1>development <w NN1>worker <w PRP>for <w AJ0-AV0>Fast <w NN1>Forward<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w AV0>Here <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>explain <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>Fast <w NN1>Forward <w VDB>do <w CJC>and <w AVQ>why <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN>needed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="100"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>barriers <w CJT>that <w VVB>exist <w PRP>between <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>training <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w NN2>things <w AV0>like <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w NN1>child <w VVB-NN1>care <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w PNP>they <w VVB-NN1>lack <w NN1>confidence <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VVB>go <w PRP>for <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>offer <w NN1>training <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>local <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>offer <w NN1>language <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w AV0>Basically <w PNP>we <w PNP>we <w VVB>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>down <w DT0>any <w NN2>barriers <w CJT>that <w VM0>might <w VVI>exist <w PRP>between <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>training <w NN2>opportunities <w CJT>that <w VDB>do <w VVI>exist<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="102"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w NP0>David <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>works <w PRP>for <w AJ0-AV0>Fast <w NN1>Forward<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>sounds <w AV0>really <w AJ0>good <w CJS>because <w CJS>as <w NP0>David <w VVD>said <w PNP>you <w VVB>choose <w AT0>the <w NN1>course <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>help <w PNP>you <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>practical <w NN2>things <w PRP>like <w NN1>child <w NN1>care <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>travel <w NN2>expenses<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN2>courses <w AV0>though <w DTQ>what <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN2>courses <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="105"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <w NN2>links <w PRP>with <w CRD>six <w NN2>colleges <w AV0>so <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>offer <w PNP>you <w AV0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w PNI>anything <w PRP>from <w NN1>management <w PRP>to <w NN1>catering <w PRP>to <w NN1>horticulture<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w UNC>erm <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>adult <w NN1>literacy <w NN1>course <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>brush <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>reading <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN1>writing <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN1>computer <w NN2>courses <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>course <w PRP>in <w NN1>sound <w NN1>engineering <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN0>works <w NN2>skills <w PRP>for <w NN2>women <w AV0>course <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Sarah <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="107"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VVD>involved <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w NN1-VVG>Typing <w CJC>and <w NN1>word <w VVG-NN1>processing <w PNI>everything <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w NN2>women <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>home <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DPS>their <w NN1>confidence <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w DPS>your <w NN1>child <w NN1>care <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN1>travel <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w PNP>I <w VVB>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>college <w AV0>now <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VDG>doing <w DPS>my <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>Es <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>enjoying <w PNP>them <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>glad <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w PRP>onto <w DT0>that <w NN1>course <w ORD>first<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="112"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w NP0>Sarah <w PNQ>who <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN0>Works <w NN2>Skills <w PRP>for <w NN2>Women <w AV0>Course <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>Fast <w NN1>Forward <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w VVN>helped <w PNP>her <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>on to <w DT0>some <w ZZ0>G <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>E <w NN2>courses <w PRP>at <w NN1>college<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w VM0>Can <w PNI>anyone <w VVI>go <w AVP>along <w PRP>to <w AJ0-AV0>Fast <w AV0>Forward <w AV0>then <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w AJ0>open <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>comers<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="114"><w ITJ>Yep <w UNC>erm <w AV0>well <w PNI>anyone <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w AVP>along <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w NP0>Snainton <w CJC>or <w NP0>St <w NP0>Annes<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>need <w DT0>any <w NN2>qualifications <w CJC>or <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w CJS>If <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>course <w AVQ>why <w XX0>not <w VVI>go <w AVP>along <w PRP>to <w AJ0-AV0>Fast <w NN1>Forward<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w PNP>They <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w PNP>you <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w NN1>training <w VVZ>needs <w DPS>your <w NN1>child <w NN1>care <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN1>travel <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w AV0>also <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>confident <w PRP>about <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVG>learning<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Sarah <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="119"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w PNP>I <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>easiest <w NN1>way <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>so <w AJ0>scary <w VVG-NN1>coming <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>all <w PNP>them <w NN2>years <w VVG>staying <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w PNP>you <w VVB>lose <w DT0>all <w DPS>your <w NN1>confidence <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>way <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>recommend <w DT0>all <w NN2>women <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w PRP>like <w DPS>me <w NN2>children <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>home <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0-AJ0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w DPS>My <w NN1>family <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>supportive <w DPS>my <w NN1>mum <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>happy <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VDG>doing <w PNI>something <w PRP>for <w PNX>myself <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>life <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>help <w PNP>me <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>husband <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="122"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w NP0>Sarah <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w DPS>her <w NN1>course <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>Fast <w NN1>Forward<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w AV0>Now <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VVZ>sounds <w PRP>like <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>course <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w NN1-VVB>call <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>put <w PNP>you <w PRP>in touch with <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>Fast <w NN1>Forward <w CJC>and <w CJS>once <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>training <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>qualifications <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w NN1>form <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>details <w AV0>as well <w AV0>today <w PRF>of <w PNI>someone <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="124"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w VVG-AJ0>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w VVB-NN1>work <w DT0>these <w NN2>days <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVG>demanding <w CJC>and <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>frustrating <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>give <w PNX>yourself <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w VVG>getting <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>application <w NN1>form <w CJC>and <w VVB>know <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>handle <w PNX>yourself <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NN1>interview<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w AV0>Well <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w NN1>organization <w PRP>in <w NP0>Radford <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>things <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN>called <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>O <w NN1>Training <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DT0>all <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w PRP>about <w NN2>things <w PRP>like <w NN1>application <w NN2>forms <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>interview <w NN2>techniques <w PRP>as well as <w NN1>advice <w PRP>about <w AJC>further <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>wan </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="126"><w AV0>Now <w AV0-AJ0>Fast <w AV0>Forward <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w PNI>everyone <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="127"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w ORD>First <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unemployed <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>black <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Asian<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>especially <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AJ0>black <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Asian <w CJS>because <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>they <w VVB>miss <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>opportunities <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w PRP>because of <w NN2>things <w PRP>like <w NN1>language <w NN2>barriers <w CJC>and <w CJS>although <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>unfair <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>actually <w AJ0>illegal<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Race <w NN2>Relations <w NN1>Act <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w DT0>this <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w NN2>courses <w AV0>especially <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>black <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Asian <w NN0>people <w AV0>so <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unemployed <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>black <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Asian <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>either <w NP0>Radford <w NP0>Hyson <w NP0>Green <w NP0>St <w NP0>Annes <w NP0-NN1>Lenton <w CJC>or <w NP0>Snainton<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>just <w VVI>say <w DT0>those <w AV0>again <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Radford <w NP0>Hyson <w NP0>Green <w NP0>St <w NP0>Annes <w NP0-NN1>Lenton <w CJC>or <w NP0>Snainton<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w CJS>If <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w DT0>some <w NN1>help <w CJC>or <w NN1>advice <w PRP>about <w NN2>interviews <w CJC>and <w NN1>application <w NN2-VVZ>forms <w AV0>then <w VVB>call <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>four <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>put <w PRP>in touch with <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>O <w NN1>Training <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>black <w CJC>or <w AJ0>Asian <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w DT0>some <w NN1>help <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w PNP>us <w AV0>as well <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w PNI>something <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="133"><w AV0>All right <w CRD>four <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>two <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham<w POS>'s <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w PRP>about <w AJ0-NN1>Fast <w NN1>Forward <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>courses <w AJ0>available <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w PRP>about <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>O <w NN1>Training <w AV0>as well <w CRD>four <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>call <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w PRP>before <w CRD>four <w AV0>o'clock <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w UNC>Er <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w AV0>tomorrow <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="135"><w AV0>Well <w NP0>Carolyn<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>here <w AV0>tomorrow <w NP0>Geoff <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w DT0>that <w NN1>age <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN1>mind<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMALC003><w AV0>tomorrow <w CJC>but <ptr target=HMALC004></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="137"><ptr target=HMALC003><shift new=laughing> <w AV0>All right<c PUN>. <shift> <ptr target=HMALC004></u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="138"><vocal desc=laugh> <w VDB>Do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w DPS>our <w NN1>bonfire <w NN1>list<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AVQ>where <w DPS>your <w AJS>nearest <w NN1>display <w VBZ>is <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w PNP>us <w AV0>now <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>four <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="140"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>stuck <w PRP>for <w AV0>somewhere <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w PRP>on <w NN1>firework <w NN1>night <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJS>nearest <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>big <w AJ0>long <w NN1-VVB>list <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>piles <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="141"><w NN2>Piles <w CJC>and <w NN2>piles<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="142"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>piles <w AV0>over there <w UNC>er <w CRD>four <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>two <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>call <w PRP>before <w CRD>four <w AV0>o'clock <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>firework <w NN2-VVZ>displays <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w PRP>near to <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w DT0>more <w NN2>details <w PRP>about <w AJ0-AV0>Fast <w NN1>Forward <w CJC>and <w NN2>details <w PRP>about <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>O <w NN1>Training <w AV0>as well <w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>four <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w NN1-AJ0>double <w CRD>two <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham<w POS>'s <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w NN1-VVB>call <w PRP>before <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><event desc=music> <w NP0>Billy <w NP0>Joel <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>River <w PRF>of <w NN2>Dreams <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>six <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w AV0>o'clock <w AV0>now <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w PRP>for <w AV0>today <w DT0>these <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN2>clues<c PUN>, <w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>cheap <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>big <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w AT0>a <w NN1>pub <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NP0>Victoria <w NN2>Baths<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w UNC>Erm <w AT0>the <w NN1>Castle <w CJC>and <w NP0>Aldi <w NN1>Supermarket <w VVB-NN1>guess <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w NP0>Cecil<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Plumtree <w ITJ>hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="145"><w ITJ>Hello <w AV0>there <w NP0>Geoffrey<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="146"><w AVQ>How <w VBB>are <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="147"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very <w AJ0>well <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMALC005><w CJC>and <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMALC006><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="148"><ptr target=HMALC005><w AJ0>Marvellous<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMALC006></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="149"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>man<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="150"><w AV0>Absolutely <w AJ0>marvellous<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w UNC>Er <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w UNC>erm <w DT0>this <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>stem <w NN1>sculpture <w CJT>that <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>fuss <w VBZ>is <w PRP>about <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w UNC>er <w NP0>Marks <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spencers<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="152"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>sculpture <w PNX>itself <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>think <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="153"><w VDB>Do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="154"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>really <ptr target=HMALC007><w ITJ>no <w PNP>I <ptr target=HMALC008></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="155"><ptr target=HMALC007><w DTQ>What <w PRP>about <ptr target=HMALC008><w AT0>the <w NN2>trees<c PUN>?
<s n="156"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w PRP-AVP>around <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="157"><w ITJ>Oh <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w VM0>should <w VVI>remain<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="158"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AVP>up <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="159"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand <w PNI>anyone <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w NN2>trees <w AVP>down <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>tree <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>garden <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>about <w CRD>seventy <w NN2>feet <w AJ0>high<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>dangerous <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>cut <w PNP>it <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="161"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>put <w DT0>some <w DT0>more <w AV0>there <w AV0>afterwards <w CJC>but
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="162"><w ITJ>Yes <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>tr </trunc> <w AT0>a <w NN1>tree <w VVZ>takes <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>mature <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="163"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="164"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>shame <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w PNP>it <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG-AJ0>living <w NN2>things <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="165"><w PNP>You<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w UNC>er <w AV0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>somebody <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>yesterday <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVZ>thinks <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AT0>a <w NN1>tree <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="166"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>of course <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <w CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>preservation <w NN1>order <shift new=laughing> <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w EX0>there <shift><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="167"><w ITJ>Yeah <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="168"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>you <w VVB>stick <w DT0>those <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w PNP>them <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="169"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>say <w AV0>anyway <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>Councillors <w AVP-PRP>on <w UNC>erm <w PRP>after <w CRD>one <w AV0>o'clock <w AV0>today <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Stuart <w NP0>Argyle <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NP0>David <w NP0>Poole <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>as well
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="170"><ptr target=HMALC009><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>right <ptr target=HMALC00A></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="171"><ptr target=HMALC009><w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <ptr target=HMALC00A><w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>argument <w AV0>so <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVI>invite <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN2>calls <w AV0>as well <w VVB>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>think <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="172"><unclear> <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>interesting <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AV0>especially <w PNI>someone <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w PNP>them <w AVP>down <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand <w PNI>anyone <w VVG-AJ0>wanting <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w NN2>trees <w AVP>down <w CJS>unless <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>dangerous<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="173"><w ITJ>Yeah <ptr target=HMALC00B><w NN1>tree <trunc> <w UNC>van </trunc> <ptr target=HMALC00C></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="174"><ptr target=HMALC00B><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <ptr target=HMALC00C></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="175"><w NN1-NP0>Tree <w NN1>vandalism <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>called <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="176"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NN2>trees <w VVB>give <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1>oxygen <w AV0>anyway <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="177"><w ITJ>Mm <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="178"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>soak <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN1>carbon <w NN1>dioxide <w AV0>so <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="179"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="180"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AVQ>why <w PNI>anyone <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w PNP>them <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="181"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AV0>well <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>say<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="182"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>interesting <ptr target=HMALC00D><w ITJ>yes <w AV0>very <w AJ0>interesting <ptr target=HMALC00E><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="183"><ptr target=HMALC00D><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>say <ptr target=HMALC00E><w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>say <w AV0>afterwards<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w CJS>Because <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w VVG>getting <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>agitated <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="185"><shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="186"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>anyway <w AT0>the <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w DTQ>what <w VBB>are <w PNP>we <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="187"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PRP>after <w DPS>your <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>clues <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0>Green<w POS>'s <w NN1-NP0>Windmill<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="188"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="189"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="190"><w ITJ>Oh <w NP0>Cecil <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="191"><w ITJ>Oh <ptr target=HMALC00F><w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>dear <ptr target=HMALC00G></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="192"><ptr target=HMALC00F><w PNP>You <w VVD>passed <ptr target=HMALC00G><w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="193"><w ITJ>Oh <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w NN1>shame<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="194"><w AV0>Never <w VVB>mind <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>go <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>go <w AV0>again <w AV0>soon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="195"><w PNP>I <w VM0>will<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="196"><w ITJ>Tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="197"><w ITJ>Tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="198"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Hilda<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Southwell <shift new=shouting> <w NP0>Southwell <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="200"><w ITJ>Hi <w NP0>Southwell<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="201"><shift new=laughing> <w VBB>Are <w PNP>you <w AV0>all right<c PUN>? <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="202"><shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="203"><w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NP0>Southwell <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="204"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="205"><shift new=shouting> <w NP0>Southwell <shift> <ptr target=HMALC00H><w PRP>For <w NN1>goodness <w NN1>sake <ptr target=HMALC00J></u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="206"><ptr target=HMALC00H><w NP0>Southwell <ptr target=HMALC00J><w PNP>You <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w PNP>it <w AV0>correctly<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="207"><w NP0>Southwell <w UNC>erm <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w PRP>up to <w AV0>today <w NP0>Hilda<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="208"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>making <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>cake <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w AV0>quite <w UNC>er <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>with <w PNX>myself<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="209"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w VVB-NN1>Slosh <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cake <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>slosh <w AT0>a <ptr target=HMALC00K><w NN1>bit <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>throat <ptr target=HMALC00L><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="211"><ptr target=HMALC00K><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMALC00L></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="212"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <w CRD-PNI>one <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>for <w PNP>me<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="213"><w AV0>Almost <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="214"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AVQ>How <w DT0>much <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVB>put <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="215"><w UNC>Er <w CRD>four <w NN2>tablespoons <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cake<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="216"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w DT0>much <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVB>put <w PRP-AVP>in <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="217"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVD>licked <w AT0>the <w NN1>spoon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="218"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="219"><vocal desc=laugh><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="220"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VVD>licked <w PNP>it <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVD>filled <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVD>licked <w PNP>it <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="221"><w ITJ>No <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="222"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>you <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w VVG>feeding <w PNP>it <w PRP>up until <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="223"><w ITJ>Yes <w AT0>every <w NN1>week <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>fed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="224"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w AVQ>how <w AV0>much <w VDI>do <w VVI>put <w AVP>in <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>give <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>feed<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="225"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VVB>prick <w PNP>it <w AV0>all <w AVP-PRP>over <w PRP>with <w DPS>your <w AT0>a <w NN1>knitting <w NN1>needle <w CJC>or <w PNI>something
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="226"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="227"><w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVB>put <w AV0>about <w CRD>two <w NN2>tablespoons <w PRP>on <w DT0>each <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>stand <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="228"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>Christmas <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="229"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="230"><unclear> <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w DTQ>what <w VBB>are <w PNP>they <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="231"><w NN1-NP0>Snainton <w NN1>Market<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="232"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="233"><w ITJ>Ooh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="234"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w ITJ>Hooray <w PNP>it <w VVD>took <w AV0>so <w AJ0>long <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>that <w VVN>sorted <ptr target=HMALC00M><w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>well <ptr target=HMALC00N><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="236"><ptr target=HMALC00M><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <ptr target=HMALC00N><w CJS>cos <w PNP>you <w VDD>did <w VHI>have <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="237"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>we<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="238"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w NN1>thing<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="239"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="240"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="241"><ptr target=HMALC00P><shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <shift> <ptr target=HMALC00R></u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="242"><ptr target=HMALC00P><w DPS>My <w NN1>daughter<w VHZ>'s <ptr target=HMALC00R><w VBN>been <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w NN2>ages<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="243"><w VHZ>Has <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="244"><w ITJ>Yeah <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VVD>ignored <w DPS>her <w ORD>last <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="245"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w AV0>never <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="246"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w AJ0>sick <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="247"><w ITJ>Oh <w NN2>kids<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="248"><vocal desc=laugh><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="249"><w UNC>Grrr <w AV0>never <w VVB>mind <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w DT0>all <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>school <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="250"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>wonderful<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="251"><w VVB>Thank <w AT0>the <w NN1>Lord <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>God<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w UNC>erm <w NN2>loads <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>stuff <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>conveyor <w NN1>belt <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w AV0>today <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>video <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>Ds <w DT0>some <w NN2>sweets <w CJC>and <w NN2>toffees <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w UNC>erm <w DT0>some <w NN2>crates <w PRF>of <w AJ0>moist <w NN1>toilet <w NN1>tissue<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="253"><w AJ0>Wonderful<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="254"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>they <w VVD>sent <w DPS>me <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>sort <w PNP>you <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w ZZ0>T <w NN1>shirt <w AV0>as well <w AV0>all right<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="255"><w ITJ>Yes <w VVB>find <w AJ0>super <w NN2>thanks <w NP0>Geoff<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="256"><w ITJ>Okey-dokey <w AV0>well <w UNC>erm <w VVB>hang <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w PNP>you <w DT0>all <w VVN>sorted<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w AJS>Best <w VDB>do <w DT0>another <w PNI>one <w AV0>best <w VDB>do <w UNC>er <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w NN1>number <w CRD>two <w PRP>for <w AV0>today <w DT0>same <w CJS>as <w PRP-CJS>before <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w NN2>kids <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w NN2>places <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w PNP>I <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>describing <w VVB>remember <w DTQ>whatever <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w AV0>somewhere <w PRP>around <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w AV0>always <w AV0>somewhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>county <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w AV0>then <w PRP>for <w UNC>er <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w NN1>number <w CRD>two <w PRP>for <w AV0>today <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN2>clues<c PUN>, <w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP>around <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w AV0>There <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP>around <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0-AJ0>long <w AVQ>where <w VBB>are <w PNP>they <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w DTQ>what <w VBB>are <w PNP>they <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AV0>somewhere <w PRP>around <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>clues<c PUN>, <w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP>around <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w AV0>There <w DTQ>what <w VBB>are <w PNP>they <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>about<c PUN>?
<s n="260"><w PNP>I <w VVB>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w UNC>erm <w AT0>a <w NN1>make-up <w NN1>bag <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>string <w PRF>of <w NN2>pearls <w AVP>in <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>real <w PNI>one <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w UNC>er <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w AJ0>moist <w UNC>erm <w NN1>tissue <w NN1-VVB>stuff <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>bag <w PRP>with <w NN1>sweetener <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>video <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>Biggin <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Show <w CJC>and <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN2>marshmallows <w AV0>too <w PRP>for <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w NN1>number <w CRD>two <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN2>clues<c PUN>, <w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP>around <w PNP>it <w DPS>its <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVI>call <w AV0>as well <w CJC>and <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>statue <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AVP-PRP>round <w AV0>there <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN2>councillors <w PRP>on <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w PRP>after <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w AV0>o'clock <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>quick <w NN1-VVB>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>travel <w AV0>then <w PRP>from <w NP0>Annie <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="263"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>parking <w NN1>front <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nottingham <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>space <w PRP>at <w NP0>St <w NP0>James <w NP0>Street <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Arndale <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w CJC>but <w NP0>Victoria <w NN1>Centre<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes <w VVB>wait <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>York <w NP0>Street <w NN1>entrance <w CJC>and <w NP0>Trinity <w NP0>Square <w AV0>still <w AV0>very <w AJ0>busy <w ORD>next <w NN1-VVB>update <w PRP>in <w CRD>ten <w NN2>minutes <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="264"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>lot <w AV0>altogether <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>traffic <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>trains <w CJC>and <w NN2>planes <w AV0>in full <w AT0>every <w NN1>day <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>county<w POS>'s <w NN1-AJ0>favourite <w PRP>at <w CRD>ten <w PRP>past <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>afternoon <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>favourite <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w PRP>At <w CRD>one <w AV0>o'clock <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN2>headlines <w DT0>this <w NN1>lunchtime <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>announced <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Calverton <w NN1>Colliery<w VBZ>'s <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w AT0>The <w NN2>police <w NN1-VVB>appeal <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>public<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>help <w PRP>in <w VVG>identifying <w AT0>the <w NN1>voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl <w PNQ>who <w VVD>rung <w AT0>a <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN1>hospital <w VVG-NN1>claiming <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>suspended <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>centre <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>handicapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w PRP>pending <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w AT0>the <w NN2>headlines <w AV0>today <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRP>from <w NP0>Alison <w NP0>Ford<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="269"><w NN1-NP0>Calverton <w NN1>Colliery <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>just <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<w POS>' <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w AT0>The <w NN1>closure <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>confirmed <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w NN2>hours <w CJS>after <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>review <w NN1>procedure <w CJC>and <w VVD>revealed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>lost <w AV0>more than <w CRD>six <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRP>by <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w NP0>Sarah <w AJ0>Sturdy <w NN2>reports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="273"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal<w VHZ>'s <w NP0>Midlands <w NN1>Group <w NN1>Director <w NP0>John <w NP0>Longdon <w VHZ>has <w VVN>recommended <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Calverton <w VM0>should <w VVI>cease <w NN1>production <w PRP>by <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w ORD>nineteenth<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w PNP>He <w VVZ>says <w AJ0-VVG>continuing <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>losses <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w NN2>markets <w VHB>have <w VVN>given <w PNP>him <w AT0>no <w NN1>option <w CJS>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>propose <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>forty <w NN1>man <w NN1>pit <w VM0>should <w VVI>close<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Union <w NN2>Leaders <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w AV0>today <w PRP>at <w NP0>Calverton <w NN2>Miners <w NN1>Welfare <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w NN1>review <w NN1>procedure<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w CJC>But <w CJS>even if <w DT0>that <w VVZ>lasts <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w CRD>nine <w NN2>months <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>say <w PRP-AVP>on <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>shut <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="277"><w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN2>police <w VHB>have <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>recording <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl <w PNP>they <w VVD>believed <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kingsmill <w NN1>Hospital <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sutton <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ashfield <w VVG-NN1>claiming <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w PNP>They <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>teenager <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w AV0>at least <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>calls <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lincolnshire <w PRP>since <w VVG>reporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>birth <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w DT0>This <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nigel <w NP0>Bell<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="280"><unclear> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVD>killed <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVD>got <w PNP>me <w AJ0>pregnant<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="282"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>sometimes <w VVZ>uses <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NP0>Cindy <w CJC>and <w AV0>sometimes <w NP0>Linda<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>says <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>fourteen <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>child <w VBZ>is <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w NN1>dad<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w AJ0-VVG>Acting <w NN1>Detective <w NP0>Superintendent <w NP0>Mick <w NP0>Cox <w VVZ>says <w PNP>they <w VVB>realize <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger <w CJC>but <w VVB>believe <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>broadcast <w AT0>the <w NN1>recording<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="285"><w DT0>This <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>talked <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Services <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>hospital <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>that <w NN1>chance<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="286"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>checked <w NN2>schools <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>housing <w NN2>estates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mansfield <w NN1>area <w CJC>but <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AT0>no <w NN2>leads<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w DT0>Half <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>officers <w VBB>are <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w CJC>but <w NN2>police <w NN2>forces <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands <w VBB>are <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>standby<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w NP0>Mick <w NP0>Cox <w VBZ>is <w VVG>urging <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>recognizes <w DT0>this <w NN1>voice <w TO0>to <w VVI>contact <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>phone <w NN1>number <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>six <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="290"><w AT0>Every <w NN1>time <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>run <w PRP>away from <w NN1>home <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>you <w NN1>lot <w VHB>have <w VVD>took <w PNP>me <w AVP>back <w AV0>home <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VVB>end <w AVP>up <w VVG>getting <w AJ0>pregnant<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="291"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NP0>James <w NP0-NN1>Bolger <w NN1>murder <w NN1>trial <w PRP>in <w NP0>Preston <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w AVQ>how <w CRD>two <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w CRD>eleven <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NN2>defendants <w VVN>tormented <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elderly <w NN1>woman <w AV0>shortly <w CJS>before <w PNP>they <w AV0>allegedly <w VVD>abducted <w NP0>James <w NP0-NN1>Bolger<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>denied <w NN1>abduction <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>murdering <w NP0>James <w AV0>also <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>abduct <w DT0>another <w NN1>child<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w NP0>Kevin <w NN1>Bucket <w NN2>reports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="294"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>today <w VVG-NN1>hearing <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>from <w NN2>witnesses <w VVG-NN1>building <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>picture <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w PNQ>who <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>were <w VDG>doing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>hours <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>alleged <w NN1>abduction <w PRF>of <w NP0>James <w NP0-NN1>Bolger<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>qualified <w NN1>nurse <w NP0>Pamela <w NP0>Armstrong <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN1>woman <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>running <w AT0>a <w NN1>stall <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Bootle <w NP0>Strand <w NN1>shopping <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w PRP>At <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>point <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elderly <w NN1>woman <w VBD>was <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>display <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>defendants <w VVG>starting <w VVG>tormenting <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w NP0>Miss <w NP0>Armstrong <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN1>way <w VVG>prodding <w AT0>the <w NN1>woman <w PRP>from <w AV0>behind <w PNP>she <w VVD>swung <w AVP>round <w CJS>as if <w TO0>to <w VVI>hit <w AT0>the <w NN2>children <w PRP>with <w DPS>her <w NN1>bag <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>ran <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w DT0>Another <w NN1-VVB>witness <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Angela <w NP0>Higgins <w VVD>said <w PNP>she <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VVG>shouting <w CJC>and <w VVG>behaving <w AV0>stupidly<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w PNP>She <w VVD>said <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVD>spoke <w PRP>to <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w CRD>four <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NN1>child<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-VVN>alleged <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>later <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AT0>the <w NN2>defendants <w VVD>abducted <w NP0>James <w NP0>Bolger <w VVD>took <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>railway <w NN1>embankment <w CJC>and <w VVD>murdered <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVG>continuing<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="302"><w AT0>A <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>centre <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>handicapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w PRP>pending <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w AT0>The <w NN1>probe <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w PRP>at <w NP0>Redoaks <w NN1>Training <w NN1>Centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rainworth <w VVZ>follows <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>at <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w NN1>Cross <w NN1>Lane <w AJ0>Residential <w NN1>Unit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w NP0>Rob <w NP0>Tomlinson <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="305"><w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>confirm <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN2>allegations <w VBB>are <w PRP-AVP>about <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB-NN1>centre <w PRP>on <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>harassment <w PRP>at <w NP0>Redoaks<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w AT0>An <w NN1>inquiry <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>conducted <w AV0>internally <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>council <w NN1>run <w NN1>centre <w CJC>and <w NN2>police <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w AV0>However <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>called <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>investigate <w NN2>claims <w PRF>of <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>abuse <w PRP>at <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w NN1>Cross <w NN1>Lane <w AJ0>Residential <w NN1>Unit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mansfield <w AT0>a <w NN1>warden <w NN1>run <w NN1-AJ0>complex <w PRP>for <w AV0>mentally <w AJ0-VVN>handicapped <w NN2>adults<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w NN2>Detectives <w VBD>were <w VVN>alerted <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Central <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Care <w NN1-VVB>Trust <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>understood <w DPS>their <w NN2>inquiries <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w DT0>some <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w PNP>They <w VVB>say <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w NN1>link <w PRP>between <w DT0>that <w NN1>investigation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council<w POS>'s <w NN1>probe <w PRP>into <w NN2>allegations <w PRP>at <w NP0>Redoaks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="310"><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w VVG>listening <w PRP>to <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>news <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>coming <w AV0>up to <w CRD>five <w PRP>past <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w AT0>A <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>car <w NN1>salesman <w PNQ>who <w VVD>went <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN2>prostitutes <w PRP>aged <w CRD>fourteen <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifteen <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>jailed <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w CRD>Forty <w CRD>seven <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NP0>John <w NN1>House <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Fairwell <w NN1-VVB>Drive <w PRP>in <w NP0>Bulwell <w VVD>denied <w VHG>having <w AJ0>unlawful <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>intercourse <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>girls <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w NP0>Chris <w NP0-NN1>Throup <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="314"><w AT0>The <w NN1>jury <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w VVD-VVN>heard <w DT0>that <w NN1>House<w POS>'s <w NN2>sessions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>girls <w VBD>were <w VVN>arranged <w PRP>by <w CRD>nineteen <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NP0>Natalie <w NP0>Meadows <w PNQ>who <w VVD>introduced <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w NN1>prostitution<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w PNP>He <w VVD>drove <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w NN2>fields <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Derbyshire <w NN1>countryside <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>offences <w VVD>took <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w NN1>House <w VBD>was <w VVN>arrested <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>mother <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>fifteen <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w VVD>took <w AVP-PRP>down <w DPS>his <w NN1>car <w NN1>registration <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w AT0>The <w NN1>car <w VBD>was <w VVN>traced <w PRP>to <w NN2>dealers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VVN>worked <w PRP>for <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w PRP>At <w NP0>Lincoln <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Court <w AV0>today <w VVB>Judge <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Hutchinson <w PNQ>who<w VHD>'d <w VVN>adjourned <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>for <w NN2>reports <w VVD>sentenced <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w AJ0>consecutive <w CRD>eighteen <w NN1>month <w NN1>prison <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w NN2>Meadows <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NP0>Hill <w NP0>Road <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baysford <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>charges <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>controlling <w NN2>prostitutes <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w VVG>aiding <w AJ0>unlawful <w NN1>sex<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w PNP>She<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVN>sentenced <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJC>later <w NN1>date<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="321"><w AT0>A <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Museum <w NN1>assistant <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>remanded <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w CRD>eighty <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NN1>mother <w AV0>over <w CRD>eighteen <w NN2>months <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w NP0>Patricia <w NP0>Gregg <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN2>Mews <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Meadows <w VHD>had <w VVN>surrendered <w PNX>herself <w PRP>to <w NN2>police <w AV0>yesterday <w NN1>morning <w PRP>before <w VVG>appearing <w PRP>before <w NN1>City <w NN2>Magistrates <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w DT0>This <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w NP0>Paula <w NP0>Boystones<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="324"><w NP0>Beatrice <w NP0>Gregg <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>at <w DPS>her <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w AJ0-NN1>Close <w PRP>in <w NP0>March <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w AV0>Today <w AT0>a <w NN1>bail <w NN1>application <w VBD>was <w VVN>refused <w CJC>and <w NP0>Miss <w NP0>Gregg <w VBD>was <w VVN>remanded <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRP>for <w CRD>seven <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w ORD>Last <w NN1>year <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquest <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w AVQ>how <w AT0>a <w NN1>milkman <w VVD>became <w AJ0>suspicious <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>noticed <w NN1>milk <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>taken <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>doorstep <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="327"><w AT0>A <w NN1>post-mortem <w NN1>examination <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VVD>showed <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w VVN>hit <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>blunt <w NN1>instrument<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w NP0>Miss <w NP0>Gregg <w VVD>told <w NN2>detectives <w DPS>her <w NN1>mother <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>handyman <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w AT0>The <w NN1>man <w VBD>was <w AV0>never <w VVN>traced<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w PRP>After <w AV0>today<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>hearing <w NP0>Miss <w NP0>Gregg<w POS>'s <w NN1>solicitor <w NP0>Donald <w NP0>Worsley <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w VVD>intended <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>bail <w NN1>application <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>Judge <w PRP>in <w NP0>Chambers <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w VVD>failed <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="331"><w AT0>A <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>three <w NP0>Manchester <w AJ0>United <w NN2>fans <w VBB>are <w VVG>appearing <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w PRP>in <w NP0>Istanbul <w PRP>after <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>hotel<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w CRD>Thirty <w CRD>one <w NN2>others <w VBD>were <w VVN>held <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>escaped <w PRP>from <w NN1>custody<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>British <w NN1-NP0>Consulate <w VVZ>says <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>United <w NN2>supporters <w VBB>are <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>charged <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>held <w CJS>until <w PRP>after <w DT0>this <w NN2>evenings <w NN1>game <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN2>champions <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w CRD>One <w NP0>Manchester <w AJ0>United <w NN1>fan <w VVD>insisted <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VVN>seen <w AV0>very <w DT0>few <w NN2>disturbances<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="335"><w AV0>Never <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble <w AV0>at all <w AV0-AJ0>like <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>certainly <w XX0>not <w VVN>seen <w DT0>any <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>.
<s n="336"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>roads <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>beers <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w XX0>not <w VVN>seen <w DT0>any <w NN1>trouble <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w PRF>of <w NN1>trouble <w VBD>was <w VBD>was <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w PRP>after <w NN1>breakfast <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nearby <w NN1>hotel <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w PRP>by <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>trouble <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>caused <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>intense <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="337"><w AJ0>British <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Irish <w NN2>Ministers <w VHB>have <w VVN>begun <w NN2>talks <w PRP>in <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w PRP>Before <w VVG>going <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>team <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w NN1>hope <w PRP>for <w NN1>peace <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w NN1-NP0>Secretary <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>Patrick <w NP0>Mayhew <w VVD>said <w DT0>all <w NN2>options <w VVD-VVN>remained <w AJ0>open<c PUN>.
<s n="339"><w AJ0-VVN>Recorded <w NN1>crime <w PRP>in <w NP0>England <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wales <w VVD>rose <w PRP>by <w CRD>three <w NN1>point <w CRD>eight <w NN0>per cent <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w NN2>figures <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>total <w PRF>of <w NN2>offences <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>record <w CRD>five <w NN1>point <w CRD>seven <w CRD>million <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>increase <w VVD>showed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>sharp <w NN1>drop <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Silverman <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="342"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w NN1>trend <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>encouraging<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w AJ0-VVN>Recorded <w NN1>crime <w VVD>fell <w PRP>in <w CRD>eight <w NN2>police <w NN1>force <w NN2>areas <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>increase <w PRP>in <w AJ0>violent <w NN1>crime <w VBD>was <w AV0>significantly <w AJC>lower <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>year <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRP>in <w AJ0>reported <w NN2>thefts <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w CJC>But <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN0>statistics <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>signs <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>mobility <w PRF>of <w NN2>criminals <w VBZ>is <w VVG>inflicting <w DT0>more <w NN2>crimes <w PRP>on <w AJ0>rural <w NN2>areas <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN2>cities <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>vehicle <w NN1>crime <w VVZ>continues <w TO0>to <w VVI>cause <w NN1>concern<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w NN1-VVB>Minister <w NP0>David <w NP0>Maclean <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PRP>despite <w DT0>some <w AJ0>encouraging <w NN2>signs <w AT0>the <w NN1>Government <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>become <w AJ0>complacent <w PRP>on <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="346"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>lunchtime <w NN1>sport <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>John <w NP0>Shaw<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="347"><w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w VBB>are <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>stick <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>team <w CJT>that <w VVZ>beats <w NP0>Notts <w NN1>County <w PRP>for <w AV0>tonight<w POS>'s <w NN1>match <w PRP>against <w NP0>Millwall <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>City <w NN1>ground <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w NN1>club <w VBB>are <w AV0>currently <w ORD>eleventh <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Division <w NN1>Forest <w VM0>will <w VVI>go <w PRP>above <w PNP>them <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>Reds <w VVB-NN1>win<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w NP0>Notts <w NN1>County <w NN1>striker <w NP0>Rob <w NP0>Matthews <w VVZ-NN2>returns <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>Magpies <w NN2-VVZ>Reserves <w PRP>against <w NN2>Wolves <w PRP>at <w NP0>Meadow <w NP0>Lane <w AV0>tonight <w NP0>Robbie <w NP0>Turner <w VM0>will <w AV0>also <w VVI>play<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w NN1>Kick-off <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w NP0>Mansfield <w NN1>Town <w NN1>Caretaker <w NN1>Manager <w NP0-NN1>Bill <w NP0-NN1>Bearden <w VHZ>has <w VVN>given <w DPS>his <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>squad <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AVP>off <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w AT0>the <w NN1>spread <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>flu <w NN1>virus<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w PNP>It <w VVD>hit <w PNP>it <w VVD>hit <w NP0>Ian <w NP0-NN1>Stringfellow <w ORD>last <w NN1>week <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>caused <w NP0>Nicky <w NP0>Platten <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w AVP>out <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>minute <w ORD>last <w NN1>night<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w NP0>Manchester <w AJ0>United <w VHB>have <w NN1>selection <w NN2>problems <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN2>afternoons <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Cup <w NN1>Tie <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Turkish <w NN1>side <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w NP0>Gary <w NN1-NP0>Pallister <w VBZ>is <w AV0>already <w VVN-VVD>ruled <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>doubt <w PRP>concerning <w NP0>Brian <w NP0>Robson <w PNQ>who <w VHZ>has <w AT0>a <w NN1>sinus <w NN1>infection<c PUN>.
<s n="354"><w CJS>If <w NP0>Robson <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>play <w AV0>then <w NP0>Roy <w NP0>Keen <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w DPS>his <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w CJC>And <w AT0>an <w NN1>announcement <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w AV0>later <w AV0>today <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>venue <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>World <w NN1>Cup <w NN1>qualifier <w PRP>between <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Republic <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ireland <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>scheduled <w PRP>for <w NP0>Belfast <w PRP>on <w NP0>November <w AT0>the <w ORD>seventeenth<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w AT0>The <w NN1>match <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>moved <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>violence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>province<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="357"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w AJ0>main <w NN2>points <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w AV0>again <w DT0>this <w NN1>lunchtime<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w AT0>A <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>centre <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>handicapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w PRP>pending <w AT0>an <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN2>police <w VHB>have <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>recording <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl <w PNP>they <w VVB>believe <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kingsmill <w NN1>Hospital <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sutton <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ashfield <w VVG-NN1>claiming <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w CJC>and <w NP0>Calverton <w NN1>Colliery <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>just <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN2>weeks<w POS>' <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w AT0>The <w NN1>announcement <w VBD>was <w VVN>confirmed <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w NN2>hours <w CJS>after <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>review <w NN1>procedure<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN2>leaders <w AV0>there <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w NN1>procedure <w PRP>by <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="362"><w CRD>Ten <w PRP>past <w CRD>one <w NN1>traffic <w CJC>and <w NN2>trains <w CJC>and <w NN2>planes <w PRP>at <w NN1>lunchtime<c PUN>.
<s n="363"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN2>trains <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Rail <w VVB>say <w AT0>no <w NN2>problems <w AV0>all <w VDG>doing <w VVB>find <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands <w NN1>Airport <w DT0>all <w AV0>okay <w AV0>as well <w VM0>let's <w VVI>listen <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>space <w AV0>now <w PRP>with <w NP0>Annie <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="364"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>news <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>making <w PNP>you <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>park <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Walken <w NP0>Street <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mansfield <w AT0>the <w NN1>attendant <w VVZ>tells <w PNP>me <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>space<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>park <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>ride <w NN2>sites <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>busy <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVN>told <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-VVG>parking <w NN1>room <w AV0>still <w AJ0>available <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>room <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>Queens <w NN1-VVB>Drive <w NN1>site <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ample <w NN1>space <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Racecourse <w AV0>just <w VVB>follow <w AT0>the <w AJ0>yellow <w NN2>signs <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>site<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>park <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>space <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Arndale <w NN1>Centre <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w NN1>Maid <w NP0>Marion <w NN1>Way <w CJC>or <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w AV0>even <w VVN-VVD>made <w DPS>your <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Stoney <w NP0>Street <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>find <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leys <w NN1>Market<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w NP0>Trinity <w NP0>Square <w AV0>still <w VVG>proving <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>busy <w AV0>so <w VVB>expect <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes <w VVB>wait <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNX>yourself <w VVN>parked <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>minutes <w VVB>wait <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Victoria <w NN1>Centre <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>York <w NP0>Street <w NN1>entrance<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w AV0>Finally <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w NN1>traffic <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w PRP>around <w NP0>Nottingham<w POS>'s <w NN2>roads <w AT0>the <w NN2>vehicles <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w VBB>are <w VVG>moving <w AV0>steadily<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w NP0>Annie <w NP0>Smith <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1-VVB>Travel<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="370"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN2>motorways <w AT0>no <w NN2>problems <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>Six <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>Nine <w NP0>Trowell <w NP0>Road <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>resurfacing <w VVG-AJ0>taking <w NN1>place <w AV0>there <w PRP>between <w NP0>Arlston <w NN1-VVB>Drive <w CJC>and <w NP0>Burnwood <w NN1-VVB>Drive <w AV0>so <w VVB>watch <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="372"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>One <w PRP>near to <w NP0>Markham <w NN1>Moor <w NN1>north <w NN1>bound <w NN1>lane <w NN2>closures <w VVN>expected <w AV0>now <w PRP>until <w CRD>five <w AV0>o'clock <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>Six <w CRD>Twenty <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>railway <w NN1>bridge <w NN1-VVB>work <w VVG>taking <w NN1>place <w PRP>between <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Welham <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>lights <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w CJC>And <w NN2>problems <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baysford <w CJS>cos <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NP0>David <w NP0>Lane <w CJC>and <w NP0>Southwick <w NP0>Street <w NN2>diversions <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation <w AV0>there <w AJ0>long <w NN2>delays <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w PRP>At <w NP0>Collington <w NN1>Chapel <w NN1>Lane <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>closed <w PRP>until <w NP0>Friday <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>putting <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>sewer <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w NN1>traffic<w VBZ>'s <w VBG>being <w VVN>diverted <w AV0>there <w PRP>along <w NP0>Main <w NP0>Street <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NP0>Totton <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN2>roadworks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nottingham <w NP0>Road <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>junction <w PRP>with <w NP0>Attenborough <w NP0>Lane <w NN2>delays <w AJ0-AV0>likely <w AV0>there <w AV0>especially <w PRP>at <w AJ0>busy <w NN2>times <w DT0>that<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w PNP>us <w PRP>for <w AV0>now <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>update <w AT0>the <w NN1>traffic <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w AV0>again <w PRP>in <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w NN2>hours <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>one <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>three <w NN1>point <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>five <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>favourite <w NN1>station <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>weather <w NN1>forecast <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>.
<s n="377"><w VVG-AJ0>Staying <w AJ0>cloudy <w PRP>in <w DT0>most <w NN2>places <w CJS>although <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w AJ0>bright <w NN2>intervals <w PRP>at <w AJ0>possible <w CJC>and <w PRP>apart from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>odd <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>light <w NN1-VVB>shower <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>stay <w AJ0>dry <w AJC>milder <w CJS>than <w PRF>of <w AJ0>late <w NN1-AJ0>top <w NN1>temperature <w CRD>eleven <w NN0>celsius <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>two <w NN1>fahrenheit <w NN1>mist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>patchy <w NN1>fog <w VM0>will <w VVI>form <w AV0>tonight <w CJC>and <w NN1>drizzle <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>likely <w PRP>in <w NN2>places <w AV0>too <w AT0>the <w AJ0>overnight <w AJ0-NN1>low <w CRD>eight <w NN0>celsius <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six <w NN1>fahrenheit <w NN1>mist <w CJC>and <w NN1>fog <w NN1-VVG>clearing <w AV0>slowly <w AV0>tomorrow <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dull <w NN1-VVB>start <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>brighten <w AVP>up <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w AV0>though <w AJ0>sunny <w NN2>intervals <w VVG>developing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w AV0>tomorrow <w CRD>thirteen <w NN2>degrees<c PUN>.
<s n="378"><event desc=music> <w AT0>The <w NN1>Chairman <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Board <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>Got <w PNP>Me <w VVG>Dangling <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>String <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Geoff <w NP0>Owen <w AV0>here <w PRP>till <w CRD>two <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w NP0>Dennis <w NP0>McCarthy <w PRP>on <w NN1>Afternoon <w AJ0>Special <w PRP>from <w CRD>two <w PRP>till <w DT0>half <w CRD>four <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Clifford <w PRP>at <w NN1>tea <w NN1>time <w AVP>in <w PRP>for <w NP0>John <w NP0>Simons <w PRP>from <w DT0>half <w CRD>four <w PRP>until <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w PRP>at <w NN1>tea <w NN1>time <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>sport <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NP0>John <w NP0>Tanton <w PRP>from <w CRD>ten <w PRP>until <w NN1>midnight <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>county<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-NN1>favourite<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w UNC>Er <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w PRP>on to <w DPS>our <w ORD>second <w PNI>one <w PRP>for <w AV0>today <w NP0>Rita<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mansfield <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Rita<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="382"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="383"><w AVQ>How <w VBB>are <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="384"><w AV0>All right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="385"><w AJ0>Good <w ITJ>oh <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>then <w AV0>today<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="386"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>just <w VVG>watching <w NP0>Coronation <w NP0>Street <w PNP>she <w VVD>asked <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w PNP>it <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="387"><w PNP>She<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="388"><w VVZ>Says <w VVB-NN1>stop <w VVG>watching <w NP0>Coronation <w NP0>Street <w CJC>and <w VVB>listen <w PRP>to <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="389"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w AV0>both <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w VM0>can <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="390"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="391"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>well <w AV0>of course <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w NP0>Rita <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VHB>have <w CRD>two <w NN2>things <w AV0>there <w AV0>together <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>okay <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w UNC>Er <w AT0>the <w NN2>clues <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w ORD>second <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w PRP>for <w AV0>today <w VBB>are <w DT0>these <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP-AVP>round <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w AV0>There <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP>around <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-AV0>long <w NP0>Rita<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="394"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <unclear> <w NP0>Major <w NP0>Oak<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="395"><w NP0>Major <w NP0>Oak <w ITJ>no <w ITJ>no <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="396"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="397"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>though <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="398"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVI>watch <w DT0>that <w NN1>thing <w AV0>now <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="399"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>watch <w PRP>for <unclear> <w VVB>come <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="400"><w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="401"><unclear> <w VVG>coming <w AVP>back <ptr target=HMALC00S><unclear> <ptr target=HMALC00T></u>
<u who=PS329>
<ptr target=HMALC00S><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HMALC00T></u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="402"><w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever <w DPS>her <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="403"><w ITJ>Bye <w NP0>Rita
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="404"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="405"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w NP0>Katherine <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Chilwell <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Katherine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="407"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="408"><w ITJ>Hello <w AVQ>how <w VBB>are <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="409"><w AJ0-AV0>Fine <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="410"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NP0>Chilwell <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w PRP>at<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="411"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>traffic <w NN2>lights <w AVQ>where <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w VBZ>is <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Lane<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="412"><w ITJ>Oh <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AVP>down <w AV0>there <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w NN1>hell<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="413"><w ITJ>Oh <w AJ0>terrible <ptr target=HMALC00U><w AJ0>awful <ptr target=HMALC00V><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="414"><ptr target=HMALC00U><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <trunc> <w UNC>he </trunc> <ptr target=HMALC00V><w AT0>every <w NN1>morning <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMALC00W><w NN1>hell <ptr target=HMALC00X><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="415"><ptr target=HMALC00W><w AT0>Every <ptr target=HMALC00X><w NN1>morning <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <ptr target=HMALC00Y><w AT0>the <w NN1>car <w PRP-AVP>in <ptr target=HMALC010></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="416"><ptr target=HMALC00Y><w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMALC010><w PRP>like <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="417"><w AV0>Just <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>workmen <w VBB>are <w EX0>there <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>cross <w AT0>the <w NN1>road
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="418"><w VM0>Ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="419"><w VM0>Ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>hear <w ITJ>no <w PNP>it <w AJ0>terrible<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="420"><w ITJ>Oh <w CJC>and <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>hear <w PNP>it <w VVG>rumbling <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="421"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <w AT0>the <w NN1>jack <w VVG-NN1>hammering<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="422"><w VVG>Wobbling <w PRP-AVP>about<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="423"><shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="424"><w AV0>There <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <trunc> <w UNC>si </trunc> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>sitting <w AV0>there <w PRP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>sofa <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMALC011><w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w DT0>this <w AJ0>strange <w NN1-VVG>rumbling <ptr target=HMALC012></u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="425"><ptr target=HMALC011><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>right <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>window <ptr target=HMALC012><w ITJ>yes <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>dust <w VBZ>is <w VVG>coming <w AVP>in <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w PRP>till <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="426"><w PRP>Until <w AVQ>when<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="427"><w CJS>Till <w PRP>about <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="428"><w ITJ>Ah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="429"><w NP0>December <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>finish <w PRP>till <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="430"><w CJC>But <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>tinsel <w AVP>out <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="431"><shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="432"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>statue <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>trees <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>ones <w AVP>around <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marks <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMALC013><w NP0>Spencers <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HMALC014><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="433"><ptr target=HMALC013><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <ptr target=HMALC014><w VVG>thinking <w AV0>maybe <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>bring <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w NP0>Beeston <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="434"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w AV0>so <w DTQ>what <event desc="end of side one of tape">
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="435"><w VVB-NN1>Match <w AVP-PRP>up <w PNI-CRD>one <w DT0>each <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="436"><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beeston <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>man <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <ptr target=HMALC015><w NN1>bench <w AV0>there <ptr target=HMALC016><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="437"><ptr target=HMALC015><w ITJ>Oh <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>nice <ptr target=HMALC016><w CJC>but <w NN0>people <w VVB>keep <w VVG>knocking <w AJ0>little <w NN2>bits <w PRP>off <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="438"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="439"><w VVD-VVN>Knocked <w DPS>his <w NN1>nose <w CJC>and <w VVD>knocked <w DPS>his <w NN1>foot<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="440"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>fragile <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMALC017><w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <ptr target=HMALC018><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="441"><ptr target=HMALC017><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HMALC018><w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>shame<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="442"><w AJ0>Little <w AJ0>little <w NN2>extremities<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="443"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="444"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beeston <w VM0>will <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMALC019><w NP0>Katherine <ptr target=HMALC01A><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="445"><ptr target=HMALC019><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HMALC01A></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="446"><w AV0>Maybe <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>present <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w NN2>workmen<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="447"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>finished<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="448"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>idea<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="449"><w PNP>You <w VM0>could <w VVI>give <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <ptr target=HMALC01B><w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMALC01C><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="450"><ptr target=HMALC01B><w PNP>They <w VM0>could <ptr target=HMALC01C><w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>roundabout <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="451"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>pressie<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AV0>though <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AVP>down<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="453"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w ITJ>no <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>while <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>shame <w PRP>to<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="454"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>old <w NN2>trees <ptr target=HMALC01D><w DT0>those <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <ptr target=HMALC01E><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="455"><ptr target=HMALC01D><w ITJ>Yes <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>they <ptr target=HMALC01E><w VM0>should <w VVI>leave <w PNP>them <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="456"><w PNP>They <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AVP>up <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>spindly <w AJ0>poky <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="457"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="458"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>ones <w DT0>that <w DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>pop <w AVP>up <w AV0>everywhere<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="459"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VVI>leave <w DT0>those <w AV0>there <w AV0>really <ptr target=HMALC01F><w PNP>they <w VVB>look <ptr target=HMALC01G></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="460"><ptr target=HMALC01F><w PNP>You <w VVB>think <w AV0>so <ptr target=HMALC01G></u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="461"><w PNP>They <w VVB>look <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="462"><w AV0>All right <w AV0>then <w AV0>well <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>councillors <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="463"><shift new=laughing> <w AV0>Okay<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="464"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>feel <w AV0>so <w VVD-VVN>moved <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>ring <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVI>shout <w PRP>at <w PNP>them <w NP0>Katherine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="465"><w ITJ>Yes <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="466"><w AV0>All right <w UNC>er <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN2>clues <w DT0>these <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP-AVP>round <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><w AV0>There <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP-AVP>round <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>long<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="468"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w NP0>Major <w NP0>Oak<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="469"><ptr target=HMALC01H><w ITJ>Oh <w NP0>Katherine<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMALC01J></u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="470"><ptr target=HMALC01H><unclear> <ptr target=HMALC01J><w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="471"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Rita <w AV0>just <w VVD>said <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <ptr target=HMALC01K><w PNI>anything <w AV0>else <ptr target=HMALC01L><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="472"><ptr target=HMALC01K><w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <ptr target=HMALC01L><w PRF>of <w PNI>anything <w AV0>else <w AV0>either <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="473"><w PNP>You <w NN1>nana<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="474"><w DPS>My <w NN1>husband <w AV0>really <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NP0>Major <w NP0>Oak<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="475"><w VBB>Are <w DT0>these <w NN2>workmen <w PRP>outside of <w DPS>your <w NN1>house <w VBB>are <w PNP>they <w AT0>the <w NN2>ones <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>trousers <w VVG>hanging <w AV0>half way <w PRP-AVP>down <w DPS>their <w NN1>bum<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="476"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yeah <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>about <w CRD>twelve <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w ITJ>yeah <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>bend <shift new=laughing> <w AVP-PRP>down <unclear> <w DPS>their <w NN2>trousers <w VVB-NN1>fall <w AVP>down <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="477"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w VBB>are <w PNP>they<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w AJ0>Well er off <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN2>workmen<w POS>'s <w NN2>bums <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>window <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>afternoon <w NP0>Katherine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="479"><w AV0>Okay <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMALC01M><w ITJ>bye <ptr target=HMALC01N><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="480"><ptr target=HMALC01M><w ITJ>Tarrah <ptr target=HMALC01N><w ITJ>bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
<s n="481"><w UNC>Er <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w DT0>some <w DT0>more <w NN2>clues <w DT0>these <w VM0>might <w VVI>help<c PUN>, <w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NN2>tunnels <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>metal <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>green<c PUN>.
<s n="482"><w AV0>There <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NN2>tunnels <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>metal <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>green <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>bash <w PRP>at <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NP0>Major <w NP0>Oak <w CJS>cos <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w DT0>both <w VVN>guessed <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w AV0>all right<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN2>clues <w AV0>then <w DT0>all <w AV0>together <w AV0>then <w DT0>this <w NN1>lot<c PUN>, <w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>barbed <w NN1>wire <w PRP-AVP>round <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w PRF>of <w NN1>wood <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>long <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NN2>tunnels <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>metal <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>green<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w AV0>There <w AV0>somewhere <w PRP>around <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w PNI>something <w PRP>around <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w DTQ>what <w VBB>are <w PNP>they <w VVG>describing <w AV0>there <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>bash <w PRP>at <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>leave <w PNP>it <w AV0>too <w AV0>long <w CJS>before <w PNP>you <w VVB>call <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>councillors <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>stem <w CJC>and <w NN2>trees <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><event desc=music> <w AV0>There <w NP0-NN1>Art <w NP0>Garfunkel <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBZ>is <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>Believe <w CJS>When <w PNP>I <w VVB>Fall <w AVP-PRP>in <w VVB-NN1>Love <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>Forever<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two <w UNC>erm <w NP0>Muriel <w NP0>Poole <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>this <w CJC>or <w NN1-AJ0>twin <w NP0>Alan <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Stockhill <w NN1>Estate <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>birthday <w VHB>have <w NN1>fun <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN1>love <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>from <w NP0>Christine <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Derek <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Karl <w AV0>as well <w AV0>so <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>David <w NP0>Wilson <w PRP>from <w NP0>Booton <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>birthday <w NN1-VVB>love <w PRP>from <w NP0>Susan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Andrew <w CJC>and <w NP0>Amanda <w CJC>and <w PRP>from <w NP0>Adam <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="488"><w AT0>A <w NN1>budgie <w VVD-VVN>lost <w VVD-VVN>lost <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Lenton <w NN1>area <w AV0>yesterday <w NN1>tea <w NN1>time <w PRP>at <w CRD>six <w AV0>o'clock <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sherwin <w NP0>Road <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>green <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>called <w NP0>Freddie <w CRD>seven <w CRD>nine <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>five <w CRD>six <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w CRD>seven <w CRD>nine <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>five <w CRD>six <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w UNC>Er <w AT0>a <w NN1>dog <w VVD-VVN>lost <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bulwell <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sunday <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-AV0>long <w AJ0>haired <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NP0>Jack <w NP0>Russell <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>white <w CJC>and <w AJ0>black <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>female <w AT0>no <w NN1>collar <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w UNC>Er <w NN1>cat <w VVD-VVN>lost <w PRP>from <w NP0>Newthorpe <w AJ0>Common <w AV0>yesterday <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>black <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>white <w VVN-AJ0>called <w NP0>Tasha <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>female <w CRD>one <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w AT0>A <w NN1>letter <w UNC>erm <w PRP>from <w AJ0>New <w NP0-NN1>Baysford <w PNP>it <w VVZ>says <shift new=reading> <w CRD>Two <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago <w DPS>my <w NN1>car <w VBD>was <w VVN>nicked <w PRP>in <w NP0>Illkeston <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Pimlico <w NN1>car <w NN1>park <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>hours <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w CJS>whilst <w NN1-VVG>shopping<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w VM0>Could <w PNP>you <w AV0>please <w VVI>announce <w DT0>this <w PRP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>show<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="493"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>all right <w AV0>then <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0>red <w NN1>Escort <w NN1>Laser <w PRP>with <w AJ0>blue <w NN0>graphics <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>bright <w NN1>rosso <w NN1-AJ0>red <w PRP>in <w NN1>colour <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w ZZ0>C <event desc="car licence number"> <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>some <w AJ0>slight <w NN1>rust <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>driver<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>from <w NN1>wing <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>red <w NN1>paint <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exhaust <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>grey <w NN1>inside<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>it <w AV0>somewhere <w AV0>then <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AT0>a <w NN1>reward <w PRF>of <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>pounds <w VVN-VVD>offered <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>person <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w VVI>advise <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>car <w VBZ>is <w NN1>payment <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>upon <w NN1>receipt <w PRF>of <w VVG>retrieving <w AT0>the <w NN1>vehicle<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>Miss <w NP0>Dawn <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>wants <w DPS>her <w NN1>car <w AVP>back <event desc="car licence number"> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>red <w NN1>Escort <w NN1>Laser <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>bright <w NN1>rosso <w NN1-AJ0>red <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>rust <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>driver<w POS>'s <w AJ0>front <w NN1>wing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>red <w NN1>paint <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>exhaust<c PUN>.
<s n="496"><w CJS>If <w UNC>er <w PNI>someone<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>taken <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>ride <w CJC>and <w VVD>dumped <w PNP>it <w AV0>near <w PNP>you <w AV0>then <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w NP0>Nottingham <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Dawn <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>wants <w DPS>her <w NN1>car <w AVP>back <w PNI>anything <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>shout <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>stem <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AV0>then <w VVB-NN1>call <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w VVG>Talking <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN2>councillors <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>agitated <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>talk <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>as well <w VVB>give <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="499"><w NN1>Afternoon <w AJ0>Special <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w AJ0>interesting <w NN2>guests <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w NP0>George <w NP0>Hamilton <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>tribute <w PRP>to <w NP0>Patsie <w NP0>Clyne <w NN1-VVB>Show <w CJC>and <w NP0>Esther <w NP0>Rantzen <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Child <w NN1>Line <w NN1>campaign<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><w AJ0>Funny <w NN1>Man <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>competition <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1-AJ0>pre-release <w NN1>video <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>prize <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>phone-in <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>chat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w NN1>Afternoon <w AJ0>Special <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w AV0>just <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AV0>o'clock <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="501"><w NN1>Forest <w VBB>are <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w AV0>tonight <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Millwall <w PNQ>who <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>stop <w NP0-NN1>Stammon <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w AV0>of course <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>there <w AV0>too<c PUN>.
<s n="502"><w NP0>Tommy <w NP0>Cooper <w VVG>talking <w AV0>at length <w PRP-AVP>about <w AVQ-CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>ruled <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Den <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>Norwegian <w NN1>career <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrival <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>City <w NN1>ground<c PUN>.
<s n="503"><w CJC>And <w PRP>apart from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Bohemian <w NN1>Rhapsody <w NN1>news <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>football <w AV0>tonight <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>double <w VVG-AJ0>attacking <w VVB>spearhead <w PRF>of <w NP0>Colin <w NN1-VVB>Fray <w CJC>and <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Fisher <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>City <w NN1>ground <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVG>listening <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJS>classiest <w NN1>football <w NN1-VVB>cover <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w PRP>from <w CRD>five <w PRP>past <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="504"><w AV0>Now <w UNC>er <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w UNC>er <w VVG>talking <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRP>about <w UNC>er <w DT0>that <w NN1>statue <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w UNC>er <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NP0>Marks <w CJC>and <w NP0>Spencers <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>describe <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w VVB-NN1>stand <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>tulip <w CJC>and <w NN1>water <w VVZ-NN2>dribbles <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PNP>it <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AV0>now <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w AV0>as well <w PRP>about <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AVP>out <w PRP>from <w PRP-AVP>around <w AV0>there <w AV0>too <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>really <w VVG>getting <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN2>noses <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>seem<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>David <w NP0>Poole <w VBZ>is <w PRP-AVP>on <w ITJ>hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="507"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="508"><w NN2>Thanks <w PRP>for <w VVG>coming <w AVP>on <w NP0>David <w AV0>now <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>hated <w DT0>this <w NN1>thing <w AV0>ever <w CJS>since <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AVP>up <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="509"><w ITJ>Yes <w ITJ>yes <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PNP>it <w VVD>cost <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>tax <w NN2>payers <w CJC>and <w NN1>rate <w NN2>payers <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nottingham <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PNP>it <w AV0>there <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="510"><unclear> <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>happen <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w AV0>then <w NP0>David<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="511"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>revamped <w CJS>as <w UNC>er <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w AV0>probably <w VVB>know <w DT0>that <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>City <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w AV0>slowly <w AJ0>revamped <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w PNI>one <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w PRP-AVP>in <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w ORD>next <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="512"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>circular <w NN1>area <w PRP>with <w NN2>benches <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w NN2>shoppers <w VM0>can <w VVI>relax <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w AV0>unfortunately <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>three <w AJ0>mature <w NN2>trees <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NP0>St <w NP0>Peters <w NP0>Square <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>removed <w PRP>as <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opening <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="513"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>seems <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>annoying <w NN0>people <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <ptr target=HMALC01P><w AV0>though <ptr target=HMALC01R></u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="514"><ptr target=HMALC01P><w ITJ>Mm <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMALC01R></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="515"><unclear> <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w AV0>really <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>stuff <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>statue <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN0>people <w VVG>coming <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w VVG>saying <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w AV0>there <w CJC>or <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w PNP>it <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>really <w AJ0>annoying <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><w AVQ>Why <w VHB>have <w PNP>they <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w NP0>David<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="518"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>asking <w PRP>in <w NN2>committees <w UNC>er <w CJS>because <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PNP>I <w VVN>brought <w DT0>this <w AVP>up <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <unclear> <w AV0>nicely <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>took <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w PRP>away from <w PRP-AVP>down <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Long <w NN1-VVB>Row <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Street<c PUN>.
<s n="519"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>tree <w PRP>outside <w AJ0>old <w NP0>Boots <w NN1-VVB>shop <w AV0>there <w PNP>they <w VVD>took <w DT0>all <w PNP>them <w AV0>away <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w DT0>these <w AJ0>little <w NN2>ones <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w AV0>also <w VVD-VVN>brought <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w NN1>Weekday <w NP0-NN1>Cross <w PNP>they <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w PNP>they <w VVD>took <w PNP>them <w DT0>all <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w VVB>put <w DT0>some <w NN2>others <w AVP-PRP>up <w DT0>some <w AJ0>little <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w AJ0>twiggly </sic> <w NN2>things <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w AV0>as well <w DTQ>what <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>happen <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>trees <w CJC>or <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>trees <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>City <w NN1>Council <w VVZ>removes <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w VVN>got <w AT0>an <w NN1>answer <w AV0>yet <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w VVG>asking <w PNI>somebody <w DT0>some <w NN1>day <w VM0>will <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w AT0>an <w NN1>answer<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AV0>just <w VVN>destroyed <w CJC>or <w VBB>are <w PNP>they <w VVN>removed <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>reused <w AV0>again <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="522"><w AV0>All right <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Stuart <w NP0>Argyle <w PRP>in <w AV0>here <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>well <w NP0>Stuart <w AJ0>good <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="523"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Geoff<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="524"><w ITJ>Hello <w UNC>erm <w AV0>so <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <w DTQ>what <w DPS>your <w NN1>stance <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>furious <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="525"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>concerned <w NP0>Geoff <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Ward <w NN1>Councillor <w PNP>I <w VVD>read <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment <w NN1>Committee <w DTQ>which <w NP0>David <w VBZ>is <w PRP-AVP>on <w UNC>er <w AJ0-VVD>agreed <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>scheme <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>all <w PRP>for <w VHG>having <w NN2>squares <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w CJC>and <w NN2>places <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w CJC>and <w VVI>enjoy <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>ambivalent <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>offered <w DT0>several <w NN2>homes <w AV0>so <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>trees <w CJT>that <w NP0>David <w VHZ>has <w AV0>just <w VVN>mentioned <w VBG>being <w VVN>removed<c PUN>.
<s n="528"><w PNP>I <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w NN2>trees <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w DT0>all <w NN2>sorts <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w AV0>like <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w NN2>pots <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>become <w NN1>pot <w VVD>bound <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>growing <w AV0>outwards <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w VVI>fall <w AVP>down <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w NN1>fracture <w NN1>mains <w PNP>they <w VVB>block <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>church <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>asset <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="529"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>city <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>parks <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>centre <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN1>Castle <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>trees <w XX0>not <w AJ0>mature <w NN2>trees <w AV0>so <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w DT0>these <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="530"><w AV0>All right <w NP0>David <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w AV0>still <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="531"><w UNC>Er <unclear> <w NP0>Stuart <w NP0>Argyle <w AVP-PRP>on <w PNP>I <w AV0>also <w VVB>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>removing <w CRD>one <w NN1>tree <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w NN1>Horse <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>Groom <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>house <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="532"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="533"><w PNP>They <w VBB>are <w UNC>er <w NP0>Stuart <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VVB>replace <w VVG>replacing <w PRP>by <w CRD>eleven <w AJ0>new <w NN2>trees <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>planted <w CRD>eight <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w NN1>seating <w NN1>area <w PRP>on <w NP0>Albert <w NP0>Street <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w PRP>on <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w NN1>footway <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Horse <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>Groom<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="534"><w CJC>But <w VBB>are <w DT0>those <w NN2>trees <w DT0>those <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>spindly <w NN2>ones <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w VVI>call <w PNP>them <w NN2>engineers <w NN2>trees <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <ptr target=HMALC01S><w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>take <w DT0>much <w VVG>looking <w PRP>after <ptr target=HMALC01T><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="535"><ptr target=HMALC01S><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>told <ptr target=HMALC01T><w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>trees <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w CJS>because <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>with <w NN2>pigeons <w VVG>roosting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w AJ0>mature <w NN2>trees <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>impossible <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>benches <w AV0>underneath <w CJS>cos <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NN1>pigeon <w NN1>mess<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="536"><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HMALC01U><w AV0>well <w CJS>if <ptr target=HMALC01V></u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="537"><ptr target=HMALC01U><unclear> <ptr target=HMALC01V><w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>on <ptr target=HMALC01W><unclear> <ptr target=HMALC01X></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="538"><ptr target=HMALC01W><w ITJ>Yeah <w VDB>do <w NP0>Stuart <ptr target=HMALC01X></u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="539"><w NN2>pigeons<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w AT0>The <w NN2>pigeons <w VBB>are <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>cause <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w NN1>debate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w PRP>like <w NN2>pigeons <w DT0>some <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w DT0>some <w VVI>say <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AV0>far <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN2>pigeons<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>nonsense <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w NN2>pigeons <w VVB>perch <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>trees <w PNP>you <w VM0>may <w VVI>see <w AT0>an <w AJ0>odd <w NN1>pigeon <w AV0>sort of <w VVB-NN1>settle <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>tree <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>for long<c PUN>.
<s n="542"><w NN2>Pigeons <w VBB>are <w VVN>derived <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Rock <w NN1-NP0>Dove <w CJC>and <unclear> <w DTQ>which <w AJ0>nested <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>perched <w PRP>in <w NN1>cliff <w NN1>side <w CJC>and <w NN2>buildings <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJS>nearest <w NN1>thing <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w AT0>the <w NN2>pigeons <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w AT0>an <w NN1>argument <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w AJ0>proper <w NN2>birds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w PRP>such as <w NN2>thrushes <w CJC>and <w NN2>blackbirds <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>even <w NN2>sparrows <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w AJ0>real <w NN2>trees <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w DT0>these <w NN2>trees <w VBB>are <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>mature <w CJC>and <w AJ0>helpful<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="543"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w NP0>Mary<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Baysford <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Mary<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="545"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Geoff<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="546"><w DTQ>What <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w NP0>David <w NP0>Poole<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="547"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w AV0>well <w AV0>firstly <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>believe <w AT0>the <w NN1>statue <w VM0>should <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="548"><w AVQ>Why<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="549"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w PNP>it <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>horrible<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="550"><w ITJ>Mhm <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w PRP>for <w PNI>everything <w AV0>else <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>happy <w TO0>to <w AV0>just <w VVI>knock <w PNP>it <w AVP>down <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMALC01Y><w VVB>take <w PNP>it <w AV0>away <w AV0>somewhere <w AV0>else <ptr target=HMALC020><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="551"><ptr target=HMALC01Y><w ITJ>No <w AV0>just <w DT0>that <ptr target=HMALC020><w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="552"><w AV0>Just <w AT0>the <w NN1>statue <w AV0>okay <w DTQ>what <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <ptr target=HMALC021><w AVP-PRP>around <w AV0>there <ptr target=HMALC022><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="553"><ptr target=HMALC021><w AT0>The <w NN2>trees <ptr target=HMALC022><w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>fight <w PRP>like <w AJ0>mad <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="554"><w ITJ>Mhm <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w NN2>ages <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w NP0>Mary <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>think<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="555"><w ITJ>Yeah <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w AV0>more <w AJ0-NN1>green <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w XX0>not <w AV0>less<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="556"><w CJC>And <w VDB>do <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w UNC>erm <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>justified <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AVP>down <w CJS>because <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AVP>up <w DT0>some <w DT0>some <w AJ0>new <w AJ0>little <w NN2>ones <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <ptr target=HMALC023><w NN1>place <ptr target=HMALC024><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="557"><ptr target=HMALC023><w ITJ>No <ptr target=HMALC024><w AV0>definitely <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="558"><w CJC>And <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>care <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>pigeons <w VVB>sit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="559"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="560"><w ITJ>No <w AV0>all right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="561"><w PNP>They <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>sit <w PRP>in <w NN2>trees <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="562"><w ITJ>No <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w DTQ>what <w UNC>er <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PRP>to <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Poole<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="563"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w PRP>to <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Poole <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AVQ>why <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nottingham <w VVB>give <w DT0>any <w NN1>credibility <w PRP>to <w PNI>anything <w VVD>said <w PRP>by <w PNI>someone <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVN>quoted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Daily <w NN1>Sport <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>newspapers <w PRP-CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>quote<c PUN>, <w AV0>Surely <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VM0>could <w VVI>erect <w PNI>something <w DT0>more <w PRP>in keeping with <w AT0>the <w NN1>City<w POS>'s <w NN1>heritage <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>old <w NN1>lady <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>shawl<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w AV0>Now <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>concerned <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w DT0>this <w NN1>remark <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>ageist <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sexist <w CJC>and <w AV0>really <w DTQ>what <w VHZ>has <w PNP>it <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>heritage<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="565"><w AV0>All right <w NP0>David <ptr target=HMALC025><w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w DTQ>what <ptr target=HMALC026></u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="566"><ptr target=HMALC025><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w ITJ>no <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <ptr target=HMALC026></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="567"><w AV0>Okay <w VVB>carry <w AVP>on
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="568"><w NP0>Albert <w NN1-NP0>Ball <w CJC>or <w NP0>William <w NP0-NN1>Booth <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w AV0>really <w VVZ>wants <w AT0>a <w NN1>statue <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>lady <w AVQ>why <w XX0>not <w NN1>Maid <w NP0>Marian <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>lace <w NN1>shawl<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="569"><w AV0>All right <w AV0>then <w NP0>David <w NP0>Poole <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>say <w DT0>that <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="570"><w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w PNI>somebody <w VVD>asked <w PNP>me <w UNC>er <w PRP>from <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN2>papers <w DTQ>which <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w VVI>suggest <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>statue <w AV0>like <w AV0>just <w VBN>been <w VVN>mentioned <w PRP>to <w PNI>somebody <w PRP>from <w NP0>Beeston <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>man <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>bench <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="571"><w PNP>I <w VVD>suggested <w VVG>putting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1>lady <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>bench <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>lace <w NN1>shawl <w UNC>erm <w UNC>er <w NN1>sculpture <w PRF>of <w CJS>so that <w PNP>it <w VVZ>represents <w UNC>er <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>lace <w CJC>and <w AV0>etcetera <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>look <w AV0>more <w AJ0>attractive <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>catch <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>eye <w CJS>than <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>there <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>present<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="572"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>lace <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVD>wanted <w VVG>emphasizing <ptr target=HMALC027><w PRP>rather than <w AT0>a <ptr target=HMALC028></u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="573"><ptr target=HMALC027><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HMALC028></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="574"><w AJ0>little <w AJ0>old <w NN1>lady <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>bench<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="575"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="576"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VVB>see <w NP0>Mary <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w DT0>any <w AJC>better<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="577"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="578"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no <w AV0>okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="579"><w ITJ>No <w AV0>certainly <w XX0>not <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AV0>a little <w AJ0>old <w NN1>lady <w ITJ>yes <w AT0>the <w NN1>lace <w VHZ>has <w PNI>something <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NP0>Nottingham <w NP0>Nottingham<w POS>'s <w NN1>heritage <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>know <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w AV0>A little <w AJ0>old <w NN1>lady <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="581"><w NN1>Maid <w NP0>Marian <w VHZ>has <w PRP>in <w NN1>lace<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="582"><w AV0>So <w AV0>perhaps <w AV0>perhaps <w NN1>Maid <w NP0>Marian <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN1>lace <w PRP-AVP>on<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32G>
<s n="583"><w AV0>Certainly<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="584"><w PNP>I <w VVD>knew <w PNP>I <w VVD>knew <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AJ0>happy<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w AV0>Well <w NP0>Mary <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>wait <w CJC>and <w VVI>see <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>for <w VVG>calling <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Dorothy<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Carlton <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Dorothy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="587"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="588"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w DTQ>What <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w NP0>Dorothy<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="590"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>firstly <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>tree <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w AV0>honestly <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w NN1-VVB>place <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foyer <w PRF>of <w NN1>County <w NN1>Hall <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>reminder <w PRP>to <w DT0>all <w NN2>councillors <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>waste <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>tax <w NN2>payers<w POS>' <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="591"><w VM0>Would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJC>greater <w NN1>waste <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w AV0>though <w AV0>now <w VHG>having <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w AV0>there <w AV0>though <w TO0>to <w VVI>shift <w PNP>it <w PRP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AV0>completely <w NP0>Dorothy<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="592"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>better <w CJS>than <w VVG>going <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>river <w PRP>like <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>suggested <w AV0>yesterday <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>hidden <w CJC>and <w VVN-AJ0>forgotten <ptr target=HMALC029><unclear> <w AJ0>permanent <w NN1>reminder <ptr target=HMALC02A><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="593"><ptr target=HMALC029><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMALC02A><w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w PNQ>who <w VVD>suggested <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>yesterday <w AV0>now <w VVB>let <w PNP>me <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>look <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>councillors <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w VVD>said <w VVB-NN1>lob <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>arboretum <w NN1>lake <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Conservative <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Charles <w NP0>Clarke <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AJ0>suitable <w NN1>place <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w AJ0>daft <w NN1>leaf <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>arboretum <w NN1>lake<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w VVZ>says <w AV0>again <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VVI>move <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AV0>simply <w PRP>for <w PNI>something <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVN>meant <w TO0>to <w VVI>fit <w PRP>in <w NN1>nature <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>always <w VVI>fit <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w NP0>Dorothy <w VM0>should <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w VVI>go <w AV0>as well<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="596"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w NN2>trees <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>precious <w CJC>and <w VM0>should <w VVI>remain <w AJ0>precious<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="597"><w AV0>So <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VVB>keep <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AV0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="598"><w PNP>We <w VVB>keep <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w UNC>erm <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w VBB>are <w AJ0>mature <w AV0>well <w DPS>my <w NN1>suggestion <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>councillors <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>mature <w CJC>and <w AV0>really <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VDI>do <w AV0>far <w AV0>better <w VVG>getting <w CRD>eleven <w AJ0>spindly <w AJ0>new <w AJC>younger <w NN2>councillors <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>these <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on behalf of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>tax <w NN2>payers <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="599"><w AV0>So <w UNC>er <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>lop <w AT0>the <w NN2>councillors <w AV0>as well <w VM0>would <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="600"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DT0>more <w NN2>interests <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>things <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>happening <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="601"><w ITJ>Mm <w AV0>well <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <ptr target=HMALC02B><w VVG-AJ0>inviting <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <ptr target=HMALC02C></u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="602"><ptr target=HMALC02B><w AV0>Really <w AJ0>important<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMALC02C></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="603"><w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AV0>now <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CRD>three <w CRD>four <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w UNC>Erm <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Moody <w PRP>from <w NP0>Hucknall <w VVZ>thinks <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w DT0>that <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>stem <w NN1>thing <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AVP>off <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>garden <w AV0>somewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Poole <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNI>nobody <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>shift <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="606"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>correct <w ITJ>yes <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>blame <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w NP0>Stuart <w NP0>Argyle <w VVZ>thinks <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>way <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>certainly <w UNC>er <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w PRP>about <w VVG-AJ0>pressing <w PRP>for <w VVG>keeping <w DT0>these <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNX>myself <w VHZ>has <w VVN>mentioned <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w NN1>committee <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lone <w NN1>voice <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>trouble <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>fifteen <w AJ0>other <w NN2>members <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>seem <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>bothered <w PRP>about <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="608"><w DTQ>What <w VM0>should <w NN0>people <w VDI>do <w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>protest <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w AV0>further <w NP0>David<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="609"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>address <w DPS>their <w NN2>letters <w PRP>to <w PNX>myself <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>David <w NP0>Poole <w CJC>or <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Stuart <w NP0>Argyle <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w NN1>House <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w NN1>suggestion <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w UNC>er <w DPS>their <w AT0>the <w NN2>thoughts <w AT0>the <w NN2>thoughts <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w DTQ>what <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w UNC>er <w UNC>erm <w VVI>help <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>campaign <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem <w AV0>as well <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w NN1>House <w VVG>suggesting <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AJ0>proper <w NN2>places <w PRP>to <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>go <w CJS>because <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>really <w PRP>up to <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w AV0>at least <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w DT0>some <w NN2>suggestions <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>pass <w PNP>them <w AVP>over <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w AVQ-CJS>where <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="610"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Stuart <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>welcome <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>as well <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="611"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>certainly<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lady <w VHZ>has <w AV0>just <w VVN>said <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w AJC>earlier <w NN2>callers <w VHZ>has <w AV0>just <w VVN>said <w DT0>that <w NN1>Council <w VBB>are <w PRP>out of <w NN1>touch <w AV0>well <w PNP>we <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w PRP>out of <w NN1>touch <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>exercise <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w CRD>two <w NN2>councillors <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>here <w PRP>from <w AJ0>different <w NN2>parties <w VVG>showing <w AT0>a <w NN1>concern <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w AJ0-VVN>bothered <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><w DTQ>What <w VDZ>does <w NN1>interest <w PNP>me <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem <w PNP>she <w VVD>suggested <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>put <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>foyer <w PRF>of <w NN1>County <w NN1>Hall <w AV0>well <w CJS>when <w NP0>Nottingham <w VVZ>becomes <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unitary <trunc> <w UNC>stat </trunc> <w AJ0>unitary <w NN1>authority <w CJC>and <w NN1>County <w NN1>Hall <w VBZ>is <w VVN>made <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NN1>hotel <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>unfortunate <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>visitors <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem <w UNC>er <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>book <w AVP>in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="615"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>future <w AV0>perhaps <w CJC>or <w XX0>not <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem <w AV0>now <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w VBZ>is <w DT0>those <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>get <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w UNC>er <w NN2>opinions <w PRP>on <w NP0>Peter<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NN1>West <w NP0>Bridgford <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Peter<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="617"><w ITJ>Yeah <w ITJ>hello <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Geoff<c PUN>.
<s n="618"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>bud <w NN1>structure <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VVI>replace <w PNP>it <w PRP>with <w CJC>but <w CJS>since <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Nottingham <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NN1>lace <w AVQ>why <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w VVI>put <w PNI>something <w AV0>there <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>loom <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w VVN-AJ0>sculptured <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>loom<c PUN>?
<s n="619"><w DPS>My <w ORD>second <w NN1>point <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>ex-gardener <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>horticulturist <w PNP>it <w VVB>take <w AV0>roughly <w AV0>about <w CRD>forty <w NN2>years <w PRP>for <w NN2>trees <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w NN1>maturity <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w DT0>much <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>planners <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DT0>those <w NN2>trees <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AV0>now <w VBB>are <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w PNP>them <w AVP>up <w AV0>again <w PNP>it <w VVZ>sounds <w DT0>much <w PRP>like <w NN1-VVB>change <w PRP>for <w NN2>changes <w NN1>sake <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w DT0>that <w PNP>it <w AV0>basically <w DPS>my <w NN1>comment<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w AVQ>Why <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w VVI>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w NN2>trees<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="622"><w PNP>You <w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>as <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>gardener <w AV0>then <w PRP>about <w DT0>these <w UNC>er <w DT0>these <w AJ0>little <w NN2>trees <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVN>replaced <w PRP>with <w DT0>these <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>spindly <w NN2>ones
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="623"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="624"><w VM0>can <w PNP>they <w VVI>grow <w AV0>as <w AJ0>big <w VM0>can <w PNP>they <w VVI>grow <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w AV0>as <w AJ0>attractive <w CJS>as <w DT0>these <w AJ0>old <w NN1>maturer <w NN2>trees <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w AV0>there <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="625"><w ITJ>No <w ITJ>no <w UNC>er <w UNC>erm <w AV0>well <w UNC>er <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w NN0>Prunus <unclear> <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>plum <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>a <w NN1>cherry <w CJT>that <w VVZ>grows <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w AJ0>various <w NN2>ones <w AV0>like <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>trouble <w VBZ>is <w PRP>with <w DT0>these <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>nuisance <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w AV0>now <w CJS>because <w DT0>those <w NN2>trees <w VVG>growing <w AVP-PRP>up <w DT0>those <w AJ0>spindly <w NN2>ones <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>put <w PNP>it <w UNC>erm <w DT0>some <w NN2>gardeners <w VVB>call <w PNP>them <unclear> <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever <w NN1>name <w PNP>they <w VVB>use <w PNP>I <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>trouble <w VBZ>is <w NN2>bits <w VVB>die <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w AV0>more <w AV0>far <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>nuisance <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AV0>now <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>seems <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>suitable<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="626"><w ITJ>Mm <w AV0>well <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN2>thoughts <w NP0>Peter <w VVG-NN1>echoing <w DTQ>what <w PNI>everybody <w AV0>else <w VHZ>has <w VVN>said <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>for <w VVG>coming <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>telling <w PNP>us <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>trees <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><w NP0>Stuart <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w AV0>as <w AJ0>good<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="628"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>only <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>onto <w NP0>Longrow <w NP0>Smithy <w NN1-VVB>Row <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w DT0>those <w NN2>trees <w AV0>there <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>like <w NN1-AJ0>toy <w NN1>town <w NN2>trees<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><trunc> <w UNC>Peop </trunc> <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>like <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>like <w NN2>umbrellas <w CJT>that <w VVB>need <w VVG>unfolding <w CJC>and <w NN0>people <w VVB>say <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>spread <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>develop <w NN1>foliage <w AV0>well <w EX0>there<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>sorts <w PRF>of <w NN2>trees <w PRP>on <w NP0>Castlegate <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w AV0>about <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG-AJ0>dying<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <event desc="drawn out"> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this <w NN1>attitude <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>nature <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>said <w NN1>nature <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>untidy <w AJ0>well <w NN1>nature <w PRP>by <w DPS>its <w AJ0>very <w NN1>definition <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>untidy<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w CJC>But <unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w DT0>those <trunc> <w UNC>tr </trunc> <w NN2>trees <w PRP>outside <w NP0>St <w NP0>Peters <w NP0>Square <w PNP>they <w VVB>look <w AJ0>good <w AT0>the <w NN1>church <w VVZ>looks <w AJ0>good <w AJ0-VVN>framed <w PRP>behind <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w NN2>trees <w NN1>country <w NN2>churches <w VBB>are <w VVN>surrounded <w PRP>by <w NN2>trees <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>look <w AJC>better <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w PNP>they <w VVB-NN1>frame <w NN2>buildings<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>it <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <w AV0>so <w AJ0>good <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VVB>put <w DT0>those <w AJ0>funny <w AJ0>little <w NN2>trees <w AVP>up <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="633"><w AV0>All right <w NP0>Barbara <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Chilwell<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w ITJ>Hi <w NP0>Barbara<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="635"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Geoff<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="636"><w DTQ>What <w VBB>are <w DPS>your <w NN2>thoughts <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="637"><w DPS>My <w NN2>thoughts <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1>stem <w VM0>should <w AV0>never <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w VVB-NN1>place <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>waste <w PRF>of <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="638"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="639"><w DTQ>Whatever <w PNP>they <w VVB>like <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>River <w NP0>Trent <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <unclear> <w VVG-AJ0>going <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>only <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w TO0>to <w VVI>spare <w CJC>but <w DTQ>what <w PNI>someone <w VVD>pointed <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>monstrosity <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Theatre <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>subway <w CJC>and <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>I <w VVB>pass <w PNP>I <w VVB>fume <w AV0>inwardly<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>meaning <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w PRP>to <w AT0>The <w NN1>Post <w NN1>letter <w NN1>page <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w DT0>several <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w NN1>insult <w PRP>to <w NN1>feminism <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w DT0>much <w DT0>that <w VVD>cost <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rates<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="642"><w AV0>All right <w ITJ>yeah <w AV0>well <w VM0>let's <w UNC>erm <trunc> <w UNC>le </trunc> <w VM0>let's <w VVI>stick <w PRP>to <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem <w PRP>for <w AV0>now <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>on <w UNC>er <w VVG>slagging <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>every <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>art <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <ptr target=HMALC02D><w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w NP0>Barbara <w AV0>otherwise <pause> <ptr target=HMALC02E></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="643"><ptr target=HMALC02D><unclear> <ptr target=HMALC02E><w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w NN1>art <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Centre <ptr target=HMALC02F><unclear> <ptr target=HMALC02G></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="644"><ptr target=HMALC02F><w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AV0>here <w DT0>all <w NN1>day <ptr target=HMALC02G><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="645"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w NN1>art <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>horrible <w NP0>Geoff <ptr target=HMALC02H><w NN1-VVB>insult <w PRP>to <ptr target=HMALC02J></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="646"><ptr target=HMALC02H><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w DT0>that <w AV0>either<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMALC02J></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="647"><w VVB-NN1>Insult <w PRP>to <w NN1>womanhood <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>ugly <w NN1>monstrosity<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="648"><w AV0>All right <w AV0>then <ptr target=HMALC02K><w AV0>well <ptr target=HMALC02L></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="649"><ptr target=HMALC02K><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <ptr target=HMALC02L><w NN0>people <w VVI>come <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVI>stop <w CJC>and <w VVB>stare <w AJ0>aghast <w PRP>at <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="650"><w AV0>Well <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>leave <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w NN1>day <w AV0>now <w NP0>Barbara<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <unclear> <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w VM0>should <w VVI>stay <w AV0>there <w CJC>or <w DTQ>what<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="652"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="653"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w VVG>turning <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>piazza <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w PNI>everyone <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w AVP>out <w PRP-AVP>on <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>like <w DT0>that <w NN1>idea<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="654"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>yes <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w AV0>especially <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>shopping <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="655"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="656"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="657"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w DT0>some <w NN1>seat <w AV0>there <w AV0>though <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w AT0>the <w NN2>seats <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>nice <w PRP>under <w DT0>some <w NN2>trees<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="658"><w AV0>Of course <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <w VVZ>encourages <w AT0>the <w NN2>pigeons <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>mess <w CJC>but <w PNI>anything <w TO0>to <w VVI>beautify <w AT0>the <w AJ0>inner <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="659"><w AV0>All right <w NP0>Barbara <w NN2>thanks <ptr target=HMALC02M><w PRP>for <w VVG>coming <w AVP>on <ptr target=HMALC02N><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="660"><ptr target=HMALC02M><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>Geoff<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMALC02N></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="661"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Theatre <w DT0>another <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w DTQ>what <w NN0>people <w VVB>think <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Freda<w VBZ>'s <w PRP-AVP>on <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Freda<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="663"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>here <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="664"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>right <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMALC02P><w AVP>up <ptr target=HMALC02R><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="665"><ptr target=HMALC02P><w AV0>Now <ptr target=HMALC02R><w AV0>now <w AV0>then <w NP0>Geoff <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nottingham <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w NN2>trees <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nottingham <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>countryside <w PNP>we <w VVB>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN2>shops <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>spend <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w NN1>leaf <w VBD>was <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>diabolical<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="667"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="668"><w PNI>Anybody <w VM0>can <w VM0>can <w VVI>spend <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>money <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w PRP>as for <w DT0>that <w NN1>lady <w VVG-NN1>saying <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Council <w AJ0>good <w NN2>heavens <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN2>ones <shift new=laughing> <w VM0>would <w VVI>spend <w PNP>it <w AV0>quicker <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>ones <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="669"><w AV0>So <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>important <w AV0>then <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w XX0>not <w VVN>bothered <w PRP>about <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="670"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVN>bothered <w PRP>about <w PNP>them <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <trunc> <w UNC>tre </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>countryside <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN2>trees <w PRP>at <w AV0>well <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w PNP>them <w PRP>outside <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN2>houses<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="671"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w XX0>not <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVG>saying <w VVB>keep <w PNP>them <w AV0>there <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>saying <w PNP>it <w VVZ>adds <w PNI>something <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w XX0>not <w VVI>agree<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="672"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w UNC>er <w AV0>well <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w DPS>their <w NN2>leaves <w AV0>like <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VDG>doing <w AV0>now <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w VVG>slipping <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="673"><w ITJ>Mm <w AV0>maybe <w AT0>the <w AJ0>odd <w PNI>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w VM0>will <ptr target=HMALC02S><w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w NP0>Freda <ptr target=HMALC02T></u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="674"><ptr target=HMALC02S><w ITJ>Yes <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HMALC02T><w AV0>well <w VVB>leave <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w CJC>but <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w AJ0>diabolical <w NN1>thing <w AJ0-AV0>well <w NN1>art <w AV0>today <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>think <w NN1>art <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="675"><w PNP>You <w VVD>liked <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <w AJ0>nice <w NN2>holes <w PRP>with <ptr target=HMALC02U><w NN2>flowers <w CJC>and <w NN2>vases <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <ptr target=HMALC02V></u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="676"><ptr target=HMALC02U><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <ptr target=HMALC02V><w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>art <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>olden <w NN2>days <w VVB-NN1>mind <w PNP>you <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w PNI>everything <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>old <w UNC>er <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w PNP>you <w NP0>Geoff <w CJS>cos <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>old<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="677"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AV0>well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>catching <w PNP>you <w AVP-PRP>up <w NP0>Freda
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="678"><w UNC>Er <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>for <w VVG>coming <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="679"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nottingham <w TO0>to <w VVI>spend <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="680"><w AV0>All right <w AV0>then
</u>
<u who=PS32A>
<s n="681"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="682"><w ITJ>Tarrah <w AV0>there <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<w VHD>'d <w AV0>better <w VVI>leave <w PNP>it <w AV0>there <w AV0>otherwise <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>here <w DT0>all <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w UNC>Er <w VVB>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>word <w PRP>to <w NP0>David <w NP0>Poole<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="684"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AV0>well <w PRP>on <w DTQ>what <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VVN>said <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>possibility <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w NP0>Stuart <w CJC>and <w PNX>myself <w VVB>get <w AV0>together <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>officers <w AJ0>concerned <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w CJS>if <w DT0>these <w NN2>trees <w VBB>are <w AJ0-VVN>pruned <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>trimmed <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>saying <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <trunc> <w UNC>over </trunc> <w VVN>overgrown <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w AV0>surely <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>cut <w PNP>them <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w NN1>size <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>regular <w VVD-VVN>pruned <w AT0>every <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w PNP>they <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>nuisance <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PRP>in <w AJ0>future <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="685"><w AV0>All right <w AV0>then <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>word <w PRP>to <w NP0>Stuart <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="686"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>yeah <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w ITJ>yeah <w AT0>the <w NN2>trees <w AV0>really <w VDB>do <w VVI>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NP0>David<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem <w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>care <w DT0>less <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PRP>with <w DT0>most <w NN0>people <w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w CJT>that <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Barry <w NP0>Jackson<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>offered <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>after <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>garden <w CJS>cos <w PNP>he <w VVZ>likes <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>welcome <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w NP0>Nottingham<w POS>'s <w UNC>er <w NN1>city <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>proud <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>nature <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>generally <w VVN>realized <w CJT>that <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w NN1>nature <w NN2>reserves <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>City <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nottingham <w VVD>maintained <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Notts <w AJ0>Wild <w NN1>Life <w NN1>Trust <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>great <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>outskirts <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>too <w AJ0>little <w NN1>nature <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="689"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w NN1>castle <w NN2>grounds <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>park <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>a <w NN0>quid <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w PRP>on <w NN2>Saturdays <w CJC>and <w NN2>Sundays <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>these <w NN2>trees <w AV0>really <w VVB>matter <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>concerned <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w NN2>questions <w PRP>about <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w NP0>David <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w AV0>as well <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w NN1>leaf <w NN1-VVB>stem <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>keep <w PNX>himself<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="690"><vocal desc=laugh> <unclear> <w AV0>well <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>political <w NN1>fence <w VVG>agreeing <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w UNC>Erm <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DPS>your <w NN1>voice <w VVD-VVN>heard <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w AV0>then <w VVB>write <w PNP>them <w NN2>letters <w VVB>write <w NN2>letters <w PRP>into <w DPS>your <w NN2>councillors <w UNC>erm <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w VVB>let <w PNP>them <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w CJC>or <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>write <w PNP>them <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>pass <w PNP>them <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>say <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w PRP>to <w NP0>Councillor <w NP0>Stuart <w NP0>Argyle <w PRP>for <w VVG>coming <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>as well <w PRP>to <w NP0>David <w NP0>Poole <w PRP>for <w VVG>joining <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>phone <w NN2>thanks <w NP0>David<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="693"><w VVG>Thanking <w PNP>you
</u>
<u who=PS32H>
<s n="694"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="695"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>leave <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w AV0>now <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>seventeen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="696"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>all <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>Frank <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Sinatra <w CJC>and <w NP0>Brazil<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><event desc=music> <w AV0>There <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Sinatra <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBZ>is <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NP0>Brazil <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w NN1>bit <w AJ0-AV0>late <w PRP>with <w PNI>everything <w AV0>today <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w DPS>your <w NN2>calls <w PRP>on <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><w UNC>Erm <w DT0>more <w NN2>calls <w CJS>than <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRP>for <unclear> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVB>see <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w VVB>keep <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>touch <w VVB>write <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN2>councillors <w CJC>and <w VVB>let <w PNP>them <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w CJC>or <w VVB>write <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>pass <w AT0>the <w NN2>letters <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="699"><w NP0>June <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mansfield<w VBZ>'s <w PRP-AVP>on <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>June<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="700"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="701"><w AVQ>How <w VBB>are <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="702"><w AJ0-AV0>Fine <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="703"><w AJ0>Marvellous <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVG>happening <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w AV0>today<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="704"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AVP>out <w VVG-NN1>shopping <w AV0>today <w VVG>getting <w NN1>wood <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>floor <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>cellar<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="705"><w PNP>You <w DTQ>what<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="706"><w VVG>Putting <w AT0>a <w NN1>floor <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w VVB-NN1>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>pantry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="707"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>cellar<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="708"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="709"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>store <w DT0>all <w DPS>your <w NN1>wine <w AVP>down <w AV0>there <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="710"><w CJC>Or <w DPS>your <w NN1>beer <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN1>booze<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="711"><w ITJ>Yes <w ITJ>yes <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it <w AJ0>home-made <w NN2>wines <w CJC>and <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="712"><w ITJ>Oh <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VBZ>is <w DT0-CJT>that <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="713"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="714"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w VVN>started <w VVG>making <w PNP>them <w AV0>already <w CJC>or
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="715"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <w VBN>been <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="716"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN2>bottles <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w AV0>then <w NP0>June<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="717"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>still <w VVN>got <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>demijohns <w AV0>yet
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="718"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="719"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="720"><unclear> <w PNP>I <w AV0>often <w VVB-NN1>wonder <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>demijohn <w VM0>would <w VVI>imply <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w NN1>john <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="721"><w AV0>so <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>get <w PNI>one <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>twice <w AV0>as <w AJ0>big <w CJT-DT0>that<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>called <w AT0>a <w NN1>john<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="722"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w ITJ>no <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>actually<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="723"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="724"><w ITJ>Yes <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <ptr target=HMALC02W><w VVI>get <w PNP>them <ptr target=HMALC02X><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="725"><ptr target=HMALC02W><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <ptr target=HMALC02X><w VVN>heard <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="726"><w ITJ>No <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w PNP>them <w AJ0>big<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="727"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>john <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>john<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="728"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="729"><w PNP>I <w VVB>see <w ITJ>oh <w UNC>er <w NN2>fireworks <w NN1>winner <w NP0>Mrs <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w NP0>Eastwood <w VVD>heard <w AT0>the <w NN1>firework <w NN1>noise <w AV0>just <w AV0>then <w CJS>so <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AVP>off <w PRP>to <w NP0>Alton <w NN2>Towers <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN2>fireworks <w VVI>stop <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w NP0>Tracey<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Radford <w ORD>next <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Tracey<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="731"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="732"><w PNP>You <w AV0>all right<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="733"><w ITJ>Yes <w AJ0>fine <w NN2>thanks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="734"><w AJ0-AV0>Good <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing <w NN1>family <w NN2>things <w AV0>today <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w UNC>erm <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AVQ>why <w DT0>these <w AJ0>hard <w NN2>times <w VBB>are <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN2>families <w VVI>pull <w AV0>closer <w AV0>together <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJC>earlier <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w UNC>er <w VVG>looking <w PRP>after <w PNX>each other <w AV0>a lot <w AV0>more <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w AT0>a <w CRD>thirty <w NN2>seconds <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w NN1>family <w NN2>things <w AV0>today <w PRP>for <w NN1-NP0>Loot <w PRP>at <w NN1>Lunchtime<c PUN>.
<s n="735"><w VVB>Tell <w PNP>me <w PRP>about <w DPS>your <w NN1>family <w NP0>Tracey<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="736"><w AJ0-VVD>Married <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>husband <w VVD>got <w CRD>three <w NN2>children <w CRD>three <w NN2>boys <w NP0>Daniel <w NP0>Ben <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thomas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="737"><w ITJ>Mhm <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>old<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="738"><w UNC>Erm <w CRD>six <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="739"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>hear <w VBZ>is <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Thomas <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>hear <w VVG>shouting<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="740"><w ITJ>No <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Ben <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="741"><w ITJ>Oh <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="742"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>playing<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="743"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AVQ>where<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w PNI>one<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="744"><w PRP>In <w NN1>bed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="745"><w PRP>In <w NN1>bed <w AJ0>asleep<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="746"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="747"><w AV0>Just <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="748"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <ptr target=HMALC02Y><w AJS>eldest <w PNI>one <ptr target=HMALC030></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="749"><ptr target=HMALC02Y><w CJC>But <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <ptr target=HMALC030></u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="750"><w PRP>at <w NN1>school<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="751"><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>thinking <w PRP>about <w AV0>though <w VDB>do <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="752"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="753"><w CRD>Thirty <w NN2>seconds <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w NN1>family <w NN2>things <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>put <w NP0>June <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mansfield <w ORD>first <w CJS>cos <w NP0>June<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN1>champ <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AJ0-AV0>ready<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="754"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="755"><w AV0>Here <w PNP>we <w VVB>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="756"><w NN1-VVB>House <w NN1>home <w NN1>baby <w NN1>nappy <unclear> <w AJ0>naughty <w NN1>cot <w NN1>bed <w NN1>bath <w NN1>rattle <w NN1>crib <w NN1>brother <w NN1>sister <w NN1>aunty <w NN1>uncle <w NN1>mum <w NN1>dad <w NN1>grandpa <unclear> <w NN2>stories <w NN2>boys <w NN2>girls <w NN2>hats <w NN2>coats <w NN2>shoes <w NN2>gloves <w VVZ-NN2>smiles <w VVZ-NN2>frowns <w NN2>tears <w NN1>joy <w NN2>meals <w VVZ-NN2>wheels <w NN2>cards <w NN2>games <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>Easter <w NN1>church <w NN1>love <w NN2>holidays <w NN2>chores <w NN2>outings <w VVG-NN1>cleaning <w NN1>carpet <w NN2>tables <w NN2>sofas <w NN2>chairs <w NN1>bedtime <w NN2>stories <w NN2>prayers <w NN2>books <w VVG-NN1>baking <w NN1-VVG>cooking <w NN1>pastry <w NN2>cakes <w NN1>bread <w NN2>sweets <w NN2>fireworks <w AJ0>crackers <w NN1>birthday <w VVZ-NN2>treats <w NN2>parties <trunc> <w UNC>smi </trunc> <w NN1>theatre <w VVZ>flicks <w NN1>panto <w VVZ>tricks <w AJ0-NN1>magic <w NN2>shows <w NN1-NP0>Punch <w CJC>and <w NP0>Judy <w NN1-VVB>swim <w NN1-VVB>dance <w NN1-VVB>skip<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="757"><w ITJ>Ah <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>two <w NP0>June
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="758"><w ITJ>Oh <w DPS>my <w NN1>goodness
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="759"><w ITJ>Oh <w DPS>my <w NN2>stars <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>two <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bad <w NN1-VVB>score <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="760"><w VM0>Should <w VBI>be <w AV0>all right <w NP0>Tracey <w PRP>from <w NP0>Radford<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>knock <w AT0>the <shift new=laughing> <w NN1>smile <w PRP-AVP>off <w PNP>you <w VVB>face <shift> <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w NP0>Tracey<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="761"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="762"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>two <w TO0>to <w VVI>beat <w CRD>thirty <w NN2>seconds <w NN1>worth <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NN2>families <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN1>time <w VVZ>starts <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="763"><w NN1>Brother <w NN1>brother-in-law <w NN1>sister <w NN1>sister-in-law <w NN1>aunty <w NN1>uncle <w NN1>grandma <w NN1>granddad <w AJ0>great <w NN1>grandma <w AJ0>great <w NN1>granddad <w NN1>mother-in-law <w NN1>father-in-law <w NN1>niece <w NN2>nephews <w NN2>cousins <w NN2>children <w NN2>babies <w NN2>teenagers <w NN1>family <w NN1>car <w NN1>family <w NN1>house <w NN1>family <w NN1>outing <w NN1>family <w NN1>entertainment <w NN1>family <w NN2>birthdays <w NN2>weddings <w NN2>anniversaries <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>Easter <w NN2>grandchildren <w NN2>mamas <w NN2>papas <w NN2>granddads <w NN2>dadas <w NN1>nan <w NN2>nanas <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN2>toys <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN2>parties <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN2>clothes <w NN1-VVB>coat <w NN2>jumpers <w NN1>vest <w NN2>trousers <w NN2>socks <w NN2>shoes <w NN1-VVB>dress <w NN1>cardigan <w NN1>birthday <w NN2>parties <w NN2>toys <w NN2>cars <w VVZ-NN2>rattles <w NN2>crisps <w NN1>family <w NN1>tree <w NN1>family <w NN1>car<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="764"><w NP0>Tracey<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="765"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="766"><w DPS>Your <w NN1>content <w VBD>was <w AJ0>good <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>lacking <w NN1>pace <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w AT0>the <w NN1>weather <w NN1>forecast <w PRP>from <w PNP>you <w ORD>next <w AV0>all right<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="767"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="768"><w VVB>Hang <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>phone <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w NP0>June <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mansfield <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>two <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN2>prizes <w NN2>numbers <w PRP>between <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w CRD>ten <w VVB>choose <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="769"><w UNC>Erm <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="770"><w NN1>Number <w CRD>one <w VBZ>is <w DT0>some <w NN1-NP0>Turbaco <w NN1>Chilli <w VVZ-NN2>Nods <w PRP>in <w NN2>tubes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="771"><w CRD>One<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="772"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="773"><w UNC>Er <w DTQ>what <w DTQ>what <w AV0>else <w VHB>have <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w PNP>I <w VHN>had <w CRD>five<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="774"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>list <w AV0>today <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>brand <w VVG-NN1>spanking <w AJ0>new <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="775"><w ITJ>Oh <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="776"><w NN1>Number <w CRD>five <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>mug <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <ptr target=HMALC031><w AJ0>new <w NN1>style <ptr target=HMALC032></u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="777"><ptr target=HMALC031><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>already <ptr target=HMALC032><w VVN>got <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="778"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w AV0>well <w VHB>have <w DT0>another <w PNI>one <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>set<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w DT0>Another <w PNI>one<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="780"><w UNC>Erm <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="781"><w NN1>Number <w CRD>seven <w NN2>loads <w CJC>and <w NN2>loads <w CJC>and <w NN2>loads <w CJC>and <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>moist <w NN1>toilet <w NN1>tissue <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w VVN>rid <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w AV0>so <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <shift new=laughing> <w NN1>lot <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="782"><shift new=laughing> <w AV0>Right<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="783"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>tomorrow <w AV0>okay<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="784"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>tomorrow <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Friday<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="785"><w ITJ>Oh <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AJ0>well <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w NP0>Friday <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>find <w PNI>somebody <w AV0>else <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PNP>you <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="786"><shift new=laughing> <w AV0>right <w ITJ>oh <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="787"><w AV0>Okay <w ITJ>tarrah
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="788"><w AV0>Right <w ITJ>bye
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="789"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
<s n="790"><w ITJ>Hey <w AVQ>why <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="791"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w NP0>Chesterfield <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w UNC>er
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="792"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>of course
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="793"><w NN1>charity <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="794"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w AV0>enough <w NN1-VVB>excuse <w CJC>and <w AJ0>good <w NN1>luck <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="795"><w AV0>All right <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="796"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32B>
<s n="797"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="798"><w VVB-NN1>Loot <w PRP>at <w NN1>Lunchtime <w AVP>back <w AV0>tomorrow <w AV0>then <w CRD>ten <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NN1>quarter <w TO0>to <w AV0>oneish <w VVI>listen <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>then <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>qualifying <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w AJ0>Gracious <w PNP>me <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>ten <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w AV0>now <w VVG>yakking <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w AV0>today <w UNC>er <w NP0>Beverley <w NP0-NN1>Craven <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>Love <w NN2>Scenes <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w UNC>er <w NN1>chunk <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Big <w NN1>Bang <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>before <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="800"><w NP0>Beverley <w NP0-NN1>Craven <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBZ>is <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>Love <w NN2>Scenes <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w CRD>six <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="801"><w UNC>Er <w NN2>trains <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w AJ0>okay <w VVB-NN1>say <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Rail <w AT0>no <w NN2>problems <w AV0>there <w AT0>no <w NN2>problems <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>airport <w CRD>two <w NN2>motorways <w VBB>are <w DT0>all <w AJ0>fine <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="802"><w UNC>Er <w NN2>delays <w NN2>problems <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NP0>Baysford <w CJS>cos <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRF>of <w NP0>David <w NP0>Lane <w CJC>and <w NP0>Southwick <w NP0>Street <w NN2>diversions <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="803"><w NP0>Chapel <w NP0>Lane <w PRP>at <w NP0>Coddington <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>closed <w PRP>until <w NP0>Friday <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NP0>Totton <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN2>roadworks <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nottingham <w NP0>Road <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>junction <w PRP>with <w NP0>Attenborough <w NP0>Lane <w NN2>delays <w VBB>are <w AJ0>likely <w AV0>especially <w PRP>in <w AJ0>busy <w NN2>times<c PUN>.
<s n="804"><w VM0>Will <w VVI>update <w AT0>the <w NN1>traffic <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>service <w PRP>at <w NN1>tea <w NN1>time <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Clifford <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <w DT0>half <w CRD>four <w PRP>till <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>.
<s n="805"><w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>one <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>three <w NN1>point <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>five <w NN1>point <w CRD>five <w AT0>the <w NN1>weather <w NN1>forecast <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Tracey <w PRP>from <w NP0>Radford <w AVP>off <w PNP>you <w VVB>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="807"><w AV0>Okay <w VVG-AJ0>staying <w AJ0>cloudy <w PRP>for <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w VM0>should <w VVI>stay <w AJ0>dry <w AJ0>patchy <w NN1>fog <w VM0>will <w VVI>form <w AJ0>overnight <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>drizzle<c PUN>.
<s n="808"><w AV0>Tomorrow <w VM0>should <w VVI>brighten <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AJ0>sunny <w NN2>intervals <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>outlook <w PRP>for <w NP0>Friday <w VBZ>is <w AV0>mainly <w AJ0>dry <w PRP>with <w AJ0>sunny <w NN2>spells<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="809"><w AJ0>Marvellous <w NP0>Tracey <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>marvellous<c PUN>.
<s n="810"><w UNC>Er <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>bit <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w VVB>save <w PNP>me <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w VVB>say <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Big <w NN1>Bang<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="811"><w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Big <w NN1>Bang<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="812"><w NN2>Fireworks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="813"><w NN2>Fireworks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="814"><w NN1>Day <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="815"><w NN1>Day <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="816"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32C>
<s n="817"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>bye<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="818"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Trading <w NN2>Standards <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>responsible <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>controls <w PRP>on <w NN2>fireworks<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w AV0>In particular <w CJT>that <w NN2>fireworks <w VVB>comply <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Standard <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VVB-NN1>register <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>keeping <w NN2>fireworks <w NN2>retailers <w CJC>and <w NN2>wholesalers <w CJS>so that <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVI>inspect <w AT0>the <w NN1>storage <w NN2>conditions <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VVB>obey <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>by <w XX0>not <w VVG>selling <w NN2>fireworks <w PRP>to <w NN0>people <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>sixteen<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="820"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Assistant <w NN1-AJ0>Chief <w NN1>Trading <w NN2>Standards <w NN1>Officer<c PUN>.
<s n="821"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>his <w NN1>department<w POS>'s <w NN1>job <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<w VBZ>'s <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>applied <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>to <w NN2>fireworks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="822"><w AT0>The <w NN1>requirement <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w VBZ>is <w CJT-DT0>that <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>stored <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w NN2>shops <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN-AJ0>stored <w PRP>in <w AJ0>safe <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="823"><w DT0-CJT>That <w VVZ>means <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>stored <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w NN2>containers <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w NN1>access <w PRP>to <w CJC>and <w PRP>away from <w DT0>any <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w AJ0>naked <w NN2>flames <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN2>methods <w PRF>of <w NN1>ignition <w VVG>getting <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="824"><w NP0>Mike <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Assistant <w AJ0>Divisional <w NN1>Officer <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN1>Fire <w NN1>Brigade<c PUN>.
<s n="825"><w PNP>He<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNI>everybody <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>bonfires <w PRP>instead of <w VHG>having <w AJ0>private <w NN2>ones<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="826"><w PRP>In <w DPS>my <w NN1>opinion <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w AV0>probably <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>fire <w NN2>officers<w POS>' <w NN2>opinions <w AV0>as well <w NN2>bonfires <w PRP>in <w AJ0>private <w NN2>houses <w VBB>are <w AV0>no longer <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w CJC>But <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w CJS>if <w CJS>while <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNP>them <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>still <w VBI>be <w AV0>there <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w AV0>still <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PNP>them <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>days <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w NN2>bonfires <w CJS>when <w PNI>somebody<w POS>'s <w NN1>house <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>there <w AV0>instead<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w UNC>Er <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w AV0>well <w AJ0>horrific <w NN1>situation <w VVG>developing <w PRP>at <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w AV0>particularly <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="829"><w AV0>So <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w NN1>Trading <w NN2>Standards <w VVB>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w VVG>selling <w NN2>fireworks <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w PRP>under <w NN1>age<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="830"><w PNP>We <w VM0>will <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>take <unclear> <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w UNC>er <w AV0>as usual <w VVI>send <w AJ0>young <w NN2>children <w AV0>definitely <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>age <w PRF>of <w CRD>sixteen <w PRP>into <w NN2>shops <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJS>if <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w VVI>sell <w NN2>fireworks <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w AV0>then <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w AJ0>appropriate <w NN1>action <w DTQ>which <w VM0>may <w VVI>mean <w AJ0>criminal <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
<s n="831"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>way <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w PRF>of <w AV0>effectively <w VVG>enforcing <w DT0>that <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="832"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>important <w AT0>the <w NN2>fireworks <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w PRP>into <w AJ0>young <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN2>hands <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w PNX>themselves <w UNC>er <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="833"><w NP0>Mike <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>surprisingly <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>with <w NN2>bonfires <w CJT>that <w VVB>go <w PRP>out of <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="834"><w AV0>Right <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>attend <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>bonfires <w AT0>every <w AJ0>single <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><w UNC>Er <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quiet <w NN1>month <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w VVB>say <w NN1-VVG>building <w PRP>up to <w NP0>October <w CJC>and <w NP0>November <w NN1>time <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>sixty <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w AV0>So <w AV0>far <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>two <w NN2>figures <w PNP>we <w VVD>attended <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>bonfires<c PUN>.
<s n="837"><w AJ0>Precautionary <w NN1>measure <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w NN2>fires <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><w UNC>Er <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PNP>we <w AV0>actually <w VVD>attended <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>five <w NN2>bonfires <w CJT>that <w VVD>got <w PRP>out of <w NN1>hand<c PUN>.
<s n="839"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w VHB>have <w VVN>put <w PNP>them <w AVP>out <w AV0>then <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>injury <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>damage <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VDN>done <w PRP>to <w NN1>property<c PUN>.
<s n="840"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w NN0>statistics <w VVD-VVN>kept <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>accidents <w PRP>by <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Government <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w NN2>hospitals <w VBB>are <w VVN>asked <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w TO0>to <w CJC>but <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>realize <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w VBB>are <w AV0>only <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w VVN>attended <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>.
<s n="841"><w DT0>Most <w NN2>accidents <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w VVD>occurred <w PRP>at <w AJ0-NN1>private <w CJC>or <w UNC>er <w NN1>family <w NN2>parties <w PRP>as opposed to <w AJC>larger <w NN2>displays<c PUN>.
<s n="842"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>nearly <w AV0>twice <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w NN2>accidents <w PRP>at <w AJ0>private <w NN2>parties <w CJS>as <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w NN0>nn <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>displays<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><w CJC>But <w AV0>then <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN1>street <w NN2>accidents <w DTQ>which <w AV0>usually <w AJ0>mean <w NN0>people <w VVG>discharging <w NN2>fireworks <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>street <w DTQ>which <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>offence <w VVN>enforced <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="844"><w AT0>The <w AJS>highest <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>firework <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>specified <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>sparkler <w AV0>remarkably <w AV0>enough <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w DT0>this <w NN1>point <w AV0>very <w AV0>seriously <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2>parents <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN2>children <trunc> <w UNC>sm </trunc> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>small <w NN2>children <w NN2>sparklers <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VM0>must <w VVI>remember <trunc> <w UNC>tha </trunc> <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>things <w VBB>are <w NN2>fireworks <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>dangerous <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w VVI>get <w AJ0>red <w AJ0>hot <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w VM0>must <w VVI>supervise <w PNP>them <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w NN2>times <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>give <w PNP>them <w NN2>sparklers <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they <w VM0>may <w VVI>wave <w PNP>them <w AVP>around <w PNP>they <w VM0>may <trunc> <w UNC>se </trunc> <w VVI>set <w PNI>somebody <w AV0>else<w POS>'s <w VVG-NN1>clothing <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w PNP>they <w VM0>may <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN2>sparks <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>eyes <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>get <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>close <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>danger <w AV0>of course <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VM0>may <w VVI>get <w NN1>hold <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>en </trunc> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hot <w NN1>end <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>firework <unclear> <w VHZ>has <w AV0>finally <w VVN>extinguished <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w VVN>finished <w PRP>with<c PUN>.
<s n="845"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>hot <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>give <w DT0>some <w AJ0>nasty <w NN2>burns <w PRP>to <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
<s n="846"><w AT0>The <w NN1>business <w PRP>about <w NN2>sparklers <w UNC>erm <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>things <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AV0>very <w AJ0>young <w NN2>children <w AV0>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w AT0>a <w NN1>sparkler <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VDN>done <w AV0>under <w AJ0>proper <w AJ0-VVN>supervised <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
<s n="847"><w PNP>You <w VBB>are <w VVG>playing <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>fire <w AT0>the <w NN1>temperature <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>tip <w CJS>when <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-VVG>burning <w VBZ>is <w VVG>approaching <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>degrees <w NN0>centigrade<c PUN>.
<s n="848"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>awfully <w AJ0>hot <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>bend <w NN1>steel <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AT0>the <w NN2>effects <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>metalwork <w CJS-PRP>after <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>burnt <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w CJC>And <w AV0>there <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>putting <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w CRD>three <w CJC>or <w CRD>four <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>hand <w PNI>something <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w UNC>erm <w VVN>got <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>temperature <w PRP-AVP>round <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS329>
<s n="850"><w NN1-VVG>Trading <w NN2>Standards <w PRP>on <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0>Big <w NN1>Bang <w AV0>so <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRF>of <w NN2>fireworks <w NN1-VVB>chunk <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
<s n="851"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w NP0>Dennis <w ORD>next <w PRP>with <w NN1>Afternoon <w AJ0>Special <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w PNP>you <w AV0>tonight <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Star <w NN1>Inn <w PRP>on <w NP0>Middle <w NP0>Street <w PRP>in <w NP0>Beeston <w PRP>at <w CRD>eight <w AV0>o'clock <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Drinking <w NN2>Partners <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>along <w CJC>and <w VVI>watch <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>county<w POS>'s <w AJ0>favourite <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AV0>now<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>two <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>.
<s n="853"><w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>news <w PRP>with <w NP0>Dave <w NP0>Harper<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="854"><w NN1-NP0>Calverton <w NN1>Colliery <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>close <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>just <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w NN1>week<w POS>'s <w NN1>time <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>expected <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w AV0>around <w CRD>six <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="855"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>closure <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>confirmed <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w NN2>hours <w CJS>after <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VVD-VVN>announced <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>review <w NN1>procedure <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>revealed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>lost <w AV0>more than <w CRD>six <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>six <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="856"><w NP0-NN1>Union <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>challenge <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w PRP>by <w VVG>taking <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>action<c PUN>.
<s n="857"><w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN2>police <w VHB>have <w VVN>revealed <w VVN>released <w AT0>a <w NN1>recording <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl <w PNP>they <w VVB>believe <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kingsmill <w NN1>Hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sutton <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ashfield <w VVG-NN1>claiming <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w PNP>They <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>teenager <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w AV0>at least <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>calls <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>in <w NP0>Lincolnshire <w PRP>since <w VVG>reporting <w AT0>the <w NN1>birth <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>.
<s n="859"><w NP0>Nigel <w NP0>Bell <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="860"><unclear> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVD>killed <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="861"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVD>got <w PNP>me <w AJ0>pregnant<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="862"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>voice <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w PNQ>who <w AV0>sometimes <w VVZ>uses <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w NP0>Cindy <w CJC>and <w AV0>sometimes <w NP0>Linda<c PUN>.
<s n="863"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>says <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>fourteen <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>father <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>child <w VBZ>is <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w NN1>dad<c PUN>.
<s n="864"><w AJ0-VVG>Acting <w NN1>Detective <w NP0>Superintendent <w NP0>Mick <w NP0>Cox <w VVZ>says <w PNP>they <w VVB>realize <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w NN1>danger <w CJC>but <w VVB>believe <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>necessary <w TO0>to <w VVI>broadcast <w AT0>the <w NN1>recording<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32E>
<s n="865"><w DT0>This <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>talked <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>but <w PRP>with <w DT0>both <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Social <w NN2>Services <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>hospital <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>that <w NN1>chance<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="866"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>checked <w NN2>schools <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>housing <w NN2>estates <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mansfield <w NN1>area <w CJC>but <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AT0>no <w NN2>leads<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w DT0>Half <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>officers <w VBB>are <w VVG>investigating <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w CJC>but <w NN2>police <w NN2>forces <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands <w VBB>are <w PRP>on <w NN1-AJ0>standby<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><w NP0>Mick <w NP0>Cox <w VBZ>is <w VVG>urging <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>recognizes <w DT0>this <w NN1>voice <w TO0>to <w VVI>contact <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="869"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>phone <w NN1>number <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>eight <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>six <w CRD>two <w CRD>six <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="870"><w CJC>And <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>run <w PRP>away from <w NN1>home <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>you <w NN1>lot <w VHB>have <w VVD>took <w PNP>me <w AVP>back <w AV0>home <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VVB>end <w AVP>up <w VVG>getting <w AJ0>pregnant<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="871"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>trial <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w CRD>eleven <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NN2>boys <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w VVG>murdering <w AT0>the <w NN1>toddler <w NP0>James <w NP0>Bolger <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VHZ>has <w VVN>heard <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w PRP>by <w NP0>James<w POS>'s <w NN1>mother <w NP0>Denise<c PUN>.
<s n="872"><w PNP>She <w VVD>described <w AVQ>how <w PNP>he <w VVD>disappeared <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w PNP>she <w AV0>frantically <w VVD>searched <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="873"><w AT0>The <w NN2>boys <w VHB>have <w VVN>denied <w VVG-NN1>abducting <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>murdering <w NP0>James <w CJC>and <w VVG>attempting <w TO0>to <w VVI>abduct <w DT0>another <w NN1>child<c PUN>.
<s n="874"><w PRP>From <w NP0>Preston <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Court <w NP0>Kevin <w NN1>Bucket<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32D>
<s n="875"><w NP0>Denise <w NP0>Bolger <w VVD>gave <w DPS>her <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>February <w AT0>the <w ORD>thirteenth <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w DPS>her <w NN1>son <w NP0>James <w VVD>disappeared <w CJC>but <w CJS-PRP>before <w DPS>his <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>railway <w NN1>embankment <w PRP>in <w NP0>Walton<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w PNP>She <w VVD>described <w AVQ>how <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>butcher<w POS>'s <w NN1>shop <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w VVD>noticed <w NP0>James <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone<c PUN>.
<s n="877"><w PNP>She <w VVD>ran <w PRP>into <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>nearby <w NN2>shops <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w VVG>asking <w NN0>people <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w VVN>seen <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="878"><w AV0>Then <w PNP>she <w VVD>reported <w DPS>his <w NN1>disappearance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>shopping <w NN1>centre <w NN1>security <w NN1>office <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>police <w VBD>were <w VVN>called<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Bolger <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>expecting <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w ORD>next <w NN1>month <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w CJC>but <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w NP0>Ralph <w VVD>sat <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="880"><w AT0>The <w NN1>court <w AV0>also <w VVD>heard <w NN1>evidence <w AV0>today <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>nurse <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>shopping <w NN1>centre <w DT0>several <w NN2>hours <w CJS>before <w NP0>James <w NP0>Bolger <w VVD>disappeared<c PUN>.
<s n="881"><w PNP>She <w VVD>said <w PNP>she <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>defendants <w VVG>tormenting <w AT0>an <w AJ0>elderly <w NN1>woman <w PRP>by <w VVG>prodding <w PNP>her <w PRP>from <w AV0>behind<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><w AV0>Then <w PNP>they <w VVD>ran <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
<s n="883"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVG>continuing<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS32F>
<s n="884"><w NN1>Crime <w PRP>in <w NP0>England <w CJC>and <w NP0>Wales <w VHZ>has <w VVN>risen <w TO0>to <w VVI>record <w NN2>levels <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w NN2>figures<c PUN>.
<s n="885"><w PNP>They <w VVD>showed <w CJT>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w PRP>to <w NP0>June <w AJ0-VVD>reported <w NN1>crime <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w CRD>four <w NN0>per cent <w AJC>higher <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w NN1>increase <w VBZ>is <w AV0>much <w AJC>smaller <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>police <w NN2>forces <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Metropolitan <w NN2>Police <w VVN>recorded <w DT0>fewer <w NN2>crimes<c PUN>.
<s n="887"><w AT0>A <w NN1>member <w PRF>of <w NN0>staff <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>suspended <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>centre <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>handicapped <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w AJ0>pending <w CJC>and <w AJ0>internal <w NN1>investigation<c PUN>.
<s n="888"><w AT0>The <w NN1>probe <w PRP>at <w NP0>Redoaks <w NN1>Training <w NN1>Centre <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rainworth <w VVZ>follows <w AT0>a <w NN2>police <w NN1>investigation <w PRP>at <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w NN1>Cross <w NN1>Lane <w AJ0>Residential <w NN1>Unit <w PRP>in <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>confirm <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w NN2>allegations <w VBB>are <w PRP-AVP>about <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>reported <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB-NN1>centre <w PRP>on <w NN1>fraud <w CJC>and <w AJ0>sexual <w NN1>abuse <w PRP>at <w NP0>Redoaks<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>stressed <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>cases <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w VVN-AJ0>linked <w AV0>though<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w AJ0>Huge <w NN2>fires <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>raging <w PRP>out of <w NN1>control <w PRP>in <w NP0>California<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w CRD>Thousands <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w PRP>out of <w DPS>their <w NN2>homes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>exclusive <w NN1>resort <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Malibu <w CJC>and <w NN2>suburbs <w NN1>northwest <w PRF>of <w NP0>Los <w NP0>Angeles<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><w DT0>Several <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w VVN>reported <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>seriously <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="894"><w AT0>A <w NN1>State <w NN1>funeral <w NN1>mass <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>held <w PRP>in <w NP0>Rome <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>film <w NN1>director <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w CRD>Thousands <w VVN>packed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Basilica <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>service <w VBD>was <w VVN>held <w NN2>others <w VVN-VVD>followed <w AT0>the <w NN1>mass <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Square <w AV0>outside<c PUN>.
<s n="896"><w AT0>The <w NN1>director <w DTQ>whose <w AV0>most <w AJ0>famous <w NN2>films <w VVB>include <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w CRD>Eight <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>Half <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>buried <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w NN1>crypt <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>home <w NN1>town <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Rimini<c PUN>.
<s n="897"><w PRP>On to <w AT0>the <w NN1>weather <w NN1>forecast <w AV0>now <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w DT0>Many <trunc> <w UNC>area </trunc> <event desc="end of recording">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMD>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  BBC Radio Nottingham: radio broadcast. Sample containing about 12499 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 248 Kbytes running text, containing about 12499 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMD</idno><idno type="old"> 106301 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106301" dur="90" date="1993-11-09" time="13:45" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1949"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="30"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="368"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="220"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="30"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="440"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="1620"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="38"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="144"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="1130"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="143"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="28"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="13082"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1949"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="30"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="368"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="220"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="30"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="440"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="1620"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="38"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="144"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="1123"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="143"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="28"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="13082"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-11-09</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C394"><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS365" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Geoff</name><occupation>radio presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS366" n="W0002" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><para>Caller on 'Loot for Lunchtime' programme.</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS367" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>John</name><occupation>weather forecaster</occupation></person><person age="0" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS368" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>10+</age><occupation>schoolchild</occupation><para>Giving clue for 'Kids' County' game.</para></person><person age="0" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS369" n="W0005" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>10+</age><occupation>schoolchild</occupation><para>Giving clue for 'Kids' County' game.</para></person><person age="0" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS36A" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>10+</age><occupation>schoolchild</occupation><para>Giving clue for 'Kids' County' game.</para></person><person age="0" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS36B" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>10+</age><occupation>schoolchild</occupation><para>Giving clue for 'Kids' County' game.</para></person><person age="0" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS36C" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>10+</age><occupation>schoolchild</occupation><para>Giving clue for 'Kids' COunty' game.</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS36D" n="W0009" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Elizabeth</name><para>Kids' County game caller.</para></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106301" who='PS000 PS365 PS366 PS367 PS368 PS369 PS36A PS36B PS36C PS36D'><name>Nottinghamshire:  Bbc Radio Nottingham </name><locale> Radio broadcasting studio </locale><activity> Radio broadcast Phone-in, discussion, news </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg2 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast discussn</classCode><keywords><term> Various </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
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<u who=PS366>
<s n="1"><w PRP>On <w NN1>kiss<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="2"><w PRP>On <w NN1>kiss<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><unclear> <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>come <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>tubes <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>four <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>tube <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><unclear> <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w DT0>those<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="5"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w CRD>ten <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>you <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>come <w AVP>back <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="7"><w VBB>Am <w PNP>I <w VVN>allowed<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="8"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="9"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>alright <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="10"><unclear> <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>carry <w AVP>on <w CJS-PRP>till <w PNI>somebody <w VVZ>knocks <w PNP>you <w PRP-AVP>off <w DPS>your <w NN0>perch<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="11"><w ITJ>Yeah <ptr target=HMDLC001><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC002></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="12"><ptr target=HMDLC001><w CJC>And <ptr target=HMDLC002><w VM0>let's <w AV0>just <w VVI>hope <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>soon<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="14"><w ITJ>Oh <w NN2>thanks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="15"><w ITJ>Tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="16"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="17"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>, <w VVB>Loot <w PRP>at <w NN1>Lunchtime <w AV0>tomorrow <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w CRD>ten <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>quarter <w TO0>to <w AV0>oneish <w AV0>just <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>Action <w NN1>Line <w NN1>bulletin<c PUN>, <w VVB>listen <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>qualifying <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><event desc=music> <w CRD>Sixteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w AV0>now <event desc=music> <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w UNC>erm <w NN1>Vanity <w NN1-AJ0>Fair <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><event desc=music dur=150> <w NN1>Vanity <w NN1-AJ0>Fair <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>, <w CRD>thirteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><event desc=jingle> <w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN2>trains <w AT0>no <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands <w NN1>Airport <w VVB>say <w PNI>everything<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>running <w PRP>to <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre <w AT0>no <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>delays <w AV0>anywhere<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>motorways <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w AJ0>okay <w CJS>as <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>One <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>major <w NN1>work <w AV0>just <w VVD>started <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1-AJ0>roundabout<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w CRD>five <w NN2>lanes <w NN1-VVB>end <w NN1-AJ0>roundabout <w VVG-AJ0>affecting <w AJ0>southbound <w NN1>traffic<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AJ0>long <w NN2>delays <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w NN1>peak <w NN2>times<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w CRD>five <w NN1>lane <w NN2-VVZ>ends<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w AV0>there <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD-PNI>One <w AV0>just <w VVD>started<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1-AJ0>Roundabout<c PUN>, <w AJ0>southbound <w NN1>traffic <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>affected<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AJ0>long <w NN2>delays <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w PRP>in <unclear> <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>Six <w AJ0>Double <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>Five <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN2>roadworks <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>junction <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Lane <w VVG>causing <w DT0>some <w NN2>delays<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w NP0>Newark <w NN1>town <w NN1>centre<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w UNC>er <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>closed <w AV0>so <w NN2>diversions <w VBB>are <w VVN>signed <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>Six <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>Nine <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>resurfacing <w PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w PRP>between <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Drive <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Drive <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w AV0>further <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>One <w NN1>junction <w CRD>eighteen<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NN1>lane <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>southbound <w NN1>carriageway <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w VVG>causing <w NN2>delays <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>contraflow <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>One <w PRP>between <w NN2>junctions <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two <w PRP>in <w NN1>operation <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w NN2>directions<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w AT0>No <w NN2>problems <w AV0>there <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>heading <w AV0>there <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w VVB>watch <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w VVZ-NN2>Updates <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>travel <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>service <w PRP>at <w NN1>teatime <w PRP>with <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w PRP>from <w UNC>er <w DT0>half <w CRD>four <w PRP>till <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>M <w CRD>one <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>three <w NN1>point <w CRD>eight <w CJC>and <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>five <w NN1>point <w CRD>five<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>favourite <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>weather <w NN1>forecast <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>evening <w PRP>from <w NP0>John <w PRP>from <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w AVP>off <w PNP>you <w VVB>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="30"><w ITJ>Yes <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>rain <w VVG>reaching <w DT0>most <w NN2>parts <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>, <w AV0>tonight <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>cloudy <w PRP>with <w AJC>further <w NN1>rain<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>becoming <w AJC>drier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w AT0>The <w NN1>outlook <w PRP>for <w NP0>Wednesday<c PUN>, <w AJ0>dry <w CJC>but <w AJ0>isolated <w NN2>showers <w VM0>may <w VVI>occur <event desc=music> <w CJC>or <w VVI>develop<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="32"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="33"><w NP0>Thursday<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w AJ0>Early <w NN1>mist <w CJC>and <w NN1>frost <w NN1-VVG>clearing <w VVG>leaving <w AJ0>sunny <w NN2>spells<c PUN>, <w AV0>less than <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN0>per cent <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w NN1>rain<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="35"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>?
<s n="36"><w CRD>Twenty <w CRD>five <w NN0>per cent<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="37"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VVB>work <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="38"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w AJ0>big <w PRF>of <w NN1>string <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w PRP>like
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="39"><w ITJ>Ah <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>string <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>plumb <w NN0>bob<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="40"><w VVB>Hold <w DPS>their <w NN1>finger <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w DTQ>which <w NN1>way <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>blowing<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="41"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="42"><w ITJ>Bye <w NP0>John<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="43"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w ITJ>cheers <w NP0>Geoff<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="44"><w ITJ>Tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="45"><w VVB>Take <w NN1>care<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="46"><unclear> <w VVB>Let <w PNP>me <w AV0>just <w VDI>do <w DT0>this <w PRP>from <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w NN2>police <w NN1>station<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PNP>They <w VVB>want <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>volunteers <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>D <w NN1>parade<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w AV0>tonight<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w NN2>police <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AJ0>white <w NN2>males <w VVN-AJ0>aged <w PRP-AVP>about <w AJ0>fortyish<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w NN1>foot <w CRD>five <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN1>foot <w AV0>approximately <w AJ0>tall<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AJ0>slim <w NN1-VVB>build<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>clean <w AJ0>shaven<c PUN>, <w NN1>shoulder <w NN1>length <w AJ0>dark <w AJ0>brown <w NN1>hair<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>stand <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>D <w NN1>parade <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w AV0>tonight <w PRP>at <w CRD>seven <w AV0>o'clock <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w CRD>ten <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJC>and <w VVI>ask <w PRP>for <w NN1>Inspector <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w AV0>more<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>tenner<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>white <w NN1>male<c PUN>, <w AJ0>fortyish<c PUN>, <w CRD>five <w NN1>foot <w CRD>five <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w NN1>foot<c PUN>, <w AJ0>slim <w NN1-VVB>build<c PUN>, <w AJ0>clean <w AJ0>shaven<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w PNP>They<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w CRD>ten <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>D <w NN1>parade <w AV0>tonight<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w PNP>They <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w VVB>ask <w PRP>for <w NN1>Inspector <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>ring<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><event desc=music dur=180> <w NP0>Lee <w NP0>Marvin <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVG-AJ0>wandering <w NN1>star<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>eight <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>to <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w DT0>these <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN2>clues <w PRP>for <w AV0>today<w VBZ>'s <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="57"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN1>mud <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN1>mud<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="58"><unclear> <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN1>egg <unclear> <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN2>eggs <w VVN>hatched<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="59"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>greenhouse <w PRP>next to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="60"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w NN0>people <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w PNI>someone<w POS>'s <w NN2>mums <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>plants <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="62"><w NN0>People <w VVB>come <w CJC>and <w VVB>visit <w PNP>it <w CJC>and
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="63"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <w XX0>not <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1-AJ0>chicken <w NN1>factory<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Farm<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Farm<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NP0-NN1>Park <w CJC>or <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Pond<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>arboretum <w CJC>or <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NP0-NN1>Hill<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w NP0>Elizabeth <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>at <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w NN1>town<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="66"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="67"><w AVQ>Where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w PRP>at <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w NN1>town<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="68"><w PRP>At <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="69"><w DTQ>What<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="70"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="71"><w AVQ>Where<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="72"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc=address><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="73"><w PRP-AVP>On <w AVQ>where<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="74"><w ITJ>Oh <gap reason=anonymization desc=address><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="75"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="76"><w ITJ>Ah<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <unclear> <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>makes <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN2>curtains <w CJC>and <w NN2>blinds<c PUN>?
<s n="77"><w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VHZ>has <w DPS>her <w NN1>picture <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>adverts<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="78"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <ptr target=HMDLC003><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC004></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="79"><ptr target=HMDLC003><w CJC>And <ptr target=HMDLC004><w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w AV0>somewhere <w CJC>and <w PRP>underneath <w PNP>it <w PNP>it <w VVZ>says<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="80"><w PNP>it <w VVZ>says<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AT0>the <w NN1>lady <w PNP>I <w VVB>make <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="81"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNQ>who <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="82"><w VDB>Do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w PNQ>who <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="83"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="84"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Post<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="85"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="86"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>remember <w VVG>walking <w AVP-PRP>around <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w VVG>seeing <w AT0>the <w NN1>place <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVB>make <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>photograph<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>outside <w CJC>and <w PRP>underneath <w PNP>it <w VVZ>says<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AT0>the <w NN1>lady <w PNP>I <w VVB>make <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="87"><unclear> <w PNP>me <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="88"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PNP>you <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="89"><shift new=laughing> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AV0>so<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="90"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="91"><w ITJ>No <ptr target=HMDLC005><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC006></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="92"><ptr target=HMDLC005><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC006><w VBB>Are <w PNP>you <w AJ0>busy <w AV0>today<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="93"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>always <w AJ0>busy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="94"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
<s n="95"><w DTQ>What <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>make <w PNP>them <w CJC>or <w VVB>sell <w PNP>them <w CJC>or <w DTQ>what<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="96"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VVI>make <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w VVB>sell <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="97"><w AV0>So <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w AJ0>big <w NN2>machines <w AV0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="98"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="99"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="100"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="101"><w AV0>Well <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w AV0>actually <w AV0>sort of <w VVB>make <w AT0>the <w NN1>lace <trunc> <w UNC>fr </trunc> <w PRP>from <w NN1>scratch <w CJC>or<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="102"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="103"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="104"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="105"><w AJ0>Funny <w CJS>cos <w EX0>there <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w DT0>many <w NN2>places <w VVD-VVN>left <w CJT-DT0>that <w VDB>do <w DT0>that <w AV0>now <w VBB>are <w EX0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="106"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w NN1>scratch<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>just <w VDB>do <w AT0>the <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w AJ0>main <w NN1-VVG>machining <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="107"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VVB>see <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w VVN>run <w PNP>'em <w AVP>up<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="108"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <ptr target=HMDLC007><w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w VVB>make <ptr target=HMDLC008></u>
<u who=PS365>
<ptr target=HMDLC007><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HMDLC008></u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="109"><w AT0>the <w NN1>curtain <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="110"><w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="111"><w VVB>Look <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County <w NP0>Elizabeth <w AVQ>where <w VBB>are <w PNP>we <w PRP>after<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="112"><w AVQ>Where <w VDD>did <w PNP>I <w VVI>say<c PUN>?
<s n="113"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>forgotten <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="114"><w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w VVB>know <w AVQ>where <w PNP>you <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="115"><unclear> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sorry <w NN1-AJ0>darling <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Park<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="116"><shift new=laughing> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1-NP0>Park <shift><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="117"><shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>Yes <unclear> <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="118"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMDLC009><w XX0>not <ptr target=HMDLC00A><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="119"><ptr target=HMDLC009><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC00A><w AV0>just <w VVD>gave <w PNP>me <w AT0>the <w NN1>hint <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="120"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>thought<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="121"><w ITJ>Oh <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="122"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>before<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="123"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>ring <w AVP>up <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="124"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>ya<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="125"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="126"><w ITJ>Oh <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="127"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="128"><w AV0>So <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>want <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w NN1>Radio <w NN1>Virgin <w NN1>thing <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="129"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>alright <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="130"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w PRP>for <w VBG>being <w DPS>your <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w VVB>Hang <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>sort <w PNP>you <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w AV0>alright<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="132"><w ITJ>Oh <w DPS>my <w NN1>god <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w DPS>my <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="133"><w ITJ>Tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="134"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="135"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="136"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="137"><w VVB>Hang <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>sort <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc><c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>getting <w DT0>all <w VVN-AJ0>confused<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Jerry<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>from <unclear><c PUN>, <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Jerry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="139"><w ITJ>Hello <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="140"><w AVQ>How <w VBB>are <w PNP>ya<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="141"><w ITJ>Oh <w UNC>er <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w AJ0>bad <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>turned <w AVP>out <w AJ0>nasty <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <ptr target=HMDLC00B><w DT0>that <ptr target=HMDLC00C><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="143"><ptr target=HMDLC00B><w PNP>It <ptr target=HMDLC00C><w VHZ>has <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="144"><w VVD-VVN>Turned <w AVP>out <w AJ0>drippy <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="145"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>job <w PNP>I <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>dog <w AVP-PRP>out <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it <w UNC>ai<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>fit <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w NN1>dog <w AVP>out<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="146"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <unclear> <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>brolly <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN1>dog<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="147"><w VVB>Get <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>ones <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB-NN1>strap <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>its <w NN1>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="148"><w UNC>Er <trunc> <w UNC>n </trunc> <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="149"><w UNC>Er <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="150"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>?
<s n="151"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w AV0>never <w VVB>mind<c PUN>, <w ITJ>tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="153"><w ITJ>Tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="154"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w PNQ>Who<w VBZ>'s <w PRP-AVP>on <w ORD>next<c PUN>?
<s n="156"><w NP0>Lillian <w PRP>from <unclear><c PUN>, <w ITJ>hello <w NP0>Lillian<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="157"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="158"><w AVQ>How <w VBB>are <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="159"><w AJ0-AV0>Fine <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="160"><unclear> <w CJC>and <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w PRP>about <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="161"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>housewife <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>painting <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="162"><w ITJ>Oh <w VHB>have <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
<s n="163"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>room <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="164"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w NN1>landing <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>paint <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w AJ0>white <w NN1>paintwork<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w UNC>Er <w AJ0>busy <w VDG>doing <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w DT0>This <w NN1>afternoon <w NN1-VVG>ironing <trunc> <w UNC>so </trunc>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="167"><trunc> <w UNC>A </trunc> <w ITJ>oh
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="168"><w AV0>so <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="169"><w ITJ>oh <w AV0>now <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>jobs <w VDN>done <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w AV0>today<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="170"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="171"><w DTQ>What <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w AVQ>How <w DT0>many <w NN2>kids <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN-VVD>got<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="173"><w CRD>Two <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN>grown <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>ninete </trunc> <w UNC>er <w CRD>nineteen <w AV0>so <w PNP>mine <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w AJ0>small <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="175"><w PNP>I <w VVB>see <w PNP>you<w VHI>'ve <w VVN>got <w AJ0-VVN>shut <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>already <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="176"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w CJC>but
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="177"><w ITJ>Oh <w VHB>have <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="178"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="179"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w AV0>Anyway <w VVB>look <unclear> <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w NP0>Lillian<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="181"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>complex<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="182"><unclear> <w UNC>erm
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="183"><w AT0>The <w NN1>greenhouse<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="184"><w ITJ>Yes <w VVB>go <w AVP>on <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><event desc=music> <w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>farm <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <ptr target=HMDLC00D><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <ptr target=HMDLC00E></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="186"><ptr target=HMDLC00D><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <unclear> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><ptr target=HMDLC00E><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>farm
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="188"><ptr target=HMDLC00F><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <ptr target=HMDLC00G></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="189"><ptr target=HMDLC00F><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC00G><w PNP>they <w VVB>sell <w NN2>plants<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="190"><trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="191"><w AV0>So <w UNC>erm <w AV0>now <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>talked <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w AV0>so <w AJ0>long <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w XX0>not <w VVN>got <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w DT0>this <w NN1>bit <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>werewolves <w PRP>at <w NP0>Retford <ptr target=HMDLC00H><w PNP>you <w VVB>see <ptr target=HMDLC00J></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="192"><ptr target=HMDLC00H><w AV0>Really<c PUN>? <ptr target=HMDLC00J></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="193"><w AV0>so <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>blame <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMDLC00K><w AV0>entirely <w NP0>Lillian <ptr target=HMDLC00L></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="194"><ptr target=HMDLC00K><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>okay<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC00L></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="195"><w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN2>werewolves <w VVB>come <w AVP>out <w AV0>then <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>send <w PNP>them <w AVP>round <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="196"><w ITJ>Oh <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="197"><w VDB>Do <w DPS>your <w NN2>kids <w VVI>go <w PRP>up to <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <w AV0>then <w VBZ>is <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS-AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>went<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="198"><w ITJ>No <w ITJ>no <w PNP>they <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VVD>lived <w AVP-PRP>in <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="200"><w ITJ>Oh <w VDD>did <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="201"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="202"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="203"><w PNP>I <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w DTQ>What <ptr target=HMDLC00M><w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <ptr target=HMDLC00N></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="205"><ptr target=HMDLC00M><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC00N><w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>remember <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBG>being <w VVN>built<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="206"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="207"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>I <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Trent <w NN1>Bridge <w PRP-AVP>in <w UNC>er <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>fifties<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="208"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="209"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>remember <w DT0>that <w VBG>being <w VVN>built<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="210"><w ITJ>Ah <w AV0>right <w PNP>I <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="211"><unclear> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="213"><w ITJ>Ah <w ITJ>yeah <unclear> <w PRP>for <w NN2>Kids<w POS>' <w NN1>County<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>video <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w NN1>Battle <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Atlantic<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>child<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>reading <w NN1>book<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w NN2>loads <w PRF>of <w NN2>nuts <w CJC>and <w NN2>sweets <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w ZZ0>T <w NN1>shirt <w CJC>and <w DT0>some <w NN2>recipes <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w AV0>alright<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="214"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yeah <w AJ0>lovely <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="215"><w VVB>Hang <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>lob <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w AVP>off <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VDN>done <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>farm <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="216"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>, <w ITJ>tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="217"><unclear> <w ITJ>bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="218"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w NP0>Lillian <w VVG>getting <w AV0>that <w AJ0-AV0>right<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w UNC>Er <w ORD>last <w PNI>one <w PRP>from <w PNP>me <w AV0>today <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w DT0>this <w PRP>from <w PNI>everything <w PRP>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl<c PUN>.
 <event desc=music dur=180>
<s n="221"><unclear> <w PNI>everything <w PRP>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>girl<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w NN1-VVB>love <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>strange<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w NP0>Dennis <w VBZ>is <w ORD>next <w PRP>with <w NN1>afternoon <w AJ0>special<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Tuesday <w CJS>so <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <shift new=mimicking> <w AVQ>where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>now <shift><c PUN>?
<s n="224"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>at <w NN1>teatime<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>football <w PRP>from <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w CRD>ten <w PRP>till <w NN1>midnight<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>county<w POS>'s <w AJ0>favourite <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w PRP>at <w CRD>two <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="225"><w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>News <w PRP>with <w NP0>Andy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="226"><shift new=reading> <w PRP>Within <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w NN1>hour <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>announced <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>review <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>launched <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w NN2>pits <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yorkshire <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>closing <w PNP>them <w DT0>all <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w AT0>The <w NN2>mines <w VVN>involved <w VBB>are <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>near <w NP0>Doncaster <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>near <w NP0>Pontefract<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w AT0>The <w NN1>company <w VVZ>says <w AT0>the <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w VBB>are <w AJ0>bleak<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w NP0>Richard <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="230"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>northern <w NN1>director <w VVN-VVD>told <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>union <w NN2>officials <w CJT>that <w NN2>prospects <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>pits <w VBB>are <w AJ0>bleak<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w DT0>More <w NN1>coal <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>produced <w CJT-DT0>that <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>sold<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1-VVB>burn <w PRP>at <w NN1>power <w NN2>stations <w DT0>this <w NN1>year <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>seven <w CRD>million <w NN2>tons <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w AJ0>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w DT0>Half <w DT0>that <w NN1>amount <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>from <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN2>pits<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>says <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>collieries<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBB>are <w VVG>operating <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>producing <w NN1>coal <w AV0>cheaply <w CJC>but <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>stockpiled <w CJS>because <w PNI>no one <w VVZ>wants <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w AT0>A <w NN1>spokesman <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN2>Mineworkers <w VVZ>says <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>expected<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w AT0>The <w NN1>country <w VM0>will <w AV0>soon <w VBI>be <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w AJ0>viable <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>rely <w AV0>increasingly <w PRP>on <w AJ0>imported <w NN1>energy <w NN2-VVZ>supplies<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="237"><shift new=reading> <w NN1>Contempt <w NN2>writs <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>served <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Secretary <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Clarke<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>understood <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceedings <w VVB>arise <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>deport <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>guardian <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN2>children <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>prohibited <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVG>looking <w PRP>after <w DPS>her <w AJC>younger <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters <w CJS>since <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w NN2>wards <w PRF>of <w NN1>court <w CJS>when <w DPS>their <w NN2>parents <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w DT0>This <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w NP0>Jeremy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="241"><w AT0>The <w NN1>family <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w NP0>Britain <w PRP>from <w NP0>Assam <w CJS>when <w DPS>their <w NN1>home <w VBD>was <w VVN>burnt <w AVP>down <w PRP>during <w AJ0>Hindu <w AJ0>Sikh <w NN2>riots <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w CJC>But <w PRP>after <w VVG>losing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>protracted <w NN1>fight <w PRP>for <w NN1>asylum <w DT0>both <w NN2>parents <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>deported<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w AV0>Now <w DPS>their <w AJS>eldest <w NN1>daughter <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DPS>her <w NN2>supporters <w VVB>believe <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>breach <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN1>wardship <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w NN2>Lawyers <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>argue <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Howard <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Clarke <w VBB>are <w DT0>both <w PRP>in <w NN1>contempt <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<w POS>'s <w NN1>decision <w PRP>by <w VVG>pursuing <w DPS>her <w NN1>deportation<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w CJS>If <w VVN>found <w AJ0>guilty <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>fined <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>ordered <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w NN1>court <w NN2-VVZ>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w PNP>It<w VM0>'d <w AV0>also <w VVI>allow <w NN1-VVB>Miss <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w POS>'s <w NN2>lawyers <w TO0>to <w VVI>seek <w AT0>an <w NN1>injunction <w VVG>preventing <w AT0>the <w NN1>deportation <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>set <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>precedent<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w DPS>Her <w NN2>supporters <w VVB>believe <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>force <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w TO0>to <w VVI>reexamine <w DPS>their <w NN1>deportation <w NN2>procedures<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="248"><shift new=reading> <w AT0>The <w NN1>jury <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>James <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>murder <w NN1>trial <w PRP>at <w NP0>Preston <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Court <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>read <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w NN1>driver <w PNQ>who <w VVD>described <w AVQ>how <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w PRP-CJS>after <w NP0>James<w POS>'s <w NN1>disappearance<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>saw <w NN1>human <w VVZ>remains <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>railway <w NN1>line <w PRP>at <w NP0>Walton<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>eleven <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NN2>boys <w VVB>deny <w AT0>the <w NN1>abduction <w CJC>and <w NN1>murder <w PRF>of <w NP0>James <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>attempted <w NN1>abduction <w PRF>of <w DT0>another <w NN1>boy<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w NP0>Adam <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="251"><w AT0>The <w NN1>prosecution <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w PRP>at <w NP0>Preston <w NN1>Crown <w NN1>Court <w DT0>several <w NN2>bags <w PRF>of <w NN2>stones<c PUN>, <w NN2>bricks <w CJC>and <w NN1>masonry <w VVD-VVN>found <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>railway <w NN1>embankment <w AVQ>where <w NP0>James<w POS>'s <w NN1>body <w VBD>was <w VVN>discovered<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>stones <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>stained <w PRP>with <w NN1>blood<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AV0>also <w VVN>shown <w AT0>an <w NN1>iron <w NN1>bar<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w AT0>The <w NN1>judge <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Justice <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>described <w PNP>it <w AV0>as <w AJ0>heavy <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>handed <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury <w PNP>he <w VVD>warned <w PNP>them <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w AT0>A <w NN1>quantity <w PRF>of <w NN1>clothing <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w VVN>shown <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>court<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w AT0>The <w NN1>courtroom <w VVD>fell <w AJ0>silent <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN2>exhibits <w VBD>were <w VVN>passed <w AVP>round<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w AV0>Earlier <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>train <w NN1>driver <w PNQ>who <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w VVN>seen <w NN1>human <w VVZ>remains <w VVG>lying <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>track <w PRP>at <w NP0>Walton<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>trial <w VVZ>continues<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="259"><shift new=reading> <w NN2>Solicitors <w VVG>acting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Princess <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wales <w VHB>have <w VVN>demanded <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0-NN1>secret <w NN2>photographs <w PRF>of <w PNP>her <w VVG>working <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>gym <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>handed <w AVP>over <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>given <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w DT0>much <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w PRP>from <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w DT0>This <w NN1>morning <w NN2>writs <w VBD>were <w VVN>issued <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>High <w NN1>Court <w PRP>against <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AT0>the <w NN2>editors <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>gym <w CJC>and <w DPS>its <w NN1>owner<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w NN2>Police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jersey <w VVG>searching <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicholas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Elizabeth <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN>killed <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w VHB>have <w VVN>found <w DTQ>what <w VVB>appear <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-NN1>human <w NN2-VVZ>remains<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w DPS>Their <w CRD>two <w NN2>sons <w NP0-NN1>Mark <w CJC>and <w NP0>Roderick <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>murders<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w DT0>This <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Mark <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>in <w NN1>court <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w VVD-VVN>denied <w AT0>the <w NN1>charge<c PUN>.
<s n="264"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w VVN>remanded <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w AT0>A <w NN1>school <w PRP>near <w NP0>Eastwood<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>closed <w AV0>today <w CJS>after <w NN0>staff <w VVD>complained <w CJT>that <w NN2>fumes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>building <w VBD>were <w VVG>causing <w NN1>chest <w CJC>and <w NN1>throat <w NN2>problems<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w NN1>Health <w NN2>officials <w CJC>and <w NN2>experts <w PRP>from <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBB>are <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>trace <w AT0>the <w NN1>cause <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>gases <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0>Junior <w NN1>School<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w NN0>People <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>feel <w AJ0>ill <w AV0>yesterday <w NN1>afternoon <w CJC>and <w AV0>today <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w NP0>Jean <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>told <w DT0>all <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>forty <w CRD>four <w NN2>pupils <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>at <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>says <w NN2>experts <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN2>fumes <w VBB>are <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>drains<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="269"><w NN0>People <w VBB>are <w VVG>experiencing <w AT0>a <w NN1>smell <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>distressing<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>getting <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>throat <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>chest<c PUN>.
<s n="271"><w NN2>Adults <w VHB>have <w VVN>noticed <w NN1>throat <w CJC>and <w NN1>chest <w NN2>difficulties <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w VVN-AJ0>pinned <w PNP>it <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>drainage <w NN2>systems<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="273"><shift new=reading> <w CJC>And <w NN2>police <w PRP>on <w NP0>Merseyside <w VHB>have <w VVN>arrested <w CRD>thirteen <w NN0>people <w AV0>today <w PRP>in connection with <w AT0>the <w NN1>sale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>drug <w NN1-VVB>crack<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w AV0>More than <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>officers <w VVD>took <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation <w DTQ>which <w VVD>centred <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Toxteth <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>weather<c PUN>, <w AJ0-NN1>overcast <w PRP>with <w NN1>rain <w AV0>soon <w VVG>reaching <w DT0>all <w NN2>parts <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w VVG>becoming <w AJ0>heavy <w PRP>at <w NN2>times<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN2>temperatures <w AV0>up to <w CRD>ten <w NN0>celsius <w CRD>fifty <w NN1>fahrenheit<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJC>drier <w CJC>and <w AJC>brighter <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="276"><w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>News<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>two<c PUN>. <event desc=jingle> <event desc=music dur=40><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="277"><w ITJ>Hello <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>welcome <w PRP>to <w NN1>Afternoon <w AJ0>Special <w DT0>this <pause> <w NP0>Tuesday <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>, <w VVG>linking <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><event desc=music> <w CJC>And <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w VBG>being <w NP0>Tuesday <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w DPS>our <w AJ0>missing <w NN2>persons <w NN1-VVB>feature<c PUN>, <w AVQ>where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AVP-PRP>round <w AV0>about <w CRD>three <w CRD>thirty <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>lost <w NN1-VVB>touch <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>relative <w CJC>or <w NN1>neighbour <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>find <w PNP>them <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w VVB>Call <w PNP>us <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP-AVP>in <w AVQ>where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>feature <w PRP>at <w CRD>three <w CRD>thirty<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><event desc=music> <w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>hour <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w CJC>and <w NN1>weather <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PRP>from <w PNP>you <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>chat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w VVB-NN1>call <w PNP>us <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w PNP>You <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>dial <w AT0>the <w NN1>code <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>six <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>two <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>ringing <w PRP>from <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><event desc=music> <w VVN-VVD>Got <w NN1>music <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>musical <w NN1>competition <w TO0>to <w VVI>start<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>our <w NN1>music <w NN1>quiz<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w VBZ>is <w VVN>asked <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>record<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>answer <w AT0>the <w NN1>question<c PUN>, <w VVB>win <w AT0>a <w NN1>prize<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRP-AVP>about <w ORD>last <w NN1>week<w POS>'s <w AJ0>postal <w NN1>competition <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>Christmassy <w PRP>about <w DT0>this<c PUN>?
<s n="286"><event desc=music dur=120> <w ORD>Last <w NN1>week<w POS>'s <w AJ0>postal <w NN1>competition<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>Christmassy <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="287"><w AV0>Well <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer <w VBD>was <w NN1>holly<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0>Buddy <w NN1>Holly<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w AV0>So <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>Christmassy <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="289"><w NN1>Holly<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>some <w NN2>winners <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w NN1>Holly<c PUN>, <w NN1>holly<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Mr <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mrs <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road<c PUN>, <w NP0>Evington<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w NN1>winner<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Joan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Street<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belper<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>winner<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Cottage<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>sp </trunc> <event desc="start of a sneeze"> <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <pause> <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w AV0>near <w NP0>Buxton<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w CJC>And <w CRD>one <w DT0>more <w NN1>coming <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w VM0>let's <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pile<c PUN>, <w AV0>literally<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>turns <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Diane <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Street<c PUN>, <w NP0>Market <w NP0>Harborough<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w EX0>There <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w VBB>are<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w DT0>Those <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN2>winners<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w DT0>All <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w NN1>holly<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AJ0>Christmassy <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>record <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w DT0>another <w NN1>singer <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w VDB>Do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>normally <w VVI>get <w CRD>two <w NN2>singers <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>name <w CJC>but <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w DT0>another <w NN1>singer <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>singer<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>singer <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><trunc> <w UNC>C </trunc> <w AV0>all <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>revealed <w AV0>very <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w VVB>Call <w PNP>us <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><event desc=music dur=180> <w AV0>Now <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>strange<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>singer<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>singer <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer <w AJ0>right <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w NP0-NN1>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Saxilby<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="309"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="310"><w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>singer <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>name <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>singer<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="311"><w NP0>Donovan<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="312"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w VVB>Say <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>prize<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w AV0>anywhere<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="315"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Lincoln<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="316"><w AJ0>Great<c PUN>, <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>a lot <w NP0>John<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="317"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="318"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="319"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="320"><w NP0>Donovan<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w NP0>Robert <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w DTQ>What <w VBD>were <w PNP>you <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>say<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="324"><w NP0>Donovan<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="325"><w AVQ>Why<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="326"><w VDB>Du<w XX0>n<w ITJ>no <w AV0>just <w VVD>said <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="327"><w AV0>Well <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>singer<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="328"><w NN1>Pardon<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="329"><w DTQ>What <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>singer<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="330"><w DTQ>What<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jason <w NP0>Donovan<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="331"><w NP0>Jason <w NP0>Donovan <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w DT0>That<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>win <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>prize<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="333"><w ITJ>Oh <ptr target=HMDLC00P><w NN2>thanks <ptr target=HMDLC00R><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="334"><ptr target=HMDLC00P><w VM0>Can <ptr target=HMDLC00R><w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w AV0>anywhere<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="335"><w NN1>Pardon<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="336"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w AV0>anywhere<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="337"><w NP0-NN1>Derby<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="338"><w NP0-NN1>Derby<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="339"><w AV0>Right <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w PNP>it <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="340"><w ITJ>Oh <w NN2>thanks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="341"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="342"><w ITJ>Tarrah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="343"><w ITJ>Yes <w NP0>Jason <w NP0>Donovan<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>singer<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0>Donovan <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VVN>said <w NP0>Jason <w NP0>Donovan <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w AV0>of course <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>incorrect<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w AV0>Anyway <w AV0-AJ0>right <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VVB>play <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VVB>play <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w NN1>Bit <w AJ0>weird<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <w DTQ>what <w ITJ>yeah <w DTQ>what <w NN1>pet <w VBZ>is <w VVN>involved <w AV0>here<c PUN>?
<s n="347"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>pet <w VBZ>is <w VVN>involved <w AV0>here<c PUN>?
<s n="348"><w VVB>Call <w PNP>us <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <trunc> <w UNC>ple </trunc> <event desc=music dur=120> <w AV0>Just <w VVB>want <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>pet <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>record<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>pet <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w CJC>And <w AV0>now <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lutterworth<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pauline <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Pauline<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="351"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="352"><unclear> <w NN1>name <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pet<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="353"><w NN1>Dog<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="354"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><ptr target=HMDLC00S><w UNC>Erm <ptr target=HMDLC00T></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HMDLC00S><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC00T></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="356"><w AT0>a <w NN1>prize <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w AV0>anywhere<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="358"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="359"><unclear> <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>send <w PNP>it <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><ptr target=HMDLC00U><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <ptr target=HMDLC00V></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="361"><ptr target=HMDLC00U><w UNC>Erm <ptr target=HMDLC00V></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="362"><w VVN>got <w DPS>your <w NN1>address <w VHB>have <w PNP>we<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="363"><w UNC>Erm <w ITJ>yes <w NN2>thanks <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="364"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="365"><w UNC>Erm <w NP0>Dennis
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="366"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>love<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="367"><w UNC>Er <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w VVD>won <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>sending<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="368"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="369"><w UNC>Erm <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w UNC>ai<w XX0>n't <w VVN>received <w PNP>it <w AV0>yet<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="370"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w ITJ>Eh<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="372"><w PNP>She<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVN>received
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="373"><w ITJ>No <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>told <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN2>colleagues <w AV0>here <w PRP>at <w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Leicester <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <w CJT>that <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay <w PRP>in <w VVG>sending <w PRP-AVP>out <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>Ds<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="374"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="375"><w AV0>Only <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>delay <w AV0>so
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="376"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="377"><w CJC>But <w CJC>but <w AV0>well <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="378"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="379"><w AV0-AJ0>Okay <ptr target=HMDLC00W><w VVB-NN1>love <ptr target=HMDLC00X><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="380"><ptr target=HMDLC00W><w AJ0>Good <w PRF>of <w PNP>ya<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC00X></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="381"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="382"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>a lot <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="383"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="384"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="385"><w AV0>Now <w NP0>Raymond <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Derby<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="386"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="387"><w DTQ>What <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>say<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="388"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>dragon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="389"><w AVQ>Why <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>dragon<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="390"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AT0>the <w NN1>music <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="391"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>so <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>why <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NN1>dog<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="393"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="394"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>do </trunc> <w NP0>Bonzo <w NN1>Dog <w NP0-NN1>Doodah <w NN1>Band<c PUN>.
<s n="395"><ptr target=HMDLC00Y><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC010></u>
<u who=PS365>
<ptr target=HMDLC00Y><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC010></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="396"><w AV0>Never <w VVB>mind<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w NP0>Raymond <w NN2>thanks <w PRP>for <w VVG>trying<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="398"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="399"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="400"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="401"><w AV0>Now <w ITJ>ooh <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>postal <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>already<c PUN>?
<s n="402"><w ITJ>Yes <w AT0>the <w AJ0>postal<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>brass <w VBZ>is <w VVN>involved <w AV0>here<c PUN>?
<s n="404"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>brass <w VBZ>is <w VVN>involved <w AV0>here<c PUN>?
<s n="405"><w VVZ-NN2>Answers <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>postcard <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>music <w NN1>quiz <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w CJC>and <w DTQ>whichever <w NN1>town <w VBZ>is <w AJS>nearest <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w NP0>Derby<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lincoln <w CJC>or <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <w PNP>you <w VVB>send <w AT0>the <w NN1>postcard <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>here <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tuesday <w PRF>of <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>brass <w VBZ>is <w VVN>involved <w AV0>here<c PUN>?
<s n="407"><event desc=music dur=150> <w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>brass <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>record<c PUN>?
<s n="408"><w NN2>Postcards <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>music <w NN1>quiz <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NP0-NN1>Derby<c PUN>, <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lincoln <w CJC>or <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whichever <w VBZ>is <w AJS>closest <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w NN2>Postcards <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>here <w PRP>by <w NP0>Tuesday <w PRF>of <w ORD>next <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="410"><w AV0>Now <w VM0>let's <w VVI>take <w DT0>some <w NN2>calls <w CJC>and <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w DPS>our <w NN1>feature <w PRP>at <w CRD>three <w CRD>thirty<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w AV0>all <w AJ0>important <w NN1>feature<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>important <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
<s n="411"><w AVQ>Where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>missing <w NN2>persons <w NN1-VVB>feature<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><w VVG-NN1>Finding <w AV0-AJ0>long <w VVN-AJ0>lost <w NN2>friends<c PUN>, <w NN2>relatives <w CJC>and <w NN2>neighbours <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>pretty <w AJ0>important <w AV0>actually<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w UNC>Erm <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w AV0>Anyway<c PUN>, <w VVB>give <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP-AVP>on <w AVQ>where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>lost <w NN1-VVB>touch <w PRP>with <w PNI>someone <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w PNP>'em<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>number <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>chat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w PRP>about <w PNI>anything <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w AJ0>wanted <w NN2>items <w CJC>or <w NN2>giveaways <w CJC>or <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w AV0>So <w VVN-VVD>wanted <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>port </trunc> <unclear> <w UNC>er <w VVN-VVD>wanted <w AT0>a <w AJ0>portable <w NN1-AJ0>manual <w NN1>typewriter <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Grantham <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w NN1>lady <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>phone <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w VVN-VVD>Wanted <w AJ0>portable <w NN1-AJ0>manual <w NN1>typewriter<c PUN>, <w VVD>wanted <w PRP>in <w NP0>Grantham<c PUN>, <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>phone <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="420"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w DT0>these <w NN2>numbers <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w AV0>always <w VVI>ring <w PNP>us <w PRP-AVP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w DPS>our <w NN1>administration <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="421"><w DT0>That <w NN1>sound <w AJC>posher <w CJS>than <w VVG>saying <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>phone-in <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="422"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>giveaway<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w CJC>or <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>wait <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w AT0>a <w NN1>giveaway <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w AT0>a <w NN1>donation <w PRP>for <w NN2>children <w PRP>in <w NN1>need<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>voucher <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CRD>three <w NN1>day <w NN1>mini-cruise <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VVG>sharing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Harwich <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hamburg <w CJC>or <w NP0>Harwich <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Esbjerg <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVN>used <w NN2>weekdays<c PUN>, <w AJ0>valid <w CJS-PRP>until <w AT0>the <w ORD>twentieth <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>worth <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>sixty <w NN0>quid<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w NN2>Meals <w XX0>not <w VVN>included<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><pause> <w AV0>Anyway <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>wan<w TO0>na <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>donation <w PRP>to <w NN2>children <w PRP>in <w NN1>need <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>dial <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>read <w PNP>it <w AV0>again <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>complex <w VBZ>in<w XX0>n<w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="427"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w PNP>me <w AJ0>puzzled <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w UNC>Erm <shift new=reading> <w AT0>a <w NN1>donation <w PRP>for <w NN2>children <w PRP>in <w NN1>need <w VVD>asked<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>voucher <w PRP>worth <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>sixty <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>with <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>three <w NN1>day <w NN1>mini-cruise <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN0>people <w VVG>sharing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Harwich <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hamburg <w CJC>or <w NP0>Harwich <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Esbjerg <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVN>used <w NN2>weekdays<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w ORD>twentieth <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="430"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>interested<c PUN>, <w NN2>meals <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVN>included<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>interested <w NN1>dial <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="431"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w DT0>those<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w PRP>At <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Lane <w NP0-NN1>Derby<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>cable-laying <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Street<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Lane <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Street<c PUN>.
<s n="433"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w VVG>causing <w NN1>traffic <w NN1>buildup <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>warning <w PRP>to <w NN2>parents <w CJS>when <w VVG>picking <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>careful<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w AV0>So <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>picking <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>children <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0>Primary <w NN1>School <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Lane <w NP0-NN1>Derby<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>cable-laying <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Street<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Lane <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Street<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w VVG>causing <w NN1>traffic <w NN1-VVB>buildup <w AV0>so <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>warning<c PUN>, <w VBB>be <w AJ0>careful<c PUN>.
<s n="436"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <pause> <w PRP>from <w NP0>George<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w CJC>And <w NP0>George <w VBZ>is <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w NN1>governor <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Rotary<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alfreton <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>charity <w NN1-VVB>dance<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Rotary <w NN1>Club <w PRF>of <w NP0>Alfreton<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w NP0>Friday <w DT0>this <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>twelfth<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w CRD>Eight <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>M <w PRP>till <w NN1>midnight<c PUN>, <w NN1>food <w AJ0>available<c PUN>, <w AJ0-AV0>late <w NN1-VVB>bar <w UNC>er <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NN1>band <w NN1>sound <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alfreton <w NN1-VVB>dance <w NN1>orchestra <w CJC>and <w AJ0>special <w NN1>guest <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Phil <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>resident <w NN1>organist <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tower <w NN1>Ballroom <w NP0>Blackpool<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w NN2>tickets <w VBB>are <w CRD>four <w NN0>quid <w DT0>each<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w PNP>'em <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>door<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w CRD>two <w NN2>tickets<c PUN>, <w VVB>phone <w PNP>us <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>send <w PNP>'em <w PRP>by <w ORD>first <w NN1>class <w NN1>post<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w DPS>your <w NN1>postcode<c PUN>, <w VVB>give <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w CRD>two <w NN2>tickets <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>charity <w NN1-VVB>dance<c PUN>, <w AJ0>modern<c PUN>, <w AJ0>old-time <w CJC>and <w NN1>sequence <w VVG>featuring <w NP0>Phil <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AJ0>resident <w NN1>organist <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Tower <w NN1>Ballroom <w NP0>Blackpool<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NN1>band <w NN1>sound <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Alfreton <w NN1-VVB>dance <w NN1>orchestra<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w VVG>happening <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Leisure <w NN1>Centre <w NP0>Alfreton <w DT0>this <w NP0>Friday<c PUN>, <w CRD>eight <w PRP>till <w CRD>twelve<c PUN>, <w NN2>tickets <w VBB>are <w CRD>four <w NN0>quid<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w PNP>'em <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>door<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w VVN>organized <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Rotary<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w CJC>But <w VVB>call <w PNP>us <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w CRD>two <w NN2>tickets<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w NN1>Una <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="444"><trunc> <w UNC>H </trunc> <w ITJ>hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="445"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="446"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="447"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="448"><w VBZ>Is <w DT0>that <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="449"><w ITJ>Yes <w ITJ>hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="450"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>name<w VBZ>'s <w NP0-NN1>Una <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="451"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="452"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I <w VVB>work <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>care <w NN1>assistant <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>nursing <w NN1>home <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bilsthorpe<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>nursing <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="453"><trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w NP0>Bilsthorpe <w PRP>near <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="454"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="455"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="456"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AJ0>desperate <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>piano<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="457"><w AVQ>Why<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="458"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN2>activities <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN2>residents <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>love <w AJ0-NN1>sing- <w NN2>alongs <w CJC>but <w AV0>unfortunately <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>piano<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="459"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w AV0>never <w VHN>had <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="460"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="461"><w AV0>Well <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>sa </trunc> <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>kn </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>say<c PUN>?
<s n="462"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w VHN>had <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>never <w VVI>miss<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="463"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>missing <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="464"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="465"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>nurse<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0>trained <w NN1>nurse<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>she <w VDZ>does <w VVI>play <w AT0>the <w NN1>piano <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>willing <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w CJS>if <w AV0>only <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>piano <w VVN>donated<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="466"><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HMDLC011><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <ptr target=HMDLC012></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="467"><ptr target=HMDLC011><w UNC>Erm <ptr target=HMDLC012></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="468"><trunc> <w UNC>lo </trunc> <vocal desc=sigh> <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w AJ0>big <w NN1>problem <w AV0>really <w PRP>about <w NN0>people <w PRP>like <w PNP>you <w VVG>coming <w PRP-AVP>on <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w NN2>pianos<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><w AV0>Very <w AV0>often
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="470"><w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="471"><w AVQ>Why<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="472"><w PNQ>Who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>tickling <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="473"><w PNI>Nobody<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="474"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>sounds <w PRP-CJS>like <w PNP>you <w VVB>wish <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="476"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="477"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w AJ0>big <w NN1>problem <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w CJS>because <w AV0>very <w AV0>often <w NN2>pianos <w VBB>are <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NN2>orgies<c PUN>.
<s n="478"><w AV0>Now <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>orgy <w AV0>there <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>blame <w PRP>for <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="479"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="480"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VHI>have <w DT0>many <w NN2>orgies <w AV0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="481"><w AV0>Well
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="482"><w VDB>Do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>put <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>customers<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>put <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w NN2>clients <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>say <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="483"><w AV0>Well <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w AV0>well <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="484"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w CJC>But <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DPS>our <w AJS>oldest <w NN1>resident <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="486"><w VVZ>Makes <w AT0>no <w NN1>difference <w NN1>love<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="487"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w CJS>so <ptr target=HMDLC013><w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <ptr target=HMDLC014></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="488"><ptr target=HMDLC013><w AV0>Never<c PUN>, <w AV0>never <ptr target=HMDLC014></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="489"><w VM0>might <w AV0>well <w VVI>enjoy <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>rubdown <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>massage<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="490"><w PNP>I <w VVB>beg <w DPS>your <w NN1>pardon<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="491"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <ptr target=HMDLC015><w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>sure <w CJS>if <unclear> <w NN1>orgy <ptr target=HMDLC016><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="492"><ptr target=HMDLC015><w ITJ>Oh <w VVB>hang <w AVP>on <w VVB>hang <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><ptr target=HMDLC016><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>oh <w DPS>my <w NN1>hair<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>standing <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w NN1>neck<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="494"><trunc> <w UNC>I </trunc> <w AV0>only <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w AV0>well <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w AT0>the <w NN2>Romans <w VDD>did <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>word <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>phrase<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>heard <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w NN1>phrase<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="495"><w ITJ>No <ptr target=HMDLC017><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w XX0>not <ptr target=HMDLC018></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="496"><ptr target=HMDLC017><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w AV0>never <ptr target=HMDLC018></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="497"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="498"><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w AV0>never <w AV0>too <w AJ0>old <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>orgy<c PUN>.
<s n="499"><w AV0>Now
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="500"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="501"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>phrase<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>phrase <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Roman <w NN2>times<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="502"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="503"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="504"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="505"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>worried <trunc> <w UNC>ab </trunc> <w CJS>cos <w NN2>pianos <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>they <w AV0>sort of<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>constant <w NN1>beat <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>piano<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="506"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="507"><w PNP>It <w VM0>can
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="508"><w PNP>it <w VM0>can <w AV0>sort of <w VVI>engender <w NN2>orgies<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="509"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="510"><w ITJ>Ah <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w AT0>an <w NN1>orgy <w AV0>there <w VDB>do <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="511"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="512"><ptr target=HMDLC019><w ITJ>Oh <ptr target=HMDLC01A></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="513"><ptr target=HMDLC019><w PNP>I <ptr target=HMDLC01A><w VM0>could <w VVI>ask<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="514"><w VVB>think <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>local<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>think <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <unclear> <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VVI>say <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w NN1>orgy<c PUN>.
<s n="515"><ptr target=HMDLC01B><w ITJ>Oh <ptr target=HMDLC01C></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="516"><ptr target=HMDLC01B><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <ptr target=HMDLC01C><w VVB>bet <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VVI>make <w AJ0>front <w NN1>page <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>we<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="517"><w PNP>You <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w AJ0>front <w NN1>page <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <ptr target=HMDLC01D><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC01E><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="518"><ptr target=HMDLC01D><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>we <w VM0>would<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC01E></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="519"><w PNP>You <w VM0>would <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<ptr target=HMDLC01F><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HMDLC01G></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="520"><ptr target=HMDLC01F><w ITJ>Yeah <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><ptr target=HMDLC01G><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>mean <ptr target=HMDLC01H><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC01J></u>
<u who=PS366>
<ptr target=HMDLC01H><vocal desc=cough> <ptr target=HMDLC01J></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="522"><w NN1>orgy <w NN1-VVB>love<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w AT0>a <w NN1>piano<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="523"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>we <w AV0>definitely <trunc> <w UNC>ne </trunc> <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>piano<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="524"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w AV0>all <w AJ0>important <w NN1>thing <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>piano <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PRP>apart from <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w NN1>orgy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>important <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>collect <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="525"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>we <w VM0>could<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="526"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <w VVZ>takes <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w AV0>at least <w CRD>eighteen <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>men <w CJC>or <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w AJ0>weak <w NN2>women<c PUN>?
<s n="527"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <ptr target=HMDLC01K><w DT0>that <ptr target=HMDLC01L><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="528"><ptr target=HMDLC01K><w UNC>Erm <ptr target=HMDLC01L><w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>care <w NN2>assistants<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="529"><w AV0>Okay <w AV0>alright <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="531"><w ITJ>Oh <w DT0>that <w VM0>would <w AJ0>lovely <ptr target=HMDLC01M><w CJS>because <ptr target=HMDLC01N></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="532"><ptr target=HMDLC01M><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMDLC01N></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="533"><w DPS>our <w NN1>party<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>arranged <w DPS>our <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>party <w PRP>for <w DPS>our <w NN2>residents <ptr target=HMDLC01P><w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>nineteenth <w PRF>of <ptr target=HMDLC01R></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="534"><ptr target=HMDLC01P><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w CJS>before <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <ptr target=HMDLC01R></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="535"><w NP0>December<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="536"><w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w CJS>before <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>piano<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="537"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>party <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>piano <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>help<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><w CJS>If <w PNI>someone<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>kind <w NN1>person <w VM0>would <w VVI>donate <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="539"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="540"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>great<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="541"><w PRP>From <w AV0>anywhere<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="542"><w PRP>From <w AV0>anywhere<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="543"><w PRP>From <w AV0>anywhere <ptr target=HMDLC01S><w AV0>alright <ptr target=HMDLC01T></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="544"><ptr target=HMDLC01S><w AV0>Anywhere<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC01T></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="545"><w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>piano <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMDLC01U><w CJS>if <ptr target=HMDLC01V></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="546"><ptr target=HMDLC01U><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC01V></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="547"><w PNI>anybody <w VVZ>calls <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="548"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="549"><w AV0>Alright <w VVB-NN1>love<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="550"><w AV0>Okay <ptr target=HMDLC01W><w AV0>then <ptr target=HMDLC01X><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="551"><ptr target=HMDLC01W><unclear><c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC01X></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="552"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="553"><w ITJ>Eh <w VVB>listen <w PNP>you <w VVD>said <w DPS>your <w AJS>oldest <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>two<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="554"><w ITJ>Yes <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w DPS>our <w NP0>Albert<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="555"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="556"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="557"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>about <w DPS>your <w AJS>youngest<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="558"><w DPS>Our <w AJS>youngest<c PUN>?
<s n="559"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>our <w AJS>youngest <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w ITJ>ooh </sic> <w AV0>well <w PRP>into <w DPS>their <w CRD>sixties<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="560"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="561"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w PNP>them <w AJ0>busy <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AJ0>monthly <w NN2>parties <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="563"><w NN2>Parties<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="564"><trunc> <w UNC>occupa </trunc> <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>yes
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="565"><w PNP>I <w VVD>told <w PNP>ya<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="566"><w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HMDLC01Y><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC020></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="567"><ptr target=HMDLC01Y><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>halfway <w AV0>there <trunc> <w UNC>alre </trunc> <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>halfway <w AV0>there <w AV0>already<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC020></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="568"><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HMDLC021><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC022></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="569"><ptr target=HMDLC021><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>halfway <w AV0>there<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC022></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="570"><w ITJ>Ooh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="571"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w DT0>some <w NN1>raffle <w NN2>tickets <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="572"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>orgy<c PUN>?
<s n="573"><ptr target=HMDLC023><w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC024></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="574"><ptr target=HMDLC023><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC024><w ITJ>yes <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>like<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="575"><w ITJ>Ooh <w ITJ>dear<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>knew <w PNP>we <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VDN>done <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="576"><w NN1-VVB>Pound <w PRP>for <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="577"><w NN1-VVB>Pound <w PRP>for <w CRD>five<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="578"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>let <w PNP>you <w VHI>have <w CRD>ten <w NN2>pounds<w POS>' <w NN1>worth<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="579"><unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="580"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="581"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>generous<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="582"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>generous<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VHN>had <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>offer <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="583"><w AVQ>How <w AV0>long <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>nursing <w NN1>home<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="584"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="585"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="586"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="587"><w VVB>Enjoy <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="588"><w PNP>I <w VVB>love <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="589"><w DTQ>What <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VDI>do <w AV0>before<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="590"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>sorts <trunc> <w UNC>rea </trunc> <w AV0>Mainly <w PNP>I <w VVD>looked <w PRP>after <w DPS>my <w NN1>dad <w CJS>while <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ill<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="591"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="592"><w UNC>Erm <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VVD>lost <w DPS>my <w NN1>dad <ptr target=HMDLC025><w AV0>so <ptr target=HMDLC026></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="593"><ptr target=HMDLC025><w ITJ>Yeah <ptr target=HMDLC026></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="594"><w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w AJS>best<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="595"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="596"><w DTQ>Which <w VBD>was <w VVB>look <w PRP>after <w PNI>everybody <w AV0>else<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="597"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VVB>enjoy <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="598"><w PNP>I <w VVB>love <w PNP>it <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC027><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC028></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="599"><ptr target=HMDLC027><w AV0>So <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMDLC028><w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>after <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="600"><w PNP>Me<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="601"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="602"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>two <w AJ0>strong <w NN2>daughters <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>hold <w PNP>me <w AVP>up <w CJS>when <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w CJS>when <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>sort of <w AJ0>decrepit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ready<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="603"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AJ0>decrepit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>ready <w VBB>are <ptr target=HMDLC029><w PNP>you <ptr target=HMDLC02A><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="604"><ptr target=HMDLC029><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC02A><w DT0>some <w NN2>days <w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <ptr target=HMDLC02B><w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w NP0>Dennis <ptr target=HMDLC02C><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="605"><ptr target=HMDLC02B><w AV0>Probably<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <ptr target=HMDLC02C></u>
<u who=PS366>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="606"><w AV0>before <w AV0>probably <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="607"><trunc> <w UNC>Ye </trunc> <w AV0>well <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>pretty <w AJ0>tired <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="608"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="609"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>two <w CRD>thirty <w PRP>till <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w PNI>everything <w VVG>going <w AVP-PRP>on <ptr target=HMDLC02D><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC02E></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="610"><ptr target=HMDLC02D><w AV0>So <w VVB>listen <ptr target=HMDLC02E></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="611"><w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>children <w CJT>that <w VVB>come <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="612"><w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>nursing <w NN1>home <w PRP>on <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>Day<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w AV0>yet<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="613"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>sure <w AV0>yet<c PUN>.
<s n="614"><trunc> <w UNC>We </trunc> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>sort of <w VVN>planned <w NN2>things <w PRP>for <w AT0>every <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w VVG>leading <w PRP>up to <w NN1>Christmas
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="615"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="616"><w UNC>erm <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="617"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>sounds <w PRP>like <w PNI>everybody<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>exhausted <w PRP>at <w DPS>your <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="618"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w NN1>fun<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>look<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="619"><w PNP>I <w VVB>see <event desc="end of side one"> <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hilda <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVD-VVN>heard <w PRF>of <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <pause> <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w UNC>erm <w NN1>newsagent<w POS>'s <w NN1>shop <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ravenshead<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w AT0>A <w NN1>gentleman <w PRP>in <w NP0>Birmingham <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>contact <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>ex-member <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>F <w PNQ>who <w PNP>he <w VVD>served <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w DPS>his <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Dennis <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bridgeford <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w AV0>So <w DTQ>whatever <w VVD>happened <w PRP>to <w NP0>Dennis <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>West <w NP0>Bridgeford <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>?
<s n="622"><w PRP>Ex <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>F. <w VVB>Call <w PNP>us <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w AT0>A <w NN1>listener <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PRP>from <w DT0>any <w NN2>ex-pupils <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <w NP0>Worksop <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>year <w PRP>between <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>celebration <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w PNI>one <w DPS>its <w NN2>pupils<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>?
<s n="625"><w DT0>Any <w NN2>ex-pupils <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <w NP0>Worksop<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w NN1>year <w PRP>between <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>seven <w CJC>and <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>join <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>celebration <w VVG>marking <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w PNI>one <w DPS>its <w NN2>pupils<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done<c PUN>?
<s n="627"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w NP0>Paddy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>F <w NN2>police <w NN1>unit <w PRP>at <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>F <w NP0-NN1>Hunnington <w PRP>in <w NP0>Suffolk <w PRP>during <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>eight <w PRP>to <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w NP0-NN1>Paddy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Irish <w NN1>descent<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>lives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Newark <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w VVN>found<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>found <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>hoped <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Paddy <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>included <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>reunion<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><w NP0>Paddy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Newark <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NP0>Sandra <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Headon <w PRP>near <w NP0>Retford<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><w PNP>She <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>wool <w NN1>shop <w PRP>in <w NP0>Retford <w VVD-VVN>called <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Wool <w NN1>Shop<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w NP0>Sandra <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>brother <w VVN>called <w NP0>Rodney <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>sister <w VVN>named <w NP0>Sharon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>believed <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Sandra <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>moved <w TO0>to <w AV0>either <w NP0>Newark <w CJC>or <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w PNI>Anybody <w VVB>know <w NP0>Sandra <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>?
<s n="635"><w VVD>Came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Headon <w PRP>near <w NP0>Retford<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>worked <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>wool <w NN1>shop <w PRP>in <w NP0>Retford <w VVD-VVN>called <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Wool <w NN1>Shop <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sandra <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>brother <w VVN>called <w NP0>Rodney <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>sister <w VVN>named <w NP0>Sharon <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="636"><w NP0>Sandra <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>moved <w TO0>to <w AV0>either <w NP0>Newark <w CJC>or <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="637"><w VVB>Call <w PNP>us <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>her<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NP0>Debbie <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tony<c PUN>.
<s n="639"><w NP0>Dominic <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>in touch with <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PNP>he <w VVD>met <w PRP>on <w NN1>holiday <w PRP>in <w NP0>August <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Innerlaken <w PRP>in <w NP0>Switzerland<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVB>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>Derby<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w NP0>Debbie <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tony <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Derby<c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w NP0>Debbie <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tony<c PUN>.
<s n="642"><w CJC>But <w AV0>unfortunately <w DPS>their <w NN1>surname <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>remembered<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w NP0>Debbie <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>blond<c PUN>, <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w CRD>two <w NN2>children <w AT0>a <w NN1>boy <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>girl<c PUN>, <w NN0>works <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deaf <w PRP>in <w NP0>Derby<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w NP0>Tony <w UNC>er <w DPS>his <w NN1>mother <w NN2-VVZ>lives <w PRP>with <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w AT0>The <w NN1>couple <w NP0>Debbie <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tony <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w VVD>drove <w AT0>a <w AJ0>blue <w NP0>Sierra <w CJC>and <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>holiday <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DPS>their <w NN1>anniversary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Debbie<w POS>'s <w NN1>birthday<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w AV0>So <w PNI>anybody <w VVB>know <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Debbie <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tony <w PNQ>who <w VVB>live <w PNP>we <w VVB>think <pause> <w AVQ>where <w VBD>was <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="647"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Derby <w NN1>area<c PUN>?
<s n="648"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Derby <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="649"><w VVB>Call <w PNP>us <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><w AV0>Now <w VM0>let's <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>phones<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><pause> <w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PRP>from <w NP0>Calverton <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w NP0>Grenville <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w PNQ>Who<w VBB>'re <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NP0>Grenville<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="653"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
<s n="654"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>take <w DPS>my <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>stammer <w AV0>a bit <w NP0>Dennis <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><ptr target=HMDLC02F><w UNC>Er <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <trunc> <w UNC>l </trunc> <ptr target=HMDLC02G></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="656"><ptr target=HMDLC02F><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>okay<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC02G></u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="657"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <trunc> <w UNC>look </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>looki </trunc> <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <trunc> <w UNC>Hi </trunc> <w NP0>Hilda <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="658"><w NP0>Hilda <ptr target=HMDLC02H><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HMDLC02J><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<ptr target=HMDLC02H><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HMDLC02J><unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="659"><w VBZ>Is <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="660"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <trunc> <w UNC>abo </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w AV0>about <w CRD>forty <w CRD>nine <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w CJS>since <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="661"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>where <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VVI>live<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="662"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>li </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>liv </trunc> <w PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Estate<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Estate<c PUN>, <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="663"><w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="664"><event desc=stuttering> <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Avenue <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="665"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><trunc> <w UNC>Wha </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w NN1>work <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="667"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>she <w VVD>worked <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Brewery <unclear> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w NN1-VVG>labelling <unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <unclear> <w NN1>department <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="668"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>she <w VVD>got <w VVN>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="669"><trunc> <w UNC>N </trunc> <w ITJ>no <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>don </trunc> <w UNC>er <unclear> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <trunc> <w UNC>st </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <unclear> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>story <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="670"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>go </trunc> <w NP0>Hilda <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w NN1>boy <w AV0>about <w CRD>eighteen <w NN1>month <w AJ0>old <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>knew <w PNP>her <w PRP>like <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>she <w VVD>lived <w PRP-AVP>by <unclear> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <unclear> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <unclear> <w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>be </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>home <w CJC>or <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NN1>baby <w NN1>boy <w VBD>was <w VVN>adopted <w PRP>like<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>baby <w NN1>boy <unclear dur=6> <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>about <w DT0>all <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PRP>about <w PNP>her <unclear> <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>about <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="671"><unclear> <w AV0>alright<c PUN>, <w VM0>let's <w VVI>try <w PRP>for <w NP0>Hilda <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Hilda <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>nine <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>lived <w PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Estate<c PUN>, <unclear><c PUN>, <w NP0>Nottingham <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VVD>worked <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>labeller <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottle <w NN1>department <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Brewery<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w NP0>Hilda <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="674"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="675"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="676"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w NP0>Granville<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>call<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="677"><unclear> <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="678"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="679"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Dennis <ptr target=HMDLC02K><w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMDLC02L></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="680"><ptr target=HMDLC02K><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC02L></u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="681"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="682"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hilda <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="683"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>found<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>letters<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>found <w NP0>Sandra <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>wh </trunc> <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Retford <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Wool <w NN1>Shop<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>found <w NP0>Sandra <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="685"><w NP0>Angela <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mapperley<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w PNQ>Who<w VBB>'re <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
<s n="687"><pause> <w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><pause> <w NP0>Angela <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="689"><w NP0>Angela <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mapperley<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><pause> <w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Angela <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="691"><pause> <w ITJ>No <w NP0>Angela <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>?
<s n="692"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>?
<s n="693"><w AV0>Right <w VVB>go <w PRP>onto <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>customer<c PUN>.
<s n="694"><w NP0>Roy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="695"><pause> <w NP0>Roy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="696"><pause> <w NP0>Roy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="697"><pause> <w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Roy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="698"><pause> <w ITJ>No <w NP0>Roy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="699"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>dear<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNI>anything<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>happened <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN2>telephones<c PUN>?
<s n="701"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w PNI>nobody <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="702"><pause> <w ITJ>Mm <vocal desc=sigh> <w NP0>Kathleen <pause> <w NP0>Kathleen <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bath<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><w NP0>Kathleen<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="704"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="705"><w PNQ>Who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="706"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>cousin<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="707"><w VVB>Tell <w PNP>me <w DPS>her <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="708"><w DPS>Her <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Joyce<c PUN>, <w DPS>her <w AJ0>christian <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="709"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VVI>get <w VVN>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="710"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>presume <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="711"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0-AV0>long <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w CJS>since <w PNP>you <w VVD>saw <w PNP>her<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="712"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years <w CJS>since <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="713"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>where <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VVI>live<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="714"><w PNP>She <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ward <w NN1>End <w PRP>in <w NP0>Birmingham<c PUN>.
<s n="715"><w CJC>But <w PNP>she <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w UNC>Erm <w DT0>some <trunc> <w UNC>ab </trunc> <w CRD>eight <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>ago <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cheltenham <w AVQ>where <w PNP>I <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>live<c PUN>, <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>person <w PNP>she <w VVD>contacted <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DPS>my <w NN1>address<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>sort of <w AV0>both <w VVG>playing <unclear> <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>middle<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="719"><w UNC>Er <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>Cheltenh </trunc> <w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she <w VDZ>does <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>living<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="720"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>feeling<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>think <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>probably <w VVN-AJ0>retired<c PUN>.
<s n="721"><w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>think <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVN>born <w AV0>about <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>thirty<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>teacher<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>brother <w NP0>Jim <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>housemaster <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <w PRP>in <w NP0>Suffolk<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w PNP>I <w VVD>heard <w PRF>of <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him <w ITJ>mm <w AV0>probably <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w CRD>fifties <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>think<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="723"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Joyce <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w NP0>Birmingham <w CJC>but <w AV0>now <w VVZ>lives <w PRP>in <w NP0>Leicester
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="724"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="725"><w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>teacher<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="726"><w PNP>I <ptr target=HMDLC02M><w VVB>think <ptr target=HMDLC02N><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="727"><ptr target=HMDLC02M><w NP0>Joyce <ptr target=HMDLC02N><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>brother <w NP0>Jim <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="728"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="729"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><w PNI>Anybody <w VVZ>calls <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>ring <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="731"><w AV0>Okay <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="732"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>Kathleen<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="733"><w AV0>Okay <ptr target=HMDLC02P><w ITJ>bye <ptr target=HMDLC02R><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="734"><ptr target=HMDLC02P><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
<s n="735"><ptr target=HMDLC02R><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Joyce <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="736"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <w VVN>married <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>changed <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>name <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>teacher<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="737"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>try<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w NP0>Angela <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>?
<s n="738"><w CJC>Or <w NP0>Roy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>?
<s n="739"><pause> <w NP0>Ida <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="740"><ptr target=HMDLC02S><trunc> <w UNC>Mark </trunc> <ptr target=HMDLC02T></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="741"><ptr target=HMDLC02S><trunc> <w UNC>Mark </trunc> <ptr target=HMDLC02T><w NP0>Markfield <w AJ0>sorry<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><w NP0>Ida<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="743"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="744"><w PNQ>Who<w VBB>'re <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="745"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>school <w NN1>friend<c PUN>, <w DPS>her <w NN1>name <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Mary <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="746"><w VBZ>Is <w DT0>that <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="747"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="748"><w UNC>Er <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VVI>get <w VVN>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="749"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="750"><w ORD>Last <w VVN>seen <w AVQ>when<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="751"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w VVN>seen <w PNP>her <w CJS>since <w PNP>we <w VVD>left <w NN1>school <w AV0>about <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="752"><w AVQ>Where <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VVI>live<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="753"><w PNP>She <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Oadby<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="754"><w UNC>Er <w DTQ>what <w VDZ>does <w PNP>she <w VDI>do <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>living<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="755"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w VM0>Ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>tell <w PNP>ya<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w VVD>Went <w PRP>to <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>School <w AV0>together<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w AV0>like <w NN1>school <w NN2>friends
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="759"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="760"><w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>seen <w PNP>her <w CJS>since <w PNP>we <w VVD>left <w NN1>school <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="761"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w NN1>information<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="762"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w VVI>hear<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w CJS>if <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>true<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>call <w AT0>a <w NN1>lollipop <w NN1>lady<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="763"><w AVQ>Whereabouts<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="764"><w PRP>In <w NP0-NN1>Oadby<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><w CJT>That <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="766"><unclear> <w AV0>recently<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="767"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="768"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Mary <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="769"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="770"><w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>she <w VM0>may <w AV0>well <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>married <w CJC>and <w VVN>changed <w DPS>her <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="771"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="772"><w VVN-VVD>Lived <w PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road<c PUN>, <ptr target=HMDLC02U><w NP0>Oadby <ptr target=HMDLC02V></u>
<u who=PS369>
<ptr target=HMDLC02U><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC02V></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="773"><w CJC>and <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>lady <w AT0>a <w NN1>lollipop <w NN1>lady <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Oadby <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="774"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <unclear> <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>with <w DPS>her <w NN1>mum <w CJC>and <w NN1>dad <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>sister <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w DPS>her <trunc> <w UNC>sister </trunc> <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w NP0>Betty<c PUN>.
<s n="775"><w CJC>But <w CJS>where <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w AT0>the <w NN2>houses <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>pulled <w AVP>down <w ITJ>ooh <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w NN2>shops <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="776"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w NP0>Mary <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w NP0>Ida<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="777"><w ITJ>Yes <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMDLC02W><w AV0>very <w AV0>much <ptr target=HMDLC02X><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="778"><ptr target=HMDLC02W><w NN2>Thanks <w VVB-NN1>love <ptr target=HMDLC02X><w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="779"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="780"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>Mi </trunc> <w NP0>Mary <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>married <w CJC>and <w VVN>changed <w DPS>her <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w VM0>May <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>lollipop <w NN1>lady <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Oadby<c PUN>.
<s n="782"><w VVB>Call <w PNP>us <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNI>anything<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w NP0>Sybil <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Northampton<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="784"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="785"><w PNQ>Who<w VBB>'re <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="786"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w CRD>two <w NN2>cousins<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="787"><w NN2>Names<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="788"><w NN2>Names<c PUN>, <w NP0>Margaret <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joan<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <trunc> <w UNC>si </trunc> <w AJ0>single <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HMDLC02Y><w CJC>but <ptr target=HMDLC030></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="789"><ptr target=HMDLC02Y><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <ptr target=HMDLC030></u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="790"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DPS>their <w AJ0>married <w NN2>names<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="791"><w CJC>And <w VDD>did <w PNP>they <w AV0>both <w VVI>get <w VVN>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="792"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>they <w DT0>both <w VVD>got <w VVN>married<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="793"><w UNC>Er <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w AVQ>how <w AV0>long <w AV0>ago<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="794"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>about <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="795"><w VVG-NN1>Living <w AVQ>where<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="796"><w PRP-AVP>In <w NN1>South <w NP0>Wigston <w NP0>Leicestershire<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="797"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w NN2>jobs <w NP0>Margaret <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="798"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="799"><w NP0>Margaret <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w NN2>years <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w PRP>for <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="800"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AT0>no <w NN1>idea <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="801"><w AT0>No <w NN1>idea<c PUN>.
<s n="802"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w VVN>lived <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Wigston<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DPS>their <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="803"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Margaret <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="804"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>their
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="805"><w NN2>cousins <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <ptr target=HMDLC031><w NN2>names <ptr target=HMDLC032><c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="806"><ptr target=HMDLC031><w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMDLC032><w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="807"><w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>lived <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Wigston
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="808"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="809"><w CJC>and <w NP0>Margaret <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>F <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="810"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="811"><w CJC>and <w NP0>Margaret <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBB>are <w DT0>both <w AJ0>married <w CJS>so <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w DT0>both <w VVN>changed <w DPS>their <w NN2>names<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="812"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="813"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>they <w VHI>have <w DT0>any <w NN2>brothers<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="814"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="815"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w NP0>Margaret <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="817"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="818"><w NN2>Thanks <ptr target=HMDLC033><w ITJ>bye <ptr target=HMDLC034><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="819"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <ptr target=HMDLC033><w ITJ>bye <ptr target=HMDLC034><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="820"><w ITJ>Bye <w NP0>Sybil<c PUN>.
<s n="821"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="822"><w NN1-NP0>Reg <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Newark<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMDLC035><w VVG>looking <ptr target=HMDLC036></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="823"><ptr target=HMDLC035><unclear> <w NP0>Dennis <ptr target=HMDLC036></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="824"><w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="825"><w UNC>Er <w AT0>the <w NN2>descendants <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jane <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w PNP>They <w VVD>lived <w UNC>er <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>turn <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century <w CJC>or <w AV0>just <w AV0>before <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Blankley <w NP0>Bath <w NN1>area <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w PRP-AVP>round <w NP0>Methringham<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w AT0>The <w NN1>family <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRF>of <w NN2>sons <w NP0>John<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thomas<c PUN>, <w NP0>William <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joseph <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>girls <w VBD>were <w NP0>Mary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Harriet<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w NP0>Harriet <w VVD>married <w AT0>a <w NP0>William <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>gamekeeper<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="829"><unclear> <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>turn <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <ptr target=HMDLC037><w NN1>century <ptr target=HMDLC038><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="830"><ptr target=HMDLC037><w NN1>Century <ptr target=HMDLC038><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="831"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>John <w AV0>actually <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>John <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jane<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>three <w PRP>aged <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>buried <w PRP>at <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="832"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w ITJ>mm<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><w AV0>So <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w NN2>descendants <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jane <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="834"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="835"><w PNQ>Who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>at <w NP0>Blankley <w NP0>Bath <w PRP>near <w NP0>Methringham<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="836"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="837"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN2>children<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="838"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had <w CRD>four <w NN2>boys<c PUN>, <w NP0>John<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thomas<c PUN>, <w NP0>William <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joseph <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>girls<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Harriet<c PUN>.
<s n="839"><w NP0>Harriet <w VVD>married <w UNC>er <w NP0>William <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>gamekeeper<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="840"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>you <w PRP>in touch with <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="841"><w UNC>Er <w XX0>not <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>family<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="842"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>get <w PNP>you <w DT0>some <w NN1>information <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="843"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>kind <w PRF>of <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="844"><w VVB>Thank <ptr target=HMDLC039><w PNP>you <ptr target=HMDLC03A><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="845"><ptr target=HMDLC039><w VVB>Thank <ptr target=HMDLC03A><w PNP>you <w NP0>Reg<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="846"><w ITJ>Goodbye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="847"><w AV0>So <w NN2>descendants <w PRF>of <w NP0>John <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jane <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w NP0>John <w NP0>Wilson <w VVD>died <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w NN1>age <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>six<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>turn <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>.
<s n="848"><w PNP>They <w VVD>lived <w PRP>at <w NP0>Blankley <w NP0>Bath <w PRP>near <w NP0>Methringham <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w CRD>six <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w NP0>John<c PUN>, <w NP0>Thomas<c PUN>, <w NP0>William<c PUN>, <w NP0>Joseph<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mary <w CJC>and <w NP0>Harriet <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w NP0>Harriet <w VVD>married <w NP0>William <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AT0>a <w NN1>gamekeeper<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w NN2-VVZ>ends<c PUN>, <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>help <w VVI>fill <w AVP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>details <w PRP>with <w NP0>John <w CJC>and <w NP0>Jane <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>at <w NP0>Blankley <w NP0>Bath <w PRP>near <w NP0>Methringham<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>turn <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>century<c PUN>?
<s n="851"><w VVB>Give <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><w NP0>Christine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="853"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="854"><w PNQ>Who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="855"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>work <w NN1>friend<c PUN>.
<s n="856"><w UNC>Erm <w DPS>her <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w NP0>Freddy<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>presume <w DPS>her <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <w NP0>Frederica <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMDLC03B><w PNP>we <ptr target=HMDLC03C></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<ptr target=HMDLC03B><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC03C></u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="857"><w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>lace <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>five
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="858"><w ITJ>mhm
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="859"><w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>place <w VVN>called <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="860"><w AVQ>Where <w VDD>did <w NP0>Freddy <w VVI>live<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="861"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>maybe <w UNC>erm <w NP0>Carlton <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="862"><ptr target=HMDLC03D><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sure<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC03E></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="863"><ptr target=HMDLC03D><w VDD>Did <unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC03E><w VBD>was <w PNP>she <w AJ0>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="864"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>just <w NN2>teenagers<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w CRD>seventeen <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="865"><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w NP0>Freddy <w VVD>got <w VVN>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="866"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w CJC>But <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w AJ0>long <w AJ0>red <w NN1>hair <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>work <w NN1>friend<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="868"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Freddy
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="869"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="870"><w UNC>er <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>five <w VVG-AJ0>working <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>lace <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="871"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="872"><w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w AJ0>long <w AJ0>red <w NN1>hair<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="873"><w ITJ>Yes <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tartan <w NN1>skirt <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VVD>swapped <w PNP>it <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Indian <w AJ0>blue <w NN1>dress<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="874"><w AV0>Alright <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w NP0>Freddy <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="875"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w UNC>er <ptr target=HMDLC03F><w PNP>you <w VVB>know <ptr target=HMDLC03G></u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="876"><ptr target=HMDLC03F><w ITJ>Yeah <vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HMDLC03G></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="877"><w NN1>bit <w AJ0>sparse <w PRP>in <ptr target=HMDLC03H><w NN1>information <w CJC>but <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <ptr target=HMDLC03J></u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="878"><ptr target=HMDLC03H><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w CJC>But <w DPS>my <w NN1>name <w VBD>was <ptr target=HMDLC03J><w NP0>Christine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="880"><w NP0>Christine <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="881"><ptr target=HMDLC03K><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC03L></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="882"><ptr target=HMDLC03K><w AV0>Alright <ptr target=HMDLC03L><w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w NP0>Freddy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="883"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="884"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="885"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="886"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <pause> <w ITJ>ah <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>found <w NP0>Mary <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>eight <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Oadby<c PUN>.
<s n="887"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>found <w NP0>Mary <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="888"><w AV0>Now <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>difficult <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NP0>Freddy<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w NP0>Freddy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>young <w NN1>lady<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>five <w VVG-AJ0>working <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>lace <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VVD>lived <w AV0>nearby <w PRP>at <w NP0>Carlton<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nottingham <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w AJ0>long <w AJ0>red <w NN1>hair <w VDD>did <w NP0>Freddy<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><w AVQ>Where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>now<c PUN>? <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w NP0>Betty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Evington<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><w PNQ>Who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="894"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w PNP>mine <w NP0>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS36D>
<shift new=spelling> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="896"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w DPS>her <w UNC>er <w AJ0>married <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="897"><w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VVD>married <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w VVD-VVN>named <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DPS>his <w AJ0>christian <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>warder <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>prison<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AVP>up <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Air <w NN1>Force <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty<c PUN>.
<s n="899"><w PNP>She <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVG>expecting <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>called <w PNP>it <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>J<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>anyw </trunc> <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NP0>Peter <w NP0>John <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AV0>anyway <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>arrived <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NP0>Pamela <shift new=laughing> <w NP0>Jane <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="900"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>she <w VVZ>lives <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>area <w AV0>now <w CJS>although <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>widowed <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="901"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>in touch with <w PNP>her <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="902"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HMDLC03M><w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w AVQ>when <ptr target=HMDLC03N><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="903"><ptr target=HMDLC03M><w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC03N></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="904"><w ORD>Last <w VVN>seen <w AVQ>when<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="905"><w UNC>Er <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="906"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>where <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w AV0>actually <w VVI>live <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="907"><w PNP>She <w VVD>lived <w PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w NN1>South<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="908"><w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="909"><w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="910"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="911"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="912"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VVD>heard <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VVN>gone <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="913"><w AVQ>Where <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>li </trunc> <w VVI>work<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="914"><w NN1>Pardon<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="915"><w AVQ>Where <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VVI>work<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="916"><w PNP>She <w VVD>worked <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NN1>Bridge <w PRP>in <ptr target=HMDLC03P><w NP0>Leicester <ptr target=HMDLC03R><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="917"><ptr target=HMDLC03P><w PRP>In <ptr target=HMDLC03R><w PRP>in <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="918"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN2>children <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="919"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVD>understood <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="920"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><w CJC>And <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <ptr target=HMDLC03S><w CRD>one <w PNP>them <ptr target=HMDLC03T></u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="922"><ptr target=HMDLC03S><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <ptr target=HMDLC03T><w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w PNI-CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="923"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w PNP>'em <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Pamela <w NP0>Jane<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="924"><w AV0>Well <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="925"><unclear> <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="926"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="927"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="928"><w ORD>Last <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>war<c PUN>, <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>lived <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w NN1>South <ptr target=HMDLC03U><w PRP>in <ptr target=HMDLC03V></u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="929"><ptr target=HMDLC03U><w NN1>South <ptr target=HMDLC03V></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="930"><w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="931"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="932"><w CJC>And <w DPS>her <w NN1>husband <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>warder <w PRP>at <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>prison <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>died<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="933"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="934"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>worked <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HMDLC03W><w PRP>on <ptr target=HMDLC03X></u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="935"><ptr target=HMDLC03W><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC03X></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="936"><w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NN1>Bridge
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="937"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="938"><w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DT0>some <w NN2>children <w PRP>including <w NP0>Pamela <w NP0>Jane<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="939"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="940"><trunc> <w UNC>Pa </trunc> <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="941"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="942"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w PNP>her <ptr target=HMDLC03Y><w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>ring <w PNP>you <w CJS>if <ptr target=HMDLC040></u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="943"><ptr target=HMDLC03Y><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC040></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="944"><w PNP>we <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="945"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="946"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>Betty<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="947"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="948"><w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="949"><w UNC>Er <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>, <w VM0>might <w AV0>now <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
<s n="950"><w VVB>Call <w PNP>us <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AV0>please <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DPS>her <w NN2>whereabouts<c PUN>.
<s n="951"><w NN1>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>South<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="952"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="953"><trunc> <w UNC>B </trunc> <w NP0>Boston<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="954"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="955"><w NP0>Hazel <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="956"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Ken <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="957"><w NP0>Ken <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w AVQ>when<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="958"><w CRD>Nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="959"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>where <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>live <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="960"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sleaford <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="961"><w DTQ>What <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>living<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="962"><w UNC>Er <w AJ0>senior <w NN1-AJ0>nursing <w NN1>officer <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Hospital <w NP0>Holbeach <w DTQ>which <w AV0>of course <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>closed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="963"><w VBD>Was <w NP0>Kenneth <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="964"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>deceased <w UNC>erm <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VVN>remarried <w AV0>recently<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="965"><w CJC>And <w VHZ>has <w PNP>he <w DT0>any <w NN2>children<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="966"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>son <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Mark <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ian <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>about <w CRD>twenty<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="967"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w NP0>Kenneth <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VM0>will <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>retired<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="968"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VVN>retired<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="969"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Kenneth <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>lived <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sleaford <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>retired <w AJ0-NN1>nursing <w AJ0>senior <w NN1>officer <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Hospital <w NP0>Holbeach<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>married <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>remarried <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>son <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Mark <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="970"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="971"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w VVB>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="972"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="973"><w NN2>Thanks <w NP0-NN1>Hazel<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="974"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="975"><trunc> <w UNC>N </trunc> <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>help <w NP0-NN1>Hazel <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="976"><w NN1>Hazel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NP0>Boston <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kenneth <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="977"><w NP0>Kenneth <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Sleaford <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>retired <w AJ0>senior <w NN1-AJ0>nursing <w NN1>officer <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Hospital <w NP0>Holbeach<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>married <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kenneth <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>son <w NP0>Ian <w NP0>Mark <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="978"><w VVB>Give <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>call <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="979"><w NP0>Malcolm <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mansfield <w NP0>Woodhouse<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="980"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="981"><w PNQ>Who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="982"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w PNP>mine <w UNC>er <w PNQ>who <w PNP>I <w VVD>served <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PRP>with <w AJ0-VVD>called <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="983"><w ORD>Last <w VVN>seen <w AVQ>when<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="984"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w PRP-AVP>round <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>three <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="985"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>where <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>live <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="986"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>from <w NP0>Gedling <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VVD>lived <w AV0>together <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w NN0>barracks <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="987"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>mob <w VBD>were <w PNP>you <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="988"><w UNC>Er <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>Troop<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Horse <w NN1>Artillery<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="989"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="990"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="991"><w ITJ>Ah<c PUN>.
<s n="992"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>rank <w VBD>were <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="993"><w AJ0>Sorry<c PUN>?
<s n="994"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>gunner<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHD>'d <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w PRP-AVP>in <ptr target=HMDLC041><w UNC>er <ptr target=HMDLC042></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="995"><ptr target=HMDLC041><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VVB>see<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC042></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="996"><w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>years <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="997"><unclear> <trunc> <w UNC>Wha </trunc> <w UNC>er <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w UNC>er <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VHI>have <w DT0>any <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>or <w NN2>sisters<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="998"><w AV0>Well <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>honest <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AV0>honestly <w VVI>remember<c PUN>.
<s n="999"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>man <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>wedding<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1000"><w ITJ>Ah <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w AJ0>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1001"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gedling <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1002"><trunc> <w UNC>I </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<w POS>'s <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1003"><w NP0>Jean<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>remember <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>name<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1005"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w DT0>any <w NN2>children<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1006"><w XX0>Not <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1007"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w UNC>er <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w UNC>er <w AJ0-NN1>civilian <w NN1>occupation <w VBD>was<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1008"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w AT0>a <w NN1>clue<c PUN>.
<s n="1009"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVD>left <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>Troop <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w UNC>er <w NN1>Regiment <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Artillery<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NP0>Germany <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we <w AV0>just <w VVD>lost <w NN1-VVB>contact<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1010"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <ptr target=HMDLC043><w ORD>last <ptr target=HMDLC044></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1011"><ptr target=HMDLC043><w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC044></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1012"><w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>three <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>four<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gedling <w NP0>Nottingham <ptr target=HMDLC045><w VVD>got <ptr target=HMDLC046></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1013"><ptr target=HMDLC045><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC046></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1014"><w AJ0-VVN>married <w PRP>to <w NP0>Jean<c PUN>, <w NP0>Jean <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1015"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1016"><w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>Troop <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Horse <w NN1>Artillery
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1017"><w ITJ>Yeah
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1018"><w PNP>he <w VM0>could<w VHI>'ve <w UNC>er <w VVN>got <w PRP>out of <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Gedling <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1019"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1020"><w AV0>Now <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w AV0>straight <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>head <w VBD>was <w DPS>my <w NN1>nickname <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w NP0>Schultz<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1021"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1022"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w VVG-AJ0>listening<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1023"><w ITJ>No <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMDLC047><w AJ0>right <ptr target=HMDLC048><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1024"><ptr target=HMDLC047><w PNP>He <ptr target=HMDLC048><w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>listening <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="1025"><w CJC>But <w AT0>a <w NN1>friend <w PRF>of <w PNP>his <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="1026"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w NN1>information <w PRP>about <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS>so that <w DPS>his <w NN1>friend <w VM0>will <w VVI>recognize <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>ring <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>in <w VVB>touch <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1027"><ptr target=HMDLC049><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC04A></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1028"><ptr target=HMDLC049><w CJC>But <ptr target=HMDLC04A><w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w VVG>listening <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1029"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1030"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>?
<s n="1031"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>get <w PNP>him <w NP0>Malcolm <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>call<c PUN>.
<s n="1032"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0-AV0>long <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w CJS>since <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVN>called <w NP0>Schultz<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1033"><w UNC>Er <w AV0>well <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>left <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>seventy <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1034"><w PNP>It <w VVD>finished<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1035"><w AJ0>Sorry<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1036"><w PNP>It <w VVD>finished <w AV0>then <w DT0>that <w NN1>nickname<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1037"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1038"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AV0>always <w VDZ>does<c PUN>.
<s n="1039"><w AV0>Alright <w NP0>Malc <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>find <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1040"><w AJ0>Lovely<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1041"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1042"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>, <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1043"><w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="1044"><trunc> <w UNC>A </trunc> <shift new=shouting> <w ITJ>Oh <shift><c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w NP0>Malcolm<c PUN>?
<s n="1045"><w VVB>Come <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w NP0>Malcolm<c PUN>.
<s n="1046"><pause> <w VVB>Come <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w NP0>Malcolm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1047"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1048"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>found <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1049"><w PNP>You <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1050"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1051"><w AV0>As <w AJ0>quick <w CJS>as <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1052"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>ring <w PNP>you <w AVP>back <w AV0>straight away<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1054"><w AJ0>Lovely<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1055"><w VVB>Put <w DPS>your <w NN1>phone <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>ring <w PNP>you <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1056"><w NN2>Thanks <w AV0>very <w AV0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1057"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
<s n="1058"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w PNI>'un <w VBZ>in<w XX0>n<w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="1059"><w VVD-VVN>Found <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w AV0>straight away<c PUN>, <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="1060"><w UNC>Er <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>King<w POS>'s <w NN1>Troop <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Artillery<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Royal <w NN1>Horse <w NN1>Artillery<c PUN>, <w VVD>came <w PRP>from <w NP0>Gedling <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
<s n="1061"><w NP0>Fred <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1062"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1063"><w PNQ>Who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1064"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>cousin<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>Dolly <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="1065"><w PNP>She <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w AV0>live <w PRP>at <w NP0>Swindon<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AJ0>sorry <w NP0-NN1>Swinford<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1066"><w NP0-NN1>Swinford <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1067"><w NP0>Leicestershire <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1068"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1069"><ptr target=HMDLC04B><w AV0>Now <ptr target=HMDLC04C></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1070"><ptr target=HMDLC04B><w VBD>Was <w PNP>she <ptr target=HMDLC04C><w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1071"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>young <w NN1>girl <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w ORD>first <trunc> <w UNC>kne </trunc> <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <ptr target=HMDLC04D><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC04E></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1072"><ptr target=HMDLC04D><w AVQ>How <trunc> <w UNC>mu </trunc> <w AVQ>how <w AJ0-AV0>long <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMDLC04E><w AVQ>how <w AJ0-AV0>long <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1073"><w UNC>Er <w AV0>just <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w AVQ>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>saw <w DPS>her <w ORD>last<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1074"><w AV0>So <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>thirties<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1075"><w UNC>Er <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>eight <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1076"><w CRD>Nineteen <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <ptr target=HMDLC04F><w AV0>right <ptr target=HMDLC04G><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<ptr target=HMDLC04F><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC04G></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1077"><w NN1-NP0>Dolly <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VBD>was <w NP0-NN1>Dolly <w DPS>her <w AJ0>real <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1078"><w UNC>Er <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>certain<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dorothy <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CJC>but <ptr target=HMDLC04H><w PNP>she <ptr target=HMDLC04J></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1079"><ptr target=HMDLC04H><w ITJ>Oh <ptr target=HMDLC04J></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1080"><w AV0>always <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NP0-NN1>Dolly<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1081"><w NP0-NN1>Dolly <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1082"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1083"><w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
<s n="1084"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>she <w VVD>got <w VVN>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1085"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AT0>no <w NN2>ideas<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1086"><trunc> <w UNC>Wh </trunc> <w AVQ>where <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VVI>live<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1087"><ptr target=HMDLC04K><w PNP>She <trunc> <w UNC>us </trunc> <ptr target=HMDLC04L></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1088"><ptr target=HMDLC04K><w NP0-NN1>Swinford <ptr target=HMDLC04L><w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1089"><w NN1>Swinford <w PRP>in <w NP0>Leicestershire<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1090"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>living<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1091"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w PRP>at <w NN1>school<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1092"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
<s n="1093"><ptr target=HMDLC04M><w VDD>Did <ptr target=HMDLC04N></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1094"><ptr target=HMDLC04M><w UNC>Er <ptr target=HMDLC04N></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1095"><w PNP>she <w VHB>have <w DT0>any <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>or <w NN2>sisters<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1096"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
<s n="1097"><w ITJ>No <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w DPS>her <w NN1>dad <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>at <w NP0>Rugby<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w UNC>er <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him <w ITJ>ooh <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>seven <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w AV0>Just <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1099"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1100"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>at <trunc> <w UNC>Ru </trunc> <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w NP0>Rugby<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1101"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Dolly <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1102"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1103"><w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dolly <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1104"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1105"><w VVD-VVN>lived <w PRP>at <w NP0>Swinford <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1106"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1107"><w DPS>her <w NN1>father <w VVD>worked <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>at <w NP0>Rugby<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1108"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="1109"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>an <w NN1>idea<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNI>something <w VVZ>keeps <w AVP>on <w VVG>cropping <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>mind <unclear> <w CJS>whether <w PNP>she <w VVD>moved <w AV0>there <w CJC>or <w XX0>not <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w DT0>those <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w CRD>two <w NN2>villages <w VVB>keep <w AVP>on <w VVG>recurring <w PRP>in <w DPS>my
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1110"><w AV0>Alright <w AV0>alright<c PUN>.
<s n="1111"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>find <w NN1-NP0>Dolly <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1112"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1113"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Fred<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1114"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1115"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1116"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1117"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Dolly <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>lived <w PRP>at <w NP0>Swinford <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>, <w AV0>maybe <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>village <trunc> <w UNC>n </trunc> <w PRP>in <w NP0>Leicester <w PRP>near <w NP0>Swinsford <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="1118"><w NN1-NP0>Dolly <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VVN-AJ0>married <w CJC>and <w VVN>changed <w DPS>her <w NN1>mind<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w VM0>Would <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Joan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Drive<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alveston <w NP0>Derby <w VVB>replace <w DPS>your <w NN1>receiver <w PRP>from <w DPS>your <w NN1>daughter<c PUN>, <w AV0>please<c PUN>.
<s n="1120"><w NP0>Mrs <trunc> <w UNC>Jo </trunc> <w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Jan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="1121"><w NP0>Mrs <w NP0>Jan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w VVB-NN1>Drive<c PUN>, <w NP0>Alveston <w NP0>Derby <w AV0>please <w VVB>replace <w DPS>your <w NN1>receiver <w PRP>from <w DPS>your <w NN1>daughter<c PUN>.
<s n="1122"><w AV0>Now <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w PNP>we <w VVN>got<c PUN>?
<s n="1123"><w PNP>We <w VVD>got <w NP0>Angela <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Mapperley<c PUN>.
<s n="1124"><w NP0>Angela<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1125"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1126"><w PNQ>Who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1127"><w UNC>Erm <w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1128"><w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="1129"><w ORD>Last <w VVN>seen <w AVQ>when<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1130"><w UNC>Erm <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1131"><w AVQ>Where <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VVI>live <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1132"><w UNC>Er <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Court <unclear> <w NN1-AJ0>Green<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1133"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1134"><w DTQ>What <w VDD>did <w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VDI>do <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>living<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1135"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1136"><w UNC>Er <w VBD>was <w PNP>she <w AJ0>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1137"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1138"><w XX0>Not <w AJ0-VVN>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1139"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1140"><w DT0>Any <w NN2>children<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1141"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1142"><w UNC>Er <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w NN1>information <w AV0>at all<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1144"><w ITJ>No <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>I <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="1145"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1146"><w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>'s <w DPS>her <w AJ0-NN1>maiden <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1147"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1148"><w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w VVN>seen <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>lived <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <unclear> <w AJ0>Green<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1149"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1150"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0>old <w VM0>will <w PNP>she <w VBI>be <w AV0>roughly<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1151"><w UNC>Er <w AJ0>late <w CRD>fifties<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1152"><w AJ0>Late <w CRD>fifties<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1153"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1154"><w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>in <w DPS>her <w AJ0>late <w CRD>fifties<c PUN>, <w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Court<c PUN>, <unclear> <w AJ0>Green<c PUN>, <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
<s n="1155"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w VBZ>in<w XX0>n<w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1156"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1157"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1158"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1159"><w PNI>Anybody <w VVZ>calls <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>ring <w PNP>you <w NP0>Angela
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1160"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1161"><w ITJ>Bye <w NN1-VVB>love<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1162"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1163"><w NP0>Kitty <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="1164"><w AVQ>Where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>now<c PUN>? <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring<c PUN>.
<s n="1165"><w NP0>Roy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w AJ0>Old <w NP0>Clipston<c PUN>.
<s n="1166"><w PNQ>Who <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1167"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>, <w ITJ>hey <w PNP>I <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>got <w PRP-AVP>through <w UNC>er <w ORD>last <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w DT0>few <w NN2>minutes <w AV0>ago <unclear> <w VVB>cut <w PNP>me <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1168"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>no <w PNP>I
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1169"><unclear> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wrong <w NN1>button<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1170"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC04P><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HMDLC04R></u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1171"><ptr target=HMDLC04P><w ITJ>No <ptr target=HMDLC04R><w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1172"><w AV0>Anyway <w VVB>come <w AVP-PRP>on <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w DT0>much <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1173"><w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>.
<s n="1174"><w UNC>Er <w NP0>Ernest <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1175"><w NP0>Ernest <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1176"><w PNP>He <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w VVD>worked <w AV0>together <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electrical <w NN0>staff <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>colliery<c PUN>.
<s n="1177"><w CRD>Nineteen <w CJC>or <w AJ0>late <w CRD>thirties
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1178"><w VBZ>Is <w DT0>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w ORD>last <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1179"><w ITJ>No <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>thirties<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1180"><w PNP>You <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w CRD>thirties<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1181"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1182"><w AV0>Right <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMDLC04S><w AVQ>where <w VDD>did <ptr target=HMDLC04T></u>
<u who=PS368>
<ptr target=HMDLC04S><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC04T></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1183"><w NP0>Ernest <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVB>live<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1184"><w PNP>He <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w NN1>area <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1185"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1186"><w AV0>Somewhere <w PRP>up <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1187"><w VBD>Was <w PNP>he <w AJ0>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1188"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="1189"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>motorcycle<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1190"><w CJC>But <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>married<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1191"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>imagine <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1192"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>you <w AV0>never <w VVN-VVD>met <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife<c PUN>?
<s n="1193"><w VHZ>Has <w PNP>he <ptr target=HMDLC04U><w VVN>got <ptr target=HMDLC04V></u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1194"><ptr target=HMDLC04U><w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC04V></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1195"><w DT0>any <w NN2>children<c PUN>?
<s n="1196"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1197"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1198"><w DT0>Any <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>or <w NN2>sisters<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1199"><w VM0>Could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="1200"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>certain <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <ptr target=HMDLC04W><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AV0>so <ptr target=HMDLC04X></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1201"><ptr target=HMDLC04W><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <ptr target=HMDLC04X></u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1202"><w PNP>he <w AV0>never <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1203"><w NP0>Ernest <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1204"><w NP0>Ernest <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1205"><w PNQ>who <w VVD>worked <w PRP>at
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<ptr target=HMDLC04Y><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC050></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1206"><ptr target=HMDLC04Y><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC050><w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w VVD>worked <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Colliery<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1207"><w ITJ>Yes <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w PNP>he <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VBD>were <w DT0>both <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>electrical <w NN0>staff<c PUN>, <w AJ0>late <w CRD>twenties<c PUN>, <w AJ0>early <w CRD>thirties<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1208"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>information<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1209"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<c PUN>.
<s n="1210"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>I <w VVI>give <w DPS>my <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>number<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1211"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>thin <w PRP>on <w NN1>information <w AV0>though <w NP0>Roy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1212"><w NN1>Pardon<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1213"><w AV0>A bit <w AJ0>thin <w PRP>on <ptr target=HMDLC051><w NN1>information <ptr target=HMDLC052><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1214"><ptr target=HMDLC051><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMDLC052><w UNC>is<c PUN>.
<s n="1215"><trunc> <w UNC>We </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>both <w AJ0>single <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1216"><w AV0>Alright<c PUN>.
<s n="1217"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Ernest <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1218"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1219"><w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1220"><w PRP>In <w DT0>that <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1221"><w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>worked <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Colliery <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <unclear> <w NN1>motorcycle<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1222"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1223"><w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <w NN1>phone <w NN1>number<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number">
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1224"><w VVB>Ring <w PNP>you <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>, <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w NP0>Roy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1225"><w ITJ>Ah <w NN2>thanks <w AV0>a lot <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1226"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS368>
<s n="1227"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1228"><w NP0>Nottingham <w UNC>er <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AV0>there <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ernest <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road<c PUN>, <w NP0>Mansfield<c PUN>, <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>nine<c PUN>, <w VVB>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>ring <w AVP-PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="1229"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>found <w NP0>Margaret <w CJC>and <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVD>lived <w PRP>in <w NP0>Wigston<c PUN>.
<s n="1230"><w AT0>The <trunc> <w UNC>cous </trunc> <w NN2>cousins <w NP0>Margaret <w CJC>and <w NP0>Joan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>told <w PNP>you <w PNP>we <w VVD>found <w NP0>Tony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS>while <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w NP0>Malcolm <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="1231"><trunc> <w UNC>We </trunc> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>whereabouts <w PRF>of <w PNI>anyone <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="1232"><event desc=music> <w PNP>We <w VVB>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Munich <w AJ0>Philharmonic <w NN1>Orchestra <w NN1>Pop <w NN1>Section <w CJC>and <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="1233"><event desc=music dur=180> <w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w VVG>listening <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>county<w POS>'s <w AJ0>favourite <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>four <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1234"><w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>News <w PRP>with <w NP0>Andy <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="1235"><shift new=reading> <w CRD>Three <w NN1>coal <w NN2>mines <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yorkshire <w DTQ>which <w VVB>employ <w CRD>fifteen <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>people <w PRP>between <w PNP>them <w VBB>are <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>their <w NN2>futures <w VVN>reviewed <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>intention <w PRF>of <w VVG>closing <w PNP>them <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="1236"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>says <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRP>in <w NN1>coal <w NN1>consumption <w PRP>at <w NN1>power <w NN2>stations <w VVZ>means <w DPS>their <w NN1>future <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>bleak<c PUN>.
<s n="1237"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBB>are <w VVG>operating <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss<c PUN>.
<s n="1238"><w AT0>The <w ORD>third <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>produces <w NN1>coal <w AV0>cheaply <w CJC>but <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>its <w NN1>output <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>stockpiled<c PUN>.
<s n="1239"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>National <w NN1>Union <w PRF>of <w NN2>Mineworkers <w VVZ>says <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w VVN>expected <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w CJC>but <w NP0>Trevor <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w NN2>deputies<w POS>' <w NN1>union <w NN2>NACODS <w VHD>had <w DT0>this <w NN1>message <w PRP>for <w NN2>miners<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="1240"><w PNP>It <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>matter <w DTQ>what <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>says <w AV0>here <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>moment <w PRP>in <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>asking <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>pits <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>fight <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w DT0>those <w NN2>pits<c PUN>.
<s n="1241"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>profitable <w NN2>pits <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>well <w PRP>worth <w VVG>keeping <w AJ0>open<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1242"><shift new=reading> <w AT0>A <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN2>police <w NN1>inspector <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVG>telling <w AT0>an <w NN1>inquest <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VVD>saw <w DPS>his <w AJ0>teenage <w NN1>daughter <w AJ0>alive<c PUN>.
<s n="1243"><w AT0>The <w NN1>body <w PRF>of <w CRD>nineteen <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NN1>secretary <w NP0>Helen <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w VVN>found <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>grounds <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>derelict <w NN1>house <w PRP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sherwood <w ORD>last <w NP0>Wednesday<c PUN>.
<s n="1244"><w PNP>She<w VHD>'d <w VVN>died <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>multiple <w NN1>stab <w NN2>wounds <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>chest<c PUN>.
<s n="1245"><w NP0>Rob <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS36A>
<s n="1246"><w NN2>Police <w NN1>inspector <w NP0>Alex <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mapperley <w VVD>said <w PNP>he <w ORD>last <w VVD>saw <w NP0>Helen <w PRP>at <w NN1>bedtime <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w PRF>of <w NP0>November<c PUN>.
<s n="1247"><w CJS>When <w PNP>she <w VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>return <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVB>work <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>day <w PNP>he <w VVD>called <w AT0>the <w NN2>police<c PUN>.
<s n="1248"><w CJC>And <w NN2>colleagues <w VVD-VVN>told <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w NN1>body <w VVG>matching <w DPS>his <w NN1>daughter<w POS>'s <w NN1>description <w VHD>had <w AV0>already <w VBN>been <w VVN>found<c PUN>.
<s n="1249"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Nottinghamshire <w NN1>coroner <w NP0>Dr <w NP0>Nigel <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>adjourned <w AT0>the <w NN1>inquest <w PRP>pending <w AT0>the <w NN1>outcome <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>criminal <w NN2>proceedings<c PUN>.
<s n="1250"><w CRD>Twenty <w CRD>eight <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NP0>Sean <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w NP0>Arnold <w VHZ>has <w VVN>appeared <w PRP>before <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN2>magistrates <w VVN>charged <w PRP>with <w NN1>murder<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>remanded <w PRP>in <w NN1>custody<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1251"><shift new=reading> <w AT0>The <w NN1>jury <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>James <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>murder <w NN1>trial <w VHZ>has <w VVN>heard <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w NN1>pathologist <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>injuries <w CJT>that <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w NP0>James<w POS>'s <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="1252"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>eleven <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w NN2>boys <w VVB>deny <w NN1>abduction <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>murder<c PUN>.
<s n="1253"><w NP0>Adam <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS369>
<s n="1254"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Office <w NN1>pathologist<c PUN>, <w NP0>Dr <w NP0>Alan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>spoke <w PRF>of <w CRD>forty <w CRD>two <w NN2>injuries <w PRP>to <w NP0>James<w POS>'s <w NN1>body<c PUN>.
<s n="1255"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>consistent <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>blows <w PRP>by <w AJ0>heavy <w NN2>objects <w CJC>and <w NN2>kicks<c PUN>.
<s n="1256"><w AV0>Earlier <w AT0>the <w NN1>court <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>shown <w AT0>a <w NN1>quantity <w PRF>of <w NN2>bricks <w CJC>and <w NN2>stones <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DTQ>which <w VBD>were <w VVN>said <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>bloodstained<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>iron <w NN1>bar<c PUN>.
<s n="1257"><w DT0>All <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>found <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>crime<c PUN>.
<s n="1258"><w AT0>The <w NN1>courtroom <w VVD>fell <w AJ0>silent <w CJS>as <w NP0>Dr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>gave <w DPS>his <w NN1>evidence<c PUN>.
<s n="1259"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>shocking <w NN1>testimony <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>jury<c PUN>, <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>gallery <w CJC>and <w NN2>reporters <w VBD>were <w AV0>clearly <w VVN-AJ0>shaken<c PUN>.
<s n="1260"><w AT0>The <w NN1>case <w VVZ>continues<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1261"><shift new=reading> <w NN1>Rescue <w NN2>workers <w PNQ>who <w VVD>helped <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bilsthorpe <w NN1>disaster <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>presented <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>plaque <w VVD-VVN>bought <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>widow <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>men <w PNQ>who <w VVD>died<c PUN>.
<s n="1262"><w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>crushed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>rockfall <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>colliery <w PRP>on <w NP0>August <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighteenth<c PUN>.
<s n="1263"><w AV0>Around <w CRD>five <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>pounds <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>wife <w NP0>Pam <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>funeral<c PUN>.
<s n="1264"><w PNP>She<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>used <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>money <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w NN2>plaques <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN1>mine <w NN1>rescue <w NN2>teams <w PNQ>who <w VVD>helped <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="1265"><w NP0>Superintendent <w NP0>Jim <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w NP0>Mansfield <w NN2>mines <w NN1-VVB>rescue <w NN1>service <w VVZ>says <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>touching <w NN1>gesture<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1266"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>job<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w AVP-PRP>about <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w NN2>professionals <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN>trained <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="1267"><w CJC>But <w AJ0>little <w NN2>things <w PRP>like <w DT0>this <w AJ0>mean <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w AV0>an awful lot <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1268"><w UNC>Erm <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PRP-AVP>about <w AV0>basically<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36C>
<s n="1269"><w CJS>Cos <w AV0>presumably <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>expect <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>just <w VDG>doing <w DPS>their <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1270"><w PNP>They <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="1271"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>makes <w PNP>it <w AV0>even <w AJC>nicer <w CJS>because <w UNC>er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>recognition <w PRP>from <w PRP>outside of <w UNC>of <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w CJT>that <w VVB>pay <w DPS>their <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>very <w AJ0>grateful <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1272"><shift new=reading> <w AT0>The <w NN1>editor <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VVD>published <w NN2>photographs <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Princess <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wales <w VVG>exercising <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>gym <w VHZ>has <w VVN>described <w PNX>himself <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>man <w PNQ>who <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN2>photographs <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2-VVZ>ratbags<c PUN>.
<s n="1273"><w NP0>David <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w AJ0>Australian <w NN1>radio <w NN1>station <w AV0>shortly <w PRP-CJS>before <w NN2>lawyers <w VVG>acting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Princess <w VVN-VVD>issued <w NN2>writs <w PRP>against <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>gym <w NN1>owner<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS36D>
<s n="1274"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>sneaky <w NN1>trick <w AV0>frankly<c PUN>.
<s n="1275"><w UNC>Er <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>bloke <w PNQ>who <w VDD>did <w PNP>it <w UNC>erm <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>down <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>ratbags <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="1276"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>exclude <w PNX>myself <w PRP>from <unclear> <w PNX>myself<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>give <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>come <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w CRD>seven <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1277"><shift new=reading> <w NN2>Workers <w PRP>at <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0>main <w NN1>car <w NN2>plants<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ellesmere <w NN1>Port <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cheshire<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w VVN>voted <w AV0>narrowly <w PRP>in favour of <w AT0>an <w DT0>all <w AVP-PRP>out <w VVB-NN1>strike <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1-VVB>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="1278"><w AT0>A <w NN1>union <w NN1>spokesman <w VVD>said <w AT0>a <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN0>per cent <w NN1-VVB>pay <w NN1-VVB>offer <w VVN-VVD>failed <w TO0>to <w VVI>reflect <w AT0>the <w NN1>record <w NN2>profits <w VVN>made <w PRP-AVP>by <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>huge <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w NN1>productivity <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant<c PUN>.
<s n="1279"><w NN1>Contempt <w NN2>writs <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>served <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>Home <w NN1>Secretary <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>predecessor <w NP0>Kenneth <w NP0>Clarke <w PRP>for <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>deport <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>guardian <w PRF>of <w CRD>six <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN2>children <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>prohibited <w PRP>from <w VVG>leaving <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1280"><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVG>looking <w PRP>after <w DPS>her <w AJC>younger <w NN2>brothers <w CJC>and <w NN2>sisters <w CJS>since <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>made <w NN2>wards <w PRF>of <w NN1>court <w CJS>when <w DPS>their <w NN2>parents <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>India<c PUN>.
<s n="1281"><w CJC>And <w NN2>police <w PRP>in <w NP0>Jersey <w VBB>are <w VVG>examining <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>believe <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN2>remains <w PRF>of <w NP0>Nicholas <w CJC>and <w NP0>Elizabeth <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVN>believed <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>murdered <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>island <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
<s n="1282"><w AT0>The <w NN1>couple<w POS>'s <w NN2>sons<c PUN>, <w NP0>Roderick <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mark <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>accused <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>murders<c PUN>.
<s n="1283"><w AV0>Yesterday <w NP0>Roderick<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w DT0>former <w NN1>army <w NN1>officer <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN>flown <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Jersey <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend <w PRP>after <w NN1-VVG>fighting <w NN1>extradition <w PRP>from <w NP0>Gibraltar<c PUN>, <w VVD>went <w PRP>with <w NN2>police <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>thought <w AT0>the <w NN2>bodies <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>buried<c PUN>.
<s n="1284"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>weather<c PUN>, <w AV0>tonight <w VVG>starting <w AJ0>cloudy<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>becoming <w NN1>drier <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w AV0>tomorrow<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="1285"><w NN1-NP0>Radio <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>news<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>five <w PRP>past <w CRD>four<c PUN>. <event desc=jingle> <event desc=music dur=150>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1286"><w AJ0>Great <w NP0>Shirley <w NP0>Bassey <w CJC>and <w VVB>Kiss <w DPS>Me <w NN1>Honey <w NN1>Honey <w VVB-NN1>Kiss <w PNP>Me<c PUN>.
<s n="1287"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VVD>started <w DPS>her <w NN1>career <w PRP-AVP>in <unclear><c PUN>?
<s n="1288"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NP0>Olympia<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>appeared <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NP0>Olympia<c PUN>.
<s n="1289"><w PRP>In <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w NN1>variety<c PUN>.
<s n="1290"><w DT0>Many <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w VDD>did <w NP0>Shirley <w NP0>Bassey<c PUN>.
<s n="1291"><w VVD>Told <w PNP>me <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w CJS>once <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="1292"><w AV0>Never <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w AV0>though<c PUN>.
<s n="1293"><w PNP>We <w VVB>carry <w AVP>on <w PRP-AVP>through <w PRP>till <w CRD>four <w CRD>thirty <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>calls <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>phone-in<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>ring <w VBZ>is <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="1294"><w PRP>At <w CRD>four <w CRD>thirty <w NP0>John<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1295"><event desc=music> <w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <w DPS>my <w AJ0>old <w NN1>beauty<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w VVG>getting <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AJ0>normal <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="1296"><w PRP>About <w AV0>as <w AJ0>normal <w CJS>as <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="1297"><w DPS>My <w NN1>name<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>here <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>teatime <w VVB-NN1>show <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>after <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w DT0>half <w PRP>past <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="1298"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="1299"><w AT0>No <w NN1>relation <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>fella <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w PRP>to <w NP0>Memphis <w NP0>Tennessee <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w NP0>Graceland <w AV0>either<c PUN>.
<s n="1300"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>chief <w NN1>executive <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>advertising <w NN2>agencies <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>coming <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w CRD>thirty <w PNI>something <w NN2>phenomena <w AV0>here <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineties <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="1301"><w CJC>And <w AV0>also <w VVG>joining <w PNP>us <w NN1>poet <w NP0>Michael <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>poetry <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="1302"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>teatime <w VVB-NN1>show <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1303"><w ITJ>Cor <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mood <w UNC>int <w PNP>he<c PUN>.
<s n="1304"><w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <vocal desc=laugh> <w PRP>with <w NN1>teatime<c PUN>.
<s n="1305"><w NN1>Invitation <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>refuse <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1306"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w CRD>four <w CRD>thirty <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="1307"><w VVZ-NN2>Calls <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>till <w AV0>then <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>chat<c PUN>.
<s n="1308"><w NP0>Martin <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Carlton<c PUN>.
<s n="1309"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1310"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1311"><w ITJ>Yes <w NP0>Martin<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1312"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1313"><w UNC>Er <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w AV0-AJ0>right <w UNC>erm <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>word <w AV0>like <w PRP>for <w UNC>erm <w DPS>your <unclear> <w AJ0-NN1>okay<c PUN>?
<s n="1314"><w UNC>Er <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>music <w NN1>writer <w AV0>right<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1315"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1316"><w AV0>Okay <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w CJS>when <w NP0>Dennis <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AJ0>okay <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>ago
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1317"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1318"><w AV0>right <w UNC>erm <w PNP>he <w VVD>mentioned <w PNI>something <w PRP>about <w UNC>erm <w DPS>my <w NN1>friend <w NP0>Paul<c PUN>, <w AV0>okay <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>conversation <w PRP-AVP>about <w AVQ-CJS>when <w DPS>my <w NN1>dog <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>garden <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w AT0>a <w VDB>doggy-do<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1319"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1320"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
<s n="1321"><w AV0>Now <w AV0>apparently <w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w VBZ>is <w PNP>I <w VVN>went <w PRP>up to <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w VVB-NN1>look <unclear> <w PNP>I <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>something <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1322"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w AV0>actually<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w AV0>actually <w VVD>turned <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>ro </trunc> <w UNC>er <w NN1>song <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1323"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>turned
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1324"><w PNP>I <w VVB>turn <w AT0>the <w VDB>doggy-do <w NN1>song <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>dog
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1325"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1326"><w PRP>Into <w AT0>a <w NN1>song<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1327"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>turned <w VDB>doggy-do <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>song<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1328"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>actually <w UNC>erm <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>write <w NN1>music <w AV0>okay<c PUN>?
<s n="1329"><w VVG>Using <w AT0>the <w NP0>Amiga <w CRD>Five <w CRD>Hundred <w AV0>okay<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVD>stripped <w PNP>it <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>sampled <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>song<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>song<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>finished <w AJ0>okay<c PUN>?
<s n="1330"><w AV0>Also <w PNP>I <w VDN>done <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w CRD>twelve <w NN1>inch <w NN1>version
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1331"><w VVN>Based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>call <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w PRP>onto <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1332"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w VDB>doggy-do<c PUN>.
<s n="1333"><w VVB>Remember<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>dog <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>garden<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1334"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1335"><w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AJ0>complete <w NN1>song <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>finished<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>thinking <w PRF>of <w AV0>actually <w UNC>erm <w VVG>seeing <w DPS>my <w NN1>mate <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PNQ>who<w VM0>'d <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w VVN>cut <w PRP>on <w NN1>vinyl <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1336"><w CJC>And <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>record<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1337"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1338"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w PNP>I <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>percentage<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1339"><w AV0>Of course<c PUN>.
<s n="1340"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w UNC>er <w VVB>give <w PNP>me <w DPS>your <w NN1>permission<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1341"><trunc> <w UNC>We </trunc> <w AV0>Well <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>sing <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w PNP>us<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1342"><w UNC>Er <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>sing <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>on <w NN1>tape <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="1343"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w UNC>erm <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w AT0>the <w NN1>tape <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <w UNC>erm <w PRP>into <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>station <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>radio <ptr target=HMDLC053><w NN1>station <ptr target=HMDLC054><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1344"><ptr target=HMDLC053><trunc> <w UNC>We </trunc> <w AV0>well <ptr target=HMDLC054><w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w AV0>sort of <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <w AT0>an <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP-AVP>about<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>words <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJC>and
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1345"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>about <w AJ0>well <w PNP>you <w VM0>could
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1346"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w AJ0>rude <w NN2>words <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w VBB>are <w EX0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1347"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no <w ITJ>no <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
<s n="1348"><w ITJ>No <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w AJ0>rude <w NN2>words <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1349"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>top <w CRD>ten <w VVN>hit<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1350"><w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w ITJ>no <w PNP>it <w VM0>might <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
<s n="1351"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>funny<c PUN>.
<s n="1352"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>funny <unclear> <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w VVD>laughed <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>listened <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1>tape <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>felt <w AJ0>well <w AV0>maybe
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1353"><w CJC>And <w VHB>have <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>sung <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1354"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>see </trunc> <w VVB>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>song <w AV0-AJ0>right<c PUN>.
<s n="1355"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>like <w VVG>talking<c PUN>.
<s n="1356"><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w CJC>and <w NP0>Paul<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>talking <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w VDD>did <w PNI>something <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w VVD>turned <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w NN1>song<c PUN>.
<s n="1357"><w PRP>With <w DPS>my <w UNC>erm <w NN1>instrument <w VVG>playing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>background<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1358"><w AV0>Really<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1359"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w DPS>its <w AV0>a bit <w PRP>like <w VVG>rapping <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1360"><trunc> <w UNC>We </trunc> <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>voice <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1361"><w AV0>Well <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Dennis<w POS>'s <w NN1>voice <w CJC>and <w NP0>Paul<w POS>'s <w NN1>voice<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1362"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1363"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1364"><w CJC>And <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>recording <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w AV0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1365"><ptr target=HMDLC055><w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC056></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1366"><ptr target=HMDLC055><w VM0>Can <ptr target=HMDLC056><w PNP>we <w XX0>not <w VVI>hear <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1367"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>no <unclear> <w CJS>because <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w NN1>copy <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w PRP>to <w NP0>Paul <w AV0>okay<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>ja </trunc> <w UNC>erm <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1368"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1369"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w CRD>two <w NN2>versions<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>version <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>version <w AJ0>okay<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1370"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1371"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>title <w NN1>song <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <unclear> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>version <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>remix <w NN1>version <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w AVP-PRP>on <w ORD>last <w NN1>night<c PUN>.
<s n="1372"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w NN1>song <w VVD>took <w CRD>five <w NN2>hours <w TO0>to <w VDI>do
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1373"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1374"><w AV0>Okay <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1375"><trunc> <w UNC>Bu </trunc> <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>use <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>use <w AT0>the <w NN2>voices <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVD>heard<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PRP>in <w NN1>rhyme <w CJC>or <w PNI>anything<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1376"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1377"><pause> <w CJC>And <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VM0>will <w VVI>understand <w CJS>as soon as <w PNP>you <w VVB>hear <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1378"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>really <w AJ0>unbelievable<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1379"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1380"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w AJ0>incredible <w CJS>cos <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w VVD>said <w AV0>already<c PUN>, <w AV0>like <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>amazing<c PUN>.
<s n="1381"><pause> <w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="1382"><w CJC>And <trunc> <w UNC>no </trunc> <w AV0>only <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w CRD-PNI>one <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w CRD>Twelve <w CRD>Hundred <pause><c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>four <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1383"><trunc> <w UNC>theWh </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>Wh </trunc> <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NP0>Amiga <w CRD>Five <w CRD>Hundred<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1384"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w ITJ>oh <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>right <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>computer<c PUN>.
<s n="1385"><ptr target=HMDLC057><w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>C <ptr target=HMDLC058></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<ptr target=HMDLC057><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC058></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1386"><w AJ0>personal <w NN1>computer <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1387"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>musical <w NN1>computer<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1388"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>music <w NN1>computer <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s<c PUN>, <w PNI>everyone <w VVZ>uses <w AT0>a
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1389"><w AV0>So <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <w NN1>occupation <w NP0>Martin<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>songwriter<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1390"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>well <w XX0>not <w AV0>as <w PRP>such as <w AT0>a <w NN1>songwriter<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w DT0>that <w ITJ>yes <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w DPS>my <w NN1>occupation <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w AJ0>self-employed <w NN1>window <w NN1>cleaner<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC059><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC05A></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1391"><ptr target=HMDLC059><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC05A><w CJC>but <w NP0>Martin <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w NN1>song <w PRP>about <w NN1-AJ0>doggy-dos<c PUN>.
<s n="1392"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1393"><w AV0>Course <w PNP>you <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
<s n="1394"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w PNI>one<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC05B><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC05C></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1395"><ptr target=HMDLC05B><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC05C><w AV0>so <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>hear <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1396"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VVI>hear <w PNP>it <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>way <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PNP>it
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1397"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1398"><w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w PNP>it <w AVP>in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1399"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>reel <w TO0>to <w VVI>reel <w NN1>tape<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1400"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1401"><unclear> <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1402"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1403"><w AV0>Now <w VVB>listen <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>got <w UNC>erm <w AT0>a <unclear> <w VHB>have <w PNP>ya<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1404"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <trunc> <w UNC>wha </trunc> <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>technically <w VVN-VVD>minded<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <ptr target=HMDLC05D><w AV0>here <unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC05E><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1405"><ptr target=HMDLC05D><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HMDLC05E><unclear> <w UNC>erm <w AT0>a <w NN1>Walkman <w DTQ>what <w NN0>people <w VVB>carry <w AVP>around<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1406"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1407"><w CJC>Or <w CJC>or <w UNC>erm <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>call <w DT0>those <w NN1>music <w NN2>things <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>like <w UNC>erm <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>cassette<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>tape <w NN1>cassette <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>radio <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NN0>people
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1408"><w DTQ>What<c PUN>, <w NN1>hi-fi <w NN1>thing<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1409"><w ITJ>Yeah <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>tape <w PRP-AVP>in <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1410"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>play <w NN2>cassettes <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1411"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w CJS>because <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>bring <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w NN1>copy <w PRP-AVP>in
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1412"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1413"><w AV0>Okay <w AV0>now <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMDLC05F><w AJ0>good<c PUN>, <w AJ0>funny <ptr target=HMDLC05G></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1414"><ptr target=HMDLC05F><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC05G></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1415"><w AV0>okay<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>contact <w DPS>my <w NN1>mate <w PRP>in <w NP0>London
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1416"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1417"><w AV0>okay <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w VVN>cut <w PRP>onto <w NN1>vinyl<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1418"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1419"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>knows<c PUN>?
<s n="1420"><ptr target=HMDLC05H><w CJS>Because <ptr target=HMDLC05J></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1421"><ptr target=HMDLC05H><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC05J></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1422"><w DPS>its <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJC>and <w AV0>partly <w AV0-AJ0>right <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VDN>done <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="1423"><w CJC>But <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VDG>doing <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
<s n="1424"><w UNC>Erm <w CRD>two <w NN2>guys <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Amiga <w NN1-VVB>format<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w NN2>guys <w AV0-AJ0>right
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1425"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1426"><w AV0>actually <w VVD-VVN>made <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>charts <w VVG>using <w CRD>two <w NP0>Amigas <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>only <w VVG>using <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w CRD>one <w NP0>Amiga<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1427"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
<s n="1428"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DT0>all <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand <w PNI>anything <w PRP>about <w NN2>computers <w CJC>and <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="1429"><w CJC>And <w AV0>normally <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w PRP>near <w AT0>a <w NN1>computer <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w AJ0>wrong<c PUN>.
<s n="1430"><w NN2>Computers <w VVB>hate <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1431"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>sometimes <w PNP>they <w VVB>hate <w PNP>me <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>virus <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>crashes <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>? <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1432"><w VDZ>Does <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="1433"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="1434"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNI>anything <w AJ0>technical <w AV0>at all <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB>turn <w AT0>a <w NN1>knob <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w VVB>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>microphone <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1435"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1436"><w AV0>Alright <w AV0>well <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1437"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <trunc> <w UNC>bri </trunc> <w AVQ>when <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>bring <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1438"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>bring <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w UNC>erm <w UNC>er <w VM0>let's <w VVI>see<c PUN>.
<s n="1439"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>bring <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w AVP>in <w AV0>today <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>wish<c PUN>.
<s n="1440"><w CJC>Or <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>late
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1441"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>no <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>here <w PRP>till <w PRP>till <w CRD>five
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1442"><w CRD>Five <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1443"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1444"><w DT0>Half <w PRP>past <w CRD>four <w PRP>to <w CRD>five <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>bring <w PNP>it <w AVP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="1445"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1446"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AV0>alright<c PUN>.
<s n="1447"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>bring <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w AV0>about <w CRD>five <w AV0>o'clock<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1448"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AV0>okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1449"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>catch <w AT0>a <w NN1>taxi <w PRP>at <w DPS>my <w NN1>place <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w NN1>copy <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVB>bring <w PNP>it <w AVP>in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1450"><w UNC>Er <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w DT0>any <w NN1>expense <w NP0>Martin<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1451"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NN1>expense<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>afford <w PNP>it <w PNP>I <w VVB>assure <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1452"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1453"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1454"><w VBB>Are <w PNP>you <w AJ0>wealthy<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1455"><w AJ0>Wealthy<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>wish <w PNP>I <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="1456"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNI>one <w AV0>maybe <w CRD>one <w NN1>day <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>a <w NN1>hit <w ITJ>eh <ptr target=HMDLC05K><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HMDLC05L></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1457"><ptr target=HMDLC05K><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w ITJ>yeah <ptr target=HMDLC05L><w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w DT0>both <w VBI>be <w AJ0>wealthy <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w PNP>we<c PUN>?
<s n="1458"><w ITJ>Yeah <w VBI>be <w AJ0>good <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="1459"><w AV0>Alright <w NP0>Martin <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w PNP>you <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1460"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w PNP>you <w AV0>later <ptr target=HMDLC05M><w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="1461"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <ptr target=HMDLC05N></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1462"><ptr target=HMDLC05M><w AV0>Okay <w ITJ>yeah <ptr target=HMDLC05N></u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1463"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>ask <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVB>go <w AV0>there <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>just <w VVI>say <w PNQ>who <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w CJC>and <w AV0>then
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1464"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1465"><w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>sort <w PNP>it <w AVP>out <w AV0>okay<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1466"><w AV0>Okay <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1467"><w ITJ>Cheers<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS365>
<s n="1468"><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1469"><w VM0>Could <w VBI>be <w AJ0>interesting<c PUN>.
<s n="1470"><w VVB>See <w PNP>me <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>top <w CRD>ten<c PUN>.
<s n="1471"><w NN1>Iris <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Stapleford<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1472"><w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Dennis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1473"><w ITJ>Yes <w NP0>Iris<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1474"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w NN1-AJ0>doggy-dos <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>about <w DPS>my <w NN1>dog<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1475"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1476"><vocal desc=laugh> <w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>remember <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="1477"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVN>told <w PNP>you <w PRP>about <w NP0>Victoria <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN1>pantomime<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1478"><w ITJ>Oh <w VBZ>is <w PNP>she <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VBD>was <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>magician<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1479"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1480"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w UNC>erm <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1-AJ0>English <ptr target=HMDLC05P><w NN1>sheepdog <ptr target=HMDLC05R><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1481"><ptr target=HMDLC05P><w AJ0>Old <w NN1-AJ0>English <ptr target=HMDLC05R><w NN1>sheepdog<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1482"><w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>magician <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w PNP>her <w VVB>disappear<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1483"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1484"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w PNP>her <w VVI>appear<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1485"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1486"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1487"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>just <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w UNC>er <w NP0>Longeaton <w AJ0>Operatic <w NN1>Society <w VVG>playing <w AT0>the <w NN1>dog <w PRP>in <w NP0>Annie <ptr target=HMDLC05S><w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <ptr target=HMDLC05T><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1488"><ptr target=HMDLC05S><w AV0>Really<c PUN>? <ptr target=HMDLC05T></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1489"><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HMDLC05U><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC05V></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1490"><ptr target=HMDLC05U><w AV0>So <ptr target=HMDLC05V><w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>star <w VVD-VVN>struck <w UNC>int <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1491"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fantastic<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1492"><w CJS>Cos<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w NN1>magician <w VVI>work <w AVP>out <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Theatre <w AJ0>Royal <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottingham <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pantomime <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1493"><w AVQ>How <w PNP>you <w VVB>mean <w AVQ>how <w VDD>did <w PNP>it <w VVI>work <w AVP>out<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1494"><w AV0>Well <w VDD>did <w PNP>it <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN2>performances <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1495"><w PNP>She <w VDD>did <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1496"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1497"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1498"><w AV0>Never <w VVB>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>foot <w NN1-AJ0>wrong<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1499"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1500"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w PRP>in touch with <w DT0>that <w NN1>magician <w PRP>since<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1501"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w AV0>actually<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1502"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w DTQ>what<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>happened <w CJS>cos <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>from <w NP0>Leicester <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1503"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>kno </trunc> <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>forgotten <w AV0>now <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>playing <w CJS>as <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w AVQ>where <w DPS>his <w NN1>summer <w NN1>season <w VBD>was <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <ptr target=HMDLC05W><w AV0>just <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>remember <ptr target=HMDLC05X><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1504"><ptr target=HMDLC05W><w UNC>Er <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <ptr target=HMDLC05X><w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1505"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="1506"><ptr target=HMDLC05Y><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>good <ptr target=HMDLC060><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1507"><ptr target=HMDLC05Y><w AV0>Ever so <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="1508"><ptr target=HMDLC060><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>so <ptr target=HMDLC061><w PNP>you <ptr target=HMDLC062></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1509"><ptr target=HMDLC061><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC062></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1510"><w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <w NN1>sheepdog <w VVN>called<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1511"><w NP0>Victoria<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1512"><w NP0>Victoria <ptr target=HMDLC063><w AV0>of course <w ITJ>yes <w NP0>Victoria<c PUN>.
<s n="1513"><w AV0>So <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <ptr target=HMDLC064></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1514"><ptr target=HMDLC063><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC064></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1515"><w VDN>done <w NP0>Annie<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1516"><w NP0>Annie <ptr target=HMDLC065><w PRP>for <ptr target=HMDLC066></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<ptr target=HMDLC065><unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC066></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1517"><w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Longeaton <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Operatic <w NN1>Society<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1518"><w CJC>And <w VBD>was <w PNP>she <w AJ0>good <w AV0>again<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1519"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1520"><w AV0>Never <w VVB>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>foot <w NN1-AJ0>wrong<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1521"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>wha </trunc> <w AVQ>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>knew <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w AV0>well <w UNC>erm <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>walk <w AVP>on <w PRP>by <w PNX>herself <w PRP>to <w NP0>Annie<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1522"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>acting <w NN1>part <ptr target=HMDLC067><w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMDLC068><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1523"><ptr target=HMDLC067><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HMDLC068><w CJS>because <w UNC>er <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w VVN>found <w DT0>these <w AJ0>stray <w NN2>dogs <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VVZ>says <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>look <w PRP>after <w PNP>her <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>she <w VVD>sang <w AT0>a <w NN1>song <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w PRP>to <w DPS>my <w NN1>dog<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1524"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1525"><w AV0>Then <w AT0>the <w NN1>policeman <w VVB>come <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w DT0>that <w DPS>your <w NN1>dog<c PUN>?
<s n="1526"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w UNC>er <w CJC>or <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>stray<c PUN>?
<s n="1527"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>script <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>, <w VVB>call <w PNP>her<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>leave <w PNP>her <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>she <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w DPS>your <w NN1>dog <w CJC>and <unclear> <w VVB>take <w PNP>her <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>pound <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w PNP>her <w VVB>put <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1528"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1529"><w CJC>But <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VVG>crossing <w DPS>our <w NN2>fingers <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <w AT0>every <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1530"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1531"><w CJC>But <w AV0>actually <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w PNP>her <w PRP>for <w DT0>half <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w PRP>to <unclear> <w AT0>the <w NN2>commands <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1532"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1533"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>obedience <w VVN>trained<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1534"><w AV0>So <w AVQ>when<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <w ORD>next <w NN1>starring <w NN1>role<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1535"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>resting <w PRP>between
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1536"><ptr target=HMDLC069><w ITJ>Oh <w NN1>resting<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC06A></u>
<u who=PS366>
<ptr target=HMDLC069><vocal desc=laugh> <ptr target=HMDLC06A></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1537"><w VHZ>Has <w PNP>she <w VVN>got <w AT0>an <w NN1>agent<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1538"><w VVB-NN1>Wish <w PNP>she <w VHD>had<c PUN>.
<s n="1539"><w AV0>Really <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
<s n="1540"><ptr target=HMDLC06B><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC06C></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1541"><ptr target=HMDLC06B><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>she <ptr target=HMDLC06C><w VBZ>is <w PNP>she <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1-NP0>Dulux <ptr target=HMDLC06D><w AJ0>old <w NN1-AJ0>English <w NN1>sheepdog <ptr target=HMDLC06E><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1542"><ptr target=HMDLC06D><w PNP>She<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1-NP0>Dulux <unclear> <ptr target=HMDLC06E><w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>beautiful
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1543"><w PNP>She <w AV0>really <w VBZ>is<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1544"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1545"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
<s n="1546"><w AJ0>Long <w NN1>coat <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1547"><w AJ0>Long <w NN1-VVB>coat <w PNP>she <w VVZ>looks <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1548"><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>coat <w AVP-PRP>off<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1549"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1550"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity <ptr target=HMDLC06F><w CJS>when <ptr target=HMDLC06G></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1551"><ptr target=HMDLC06F><w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC06G></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1552"><w NN0>people <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>coat <ptr target=HMDLC06H><w AVP-PRP>off <ptr target=HMDLC06J></u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1553"><ptr target=HMDLC06H><w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC06J></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1554"><w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1-AJ0>English <w NN1>sheepdog<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1555"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1556"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hate <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJT>that <ptr target=HMDLC06K><w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>say <ptr target=HMDLC06L><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1557"><ptr target=HMDLC06K><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1558"><ptr target=HMDLC06L><w AV0>Then <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>stage <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w DT0>own<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1559"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1560"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1561"><w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN2>performances <w VBD>were <w PNP>you <w AV0>there<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1562"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>we <w VDD>did <w AT0>every <w NN1>night <w CJC>and <w AV0>twice <w PRP>on <w NP0>Saturday<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1563"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1564"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1565"><w CJC>And <w AV0>never <w VVB>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>foot <w AJ0-NN1>wrong<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1566"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>lovely <w AV0>absolutely <ptr target=HMDLC06M><w AJ0>marvellous <ptr target=HMDLC06N><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1567"><ptr target=HMDLC06M><w VVN>Got<w TO0>ta <ptr target=HMDLC06N><w VBI>be <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
<s n="1568"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0>old <w VBZ>is <w PNP>she <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1569"><w PNP>She<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1570"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1571"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>age<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1572"><w ITJ>Oh <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1573"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>belong <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Derby <w NN1>dog <w NN1>training <w NN1>club <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w NP0>Sheila <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>I <w VVB>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>training<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1574"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1575"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VVB>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>agility <w PRP>with <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1576"><w AV0>So <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>really <w AV0>well <w VVN-VVD>behaved <ptr target=HMDLC06P><w AV0>anyway <ptr target=HMDLC06R><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1577"><ptr target=HMDLC06P><w ITJ>Oh <ptr target=HMDLC06R><w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>.
<s n="1578"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w VDN>done <w PRP>by <w NN1>kindness <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1579"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1580"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w VDN>done <w PRP>by <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1581"><w CJC>And <w VDD>did <w PNP>they <w VDI>do <w AJ0>good <w NN1>business <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NP0-NN1>Longeaton
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1582"><w ITJ>Yeah
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1583"><w NP0>Annie<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1584"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>lovely<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1585"><w ITJ>Ah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1586"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>really <ptr target=HMDLC06S><w AJ0>nice <ptr target=HMDLC06T><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1587"><ptr target=HMDLC06S><w AV0>Alright <ptr target=HMDLC06T><w AV0>well <w VVB>tell <w PNP>us <w CJS>when <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w ORD>next <w PRP-AVP>on<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1588"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VM0>will<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1589"><w AV0>Alright <w VVB-NN1>love<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS366>
<s n="1590"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>.
<s n="1591"><ptr target=HMDLC06U><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMDLC06V></u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1592"><ptr target=HMDLC06U><w ITJ>Bye<c PUN>.
<s n="1593"><ptr target=HMDLC06V><w ITJ>Hey <w NP0>Victoria <w AV0>really <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>star <w UNC>int <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
<s n="1594"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>now <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w ITJ>oh <w AT0>a <w NN1>message<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PNI>anyone <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w CJC>or <w NP0>Bosnia <w CJC>or <w NP0>Rumania<c PUN>?
<s n="1595"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>bag <w PRF>of <w NN2>blankets <w CJC>and <w AJ0>warm <w NN1>clothing <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
<s n="1596"><w NN1-VVB>Phone <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>help<c PUN>.
<s n="1597"><w PNI>Anyone <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NP0>Albania <w CJC>or <w NP0>Bosnia <w CJC>or <w NP0>Rumania<c PUN>?
<s n="1598"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>big <w NN1>bag <w PRF>of <w NN2>blankets <w CJC>and <w AJ0>warm <w NN1>clothing <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>from <w NP0>Nottingham<c PUN>.
<s n="1599"><w NN1-VVB>Phone <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>help<c PUN>.
<s n="1600"><gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>. <w NP0>Robert <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mansfield <pause> <w NP0>Robert <pause> <w ITJ>Hello <w NP0>Robert <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name">
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1601"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1602"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>there <w PNP>you <w VBB>are<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1603"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>organized <w AT0>a <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>called <unclear> <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="1604"><w UNC>Er <unclear> <w VBZ>is <unclear><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1605"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1606"><w UNC>Er <w NN2>tickets <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w NN1>pound <w DT0>each<c PUN>.
<s n="1607"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>on <w NP0>Sunday <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w PRP>at <w NP0>Mansfield <w NN1>Leisure <w NN1>Centre<c PUN>.
<s n="1608"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in need of <w UNC>er <w NN1>raffle <w NN2>prizes <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNI>anyone <w VVZ>wishes <w NN2>tickets <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w UNC>er <w VVI>reach <w PNP>me <w AVP>on <gap reason=anonymization desc="telephone number"><c PUN>.
<s n="1609"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>proceeds <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NP0>Fiona <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1-VVB>appeal<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1610"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1611"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>party
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1612"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1613"><w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w PRF>of <w NP0>December<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sunday <w AT0>the <w ORD>fifth <w PRF>of <w NP0>December <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mansfield <w NN1>Leisure <w NN1>Centre<c PUN>,
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1614"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1615"><w NN1-VVB>pound <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1616"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1617"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <unclear> <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1>party<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>for <w NN2>children<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1618"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS36B>
<s n="1619"><w VVB-NN1>Pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>ticket
</u>
<u who=PS367>
<s n="1620"><w UNC>Er <w CJC>and <w NN2>adults <w UNC>er <w NN2>adults <w UNC>er <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>Christmas <w NN1-VVB>raffle <w CJC>and <event desc="end of recording">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMG>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Public Eye: documentary. Sample containing about 4349 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 71 Kbytes running text, containing about 4349 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMG</idno><idno type="old"> 106601 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106601" dur="40" date="1993-10-29" time="20:00" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="412"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="25"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="11"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="24"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="261"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="11"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="98"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="14"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="4432"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="412"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="25"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="11"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="24"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="261"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="11"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="98"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="14"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="4432"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-10-29</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C395"><person age="2" dialect="XHC" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39M" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>30+</age><name>phil parry</name><occupation>tv presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39N" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39P" n="W0003" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><para>Miner's widow</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39R" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>mines rescue worker</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39S" n="W0005" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39T" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Chris</name><occupation>retired mines inspector</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39U" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39V" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Len</name><occupation>miner</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS39W" n="W0009" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>mines inspector</occupation></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106601" who='PS000 PS39M PS39N PS39P PS39R PS39S PS39T PS39U PS39V PS39W'><name>London:  Bbc 2 </name><locale> Television broadcast </locale><activity> Documentary Interview, narration </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast documentary</classCode><keywords><term> medicine </term><term> Concerns about health and safety in British collieries </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HMGLC001> <loc id=HMGLC002> <loc id=HMGLC003> <loc id=HMGLC004> <loc id=HMGLC005> <loc id=HMGLC006> <loc id=HMGLC007> <loc id=HMGLC008> <loc id=HMGLC009> <loc id=HMGLC00A> <loc id=HMGLC00B> <loc id=HMGLC00C> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><event desc="Theme music"> <w AJ0>British <w NN2>pits <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJS>safest <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w VM0>could <w DT0>that <w VVI>record <w VBI>be <w PRP>under <w NN1>threat<c PUN>?
<s n="2"><w AV0>Tonight <w PRP>on <w NN1>Public <w NN1>Eye <w NN1>evidence <w CJT-DT0>that <w AJ0>vital <w NN1>monitoring <w NN1>equipment <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>sabotaged <w PRP>by <w NN2>men <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN1>productivity<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>fight <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DPS>our <w NN2>pits <w AJ0>competitive<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>coal <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w NN2>miners<c PUN>?
<s n="4"><event desc="Theme music" dur=21> <event desc=music dur=8> <w NN1-NP0>Bilsthorpe <w NN1>colliery<c PUN>, <w NN1>scene <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>worst <w NN1>pit <w NN1>accident <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain <w PRP>for <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w CRD>Three <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>crushed <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w AV0>under <w CRD>seven <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>rock<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><event desc=music> <w NP0>David <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AT0>the <w PRP>under <w NN1>manager <w VHD>had <w VVN>died<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>hero <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>warn <w DPS>his <w NN2>colleagues<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w PNP>He <w VVD>left <w AT0>a <w AJ0>pregnant <w NN1>wife <w CJC>and <w AJ0>shattered <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39N>
<s n="8"><w PNP>She<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>so <w AJ0>young<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>bairn <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w PNI>everything <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w AV0>Just <w VVN-VVD>snatched <w AV0>away<c PUN>, <w VVN-VVD>snatched <w AV0>away<c PUN>. <event desc=music dur=14>
</u>
<u who=PS39P>
<s n="10"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>always <w AJ0>worried <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w DPS>your <w NN1>husband<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w PRP>at <w CRD>five <w AV0>o'clock <w CJC>and <w AV0>never <w VVB>come <w AV0>home <w AV0>again<c PUN>. <event desc=music dur=5>
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="11"><w PRP-AVP>In <w DT0>all <w CRD>six <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>trapped <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>fall<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w NN2>Rescuers <w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>through <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>rock <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>hours <w TO0>to <w VVI>free <w AT0>the <w NN2>miners<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w AT0>The <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were <w AJ0-VVG>appalling<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39R>
<s n="14"><w CJS>As <w PNP>you <w VVD>went <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w NN1-VVB>end <w CJS>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w NN2>bolts <w VBD>were <w AV0>still <w AJ0>intact<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>hard <w TO0>to <w VVI>imagine <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>approximately <w CRD>forty <w CRD>six <w NN1>metre<c PUN>, <w CRD>fifty <w NN1>metre <w PRF>of <w NN1>gate <w VHD>had <w AV0>just <w VVN>come <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>go<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w VVN>seen <w PNI>anything <w VVI>like <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VDB>do <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <w DPS>your <w AJ0>front <w NN1>room <w AJ0>full <w PRF>of <w NN1>concrete<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w NN1>minute <w DPS>your <w VVD>sat <w AV0>there <w VVG>watching <w AT0>the <w NN1>telly<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>minute <w DPS>your <w AJ0>front <w NN1>room<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>full <w PRF>of <w NN1>concrete<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>like<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w AT0>The <w AT0>the <w NN1>gate <w PNX>itself<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>driveage </sic> <w VBD>was <w AV0>totally <w VVN>obliterated<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w VVN>left<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="20"><w AV0>Like <w CRD>two <w AJ0>other <w NN2>pits <w PRP>in <w NP0>Nottinghamshire<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>driveage </sic> <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>cut <w NN1>skin <w TO0>to <w VVI>skin <w CJC>or <w AV0>immediately <w PRP>next to <w AJ0>old <w NN2>workings<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w NN1>Roof <w NN2>bolts <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><event desc="Drilling sound"> <w AT0>A <w AJ0>special <w NN1>exemption <w NN1>certificate <w VBD>was <w VVN>issued <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w AT0>The <w NN2>mines <w NN1>inspectorate <w AV0>later <w VVD>cleared <w PNP>them <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>cause<c PUN>, <w AV0>usually <w AV0>though <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN-AJ0>used <w CJS-AVQ>where <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AJ0>thick <w NN1>coal <w NN2>walls <w CJC>or <w NN2>pillars<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w NN1-VVB>Skin <w TO0>to <w VVI>skin <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w DT0>more <w NN1-VVB>cost <w AJ0>efficient <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN2>pillars <w PNX>themselves <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>extracted<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><event desc="Drilling sound"> <pause> <w AV0>Normally <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w VVN-VVD>bolted <w NN2>sections <w VM0>would <w VVI>rest <w PRP>on <w NN1>coal <w NN2>pillars <w AV0>sometimes <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>metres <w AJ0>wide<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w CJC>But <w AV0>here <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w NN1>executive <w VHD>had <w VVN>granted <w AT0>the <w NN1>exemption <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>roof <w NN2-VVZ>bolts <w AV0-AJ0>right <w PRP>next to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>working<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w PRP>For <w AV0>over <w CRD>four <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>metres <w AV0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w VVG>separating <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>driveage </sic> <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w VVN-VVD>caved <w PRP>in <w NN1>section <w PRP>apart from <w DT0>some <w AJ0>wooden <w NN2>props<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>movement <w PRF>of <w NN1>rock <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>coal <w NN1-VVB>face <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w VVD>came <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39S>
<s n="29"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>men <w VBB>are <w AV0>very <w AJ0>suspicious <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w VVG-NN1>bolting <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w AV0>easily <w AT0>the <w NN2>certificates <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>given<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>S <w ZZ0>C <w VBZ>is <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <w PNP>it <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w NN1-VVB>skin <w TO0>to <w VVI>skin <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>stopped <w NN1-VVB>skin <w TO0>to <w VVI>skin <w PRP>in <w AJ0>other <w NN2>headings<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w AV0>Maybe <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w NN1>foresight <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>happened <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bilsthorpe<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="32"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>cleared <w NN1>roof <w NN2>bolts <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>cause<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39S>
<s n="33"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w NN1>roof <w NN2>bolts<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w PNP>They <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AV0>forward <w AV0>now <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>mining <w NN1>industry <w UNC>erm <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>coming <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>very <w AV0>steadily <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w PRP>at <w AV0>virtually <w AT0>every <w NN1>pit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>told <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w DPS>our <w NN1>cost <w AVP>down <w TO0>to <w VVI>compete <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="36"><w AT0>The <w NN2>mines <w NN1>inspectorate <w VHB>have <w VVN>admitted <w PRP>to <w NN1>Public <w NN1>Eye<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w VVG-NN1>bolting <w NN1>method <w PRP>next to <w AJ0>old <w NN2>workings <w AV0>underground <w VVD-VVN>made <w NP0>Bilsthorpe <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>case <w PRP>from <w AJ0>normal<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VVB>stress <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w VBD>was <w AV0>carefully <w VVN-VVD>examined <w PRP-CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w PRP>To <w DT0>some <w NN1>mining <w NN2>experts <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>sign <w CJT>that <w NN2>exemptions <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN>given <w AV0>too <w AV0>easily<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><event desc=music dur=7> <w CRD>One <w NN1>inspector<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w VVD-VVN>retired<c PUN>, <w VVZ>believes <w AT0>the <w NP0-NN1>Bilsthorpe <w NN1>exemption <w VM0>should <w AV0>never <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>granted<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w NP0>Chris <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>thinks <w NN1>roof <w NN2>bolts <w VM0>should <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN1>section<w POS>'s <w VBB>are <w VVN>supported <w PRP>by <w AJ0>thick <w NN1>coal <w NN2>pillars<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39T>
<s n="40"><w AT0>The <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>roadway <w VVD-VVN>supported <w PRP>on <w DT0>either <w NN1>side <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>coal <w NN1>pillar <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>supported <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>beam <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w UNC>er <w PRP>by <w UNC>er <w NN1>roof <w NN2>bolts <w VVG>making <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>beam <w AJC>stronger<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w AT0>the <w NN2>sides <w VM0>will <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>beam<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w CJC>And <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN2>circumstances <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VM0>need <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VBI>be <w VVN>criticized<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>right <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w EX0>There <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>good <w NN1>coal <w NN1>pillar <w NN1-VVB>support <w PRP>on <w DT0>either <w NN1>side <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>competent <w NN1>roof<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="43"><w DT0>Those <w VBD>were <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN2>circumstances <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bilsthorpe<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>mines <w NN1>inspectorate <w VVB>insist <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w VVG>bolting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>tunnel<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>narrow <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-VVB>driveage </sic> <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>despite <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>side <w PRP>instead of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>coal <w NN1>pillar<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w AJ0>wooden <w NN2>props <w VVN-VVD>supported <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w AJ0>Narrow <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>driveage </sic> <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>necessarily <w VVI>mean <w AV0>then <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN1>coal <w NN2>pillars <w DT0>either <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="45"><w AJ0>Narrow <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>driveage </sic> <w VVZ>means <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVZ>says<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>narrow <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>driveage </sic>
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="46"><w VDZ>Does <w PNP>it <w VVI>mean <ptr target=HMGLC001><w DT0>that <unclear> <ptr target=HMGLC002></u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="47"><ptr target=HMGLC001><w PNP>It <w VVZ>means <ptr target=HMGLC002><w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>wide<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="48"><w VDZ>Does <w PNP>it <w VVI>mean <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>would <w AV0>ordinarily <w VBI>be <w NN1>coal <w NN2>pillars <w DT0>either <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="49"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wide <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-VVB>driveage </sic> <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>narrow <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w PRP-AVP>In <w DT0>most <w NN2>cases <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w NN2>pillars <w DT0>either <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="51"><w NN1>Coal <w NN2>pillars<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="52"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="53"><w CJC>But <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>case <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bilsthorpe<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w VDZ>Does <w DT0>that <w XX0>not <w AJ0-NN1>return <w AV0>then <w PRP>to <w DPS>our <w NN1>point <w CJT>that <w NN2>exemptions <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN>granted <w AV0>more <w AV0>freely<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="55"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w VVN>granted <w AV0>more <w AV0>freely<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <vocal desc=laugh> <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w AT0>an <w AT0>an <w NN1>exemption <w VBZ>is <w VVN>granted<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>inspector<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>inspector<c PUN>, <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>grants <w AT0>the <w NN1>exemption <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>satisfied <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>workforce <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>jeopardized<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w PNI>Nobody<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VVI>suggest <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Parry<c PUN>, <w PNI>nobody <w VM0>will <w VVI>say <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>unless <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>convinced <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w VDG>doing <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>correct<c PUN>, <w PNI>nobody<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="57"><w PRP>For <w NN2>miners <w AV0>today <w AT0>the <w NN1>productivity <w NN1>push <w VHZ>has <w VVN>changed <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="58"><w CJS>If <w CRD>one <w NN1>pit <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>patch <w DT0>another <w NN1>pit <w VM0>would <w VVI>cover <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <w VHB>have <w VVN>gone <w AV0>now <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w NN1>pit <w PRP>against <w DT0>another<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><event desc="Mine noise"> <w PNP>They <w VVB>want <w NN1>production <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w AT0>The <w DT0>more <w NN1>production <w AT0>the <w AJC>better <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w AV0>better <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w AT0>the <w NN2>pits <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><event desc="mine noise"> <w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w NN1>Safety <w VBZ>is <w VVG>coming <w ORD>second<c PUN>. <event desc="Mine noise">
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="64"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>coal <w VVB>deny <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w PNP>They <w VVB>decline <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>interviewed <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w NN1>productivity <w VHZ>has <w VVN>increased <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w NN1>accident <w NN1>rate <w VHZ>has <w VVN>fallen<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w AV0>Yet <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bilsthorpe<c PUN>, <w AJ0>British <w NN1>coal<w POS>'s <w NN2>critics <w VVB>believe <w NN1>productivity <w NN1>pressure <w VVB>believe <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>part<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>disclose <w DT0>another <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>health <w PRF>of <w NN2>miners<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>also <w VVN-VVD>blamed <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>push <w PRP>for <w NN1>productivity<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>puts <w NN2>miners <w PRP>at <w AJC>greater <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>contracting <w AJ0>crippling <w NN1>lung <w NN2>diseases<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><event desc="Hospital sounds"> <w PRP>After <w CRD>forty <w NN2>years <w AV0>underground<c PUN>, <w NP0>Len <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tragic <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w AJ0>old <w NN1>style <w VVG-NN1>mining <w PRP>in <w NN2>conditions <w AJ0>thick <w PRP>with <w NN1>coal <w NN1>dust<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39V>
<s n="70"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w NN1>breath<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w UNC>ai<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AT0>no <w NN1>energy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>listless<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>walk <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>paces <w PRP>without <w AT0>a <w NN1>rest<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w DT0>much <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w AJ0>new <w NN2>chests <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>hospital <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w CJC>nor <w AT0>an <w NN1>extension <w PRP>to <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w DT0>all <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w VBZ>is <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>cope<c PUN>. <event desc=music dur=6>
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="72"><w PRP>For <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w CRD>three <w NN2>quarters <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>miners <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>thirties <w CJC>and <w CRD>forties<c PUN>, <w NN1>dust <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>problem<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w CJC>But <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w CRD>sixties<c PUN>, <w PRP-CJS>after <w AJ0>extensive <w NN1>research<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deadly <w NN1>disease <w VBD>was <w AV0>finally <w VVN>brought <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39W>
<s n="74"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w VVN>achieved <w PRP>by <w VVG>using <w UNC>er <w NN1>dust <w VVG-AJ0>measuring <w NN1>apparatus<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>safe <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>a <w NN1>mine<c PUN>, <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>cause <w NN2>explosions<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w VBD>was <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>position <w PRP>in relation to <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1-VVB>face<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>standard <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w VVG>measuring <w AT0>the <w NN1>concentration <w PRF>of <w NN1>dust <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>atmosphere <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>men <w VVN>worked<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="76"><w AV0>So <w NN1-VVB>dust <w NN2>samplers <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>instrumental <w PRP>in <w VVG>bringing <w NN1>pneumoconiosis <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39W>
<s n="77"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>understanding <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="78"><w DT0>These <w AJ0>vital <w NN2>machines <w VBB>are <w VVN>used <w PRP>at <w NN1>coal <w NN2>faces <w CJC>and <w NN2>driveways<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w NN1>Dust <w VBZ>is <w VVN>drawn <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>through <w NN2>vents <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>collected <w PRP>in <w NN2>filters<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w AT0>The <w NN1>filter <w VBZ>is <w VVN>analyzed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w CJC>and <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>check <w NN2>samples <w VBB>are <w VVN>analyzed <w PRP>at <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>laboratories<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w NN2>samples <w VBB>are <w PRP>above <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>limits<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w AV0>underground <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>shut <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN1>evidence <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w AJ0>gravimetric <w NN2>machines <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>sabotaged <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w NN2>pits<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>they <w VVB>give <w AJ0-AV0>false <w AJ0>low <w NN2>readings<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Selby <w NN1>coal <w NN1>field <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>jewel <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>crown <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>coal<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w VVG>Coming <w PRP>on <w NN1>stream <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighties<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>achieved <w DPS>their <w NN1>target <w VVG>producing <w CRD>ten <w CRD>million <w NN2>tonnes <w PRF>of <w NN1>coal <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><event desc="Mining sounds"> <w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w CRD>five <w NN2>pits <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>complex <w VVG-NN1>taking <w NN1>coal <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>central <w NN1>depot<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w AT0>The <w NN1>Whitemoor <w NN1>pit <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>three <w NN2>mines <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain <w TO0>to <w VVI>reach <w AT0>a <w NN1>production <w NN1>figure <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w CRD>million <w NN2>tonnes <w PRP>per <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w NP0>Gary <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>pit <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>at <w NP0-NN1>Whitemoor <w PRP>for <w CRD>four <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><event desc="Car engine sound"> <w ORD>Last <w NN1>summer <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>routine <w NN1>check <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>district<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>noticed <w PNI>something <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w CRD>one <w NN1>dust <w NN1>sampler<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="89"><w PNP>I <w VVD>grabbed <w NN1>hold <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>gravimetric <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w PNP>it <w AVP>round <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>switch <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w AJ0>other <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w PNP>I <w VVD>noticed <w AT0>the <w NN2>filters <w VBD>were <trunc> <w UNC>sm </trunc> <w VVN-AJ0>smeared <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>smear <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>filter<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>close <w NN1>inspection<c PUN>, <w VVD>found <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w AV0>actually <w VVN-VVD>clogged <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w DTQ>what <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>superglue<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="91"><w AV0>So<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w PRP>through <w DPS>your <w NN1>mind <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVD>found <w DT0>this <w NN1>sampler <w PRP>with <w VVD-AJ0>glued <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN2>vents<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="92"><w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w PNP>it <w AV0>really <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w PNQ>Who <w VM0>would <w VDI>do <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w PNP>You <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why<c PUN>?
<s n="93"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VBD>were <w AJ0>mad <w AV0>as well <w CJS>because <w PNI>somebody <w VBD>was <w PNI>somebody <w VBD>were <w VVG>falsifying <w NN2>records <w CJC>and <w AV0>Well <w DPS>my <w NN2>lungs <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>life <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>mens <w NN1>life <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="94"><w AJ0>Other <w NN2>samplers <w VBD>were <w VVN>found <w AV0>here <w AVQ>where <w NN2>readings <w PRP>for <w AJ0>correct <w NN1>working <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>impossible <w TO0>to <w VVI>gauge<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w VVN>discovered <w PNP>they <w AV0>too <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>sabotaged<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w DT0>This <w NN1>time <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>insertion <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>thick <w NN1>filter <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>machine <w PNX>itself<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39W>
<s n="97"><w PNP>We <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>remove <w AT0>the <w NN1>baffle <w NN1>plate <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>gauze<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>inside <w NN1>cloth<c PUN>, <w VVB>cut <w PRP>to <w NN1>size <w AV0>so <w PNP>it <w AJ0>fit <w PRP>in <w AJ0>nice<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w CJS>until <w PNP>you <w AV0>actually <w VVD-VVN>turned <w AT0>the <w NN1>machine <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w AV0>actually <w VVD>stared <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>slots <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>gauze<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w AV0>So <w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w PNI>nobody <w VBD>was <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w CJC>or <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>used <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>machines<c PUN>, <w VVG>examining <w AT0>the <w NN2>machines<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="100"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>gauze<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39W>
<s n="101"><w DT0>That <w NN1>gauze <w VM0>would <w VVI>prevent <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>nine <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>dust <w VVG>going <w PRP>through <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="102"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>examined <w AJ0>British <w NN2>coals <w DT0>own <w NN2>figures <w PRP>for <w NN1>dust <w VVG-NN1>sampling <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w PRP-AVP>In <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN2-VVZ>driveages </sic> <w AT0>the <w NN1>routine <w NN2>samples <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w VBB>are <w AJC>lower <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w AJ0>single <w NN1>case <w CJS>than <w AT0>the <w NN2>samples <w VVN>taken <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>checked <w PRP>by <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>laboratories <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AJ0>British <w NN1>coal<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Selby <w NN1>complex<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w NN0>statistics <w VBB>are <w AV0>more than <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>times <w AJC>higher<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>coal <w PRP>in <w NN1>response <w VVD>said <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>led <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w PRP>in <w NN1>dust <w NN1>monitoring <w CJC>and <w DT0>any <w NN2>irregularities <w PRP>in <w NN2>samples <w VBB>are <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>investigated<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w PNP>We <w VVD>spoke <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w NN1>miner <w PNQ>who <w VVD>admitted <w VVG>tampering <w PRP>with <w NN2>samplers <w PRP>in <w DT0>another <w NN1>pit <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Whitemoor<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>protected <w DPS>his <w NN1>identity <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VVZ>fears <w AT0>the <w NN1>sack <w PRP>for <w VVG>speaking <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="108"><w DT0>Any <w NN1>method <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>used <w CJT-DT0>that <w VM0>could <w VVI>stop <w NN1>dust <w VVG>getting <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w VVG>Using <w AJ0>small <w NN2>bits <w PRF>of <w NN1>foam <w CJC>or <w PNI>anything <w CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>stop <w PNP>it <w VVG>getting <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w PRP>To <w DPS>my <w NN1>knowledge <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>at least <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w VBG>being <w VDN>done <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>as well as <w PRP>round <w DPS>our <w NN1>vicinity <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>mining<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>talked <w PRP>to <w AJ0>other <w NN2>men <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>fiddled <w NN2>samples<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>course <w PRP>about <w NN2>laws<c PUN>, <w NN2>rules<c PUN>, <w NN2>regulations <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w NN1>dust <w CJC>and <w CJS>once <w NN2>lads <w VVD-VVN>got <w VVG>talking <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>out <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-NN1>happening<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="113"><w PRP>For <w NN2>experts <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>spent <w AT0>a <w NN1>career <w VVG>bringing <w NN1>pneumoconiosis <w PRP>under <w NN1>control<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN2>revelations <w VBB>are <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>disturbing<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>breech <w PRF>of <w NN2>regulations <w CJC>and <w VVZ>reverses <w NN1-VVB>work <w VDN>done <w PRP>on <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w NN1>safety <w AV0>underground<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39N>
<s n="115"><w DT0>This <w AV0>of course <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w UNC>Er <w CJS>if <w DPS>your <w NN1>safety <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>miners <w NN1>health<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>dependent <w PRP>upon <w VVG>keeping <w PRP>below <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>limit <w PRF>of <w NN1>dust <w NN1>exposure<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w CJS>If <w DPS>your <w XX0>not <w VVG>measuring <w AT0>the <w NN1>dust <w NN1>exposure <w NN2>levels <w AV0>correctly <w AV0>then <w UNC>er <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>expose <w AT0>the <w NN2>men <w PRP>to <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="118"><w NN2>Miners <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>pressure <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on to <w NN1-VVB>increase <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal<w POS>'s <w NN1>competitiveness <w CJC>and <w VVB>save <w DPS>their <w NN2>jobs<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN2>sanctions <w VVN-VVD>imposed <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>pit <w PRP>with <w AJ0>high <w NN1>dust <w NN2>readings <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AJ0>serious<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w AT0>The <w NN1>mine <w NN1>district <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVN>shut <w AVP>down <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>months<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="121"><w AV0>Basically <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>told <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w PNP>we<w VHD>'d <w VVN>got <w PNP>us <w NN1>money <w VVN-VVD>dropped<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w PNP>We <w VHD>had <w NN2>threats <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w VVN>moved <w CJC>or <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>sacked<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w CJS>If <w AT0>a <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-VVB>driveage </sic> <w DPS>your <w AJ0>main <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1>driveage </sic> <w VBZ>is <w VVN>found <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>limit <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w NN0>series <w PRF>of <w NN2>checks<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>theory <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>shut <w CJS>until <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>sorted <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w AV0>never <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>never <w AV0>yet <w VVN>known <w AT0>a <w NN1>coal <w NN1>face <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>driveway <w VVD-VVN>closed <w PRP>because of <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>dust<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w NN1-VVB>Work <w VBZ>is <w AV0>always <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>carried <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>dust <w NN2>samples <w VVN>fiddled<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NN1>pressure <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w NN1>production <w VVG>going <w CJC>and <w AV0>also <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w PNI>everyone <w AV0>perfectly <w AV0>rightly <w PNP>you <w VVB>run <w AT0>the <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w VVG>closing <w AT0>the <w NN1>mine<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VVG>putting <w CRD>six <w CJC>or <w CRD>seven <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>men <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dole<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="128"><w CJS>Unless <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there<c PUN>? <ptr target=HMGLC003><unclear> <ptr target=HMGLC004></u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="129"><ptr target=HMGLC003><w AV0>Well <w AV0>now <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <ptr target=HMGLC004><w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <ptr target=HMGLC005><w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>intend <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <ptr target=HMGLC006><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="130"><ptr target=HMGLC005><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <ptr target=HMGLC006><w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>tell <w PNP>me <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w PNI>something <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="131"><w DTQ>What <w VM0>might <w PNP>you <w VDI>do<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="132"><w AV0>Well <w AVQ>where <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="133"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w NP0>Yorkshire<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NP0>Selby <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="135"><w AV0>Right<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>shall <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w NN1>director <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>n </trunc> <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>ne </trunc> <w NP0>Yorkshire <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w AV0>normally <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w PRP>In <w NN1>fact <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w VHZ>has <w AV0>actually <w VBN>been <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w CJS>if <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w UNC>er
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="137"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Whitemoor<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w PRP>in <w DT0>another <w NN1>pit<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="138"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w AJ0>surprised <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>happening <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w UNC>er <w AJ0>wide <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="139"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>liberty <w CJT>that <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>playing <w PRP>with <w NN2>miners <w NN1>health <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w CJC>And <w PNI>anything <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w AVP>up <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>detrimental <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN2>mans <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>health <w CJC>but <w VBZ>is <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN1>life <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w UNC>er <w VVG>cutting <w DPS>his <w NN1>life <w NN1>time <w AJ0-AV0>short<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>. <event desc="Violin music">
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="142"><w NP0>Len <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w POS>'s <w NN1>mining <w NN1>area <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rhondda <w AV0>now <w VHZ>has <w AT0>no <w NN2>pits<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w CJS>once <w PNP>it <w VVD>gave <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w PRP>Throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>industry <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>cut <w NN1>throat <w NN1>competition <w VBZ>is <w AJC>keener <w CJS>than <w AV0>ever<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w PRP>With <w ORD>last <w NN2>weeks <w NN1>announcement <w CJT>that <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>one <w AJ0>British <w NN2>pits <w VBB>are <w AV0>again <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN1>closure<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><event desc="Mine Sounds"> <w ORD>Last <w NN1>year <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VVN-VVD>brought <w AJ0>American <w NN1>Mining <w NN2>consultants <w NP0>Boyds<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in <w PRP>to <w NN2>areas <w PRP>like <w NN1>South <w NP0>Wales <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VVD>met <w AJ0>fierce <w AJ0>local <w NN1>hostility<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39P>
<s n="146"><w AT0>The <w NN2>valleys <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w PNI>nobody <w VVG>working <w AV0>at all<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w PNI>no one <w VVG-AJ0>paying <w NN2>insurances<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>income <w NN1>tax<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AVQ>where <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN2>pensions <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w AV0>right <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w AVQ>Where<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>common <w NN1>sense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>?
<s n="148"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>hope <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>change <w DPS>their <w NN1>mind <w CJC>and <w VVB>bring <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>valleys<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39R>
<s n="149"><w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>answer <w DPS>your <w NN1>question <w NN1>mam <ptr target=HMGLC007><unclear> <ptr target=HMGLC008></u>
<u who=PS39P>
<s n="150"><ptr target=HMGLC007><w PNP>You <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>answer <w PNP>me<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMGLC008></u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="151"><w AJ0>Crucial <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Boyds<w POS>' <w NN1>plan <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w AJ0>American <w NN1>mining <w NN2>techniques <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w NN1>production <w CJC>and <w VVB>bring <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN2>costs<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><pause> <w PRP>In <w NN1>evidence <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>common <w AJ0>select <w NN1>committee <w AT0>the <w NN2>consultants <w VVN-VVD>stressed <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w AJC>newer<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>cost <w AJ0>efficient<c PUN>, <w NN2>methods<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w NN2>Exemptions <w PRP>from <w NN1>safety <w NN2>laws <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w PNP>them <w VBD>was <w VVN>encouraged<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39S>
<s n="154"><w AV0>As <w AJ0-AV0>far <w CJS>as <w NN1>roof <w VVG-NN1>bolting <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>length <w PRF>of <w NN1>advance <w PRP>without <w NN2>supports<c PUN>, <w AJ0>current <w NN1>legislation<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>restrictive<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>opened <w AV0>upwards <w VVN>demonstrated <w PRP>by <w AJ0>scientific <w NN1>evidence <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>successful<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w TO0>To <w VVI>allow <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>full <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>continuous <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="156"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>key <w NN2>techniques <w DT0-CJT>that <w NP0>Boyds <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>encourage <w VBD>was <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN1>cut <w CJC>or<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>known <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S<c PUN>, <w AJ0-VVD>extended <w NN1>cut<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w AV0-AJ0>Deep <w VVB-NN1>cut <w NN0>means <w VVG>cutting <w AV0>further <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <w NN1>support <w AV0>at all<c PUN>, <w VVG>making <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w AJC>faster <w DT0>more <w NN1>cost <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>mining<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w AV0>Now <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>mine <w NN2>inspectors <w VHB>have <w VVN>started <w VVG>granting <w NN2>exemptions <w PRP>for <w VVG>cutting <w AV0>up to <w CRD>six <w NN1>point <w CRD>six <w NN2>metres <w PRP>without <w NN1>support<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w CJC>But <w PRP>in <w NP0>America <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>cut <w NN1>method <w PRF>of <w NN1>mining <w VBZ>is <w VVN>taken <w AV0>further<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w AJ0>underground <w NN1>accident <w NN1>record <w PRP>per <w NN1>man <w NN1-VVB>shift <w VBZ>is <w CRD>four <w NN2>times <w PNP>ours<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39T>
<s n="160"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>thirty <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>with <unclear> <w NN1>news<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <unclear> <w NN1>coal <w NN1>mine <w PRP>in <w NP0>Sullivan <w NN1>county <w VVZ>drags <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>four <w NN2>days <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1-VVB>end <w PRP>in <w NN1>sight<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMGLC009><unclear> <ptr target=HMGLC00A></u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="163"><ptr target=HMGLC009><w PRP>In <w NP0>Indiana <w CRD>seven <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>miners <ptr target=HMGLC00A><w VBB>are <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w PNP>They <w VVB>want <w AJC>safer <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>below <w NN1>ground<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w AV0-AJ0>Deep <w CJC>or <w AJ0-VVD>extended <w NN1>cut <w VVZ>accounts <w PRP>for <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w NN2>deaths <w CJC>and <w NN1>roof <w NN2>collapses <w PRP>in <w AJ0>American <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w NN1>grater <w NN2>profits<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>men <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w AV0>more <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="167"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>main <w NN1>thing <w AV0>here <w VVG>concerning <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>extended <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN2>operators <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>buzz <w NN1>word <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>competitiveness<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>extended <w NN2>cuts <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>competitive<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w CJC>And <w AV0>right <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <w NN1>term <w NN1>competitiveness <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>used <w TO0>to <w AV0>basically <w VVI>get <w PRP>by <w NN1>safety <w NN2>regulations <w CJC>and <w PNI>anything <w AV0>else <w PRP>concerning <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="169"><w PRP>At <w DT0>this <w NN1>mine <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w VBD>was <w VVN>buried <w CJC>and <w AV0>later <w VVD>died <w PRP>after <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>roof <w NN1-VVB>fall <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w AJ0>extended <w NN1>cut <w NN1>section<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39V>
<s n="170"><w CJS>When <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w AV0>there <w CRD>one <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>boys <w VBD>was <w VBD>was <w AV0>already <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>covered <w PRP>from <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w NN1>waist <w AVP>down <w PRP>with <w NN1>coal <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VVD>uncovered <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w PNP>him <w AV0>as <w AJ0>comfortable <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w PNP>him <w CJS>until <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN2>stretchers <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <unclear> <w VVB>mobilize <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w PNP>him <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="171"><w AT0>The <w NN1>miner <w NP0>Joe <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w AV0>always <w VVN>kept <w NN2>details <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>underground <w NN2>conditions <w VVN>hidden <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39W>
<s n="172"><w PNP>He <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>tell <w PNP>me <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w AVP-PRP>down <w AV0>there <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>worry <w PNP>me <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>far <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>mine<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w VVI>complain <w PRP>to <w PNI>somebody<c PUN>, <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>company <w NN1>man <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>all <w AT0>the <w AJC>farther <w PNP>it <w VVD>went<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w VDN>done <w TO0>to <w VVI>correct <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w AT0>The <w NN1>shock <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>losing <w PNI>someone <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AJ0-VVN>married <w PRP>to <w PRP>for <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>one <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>grew <w AVP>up <w AV0>together<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w DPS>my <w AJS>best <w NN1>friend<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>just <w DPS>my <w NN1>husband <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w DPS>my <w AJS>best <w NN1>friend<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w PNP>You <w VVB>lose <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w PNP>You <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w DTQ>no matter what <w AV0>else <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>life <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w NN1>part <w VBZ>is <w VVN>gone<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN1>life <w VVZ>dies <w PRP>along with <w DPS>his<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39U>
<s n="178"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fatality <w VVG>involving <w NP0>Joe <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>consider <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVN>extended <w NN2>cuts<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w DT0-CJT>That <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>expose <w AJ0>great <w NN2>portions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof<c PUN>, <w AJ0>unsupported<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVB>increase <w AT0>the <w NN2>possibilities <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>roof <w NN1-VVB>fall <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>back <w PRP-AVP>on <w PRP-AVP>through <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>supported <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVZ>injures <w CJC>or <w VVZ>kills <w PNI>someone<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="180"><w AJ0>British <w NN2>mines <w VVB>operate <w PRP>at <w AV0>far <w AJC>greater <w NN1>depth <w CJS>than <w PRP>in <w NP0>America<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w VVG>Extending <w DPS>their <w NN2>techniques <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN2>conditions <w VHB>have <w VVN>prompted <w NN2>fears <w PRP>among <w DT0>some <w NN1>mining <w NN2>experts<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39W>
<s n="182"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>use <w NN2>techniques <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <trunc> <w UNC>in </trunc> <w AJ0>inappropriate <w PRP>to <w DT0>those <w NN2>conditions <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>compromise <w NN1>safety <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mine <w VVG-AJ0>working<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="183"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>safety <w NN1>record<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w AV0>very <w AJ0>different <w PRP>to <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w AV0>over here<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39W>
<s n="184"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>American <w NN1>safety <w NN1>record <w VBZ>is <w AJC>worse <w CJS>than <w PNP>ours<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><w PNP>They <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>far <w DT0>more <w NN2>accidents <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>mines <w CJS>than <w PNP>we <w VDB>do <w AV0>here <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>United <w NP0>Kingdom<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="186"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN2>Americans <w VBB>are <w VVG>coming <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>causing <w AJ0>great <w NN1>alarm <w PRP>in <w DT0>some <w NN2>circles<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w PRP>For <w NN1>union <w NN2>leaders <w PRP>such as <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w NN2>deputies<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>cost <w AJ0>efficient <w NN2>techniques <w PRP>like <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN1-VVB>cut<c PUN>, <w VVB>threaten <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w NN2>men <w VVG>working <w AV0>underground<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="188"><w PNP>They <w VVB>push <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w AT0>the <w AJ0>deep <w NN1>cut <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K. <w AJ0-AV0>Deep <w NN1>cut <w NN1>system <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w NP0>America <w VVZ>means <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>machine <w VVZ>goes <w AV0>forward <w AT0>a <w NN1>distance <w PRP-CJS>before <w DT0>any <w NN2>supports <w VBB>are <w VVN>set <w AV0>at all <w UNC>erm <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN2>supports <w VDB>do <w VVI>set <unclear> <w NN1>roof <w NN2-VVZ>falls<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w PNP>We <w VDD>did <w XX0>not <w VVI>object <w DT0>this <w PRP>without <w NN1>evidence <w PRF>of <w NN2>reasons <w PRP>for <w NN1>objection <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>disc </trunc> <w NN1>discussion <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w AJ0>American <w NN2>miners<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w CRD>Eighteen <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>mines <w VHB>have <w DT0>this <w AJ0>so called <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN1>cut <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w VHZ>has <w AV0>more than <w CRD>fifty <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fatal <w NN2>accidents <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w CRD>eighteen <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w AT0>The <w DT0>same <w CRD>eighteen <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w NN2>mines <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NN1>cut <w VHZ>has <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>three <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>frictional <w NN2>ignitions<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w NN2>ignitions <w PRF>of <w NN1>methane <w NN1>gas<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w AV0>Now <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w CJT>that <w VVZ>causes <w NN1-VVB>concern <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN1>gas <w PRP>in <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <trunc> <w UNC>recon </trunc> <w VVI>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN2>Americans <w CJS-PRP>as <w VHG>having <w NN1>gas <w PRP>in <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>concerns <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="195"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB>intend <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w DT0>these <w NN2>sorts <w PRF>of <w NN2>techniques <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="196"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w NN2>mines <w VVG>working <w CRD>six <w NN1>point <w CRD>six <w NN2>metres <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="199"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>mines <w PRP>in <w NN1>North <w NP0>Wales <w VBD>was <w VVN>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVB>praise <w PRP>by <w AJ0>American <w NN2>consultants <w NP0>Boyds<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w AV0>Yet <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>months <w PRF>of <w VVG>starting <w AT0>the <w NN1>technique <w AV0>here <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w AV0>badly <w VVN-VVD>injured <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>roof <w NN1-VVB>fall<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w PNP>They<w VM0>'d <w VVI>cut <w AV0>slightly <w PRP>beyond <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>allowed <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>report <w AV0>afterwards <w VVD>said <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w VM0>would <w AV0>still <w VHI>have <w VVN>come <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39N>
<s n="202"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVD>got <w VVN>trapped <w AV0>under <w UNC>er <w AV0>under <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN2>rocks <w CJT>that <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w VVD>fell <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>that <w PRP-AVP>off <w DPS>me <w NN1>leg <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NN1>assistance <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>machine-man<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>man <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>machine <w DTQ>which <w UNC>er <w VVD>trapped <w AV0>as well <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVD-VVN>realized <w AV0>then <w CJT>that <w DPS>me <w NN1>leg <w VHD>had <w DPS>me <w NN1>leg <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>broken <w AV0>so <w VVD>took <w PNP>me <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>road <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>stone <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>lad <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>machine <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <w VVN>carried <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w NN1>hospital<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39P>
<s n="203"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>worries <w PNP>me <w CJS>because <w DT0>these <w NN2>exemptions <w PRP>as <unclear> <w PRP>to <w AV0>there <w AV0>for example <w UNC>er <w AVQ-CJS>where <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>nine <w AJ0-NN1>square <w NN2>metres <w PRF>of <w NN1>roof <w VBD>was <w VVN>permitted <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>without <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN1>kind<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w XX0>Not <w AT0>a <w NN1>roof <w NN1>bolt<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>prop<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>an <w AJ0-NN1>arch <w NN1>girder<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w VVD>led <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall <w PRF>of <w NN1>roof<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <unclear> <w AT0>no <w NN1>surprise <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>, <w AV0>absolutely <w AT0>no <w NN1>surprise<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>support <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>expect <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w NN2>men <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>hurt<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w PRP>in favour of <w VVG>granting <w NN2>exemptions <w PRP>for <w AJ0>large <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unsupported <w NN1>roof<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>seems <w PRP>to <w PNP>me<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w DPS>your <w AJ0-VVG>inviting <w AT0>a <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NN1>roof <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="209"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w NN1>mining <w NN1>industry <w VVZ>faces <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fresh <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w NN1>safety <w NN2>laws<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w AJ0>New <w NN2>guidelines <w VBB>are <w VVG-AJ0>sweeping <w AV0>away <w DT0>some <w AJ0>old <w NN2>regulations<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><event desc="choir music"> <w PRP>In <w DT0>former <w NN1>mining <w NN2>areas <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rhondda <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>bitterly <w VVN>resented<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>century <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>mining<c PUN>, <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>men <w VHB>have <w VVN>died<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>lessons <w VVN-VVD>learnt <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN2>accidents <w VBD>were <w VVN>enshrined <w PRP>in <w NN1>safety <w NN2>laws <w DTQ>which <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>scrapped<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><event desc=music> <w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>accidents <unclear> <w PRP>in <w CRD>eighteen <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>six <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w PRP>within <w AJ0>local <w NN1>folklore <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>minds <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>like <w DT0>former <w NN1>miner <w NP0>Ivor <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="215"><w PRP-CJS>Before <w AT0>the <w NN1>colliery <w NN1>explosion <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>district<c PUN>, <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>yards <w AJ0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>reported <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>colliery <w NN1>official <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>colliery <w NN1>manager <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>even <w AJ0>important <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w AV0>actually <w VVI>stop <w NN2>men <w VVG>going <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>district <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w VVI>go <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w AT0>The <w NN1>legislation <w CJT>that <w VVD>came <w AVP>out <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w AV0>then <w VBD>was <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>sure<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>copper <w NN1-AJ0>bottom <w NN2>insurances <w UNC>given <w CJS>given that <w UNC>er <w NN1>legislation <w VM0>would <w VVI>prevent <w NN2>accidents <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>nature <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w AT0>The <w UNC>er <w NN1>deputy <w VVZ>goes <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w VVZ>gives <w AT0>an <w NN1>insurance <w UNC>er <w PRP>by <w NN1>law <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>safe<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w DT0>That <w NN1>district <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>safe <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>men <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into<c PUN>. <event desc="Choir Music">
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="221"><w AT0>The <unclear> <w NN1>explosion <w VVD-VVN>wiped <w AVP>out <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<w POS>'s <w AJ0>male <w NN1>voice <w NN1>choir<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w DTQ>What <w VVD>survived <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>crucial <w NN1>safety <w NN1>rule <w VVG-NN1>banning <w NN1-VVB>work <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AJ0>entire <w NN1>district <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>checked<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>a <w AJ0>suggested <w NN1>code <w PRF>of <w NN1>practice <w VM0>will <w VVI>kill <w AVP>off <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>law<c PUN>. <event desc="male choir music" dur=20>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="224"><w PNP>I <w AV0>better <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w NN1>check <w PRP>for <w NN1>gas <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="225"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNI>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>many<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="226"><w PNI>Nought <w NN1-VVB>point <w CRD>four <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w ITJ>ah <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w NN1>order<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="227"><w AV0>Only <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w AT0>a <w NN1>go <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>board <w VBD>was <w AJ0>proud <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w CRD>One <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>district <w VVN-VVD>checked <w NN2>conditions <w VBD>were <w AJ0>safe <w CJC>and <w VM0>could <w VVI>stop <w NN1>production <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w TO0>to <w VVI>allow <w NN1>maintenance <w NN1-VVB>work <w CJS>while <w AT0>the <w AJ0>pre-shift <w NN1>inspection <w VBZ>is <w VVN>made <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w NN2>deputies <w NN1>role <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>divided <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="230"><w AV0>Suddenly <w PNI>nothing <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w AJ0>trivial <w TO0>to <w VVI>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w PNI>Everything <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>important<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w NN2>standards <w VBB>are <w VVN>made <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>kept<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="233"><w PRP>In <w DPS>your <w NN2>years <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVN>stopped <w NN1>production <w CJS>because <w NN1>safety <w VBD>was <w PRP>at <w NN1>risk<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39S>
<s n="234"><trunc> <w UNC>E </trunc> <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VHB>have<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w NN1>Machinery <w AJ0>unfit <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>I<w VHI>'ve <w VVN>stopped <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w NN2>Managers <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w AJ0>pleased <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w AV0>never <w AJ0>pleased <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>stop <w UNC>er <w PNI>anything <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>concerns <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w PNP>They <w VVB>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>on <w AV0>as <w AJ0>normal<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w CJS>While <w AV0>ever <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w PNP>I <w VM0>will <w VVI>stop <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="240"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>how <w VM0>will <w DT0>that <w VVI>change<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS39S>
<s n="241"><w PNP>It <w VM0>will <w VVI>change <w AV0>dramatically<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w PNP>I <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w AT0>the <w NN1>power <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>taken <w PRP>away from <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w PRP>With <w DT0>these <w AJ0>new <w NN2>legislations <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AT0>no <w NN1>power <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>so <w AV0>ever <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>safety<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="244"><w AT0>The <w NN1>deputy<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>eyes <w PRP>on <w CRD>eighties<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="245"><w ITJ>Ah<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>report <w PRP>by <w NN1>deputy <w PRP>in charge of <ptr target=HMGLC00B><w AT0>the <w NN1>district <unclear> <ptr target=HMGLC00C></u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="246"><ptr target=HMGLC00B><w AJ0>British <w NN1>coal <w VVB>say <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>laws <ptr target=HMGLC00C><w CJC>and <w NN2>guidelines <w VM0>will <w VVI>strengthen <w NN1>safety <w NN2>requirements <w AV0>underground<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN2>deputies <w VVB>believe <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>singled <w AVP>out <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>obstacle <w PRP>to <w VVG>producing <w AJC>cheaper <w NN1>coal <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w NN2>pits<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>run <w PRP>up to <w NN1>privatization<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39T>
<s n="248"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w AJ0>profitable <w NN2>mines <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w DT0>more <w NN2>fatalities<c PUN>, <w DT0>more <w NN2>accidents <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>news <w PRP>like <w NP0>Bilsthorpe<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w AV0>Now <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>want <w AT0>a <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>profitable <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>decides <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>decision <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>workers <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>accept <w AJC>lower <w NN2>standards <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>almost <w PNI>anything <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w NN2>terms <w PRF>of <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w NN1>safety <w NN2>standards<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="251"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w VM0>let's <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w DT0>This <w NN1>inspectorate <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w VBG>being <w CRD>three <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w AT0>The <w NN1>accident <w NN1>level <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>industry <w VHZ>has <w VVN>come <w AVP>down <w AV0>consistently<c PUN>, <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AT0>every <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w ORD>Last <w NN1>year <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJS>lowest <w PRP>on <w NN1>record<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="255"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NN1>tension <w CJC>and <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w TO0>To <w VVI>get <w NN2>costs <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w DT0>more <w NN1>coal<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w DT0>more <w NN2>hours<c PUN>, <w AVQ>when <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w AV0>very <w AJ0>demoralizing <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AJ0>fair <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w TO0>To <w TO0>to <w VVI>carve <w AVP>out <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>living<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS39M>
<s n="259"><w NN1-NP0>Bilsthorpe <w PNX>itself <w VM0>could <w AV0>now <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>casualty <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>closure <w NN1>program<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>drive <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>competitive <w NN1>mining <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w NN1>change <w VHZ>has <w VVN>seen <w AT0>the <w NN1>introduction <w PRF>of <w AJ0>controversial <w AJ0>new <w NN2>techniques <w CJC>and <w NN2>men <w VVN>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>sabotage <w NN1>equipment <w AV0>underground<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w AT0>The <w NN1-AJ0>future <w PRP>for <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w NN2>mines <w VHZ>has <w AV0>never <w VVN-VVD>looked <w AV0>so <w AJ0>black<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>some <w VVB>believe <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>safety <w PRF>of <w NN2>miners <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w CJS>as <w VVN-AJ0>threatened<c PUN>. <event desc="Theme music"> <event desc="End of job.">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMH>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  The Money Programme - part 1: documentary. Sample containing about 3601 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 62 Kbytes running text, containing about 3601 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMH</idno><idno type="old"> 106602 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106602" date="1993-10-31" time="19:00" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="362"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="21"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="29"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="14"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="28"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="215"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="100"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="3672"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="362"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="21"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="29"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="14"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="28"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="215"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="97"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="3672"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-10-31</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C396"><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AF" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>tv presenter</occupation><para>Voiceover at start of programme</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AG" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>investor in business</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AH" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>tv presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AJ" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>actor</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AK" n="W0005" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>business manager</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AL" n="W0006" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>business expert</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AM" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Ron</name><occupation>company director</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AN" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>business investor</occupation><para>Might be speaker</para></person><person id="HMHPS000" n="W0009"></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106602" who='PS000 PS3AF PS3AG PS3AH PS3AJ PS3AK PS3AL PS3AM PS3AN HMHPS000'><name>London:  Bbc 2 </name><locale> Television broadcast </locale><activity> Documentary Interview, reporting </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast documentary</classCode><keywords><term> business </term><term> 'Business Angels': the practice of investing in businesses. </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HMHLC001> <loc id=HMHLC002> <loc id=HMHLC003> <loc id=HMHLC004> <loc id=HMHLC005> <loc id=HMHLC006> <loc id=HMHLC007> <loc id=HMHLC008> <loc id=HMHLC009> <loc id=HMHLC00A> <loc id=HMHLC00B> <loc id=HMHLC00C> <loc id=HMHLC00D> <loc id=HMHLC00E> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><event desc="theme Music"> <w AV0>Tonight<c PUN>, <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investors <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made <w CRD>millions <w PRP>by <w NN1-VVG>backing <w NN1>risk <w CJC>and <w NN1>innovation <w PRP>in <w NN1>partnership <w PRP>with <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJ0>small <w NN2>entrepreneurs<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="2"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w PNP>it <w CJS>because <pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>so <w AJ0>depressed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w AJ0>professional <w NN1>investment <w NN2>managers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w AV0>better <w CJS>than <w PNP>they <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AF>
<s n="3"><w AV0>Then <w VVB-NN1>challenge <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>North<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w AJ0>tough <w VVG-NN1>talking <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN2>lawyers <w VVB>believe <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>cosy <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>world <w PRP>by <w NN1>storm<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w CJC>And <w PRP>in <w NN1>notebook<c PUN>, <w AJ0>popular <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>abroad<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w VM0>Can <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>television <w NN1>industry <w NN1-VVB>export <w DT0>more<c PUN>? <pause> <event desc="Bells and then organ, wedding march." dur=13>
</u>
<u who=PS3AH>
<s n="6"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w DT0>some <w AJ0>unusual <w NN2>partnerships <w VBG>being <w VVN>struck <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>length <w CJC>and <w NN1>breadth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>new <w NN2>relationships <w VM0>could <w VVI>affect <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>prosperity<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AJ>
<s n="8"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w VVN>come <w AV0>together <w TO0>to <w VVI>witness <w AT0>the <w NN1>marriage <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w NN1>angel <w NP0>David <w NN2>pounds <w NN1>sterling<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>small <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="9"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>observers <w VVB>believe <w DPS>their <w NN1>potential <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>enormous<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AJ>
<s n="10"><w NP0>David <w NN1>pound <w NN1>sterling<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w PNP>you <w VVI>take <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DPS>your <w NN1>wife<c PUN>?
<s n="11"><ptr target=HMHLC001><w PRP>As <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <unclear> <ptr target=HMHLC002></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="12"><ptr target=HMHLC001><w AV0>Of course <w NN2>ceremonies <w PRP>like <w DT0>this <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>real <ptr target=HMHLC002><c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rational <w PRP>behind <w PNP>them <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w AJ0>Rich <w NN2>investors <w VVG>eyeing <w AVP-PRP>up <w AJ0>prospective <w NN1>business <w NN2>opportunities <w VBB>are <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>helped <w NN1>byu <w VVG-NN1>matchmaking <w NN2>agencies<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w AV0>specially <w VVN-VVD>set <w AVP>up <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>ensure <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>secure <w NN1>future <w PRP>for <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJ0>small <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investors <w VVN>known <w PRP>as <w NN1>Business <w NN2>angels<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w PNP>They <w VVB>say <w AT0>the <w NN1>relationship <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>marriage<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w AV0>Now <w PNI>everyone<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w PRF>of <w NN1>england<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>I <w CJC>and <w NN2>others <w VBB>are <w VVG-AJ0>investigating <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels <w PRP-CJS>as <w CRD>one <w AJ0-NN1>alternative <w NN1>way <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>funding <w AJ0>small <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w AT0>The <w NN1>upsurge <w PRP>in <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w VBB>are <w AJ0-VVN>funded<c PUN>, <w VVZ>reflects <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>concern <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>let <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>realization <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w NN1>employment <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVZ>struggles <w TO0>to <w VVI>emerge <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w DT0>This <w NN1>company <w VVD>began <w VVG>searching <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVB>finance <w CRD>four <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w NP0>Colin <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>came <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>action <w NN1>cartoon <w PRP>for <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN1>television<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w PNP>They <w VVD>spent <w CRD>four <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w AT0>A <w AJC>further <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>needed <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>survive<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w NP0>Colin <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>feels <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>financiers <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>future <w NN1>potential <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w NN1>concept<c PUN>. <event desc="cartoon voice over" dur=7>
</u>
<u who=PS3AK>
<s n="24"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w AJ0>typical <w NN1>case<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>believe <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w PNI>something <w CJT>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>wonderfully <w AJ0>innovative <w CJC>and <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>succeeding <w AV0>financially <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>global <w NN1>market <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>venture <w NN2>capitalists <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>bankers <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w AV0>seriously<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><event desc="Cartoon noises"> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lamentable <w NN1>state <w PRF>of <w NN2>affairs<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>children<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>children<w POS>'s <w NN2>children <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>short-sightedness <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ivory <w NN2>towers <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>banking <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>institutions <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <event desc="cartoon music" dur=5>
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="27"><w AT0>The <w NN2>cartoonists <w VBB>are <w NN2>veterans <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>presentation <w NN1>circuit<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NN1>band <w PRF>of <w NN2>companies <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>, <w VVG>presenting <w DPS>their <w NN1>business <w NN2-VVZ>plans <w PRP>to <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investors<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w AV0>Here <w PRP>in <w NP0>Cheshire <w NN1>business <w NN2>men <w VBB>are <w AV0>nervously <w VVG>waiting <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels <w VBZ>is <w PNQ>whom <w NN2-VVZ>hands <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>company <w VM0>might <w VVI>rest<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVN>coached <w PRP>by <w NN2>experts <w PRP>from <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w CRD>five <w NN1>government <w AJ0-VVN>sponsored <w NN2>projects <w PRP>around <w NP0>Britain<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVB>advise <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w CJC>and <w VVB>link <w PNP>them <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AJ0>private <w NN2>investors<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AL>
<s n="32"><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>different<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>dynamic<c PUN>, <w VVB>let <w PNP>it <w VVI>come <w PRP>across <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>more <w PRP-AVP>about <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>team <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>cracked <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w VVB>Try <w CJC>and <w VVB>relax <w AV0>a bit<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>drink <w PRP>at <shift new=laughing> <w NN1>lunchtime <w AV0>even <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS3AL>
<s n="34"><w CJC>And <w AV0>just <w VVB>let <w PNP>it <w VVI>come <w AVP>out <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>more<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="35"><w VVG>Arriving <w AV0>as <w AV0>ostentatiously <w CJS>as <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>expect <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AV0>seriously <w AJ0>wealthy<c PUN>, <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels <w NN1-VVB>pump <w NN1>money <w PRP>into <w AJ0>private <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in return for <w NN2>shares<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w NN2>Angels <w AV0>already <w VVB>invest <w PRP>between <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>four <w CRD>billion <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w AT0>the <w NN1>potential <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AVP-PRP>up <w AJ0>top <w CRD>three <w NN2>times <w AV0>as <w DT0>much<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AK>
<s n="38"><w ITJ>Hi <w NP0>Ron <w AVQ>how<w VBB>'re <w PNP>you <w VDG>doing<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AM>
<s n="39"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>okay<c PUN>, <w VVB>look <ptr target=HMHLC003><w AJ0>big <unclear> <ptr target=HMHLC004></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="40"><ptr target=HMHLC003><w AT0>The <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN2>directors <w VHB>have <w VVN>developed <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>comic <w NN1>routine <w TO0>to <w VVI>hammer <w AV0>home <w DPS>their <w NN1>message<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMHLC004></u>
<u who=PS3AM>
<s n="41"><w NN1>property <w NN1>development <w NN1>scheme <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AK>
<s n="42"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>interesting<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>ideas <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>in front of <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AM>
<s n="43"><w NN1-VVB>Fire <w AV0>away <w AJ0>old <w NN1>boy<c PUN>, <w CJS>seeing as <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AK>
<s n="44"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>music <w NN1>industry<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AM>
<s n="45"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w AJ0>High <w NN1-VVB>risk<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w NN1>money <w PRP>in <w NN1>music <w NP0>Colin<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AK>
<s n="47"><w PNP>I <w VVD>got <w DT0>this <w AJ0>great <w NN1>group<c PUN>, <w AJ0>super <w NN1>song<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w VVB>listen <w PRP>to <w DT0>these <w NN2>lyrics<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>loves <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>loves <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yeah <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w PRP>With <w AT0>a <w NN1>love <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AJ0>bad<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w NP0>Ron<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AM>
<s n="52"><w ITJ>No <w AV0>definitely <w XX0>not<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>never <w VVI>sell<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w PNQ>Whoever <w VVD>wrote <w AT0>the <w NN2>lyrics <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>locked <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>affront <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>English <w NN1>language<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<vocal desc=laugh> <vocal desc=clapping>
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="54"><w PRP>For <w NN2>companies <w AV0>like <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VVG>pitching <w PRP>to <w NN2>investors <w VHZ>has <w VVN>become <w AV0>virtually <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1>time <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AM>
<s n="55"><w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>better<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w NN2>ladies <w CJC>and <w NN2>gentlemen <w CJS>for <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>humour <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w AJ0>long <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <ptr target=HMHLC005><w VVG-AJ0>developing <unclear> <ptr target=HMHLC006></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="58"><ptr target=HMHLC005><w PNP>They <w VVB>know <w DPS>their <w NN1>survival <w VVZ>depends <w PRP>on <w AVQ>how <w AV0>well <w PNP>they <w VVB>impress<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMHLC006></u>
<u who=PS000>
<ptr target=HMHLC007><unclear> <ptr target=HMHLC008></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="59"><ptr target=HMHLC007><w PRP-CJS>After <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w NN2>presentations<c PUN>, <ptr target=HMHLC008><w AT0>the <w NN2>angels <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>businessmen <w AV0>finally <w VVB>get <w AV0>together <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w PRP>After <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>work <w AT0>the <w NN2>businesses <w VVB>put <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w NN2>angels <w VVN>impressed<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AN>
<s n="61"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w CRD>eight <w AJ0>different <w NN2>presentations<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>i <w VVD>warmed<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w UNC>erm <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>company <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>motor <w NN1>trade <w DTQ>which<c PUN>, <w CJS>while <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w AV0>never <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>fortune <w VM0>will <w AV0>probably <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>living <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w VVB>seem <w TO0>to <w VVI>need <w NN1-VVB>help<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="62"><w AT0>The <w NN2>angels <w VBB>are <w VVN>drawn <w PRP>from <w DT0>all <w NN2>sections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w DT0>Some <w VBB>are <w NP0-NN1>Oxbridge <w VVN-VVD>educated <w DT0>former <w NN1>merchant <w NN2>bankers<c PUN>, <w NN2>others <w VVD>came <w AVP>up <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>shop <w NN1>floor<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w DT0>all <w VHB>have <w DT0>some <w NN2>things <w AV0>in common<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w PNP>They <w VVB>like <w VVG>making <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>like <w VBG>being <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>love <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenge<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HMHPS000>
<s n="65"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AT0>a <w NN1>manufacturer<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>things<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>hold <w PNI>something <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w VVB>say <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>something <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>created<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w UNC>Er <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>time <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>chemistry <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>feel <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w CJS>whether <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w CJS>whether <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>work <w PRP>with <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="67"><w AVQ>How <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w VBB>are <w VVN-AJ0>funded <w VBD>was <w VVN>discussed <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w AJ0>national <w NN1>conference <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>institute <w PRF>of <w NN2>directors<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>director <w AJ0>general <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>believes <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>vital <w PRP>to <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w NN1>prosperity <w CJC>and <w NN1>employment <w NN2>prospects<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="69"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w CRD>three <w CRD>million <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain <w PRF>of <w DTQ>Which <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w CRD>thousand <w VVB-NN1>employ <w AV0>more than <w AT0>a <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>employees<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w PNP>We <w DT0>all <w VVB>know <w DT0>that <w NN1>job <w NN1>creation <w VVZ>comes <w VVB-NN1>form <w AT0>the <w AJ0>small <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>medium <w NN1>company <w NN1>sector<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w AV0>perhaps <w XX0>not <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>coincidental <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w CRD>three <w CRD>million <w AJ0>unemployed <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w CRD>million <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>You <w VM0>could <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w NN1>arithmetic <w PRP>about <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VVI>happen <w CJS>if <w AT0>every <w NN1>company <w VVD>took <w AVP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>person<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w DT0>Some <w NN1>thing <ptr target=HMHLC009><w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <unclear> <ptr target=HMHLC00A></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="73"><ptr target=HMHLC009><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>O <w ZZ0>D <w VVD-VVN>surveyed <w CRD>three <w CRD>hundred <w AJ0>small <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>results<c PUN>, <w AV0>exclusively <w VVN>revealed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w NN1>programme<c PUN>, <w VVB>show <w AT0>a <w AJ0>severe <w NN1>funding <w NN1>shortage <w PRP>for <w NN1>business <w NN1>start <w NN2>ups<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w NN2>Problems <w AV0>too <w PRP>for <w NN2>companies <w VVG-AJ0>expanding<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>funding <w PRP>for <w NN2>schemes <w PRP>between <w CRD>fifty <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w CRD>million<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMHLC00A></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="76"><w NN0>People <w AV0>sometimes <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w NN1>capitalism <w VVZ>means <w NN1>stock <w NN2>markets <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>share <w NN2>holders <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w VHB>have <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>pure <w NN1>expression <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>capital </trunc> <w NN1>capitalism <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>harnessing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>private <w NN1>money <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w AJ0>private <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>main <w NN1>concern <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>institute <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>shortage <w AV0>potentially <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="78"><w DT0>This <w AJ0>tranquil <w NN1>country <w NN1>scene <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Cotswold <w NN1>home <w PRF>of <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NP0>Harvards <w NN1>business <w NN1-VVB>graduate<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w CRD>Twelve <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w PNP>he <w VVD>invested <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>three <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w AJ0>local <w NN1>company<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w PRP>worth <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><event desc="Machine shop sounds."> <w AT0>The <w NN1>company <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>John <w VVD>bought <w AT0>a <w CRD>fifty <w NN0>percent <w NN1-VVB>share <w PRP-AVP>in <w VBD>was <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w NN1>engineering <w NN1>firm <w CJT>that <w VVZ>produces <w AJ0>mechanical <w NN2>devices <w CJT>that <w VVB-NN1>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w NN1>storage <w NN2>silos<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w PRP>In <w DPS>its <w ORD>first <w NN1>year <w NN1>turnover <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>modest <w CRD>forty <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>million<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN1>success <w NN1>story <w VM0>might <w AV0>never <w VHI>have <w VVN>happened <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>entrepreneur <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>idea<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ivan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AF>
<s n="84"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w VDD>Did <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>business <w NN1-VVB>plan<c PUN>, <w NN1>cash <w NN1>flow <w NN2>forecasts <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>stuff<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <unclear> <w AJ0>basic <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w NN1>hindsight <w AV0>still <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>presentable <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVD>took <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w DPS>my <w NN1>bank <w NN1>manager <w PNQ>who <w PNP>I<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w PRP>with <w CJS>for <w NP0>God <w VVZ>knows<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w DPS>my <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <w VVD>laughed <w PNP>me <w AV0-AJ0>straight <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w AV0>Straight <w AVP-PRP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><trunc> <w UNC>D </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>don </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AJ0>silly<c PUN>, <w VVB>go <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>job<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w UNC>Er <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>even <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="90"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w PRP>about <w NN2>banks<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>they <w VVB>know <w AV0>enough <w PRP>about <w NN1>business <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AF>
<s n="91"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w DPS>my <w NN1>bank <w NN1>manager <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w VVG>watching <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VVB>know <w PNI>nothing <w AV0>at all <w PRP>about <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w UNC>erm <w VVB>kid <w PNX>themselves <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVB>understand <w NN2>figures <w CJC>and <w NN1>money <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="95"><w VBZ>Is <w DT0>this <w AT0>an <w VBB>are <w AVQ>where <w PNP>you <w VVB>agree<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>John <w CJC>or <w XX0>not <w XX0>not<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="96"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w PNP>I <w VVI>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank<w POS>'s <w AJ0>big <w NN1>mistake <w VBZ>is <w DPS>their <w NN1>obsession <w PRP>with <w NN1>security <w NN1>cover <w UNC>erm <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w DT0>some <w NN1>expertise <w PRP>in <w NN1>judgement <w PRF>of <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN1>management <w CJC>and <w AJ0>entrepreneurial <w NN2>abilities<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w CJC>And <w PRP>in <w VVG>recognizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>potential <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="98"><w AT0>The <w NP0>Midland <w NN1>bank <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJS>biggest<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighties<c PUN>, <w NN2>banks <w VVD>fell <w PRP-AVP>over <w PNX>themselves <w TO0>to <w VVI>lend <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w ORD>Last <w NN1>year <w AJ0>bad <w NN2>debts <w VVB>cost <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w NP0>Midland<w POS>'s <w AJ0-NN1>Chief <w NN1>executive <w NN1>Brain <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>acknowledges <w AT0>the <w NN1>problem<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AH>
<s n="102"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w NN1-VVB>risk <w AJ0>averse <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w CJS>because <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>suffered <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w AV0>rightly <w VVB>say <w UNC>er <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w PRP>from <w AJ0>bad <w NN2>debts <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w UNC>Er <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w AV0>certainly <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>bank<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>most <w AJ0>anxious <w TO0>to <w AV0>at least <w VVI>get <w NN0>people <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>door <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>find <w NN2>solutions <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>problems<c PUN>, <w VVB>find <w NN2>ways <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w VVG>developing <w AJC>smaller <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <w AV0>hopefully <w TO0>to <w VVI>reduce <w AT0>the <w AJ0>massive <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>figure <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="104"><w AT0>A <w NN1>restaurant <w PRP>in <w AJ0>fashionable <w NP0>Mayfair<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="105"><unclear> <w VBZ>Is <w PNI>everything <w AJ0>alright<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="106"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="107"><w AT0>A <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN2>relations <w NN1>company <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>entertaining <w DPS>its <w NN2>clients<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1-VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w DT0>such <w NN1>thing <w CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>lunch<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w PRP>about <w AV0>as <w AJ0>close <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>get<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w AT0>No <w NN1>money <w NN2>changes <w NN2>hands <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w CJC>But <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w AT0>a <w NN1>bill <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVB-NN1>settle<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="111"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w NN1>Sir<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>enjoy <w DPS>your <w NN1>meal<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="112"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>absolutely <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="113"><w AT0>The <w NN1>company <w VVZ>pays <w VVG>using <w AT0>a <w NN1>barter <w NN1>card<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>updated <w NN1>version <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ancient <w NN1>trade <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>swapping <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="115"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>where <w DT0>that <w NN1>trade <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>organized<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>barter <w NN1>exchange <w PRP>in <w AJ0>central <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="116"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AJ0>various <w NN2>requests <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>mobile <w NN2>phones<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="117"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>restaurant <w PRP>for <w UNC>erm <w AT0>a <w NN1>working <w NN1>breakfast<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="118"><w NP0>Zurich<c PUN>, <w NN2>flights <w PRP>to <w NP0>Zurich<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="119"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <w UNC>erm <w CRD>eight <w NN1>economy <w NN2>flights<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="120"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w PRP>after <w CRD>four <w NN1>colour <w NN2>printers<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="121"><w AT0>The <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVB>organize <w AT0>the <w NN1>exchange <w PRF>of <w NN2>goods<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>companies <w VHB>have <w AJ0>spare <w NN1>capacity<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w NP0-NN1>Bartering <w VVZ>enables <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>swap <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>things <w PNP>they <w VVB>need <w PRP>without <w VVG-AJ0>paying<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w VVG-AJ0>Easing <w NN1>cash <w NN1>flow <w NN2>problems <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN2>companies <w VVN>financed <w PRP>by <w NN1>bank <w NN1>overdraft<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Institute <w PRF>of <w NN2>Directors <w VHZ>has <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>survey<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w CRD>Seventy <w CRD>one <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w NN2>companies <w VVB>go <w AV0>directly <w PRP>to <w NN2>banks <w PRP>as <w AV0>there <w ORD>first <w NN1>source <w PRF>of <w VVN>financed<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w CJC>But <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>concerns <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>O <w ZZ0>D <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>funding <w AT0>the <w VVB>get<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w CRD>Sixty <w CRD>four <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w VBB>are <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>either <w NN2>overdrafts <w CJC>or <w AJ0>short <w NN1>term <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w DT0>That<c PUN>, <w VVZ>says <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>O <w ZZ0>D<c PUN>, <w VVZ>makes <w PNP>them <w AJ0>vulnerable <w PRP>to <w AJ0>economic <w PRP-AVP>down <w NN2-VVZ>turns<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="130"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>key <w NN1>issue <w CJT>that <w VVZ>emerges <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w DT0>many <w AJ0>private <w NN2>companies <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>actually <w VVI>want <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VHI>have<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AV0>more <w AJ0>long <w NN1>term <w NN2>loans <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>private <w NN1>equity<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>less <w NN2>overdrafts <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w AJ0>short <w NN1>term <w NN2>loans<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>extent <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VHB>have <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVN>helped <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>this <w NN1>mistake<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>much <w AJC>easier <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>an <w NN1>overdraft <w CJS>than <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG>studying <w AT0>a <w NN1>plan <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w NN1>loan <w NN1>financing<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="133"><w AV0>Okay <w NP0>Steve <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>talk <w PNP>me <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w NP0>Manchester <w NN1-VVB>visit <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="134"><w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w VBZ>is <w AV0>so <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>financing <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w CJT>that <w NP0>Anthony <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>secretary <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>treasury<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in charge of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>working <w NN1>party <w VVG>examining <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>concerned <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>banking <w NN2>attitudes <w VM0>may <w VBI>be <w VVG>holding <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>recovery<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AH>
<s n="136"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w VVI>believe <w DT0-CJT>that <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN2>ways <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>benefit <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>circumstances <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PRF>of <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>stability <w PRF>of <w AJ0>low <w NN1>inflation <w CJC>and <w AJ0>low <w NN1>taxation<c PUN>, <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w VBZ>is <w VVN>made <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>principle <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>, <w AV0>namely <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>investing <w NN2>institutions<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>expect <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w UNC>er <w NN2>improvements <w PRP>in <w NN1>confidence <w VVD-VVN>backed <w PRP>by <w AJC>greater <w NN1>provision <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>directed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>venture <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>risk <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w AJ0>long <w NN1>term <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w PRP>Rather than <w AT0>the <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital <w DTQ>which <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VBZ>is <w VVN>reflected <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w PRP>by <w NN1>overdraft <w NN1>financing<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="139"><w DT0>This <w NN1>man<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>managing <w NN1>director <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Reading <w VVD-VVN>based <w NN1>electronics <w NN1>firm<c PUN>, <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>good <w NN1>reason <w TO0>to <w VVI>thank <w AT0>the <w NP0>Midland <w NN1>bank<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>he <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w VVG>keeping <w PRP>in touch with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>local <w NN1>branch<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AJ>
<s n="142"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>concentrating <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>security <w NN1>market <w NN1>place<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>acquired <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CRD>three <ptr target=HMHLC00B><unclear> <ptr target=HMHLC00C></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="143"><ptr target=HMHLC00B><w CJS>When <w DPS>his <w NN1>company <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VVD>swapped <w DPS>his <w NN1>debt <w PRP>for <w NN2>shares<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMHLC00C></u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="144"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>keen <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w NN1>equity <w NN2>options<c PUN>, <w NN1>debt <w NN1>equity <w VVZ-NN2>swaps <w UNC>er <w AV0>perhaps <w VVB-NN1>talk <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <w PRP>about <w AT0>an <w NN1>extension <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w NN1>expansion <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>, <w AV0>specifically <w PRP>into <w NN1>manufacturing <w NN1>industry <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w AV0>generally <w VVB>look <w PRP>for <w AJ0>innovative <w NN2>solutions<c PUN>, <w VVB>persuade <w TO0>to <w NN2>customers <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN2>loans <w AVP>out <w PRP>instead of <w NN2>overdrafts<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w UNC>Er <w VVB-NN1>fix <w DPS>their <w NN1>interest <w NN2>rates <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>always <w AJ0>attractive <w CJS>cos <w AV0>initially <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>more <w AJ0>expensive <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>mind <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="147"><w AVP>Back <w PRP>at <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w NN2>directors <w VBB>are <w VVG>meeting<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w PRP>For <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ivan <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>bank <w NN1>funding <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>agenda<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>John <w VBZ>is <w AV0>as <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN1>company<w POS>'s <w NN1>money <w VBZ>is <w VVN>spent <w PRP-CJS>as <w DT0>any <w NN1>bank <w NN1>manager<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="150"><unclear> <w AVQ>why <w VBB>are <w PNP>you <w VVG>using <w AT0>an <w NN1>agency <w PRP>rather than <w NN1-VVG>advertising <w PRP>in <event desc="company's"> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>name<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AF>
<s n="151"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w NN1>agent <w AT0>a <w NN1>fee <w PRP>for <w VVG>finding <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="152"><w CJS-PRP>As <w AV0>both <w NN1>company <w NN1>chairman <w CJC>and <w NN1>business <w NN1>angel<c PUN>, <w NP0>Sir <w NP0>John <w VVZ>plays <w AT0>an <w AJ0>active <w NN1>role<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w PNP>He <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ivan <w VBB>are <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>partners<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AF>
<s n="154"><w AT0>The <w CRD>fifty <w NN0>percent <w NN1>share <w NN1>holding <w VHZ>has <w VVN>worked <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVZ>means <w AT0>no <w CRD>one <w NN1>person <w VM0>can <w VVI>impose <w DPS>their <w NN1>will<c PUN>, <w PNI>no one <w VHZ>has <w NN1-VVB>control<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>resolve <w NN2>problems <w PRP>by <w NN1>agreement<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>resolve <w NN2>disagreements <w PRP>without <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NN2>blows<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="155"><w NN2>Angels <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>always <w VVI>work <w NN2>miracles<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w AJ0>deserted <w NN1>farm <w NN1>house <w VBD>was <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Mike <w ZZ0>n <w VVD-VVN>hoped <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>cider <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w VVG>Revisiting <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>recalls <w DPS>his <w AJ0>high <w NN2>hopes <w CJS>when <w AT0>an <w NN1>angel <w PRP>with <w NN1>marketing <w NN2>skills <w VVD>appeared<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Mike <w VBD>was <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w AVP>out <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>angel <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AK>
<s n="158"><w CJS>Even though <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w VVN>explained <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>business <w AV0>initially<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>salesman<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>marketing <w NN1>director<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w PNP>It <w AV0>still <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVN-VVD>filtered <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w CJS>until <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>actually <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w VVG>working<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <w AV0>really <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="160"><w AT0>The <w NN1>business <w CJT>that <w NP0>Mike <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>began <w VHZ>has <w AV0>now <w VVN>transferred <w PRP>to <w AJ0>new <w NN2>premises<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w AV0>no longer <w VVZ>makes <w NN1>cider <w CJC>but <w NN1>apple <w NN1>juice<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>new <w NN1>owner <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Lawrence <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>shares <w NP0>Mike <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w POS>'s <w NN2>reservations <w PRP>about <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AL>
<s n="162"><w AT0>A <w NN1>business <w VVZ>relies <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>driving <w NN1>personality <w VVG>taking <w PNP>it <w AV0>forward<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>confusion <w PRP>about <w VVG>getting <w PNI>somebody <w AV0>on board <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVG>working <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w CJC>and <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w VVG>putting <w NN1>money <w NN1>board<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVB>feel <w PRP>to <w DT0>some <w NN1>extent<c PUN>, <w AJ0>proprietorial <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>find <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>result <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>individuals <w PNQ>who <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w DT0>that <w VVG>tearing <w AV0>apart <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>in <w AJ0>different <w NN2>directions<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="163"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN2>publications <w PRP>such as <w NN1>Link<c PUN>, <w NN1-AJ0>Capital <w NN1>Exchange<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>venture <w NN1>Capital <w NN1>Report<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VVB-NN1>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w NN2>investors <w CJC>and <w NN2>companies <w PRP>in touch with <w PNX>each other<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w VBB>are <w VVG>considering <w VVG>setting <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>national <w NN0>data <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>government <w VVN-AJ0>funded<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="165"><w PNQ>Who <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w DPS>your <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="166"><w AT0>The <w NN1>organization <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJS>longest <w NN1>track <w NN1>record <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>matching <w NN2>angels <w PRP>to <w NN2>companies <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>publisher <w PRF>of <w NN1>venture <w NN1>capital <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>R <w NN1>executive<c PUN>, <w NP0>Hamish <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>sceptical <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks<w POS>' <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>endorsement <w PRF>of <w NN2>angels<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AM>
<s n="168"><w PRP>In terms of <w DPS>their <w PNP>they <w AT0>the <w NN1>core <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>reliant <w PRP>on <w PRP>on <w PRP>on <w AJ0-NN1>medium <w NN1>size <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>they <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>future <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NN2>businesses <w AV0>there <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w UNC>er <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w DPS>their <w NN2>clients<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w UNC>er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AJ0>enlightened <w NN1>self <w NN1>interest<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w CJS>as <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>business <w PRF>of <w VVG>providing <w NN1>risk <w NN1>capital<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w UNC>er <w DT0>some <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>mug <w CJC>or <w AJ0-NN1>opportunist <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>why <w AJ0>increased <w NN1>attention <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN>focused <w PRP>on <w PRP>on <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>source<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="170"><w VBB>Are <w AT0>the <w NN2>banks <w AV0>simply <w AV0>though<c PUN>, <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>shift <w NN1>responsibility <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>sceptic <w PRP>in <w PNP>me <w VM0>would <w VM0>would <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>abnegate <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="171"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>their <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>business<w POS>' <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>full <w PRF>of <w NN2>frustrations<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG-AJ0>growing<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w VVB>need <w NN1-VVB>finance <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w AV0>quite <w VVN>thought <w PRP>about<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>surprises <w PRP>during <w DT0>that <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w AV0>So <w AV0>there <w AV0>undoubtedly <w AT0>a <w NN1>temptation <w TO0>to <w VVI>think<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VM0>let's <w XX0>not <w VVI>bother <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w VM0>let's <w VVI>pick <w PNP>them <w AVP>up <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>survived <w DT0>this <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>hazardous <w ORD>first <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w CJC>But <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>view <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>nonsensical<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>support <w PNP>them <w PRP>during <w DT0>that <w NN1>period<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth <w VDB>do <w PNP>we <w VVI>get <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>two <w NN2>years <w AJ0>old<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="176"><w NP0>Barclays <w NN1>bank <w VHZ>has <w VVN>carried <w AVP-PRP>out <w DPS>its <w DT0>own <w NN1>research <w PRP>into <w AJ0>small <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w NP0>David <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>says <w NN1-VVG>funding <w NN2>problems <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AVP-PRP>over <w VVN-VVD>emphasized<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>real <w NN1>issue <w PNP>he <w VVZ>says <w VBZ>is <w NN2>skills<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AN>
<s n="179"><w AV0>Well <w DPS>our <w NN1>research <w VHZ>has <w VVN>shown <w CJT>that <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w CRD>eighty <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>small <w NN1>business<w VBZ>'s <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>undertake <w DT0>any <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>training <w PRP>within <w DPS>their <w ORD>first <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>operation <w CJC>and <w AV0>more than <w CRD>sixty <w NN0>percent <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VDI>do <w DT0>any <w AJ0>formal <w NN1>business <w NN1>planning <w CJC>or <w VVB>look <w AV0>further <w AV0>ahead <w CJS>than <w CRD>one <w NN1>month <w PRP>from <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w AT0>The <w NN1>effect <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>survival <w NN1>rate <w PRF>of <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w VBZ>is <w AV0>significantly <w AV0>adversely <w VVN>affected <w PRP>by <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HMHPS000>
<s n="181"><w PNI>Nobody<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>called <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>?
<s n="182"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMHLC00D><unclear> <ptr target=HMHLC00E></u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="183"><ptr target=HMHLC00D><w NP0>Mike <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>now <w VVZ>travels <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>consultant <w PRP>to <w AJ0>small <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w AT0>The <w NN2>lessons <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>learnt <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><ptr target=HMHLC00E><w PNP>He <w VVZ>agrees <w CJT>that <w NN2>skills <w PRP>inside <w AJ0>small <w NN2>companies <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>improve<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HMHPS000>
<s n="186"><w AT0>The <w NN1>man <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w PRP>at <w VVG>making <w NN2>widgets<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>makes <w NN2>widgets<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>tell <w DPS>his <w NN1>bank <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VDG>doing <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bank <w AV0>automatically <w VVZ>thinks <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VDG>doing <w AV0>badly <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>hear <w PNI>anything <w PRP>from <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w VVG>keeping <w AT0>the <w NN1>bank <w VVD-VVN>advised <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="189"><w AV0>Perhaps <w NP0>Mike <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>business <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>survived <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w NN1>incentive <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w NN1>money <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w AT0>The <w NN1>idea <w NN2>appeals <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>clients<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w NN1-VVB>Research <w PRP>by <w NP0>Barclays <w NN1-VVB>bank <w VVB>suggest <w NN2>companies <w VDB>do <w VVI>favour <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>breaks<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=HMHPS000>
<s n="192"><w CRD>One <w NN1>idea <w CJT>that <w VBD>were <w AV0>quite <w AJ0-VVN>attracted <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>formation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>business <w NP0-NN1>TESSA<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w DT0>This <w VM0>could <w VVI>operate <w AV0>rather <w AV0>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>personal <w NP0-NN1>TESSA <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w UNC>er <w NN1>tax <w AJ0>free <w NN2>savings <w VVB-NN1>account<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w VM0>would <w VVI>allow <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>business <w TO0>to <w VVI>save <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AV0>perhaps <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>machinery <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>tax <w AJ0>free <w NN1>environment<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="194"><w AT0>The <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>O <w ZZ0>D <w AV0>also <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w NN1>tax <w NN2>incentives <w TO0>to <w VVI>invest <w PRP>in <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNP>them <w VVN>extended <w TO0>to <w VVI>include <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>public<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="195"><w PNP>We <w VM0>can <w AV0>all <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVI>invest <w PRP>in <w NN2>PEPs<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w AV0>all <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVI>invest <w PRP>in <w NN1>pension <w NN2>plans <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w VVZ>gets <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>stock <w NN1>market<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <w VVB>need <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>equal <w NN2>incentives <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DPS>our <w NN1>money <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w DT0>that <w NN1>money <w PRP>into <w AJ0>private <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w UNC>erm <w NN1>tax <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>for <w NN1>investment <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>equity <w PRF>of <w AJ0>unquoted <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w AV0>also <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w NN2>gains <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>incentives <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>realization <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>investments <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJS>when <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>pay <w PNP>it <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="198"><w CJC>But <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>breaks <w VBB>are <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>remit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>governments <w AJ0>working <w NN1>party<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w XX0>Not <w AJ0>surprising <w PRP>considering <w NN1>government<w POS>'s <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>billion <w NN1>pound <w NN1-AJ0>public <w NN1>borrowing <w NN1>requirement<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="200"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>urging <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w PRP>for <w NN1>tax <w NN2-VVZ>breaks <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>all <w AV0>too <w AJ0>easy <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>tha </trunc> <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w VVG-AJ0>advertising <w CJC>or <w VVG>seeking <w NN2>representations <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w AV0>Of course <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NN2>calls <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AV0>generally <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>supply <w NN1>side<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w AT0>The <w NN1>liquidity <w PRF>of <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="204"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w DT0>much <w DT0>more <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>structural <w NN1>provision <w PRF>of <w NN1>finance<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>understanding <w PRP>by <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>institution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>businesses <w PNP>they <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="205"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>like <w DT0>this <w NN1>place <w AV0>actually <w UNC>er <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="206"><w CJS>Whilst <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>talk <w PRP>about <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>angels <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN2>advisors <w VBB>are <w AVP>out <w AV0>there <w VDG>doing <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w DT0>This <w NN1>company <w PRF>of <w NN1>ex <w NN1-VVB>Roll <w NP0>Royce <w NN2>workers <w VHZ>has <w VHN>had <w CRD>five <w NN2>offers <w PRF>of <w NN1>finance <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>enviable <w NN1>position <w PRF>of <w VVG>choosing <w AT0>the <w NN1>partner <w CJT>that <w VVZ>suits <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w AJ0>expected <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>thousand <w NN1>pound <w NN1>cash <w NN1>injection <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>already <w VVN>taken <w AVP>on <w AJ0>extra <w NN0>staff<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w PRP>For <w DT0>this <w AJ0>successful <w AJ0>local <w NN1>experiment <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AJ0>national <w NN2>implications <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN1-VVB>shift <w PRP>in <w NN2>attitudes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="210"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>small <w NN2>companies <w PNX>themselves <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>understand <unclear> <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>long <w NN1>term <w NN1>financing <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>cash <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w PRP>For <w AT0>the <w NN1>finance <w NN1>community<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w VVB>take <w AT0>a <w AJC>longer <w NN1>term <w NN1>view <w PRP>about <w NN2>projects <w CJC>and <w VVB>give <w AT0>the <w NN2>companies <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w CJC>and <w VVI>ride <w AT0>the <w NN2>pitfalls <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN2>peaks <w CJC>and <w NN2>troughs<c PUN>. <event desc="Wedding music">
</u>
<u who=PS3AG>
<s n="212"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w NN1>marriage <w PRP>between <w AJ0>small <w NN2>businesses <w CJC>and <w NN2>financiers <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>happy <w NN1>ending<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>couple <w NN1-VVB>need <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>guiding <w NN1>hand <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>enthusiasts <w VVN-VVD>dedicated <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>cause<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w AT0>The <w NN1>business <w NN2>angels <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w PNX>themselves<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w PNP>They <w VVB>need <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>government<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w AT0>The <w NN2>banks <w AV0>too <w VM0>must <w VVI>get <w VVN>involved <w CJC>and <w PNI>everyone <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>together <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w NN1>marriage <w VVZ>proves <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>barren <w PNI>one <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w NN1>wealth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>nation <w PRP>for <w NN2>generations <w TO0>to <w VVI>come<c PUN>. <event desc=Music>
</u>
</stext>
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</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMJ>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  The Money Programme - part 2: documentary. Sample containing about 1875 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 34 Kbytes running text, containing about 1875 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMJ</idno><idno type="old"> 106603 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106603" date="1993-10-31" time="19:00" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="146"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="19"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="17"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="101"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="46"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="1908"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="146"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="19"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="17"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="101"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="46"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="1908"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-10-31</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C397"><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AR" n="W0002" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>tv presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AS" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Paul</name><occupation>lawyer</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AT" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>lawyer</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AU" n="W0005" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Keith</name><occupation>departmental head, general motors</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AV" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>lawyer</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AW" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>i c i representative</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AX" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>lawyer</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3AY" n="W0009" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>mercedes representative</occupation></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106603" who='PS000 PS3AR PS3AS PS3AT PS3AU PS3AV PS3AW PS3AX PS3AY'><name>London:  Bbc 2 </name><locale> Television broadcast </locale><activity> Documentary Reporting, interview </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast documentary</classCode><keywords><term> law </term><term> British commercial law </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HMJLC001> <loc id=HMJLC002> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><event desc=music> <w AJ0>British <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>law <w VBZ>is <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>expensive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>new <w NN2>firms <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w PRP>under <w VVG>cutting <w DPS>their <w NN1>city <w NN2>rivals<c PUN>, <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>writing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>London<w POS>'s <w AV0>most <w AJ0>traditional <w NN2>professions<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="3"><w PRP>Behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w VVB-NN1>calm <w AT0>a <w NN1>battle <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVG>raging<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w AT0>A <w NN1>business <w PRP>worth <w CRD>three <w CRD>billion <w NN2>pounds <w AT0>a <w NN1>year <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w NN1>stake<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AT0>The <w NN1>attack <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w NN1>spear <w VVN>headed <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w AJ0>new <w NP0>London <w NN2>offices <w PRP>by <w NN1>lawyer <w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AS>
<s n="6"><w EX0>There <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NN2>firms <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVG-AJ0>practising <w AV0>today <w PNQ>who <w VM0>will <w AV0>probably <w VVI>figure <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AJ0>top <w PNI>one <w CRD>hundred <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PNQ>who <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>opinion <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>practising <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>shape <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>form <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w PRP>from <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="7"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DPS>their <w NN1>cost <w VVZ-NN2>structures <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRP>out of <w NN1>line <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>honest <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VHB>have <w VVN>thought <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w DT0>all <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w VVB>keep <w AT0>a <w NN1>brass <w NN1>plate <w PRP>outside <w DPS>your <w NN1>door <w PRP>for <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w VM0>would <w VVI>roll <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="8"><w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>managing <w NN1>partner <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>controversial <w NN1>firm <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN2>lawyers<c PUN>, <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w NN1>Champagne <w VHZ>has <w AV0>long <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN2>institutions <w TO0>to <w VVI>woo <w NN2>clients<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>now <w VVB>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>weapon <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>invaders <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w TO0>to <w VVI>sell <w NN1>law<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><pause> <w PRP>Since <w VVG>moving <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>talk <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w NP0>Paul <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>lawyer <w AJ0>other <w NN2>lawyers <w VVB-NN1>love <w TO0>to <w VVI>hate<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>his <w VBZ>is <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>law <w NN2>firms <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>sending <w AT0>a <w NN1>chill <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>London <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>establishment<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w PNP>They <w VM0>may <w VVI>scoff <w CJC>and <w VVI>call <w PNP>them <w NP0>Yob <w CJC>and <w NN1>co<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>revolution <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w NN2>firms <w VHB>have <w VVN>brought <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>market <w VBZ>is <w AV0>probably <w AV0>here <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay<c PUN>. <event desc=Music>
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="14"><w AT0>The <w NN1>city <w NN1>law <w NN2>firms <w DT0>all <w VVD>clustered <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN2>boundaries <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>square <w NN1>mile <w VHB>have <w VVN>dominated <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>services<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w AV0>Like <w AJ0>other <w NN1>city <w NN2>institutions <w PNP>they <w VVD>grew <w NN1-AJ0>fat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>eighties <w NN1>boom<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w AV0>Even <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>recession <w VVD>hit <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>money <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>from <w NN2>liquidations <w CJC>and <w NN0>restructurings. <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJS>largest <w NN1>law <w NN1>firm <w CJC>and <w VVZ>occupies <w AT0>a <w AJ0>plush <w AJ0>new <w NN1>building <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AT>
<s n="17"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>lawyers <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>firm <w PRP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w UNC>er <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>develop <w DPS>their <w NN2>skills<c PUN>, <w VVG-AJ0>continuing <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w NN2>clients <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>daily <w NN1>basis <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>service <w DT0>those <w DT0>those <w NN2>demands<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="18"><event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>thirty <w NN2>partners<c PUN>, <w VVD>turned <w AVP>over <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w ORD>last <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w AT0>The <w NN2>profits <w VVD-VVN>averaged <w AVP>out <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>per <w NN1>partner<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>survey <w VVD>showed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NP0>London <w NN2-VVZ>firms <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>expensive <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w PNP>They <w VM0>can <w VVI>charge <w AV0>over <w CRD>three <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>pounds <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>partner<w POS>'s <w NN2>services<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>increasingly <w PRP>subject to <w NN1>negotiation<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AT>
<s n="22"><w NN2>Clients <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJ0>naive<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>understand <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w CJT>that <w VVZ>needs <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w PNP>They <w VVB>understand <w AT0>the <w NN1>price <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w NN1>price <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>paid <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w AVQ>How <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w CJS>whether <w PNP>you <w VVB>provide <w AJ0>real <w NN1>value <w PRP>for <w NN1>money <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>important <w NN1>thing<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="26"><w DT0>This <w NN1>week<w POS>'s <w NP0>London <w NN1>motor <w NN1-VVB>show<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w AJ0>General <w NN2>motors <w VBZ>is <w VVG>promoting <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJS>latest <w NN2>models <w PRP>in face of <w VVG-AJ0>falling <w NN1-VVB>demand <w PRP>in <w AJ0>European <w NN2>markets<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w AT0>The <w NN1>recession <w VHZ>has <w VVN>made <w PNP>it <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hard <w NN1-VVB>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w PRF>of <w AJ0>big <w NP0>London <w NN2>firms <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>used <w PRP>for <w AV0>more than <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w NP0>Keith <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>heads <w DPS>its <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>department<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AU>
<s n="30"><w PNP>They <w AV0>maybe <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>listened <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN2>clients <w AV0>enough<c PUN>, <w AV0>particularly <w DPS>their <w AJ0>industrial <w CJC>and <w AJ0>commercial <w NN2>clients <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w EX0>there <w VVD>tended <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>feeling <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>value <w PRP>for <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w NN1>requirement <w PRP>along with <w NN1>quality<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="32"><w AVQ>Why<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AU>
<s n="33"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VVZ>relates <w AV0>perhaps <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN2>institutions <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN1>law <w NN2>firms <w UNC>er <w VVN-VVD>concentrated <w PRP>on <w NN1>quality <w CJC>and <w NN1>competitiveness<c PUN>, <w NN1>value <w PRP>for <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>cost <w NN1>saving <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>necessary <w AT0>a <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="34"><w CJC>And <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJS>best <w AJ0-VVN>known <w NN2>companies <w AT0>the <w NN1>cost <w PRF>of <w NN1>law <w VHZ>has <w VVN>become <w AT0>an <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PNP>it <w AV0>never <w VBD>was <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="35"><w DT0>Many <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w PNP>you <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>query <w AT0>the <w NN2>fees <w UNC>erm <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>no longer <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="36"><w AVQ>Why <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>query <w AT0>the <w NN2>fees<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="37"><w AV0>Well <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>brought <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>fee <w NN1>structure <w DTQ>which <w AV0>simply <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVN>negotiated <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>way <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="38"><w PRP>Until <w AV0>recently <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>anywhere <w AV0>else <w AV0>increasingly <w AJ0>cost- <w AJ0>conscious <w AJ0>industrial <w NN2>firms <w VM0>could <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><event desc=music> <w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>rise <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w VVZ-NN2>Costs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w VBB>are <w AV0>much <w AJC>lower <w CJC>and <w AJ0>local <w NN2>lawyers <w VHB>have <w VVN>bred <w AT0>a <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w VVN-VVD>nosed <w NN1-VVB>approach <w PRP>to <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w CRD>One <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<w POS>'s <w AJS>fastest <w AJ0>growing <w NN1>law <w NN2>firms <w VBZ>is <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AV>
<s n="42"><w NP0>Leeds <w VHZ>has <w VHZ>has <w VVN>grown <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>centre <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>four <w CJC>or <w CRD>five <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w AV0>probably <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>city <w PRP>outside <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w AT0>The <w NN1>law <w NN2>firms <w PRP>within <w PNP>it <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>competing <w AV0>very <w AV0>strongly <w PRP>with <w PNX>each other<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w CRD>six <w AV0>extremely <w AJ0>good <w NN1>law <w NN2>firms <w PRP>in <w NP0>Leeds <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w NN1>experience <w PRP>in <w NN1>competition <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w DT0>few <w NN2>years <w VM0>will <w VVI>stand <w PNP>them <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>stead<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="44"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>bad <w AV0>at all<c PUN>. <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="45"><w PNP>You <w VVD>came <w VVD>came <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w NN1>train<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="46"><ptr target=HMJLC001><w ITJ>Yeah <unclear> <ptr target=HMJLC002></u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="47"><ptr target=HMJLC001><w AV0>Today <w AT0>the <w NN1>firm<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>rehearsing <w AT0>a <w NN1>presentation <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <ptr target=HMJLC002><w AJ0>major <w NN1-AJ0>public <w NN1>company <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG>conducting <w AT0>a <w NN1>beauty <w NN1>parade<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>the <w NN1>fashion <w PRP>among <w AJ0>big <w NN2>clients <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN2>lawyers <w NN1-VVB>pitch <w PRP>for <w DPS>their <w NN1>custom<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="49"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w UNC>er <w VVN>handled <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>ten <w NN0>percent <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>K <w NN2-VVZ>floats <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w DT0>Some <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>very <w AJ0>substantial<c PUN>, <w NN2>companies <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w NN1>market <w NN2>capitalizations <w PRP>in excess of <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="51"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>beauty <w NN1>parade <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>allowed <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>firms <w NN1-VVB>access <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w AV0>exclusively <w NP0>London <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AV>
<s n="52"><w AV0>Certainly <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w NN1>beauty <w VVG>parading <w PRP>against <w UNC>er <w AV0>maybe <w NP0>London <w NN2>firms <w AVQ>where <w AV0>perhaps <w AT0>the <w NN1>attitude <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>little <w NN1>bit <w DT0>more <unclear> <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>provincial <w NN2>firms <w CJT>that <w AV0>perhaps <w VBB>are <w AJ0>used <w PRP>to <w VHG>having <w AJC>closer <w NN2>relationships <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>clients<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="53"><w CJC>And <w AV0>before <w NN1>beauty <w NN2>parades<c PUN>, <w AV0>presumably <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>clients <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w AV0>even <w VVI>get <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w VM0>would <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AV>
<s n="54"><w UNC>Erm <w ITJ>no <w PNP>it<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="55"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w PRP>through <w VVG>holding <w AT0>a <w NN1>beauty <w NN1>parade <w CJT>that <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>C <w PNP>I <w VVD>discovered <w AT0>the <w NN2>benefits <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regional <w NN1>firm<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w AT0>The <w NN1>company <w VVN-VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DT0>all <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>litigation <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>, <w PRP>worth <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>, <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>tender<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w PNP>It <w VVD>started <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>list <w PRF>of <w NN1>city <w NN2>firms<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w AV0>soon <w VVD-VVN>realized <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AJ0>other <w NN2>options<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AW>
<s n="58"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w UNC>er <w NN2>criteria <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>choose <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>firm<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w UNC>Er <w NN1>expertise <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w AJS>foremost <w NN1>requirement<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w NN1-VVB>Cost <w NN1>effectiveness <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>second<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>willingness <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN0>staff <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w ORD>third<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><pause> <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w UNC>er <w VVN-VVD>met <w DT0>all <w DT0>those <w NN2>criteria <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w CRD>one <w AJ0>additional <w NN1>benefit<c PUN>, <w DPS>their <w NP0>Leeds<w POS>' <w NN1>base <w UNC>er <w VVZ>means <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w DPS>their <w NN1>centre <w UNC>er <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NN1>gravity <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>near <w CJS-AVQ>where <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>C <w PNP>I<w POS>'s <w NN1>centre <w PRF>of <w NN1>gravity <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w NP0>England<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="62"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>lawyers <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w AJ0>slow <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>marketing <w NN1>potential <w PRF>of <w VVG>providing <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>services <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w DT0>This <w NN1>year <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w CRD>six <w AJ0>major <w NN2>floatations <w PRF>of <w AJ0>northern <w NN2>companies<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w AT0>The <w AJS>biggest <w VBD>was <w VVN>valued <w PRP>at <w PRP>over <w CRD>one <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AV>
<s n="65"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>go <w AVP>back <w CRD>seven <w CJC>or <w CRD>eight <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN2>institutions <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>saying <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>matter <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>growth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w NN1>city <w NN1>representation<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>firm <w PRF>of <w NN1>city <w NN2>lawyers <w TO0>to <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>nowadays <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>institutions <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>some <w AV0>damn <w AJ0>good <w NN2>firms <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>provinces <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w VVI>provide <w AT0>the <w NN1>service<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="67"><w CJC>But <w AV0>here <w PRP>in <w NP0>London<w POS>'s <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>citadel<c PUN>, <w PRP>until <w AV0>recently<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>played <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="68"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strength <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>largest <w NN1>city <w NN2>firms <w NN2-VVZ>stems <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>international <w NN1>business <w CJT>that <w VVZ>flows <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w ORD>fifth <w AJS>largest <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AX>
<s n="70"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>certainly <w AJ0>true <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>firms <w AV0>now <w VDB>do <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>find<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>top <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>finance <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>yet <w AV0>as <w AJ0>significant <w AT0>a <w NN1>competitor <w CJS>as <unclear> <w VBB>are <w UNC>er <w NN2>rivals <w PRP>among <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>firms<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w CJC>But <w VDB>do <w VDB>do <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN2>firms <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>become <w AJ0>tough <w NN2>competitors <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>market<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AX>
<s n="73"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>depends <w AV0>really <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>built <w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>opened <w NP0>London <w NN2>offices<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w DT0>those <w NN2>offices <w VVB>grow <w CJS>so <w PNP>they <w VVB>acquire <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>breadth <w CJC>and <w NN1>depth <w PRF>of <w NN1>experience <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN2>areas <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NN2>firms <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VHI>have<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w AV0>of course <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>more <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AJ0>competitive<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="75"><w CJS>Because <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>law <w NN1>trade <w VVB-NN1>go <w PRP>through <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHB>have <w VVN>opened <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>front <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>capital<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w AJ0>Determined <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>up <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VVZ>sees <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cosy <w NN1>cartel<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VVN>spent <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>on <w NN1>marketing <w CJC>and <w AJ0>corporate <w NN1>entertainment<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AV0>Today<w POS>'s <w NN1>party <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>celebrate <w AT0>the <w NN1>floatation <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Mercedes <w NN1>dealership<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>client <w VBZ>is <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>choice <w PRF>of <w NN1>lawyer<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AY>
<s n="78"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w UNC>erm <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w DT0>more <w NN1>cost <w AJ0>effective <w UNC>er <w CJS>than <w PNP>we <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w AJ0>similar <w NN2>services <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>traditional <w NN1>firm <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w PRF>of <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="79"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVG>saving <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3AY>
<s n="80"><w AV0>probably <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w ORD>third <w AV0>overall<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>various <w NN2>aspects <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>transaction <w PRP>in terms of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>costs<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="81"><w CJC>And <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w DT0>another <w NN1-VVB>trick <w PRP-AVP>up <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>sleeve<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>actively <w VVG>recruiting <w NN2>partners <w PRP>out of <w NP0>London <w NN1>law <w NN2>firms<c PUN>, <w PRP>along with <w DPS>their <w NN2>clients<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w CRD>One <w NN1-AJ0>firm <w TO0>to <w VVI>experience <w VVG-NN1>poaching <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>tier <w NP0>London <w NN1>firm<c PUN>, <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>lost <w CRD>two <w AJ0>senior <w NN2>partners <w PRP>to <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN2>firms <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>little <w AV0>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="85"><w PNP>They <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VBB>are <w VVG>strengthening <w CJC>or <w UNC>er <w VVG>strengthening <w DPS>their <w NN1>position <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w PRP>in <w NP0>London <w PRP>by <w UNC>erm <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>sensible <w NN1>strategy <w PRF>of <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w UNC>er <w AJ0>able <w NN0>people <w PRP>with <w NN1>client <w VVG-NN1>following<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w AV0>No doubt <w DPS>its <w AT0>an <w NN1>attack <w CJC>but <w AJ0>other <w NN2>firms <w VBB>are <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="87"><w PNP>They <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DPS>your <w NN2>clients <w CJC>and <w VVB>see <w PNP>you <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>map<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="88"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w DPS>its <w AV0>quite <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>aggression <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w PRP>up to <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w PRP>for <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>services <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AJ0>competitive <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>healthy <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w UNC>er <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>simply <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>our <w NN2>hands <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighties <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVG>bothering <w TO0>to <w VVI>respond <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>challenge <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>worried <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="89"><w PRP>For <w DT0>all <w CJT-DT0>that <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w VVG>denying <w AT0>the <w NN1>distaste <w VVD-VVN>felt <w PRP>by <w DT0>many <w NP0>London <w NN2>lawyers <w PRP>for <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN2>tactics<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>seen <w AV0>as <w AV0>too <w AJ0>aggressive <w CJC>and <w AV0>too <w AJ0>greedy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AS>
<s n="91"><w AJ0>Aggressive<c PUN>?
<s n="92"><w PRP-AVP>In <w DTQ>what <w NN1>sense<c PUN>?
<s n="93"><w AJ0>Aggressive <w PRP>in <w NN2>terms <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VVB>fight <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>market <w NN1>place <w PRP>for <w PRP>for <w NN2>clients <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w UNC>er <w AV0>then <w CJS>if <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w AJ0>aggressive <w NN0>means <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w UNC>Er <w PRP>in terms of <w AJ0>greedy<c PUN>, <w AJ0>greedy <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what<c PUN>?
<s n="95"><w CJS>In that <w PNP>we <w VVB>manage <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>good <w NN2>lawyers <w PRP>from <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people<c PUN>?
<s n="96"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>greedy<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AJ0-NN1>sound <w NN1>business <w NN1>sense<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3AR>
<s n="97"><w AT0>The <w NN1>city <w NN1>revolution <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-AV0>far <w PRP>from <w PRP-AVP>over<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w DT0>This <w NN1>week <event desc=company> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ-NN2>hopes <w TO0>to <w VVI>emerge <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>law <w NN1>firm <w TO0>to <w VVI>strengthen <w DPS>its <w NN1>hand <w AV0>further<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w AT0>The <w NN1>game <w NN1>plan <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w AJ0>big <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>threaten <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w NN1>city <w NN2>giants<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w PRP>With <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>regional <w NN2>firms <w VVG>joining <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>battle <w PRP>for <w NN1>city <w NN1-VVB>work<c PUN>, <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NP0>London <w NN2>firms <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w DPS>their <w NN2>fees <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>shake <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>their <w NN2>ideas<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w DT0>That <w PRP>in <w PNX>itself <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lasting <w NN1>monument <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>Terrier<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMK>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  The Money Programme - part 3: documentary. Sample containing about 557 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 13 Kbytes running text, containing about 557 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMK</idno><idno type="old"> 106604 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106604" date="1993-10-31" time="19:00" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="47"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="31"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="565"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="47"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="31"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="565"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-10-31</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C398"><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3B1" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>tv presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3B2" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age></person><person age="X" dialect="XUS" educ="X" flang="EN-USA" id="PS3B3" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>bell atlantic representative</occupation></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106604" who='PS3B1 PS3B2 PS3B3'><name>London:  Bbc 2 </name><locale> Television broadcast </locale><activity> Documentary report Reporting, interview </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg1 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast documentary</classCode><keywords><term> media </term><term> Financing 'classy' television productions such as natural history programmes </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><event desc=music> <w NP0>Michael <w NP0>Heseltine<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>president <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>board <w PRF>of <w NN1>trade<c PUN>, <w VHZ>has <w VVN>found <w DT0>another <w NN1>industry <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w ORD>Next <w NP0>Wednesday<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>score <w PRF>of <w NN1>television <w NN2>bigwigs <w VM0>will <w VVI>meet <w PNP>him <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>special <w NN1>seminar <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade <w CJC>and <w NN1>Industry<c PUN>, <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>D <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>I<w POS>'s <w NN2>efforts <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>British <w NN2>exports<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>television <w VBZ>is <w AV0>almost <w AV0>as <w AV0>widely <w VVN-VVD>admired <w AV0>abroad <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>at <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w DPS>Its <w NN1>reputation <w VVZ-NN2>rests <w PRP>on <w AJ0>classy <w NN2>programmes <w AV0>often <w VVN>made <w PRP>as <w AJ0>international <w NN2>co-productions <w PRP>like <w NP0>David <w NP0>Attenborough<w POS>'s <w NN1>blockbuster <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>history <w NN0>series<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><event desc=music dur=12> <w NP0>Britain <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>comfortable <w NN1>trade <w NN1>surplus <w PRP>in <w NN1>television <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w CRD>Twenty <w CRD>four <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w CJC>But <w PRP>by <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w VHD>had <w VVN>turned <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>deficit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>million <w CJC>and <w CRD>one <w NN1>prediction <w VVZ>suggests <w AT0>the <w NN1>deficit <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>widened <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>to <w CRD>six <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>forty <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>decade<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w AV0>Largely <w PRP>because of <w NN1>satellite <w NN1>television <w PRP>with <w DPS>its <w AJ0>high <w NN1>number <w PRF>of <w NN1>feature <w NN2>films <w CJC>and <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Australian <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w CJC>But <w DT0>many <w AJ0>British <w NN2>programmes<c PUN>, <w AV0>especially <w NN2>dramas<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>travel <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>opposite <w NN1>direction<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w AJ0>British <w NN2>broadcasters <w VVG>fighting <w AT0>a <w NN2>ratings <w NN1-VVB>battle <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w VVB-NN1>want <w NN2-VVZ>shows <w VVN>guaranteed <w TO0>to <w VVI>appeal <w PRP>to <w AJ0>British <w NN2>audiences<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w AJ0>British <w NN2>producers <w VHB>have <w DT0>little <w NN1>choice <w CJC>but <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w NN1>market<c PUN>, <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>lion <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>budgets <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>B <w ZZ0>C<c PUN>, <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V <w CJC>or <w NN1-VVB>Channel <w CRD>Four <w PNQ>who <w VVB>commission <w AT0>the <w NN2>programmes <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B2>
<s n="12"><w AT0>The <w NN1>bias <w UNC>erm <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN2>producers <w PRP>towards <w VVG>producing <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w NN1>market <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>likely <w TO0>to <w VVI>persist <w UNC>erm <w AV0>historically <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w AV0>all but <w UNC>er <w AJ0>select <w NN1>minority <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve <w AJ0>significant <w VVZ>sells <w NN0>sales <w AV0>overseas<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w UNC>Erm <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>doubt <w VVB>doubt <w CJS>whether <w DT0>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>disappear <w PRP-AVP>over <w NN1>night<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B1>
<s n="14"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cultural <w AV0>as <w DT0>much <w CJS>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commercial <w NN1>problem<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w AT0>No <w NN1>amount <w PRF>of <w NN1>government <w NN1>intervention <w VM0>will <w VVI>change <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Wednesday<w POS>'s <w NN1>meeting <w VM0>could <w VVI>suggest <w NN2>ways <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w NN2>things <w VVG>getting <w AJC>worse<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w AT0>The <w NN1>government <w VM0>might <w VVI>offer <w NN1>tax <w VVZ-NN2>breaks <w PRP>to <w NP0>Britain<w POS>'s <w AJ0>beleaguered <w NN1>film <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w NN1-VVB>Feature <w NN2>films <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w NN1-VVB>export <w NN1>potential <w CJS>even if <w NN1>television <w NN2>programmes <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V <w NN2>companies <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>miss <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VVI>push <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>relaxation <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>rules <w DTQ>which <w VVB>prevent <w CRD-PNI>one <w AJ0>large <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>T <w ZZ0>V <w NN1>company <w VVG-NN1>merging <w PRP>with <w DT0>another<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w CJS>As <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>say<c PUN>, <w AJ0>British <w NN2>broadcasters <w VBB>are <w AV0-AJ0>far <w AV0>too <w AJ0>small <w TO0>to <w VVI>compete <w AV0>effectively <w PRP>in <w NN1>export <w NN2>markets <w CJC>or <w TO0>to <w VVI>resist <w AJ0>overseas <w NN2>predators<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>takeover <w NN1>threat <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>just <w VVI>come <w PRP>from <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>television <w NN2>companies<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PRP>from <w NN1>cable <w NN2>companies <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>even <w NN1-VVB>phone <w NN2>companies <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w PRP>Thanks to <w AT0>the <w AV0>much <w VVN-VVD>talked <w PRP>about <w NN1>convergence <w PRF>of <w NN1>broadcasting <w NN2>telecommunications <w CJC>and <w NN1>computing<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w AJ0>American <w NN1>telecom<w POS>'s <w NN2>giants <w PRP>like <w NP0>Bell <w NP0>Atlantic <w VBB>are <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>open <w PRP>about <w DPS>their <w AJ0>global <w NN2>ambitions<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B3>
<s n="24"><w PNP>We <w AV0>absolutely <w VHB>have <w NN2>plans<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>absolutely <w VHG>having <w NN2>conversations <w PRP>with <w NN2>carriers <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>just <w PRP>in <w NP0>England <w CJC>but <w PRP>throughout <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w PRP>about <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>technology <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG-AJ0>developing <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>branded <w NN2>services <w CJC>and <w VVG>deploying <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>systems<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B1>
<s n="27"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>business <w PRF>of <w NN1>convergence <w VVZ>raises <w AT0>the <w AJ0>intriguing <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w PNQ>who <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VVI>regulate <w DT0>this <w AJ0>burgeoning <w AJ0>new <w NN1>industry<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w PRP>In <w NP0>Britain <w AV0>neither <w AT0>the <w AJ0>independent <w NN1>television <w NN1>commission <w CJC>nor <w AT0>the <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>watchdog<c PUN>, <w NP0>OFTEL<c PUN>, <w VVZ>seems <w AV0>entirely <w AJ0>appropriate<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>single <w NN1>body <w VVN>modelled <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>U <w ZZ0>S <w AJ0>federal <w NN2>communications <w NN1-VVB>commission <w VM0>would <w VVI>make <w DT0>more <w NN1>sense<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w CJC>And <w AT0>a <w AJ0>British <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>C <w ZZ0>C <w VM0>would <w VVI>fit <w AV0>much <w AV0>more <w AV0>naturally <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Trade<w POS>'s <w NN1>portfolio<c PUN>, <w CJS>than <w PRP>into <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>department <w PRF>of <w AJ0>national <w NN1>heritage<c PUN>, <w DTQ>which <w AV0>currently <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>after <w VVG>broadcasting<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w AV0>Perhaps <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Heseltine<w POS>'s <w AJ0>sudden <w NN1>interest <w PRP>in <w NN1>television <w VBZ>is <w VVN>motivated <w PRP>by <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w AJ0>simple <w NN1>desire <w TO0>to <w VVI>boost <w AJ0>British <w NN2>exports<c PUN>. <event desc="Theme music">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HML>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Gwynedd County Council tape 16: interview for oral history project. Sample containing about 8887 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 135 Kbytes running text, containing about 8887 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HML</idno><idno type="old"> 106701 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106701" date="1987" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="732"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="36"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="459"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="72"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="626"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="54"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="142"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="174"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="53"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="33"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="9121"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="732"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="4"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="36"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="459"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="72"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="626"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="54"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="142"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="173"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="53"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="33"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="9121"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1987</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C399"><person age="5" dialect="XWA" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3B4" n="W0001" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>72</age><name>Elizabeth</name><para>Interviewee</para></person><person age="X" dialect="XWA" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3B5" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>historian</occupation><para>Interviewer.</para></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106701" who='PS3B4 PS3B5'><name>Gwynedd:  Caernarfonshire </name><activity> Interview for oral history project Interview, reminiscences </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg2 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S interview oral history</classCode><keywords><term> history </term><term> Early poverty, ill-treatment by father, family life. </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HMLLC001> <loc id=HMLLC002> <loc id=HMLLC003> <loc id=HMLLC004> <loc id=HMLLC005> <loc id=HMLLC006> <loc id=HMLLC007> <loc id=HMLLC008> <loc id=HMLLC009> <loc id=HMLLC00A> <loc id=HMLLC00B> <loc id=HMLLC00C> <loc id=HMLLC00D> <loc id=HMLLC00E> <loc id=HMLLC00F> <loc id=HMLLC00G> <loc id=HMLLC00H> <loc id=HMLLC00J> <loc id=HMLLC00K> <loc id=HMLLC00L> <loc id=HMLLC00M> <loc id=HMLLC00N> <loc id=HMLLC00P> <loc id=HMLLC00R> <loc id=HMLLC00S> <loc id=HMLLC00T> <loc id=HMLLC00U> <loc id=HMLLC00V> <loc id=HMLLC00W> <loc id=HMLLC00X> <loc id=HMLLC00Y> <loc id=HMLLC010> <loc id=HMLLC011> <loc id=HMLLC012> <loc id=HMLLC013> <loc id=HMLLC014> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><w NN1>mother<w POS>'s <w NN1>house <w AVP-PRP>in <unclear> <w CJS>because <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>world <w NN1>war <pause> <w AV0>so <w DPS>my <w NN1>mum <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>with <w DPS>my <w NN1>grandmother <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>born <w AV0>there <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AV0>then <w CJS>when <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w VVD>came <w AV0>home <w PNP>we <w VVD>came <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <pause> <w DPS>my <w NN1>mum <w VVD>came <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <unclear> <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>house <w AV0>somewhere <w PNP>I <w VVB>forget <w AVQ>where <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>street<c PUN>, <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w EX0>there <w DT0>any <w DT0>more<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w CRD>three <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>came <w AVP>back <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w AV0>now <w AV0>even <w AV0>now <trunc> <w UNC>n </trunc> <unclear> <w CJS>although <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>three <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w AV0>still <w VVI>remember <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>uniform <w VVG>coming <w AV0>home <w PRP>on <w NN1>leave<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="4"><w PNP>You <w VM0>can<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="5"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w NP0>Strange <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AVQ>how <w DPS>your <w NN1>mind <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>back<c PUN>?
<s n="7"><w CJC>And <w AV0>yet <w DPS>my <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w DPS>my <w AJS>oldest <w NN1>sister <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w CRD>three <w NN2>years <w AJC>older <w CJS>than <w PNP>me <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>remember <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AV0>home <w PRP>on <w NN1-VVB>leave <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>cry<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNP>him <pause> <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>uniform <w CJS>till <w PNP>he <w CJS>till <w PNP>he <w VVD>put <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN2>clothes <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w PNP>him <w CJS>as if <w PNP>it <w VBD>were <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w VBD>was <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>scared <w PRF>of <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>felt <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <shift new=laughing> <w NN1>stranger <shift> <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>u </trunc> <w PRP>in <w UNC>er <w NN1>soldier<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-NN1>uniform <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><pause> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="12"><w PNP>You <w VVD>said <w PNP>you <w VVD>went <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>street<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="13"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="14"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w DTQ>what <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>house <ptr target=HMLLC001><w VBD>was <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMLLC002><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="15"><ptr target=HMLLC001><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HMLLC002><w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w CRD-PNI>one <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>tiny <w AJ0>little <w NN1>scullery <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>tiny <w NN1>back <w NN1>yard<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><pause> <w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>for ever <w VVG>getting <w VVN>flooded <w AVP>out <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>there <w PNP>we <unclear> <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w AV0>all <w VVI>clean <w DPS>our <w NN2>shoes <w PRP>before <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NN1>bed <w PRP>at <w NN1>night <w VVB>put <w PNP>'em <w DT0>all <w PRP>underneath <w AT0>the <w NN1>sideboard <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w CJC>And <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>floating <w PRP>about <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>floods<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w PNP>They <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>without <w DT0>any <pause> <w NN1>warning <w DTQ>whatsoever<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>sewerage <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>state<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><pause> <w AT0>The <w NN2>sewers<c PUN>.
<s n="21"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>new <w TO0>to <pause> <unclear> <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w VVN>flooded <w AVP>out <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tiny <w AJ0>little <w NN1>row <w PRP>in between <w CRD>two <w NN2>streets<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <pause> <w CRD>six <w NN2>houses <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w AV0>Very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>small<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w AJ0>Tiny <w AJ0>little <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="25"><w VBD>Were <w PNP>you <w AJ0>aware <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>house<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="26"><w ITJ>No <w CJS>because <shift new=laughing> <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w AVP>round <w PRP>about <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w DT0>Some <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>some <w VHD>had <w AV0>like <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w NN1>living <w NN1>room <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>tiny <vocal desc=cough> <w NN1>back <w NN1>kitchen <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>you <w VVB>call <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CRD>two <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>tiny <w NN2>bedrooms <w AV0>above<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><pause> <trunc> <w UNC>B </trunc> <w CJC>but <unclear> <w CJS>until <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVD>moved <w PRP>from <w AV0>there <w PRP>to <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>street <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w AV0>still <w AV0>only <w VHD>had <w CRD>one <w NN1>bedroom <w CJC>and <w PNI>one <w AVP>down <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>tiny <w NN1>back <w NN1>kitchen<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <vocal desc=cough> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVN>brought <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w CRD>fifteen <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>left <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w CJC>And <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w AV0>finally <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>council <w NN1>house <w PRP>with <w CRD>three <w NN2>bedrooms<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w ITJ>Oh <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>posh <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <vocal desc=laugh> <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVN-AJ0>separated <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>with <w AJ0>different <w NN2>bedrooms<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>then <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VVN-VVD>brought <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w CRD>one <w NN1>bedroom<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="34"><w AVQ>How <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w DT0>all <w VVI>organize <w PNP>it <w PNX>yourselves <w AV0>then <unclear> <w VBG>being <w AV0>so <w AJ0>crowded<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="35"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AV0>Well <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w AJ0>big <w NN1>bedroom <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w AV0>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>loft<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN2>doors <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>bedroom <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><pause> <w PNP>It <w VBD>was <vocal desc="clears throat"> <vocal desc=cough> <w PNP>you <w VVN>walked <w PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs <w CJC>and <w AV0>there <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DT0>all <w AJ0>open<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w AV0>Like <w AT0>a <w NN1>landing <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>loft <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VHD>had <w CRD>three <w AJ0>big <w AJ0>double <w NN2>beds <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>slept <w NN1-AJ0>top <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>bottom<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN2>boys <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>girls <w CJC>and <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><pause> <w DT0>All <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w VVN-VVD>crammed <w AV0>together<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="42"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>head <w PRP>to <w NN1>tail<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="43"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w AJ0-NN1>Top <w TO0>to <w VVI>bottom <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="46"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="47"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>bottom<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>boys <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>girls <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w CJC>And <w DPS>my <w NN1>mum <w CJC>and <w NN1>dad <w CJC>and <w AV0>probably <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AJ0>little <w NN2>kids <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><pause> <w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>wonder <w PNP>they <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w UNC>er <w VVN>suffocated <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w AV0>then <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>always <w AT0>a <w NN1>cradle <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w PNI>one <w PRP>in <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <pause> <w AV0>in between <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VVD>lived <w AJ0>honest <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><pause> <w CJC>But <w AV0>there <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w PNP>we <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN2>ones<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>incredible <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w DT0>such <w NN2>things <w VVD>happened <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AV0>really<c PUN>?
<s n="53"><pause> <w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>awful<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <unclear> <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <unclear> <w NN2>offices <w AV0>there <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w NN1>rent <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CRD>twelve <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <pause> <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>about <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <shift new=laughing> <w VBD>was <w PRP>worth <w AV0>too <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<vocal desc=laugh> <unclear>
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="56"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>dear<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="57"><w PNQ>Who <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>rent <w AV0>then <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w DPS>your <w NN1>mother <w CJC>or <w DPS>your <w NN1>father<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="58"><w DPS>My <w NN1>mother <pause> <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w VBD>was <w AJ0>useless<c PUN>.
<s n="59"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w DPS>his <w NN1>pint <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>food <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVN-AJ0>bothered<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><pause> <w PNP>He <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w UNC>er <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>call <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>father <w AV0>at all<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>provider<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w DPS>My <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>struggle <w CJC>and <w DT0>many <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w PRP>without <w PNX>herself <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w PNP>She <w VM0>used <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>count <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w NN1>table <pause> <w VVD-VVN>scrubbed <w NN1>table <w NN1-AJ0>white <pause> <w PRP>after <w AT0>every <w NN1>meal <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VVN>scrubbed <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>rinsed <w PRP>after <w AT0>every <w NN1>meal<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>count <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>share <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w AVP>out <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w AV0>suddenly <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>feel <w AV0>very <w AJ0>hungry<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVN>knew <w AV0>very <w AV0>well <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <pause> <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w VVN>left <w PRP>for <w PNP>her <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><pause> <shift new=sighing> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="67"><pause> <trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w AJ0>rotten <w NN2>days <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="68"><pause> <w NN0>People <w VVB>say <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <w AJ0>good <w AJ0>old <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>horrible <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><pause> <w CJC>And <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <unclear> <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>drinks <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>come <w AV0>home <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w AV0>just <w VVI>come <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <w VBI>be <w VVG>whistling <w VVG>coming <w PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>street <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVB>come <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <w VVD>walloped <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w PRP>for <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>awful <w NN1>man <w PNP>he <w AV0>really <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <pause> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w CRD>fifteen <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <vocal desc=cough> <w DPS>my <w AJ0>young <w NN1>brother <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>tot <w AV0>about <w CRD>two <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CRD>three <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <unclear> <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w VVD>came <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <w AJ0-AV0>straight <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w PRP>for <w PNI>nothing <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><pause> <shift new=laughing> <w ITJ>Oh <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>happened <shift> <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>standing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w NN1>kitchen <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>got <w NN1>hold <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>saucepan <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>picked <w DPS>my <w AJ0>little <w NN1>brother <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w PNP>him <w PRP>under <w DPS>my <w NN1>arm <w CJS>in case <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w AJ0-VVN>hurt <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>I <w VVD>belted <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>head <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>feet <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>saucepan<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w VVD>possessed <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>berserk<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w DTQ>what <w AV0>now <w DTQ>what <w VDD>did <w PNP>she <w VDI>do <w TO0>to <w VVI>deserve <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="77"><pause> <w CJS>For <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>mother <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>she <w AV0>really <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>mother<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>mad <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w AV0>ever <w NN1>time <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>ever <w VVN>hit <w PNI>anybody <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w AJ0>honest<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><pause> <vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>he <w AV0>ever <w VVD>forgave <w PNP>me <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>But <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>se </trunc> <w PNP>he <w VVD>seemed <w AV0>then <w CJS>as if <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>think <w AV0>twice <w CJS>before <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VDI>do <w PNI>anything <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP-AVP>in <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w VVB>look <unclear> <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AV0>now <w DTQ>what <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w DT0>that <w PRP>for<c PUN>?
<s n="81"><w AJ0>Poor <w NN1>mam <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VDN>done <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VVD>brought <w PNP>him <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>senses <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRP>after <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>thought <w AV0>well <w ITJ>hello <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <pause> <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
<s n="83"><w PNP>I <w VVD>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>watch <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VDG>doing <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>these <w VBB>are <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <w VVI>grow <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><pause> <w CJS>Because <w DPS>my <w NN1>elder <w NN1>sister <w PNP>she <w VVD>left <w AV0>home <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <w CRD>sixteen <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>went <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PRP>into <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w AV0>there <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>matron<w POS>'s <w NN1>maid<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>sleep <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <w PNP>she <w VVD>went <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liverpool <pause> <w PRP>with <w DPS>my <w NN1>grandmother <w CJC>and <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w AV0>there <w AV0>so <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <w AJS>eldest <w PNI>one <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVD>felt <w CJS>as if <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w AJ0>responsible <pause> <w PRP>for <w VVG>looking <w PRP>after <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PNP>she <w AV0>certainly <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>deserve <w PNP>him <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><pause> <shift new=sighing> <w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="88"><w AVQ>How <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>your <w NN1>mam <w PRP-AVP>through<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="89"><w AV0>Well <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w AVQ>when <pause> <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w VM0>would <w AV0>never <w VVI>give <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w DT0>any <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><pause> <w PNP>We <w AV0>always <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>chase <w PRP>after <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w AV0>never <w VVI>give <w PNP>her <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w AV0>Never<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>from <w CRD>one <w NN1>pub <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><pause> <w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>Saturday <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w DPS>my <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>mam <w AV0>then <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w VVG>chasing <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NN2>shops <w AV0-AJ0>late <w PRP>on <w NP0>Saturday <w NN1>afternoon <pause> <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w PNP>She <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w NN1>meat <w AJ0>cheap <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN0>butchers<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w PNP>She <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <trunc> <w UNC>lo </trunc> <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN2>kids<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w AV0>So <w UNC>erm <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVN>put <w DT0>some <w NN1>meat <w PRP-AVP>by <w PRP>for <w PNP>her <pause> <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>cheap <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN>left <w AVP>over <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>Saturday <w AV0>then <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother<w VM0>'d <w VVI>get <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN1>meat <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AJ0>cheap<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w CJC>But <trunc> <w UNC>wh </trunc> <w AVQ>where <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>start <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>pound<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="99"><w AVQ>How <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth <w VM0>could <w PNP>she <w VVI>manage<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="100"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>miracle<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w PNP>She <w VM0>must<w VHI>'ve <w VBN>been<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><pause> <w AV0>Then <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w PNI>one <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w DPS>my <w AJC>younger <w NN1>sister <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>she <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <pause> <w PRP>to <w NN1>hospital <w PRP>with <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AJ0>scarlet <w NN1>fever<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VVD>came <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVG>coming <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w NN1>hospital <w CJC>and <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w AV0>never <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>bread <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w VVD>brought <w PNP>her <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><pause> <trunc> <w UNC>Sh </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><pause> <shift new=whispering> <w PNI>Nothing<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="107"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dreadful <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><pause> <w AT0>No <w NN0>people <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><pause> <w CJC>But <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w AV0>never <w VDD>did <w AT0>a <w AJ0>regular <w NN1>job <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVB>come <w UNC>out <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PRP>out of <w AT0>the <w NN1>army <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <pause> <w PNI>something <w VHD>had <w VVN>happened <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>army<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VVN>got <w UNC>erm <w NN1>bomb <w NN1-VVB>blast <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w CJC>or <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>near <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PNI>something <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>went <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w VVN>buried<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><pause> <w CJC>And <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>went <w TO0>to <w VVI>pick <w PNP>him <w AVP>up <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>some </trunc> <w PNI>somebody <w VVD>picked <w PNP>him <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w PRP>under <w DPS>his <w NN2>arms <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>double <w NN1>hernia <w PRP>through <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w CJC>And <pause> <w UNC>er <w DTQ>whatever <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>chance <w NN1-VVG>operating <w PRP>on <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w AV0>So <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>meant <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <pause> <w PNP>he <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w AV0>sort of <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w AJ0>heavy <w AJ0>heavy <w NN1>work <pause> <w CJS>so <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AJ0>odd <w NN1>job <w NN2>things <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>sell <w NN1>horse <w CJC>and <w NN2>carts <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>pier <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w NN1>fishing <w NN2>boats<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>buy <w AT0>a <w NN1>box <w PRF>of <w NN0>fish <w PRP>from <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w VVB>go <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN2>streets <w VVG>selling <w PNP>them <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w AV0-AJ0>little <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>know <w AVQ>when <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w NN1>yard<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w VVG>pinching <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><vocal desc=laugh> <w TO0>To <w VVI>get <shift new=laughing> <w VHB>have <w PNI>something <w TO0>to <w VVI>eat <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w CJC>And <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>we <w VVD>survived<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><pause> <w ITJ>Yeah <w CRD>one <w NN1>way <w CJC>or <w DT0>another <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><pause> <w CJC>But <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dishonest <w NN1>man <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>honest <w NN1>man<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>never <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>with <w NN2>police <w CJC>or <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w PNP>He <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>thieve <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>timid <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>yet <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w UNC>er <w AJ0>revolting <w NN1>man <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><pause> <w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w ITJ>ooh <w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>stand <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>marry <w AT0>a <w NN1>man <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVN>drank <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AJ0>petrified <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>thing <w CJS>as <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><pause> <w CJS>Because <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="124"><w AV0>So <w AV0>really <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN2>children <w VBD>were <unclear> <w PRP>in <w NN1>effect <w VVN>brought <w PRP>by <w DPS>your <w NN1>mother<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="125"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w CJS>If <w PNP>it<w VHD>'d <w VVN>depended <w PRP>on <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>dead <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><pause> <w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>do </trunc><c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w AV0>honestly <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>ask <w PNP>me <w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>clue <w AVQ>how <w PNP>she <w VVD>managed<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w CJC>But <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w AV0>always <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>potful <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w UNC>erm <w NN1>stew <pause> <w CJC>or <pause> <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w NN1>cake <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>meat <w NN1>tin<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w CJC>And <w DT0>all <w VDN>done <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>oven <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old fashioned <w NN2>grates <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>no <w AJ0-NN1>fancy <pause> <w NN1>gas <w NN2>cookers <w PRP>with <w NN2>thermostats <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever <shift new=laughing> <w PRP>on <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w DT0>all <w VVN-VVD>stuck <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w AV0>underneath<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>amazing <w DTQ>what <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w PNP>she <w AV0>always <w VVD>baked <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w NN1>bread<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w AV0>Always<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><pause> <w AV0>Always <w VVN-VVD>baked <w VVN-VVD>baked <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w NN1>bread <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>used <w VVB-NN1>go<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <pause> <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>bakers <pause> <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w PNP>it <unclear> <w PRP>for <w NN1-VVG>baking <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w PRP>about <w AT0>every <w AJ0>other <w NN1>day <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>bake <w PRP-AVP>about <pause> <w ITJ>ooh <w PNP>I <w VVB>forget <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CRD>fourteen <w NN1>pound <w CJC>or <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>eight <w NN1>pound <w PRF>of <w NN1>flour <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>us </trunc><c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>to <w NN1>school <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>morn </trunc> <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>shopping <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w PRP>Before <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NN1>school<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><pause> <w CJS>So that <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VBI>be <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VDG>doing <w DPS>her <w NN1-VVG>baking <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w CJS>while <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w NN1>school<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>fed <w CJS>because <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <pause> <w XX0>not <w VVN>suffered <w PRP>from <w PNI>anything <w PRP>apart from <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>childish <w NN2>illnesses <w CJS>cos <w CJS>if <w PNI>one <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN0>measles <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN0>measles <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w PNI>One <w VVD-VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>whooping <w NN1>cough <w PNP>we <shift new=laughing> <w AV0>all <w VDD>did <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="140"><vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>we <w VVD>went<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="141"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w UNC>er <w AV0>then <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w AVP>down <w PRP>like <w NN2>flies<c PUN>?
<s n="142"><w AVQ>How <ptr target=HMLLC003><unclear> <ptr target=HMLLC004></u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="143"><ptr target=HMLLC003><w ITJ>Ah <ptr target=HMLLC004><w DPS>my <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>mam <w VHD>had <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w CRD>one <w NN1>bedroom <w AV0>upstairs <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>terrible<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>saying <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VHD>had <w PNP>it <w AV0>together <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w UNC>er <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w AV0>about <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w PNP>'em <w VM0>would <w AV0>then <w PRP>as <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>as <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>got <w VVN>rid <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>other </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN2>others<w VM0>'d <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>eventually <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w AV0>all <w VHI>have <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w PRP>With <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w AV0>in between<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><pause> <w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w PNP>she <w VVD>managed <w AV0>somehow <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJC>but <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w PRP>like <w CJT>that <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother<w VM0>'d <w VVI>manage <trunc> <w UNC>anyth </trunc> <w DT0>any <w NN1>illness <w AV0>at all <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w AV0>never <w VVD>worried <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><pause> <w PNP>She <w AV0>always <w VVD>knew <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VVI>get<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><shift new=laughing> <w PRP>For <w PNI>anything <shift> <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w PRP>To <w AT0>the <w NN2>chemists <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <pause> <shift new=sighing> <w ITJ>yeah <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="151"><w AV0>So <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>chemist <w XX0>not <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>doctor <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="152"><w ITJ>Oh <trunc> <w UNC>n </trunc> <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>doctor<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="153"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PNP>her <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>she<c PUN>?
<s n="154"><w CJS>Although <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AV0>about <w CRD>two <w NN2>shillings <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w PRP>for <w PNP>her <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><pause> <w AV0>So <w CJS>unless <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNI>something <w AV0>very <w AJ0>desperate <pause> <w PNP>she <w AV0>always <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><pause> <w PNP>She <w AV0>always <w AV0>always <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>she <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w NN1>sight <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VM0>should<w VHI>'ve <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>doctor <w CJS>if <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VVN>lived <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w DT0>this <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>age<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><pause> <w CJS>Because <w DTQ>no matter what <w VBD>was <w AJ0>wrong <w NN0>people <w AV0>always <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>district <w NN2>nurses <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRP>to <pause> <w UNC>er <w PRP>to <w NN1-VVB>treat <w AJ0>different <w NN0>people <w AV0>specially <unclear> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <pause> <unclear> <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>young <w NN1>man <pause> <w UNC>erm <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>cerebral <w NN1>palsy <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>so <w AJ0>fed up <w PRP>with <w PNX>himself <w PNP>he <w VVD>threw <w NN1>paraffin <w PRP-AVP>over <w PNX>himself <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NN1>set <w NN1-AJ0>light <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <pause> <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs <w CJC>and <w VVD>threw <w PNX>himself <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><pause> <w CJC>And <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>he <w VVD>burnt <w DPS>his <w NN1>back <w AJ0>shocking<c PUN>, <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1-VVB>state <w DPS>his <w NN1>back <w VBD>was <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w CJC>And <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w AT0>every <w NN1>day <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>nurses <pause> <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w NN2>months <pause> <w CJS>until <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>completely <w VVN>cleared<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w PNP>she <w VDD>did <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w AV0>never <w VVI>take <w PRP>after <w PNP>her <pause> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VM0>can <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><pause dur=8> <event desc="knocking sound"> <shift new=whispering> <w VVB-NN1>knock <w VVB-NN1>knock <shift> <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="164"><w DTQ>What <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="165"><shift new=laughing> <w NN0>People <w VVG>moving <w PRP-AVP>in <w ORD>next <w NN1>door<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="166"><vocal desc=laugh> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="167"><w AV0>So <pause> <w DPS>your <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>neighbourhood <w PRP>as <w PNI>someone <w PNQ>who <w VVD>knew <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>treat <w NN2>illnesses<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="168"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><pause> <w CJC>Or <w NN2>accidents <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AJ0>good <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w PNP>She <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w AT0>every <w AT0>every <w NN1>medicine <w DTQ>no matter what<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w PNP>She<w VM0>'d <w VVI>make <w DPS>her <w DT0>own <w NN1>cough <w NN1>mixture <w PRP>for <w NN1>winter <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w NN1>pint <w NN2>bottles<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w DT0>that <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>alright <w PRP>for <w NN1>winter <w CJS>in case <w PNP>we <w VVD>caught <w AJ0-NN1>cold<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w NN1>dose <w PNP>you <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w NN1>goose <w NN1>grease<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>dear <w DT0>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>thought <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she <w VVD>believed <w PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PNI>anybody <w UNC>er <w PRP>with <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w DT0>any <w NN1>child <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w NN1>accident <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJS>whether <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w VVN>scalded <w PNX>themself<c PUN>, <w VVN>burnt <w PNX>themselves <w CJC>or <w VVD>fell <w AVP>over <w CJC>or <w DTQ>what<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><pause> <w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AV0>Only <w PNP>she <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>touch <w PNP>us <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN-AJ0>hurt<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="180"><w AV0>Really<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="181"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>splinter <w ITJ>oh <w VVB>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>auntie <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w DPS>my <w AJ0-NN1>other <pause> <w ITJ>mm <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w DPS>our <w NN1>aunt <w AV0>really <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w NN1>relation <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w DPS>her <w NN1>auntie <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w NN1>splinter <w PRP>out of <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w NN1>finger <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>us </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>touch <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w DT0>that <w AJ0>funny<c PUN>?
<s n="182"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w NN1>squeezing <w VVZ-NN2>boils <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>sorts <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w PRP>out of <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>person <w PNP>she <w AV0>really <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><shift new=sighing> <w ITJ>Yeah <pause> <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="185"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w DT0>any <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>us<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>take <w PRP>after <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="186"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="187"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><pause> <unclear> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>life <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w NN2>kids <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w UNC>er <unclear> <w VVN>got <w PRP>on <w PNX>ourselves <w AV0>later <w AVP>on <w PNP>we <pause> <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>easy <w NN1>life <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w DT0>those <w AJ0>old <w NN2>times <w AV0>though <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w XX0>not <w AV0>really<c PUN>. <vocal desc="clears throat">
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="190"><w PNP>You <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w UNC>er <pause> <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w DPS>your <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w NN1>mother <w PRP>for <trunc> <w UNC>acc </trunc> <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w AT0>the <w NN2>children <w VVN-VVD>suffered <w PRP>from <w NN2>accidents<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="191"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w NN1>girl <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VVN>burnt <w DPS>her <w NN1>leg <w AV0>right <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>front <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>leg <w UNC>er <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bone <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>front <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <w NN1>leg <unclear> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w DPS>her <w NN1>mother <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>wrapped <w AVP-PRP>up <w PNI>something <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1>stocking <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VVD>put <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w PNP>it <w VVD>went <w AJ0-AV0>bad <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AV0>Then <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VVD>saw <w PNP>her <w AJ0>limping <w CRD>one <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter<c PUN>?
<s n="195"><w CJC>And <w DT0>this <w AJ0>little <w NN1>girl <w VVD>said <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>burnt <w DPS>my <w NN1>leg<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w AV0>So <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VVZ>says <w VVB>come <w AVP>on <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <w VVB>come <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <w CJC>and <w VVD>took <w PNP>her <w AV0>home <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VVD>sat <w PNP>her <w AVP>down <w PRP-AVP>on <pause> <w ITJ>oh <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVI>get <w DT0>this <w NN1>stocking <w PRP>off of <w DPS>her <w AJ0>little <w VVB>leg <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <unclear> <w NN1>hole <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>leg <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>she <w VVD>got <w PNP>it <w AV0>away <w AV0>eventually <w VVG>bathing <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>little <w NN1>girl <w CJC>and <pause> <w AV0>then <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <w AV0>now <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AV0>here <w AT0>every <w NN1>day <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>see <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>day <w PNP>I <w VVB>see <w DT0>that <w NN1>woman<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VVZ>talks <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w VVB>remember <w DPS>your <w NN1>mam <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>she <w VVD>looked <w PRP>after <w DPS>my <w NN1>leg<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><pause> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AJ0>dire <w NN1>trouble <w UNC>er <w AV0>only <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VHG>having <w VVN>seen <w PNP>her <w VVG-AJ0>limping <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><pause> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="203"><w AT0>The <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w NN0>people <w VVD>felt <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w CJC>and <w VVI>ask <w DPS>your <w NN1>mum
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="204"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="205"><w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <pause> <w NN1>service <w UNC>erm <w AJ0>usual <w CJC>or <w AJ0>unusual <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>ar </trunc> <w PRP-AVP>around <w AV0>here<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="206"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>thing <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNI>anybody<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w PRP>out of <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AV0>then <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>help<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w PNI>Everybody<w POS>'s <w NN1>door <w VBD>was <w AJ0>open<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>shared <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DTQ>whatever <w PNI>one <w AV0>ever <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w AV0>even <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>loaf <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><pause> <w UNC>Erm <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>mar </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wonderful <w NN1-VVB>place <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <pause> <w DT0>this <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NP0>Bangor<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>great<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="210"><w AVQ>How <w VM0>would <w UNC>er <w AVQ>how <w VM0>would <w AT0>the <w NN1>community <w VVI>know <w AVQ>when <w PNI>someone <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w PRP>in need of<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="211"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w PNP>You <w PNP>you <w AV0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w VVD>guessed <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w AV0>somehow <w VVI>get <w VVI>get <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>known <w PRP>by <w PNI>somebody <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><pause> <w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w AV0>like <w PNI>someone <w VBD>was <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>child <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>never <w VHD>had <w UNC>er <w AV0>never <w VHD>had <w UNC>er <w NN2>nappies <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VVI>take <w NN2>sheets <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>a <w NN1>bed <w CJC>and <w VVB>tear <w PNP>them <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NN2>squares<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><pause> <trunc> <w UNC>Fo </trunc> <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w AJ0>little <w NN2>nappies <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>baby <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w VBN>been <w VVN>born <w CJC>and <pause> <w AT0>no <w NN2>clothes <w AJ0>ready <w CJC>or <trunc> <w UNC>fo </trunc> <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>her <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>as <w AJ0>poor <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VM0>would <w VVI>sit <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>patching <w NN2>sheets <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>them <w VVN-VVD>whipped <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>bed <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w PRP-AVP>on <w PNI>somebody<w POS>'s <w NN1>bed <w CJS>while <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><pause> <w AV0>So <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PNP>you <w AV0>sort of <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <pause> <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w NN0>people<w POS>'s <w NN2>circumstances <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w XX0>Not <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <pause> <w VVI>let <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w PRP>about <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>hard up <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>just <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VM0>would <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="218"><w CJS>Even though <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>poor <w PNP>they <w AV0>still <w VHD>had <w DPS>their <w NN1>pride<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><pause> <w PRP>To <w AT0>an <w NN1>extent <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="220"><w AV0>So <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>help <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w CJT-DT0>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>surface <w VM0>would <w PNP>it <w VBI>be <w PRP>at <w NN2>times <w PRP>like <pause> <w NN1>birth<c PUN>, <w NN1>death<c PUN>, <ptr target=HMLLC005><w NN2>accidents <ptr target=HMLLC006><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="221"><ptr target=HMLLC005><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <ptr target=HMLLC006><c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>it <w VM0>would<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w NN0>People <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w DT0>much <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w CJC>but <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>gave <w PNP>they <w VVD>gave <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>heart <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><pause> <w CJS>Because <w UNC>er <pause> <w AV0>well <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>death <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <w PRP>at <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>suppose <w PNP>you <w VVB>remember <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w EX0>there <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w AV0>always <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>plate <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>table <w PNQ>whoever <w VVN>called <w VM0>would <w VVI>leave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w NN1>money <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>plate <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w AV0>Very <w AV0>quietly<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><pause> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>, <w PNI>nothing <w VVD>said <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>went <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w NN0>people <w AV0>just <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w PNI>something <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>plate <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="227"><w AV0>Just <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <pause> <w ITJ>yes <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>position <w DT0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>yet <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w DT0>own <w AJ0>little <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="228"><w PNP>You <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w CJS>when <w CJS>when <w NN0>people <w VVD>called <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w CJS-AVQ>when <w EX0>there<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>death <w VM0>would <w DT0>that <w VBI>be <w VVG>calling <w TO0>to <w VVI>see<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="229"><w TO0>To <w VVI>sympathize <w CJC>or <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w VM0>could <w PNP>they <w VVI>help <w DT0>more <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w PNI>anything<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w ITJ>Yes <w VM0>could <w PNP>they <w VVI>help <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w AV0>Just <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>show <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <w AV0>well <w PNP>they <w AV0>just <w VBD>were <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w CJS>If <w PNP>they <w VVD>thought <w UNC>er <w AV0>well <w PNP>I<w VHD>'d <w AV0>better <w VVI>go <w AVP>round <w AV0>just <w CJS>in case <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VM0>might <w VVI>need <w PNI>something <w CJC>or <w PNP>she <w VM0>might <w PNP>she <w VM0>might <w AV0>just <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>they <w AV0>just <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quiet <w NN1>word <w CJC>and <pause> <w XX0>not <w VVB>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>fuss<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no <w VVB-NN1>bother <w AT0>no <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="234"><w PRP>At <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w VM0>would <w PNP>it <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>custom <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>coffin <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="235"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w DT0>such <w NN1>thing <w CJS>as <w UNC>er <w NN2>chapels <w PRF>of <w NN2>rests <w AV0>then <w VBD>was <w EX0>there<c PUN>?
<s n="237"><pause> <w PNI>Everybody <w CJS>even though <w PNP>you <w AV0>only <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>room <w AV0>downstairs<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w AVQ>when <w DPS>my <w NN1>brother <w VVD>died <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w PRP>at <w CRD>twelve <pause> <w CJS>although <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>crowd <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>house <pause> <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w ITJ>no <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>then <pause> <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w NN2>sisters <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w EX0>there<c PUN>?
<s n="238"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <pause> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0-AJ0>right <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w CRD>four <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w AV0>then <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w DT0>this <w AJ0>little <w NN1>coffin <w VBD>was <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>feed <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>apple <w CJS>while <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>coffin<c PUN>, <w VVG>saying <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>want <w AT0>a <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>apple <w PRP>in <w NN1>Welsh <w PRP>to <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w PNP>She <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNP>she <w VVD>thought <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w AJ0-VVG>sleeping<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><vocal desc=laugh> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><pause> <w CJC>But <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>yes <w PNI>everybody <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>coffin <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w AV0>then <w AVQ>no matter how <w AJ0>small <w DPS>your <w NN1>house <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w AJ0>Strange <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="243"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="244"><w CJS>Cos <w NN0>people <w AV0>here <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w PNI>everything <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w CRD>one <w NN1>room <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="245"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <pause> <w PNP>you <w AV0>well <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>your <w NN1>life <w XX0>not <w AV0>as <w AJ0>normal <w CJC>but <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>eat <ptr target=HMLLC007><w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMLLC008><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="246"><ptr target=HMLLC007><w ITJ>Oh <ptr target=HMLLC008><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>rooms <w VBD>were <w AV0>so <w AJ0>small<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><pause> <w PNP>We <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w NN1>room <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w CRD>three <w NN1>piece <w NN1>suite <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>sideboard <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>table<c PUN>, <w NN2>chairs <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w AVP>on <w PRP>like <w AJ0>hard <w NN2>chairs<c PUN>, <w AJ0>wooden <w NN2>chairs <w PRP>like <w NN1>kitchen <w NN2>chairs<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w AJ0>easy <w NN2>chairs <w CJC>or <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><pause> <w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>about <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>room <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w VBD>was <w AV0>honestly <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>table <w CJC>and <w NN2>chairs <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AV0>often <w CJS>than <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs<c PUN>.
<s n="251"><pause> <w CJS>Cos <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>living <w NN1>room <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVD>went <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>through <w DPS>your <w AJ0>front <w NN1>door <w DPS>your <w NN2>stairs <w VBD>were <w VVG>facing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>front <w NN1>door<c PUN>.
<s n="252"><w DPS>Your <w AJ0>front <w NN1>door <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>living <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="253"><unclear> <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>door
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="254"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w VVB>open <w AT0>the <w NN1>door <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>living <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs <w VBB>are <w VVG>facing <w PNP>you <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>only <w VVN>got <w PRP>about <pause> <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>metre <w PRF>of <pause> <w PRP>in between <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>stairs <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w AJ0>front <w NN1>door <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AV0>just <w AV0>sort of <w VVB>go <w AVP>in <w PRP>through <w AV0>there <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>living <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><pause> <w AT0>No <w NN1-VVB>partition <w AT0>no <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w ITJ>No <trunc> <w UNC>it </trunc> <w DT0>all <w AJ0>open<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w AV0>Just <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>bedroom <w VBD>was <w AV0>upstairs<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w AJ0>shocking <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="260"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>different <w NN1>time <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="261"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>honestly <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="263"><pause> <w CJC>But <w ITJ>ooh <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="264"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <pause> <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w DT0>some <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>eff </trunc> <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>effect <w CJT>that <w VVB>say <w AT0>a <w NN1>death <w VM0>would <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w CJS>when <w DPS>your <w DTQ>what <w NN1>effect <w VDD>did <w DPS>your <ptr target=HMLLC009><w NN1>brother<w POS>'s <w NN1>death <w VHB>have <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>family <ptr target=HMLLC00A><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="265"><ptr target=HMLLC009><w AV0>Well<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <ptr target=HMLLC00A><w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w UNC>erm <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>upset<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><pause> <w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w AV0>so <w AV0>suddenly <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>erm <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w VVG>playing <w NN1>football<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w DT0>this <w NN1>accident <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>sort of <w VVN>taken <w PRP>away from <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>time <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>sent <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>neighbour<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>house <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w CRD>seven <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PNP>I <w VVN>went <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>neighbour<w POS>'s <w NN1>house <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>happened <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>looking <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w AJ0>blooming <w NN1>window <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral <w VVD>went <w AV0>past <pause> <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AV0>better <w AVP>off <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><vocal desc=laugh> <pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <unclear> <w NN1>school <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>died <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN2>children <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>class <w VVG>walking <w AVP>along <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>walk <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>cemeteries <w AV0>then <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>a <w NN1>wreath <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NN2>flowers<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w PNP>it <w CJS>as if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><pause> <w AT0>The <w NN2>children <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w NN1>class <w VVG>walking <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral <pause> <w ITJ>yeah <pause> <w VVG>carrying <w AT0>a <w NN1>wreath <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>class <pause> <w CJC>and <unclear> <pause> <w ITJ>mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="271"><w AV0>So <pause> <w CJS>although <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>sort of <pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VBB>am <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <pause> <w CJS>although <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <pause> <w DPS>his <w NN1>coffin <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>front <w NN1>room <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG-AJ0>living
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="272"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="273"><w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <pause> <w PNP>you <w AV0>still <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>funeral<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="274"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><pause> <w PNP>I <w CJS>whether <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>buy <w DPS>me <w NN2>clothes <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><pause> <w CJC>Or <w CJS>whether <w PRP>for <w DT0>some <w AJ0>unknown <w NN1>reason <w PNP>she <w AV0>just <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w PNP>me <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="277"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w UNC>er <w VDD>did <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unusual <w CJC>or <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>accept <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="278"><w PNP>I <w VVD>accepted <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w DTQ>whatever <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>accepted<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><pause> <w CJS>Because <w PNP>we <w AV0>always <w VVD>thought <w AV0>well <w PNP>she <w VVZ>knows <w DTQ>what <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>she<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w DPS>My <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w AV0>always <w AV0-AJ0>right <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he <w VVD>died <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w AV0>rightly<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>died <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <pause> <w CRD>twenty <w ORD>fifth <w PRF>of <w NP0>January <pause> <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w AJ0>other <w NN1>brother <w VBD>was <w VVN>born <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <event desc="end of side one">
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="282"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="283"><unclear> <w UNC>er <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>saying <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>they <w AV0>only <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN2>midwives <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <pause> <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>birth <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w AV0>anyway <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <pause> <w VBD>was <w AJ0>ill <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>doctor<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w AV0>ever <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>doctor<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><pause> <w CJC>And <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PNP>they <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w UNC>erm <w DT0>some <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <pause> <w ITJ>oh <pause> <w PNI>something <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w PNP>her <w TO0>to <w VVI>sleep <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever <pause> <w NN1>gas <vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VDG>doing <pause> <w CJC>but <w DT0>this <w NN1>lady <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w PNP>her <pause> <w PNP>she <w VVD>passed <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>smell <w PRF>of <w NN1>gas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>room <w CJS>so <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w DT0>much <w NN1-VVB>help<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <w DT0>this <unclear> <w VM0>might <w XX0>not <w VVI>believe <w PNP>me <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AV0>over <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>pounds <w VVN>born<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="288"><w AJ0>Good <w NP0-NN1>God<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="289"><w AV0>Over <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>pounds <w VVN>born<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJS>heaviest <w NN1>child <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w AV0>ever <w VVN>delivered<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="290"><w DPS>Your <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>mother<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="291"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>so <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>doctor <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><pause> <w AV0>So <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>got <w PRP-AVP>over <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>she <pause> <w PNP>she <unclear> <w VVI>tell <w PNP>her <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>in <w NN1>bed <w AV0>now <w PRP>for <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>days <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AVP>up <w AV0>again <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>nurse<w VM0>'d <w VVI>come <w CJC>and <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>under <w DPS>her <w NN2>feet <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say <w PNP>you <w VBN>been <w AVP>up <w AV0>again <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>she <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w VVN>washed <w DPS>her <w NN2>feet <w PRP>for <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>bed<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w AT0>The <w NN2>soles <w PRF>of <w DPS>her <shift new=laughing> <w NN2>feet <shift> <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>the </trunc> <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VVD>knew <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w DPS>her <w NN2>feet <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w CJC>But <w CJS>as <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <w PNP>she <w PNP>she <w AV0>just <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w PNP>she <pause> <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>stay <w PRP>in <w NN1>bed <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w NN2>kids <w VVG>running <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><pause> <w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w PNP>she <w AV0>ever <w VVB>put <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>mum<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="297"><w AV0>So <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>midwife <w VM0>would <w AV0>only <w VVI>come <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <pause> <w NN1>proportion <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="298"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w AV0>Just <w CJS>when <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>child <w VBD>was <w DT0>more <w CJC>or <w AV0>less <trunc> <w UNC>The </trunc> <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AVQ>when <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>baby <w VBD>was <w VVN>born<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w TO0>To <w AV0>sort of <w VVI>make <w AVP>out <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w VVB>make <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>so <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>confinement <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w CJC>But <w PNP>they <w AV0>only <w VVD>came <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>minute <w AVQ>when <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>ma </trunc> <w NN2>mams <w VBD>were <w VVG>expecting <w DPS>their <w NN2>babies<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>call <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>days <w AV0>afterwards <w UNC>er <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><pause> <w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w VVN-AJ0>Finished<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>yet <w AV0>again <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>deliver <trunc> <w UNC>ba </trunc> <w AJ0>other <w NN2>babies <w CJS>as <shift new=laughing> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNX>herself <shift> <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w AV0>sort of <w VVD>grew <w AVP>up <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w PRP-AVP>off <w DPS>her <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>delivered <w DT0>many <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w PNX>herself <w PRP>with <w AT0>no <w NN1>nurse <w UNC>er <w PRP-AVP>about<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><pause> <w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w AV0>always <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>late<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w CJS>If <w PNP>they <w VVD>knew <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VBD>was <w AV0>there <w PNP>they <w VVD>knew <w PNP>it <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AJ0>alright<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w PNP>They <w AV0>never <w VVD>bothered<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="310"><w AV0>So <w DPS>your <w DPS>your <trunc> <w UNC>moth </trunc> <w NN1>mum <w VM0>would <w VVI>act <w PRP>as <ptr target=HMLLC00B><w AT0>a <w NN1>midwife <ptr target=HMLLC00C><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="311"><ptr target=HMLLC00B><w PRP-CJS>As <w NN1>midwife <ptr target=HMLLC00C><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w DPS>My <w NN1>sister <w NP0>Ann <w PNP>she<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>delivered <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>children <w PNX>herself<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><pause> <vocal desc=laugh> <shift new=laughing> <w PNP>You <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AV0>so <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w PNP>her <w VM0>would <w PNP>you<c PUN>? <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="314"><w PNP>She <w VVZ>looks <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="315"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>she <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><pause> <w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w DPS>my <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><pause> <w CJC>And <w DT0>another <w NN1>time <w ITJ>ooh <unclear> <w DT0>another <w NN1>time <w PNP>she <w VVD>went <w UNC>er <w PNI>somebody <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>tell <w PNP>you <w PNP>they <w AV0>always <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w CJS>when <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>trouble <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <w VHD>had <w VVN>hung <w PNX>herself <pause> <w AV0>just <w PRP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w PRP>to <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we <w VVD>lived<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><pause> <w CJC>And <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VVD>went <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VVD>cut <w PNP>her <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><pause> <w PRP>From <w AT0>a <w NN1>beam <w AVQ>where <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VVN>hung <w PNX>herself<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w CJC>And <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w VVD>came <w AV0>home <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <w PNP>she <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w VVN>taken <w NN2>ages <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DT0>that <w NN1>cord <w PRP>through <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w NN1>beam<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w PNP>She <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w VVN>taken <w AT0>a <w NN1>knife <w TO0>to <w VVI>push <w AT0>the <w NN1>cord <w PRP-AVP>through<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>hardly <w DT0>any <w NN1>room <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>then <unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <vocal desc=laugh><c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w CJC>And <w DPS>my <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>mam <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>scrub <w DPS>her <w NN2>hands <w PRP>with <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVB>Dettol <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0-NN1>Lysol <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>use<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w AJ0>Proper <w NN1>hospital <w NN1-VVB>smell <w VVB-NN1>Lysol <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>called<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="326"><unclear> <w AV0>like <w AJ0>carbolic <w NN1>acid<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="327"><w ITJ>Aha<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w CJC>And <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>gosh <w PNP>it <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>burn <w DPS>your <w NN2>hands <w AV0>nearly<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>scrub <w PNX>herself <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>baking <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>she<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>us <w NN2>kids <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>eat <w CJS>because <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>cut <w DT0>this <w NN1>lady <w AVP-PRP>down <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w CJC>And <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w DTQ>whatever<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>me <w VVI>scrub<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>hungry<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VVD>saved <w DT0>more <w NN1>money <w DT0>that <shift new=laughing> <w NN1>week <w PRP>on <w NN1>food <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="335"><vocal desc=laugh> <w PNP>We <w AV0>just <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>fancy <w PNI>anything <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VVN>touched <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="336"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dreadful <w NN1>thing <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>come <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>poor <w NN2>women <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>help <w PNP>it <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <pause> <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w AJ0>desperate <w NN2>straits <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>lady <w AV0>too <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w AV0>never <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>believed <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><pause> <w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>really <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>lady <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="339"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="340"><w VBD>Was <w PNP>it <w XX0>not <w AJ0>uncommon <w AV0>then <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>commit <w NN1>suicide <w CJC>or <w VBD>was <w PNP>it
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="341"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>hear <w PRF>of <w DT0>many<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w DT0>this <w NN1>lady <w VHN>had <w VVN-AJ0>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>drown <w PNX>herself <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>quay <w PRP>before <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><pause> <w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>remember<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>more <w AV0>more <w AV0>recently <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w VDN>done <w NN2>things <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w CJS>than <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><pause> <w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="347"><w PNP>You <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DPS>your <w NN1>mother <w VM0>would <pause> <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>confinement <w CJC>and <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>birth <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w UNC>erm <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w AJ0>normal <w NN1>housework<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="348"><w ITJ>Yes <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="349"><w VM0>Would <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w PRP>during <w DT0>that <w NN1>period <trunc> <w UNC>af </trunc> <w AV0>immediately <w CJS-PRP>after<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w PNI>anyone <w AV0>else <w VVI>come <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>her <w AT0>a <w NN1>hand<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="350"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>well <w DPS>my <w NN1>grandmother <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>she <w VVD>lived <w AV0>nearby <w CJC>and <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w AV0>sort of <w VVI>pop <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><pause> <w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w CRD>seven<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w AJS>oldest <w NN1>sister <w VBD>was <w CRD>ten <pause> <w AV0>so <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w AV0>probably <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <pause> <w AV0>more <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>helping <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w AVP>out <w CJS>than <w PNP>I <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w AVP>about <w PRP>for <w NN2>errands <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><pause> <w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w NN1>cleaning <w CJC>and <pause> <w VVG>washing <w AVP>up <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="354"><pause> <w CJC>But <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AT0>the <w NN1>type <w CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VVI>lay <w PRP>in <w NN1>bed <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w PNP>She <w PNP>she <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AJ0>happy <w VVG-NN1>laying <w AV0>there <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AV0>too <w AJ0>worried <w PRP>about <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><pause> <w PRP>About <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>happening <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w CJS>because <pause> <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>maternal <unclear> <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w DPS>our <w NN1>mam<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w CJC>But <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w AJ0>broody <w NN1>hen <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>forever <pause> <w VVG>watching <w CJC>and <w VVG>looking <w CJC>and <w VVG>making <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>alright<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>I <w VVB>keep <w VVG>saying <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>mother<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="359"><ptr target=HMLLC00D><w AV0>So <ptr target=HMLLC00E></u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="360"><ptr target=HMLLC00D><shift new=sighing> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <shift> <ptr target=HMLLC00E></u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="361"><w AV0>so <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w AJ0>aware <w DT0>all <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w DPS>her <pause> <w NN1>care <unclear><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="362"><w PNP>We <w VBD>were <w PRP>under <w DPS>her <w NN1>care <w CJS>until <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>married<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="363"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="364"><w PNP>We <w VDD>did <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>told<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w ITJ>Yeah <w CJS>until <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>married<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>advising<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><pause> <w PNP>I <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w AV0>always <pause> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>buy <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <pause> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w PNI>anything <w CJS>unless <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><vocal desc=laugh> <w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>person<c PUN>.
<s n="369"><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w NN0>people <w VVG>knocking <w DPS>your <w NN1>door <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>she <pause> <w AV0>up to <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>she <w VVD>died <w PNP>we <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>advised <w PRP>by <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><unclear> <w PNP>she <w VVD>died <w PRP>at <w CRD>sixty<c PUN>, <shift new=whispering> <w VVB>bless <w PNP>her <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="372"><w VBD>Were <w PNP>you <w AJ0>aware <unclear> <w VBD>were <w PNP>you <w AJ0>aware <w AV0>then <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w CJS>although <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>generally <w AJ0>poor <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VVG>suffering <w AT0>the <w NN2>consequences <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w NN1>debt <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w VBG>being <w AJ0>poor <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w NN2>others<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="373"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NN1>debt <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VVD>knew <w PNP>they <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w NN1>debt <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>poor<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w AV0>sooner <w VVI>go <w PRP>without<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><pause> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>reason <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w AJ0>poor<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w PNP>She <w AV0>just <w VVD>knew <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w PNP>she <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVI>get <w DT0>any <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNI>anything <w PRP>on <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>P <w CJC>or <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="377"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>she <w VVD>knew <w PNP>she <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w AV0>just <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w DPS>her <w NN1>way <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
<s n="378"><w DTQ>Whatever <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w PNP>it <w VVB>go <w PRP>without<c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w CJC>And <w CJC>and <w AV0>really <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <pause> <w AVP-PRP>on <w ORD>second <w VVD>thought<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w AT0>a <w NN1>time <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>thought <w CJT>that <w DPS>her <w NN2>words <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no <w PNP>I <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><pause> <w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>wise <w NN1>woman<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="382"><w VBD>Was <w PNP>it <w AV0>generally <w VVN>thought <w PRF>of <w AV0>then <w UNC>er <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w NN1>debt<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w AV0>generally <w VVN>thought <w PRF>of <w CJS>as <w VBG>being <w PNI>something <w CJT>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>evil <w CJC>or <ptr target=HMLLC00F><unclear> <ptr target=HMLLC00G></u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="383"><ptr target=HMLLC00F><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>so<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMLLC00G></u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="384"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="385"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="386"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>many <w NN2>houses <w CJT>that <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNI>anybody <w VVD>knocked <w AT0>the <w NN1>door <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <pause> <w DT0>any <w NN1>debt <w CJC>or <w PNI>anything<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><pause> <w CJS>Because <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>that <w AJ0>poor <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VVD>knew <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w AV0>just <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNI>anything <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w XX0>Not <w CJS>unless <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w DTQ>which <w PNP>they <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have<c PUN>.
<s n="391"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>poor <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w CRD>two <w NN2>ways <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><pause> <unclear> <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1-AJ0>sole <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w NN1>shoe <w VVG>flapping <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>wear <w PNP>'em <w PRP>till <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>man <w CJT>that <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>mend <w AT0>the <w NN2>shoes <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hirael <w AV0>there <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>nails<c PUN>, <w AV0>never <w VVB-NN1>charge <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="394"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="395"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="396"><unclear> <w VVB>go <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>shop <w VVG>watching <w PNP>him <w VVB>mend <w AT0>the <w NN2>shoes<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w AJ0>open <w NN1>fire <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>round <w PNP>it <w VVG>keeping <w AJ0>warm <pause> <w CJS>while <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>mending <w AT0>the <w NN2>shoes<c PUN>.
<s n="398"><w CJC>And <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w ITJ>Oh <w VVB>look <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w DPS>my <w NN1>sole <w PRF>of <w DPS>my <w NN1>shoe<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>come <w AJ0>loose<c PUN>.
<s n="399"><w ITJ>Oh <w VVB>take <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VVI>stick <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>nails <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w VHD>Had <w AT0>the <w NN2>nails <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>mouth <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>knock <w PNP>'em <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>file<c PUN>.
<s n="401"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w VVG>swanking </sic> <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w DPS>your <w NN1>flap <w VHD>had <w VVN>gone <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><vocal desc=laugh> <w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>commonplace <w NN1>thing <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w PRP>for <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><pause> <w AJ0>Nice <w AJ0>little <w NN1>man <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><event desc="knocking sound"> <pause> <shift new=whispering> <w NN1-NP0>Woodpecker<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="405"><unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>fire<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <trunc> <w UNC>wh </trunc> <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w NN1>house
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="406"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="407"><w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VBI>be <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>fire<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="408"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>big <w AV0>enough <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>fireplace <w VBD>was <pause> <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>get <w AV0>about <w CRD>three <w NN2>chairs <w PRP-AVP>round <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <pause> <shift new=laughing> <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>crowded <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="410"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN1>room <w VBD>was <w AV0>so <w AJ0>small <pause> <w AV0>so <w AVQ>no matter where <w PNP>you <w VVD>sat <w AV0>there <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AJ0>warm<c PUN>.
<s n="411"><pause> <trunc> <w UNC>Th </trunc> <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>smallness <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="412"><pause> <w AV0>So <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DPS>my <w NN1>brother <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w CRD>four <w CJS>when <w DPS>my <w NN1>brother <w VVD>died <w AV0>then <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w AV0>gradually <w VHD>had <w DT0>more <w NN2>children <w AV0>afterwards <w CJS>until <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w VVD-VVN>left <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><pause> <w PRP>In <w DT0>that <w DT0>same <w CRD>one <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><pause> <w CJS>Before <w PNP>we <w CJS>before <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>house <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Road <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w AV0>sort of <w AV0>still <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>bedrooms <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><pause> <w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <pause> <w EX0>there <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>living <w NN1>room <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>parlour <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>posh<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><pause> <w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w CJC>But <w AT0>no <w PNI>nobody <w AV0>ever <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>seem <w TO0>to <w VVI>sit <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>fire<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w DPS>My <w NN1>mother <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJS>nearest <w PNI>one <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <w VVD>sat <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>fire <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>sitting <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w VDG>doing <w PNI>something <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="420"><pause> <w CJC>Or <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>street <w VVG>playing <w PRP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="421"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>wh </trunc> <w AVQ>where <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VBI>be <w VVG>playing <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w AJ0>young <w NN1>girl <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="422"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <pause> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach <w PRP>on <pause> <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <unclear> <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>went <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>there <w PRP>from <w NN1>morning <w PRP>till <w NN1>night <trunc> <w UNC>wh </trunc> <w PRP>during <w NN1>school <w NN2>holidays<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NN1>Street <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we <w VVD>lived <w PNP>it <w UNC>erm <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dead <w NN1-VVB>end <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>cul-de-sac<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><pause> <w AV0>So <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>safe <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w EX0>there<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>traffic <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w AVP>down <w AV0>there <w PNP>you <w VVB>see<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>narrow <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>step <w PRP>from <w CRD>one <w NN1>pavement <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>other <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>road<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w CJC>And <w DPS>our <w NN2>mams <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN1>skipping <w NN2>ropes <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNI>one <w VVD>sat <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>chair <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>pavement <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w PNI>one <w PRP>on <w NN1>pavement <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>side<c PUN>, <w VVG>turning <w AT0>a <w NN1>rope <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>skipped <w PRP>for <w NN2>hours <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN2>mams <w VVG>turning <w AT0>the <w NN2>ropes <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w NN2>Things <w AV0>like <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>play<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><w AV0>Never <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>far <w AV0>away <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w DPS>Our <w NN2>mams <w AV0>always <w VVG>watching <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>mainly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <pause> <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="431"><pause> <w CJS>Cos <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>well <w CJS>as <w AV0>soon <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>walk <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AVQ>when <unclear> <w NN1-VVB>weather <w VVG>permitting <pause> <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam<w VM0>'d <w VVI>take <w PNP>us <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach <w AV0>there <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <w AV0>Here <w PNP>you <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>sink <w CJC>or <w VVB-NN1>swim <w PRP-AVP>in <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>water<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="432"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="433"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="434"><w CJC>And <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VVG>watching <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>hawk <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="435"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w AJ0>natural <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>baby <w AT0>a <w NN1>swim <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="436"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w CJS>because <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>learn <w TO0>to <w VVI>swim <w PRP>from <w AT0>no <w NN1>age <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><pause> <w AV0>So <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>good <w NN2>swimmers <w PRP>around <w NP0>Hirael <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w AJ0>Great <w NN2>swimmers <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="440"><w AV0>So <w AV0>generally <w VVG>speaking <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN2>children <w VBD>were <w VVN>taught <w TO0>to <w VVI>swim <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>little<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="441"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><pause> <w PRP>From <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w AJ0>old <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VVG>sitting <w AVP-PRP>on <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w UNC>er <w NN1>wreck <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>boat <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><w DPS>My <w NN1>mam<w VM0>'d <w UNC>er <w AV0>well <w XX0>not <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>mams<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>sitting <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>feet <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AJ0>used <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w CJS>even when <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks <w AJ0>old<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>visualize <w PNP>it <w AV0>now <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w CJC>But <w CJS>as soon as <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>walk<c PUN>, <pause> <w AV0>then <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>throw <w PNP>you <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>then <pause> <w VVG>watching <w PNP>you <w AT0>every <w NN1>minute<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AJ0>natural<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>really <w AJ0>good <w NN2>swimmers <w AVP-PRP>round <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="448"><w AV0>Specially <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>always <w VVD>felt <w AJ0>safe<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>always <w PNI>somebody <w PRP-AVP>about<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><pause> <w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="451"><w VDD>Did <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>girls <w VVB-NN1>play <w AV0>together <w CJC>or <ptr target=HMLLC00H><unclear> <ptr target=HMLLC00J><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="452"><ptr target=HMLLC00H><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no <ptr target=HMLLC00J><w AV0>together <w AV0>always
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="453"><w PNP>They <w VDD>did<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="454"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><pause> <w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>always <w AV0>together <pause> <w AJ0>great<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w PNI>Nothing <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w VVG>knocking <w DT0>each <w NN2>others<w POS>' <w NN2>doors <w PRP>at <w NN2>nights <w PRP>about <w NN1>midnight <w VVG>coming <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>swim <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w AV0>all <w VVI>go <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><pause> <trunc> <w UNC>Yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NN1-VVB>moonlight <w VVG-NN1>bathing <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w NN2>sorts<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><pause> <w AV0>Quite <w AJ0>innocent<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><pause> <w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>even <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>girls <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="460"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVN>brought <w AVP>up <w AV0>together <w DT0>all <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <pause> <w NN1>vicinity <w PRP>for <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN2>years <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w PNX>one another <w CJC>and <pause> <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>thoroughly <w VVB>enjoy <w PNX>ourselves<c PUN>.
<s n="461"><w AV0>Quite <w AV0>innocently<c PUN>.
<s n="462"><pause> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="463"><w CJS>When <w DPS>your <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w AV0>sort of <pause> <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>children <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w CJS>after <w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>growing <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VHG>having <w NN2>children <w UNC>erm <w VHN>had <w PNP>you <w DT0>any <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w NN2>processes <w PRP>by <w DTQ>which <w DT0>all <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVG>coming <w AVP>about<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="464"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><pause> <w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AJ0>very <w AJ0>very <w UNC>erm <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VBD>was <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <pause> <w AV0>very <w AJ0>slow <w PRP>in <w VVG>coming <w AV0>forward <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="466"><pause> <w ITJ>No <w PNP>she <w AV0>never <w VVD>told <w PNP>us <w PNI>anything <w PRP>about <w PNI>anything<c PUN>.
<s n="467"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>came <w PRF>of <w NN1>age <pause> <w NN1>puberty <pause> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AJ0>frightened <w PRP>to <w NN1>death <w PNP>me <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>sitting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>bea </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>playing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach <pause> <w AV0>still <w AT0>a <w NN1>child <w PRF>of <w CRD>twelve <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we <w AV0>still <w VVD>went <w AVP>about <w PRP>with <w AJ0>little <w NN2>socks <w AVP-PRP>on <pause> <w PRP>at <w CRD>twelve <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
<s n="468"><pause> <w CJS>When <w PNP>I <w ORD>first <w VVD>started <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman <pause> <w PRP>on <w VVG>playing <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>ran <w AV0>home <w AJ0>petrified<c PUN>.
<s n="469"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VVZ>says <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w PNP>she <w VVD>said <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVD>gave <w PNP>me <w AT0>a <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VVB>call <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>protect <w PNX>myself<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>ill <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>nothing <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="471"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PRP>as from <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w NN1>woman<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="472"><w AV0>So <w AV0>just <w VVB>take <w NN1>care <w PRF>of <w PNX>yourself<c PUN>.
<s n="473"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>she <w VVD>told <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="474"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>idea <pause> <w AT0>no <w NN1>idea <w AV0>at all <w AV0>honestly<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><pause> <w AT0>No <w NN1>idea<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="476"><unclear> <w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w VVD>came <w AV0>home <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PNP>she <w VVD>told <w PNP>you <w DT0>this
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="477"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="478"><w VDD>did <w PNP>you <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>Fro </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>fro </trunc> <w AV0>just <w VVG-AJ0>listening <w PRP>to <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>imitating <w DTQ>what <w DPS>your <w NN1>mother <w VVD>said
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="479"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="480"><w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <pause> <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>definite <w CJC>and <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>firm<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="481"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="482"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>effect <w VDD>did <w PNP>it <w VHI>have <w PRP>on <w PNP>you <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>directness<c PUN>?
<s n="483"><w UNC>Er
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="484"><w AV0>Well <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJS>as soon as <w PNP>she <w VVD>gave <w PNP>me <w DT0>this <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AJ0>protective <w NN1>thing <w TO0>to <w VVI>wear <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD>told <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>grown <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>every </trunc><c PUN>.
<s n="485"><w AV0>Now<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVZ>says<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>want <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN1>town <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNP>me <w DTQ>whatever <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>ask <w PNP>me <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>remember<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>walk<c PUN>.
<s n="487"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>ill<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG-AJ0>dying <w PNP>you <shift new=laughing> <w VVB>know <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="488"><w CJC>But <w ITJ>no <w PNP>you <w VVB>go <w AVP-PRP>up <w NN1>town <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w PNP>me <w DT0>this <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w AV0>now <w PNP>she <w VVD>meant <w DT0-CJT>that <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <pause> <w AT0>no <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w AJ0>mampy <w NN1-VVG>pampying </sic> <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AVP>off <w PNP>you <w VVB>go <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>happen <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>come<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <w AV0>anyway <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w VVD>passed <w AVP>over <w AV0>just <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w VVD>came <w AJ0>natural <w AV0>afterwards <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NN2>girls <w PRP>in <w NN1>school <w AV0>then <w DT0>that <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVD>started <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about<c PUN>, <w ITJ>Ooh <w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>beach <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w ITJ>Oh <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w VHI>'ve <w VVN>told <w PNP>you <w DT0-CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>then <pause> <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>things <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w AJ0>late <w CJC>but <w PRP>as regards <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VVG>telling <w PNP>us <w PNI>anything <w UNC>brrr <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="492"><w VBD>Was <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>usual <w AV0>then <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>children <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <ptr target=HMLLC00K><unclear> <ptr target=HMLLC00L></u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="493"><ptr target=HMLLC00K><w ITJ>Yes <w AT0>the <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>way <ptr target=HMLLC00L><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w PNP>They <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AJ0>petrified <w PRP>out of <w DPS>their <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>before <w PNP>they <w VVD>knew <w PNI>anything <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <trunc> <w UNC>it </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VHD>'d <w VVN>happened <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="495"><pause> <w CJC>And <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>it <w AV0>really <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>frightened <w PNP>me <w PRP>to <w NN1>death<c PUN>.
<s n="496"><w PNP>It <w AV0>really <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w PNI>one <shift new=laughing> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>all <w DPS>my <w NN1>family <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="498"><vocal desc=laugh> <unclear> <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <w PNP>we <w AV0>sort of <w VVD-VVN>passed <w PNP>it <w PRP>on to <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w ORD>next <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VVI>expect<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w AV0>never <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="499"><pause> <w CJC>But <w PNP>us <w NN2>girls <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNX>one another <w AV0>afterwards <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="500"><pause> <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="501"><w VBD>Were <w PNP>you <w VVN>involved <w AV0>at all <w PRP>in <w UNC>er <w VVG>looking <w PRP>after <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJC>younger <w NN2>children<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="502"><w ITJ>Oh <w DTQ>what<c PUN>?
<s n="503"><w PNP>We <w AV0>never <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w CJC>and <w VVI>play <w AV0>anywhere <w VVB>take <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w PRP>with <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="504"><w ITJ>Oof <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>near </trunc> <w PNP>I <w AV0>nearly <w VVD>flattened <w DPS>my <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w NP0>Ann <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w NP0>Ann<c PUN>.
<s n="505"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>miserable <w NN1>child<c PUN>.
<s n="506"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>never <trunc> <w UNC>forge </trunc> <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>miserable <w NN1>child <w CJT>that <w NP0>God <w AT0>every <w AJ0-VVD>created <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>honestly<c PUN>.
<s n="507"><pause> <w CJC>And <w ITJ>oh <w NP0>God <w CJC>and <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>I <w VVD>got<c PUN>, <w VVB>take <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w DT0>more <w NN1>misery<c PUN>.
<s n="508"><w AV0>So <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w NN1>mam <w VDB>do <w PNP>I <w VHI>have <w TO0>to<c PUN>?
<s n="509"><w VVB>Take <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="510"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w AV0>always <w VHD>had <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AVQ>no matter where <w PNP>you <w VVD>went <w PNP>you <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>dear<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>mm <w AJ0>terrible<c PUN>.
<s n="512"><pause> <w ITJ>No <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w AV0>never <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VHI>have <w DT0>much <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w PNX>yourself<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w AV0>always <w VHD>had <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>kids<c PUN>.
<s n="513"><pause> <w VVB>Mind <w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>blame <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w AV0>really <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>wanted <w AT0>a <w NN1>rest <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>she<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><pause> <w AV0>Though <w PNP>you <w VVD>thought<c PUN>, <w ITJ>Oh <w VVB>come <w PRP-AVP>on <w AJ0>old <w NN1>misery <vocal desc=laugh> <shift new=laughing> <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <shift> <w PNP>I <w VVI>go <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w DT0>some <w NN1>time<c PUN>?
<s n="515"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w NN1-VVB>place <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NN1>school <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="516"><w CJC>But <w PRP>as regards <w VVG>going <w AVP>out <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w PNP>we <w AV0>always <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="517"><pause> <w CJC>But <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>never <w AJ0>far <w AV0>away <w VBD>were <w PNP>we<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="518"><w VBD>Was <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>usual <w AV0>then <w PRP>for <w AJC>older <w NN2>children <ptr target=HMLLC00M><unclear> <ptr target=HMLLC00N></u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="519"><ptr target=HMLLC00M><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMLLC00N></u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="520"><w VHB>have <w AJC>younger <w NN2>ones <ptr target=HMLLC00P><w PRP>in <w NN1>tow <ptr target=HMLLC00R><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="521"><ptr target=HMLLC00P><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HMLLC00R><w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="522"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>all <w AJ0>big <w NN2>families <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="523"><pause> <w PRP>In <w PNP>them <w NN2>days <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <w CJS>cos <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w UNC>er <w NN2>kids <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w AJ0>little <w NN1>street <w PRF>of <w PNP>ours <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>Street<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w ITJ>Gosh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w AV0>Quite <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>kids <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="527"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AV0>most<c PUN>.
<s n="528"><pause> <w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="529"><w PNP>You <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <pause> <w AV0>sometimes <w AT0>the <w NN2>mums <w PNI-CRD>one <w VM0>would <w VVI>sit <w PRP-AVP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>street <w CJC>and <w PNI-CRD>one <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <ptr target=HMLLC00S><w NN1-VVG>skipping <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <ptr target=HMLLC00T></u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="530"><ptr target=HMLLC00S><w ITJ>Mm <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMLLC00T></u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="531"><w CJS>while <w PNP>you <w VVD>skipped
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="532"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="533"><w VM0>Would <w PNP>they <w VBI>be <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w PRP>to <w PNX>each other<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="534"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="535"><w VVG>Passing <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>day <w PRP>about <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w NN2>things <w AV0>in general <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="536"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w UNC>erm <w ITJ>oh <w AV0>nearly <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>mums<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VVG>sitting <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w DT0>All <w AT0>the <w NN2>houses <w VBD>were <w AV0>so <w AJ0>small <pause> <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AV0>nearly <w PNI>everybody<w VM0>'d <w VVI>take <w DPS>their <w NN2>chairs <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w NN1>time <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer<c PUN>.
<s n="538"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>there <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VVG>chatting <w PRP>across <w PRP>to <w PNX>one another <w CJC>or <w VVB>come <w PRP>to <w DT0>each <w NN2>others<w POS>' <w NN2>doors <w CJC>and <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NN1-VVB>pass <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w NN1>day <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>chat <w PRP>about <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w CJC>and <w DT0>another<c PUN>.
<s n="539"><pause> <w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AJ0>glad <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w NN2>houses <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="540"><w CJS>Cos <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>think <w PRF>of <w PNP>'em <w AV0>now <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>claustrophobic <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="541"><pause> <w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AJ0>low <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AJ0>small<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="542"><w VM0>Would <w DPS>your <pause> <w VM0>would <w EX0>there <w VBI>be <w DT0>any <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AJ0>visiting<c PUN>, <w VM0>would <w DPS>your <w NN1>mum<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="543"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="544"><w EX0>There <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="545"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
<s n="546"><pause> <w ITJ>No <w PNP>we <w AV0>never <w VHD>had <w NN2>visitors<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <pause> <w PNP>she <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>afford <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w NN2>visitors <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w CJC>And <w PNP>she <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>visit <w PNI>anybody <w AV0>otherwise <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w PNP>She <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>very <w AJ0>welcome <w AV0>anyway <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN2>kids <w PRP>behind <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>she <w VM0>could <w AV0>never <w VVI>go <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>her <w DT0>own<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><pause> <w UNC>Erm <pause> <w ITJ>no <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w PNX>herself <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w PRP>to <w PNX>herself<c PUN>.
<s n="550"><pause> <w CJS>As <w PNP>we <w VVD>grew <w AVP>up <w PNP>she <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w AV0>sometimes <w VVI>go <w AT0>a <w VVB>see <w AT0>an <w NN1>aunt <w PRF>of <w PNP>ours<c PUN>.
<s n="551"><pause> <w CJC>But <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>big <w AV0>enough <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w PRP>for <w PNP>her <w CJS>while <w PNP>she <w VVD>went<c PUN>.
<s n="552"><w CJC>Or <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>pictures <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>.
<s n="553"><pause> <w AVQ-CJS>When <w PNP>us <w NN2>kids <w VBD>were <w VVG>growing <w AVP>up <w AV0>now <w AV0>so <pause> <w AV0>Well <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNX>myself <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <trunc> <w UNC>oth </trunc> <w AJC>younger <w NN1>sister <trunc> <w UNC>ne </trunc> <w AT0>the <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>next to <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="554"><w NP0>Mary <w PNP>she <w VVD>died<c PUN>.
<s n="555"><pause> <w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w PNP>us <w CRD>two <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DTQ>what <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w NN1>brunt <w PRF>of <w VVG>looking <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w AJC>younger <w NN2>ones <w CJS>because <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w AJC>older <w NN1>sister <w PNP>she <w VVD>left <pause> <w NP0>Bangor <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>young<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><pause> <w AV0>So <pause> <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w PNX>myself <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w NP0>Mary <w AV0>really <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>took <w NN1>care <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="557"><pause> <w CJC>But <w AV0>then <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w AV0-AJ0>natural <w PNP>we <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>take <w DT0>any <w NN1>notice <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>expected <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="558"><pause> <w UNC>Er <w AV0>then <w DPS>my <w NN1>mam <w VVD>said <w UNC>er <w AVQ>when <w AVQ>when <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w PNP>she <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VVG>chucking <w AJ0>old <w NN1>man <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="559"><w PNP>She <w VDD>did<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="560"><shift new=whispering> <w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="561"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>working<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liverpool <w VVG>sending <w DT0>some <w NN1>money <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
<s n="562"><w AV0>Then <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w NP0>Mary <w VVD>started <w NN1-VVB>work <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w VVD>went <w AVP>out <w CRD>one <w NN1>night <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>came <w AVP>back <w VVD>knocked <w AT0>the <w NN1>door <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>drunk <w CJS-PRP>as <w PRP>per <w AJ0>usual<c PUN>.
<s n="563"><w AV0>So <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w AV0>calmly <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJC>And <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>opening <w AT0>the <w NN1>door <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AV0>now <w CJC>or <w AV0>ever<c PUN>, <w PNP>she <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><pause> <w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><pause> <w AV0>Never <w VVD>came <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="566"><pause> <w PNP>He <w VVD>went <w TO0>to <w VVI>live <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>mother<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><pause> <w AT0>The <w PNI>one <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>house <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w VVN>born <w AVP-PRP>in <w AVP-PRP>in <unclear> <w AV0-AJ0>still<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><pause> <w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w VVD>died <w AV0>there <w PRP>at <w CRD>fifty<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><pause> <w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w NN1>attack <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>died <w PRP>at <w CRD>fifty<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="571"><w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VVD>accepted <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="572"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>there <trunc> <w UNC>wa </trunc> <w AV0>hardly <w PNI>anything <w AV0>else <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>relief <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><pause> <w CJS>Because <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VVD>knew <pause> <w CJT>that <pause> <w PNP>we <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids <w VBD>were <w AV0>really <w AJ0>terrified <w PRF>of <w PNP>him <pause> <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w AV0>only <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w DPS>his <w DPS>his <w NN2>footsteps <w VVG>walking <w PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>street <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>start <w TO0>to <w VVI>shake<c PUN>.
<s n="574"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w AJ0>petrified<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><pause> <w XX0>Not <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>hit <w PNP>us <w NN2>kids <w PNP>he <w AV0>never <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w PNP>He <w AV0>never <w VVD>lay <w AT0>a <w NN1>hand <w PRP>on <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w VVD>hit <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <pause> <w AV0>instead <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w PRP>For <w AT0>no <w NN1>reason <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>man <w DTQ>what <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother <w VM0>could <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w AV0>Now <w VVB>look <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AJ0>naughty <w AV0>today <w VM0>will <w PNP>you <w VVI>chastise <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
<s n="580"><pause> <w PNP>She <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w PNP>she <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w UNC>er <pause> <w VVI>talk <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <pause> <w AV0>at all <w CJS>so <w PNP>she <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>chastise <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="581"><w CJC>And <w AV0>yet <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>chastise <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="582"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>you <w VVI>find <w PNP>it <w AV0>very <w AJ0>puzzling <w PRP>as to <w AVQ>why <w PNP>he
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="583"><w PNP>We <w VDD>did<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<ptr target=HMLLC00U><unclear> <ptr target=HMLLC00V></u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="584"><ptr target=HMLLC00U><w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>could </trunc> <ptr target=HMLLC00V><w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand <trunc> <w UNC>wh </trunc> <w AVQ>why <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VDG>doing <w PNP>it <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>understand <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>day <w AVQ>why <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="586"><w PNP>You <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <ptr target=HMLLC00W><w VVI>understand <w AVQ>why <ptr target=HMLLC00X><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="587"><ptr target=HMLLC00W><w AV0>Quite <ptr target=HMLLC00X><w AV0>frankly <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
<s n="588"><pause> <w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><w CJS>Cos <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>deserve <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><pause> <w PNP>She <w AV0>really <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>happened <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w NN2>kids <w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w PNP>she<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w PRP>like <w PNP>him<c PUN>?
<s n="592"><pause> <w PNP>We<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VVN>died <w NN2>years <w AV0>ago<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="593"><w AV0>Presumably <w AV0>also <w PNP>it <w VVD>placed <pause> <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <pause> <w UNC>erm <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VVD>placed <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w PNP>you <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="594"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><ptr target=HMLLC00Y><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMLLC010></u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="596"><ptr target=HMLLC00Y><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="597"><ptr target=HMLLC010><w PNP>You <w VBD>were <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <ptr target=HMLLC011><w NN1>responsibility <ptr target=HMLLC012><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="598"><ptr target=HMLLC011><w ITJ>Oh <ptr target=HMLLC012><w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w CJC>And <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>accepted <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="600"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="601"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>we <w VVD>went <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <pause> <w PNP>I <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>well <w NN1>child <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>doct </trunc> <w CJS>when <w PNP>I <w VVD>left <w NN1-VVB>school <w AT0>the <w NN1>doctor <w VVD>said <w PNP>I <w VVD>left <w NN1>school <w PRP>at <w CRD>fourteen <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w PNP>I <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w UNC>erm <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w PRP>out of <w NN2>doors<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w AV0>Now <w AVQ>where <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w NN1>job <w PRP>out of <w NN2>doors<c PUN>?
<s n="604"><w AV0>So <pause> <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>market <w NN1>place <pause> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>street <w CJS>when <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <w NN1>market <w AT0>an <w AJ0>open <w NN1>market <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AVQ>where <w NP0>McKays <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w NP0>McKays <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="605"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="606"><w CJS>When <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>old <trunc> <w UNC>fashion </trunc> <w AJ0>open <w NN1>market <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w AV0>there <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>fruit <w CJC>and <w NN1>vegetable <w NN1-VVB>stall<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DPS>our <w NN2>wages <w VBD>were <w AV0>about <w CRD>twelve <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <pause> <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>it <w VVD>went <w PRP>to <w CRD>fifteen <w NN2>shillings <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="608"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VVD>ended <w AVP>up <w PRP>by <w VHG>having <w AV0>just <w PRP>over <w AT0>a <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w CJC>or <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>of course <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w DT0>all <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w DPS>my <w NN1>mother<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>us </trunc> <w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNI>nothing <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="610"><w AT0>The <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="611"><w AT0>The <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><pause> <w AV0>So <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w VVG>getting <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say <w AV0>about <w CRD>ten <w NN0>bob <w PRP>from <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w PRP>in <w NP0>Liverpool <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN2>wages <w CJC>and <w DPS>my <w NN1>sister <w NP0>Mary<w POS>'s <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w NN1>money<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><pause> <w AV0>So <w UNC>erm <w CJC>and <w PNP>she <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AV0>so <w PNP>she <w VBD>was <w AV0>better <w AVP>off <w DT0>that <w NN1>way <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="614"><w PRP-CJS>After <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w UNC>er <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w AVQ>when <w PNP>you <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>support <w DPS>your <w NN1>mum
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="615"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="616"><w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>notice <w DT0>any <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w PNP>her <ptr target=HMLLC013><unclear> <ptr target=HMLLC014><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="617"><ptr target=HMLLC013><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>she <ptr target=HMLLC014><w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AJC>happier <w NN1>person <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="618"><pause> <w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>she <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w PNP>She <w VBD>was <w AV0>much <w AJC>happier <w NN1>person <w CJS>because <w DT0>this <w DT0>this <w PNP>she<w VHD>'d <w VVN>threatened <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><w DT0-CJT>That <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>grow <w AVP>up <w VVD>grew <w AVP>up <pause> <w TO0>to <w VVI>help <w VVI>support <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>home <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w CJT>That <w PNP>she <w VM0>would <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVI>know <w VVB>throw <w PNP>him <w AVP>out <w CJS>so that <w PNP>she <w VM0>could <w AV0>just <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>tolerate <w PNP>him <w DT0>any <w DT0>more<c PUN>.
<s n="622"><w CJC>And <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we <w VVD>agreed <w PRP>with <w PNP>her<c PUN>.
<s n="623"><w AV0>So <pause> <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>relief <w PRP>to <w PNP>her <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w NN1>relief <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2>children <w CJS>because <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w VVG>living <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w NN1>terror <w PRF>of <w PNP>him <w VVG>coming <w AV0>home <w CJC>and <pause> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VVG>causing <w AT0>the <w NN1>bother<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="624"><w VDB>Do <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w DPS>your <w NN1>father <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unusual <w PRP>in <w NP0>Hirael <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w CJC>or <w CJC>or <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>behaviour <w PRP>by <w NN2>men <w VVN>accepted<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B4>
<s n="625"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>accepted <w PRP>in <w PNP>them <w NN2>days<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B5>
<s n="626"><w VBD>Was <w PNP>it<c PUN>? <event desc="end of recording">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMM>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Gwynedd County Council tape 19: interview for oral history project. Sample containing about 7140 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 109 Kbytes running text, containing about 7140 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMM</idno><idno type="old"> 106801 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106801" date="1986" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="737"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="48"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="6"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="45"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="382"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="158"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="126"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="19"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="7333"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="737"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="48"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="6"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="45"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="12"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="382"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="158"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="126"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="2"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="19"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="7333"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1986</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C400"><person age="5" dialect="XWA" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3B6" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>60+</age><name>Robert</name><occupation>retired miner</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3B7" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>historian</occupation><para>Speaks with a stutter</para></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106801" who='PS3B6 PS3B7'><name>Gwynedd:  Merionethshire </name><activity> Interview for oral history project Interview, reminiscences </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg2 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S interview oral history</classCode><keywords><term> employment </term><term> The Blaenau Ffestiniog quarry dispute </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HMMLC001> <loc id=HMMLC002> <loc id=HMMLC003> <loc id=HMMLC004> <loc id=HMMLC005> <loc id=HMMLC006> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0-AV0>ready <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w DTQ>what <w NN2>things <w VM0>will <w PNP>we <w VM0>shall <w PNP>we <w VVI>start <w PRP>with<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="2"><w AV0>Well <w UNC>erm <w AV0>sort of <w AVQ>how <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VVD>became <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="3"><w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w VBB>are <w PNP>we <w VVG>starting <w AVP>off <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>stuff<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="4"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="5"><w XX0>Not <w AV0>now<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="6"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="7"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w VVD>started <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w AV0>about <w CRD>ten <w CJC>or <w CRD>eleven <w NN2>years <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>contract <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w VVD>came <w AVP>along <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AVP>over <w PRP>from <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VVD>put <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>table <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <w VBG>being <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>put <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>table <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill <w PNP>he <w VVD>thought <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>less<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>table<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>produce <w DT0>more <w NN1>slate <w PRP>on <w UNC>erm <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>less <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w AV0>Well <w PNI>none <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w VBD>were <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w DT0>that <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>contract <w PRP>with <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>eleven <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w CJC>And <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>happy <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>workers <w VBD>was <w AJ0>happy <w CJS>until <w DT0>this <w NN1>son <w VVD>came <w AVP>along <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w PNP>us <w AJ0-VVN>fixed <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w DT0>this <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="17"><w PNP>You <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VHD>'d <w VVN>worked <w UNC>erm <w AV0>quite <w AV0>happily <w PRP>for <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc>
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="18"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yeah <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w AJ0>happy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="19"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="20"><w ITJ>Aha<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="21"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w DT0>some <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w AVQ>how <w PNP>you <w VVD>started <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>place<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="22"><w AV0>Well <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>he <w VVD>bought <w DT0>this <w NN1>slate <w NN1>quarry <w TO0>to <w VVI>scrap <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w PNP>he <w UNC>er <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>give <w DT0>much <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>.
<s n="24"><w CJC>But <w PNI>somebody <w VVD>put <w PNP>him <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>slate <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w AV0>only <w AT0>a <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>machine <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear<c PUN>.
<s n="25"><w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VVD>started <w VVG-AJ0>clearing <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>this <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>quick<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w AV0>then <w PRP>for <w CRD>fourteen <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w CJC>And <w VVB>make <w VVG>preparing <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w TO0>To <trunc> <w UNC>ma </trunc> <w VVI>make <w VVG>putting <w VVG-NN1>fixing <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tables <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="29"><w CJC>And <w UNC>erm <w AV0>anyway <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w DT0>more <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>unemployment <w NN1>exchange <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD-AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w CRD>fourteen <w NN1>pound<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w CRD>eighteen <w NN1>pound <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dole<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w CRD>Four <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>more <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dole<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VHG>having <w VVN>elected <w NN2>earnings <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>tax <w NN2>rebates <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dole <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AV0>up to <w CRD>eighteen <w NN1>pound<c PUN>.
<s n="31"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>for <w CRD>fourteen <w NN1>pound <pause> <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="32"><w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>sup </trunc> <w UNC>erm <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w VBD>was <w AV0>there <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>men <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w NN1-VVB>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <ptr target=HMMLC001><w NN2>quarries <ptr target=HMMLC002></u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="33"><ptr target=HMMLC001><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HMMLC002></u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="34"><w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dole<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="35"><w AV0>Well <w PNI>everybody <w CJT>that <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w AV0>always <w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>quarries <w DT0>all <w DPS>their <w NN1>life<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w AV0>just <w VBN>been <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>slater <w NN1>company <w CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w VVD-VVN>shut <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>put <w PRP-AVP>off <w NN1-VVB>work <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>quarry <w VVD-VVN>shut <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>expense <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>electricity <w TO0>to <w VVI>pump <w AT0>the <w NN1>water <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>mine<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w VVN-AJ0>shut<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w CJC>Or <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>quarry <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>carried <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>slate <w NN1>mine<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="39"><w AVQ>How <w DT0>many <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <w NN0>people <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>di </trunc> <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>take <w AVP>on <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>time <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <ptr target=HMMLC003><w ORD>first <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <ptr target=HMMLC004><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="40"><ptr target=HMMLC003><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AV0>about <ptr target=HMMLC004><w CRD>six <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>with<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="41"><w AVQ>How <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>select <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="42"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>he <w VVD>knew <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w NN1>slate <w NN1>quarry <w NN2>workers<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <w PRP>on to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w PNP>He <w VVD>knew <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w NN1>slate <w NN1>quarry <w NN2>workers <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w AT0>Every <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="45"><w VBD>Were <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PNP>they <w NN2>men <vocal desc="clears throat"> <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w UNC>erm <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>l </trunc> <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>expertise <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="46"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>all <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w VVN>worked<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w DT0>all <w VVN>worked <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN1>slate <w NN2>mines <w CJS>since <w PNP>we <w VVD>left <w NN1>school<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVD>left <w NN1>school <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w AVQ>when <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w CRD>fourteen<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVD>went <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>slates<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w CJS>Cos <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w CRD>Hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>men <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>slates<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w DPS>My <w NN2>fathers <w CJC>and <w NN2>grandfathers <w DT0>all <w VVN-VVD>worked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVN>seen <w PNI>nothing <w AV0>only <w NN1>slate<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w CJC>And <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w PNI>everybody <w VVD-VVN>left <w AT0>the <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w CJS>Cos <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>more <w NN1>money <w AV0>else <w AVQ>where<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w PNP>We <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>for<c PUN>, <w DPS>my <w NN1>father <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w VVG>earning <w CRD>one <w NN1>pound <w CRD>sixteen <w NN2>shillings <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>war<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>world <w PRF>of <w NN1>difference <w PRP>for <w PNI>everybody<c PUN>.
<s n="56"><w AT0>The <w NN2>wages <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w PNP>I <w VVD>went <w PRP>into <w UNC>erm <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <trunc> <w UNC>aer </trunc> <w NN1>aerodrome <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VBI>be <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VHG>having <w VVG-AJ0>working <w CRD>seven <w NN2>days <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VHG>having <w CRD>seven <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="58"><w AT0>A <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w NN2>millionaires <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w PNP>we<c PUN>?
<s n="59"><w ITJ>Aye <w NN2>millionaires<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w AV0>Only <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NN1>war <w VVD>broke <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PRP>from <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>forty <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>called <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w CJC>And <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w CRD>twelve <w CJC>and <w CRD>six <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w PRP>after<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>forces<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>long <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w PNP>they <w VVD>shoved <w PNP>me <w AVP-PRP>over<c PUN>, <w NP0>Normandy<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>landing <w PRP>in <w NP0>Normandy<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w CJC>And <w DT0>all <w PNP>I <w VVD>got <w PRP>for <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN1>tin <w NN2>medals<c PUN>, <w ITJ>uh <w ITJ>uh<c PUN>, <w ITJ>aye <w ITJ>dear <pause> <w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="66"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w UNC>er <w CJS>when <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVN>started <w AVP>up <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w VVD>opened <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="67"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="68"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>tell <w PNP>me <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>work <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <trunc> <w UNC>al </trunc> <w UNC>er <w VVN-AJ0>engaged <w PRP>in<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="69"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <w AV0>Well <w TO0>to <w VVI>prepare <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w UNC>erm <w VVG>concreting <w CJC>and <w CJC>or <w VDG>doing <w VVG>knocking <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>tables <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w VVG>preparing <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AJ0>big <w NN1>saw <w NN1>table <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>to <w NN1>diamond <w VVD>saw <w NN1>table <w AVP-PRP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w UNC>Erm <w CJC>or <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w AJ0>little <w NN1>fork <w NN1>lift <w AV0>there <w DTQ>which <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>quarry <w VVD>belonged <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w CJC>And <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w PRP>on to <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>only <w VHD>had <w CRD>four <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>five <w CRD>hundred <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>four <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>five <w CRD>hundred<c PUN>.
<s n="72"><w CJC>And <w VVB>believe <w PNP>me <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>weeks <w CJS>after <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w PNP>We <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>fork <w NN1>lift<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w NN2>tools <w AJ0>galore<c PUN>, <w PNI>everything <w VBD>was <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w EX0>There <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w NN1>money <w PRP>in <w NN1>slate<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><w CJC>And <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>time <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVN-VVD>built <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>big <w NN1>bungalow <w PRP>for <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brand new <w NP0>Mercs<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AT0>Every <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w VVG>coming <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>everywhere<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w PRP>From <w AT0>a <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>man <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>half <w VVI>step <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w ITJ>Aye <w PRP>in <w AT0>no <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w EX0>there <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w NN1>money <w PRP>in <w NN1>slate <pause> <vocal desc=laugh> <w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="80"><vocal desc=cough> <w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="81"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>he <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w AV0-AJ0>right <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w AV0>diddly </sic> <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w DPS>his <w NN1>son <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NP0>Mercs <w DT0>each<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>built <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>bungalow <w AV0>now <w AVP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w DT0>all <w VVN>got <w AJ0>massive <w AJ0>big <w NN2>places<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fantastic <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w PNP>they <w VVD>made <w PRP>out of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w CJC>And <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>ga </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>ga </trunc> <w VDN>done <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="84"><w AV0>Just <w VVD-VVN>shoved <w PNP>them <w AVP>off<c PUN>, <w VVB>put <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>dole<c PUN>, <vocal desc=sniff> <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>some <w AJ0>young <w NN2>lads <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>worried <w PNX>myself<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>I <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w CRD>sixties<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN2>lads <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w NN2>mortgages <w CJC>and <w NN2>kids<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AV0>either <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>.
<s n="86"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w NN2>lads <w PRF>of <w AJ0>real <w NN1>trouble <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN2>lads <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AJ0>young <w NN2>lads <w PRP>with <w NN2>kids <w CJC>and <w NN2>mortgages <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>he </trunc> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w CRD>sixty <w DT0>all <w DPS>your <w NN2>worries <w VBB>are <w AVP-PRP>over <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w CJC>But <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w AJ0>young <w NN2>lads <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>worry <w PRP>about <w PNP>them <w AV0>either <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>care <w PNQ>who <w PNQ>who <w VVD>went<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="89"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>starting <w AVP>off <trunc> <w UNC>aga </trunc> <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>starting <w AVP>off <w PRP>with <w UNC>erm <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w EX0>there <w DT0>any <w NN1>sense <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w PRP>including <w PNP>him <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>joint <w NN1>enterprise <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w AV0>really <w VBG>being <w AJ0>profitable<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="90"><w AV0>Well <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>said <w PRP>to <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVB>go <w AVP>up <w PNP>we <w VVB>go <w AVP>up <w AV0>together<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w CJS>If <w PNP>I <w VVB>make <w NN1>money <w PNP>I <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>make <w PNP>you <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>pay <w PNP>you <w AV0>as well<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVB>go <w AVP>up <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VVB>go <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>go <w AVP>up <w CJC>or <w AVP>down <w AV0>as well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>kept <w AVP>on <w VVG>saying <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>only <w CRD>four <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>five <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>pounds <w CJC>or <w PNI>something<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="93"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>half <w VVI>make <w NN1>money <w CJS>cos <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>before <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w NN1>coal <w NN1>business<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>no <w NN1>money<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>money <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w CJC>But <w DT0>that <w NN1>slate <w NN1>quarry <w VVD>put <w PNP>him <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w NN2>feet <w AV0>all right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="96"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w AVQ>why <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w DPS>his <w NN1>approach <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>extraction <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate <w VBD>was <w AJ0>successful<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w AVQ-CJS>Where <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN2>owners <w VHD>had <w UNC>erm <w VHD>had <w AJ0>great <w NN2>problems <w PRP>with <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>fl </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>fl </trunc> <w NN1>flooding<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="98"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>he <w VVD>worked <w AT0>the <w NN2>slates <w PRP>from <w AV0>outside <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w NN1-VVB>slate <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AJ0>new <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>slate <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN2>machines <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PRP>at <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w CJS>Where <w CJS>as <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>he <w VVD>bought <w DT0>these <w NN2>machines <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>cleared <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>rubbish <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w CJS>Cos <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w VVD>knew <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>slates <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>far <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>surface<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>slate <w NN2>mines <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>pay <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>these <w NN2>machines<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>course <w DT0>this <w NN1>grant <w NN1>story <w DT0>this <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHD>had <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>pounds <w PRF>of <w NN2>grants <w PRP>for <w DT0>these <w NN2>machines <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w PNP>We <w VVB>know <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AJ0>fantastic <w NN2>grants<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w AVQ>how <w DT0>much <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AVQ>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w PNP>We <w VVD>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PRP>from <w DT0>these <w NN2>grants <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>machines <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w DT0>these<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w AT0>Every <w NN1>penny <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>paying <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VHG>having <w NN1>grant <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>government <pause> <w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="106"><w CJS>Where <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>aw </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>aw </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>aw </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w DT0-CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>b </trunc> <w NN1>business <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>succeeding <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="107"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w PNI>everybody <w VVD>knew <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>making<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>cos <w UNC>erm <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>making <w AV0>about <w CRD>two <w CRD>thousand <w NN1>duchess <w AT0>a <w NN1>day<c PUN>. <vocal desc=sniff>
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="108"><ptr target=HMMLC005><w DTQ>What <ptr target=HMMLC006></u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="109"><ptr target=HMMLC005><w PRP>In <w CRD>twenty <ptr target=HMMLC006><w CRD>four <w CRD>fourteens <w CJC>and <w CRD>twenty <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two <w NN2>hours <w AT0>an <w AV0>this <w AJ0>fantastic <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>good <w NN1>slate <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>contract <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>year <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>contract <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>job <w VVG>getting <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w PRP>off <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w PNP>He <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>wanted <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>like <w PRP>on <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w VVB>make <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVN-AJ0>prepared<c PUN>, <w PNP>thee <w TO0>to <w VVI>pay<c PUN>.
<s n="113"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VDD>did <w VVI>manage <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>contract <w PRP>from <w PNP>him <w PRP>after<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>with<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><vocal desc=sniff> <w PRP>Out of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w NN2>mines<c PUN>, <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>years <w CJT>that <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w VVN>worked <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w DT0>That<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>bo </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN1>slate <w NN2>mines<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w VVN>used <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>two <w AV0>underground <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>partners<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w AT0>The <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w AV0>underground <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w AT0>the <w NN2>blocks <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w VVI>produce <w AT0>the <w NN2>slates <w PRP>out of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w NN2>partners <w DT0>these <w CRD>four<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w CRD>hundreds <w PRF>of <w NN2>contracts <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>, <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w PRP>for <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w XX0>Not <w CRD>one <w AJ0>big <w NN1>contract <w CJC>but <w PNI>everybody <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJ0>little <w NN2>contracts<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w CRD>Four <w CRD>four <w NN2>men <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>contract<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VVD>carried <w PNP>it <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w CJC>But <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>quarry <w AV0>now <w AVP>in <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>bonus<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VBD>was <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w NN2>partners<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w PNI>Everybody <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w NN1>face <w CJC>and <w PNI>everybody <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill <w VBD>were <w NN2>partners<c PUN>, <w PNI>everybody<c PUN>.
<s n="125"><w VVB>Get <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>wages <vocal desc=sniff> <w XX0>not <w PRP>like <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>days <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w AJ0>individual <w NN2>partners <w AV0>then <w PRP>in <w CRD>four <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>each <w NN1>partner <trunc> <w UNC>work </trunc> <w VVG>working<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="126"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w VVD>came <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DPS>your <w DPS>your <w NN1>contract <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>te </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>te </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>te </trunc> <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w NN1>contract<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w CJT-DT0>that <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <w AV0>together <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w CJS>whether <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w AV0>together <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>worker<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="127"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w AV0>together<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w VBD>was <w PRP>behind <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w VBD>was <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="128"><w AV0>Even <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w AJ0>early <w NN1>day<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="129"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w PNI>Everybody <w VVD-VVN>paid <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w ITJ>aye <pause> <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <w NN1>man <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AVQ>when <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w CJS>if <w DT0>these <w NN2>lads <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>scabs <w VVD>went <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>them <w CJT>that <w VVD>made <w PNP>it <w AJC>worse <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>others<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNI>everybody <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w VVD-VVN>stayed <w AVP>up <w AV0>together<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w VVD>stayed <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNI>everybody <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN2>troubles<c PUN>, <w NN1>money <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>.
<s n="133"><w CJS>Cos <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NN2>youngsters <w AV0>there <w PNQ>who <w DT0>that <w VVD>stayed <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w NN2>mortgages<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w CJC>And <w DT0>these <w NN2>scabs <w CJT>that <w VVD>went <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AT0>the <w NN2>ones <w CJT>that <w VVB>let <w PNP>us <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><trunc> <w UNC>St </trunc>
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="136"><trunc> <w UNC>D </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>succeeded<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="137"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNI>everybody <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>stayed <w AVP>out <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w AV0>never <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>scrap <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate <w VVD-VVN>made <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNI>everybody <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>stayed <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w VVN>stayed <w AVP>out <w PRP>till <w AT0>the <w NN1>end<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>scrap <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><w CJC>But <w DT0>these <w NN2>scabs <w VVD>went <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>made <w NN2>slates<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w UNC>erm <w CRD>two <w NN2>officials <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w AV0>never <w VVN>made <w NN1>slate <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w AVP>up <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w CJC>But <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>went <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN1-VVB>strike <w PNP>they <w VVD>started <w VVG>making <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w AV0>so <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>way <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>scabs <w AV0>too<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w CRD>two <w NN2>officials<c PUN>, <w NN2>officials <w XX0>not <w VVN>touched <w AT0>a <w NN1>slate <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w UNC>er <w XX0>not <w VVG>making <w NN1>slate <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w AVQ>why <w VM0>should <w PNP>they <w VVI>make <w NN1>slate <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="140"><trunc> <w UNC>D </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VDD>did <w PNP>they <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>slate<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="141"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yeah<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>good <w NN2>slaters <w PRP>as <w AT0>the<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w VVI>produce <w NN1>slate <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>good <w NN2>slaters <w AT0>the <w AJ0>just <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>they <w VVB>make <w NN1>slate <w CJC>but<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><w CJS>If <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>scrap <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>world <w PRF>of <w NN1>difference <w PRP>to <w DT0>this <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w XX0>Not <w AT0>a <w NN1>scrap <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>something <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w CJC>But <w DT0>these <w NN2>scabs <w VVD>went <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w AV0>really <w VVD>ruined <w DT0>this <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="145"><w VHD>Had <w PNP>you <w DT0>any <w VHD>had <w PNP>you <w DT0>any <w NN1>clue <w AV0>at all <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="146"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>see <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w DT0>much <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w PNP>them <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VVD>took <w DT0>some <w NN2>others <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w AV0>of course <w AV0>then <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0-VVN>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VVB-NN1>drop <w CRD>one <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w AVP>back <w AV0>then <trunc> <w UNC>wou </trunc> <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VVD>went<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w CJC>But <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VVD>started <w PNP>you <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>trust <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>scabs <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>start<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="150"><w CJS>Where <w PNP>they <w NN2>men <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w NN1>quarry <w NN2>men<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="151"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>no <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w VVN>worked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w PRP>like <w PRP>like <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w PNP>They <w AV0>only <w VDD>did <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>new <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="153"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>system <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bonus <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w NN1>quarry <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w PNP>They <trunc> <w UNC>didn </trunc> <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>ne </trunc> <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w VVG>working <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarry <w AV0>all <w AV0>that <w AJ0-AV0>long<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="155"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>work <w VHD>had <w PNP>they <w UNC>erm <w VBN>been <w VVN>engaged <w PRP>in<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="156"><w AV0>Well <w AJ0-VVG>driving <w CJC>and <w PRP>for <w UNC>erm <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w NN1>plant <w NN1>hire<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w VVG>driving <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VDG>doing <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w PNP>They <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w VVG>working <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w NN1-VVB>face<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w VVN>worked <w DT0>any <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VDG>doing <w AV0>all right <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>tables<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w VVG-NN1>sawing <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="159"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>scabs<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>slaters<c PUN>, <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVD>went <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="160"><w CJC>And <w AV0>so <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PRF>of <w DT0>these<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>just <w VVD>managed <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>them <w VHD>had <w XX0>not <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVZ>thinks <w DT0>this <w DT0>this <w NN1>strike <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>turned <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w VVB>Stop <w PNP>'em <w VHG>having <w DT0>any <w DT0>any <w NN1>slate <w AV0>at all<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w PNP>You <w VVB>stop <w PNP>'em <w PRP>from <w DT0>any <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w NN1>scrap <w PRF>of <w NN1>slate <trunc> <w UNC>e </trunc><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="163"><trunc> <w UNC>C </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>gi </trunc> <w VVI>give <w PNP>me <w DT0>some <w NN1>clue <w AV0>now <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w PRP>about <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>penny <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>drop <w DT0>that <w NN1>trouble <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>start<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="164"><w AV0>Well <w ITJ>no <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>started <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VVD>started <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>told <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w VVG>carrying <w AVP>on <w AV0>now <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>into <w DT0>this <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w DT0>these <w NN2>lads <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w DT0>that <w AJ0>quick<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w VVB>make <w PNP>them <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>less<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w AV0>better <w VVI>think <w PNP>it <w AVP>over <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w CJS>before <w PNP>it <w VVZ>gets <w DT0>any <w AJC>worse<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>worried <w PRP>about <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w PNP>He<w VM0>'d <w VVI>put <w DPS>his <w NN1>mind <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>this <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>mind <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>less<c PUN>, <w VVB>take <w PNP>it <w CJC>or <w VVB>leave <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>anything <w AV0>else<c PUN>.
<s n="168"><w VBD>Was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>let <w PNP>us <w VVI>go <w AVP>on <w CJS>now that <w DT0>same <w NN2>wages <w CJS>as <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="169"><w AVQ>How <w VDD>did <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it <w VVI>come <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVN>placed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w CRD>thirty <w NN2>pounds <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>less<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="170"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AV0>all <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>contract <w AVP-PRP>out <w PNX>himself<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<c PUN>, <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>put <w DT0>these <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tables <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mill<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w PNP>He <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w AV0>then <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VVD>worked <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>contract <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w PNP>it <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>less<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AV0>over <w CRD>two <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>slates <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w AV0>more<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>contract<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><trunc> <w UNC>T </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w AV0>less<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><event desc="background smash"> <w CJC>But <w PNI>nobody <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>prepared <w PRP>for <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="175"><vocal desc=cough> <w DTQ>What <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w PRP>about <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tables <w CJT>that <w VVD>produced <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="176"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>these <w NN2>tables <w PNP>he <w VVD>bought<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w VVN>seen <w NN2>tables <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w AV0>before<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>bought <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w NP0>Italy <w AV0>somewhere<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>sawing <w DT0>these <w NN2>slates <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>into <w NN2>blocks<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VVG>sawing <w PNP>them <w AJ0-AV0>square <w AV0>like <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>size <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>handy<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w VVD-VVN>involved <w TO0>to <w VVI>saw <w PNP>them <w VBD>was <w AV0>too <w DT0>much<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>other <w NN1>table <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AV0>before <w VBD>was <w AJC>better<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AV0>much <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w NN1>time <w VVD>involved<c PUN>, <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>screw <w PNP>them <w AVP>round <w CJC>and <w VVB>turn <w PNP>'em<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>saw <w PNP>them <w PRP>into <w NN2>blocks <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w VVN>involved <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="180"><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>loosing <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRP>on <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJ0>handy <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w PNP>them <w VVN>sawed<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJC>quicker <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w NN1>splitter <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AJC>quicker <w AV0>then <w TO0>to <w VVI>split <w PNP>'em <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VVD>found <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>sawing <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>stuff <w AVP>up<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate <w VVG-NN1>making<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w NN1>slate <w VVG-NN1>making<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>veins <w CJC>and <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN1>muck <w PRP>in <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN2>tables <w VBD>were <w AJ0>good <w AV0>then <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>time <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>in <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w VVG>sawing <w PRP>with <w PRP>in <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVD>found <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="185"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w AV0>once <w CJS>when <w PNP>they<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w VVN>installed <w CJC>or <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w VVN>thought <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>mistake <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>made <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>cash <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>spent <w PRP>on <w PNP>them <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w VVN>considered <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>mis </trunc> <w AT0>a <w NN1>waste <w PRF>of <w NN1>money <w CJC>or<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="186"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>waste <w AV0>well <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>saw <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>tables <w VVG>going <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>tip <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste <w VVG>going <w AVP>over<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>these <w NN2>tables <w VBD>were <w VDG>doing <w AV0>away <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w VVG>Getting <w DT0>more <w NN2>slates <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w NN1>waste <w PRP>out of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w DT0>these <w NN2>tables <w VBD>were <w VVG>sawing <w UNC>er <w PNP>them <w PRP>into <w NN2>blocks<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>call<c PUN>, <w VVZ-NN2>ends <w PRP>on <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VVG>going <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>tip<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w NN1>waste <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w AV0>there <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tables<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="190"><w AVQ>Why <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>machine <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w VM0>could <w VVI>trim <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>all <w NN2>sides<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="191"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>we <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>trim <w PNP>'em <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>hammer <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>chisel <w AV0>before
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="192"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="193"><w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>these <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tables <w VDD>did <w VVI>bring <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNI>something <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w PNI>anything<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>system<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w NN1-VVB>Slate <w PNP>we <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>produce <w PNP>we <w VVB>want<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste <w VVG>going <w PRP-AVP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>tip<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AV0>so <w DT0>much <w AJ0>worried <w NN1>bout <w AT0>the <w NN1>waste<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bonus <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN2>slates <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>worried <w DT0>more <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>waste <w AV0>then <w AV0>then <w PNP>ours <w NN1-VVB>contract <pause> <w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <pause> <w CJS>cos <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>waste <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>tables<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>make <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>more <w AJ0-NN1>waste <w CJS>than <w PRP>on <w DT0>these <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tables <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="196"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <trunc> <w UNC>Ha </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w AVQ>how <w VDD>did <w PNP>it <w VVI>come <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w NN1>side <w AV0>very <w AV0>firmly <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>employers <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>side <w AV0>very <w AV0>firmly <w CJC>and <w NN2>sides <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>drawn <w AVP>up<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="197"><vocal desc=sigh> <vocal desc=cough> <w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w CJC>and <w PNI>nobody <w VM0>will <w VVI>turn <w DT0>this <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>this <w PNP>he <w PNI>nobody <w VM0>would<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>put <w DPS>his <w NN1>mind <w PRP>to <w PNI>something <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w PNI>nobody <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth <w CJT>that <w VM0>could <w VVI>turn <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w PNI>Nobody <w PRP>on <w NN1>earth <w VM0>could <w VVI>turn <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w UNC>er <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>change <w DPS>his <w NN1>mind<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w CJC>And <w PRP>behind <w PNP>him <w AV0>again <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w NN1>son-in-law<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJT>that <w AV0>only <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>worse <w CJS>than <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w AV0>Then <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVZ>runs <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w PRP>to <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>well <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>worse <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS>only <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>behind <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>way<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>brains<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w AJ0>new <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN2>men <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>for <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>.
<s n="201"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w PRP>behind <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w ITJ>ee <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w NN2>brains<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w VVG>carrying <w PNP>it <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w UNC>erm <pause> <w DT0>this <w UNC>erm <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>him <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVZ>runs <w DT0>this <w NN1>quarry <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w AVP>up <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>terrible <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w AV0>even <w VHD>had <w PNP>them <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AJ0>young <w NN2>girls <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w AVP>up <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>found <w AVP>out <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>paying <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>paying <w PNP>them <w AV0>too <w AJ0>little <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w VVN>caught <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w PNP>'em<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VDN>done <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>charged <w PRP>for <w VVG>taking <w PNP>them <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning <w CJC>and <w VVD>charged <w PNP>'em <w PRP>for <w VVG>taking <w PNP>them <w AVP>down <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>evening <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NP0-NN1>Land <w NP0-NN1>Rover<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w AV0>So <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PNP>them <w DT0>both <w NN2>ways <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="204"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>man <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w ITJ>Aye <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w DT0>this <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS>cos <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>boat <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w NN2>families<c PUN>, <w NN1>family <w NN1>affair <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they <w VVB>say <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>man <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w PNI>anything <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w PNI>something <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w ITJ>no <w EX0>there <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="208"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>give <w DT0>some <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w PNP>you <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVD-VVN>decided <pause> <w NN1-VVB>strike<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="209"><w CJS>When <w PNP>we <w VVD>started <vocal desc=cough> <w AV0>well <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>in <w NP0>York <event desc="end of side one of tape"> <w CJS>When <w PNP>we <w PRP>at <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w VVB>go <w AV0>slow <w NN1>system <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>produce <w DT0>much <w NN1>slate <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>go <w NN1-VVB>work <w TO0>to <w VVI>rule<c PUN>.
<s n="210"><w PNP>We <w VVB>let <w DT0>this <w VVI>carry <w DT0>that <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w CJC>or <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>annoyed <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w PRP>in <w DT0>both <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VVN>decided <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>go <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w VVB>go <w AV0>slow<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>told <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>go <w VVB>go <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w VVB>go <w AV0>slow <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>go <w AV0>home<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>said<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>manager <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1>brother <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w CJS>When <w AT0>a <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVN>sent <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w PNP>we <w VVD>went <w AV0>home <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>quarry <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w PNI>everybody <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>went <w AV0>home <w AV0>so <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w VBD>were <w CRD>forty <w PRF>of <w PNP>us <w PRP-AVP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>altogether<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w PNI>Everybody <w VVD>went <w AV0>home <w AT0>an<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w PRP>on <w NN1>picket <w NN1>line <w PRP>after<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="214"><w VHB>Have <w PNP>you <w VVN>got <w DT0>any <w NN1>idea <w PRF>of <vocal desc="clears throat"> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>thought <w AV0>then <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVG-AJ0>acting<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w NN2>quarries<c PUN>, <w VBD>were <w VVG>acting <w PRP>as <w UNC>erm <w CRD>one <w NN1>body<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="215"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w NN1>union <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI>everybody <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>together<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w AV0>well <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVD-VVN>stuck <w AV0>together <w AT0>an <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w DT0>more <w PNP>we <w VVD>stayed <w AV0>together <w AT0>the <w AJC>stronger <w PNP>we <w VBB>are<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w AVP>out <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>stay <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w AV0>always <w VVG-NN1>thinking <w PRF>of <w UNC>ai<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w ORD>last <w NP0>August<c PUN>, <w ORD>last <w NP0>August <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>Holiday <w DT0>this <w VBD>was <w VVN>started<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>Holiday <w NN1>weekend <w AVQ>when <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w CJS>cos <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN2>gates<c PUN>, <w NN1>Bank <w NN1>Holiday <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>, <w VVG>stopping <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>traffic <w VVG>going <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <pause> <w ITJ>Yea <pause> <w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w VVB>know <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w AV0>maybe <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VHD>'d <w AT0>a <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back <w AV0>then <w CJC>and<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>he<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VVD>offered <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w AV0>then <w PRP>about <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w ITJ>Yeah <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>work <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NP0>Thursday <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w AT0>an <w DT0>all <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w CJC>And <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>some <w NN1>settlement<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w PNP>it <w VBB>are <w VVG>giving <w PNP>us <w DT0>any <w NN1>settlement <w CJS>cos <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w PNP>he <w VHD>had<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>stubborn<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>give <w AVP>in<c PUN>, <w PNI>nobody <w VM0>would <w PNP>he <w VVI>give <w AVP>in <w PRP>to <w PNI>nobody <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AJ0>stupid<c PUN>, <w AJ0>stubborn <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="222"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w ORD>first <w UNC>erm <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w ORD>first <w VVD>came <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w VDD>Did <w PNP>you <w VHI>have <w DT0>any <w NN1>idea <w AVQ>how <w AV0-AJ0>long <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AVP>out
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="224"><w AV0>Well <w PNI>everybody <w VVD>thought <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <w CJC>or <w AV0>so<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AVP>out <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w CJC>or <w UNC>er <w AV0>more <w CJS>when <w DT0>these <w NN2>scabs <w VVD>started <w VVG>going <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVD>knew <w AV0>then <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>finish <w AVP>off<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w CJS>If <w AV0>more <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w AV0>quicker <w CJS>cos<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w DT0>more <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w AVP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>they <w VVD>stayed <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w PNI>nobody <w VVD>went <w AVP>in <pause> <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="227"><w CJS>When <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w VVD>went <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>manage <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNI>anyone <w AV0>else <w PRP>from <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NN1>work<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="228"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>all <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>lads <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>hell <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>life <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town <w AV0>of course<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><vocal desc=cough> <w CJS>If <w PNP>they <w VVD>went <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>drink <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w VVG>calling <w PNP>them <w NN2>scabs <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>went <w AV0>anywhere <w AV0>then<c PUN>, <w DT0>some <w DT0>some <w VHD>had <w DPS>their <w NN2>cars <w VVN>sprayed <w PRP>with <w NN1>paint <w CJC>and <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w PNI>everything <w VDN>done<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w PRP>against <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>still <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w AT0>The <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>scabs <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>scabs <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>always <w VBI>be <w NN2>scabs <w DT0>all <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w PNP>They <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w NN2>scabs <w AVQ>wherever <w PNP>they <w VVB>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="233"><w UNC>Er <w AV0>even <trunc> <w UNC>e </trunc> <w AV0>even <trunc> <w UNC>n </trunc> <w AV0>now <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>marked <w NN2>men <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="234"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Wales<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Wales <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>if <w DPS>your <w NN1>grandfather <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>scab<c PUN>, <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>scab <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VVB>carry <w PNP>it <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w NN2>generations <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>brought <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>town <w AV0>there <w AJ0>small <w NN1>town <w PRP>like <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w CJS>Cos <w DT0>these <w NN2>lads <w CJS>now that <w VHB>have <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w NN2>scabs <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w NN2>scabs <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w DT0>all <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="237"><w PNI>Everybody <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w PNP>them <w PRP-CJS>as <w NN2>scabs<c PUN>, <w AVQ>wherever <w PNP>they <w VVB>go<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w DTQ>No matter what <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <pause> <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>always <w VBI>be <w NN2>scabs<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PRP>as for <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>shot <w AJC>better <w NN2>men <w CJS>than <w PNP>'em <pause> <w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>..
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="241"><w ITJ>Yes
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="242"><w VM0>Could <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>shot <w DT0>any <w AJC>worse <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <pause> <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>happen<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>worried <w CJS>cos <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>over <w CRD>sixty <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>these <w NN2>lads<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>worried <w PRP>about <w DT0>these <w NN2>lads<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w NN2>mortgages <w CJC>and <w NN2>children <w TO0>to <w VVI>rear <w AVP>up <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN2>worries<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>still <w VHB>have<c PUN>.
<s n="245"><w CJC>But <w DT0>these <w NN1>quarry <w NN2>owners <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>worried <w PRP>about <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w PNP>They <w AV0>just <w VVD>worried <w PRP>about <w PNX>themselves <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="247"><w ITJ>Mm <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w AV0>rather <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>ye </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVD>said <w AV0>earlier <w AVP>on <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w AJ0-VVG>striking <w NN2>bargains <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>individual <w NN1>basis<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="248"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="249"><unclear> <w PRP>on<c PUN>, <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>team <w PRF>of <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>men<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w AV0>So <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>a <w NN1>tradition <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w NN2>men <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w NN2>owners <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w PNX>each other<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="251"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="252"><w VBD>Was <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>talking <w VVG>going <w AVP>on<c PUN>, <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>surprising <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tradition <w PRF>of <w NN1>bargaining<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="253"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AV0>well <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>days<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <vocal desc=cough> <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>union<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w PNP>You <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>work <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>gate <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w PRP>without <w VBG>being <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <w NN1>man<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN2>days <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>this <w NN1>system <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w NN2>men <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>bargain<c PUN>, <w PNI>nobody <w VVD>knew <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>man<w POS>'s <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w PRP>on <w AJ0>different <w NN1>wage<c PUN>, <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>wage<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w CJC>And <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w AV0>well <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN0>staff <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>owners <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w DT0>more <w NN1>bonus<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w PNP>They<w VM0>'d <w VVI>fix <w PNP>you <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w AJC>better <w NN1>bonus<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w AT0>a <w AJ0>black <w NN1>leg <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w UNC>er <w VBI>be <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>less <w NN2>wagers<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>system <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>system<c PUN>, <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>system <w PNP>they <w VVD>carried <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN2>quarries <w PRP>in <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>years <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVN>gone<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w NN1-VVB>contract <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>monthly <w NN1>contract <w PNP>you <w VVB>work <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w NN2>weeks <w PRP>for <w CRD>one <w NN1>pound <w CRD>sixteen <w NN2>shillings <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month <w PNP>they <w VVB>count <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>slates <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="260"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w DT0>this <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bonus <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AV0>maybe <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN0>quid <w PRP>on top of <w DPS>your <w CRD>one <w NN1>pound <w CRD>sixteen <w NN2>shillings<c PUN>.
<s n="261"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VDG>doing<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>made <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>slate <w DT0>this <w NN1>month<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>drop <w DPS>your <w NN1>bonus <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w AV0>so as <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PRP>as to <w VVB-NN1>keep <w PNP>you <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>level<c PUN>, <w CJS>so <w PNP>you <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w DT0>any <w AJC>higher <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VHD>had <w AJ0>good <w NN1>slate <w CJC>and <w VVD>worked <w DPS>your <w NN2>guts <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="262"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w AJ0>following <w NN1>month <w PNP>they <w VVB>drop <w PNP>you<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="263"><w VBD>Was <w EX0>there <w DT0>any <w NN1>sense <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VBG>being <w VVN>put <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>position <w CJS>as <w DPS>your <w NN2>parents <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w DPS>your <w DPS>your <w NN2>grandparents<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>sense <w XX0>not <w VBG>being <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>above <w AT0>a <w AJ0>certain <w NN1>level <w PRP>by <w VHG>having <w DPS>your <w NN2>wages <w DPS>your <w NN1>bonus <w NN1>cut<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="264"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>they <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>tell <w PNP>you <w DT0>this <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>we<w VHD>'d <w VVN>worked <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w AV0>for er good <w DT0>many <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>talk <w PRF>of <w DT0>any <w NN2>cuts <w PRP>in <w NN2>wages<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w DT0>this <w VVZ-NN2>wages <w DT0>all <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w PRP>through <w DT0>these <w NN2>years<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w PNI>Everybody <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN2>days <w NN1-VVB>work <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w CJS>cos <w NN1>slate <w NN1>quarry <w NN1>work <w VHZ>has <w AV0>always <w VBN>been <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w CJC>But <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w AJ0>happy <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w UNC>er<c PUN>, <w CJS-PRP>till <w DT0>this <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVD>came <w AVP>along<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VVD>wanted <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PRP>for <w DT0>less<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="267"><w CJS>When <w PNP>he <w VVD>came <w AVP-PRP>along <w AVQ>how <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>see <w NN2>things <w VHD>had <w VVN>changed <w CJC>or <w AVQ>how <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVI>see <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>process <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>changing<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="268"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>straight away <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>thing <w PNP>he <w VDN>done <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w DT0>these <w AJ0>new <w NN2>tables <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w NN1>idea <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>put <w DT0>these <w NN2>tables <w AVP-PRP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>more <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>less <w NN2>wages<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w CJS>whether <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w VVD>thought <w DPS>his <w NN1>father <w VVD-VVN>paid <w PNP>us <w AV0>too <w DT0>much<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>mind <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVB-NN1>drop <w AT0>the <w NN2>wages <w PRP-AVP>down <w CRD>thirty <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w PRP>For <w PNI>everybody<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="271"><w VBD>Was <w EX0>there <w DT0>any <w NN1>alteration <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>style <w PRF>of <w NN1>management <w AV0>at all<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="272"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <trunc> <w UNC>jus </trunc> <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVG-AJ0>working<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w DT0>same<c PUN>, <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w VVG>working<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>fr </trunc> <w AV0>real <w AJ0>hard <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm<c PUN>.
<s n="273"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1-VVB>mind <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>cut <w AT0>the <w NN2>wages <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>to <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>start<c PUN>, <w VVB>cut <w AT0>the <w NN2>wages <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w VVB>make <w DT0>more <w NN1>slate<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NN1>mind<c PUN>.
<s n="275"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNI>anything <w AV0>else <w AV0>there <pause> <w ITJ>no <trunc> <w UNC>ar </trunc> <pause> <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DT0>these <w NN1>plant <w NN1>hire<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>these <w CRD>two<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS>when <w DPS>his <w AJ0>old <w NN1>man <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PNP>us <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>quarry<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w DT0>this <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w AV0>as well<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w NN2>lads <w VVG>working <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>plant <w NN1>hire <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w PNP>He <w VHD>had <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>lorries <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>road<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>machines <w UNC>er <w VVG>working <w AT0>the <w NN2>roads <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w DT0>all <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>working <w PRP>for <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w DT0>these <w NN2>lads <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>come <w AVP>along <w CJC>and <w AV0>before <w NN1>Christmas <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VVI>stop <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>before <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w AT0>every <w NN1>year<c PUN>.
<s n="277"><w VVB>Stop <w PNP>'em<c PUN>, <w AV0>just <w PRP>before <w NN1>Christmas <w PNP>he <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>'em<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w CJC>And <w DPS>my <w NN1>son-in-law <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>working <w PRP>with <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w DT0>that <w NN1>accident<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>ridiculous <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VDN>done <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><w CJS>When <w PNP>he <w VVD>reversed <w DT0>that <w NN1>dumper <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>tip<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w CRD>Eleven <w AV0>o'clock <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w VVD>lost <w DPS>his <w NN1>leg<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VVD>held <w AT0>the <w NN2>wages <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon <w PRF>of <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <trunc> <w UNC>r </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>really <w AJ0>terrible <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w VVG>Stopping <w AT0>a <w NN1>man<w POS>'s <w NN1>afternoon <w NN2>wages <w CJS>after <w PNP>he <w VVD>lost <w AT0>a <w NN1>leg<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w VVG>paying <w PNP>him <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>two <w NN1>pound <w AT0>a <w NN1>week <pause> <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="285"><w VBD>Was <w DT0>that <w VVN>considered <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>thing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="286"><w AV0>Very <w AV0-AJ0>hard<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PNP>I <w VVD>told <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w PNP>I <w VVD>told <w PNP>'em <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VDN>done <w DT0>that <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
<s n="287"><w VM0>Must <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>man <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing <w PRP>like <w DT0>that <w ITJ>eh<c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>is </trunc> <w PRP>after <w AT0>an <w NN1>accident <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w AV0>never<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>old <w NN1>slate <w NN1>quarry <w NN1>company <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>pay <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AVP>off <w PRP>in <w PNI-CRD>one <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>accident <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w CJC>But <w DT0>that <w VVG>holding <w AT0>the <w NN1>afternoon <w PRP>off <w PNP>him <w PRP>after <w VVG>loosing <w AT0>a <w NN1>leg <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>really <w AJ0>terrible <pause> <w ITJ>aye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="290"><w CJS>When <w PNP>it <w VVD>became <w AJ0>obvious <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w AT0>a <w NN1>fortnight <w CJC>or <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>last <w AT0>a <w NN1>month<c PUN>.
<s n="291"><w AVQ>How <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>organize <w PNX>yourselves <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w AV0>together<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="292"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>meeting <w AT0>every <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w NN1>union <w NN1>meeting<c PUN>, <w AT0>every <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="293"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w AJ0>fantastic <w NN1-VVB>help <w AVP-PRP>in <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>from <w NN1>South <w NP0>Wales<c PUN>, <w AV0>most <trunc> <w UNC>thos </trunc> <w AV0>terribly <w AJ0>good <w UNC>er <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w AV0>terribly <w AJ0>good <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w VVG-AJ0>organizing <w UNC>er <w AJ0>different <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w DT0>Many <w VVD>supported <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>present <w AT0>the <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w AJ0>Fantastic <w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VVD-VVN>thought <w PRF>of <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w VBD>was <w VVG>coming <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>everywhere<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w PNP>They <w AV0>really <w VDD>did <w VVI>help <w PNP>us <pause> <w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="297"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <w NN0>people <w CJC>or <w VVB>organize <w CJC>or <w NN2>organizations <w AVQ>where <w VVG-NN1>helping <w PNP>you <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="298"><w AV0>Well <w NN1>union<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN2>mines <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AJ0>different <w AV0>well <w UNC>er <w AV0>everywhere <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>North <w NP0>Wales <w AV0>here <w PRP>to<c PUN>, <w NN2>postmen<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w AT0>every <w NN1>union <w VBD>was <w VVG>helping <w PNP>us <w PRP>with <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w NN2>Organizations <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NN1>money <w VVG>coming <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>everywhere <w CJC>and <w NN1>food <w NN2>parcels<c PUN>.
<s n="300"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVG>helping <w PNI>everybody<c PUN>.
<s n="301"><w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VVD>thought <w PRF>of <w PNI>anything <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w AV0>Really <w AJ0>fantastic<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w NN1>money <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>fund <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w CJS>for <w PRP>after <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w NN1>money <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>from <w AV0>overseas<c PUN>, <w NP0>Germany<c PUN>, <w NP0>Belgium<c PUN>, <w NP0>Holland<c PUN>, <w AV0>there <trunc> <w UNC>wa </trunc> <w AV0>everywhere <w VVG>helping <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w ITJ>Aye<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="305"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VBD>were <w PNP>you <w PRP>as <w UNC>erm <w AT0>a <w AJ0>large <w VBD>were <w PNP>you <w VVN>organized <w PRP-AVP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>way <w AVP-PRP>in <trunc> <w UNC>ord </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w UNC>er <w PRP>to <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>con </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w UNC>=tinue <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike <trunc> <w UNC>le </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>le </trunc> <w NN1>length <w PRF>of <w NN1>time<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="306"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w AT0>a <w AJ0>continued <w PNP>it <w PRP>for <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>getting <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w AVP>out <w PRF>of <w NN1>hand <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>picket <w NN1>line <w AV0>really<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>youngsters <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>these <w NN1>picket <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>coming <w AV0>there <w DT0>this <w NN1>week <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>come <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w CRD>three <w CJC>or <w CRD>four <w NN2>weeks <w CJC>or <w PNI>something<c PUN>, <w VVG>thinking <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>picket <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DT0>that <w NN1>gate<c PUN>, <w VVB>stop <w PNI>everybody <w PRP>from <w VVG>going <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w CJC>But <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>lo </trunc> <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>youngsters <w PNQ>who <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVN>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>this <w NN1>picket <w NN1>business<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w CJS>As <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VVD>got <w AJ0>fed up <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w UNC>er<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w CJC>But <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w VVG>carrying <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>really <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w CJS>If <w PNP>we<w VHD>'d <w AT0>a <w VVD-VVN>carried <w PNP>it <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <pause> <w VVB>say <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w AV0>now <w PNP>you <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w UNC>erm <w NN1>Whitsun <w NN1>Holiday <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w CRD>seven <w NN2>days <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>there <w NP0>Saturday <w CJC>and <w NP0>Sunday <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNI>anything <w VVG>going <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w VBD>were <w PNP>they<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w DT0>these <w NN2>youngsters <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>gate<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="314"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <pause> <w AT0>the <w NN1>encouragement <w AV0>then <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>picket <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJC>older <w NN2>men<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="315"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>arguments <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>union <w NN2>meetings <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>picket <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w CJC>But <w PNP>we <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>make <w PNI>anybody <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w VVI>say<c PUN>, <w AV0>anyway <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>catch <w PNP>you <w AVP>up <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w AV0>So <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w AV0>well <w PNP>we <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>carry <w PNP>it <w AVP>out<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN2>ones <w PNQ>who <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AT0>the <w NN1>picket <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w UNC>erm <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w PNP>'em <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w DT0>these <w NN2>youngsters <w PRP-AVP>on <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w NN1>picket<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="318"><w CJS>Where <w PNP>they <w AV0>then <w AT0>a <w NN1>group <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who<c PUN>, <w PRP>to <w PNQ>whom <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRF>of <w VBG>being <w PRP>on <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>per </trunc> <w NN1>picket <w VVG>falling <w DT0>more <w CJC>and <w DT0>more<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="319"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<c PUN>, <vocal desc=sigh> <w ITJ>yes <w AV0>all <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>gate<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>gate <w PNX>myself <w CRD>dozens <w PRF>of <w NN2>times<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w PRP>On <w DPS>my <w DT0>own <w AV0>there <pause> <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>worried <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="321"><w CJC>But <w CJS>if <w CRD>one <pause> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w NN1>man <w VDZ>does <w AT0>the <w NN1>picket <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w XX0>not <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>go <w NN1-VVB>show <w VBB>are <w PNP>they<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w VVD>wanted <w PNP>us <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w TO0>to <w VVI>break <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w PNP>They <w VVD>wanted <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNI>everybody <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w PRP>with <w PNP>me <w AV0>too <w AT0>the <w NN1>picket<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w DT0>these <w NN1>slate <w NN1>quarry <w NN2>owners <w VVD>wanted <w PNP>us <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w TO0>to <w VVI>fall <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="325"><w AT0>The <w NN1>strike <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w NN1-VVB>fall <w AV0>apart <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <pause> <w PNP>It <w VHD>had <w VVN>fallen <w AV0>apart <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w PRP>without<c PUN>.
<s n="327"><w PNI>Everybody <w VBD>was <w VVG>standing<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VBD>was <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>go <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="328"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>collieries <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w DT0>these <w NN1>self <w PRP>worth <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>so <w AJ0>terrible <w AJ0>keen <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="330"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>all <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AVQ-CJS>when <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w NN2>contacts <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>made <w PRP>between <w UNC>erm <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w NN1>South <w NP0>Wales <w PRP>in terms of <w NN1>support
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="331"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="332"><trunc> <w UNC>D </trunc> <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>get <w DT0>any <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm<c PUN>, <w PRP>apart from <w AJ0>financial <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w NN1-AJ0>material <w NN1-VVB>support<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>get <w DT0>any <w AJ0>moral <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AVQ>how <w AT0>a <w NN1>strike <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <trunc> <w UNC>con </trunc> <w VVN>conducted<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="333"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>telling <w PNP>us <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>pack <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w CJT>that <w VVB>keep <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w NN1>gate <w VVG>going <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<c PUN>, <w VVB>keep <w PNP>it <w VVG>going <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w PNP>they<w VM0>'d <w UNC>er <w VVI>help <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w PRP>For <w NN2>years <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w CJS>because <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>stay <w AVP>out <w PNP>they <w VVB>give <w PNP>us <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>percent <w NN1-VVB>help <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="335"><w CJC>But <w UNC>erm <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w ITJ>no <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>these <w NN2>youngsters<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>'em <w PNP>they <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't<c PUN>, <w AV0>anyway <w PNI>everybody<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>percent <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>anywhere <w PRP>with <w PNI>anything<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="336"><w PNP>You <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w VVD>emphasized <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w NN1>solidarity <trunc> <w UNC>fr </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>fr </trunc> <w PRP>from <w NN1-VVB>want <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>word<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="337"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="338"><w UNC>Erm <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>opinion <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN2>men <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>pressures
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<vocal desc=sigh>
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="339"><w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AV0>as <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AJ0>solid <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w AJC>older <w NN2>men <w VM0>let's <w VVI>say <w CJC>or <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w CJS>because <w PNP>they <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="340"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>they <w VHD>had<w XX0>n't <w AT0>a <pause> <w ITJ>no <w PNP>they <pause> <w PNP>they <w VVD>started <w AV0>alright <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>picket <w CJC>but <w CJS-PRP>as <w NN1>time <w VVD>rolled <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBD>was <w VVG>getting <w UNC>erm <w AJ0>fed up <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VVD>went <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>getting<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>I <w PNP>we <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w VVB-NN1>bugger <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VVD>happened <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w DT0>some <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w VVI>stay <w AV0>there <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>gate <w AT0>an <pause> <w NN1>watch <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNI>nobody <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w UNC>er<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="342"><w CJS>When <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>discussing <w DT0>these <w NN2>things <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>l </trunc> <w NN1>lodge <w NN1>meeting <w UNC>erm <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VDD>did <w AT0>the <w AJC>younger <w NN2>men <w AV0>sort of <w VVB>indicate <w AVQ>how <w PNP>they <w VVD>felt <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>picket<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="343"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>aye<c PUN>, <w VVB>know <w DT0>these <w NN2>youngsters <w AV0>today<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w XX0>not <w UNC>er <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w CJS>as <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AJ0>young <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w PNP>They <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>seem <w TO0>to <w VVI>worry <w PRP>about <w PNI>anything <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>youngsters <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="345"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w NN1>strike <w CJC>and <w VM0>must <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w CJS>Cos <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w PNI>anything <w PNP>you <w VDG>doing <w PNP>you <w VM0>must <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VVB>go <w PRP>at <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>way <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>stick <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w UNC>ai<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w CJC>But <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>youngsters <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>lads <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w AV0>just <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>this <w NN1>picket <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG>letting <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>others <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>, <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="350"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w PNP>we <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>end <w CJC>and <pause> <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>carry <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w AV0>further <w PNP>we <w AT0>the <pause> <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w VVG>getting <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>fed up <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w PNP>We <w VBD>were <w DT0>all <w VVG>getting <w AJ0>fed up <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w CJS>cos<c PUN>, <w VHG>having <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>gate <w CRD>five <w NN2>hours <w AT0>a <w NN1>day <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w CJC>or <w CRD>four <w NN2>times <w AT0>a <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="352"><w VBD>Was <w AV0>really <w AJ0>poor <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <pause> <w PNP>I <w VDB>du<w XX0>n<w VVI>no <w CJS>if <w PNP>we<w VHD>'d <w UNC>er <w VVN>stayed <w AV0>there <w CJC>or <pause> <w CJC>and <w VVD>carried <w AVP>on <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="353"><w VBD>Was <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w UNC>erm <w NN1>attention <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>press<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>television<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>radio<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w ZZ0>M. <w ZZ0>P.<c PUN>, <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w NN2>ministers <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>town<c PUN>, <w NN1>university <w NN2>students<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <pause> <w NN2>organizations<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>way <w AT0>a <w NN1>help<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="354"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>help <w AT0>the <w NN2>students <w VVI>give <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fantastic <w NN1-VVB>help <w PNP>you <w VVI>know<c PUN>, <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>financially <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>gate <w AT0>a <w PNI>lots <w PRF>of <w NN2>times <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>gate <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <w AV0>very <w AV0>often<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>mornings <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="356"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>M. <w ZZ0>P<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w PRP>on <w DT0>this <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>percent <w AV0>too <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="358"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AJ0>fantastic <w NN1>support <w PRP>out of <w PNP>them <pause> <w ITJ>aye <w AJ0>fantastic<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w PNI>Everybody <w VBD>was <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <w CRD>hundred <w NN0>percent<c PUN>, <w PNI>everybody<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN2>scabs <w UNC>er <w CJT>that <w AV0>well <w PNP>they <w VVB>put <w PNP>us <w AVP>down <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>with<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w VBD>was <w NN1>picket <w NN1>line <w VVD>started <w VVG>cracking <w AVP>up <pause> <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w DT0>these <w NN2>lads <w XX0>not <w VVN>prepared <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="361"><w DT0>That <w AVQ>how <w PNP>it <w VVD>went <w PRP>out of <w NN1>hand <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRP>in <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="362"><w CJC>And <w PNI>everybody <w VBD>was <w VVG>getting <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0-VVN>bored <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w CJS>cos <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVD>dragged <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w CRD>seven <w NN2>months <w AVQ>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <pause> <w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VVN>thought <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w DT0>this <w CJS>as long as <w DT0>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVD>started <w AVP>off <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="363"><w CJS>Where <w PNP>you <w UNC>erm <w AJ0>aware <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VBD>were <w VBD>were <w VHG>having <w AJ0>serious <w AJ0>financial <w NN2>problems<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="364"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w VHD>had <w AJ0>fantastic <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>finances <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="365"><w CJS>Cos <w AT0>the <w NN2>mortgages <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w CJC>but <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>kids <w VVG>causing <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN1>Christmas <w VBD>was <w VVG>coming <w AV0>well <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w AV0>just<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>helped <w PNP>us <w PRP>at <w NN1>Christmas <w VBD>was <w AV0>really <w AJ0>fantastic <w ITJ>yes<c PUN>, <w AJ0-AV0>true <w PNP>I <w AV0>never <w VVD>thought <w PNI>anything <pause> <w AV0>really <w PRP>out of <w DT0>this <w NN1>world <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w VVD>helped <pause> <w PNP>We <w VVD>got <w NN2>toys <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>kids<w POS>' <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>, <w PNI>everything <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>think <w PRF>of<c PUN>.
<s n="366"><w PNI>Nobody <w CJC>or <w NN2>kids <w VBD>were <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w CJS>cos <w UNC>erm <w NN0>people <w PRP>from <w AV0>everywhere <w VBD>were <w VVG>sending <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w CJC>And <w PNI>everybody <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w AT0>a <w CRD>twelve <w NN1>pound <w NN1>turkey <pause> <w DT0>each<c PUN>.
<s n="368"><w ITJ>Aye <pause> <w PNI>everything <w VBD>was <trunc> <w UNC>gi </trunc> <w AV0>really <w AJ0>fantastic <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w CJT>that <w VVD>helped <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w CJT>that <w VVD>gave <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>strike<c PUN>, <w PRP>out of <w DT0>this <w NN1>world <w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w VBD>was <w AV0>really <w AJ0>fantastic<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="369"><w PNP>You <trunc> <w UNC>e </trunc> <w VVD>mentioned <w AV0>earlier <w AVP>on <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VVD-VVN>received <w UNC>er <w NN1>food <w NN2>parcels<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="370"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="371"><trunc> <w UNC>Ha </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w AVQ>how <w VBD>was <w DT0>this <w VVN-AJ0>organized<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="372"><w AV0>Well <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w NN2>girls <w VBD>were <w VDG>doing <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN2>wives <w VBD>were <w VDG>doing <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN2>parcels <w AT0>every <w NN1>week<c PUN>.
<s n="373"><w PNP>They <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w PRP>up to <w AT0>the <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>we <w VVB>call <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VVG-AJ0>organizing <w NN1>food <w NN2>parcels <w PRP>for <w AT0>every <w NN1>striker<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w CJC>And <w VVG>delivering <w PNP>them <w AVP>around <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NP0>Friday <w NN1>night <w CJC>and <w NP0>Saturday <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="376"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>really <w AJ0>good <w NN1>parcel<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>they <w VVD>thought <w PRF>of <w PNI>everything <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w PNI>everything <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>food <w NN1>parcel<c PUN>, <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="377"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w VM0>would
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="378"><w ITJ>Oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="379"><w PNP>you <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>sort of
</u>
<u who=PS3B6>
<s n="380"><vocal desc=cough> <w VHD>had <w UNC>erm <w NN2>eggs<c PUN>, <w NN1>butter<c PUN>, <w NN1>tea<c PUN>, <w PNI>everything <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w PNP>you <w VVD>needed <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w NN2>tins <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w AJ0>different <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>soup <w CJC>and <w VBD>were <w NN2>apples<c PUN>, <w NN2>oranges<c PUN>, <w PNI>everything <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>parcel<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w AV0>Really <w AJ0>good <w NN1>parcel <w AT0>every <w NN1>week <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w VHG>having<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B7>
<s n="382"><w VM0>Would <event desc="end of tape">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMN>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  The Central Match - Live: television sports broadcast. Sample containing about 18640 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 275 Kbytes running text, containing about 18640 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMN</idno><idno type="old"> 106901 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="106901" dur="120" date="1993-10-24" time="14:50" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="1197"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="16"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="62"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="pause" occurs="210"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="124"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="1161"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="50"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="sic" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" 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age="3" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3B8" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>40+</age><name>tony francis, 'ton'</name><occupation>tv presenter/sports commentator</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3B9" n="W0002" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>gary newbon</name><occupation>tv presenter/sports commentator</occupation></person><person age="4" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BA" n="W0003" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>50+</age><name>ron atkinson</name><occupation>football manager, sports commentator</occupation></person><person age="4" dialect="XLO" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BB" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>50+</age><name>jimmy greaves, 'greavesey'</name><occupation>tv presenter/sports commentator</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BC" n="W0005" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>alan parry</name><occupation>sports commentator</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BD" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>brian little</name><occupation>football manager</occupation></person><person age="3" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BE" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>40+</age><name>frank clark</name><occupation>football manager</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BF" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>john helm</name><occupation>sports commentator</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BG" n="W0009" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>theo foley</name><occupation>sports commentator</occupation></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="106901" who='PS3B8 PS3B9 PS3BA PS3BB PS3BC PS3BD PS3BE PS3BF PS3BG'><name>Nottinghamshire:  Central Television </name><locale> Television broadcasting studio </locale><activity> Television sports broadcast Commentary, discussion, interview </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg2 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S sportslive</classCode><keywords><term> sport </term><term> Leicester City vs Nottingham Forest football match. </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HMNLC001> <loc id=HMNLC002> <loc id=HMNLC003> <loc id=HMNLC004> <loc id=HMNLC005> <loc id=HMNLC006> <loc id=HMNLC007> <loc id=HMNLC008> <loc id=HMNLC009> <loc id=HMNLC00A> <loc id=HMNLC00B> <loc id=HMNLC00C> <loc id=HMNLC00D> <loc id=HMNLC00E> <loc id=HMNLC00F> <loc id=HMNLC00G> <loc id=HMNLC00H> <loc id=HMNLC00J> <loc id=HMNLC00K> <loc id=HMNLC00L> <loc id=HMNLC00M> <loc id=HMNLC00N> <loc id=HMNLC00P> <loc id=HMNLC00R> <loc id=HMNLC00S> <loc id=HMNLC00T> <loc id=HMNLC00U> <loc id=HMNLC00V> <loc id=HMNLC00W> <loc id=HMNLC00X> <loc id=HMNLC00Y> <loc id=HMNLC010> <loc id=HMNLC011> <loc id=HMNLC012> <loc id=HMNLC013> <loc id=HMNLC014> <loc id=HMNLC015> <loc id=HMNLC016> <loc id=HMNLC017> <loc id=HMNLC018> <loc id=HMNLC019> <loc id=HMNLC01A> <loc id=HMNLC01B> <loc id=HMNLC01C> <loc id=HMNLC01D> <loc id=HMNLC01E> <loc id=HMNLC01F> <loc id=HMNLC01G> <loc id=HMNLC01H> <loc id=HMNLC01J> <loc id=HMNLC01K> <loc id=HMNLC01L> <loc id=HMNLC01M> <loc id=HMNLC01N> <loc id=HMNLC01P> <loc id=HMNLC01R> <loc id=HMNLC01S> <loc id=HMNLC01T> <loc id=HMNLC01U> <loc id=HMNLC01V> <loc id=HMNLC01W> <loc id=HMNLC01X> </align>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1"><w ITJ>Hello<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w AJ0>Local <w NN1>rivalry <w AJ0>unlimited <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0>big <w NN1-AJ0>footballing <w NN2>cities <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>East <w NP0>Midlands <w NN1>lock <w NN2>antlers<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>here <w TO0>to <w VVI>survey <w AT0>the <w NN1>wreckage <w CJS>if <w AV0>indeed <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>any<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w NN1-NP0>Greavesey <w AV0>of course <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w VVG>overdosing <w PRP-AVP>on <w NN2>goals <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>action <w CJT>that <w VVD>mattered <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Division <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>more<c PUN>, <w DPS>our <w NN1>profile <w PRF>of <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NP0>Europe<w POS>'s <w NN2>men <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w NP0>Aston <w NP0>Villa<w POS>'s <w NN1>Aussie <w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Bosnich<c PUN>.
<s n="6"><w AV0>Now <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w NP0>Aston <w NP0>Villa <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>confirm <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>despite <w AV0>today<w POS>'s <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>contrary<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w CRD>million <w NN1>pound <w NN1>transfer <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>Daley <w PRP>to <unclear> <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w AT0>The <w DT0>former <w NP0>England <w NN1>winger <w VM0>will <w AV0>shortly <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <w CJS>as <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>hear <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ron <w NP0>Atkinson <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gary <w NP0-NN1>Newbon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="8"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w NN2>reports <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>today<w POS>'s <w NN1>paper <w NP0>Ron <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>problems <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tony <w NP0>Daley <w NN1-VVB>deal <w PRP>to <w NP0>Italy <w PRP>because of <w AJ0>personal <w NN2>terms <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this <w AJ0>true<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="9"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w VVD>left <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w ORD>last <w NN1>night <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <w VVD>seemed <w UNC>er <w AJ0>amicable <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>heard <w PNI>anything <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>contrary <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w UNC>Erm <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Tony<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w DPS>his <w NN1>arrangement <w CJC>and <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>clubs <w VHB>have <w VVN>agreed <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w AV0>now <w TO0>to <w VVI>report <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w NN1>President <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Italian <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>I <w VVB>see <w PNP>it <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>go <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <unclear> <w NN1>game <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>medical <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w EX0>there <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w DT0>any <w NN2>problems <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="11"><w VVZ>Looks <w AJ0>good <w NN1>business <w PRP>at <w NN1>Villa <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>exciting <w NN1>player <w CJC>but <w CRD>two <w CRD>million <w NN2>pounds <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>fee<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="12"><w AV0>Well <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>age <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w DPS>your <w AJ0-NN1>reserve <w NN1>team <w NN1>player <w AV0>normally<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DTQ>what <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>deal <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VM0>should <w VVI>suit <w DT0>all <w NN2>parties<c PUN>.
<s n="14"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NP0>Tony<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>club <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>expressed <w AT0>a <w NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w UNC>erm <w DPS>his <w NN1>style <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>age <w VBZ>is <w AV0>probably <w AV0>just <w AJ0>right <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>continent<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>six <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>age <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>guess <w CJT>that <w DPS>his <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>style <trunc> <w UNC>wou </trunc> <w AV0>possibly <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>better <w VVN-AJ0>suited <w PRP>to <w AJ0>continental <w NN1>play <w CJS>than <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w NP0>England<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="15"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AJ0>good <w NN1>diplomacy <w PRP>from <w NP0>Ron <w CJS>cos <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cracking <w NN1>deal <w PRP>for <w NN1>Villa <w CJC>but <w AV0>anyway <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that <w VVD-VVN>sorted <ptr target=HMNLC001><w AVP>out <ptr target=HMNLC002><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="16"><ptr target=HMNLC001><w XX0>Not <w AV0>half <ptr target=HMNLC002><w ITJ>oh<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="17"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>turn <w DPS>our <w NN1>attention <w PRP>to <w AV0>today<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>little <w NN1>matter <w NP0>Leicester <w CJC>and <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="18"><w AV0>Yet <w DT0>another <w NP0>Midlands <w NP0-NN1>Derby <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>this <ptr target=HMNLC003><w NN1>season <ptr target=HMNLC004></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="19"><ptr target=HMNLC003><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HMNLC004></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="20"><w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>worked <w AVP>out <w DT0>each <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Midlands <w NN2>clubs <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w CRD>sixteen <w NP0>Midlands <ptr target=HMNLC005><w NN2>Derbies <ptr target=HMNLC006></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="21"><ptr target=HMNLC005><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>we <ptr target=HMNLC006></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="22"><w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>great <w PRP>for <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="23"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>great <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <ptr target=HMNLC007><w PNP>we <w PNP>we <ptr target=HMNLC008></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="24"><ptr target=HMNLC007><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <w AJ0>good <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>? <ptr target=HMNLC008></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="25"><w AV0>well <w PNP>we <w VVB>say <w DT0>that <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AV0>really <w NN2>Derbies<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w CJS>If <w PNP>you <w VVB>take <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extreme <w NP0>Stoke <w NP0>Peterborough <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>call <w DT0>that <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Derby <w CJC>or <w NP0>Oxford <w PRP>versus <w NP0>Derby <w NN1>County<c PUN>.
<s n="27"><w PNP>You <w VM0>would <w AV0>hardly <w VVI>call <w DT0>that <w AT0>a <w NN1-NP0>Derby<c PUN>.
<s n="28"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w NN2>games <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>region <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w AV0>rightly <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>great <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w NN2>Derbies <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w NN2>Derbies <w VBB>are <w VBB>are <w NP0>Birmingham <w NP0>West <w NP0>Brom <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMNLC009><w NP0>West <w NP0>Brom <ptr target=HMNLC00A></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="29"><ptr target=HMNLC009><w NN2>Wolves <ptr target=HMNLC00A></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="30"><w CJC>and <w NN2>Wolves <w CJC>and <w AV0>obviously <w AV0>today<w POS>'s <ptr target=HMNLC00B><w NN1>game <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NP0-NN1>Derby <ptr target=HMNLC00C></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="31"><ptr target=HMNLC00B><w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>Forest <w NP0-NN1>Derby <w ITJ>yeah <ptr target=HMNLC00C></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="32"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>right <w CJC>but <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w NN2>Derbies <w NP0>Tony <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w XX0>not <w AV0>really <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>thought <w AV0>so <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w NN1-NP0>Fergy<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w VBZ>is <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="34"><w ITJ>Yeah <w NP0>Alex <w NP0>Ferguson<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="35"><w NP0>Alex <w NP0>Ferguson <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w PNQ>who <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wants <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w CJS>after <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="36"><vocal desc=laugh> <w PNP>He <w AV0>certainly <w VVZ>needs <w DT0>some <w DT0>more <w NN2>players <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVN>got <w DT0>enough<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>probably <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <w AV0>now <w VM0>let's <w UNC>er <w VVI>go <w AV0-AJ0>straight <w AVP-PRP>over <w PRP>to <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street <w CJS>where <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>join <w DPS>our <w NN2>commentators <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Parry <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ron <w NP0>Atkinson<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="38"><w AV0>Well <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street <w NN1>taking <w NN1-VVB>shape <w AT0>the <w CRD>five <w CRD>million <w NN1>pound <w AJ0-NN1>main <w NN1-VVB>stand <w AJ0-NN1>official <w AJ0>open <w CJS-PRP>since <w DPS>our <w ORD>last <w NN1-VVB>visit <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN1>tier <w VBZ>is <w VVN>completed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w AT0>the <w NN1>stand <w VM0>will <w VVI>house <w AV0>about <w CRD>ten <w CRD>thousand <w NN0>people <w DT0>all <w VVN-AJ0>seated <w CJC>and <w PRP>under <w NN1>cover<c PUN>.
<s n="39"><w CRD>One <w NN1>facility <w VHZ>has <w AV0>already <w VHN>had <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>use <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>physio<w POS>'s <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w NP0>Leicester <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>cope <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>injuries <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>season <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>serious <w NN1-VVB>blow <w AT0>the <w NN1>loss <w PRF>of <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Walsh<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w DPS>His <w NN1>height <w CJC>and <w NN1>strength <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>badly <w VVN-VVD>missed <w AVP-PRP>in <w VVD-VVN>attacked <w PRP>as <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1-VVB>field <w DTQ>what <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJS>smallest <w AJ0>striking <w NN1>partnership <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Division<c PUN>.
<s n="42"><w NP0>Julian <w NP0>Jochim <w AT0>the <w NN1>star <w PRF>of <w NP0>England<w POS>'s <w NN1>youth <w NN1>team <w ORD>last <w NN1>season <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w CRD>five <w NN2>feet <w CRD>six <w NN2>inches <w AJ0>tall <w CJC>and <w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy <w NN2>towers <w PRP>over <w PNP>him <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lofty <w CRD>five <w NN2>feet <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w AT0>The <w NN1>message <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w NN1>midfield <w VBZ>is<c PUN>, <w VVB>keep <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w AV0>Well <w NP0>Leicester <w VM0>could <w VVI>go <w ORD>third <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>win <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Brian <w AJ0>Little <w NN2>points <w AVP>out <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>improvement <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w AJ0>early <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BD>
<s n="45"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>time <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w AV0>here <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AV0>actually <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>bottom <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w CJC>but <w NN1>shot <w PRP>up to <w PRP>about <w ORD>seventh <w CJC>and <w PRP>since <w AV0>then <w CJS>once <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>with <w NN2>games <w PRP>in <w NN1>hand <w CJC>and <w VVG>catching <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extra <w NN2>games <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>come <w AVP>up <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>top <w CRD>three <w AV0>sometimes<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w AV0>So <w AV0>today <w VVZ>puts <w PNP>us <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>place <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>win <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w AV0>obviously <w PNP>we <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="47"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VVD>hit <w AT0>a <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>team <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>unbeaten <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>five <w NN2>matches<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BD>
<s n="48"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w VVB-NN1>say <w PRP-AVP>in <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w UNC>er <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>problems <w NN1>injury <w AJ0>wise <w PNP>I <w VVB>doubt <w CJS>whether <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>played <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <trunc> <w UNC>tw </trunc> <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>team <w AV0>twice <w PRP>at <w DT0>any <w NN1>stage <w DT0>this <w NN1>season <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN2>players <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AJ0>available <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w VVB-NN1>say <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>league <w DT0>this <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="50"><w AV0>Well <w PRP>like <w NP0>Leicester <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>ravaged <w PRP>by <w NN2>injuries<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w NP0>Carl <w NP0>Tyler <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Bull <w AV0>yet <w TO0>to <w VVI>kick <w AT0>a <w NN1>ball <w DT0>this <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
<s n="52"><w NP0>Ian <unclear> <w NP0>Leigh <w NP0>Glover <w VVG>making <w AJ0>slow <w NN2>recoveries <w CJC>but <w AV0>at least <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w NN1>news <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>return <w PRF>of <w NN1>centre <w DT0>half <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Cooper <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>starts <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>game <w PRP>for <w CRD>two <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w CRD>two <w AV0>recently <w AJ0-VVN>injured <w NN2>strikers <w VBB>are <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w NN1>tandem<c PUN>, <w AV0>ironically <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>partnership <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Division<c PUN>.
<s n="53"><w AJ0>Leading <w NN1>scorer <w NP0>Stan <w NP0>Collimore <w AT0>a <w AJ0>massive <w CRD>six <w NN2>feet <w CRD>four <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>sidekick <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Rozario <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>diminutive <w CRD>six <w NN1>foot <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="54"><w VDZ>Does <w DT0>that <w VVI>mean <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>midfield <w VM0>will <w VVI>keep <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder<c PUN>.
<s n="55"><w AV0>Well <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w AV0>recently <w VVN>enjoyed <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unbeaten <w NN1>spell<c PUN>, <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clark <w AT0>a <w AV0>much <w AJC>happier <w NN1>man<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="56"><w ITJ>Yes <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w CRD>five <w NN2>games <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w CJS>although <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>won <w AV0>as <w AV0>as <w DT0>many <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w VHI>'ve <w VVN>liked <w AV0>at least <w UNC>erm <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>stayed <w AJ0>unbeaten<c PUN>.
<s n="57"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>getting <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>bodies <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>team <w VVG>emptying <w AT0>the <w NN1>treatment <w NN1>room <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w VBB>are <w VVG>looking <w AV0>a lot <w AV0>better<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="58"><w AT0>A <w AV0>very <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>game <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w DT0>this <w PRP>against <w NP0>Leicester <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w NP0-NN1>Collimore <w PRP>in <w NN1>form<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="59"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NP0>Stan <w VVD>missed <w NP0>Wednesday <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we <w VVD>missed <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w PNP>him <w AVP>back <w AV0>today <w PNP>it <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Leicester <w VBB>are <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>real <w NN2>favourites <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>Division <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NP0-NN1>Derby <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w VM0>let's <w AV0>just <w VVI>hope <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>game <w CJC>and <w PNI>everybody <w VVZ>enjoys <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="62"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w NP0>John <w NP0>Kirby <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sheffield <w VVG>starting <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJC>earlier <w CJS>than <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
<s n="63"><w PNP>You <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>missed <w PNI>anything <w AV0>though<c PUN>.
<s n="64"><w NP0-NN1>Cooper <w VVZ>gets <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>header <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
<s n="65"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>windy <w NN1>day <w AV0>here <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>cold <w AV0>as well <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w DT0>some <w NN1>affect <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="66"><w AJ0>Difficult <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w DTQ>which <w NN1>way <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w VBZ>is <w VVG>blowing <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>swirling<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w AV0>Anyway <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>judge <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AV0>well <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w VVZ-NN2>falls <w AV0>neatly <w PRP>for <w NP0>Gemmell <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w VVB>lay <w AVP-PRP>off <w AV0>here <w PRP>to <w NP0>Kingsley <w AJ0>Black <w AJ0>early <w NN1>chance <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w CJC>and <w AV0>really <w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0-NN1>Black <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVB>say <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>disappointed <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w AV0>better <w AV0>there <w NP0>Ron <w NP0>Atkinson<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="68"><w AV0>Well <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>situation <w NP0>Scott <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVD>followed <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long <w NN1>ball <w VVD-VVN>picked <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <unclear> <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVD>ran <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>committed <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AV0>just <w VVN>slid <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>nicely <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w AJ0>left <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
<s n="69"><w CJC>And <w AV0>really <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w AV0>really <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="70"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>narrow <w NN1>side <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>squeeze <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>post <w CJS>when <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VVN>got <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w NN1>post <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="71"><w CJC>But <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shocking <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>shocking <w VVB-NN1>let <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="72"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>only <w AV0>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w VVN>gone <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>dare <w VVI>say <w UNC>er <w NP0>Ian <unclear> <w DTQ>whose <w NN1>place <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>taking <w AVP>on <w DT0>that <w AJ0>left-hand <w NN1>side <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>relished <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>opportunity<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w AV0>Anyway <w NP0>Leicester <w VHB>have <w VVN>won <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w AV0>midway <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="74"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ball <w VVD-VVN>set <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>drive <w PNP>it <w AV0>straight <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall <w AJ0>Speedy <w AV0>then <w VVD>tried <w AT0>the <w NN1>shot <pause> <w NP0-NN1>Oldfield <w VVZ>takes <w AVP>over<c PUN>.
<s n="75"><pause> <w CJC>And <w NP0>Leicester <w VVN>forced <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="76"><pause> <w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w AJ0>Speedy <w AT0>an <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>tackle <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Speedy <w PRP>by <w NP0>Cooper<c PUN>.
<s n="77"><w AJ0>Speedy <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>agree <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w CJS>because <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>writhing <w PRP>in <w NN1>agony <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>retribution <w CJT>that <w VVD>followed <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w AV0>personally <w VVD>felt <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>tackle <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>, <w NP0>Ron <w AVQ>how <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VVI>see <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="79"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Cooper <w VVD>stepped <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AV0>quickly <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>something <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w PRP>from <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w AJ0>nimble <w NN1>defender <w AJ0>Speedy <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w VVG>hanging <w VVG>hanging <w AVP>on <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>played <w PRP>into <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>confess <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>see <w PNI>anything <w AV0>afterwards <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AV0>well <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>seem <w PNI>anything <w AJ0>untoward <w VDZ>does <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="81"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>probably <w AV0>just <w VVN>caught <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>calf <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CJS-PRP>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>sharp <w AJ0>incisive <w NN1>tackle<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="82"><w DT0>Another <w NN1>second <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>player <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNP>him <w CJT>that <w VVD>caught <w AJ0>Speedy <w PRP>rather than <w NP0>Cooper <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>initial <w NN1>challenge<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w AV0>Anyway <w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="84"><w ITJ>Yeah <unclear> <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>tumble <w NN1>job <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w AV0>honestly <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>he <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVD>caught <w PNP>him <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>accidental<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="85"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="86"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w VVG>thinking <w AV0>then <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w VM0>will <w VVI>want <w VM0>will <w VVI>want <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>speed <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cooper<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>perhaps <w PNI>something <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w NN1>lack <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>games <w NN1>stability <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>defence <w PRF>of <w NP0>Notts <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="87"><w VVB-NN1>Turn <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NP0>Phillips <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NP0>Agnew <w VVG>captaining <w NP0>Leicester <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w VVG>driving <w PNP>it <w AV0-AJ0>long <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w NP0>Agnew <w VVZ>loses <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>in <w NN1>midfield <w CJC>but <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVZ>manages <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AJ0>Black <w XX0>not <w AJ0-AV0>long <w PRP>for <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>but <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><pause> <w NP0>Gavin <w NP0>Ward <w VHZ>has <w VVN>missed <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w NN1>game <w PRP>in <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w NN1>goal <w CJS>since <w PNP>he <w VVD>arrived <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer <w PRP>from <w NP0>Cardiff <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><pause> <w CJC>And <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>aid <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w VVD>got <w AT0>an <w AJ0>awful <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>distance <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>kick <w CJC>and <w AV0>almost <w VVN-AJ0>earned <w NN1>side <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner<c PUN>, <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0-AJ0>only <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>kept <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w AJ0>opposite <w NN1>number <w NP0>Tommy <w NP0>Wright<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w NP0>Ron <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w PRP>behind <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w NN2>backs <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="93"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w VVI>wonder <w CJS>whether <w NN1>Forest <w AVP>back <w CRD>four <w VM0>might <w AV0>just <w VVI>push <w AVP>up <w AV0>a little bit <w AJC>higher <w CJC>and <w VVB>let <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w VVI>carry <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper <w AT0>every <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="94"><w AV0>Here <w VVZ>goes <w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black <w AV0>again <w VVG>getting <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN2>defenders <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w AV0>rather <w AVP-PRP>over <w VVD-VVN>played <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>touch <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="95"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NP0>Northern <w NP0>Ireland <w AJ0>International <w AV0>surprisingly <w VVG>finding <w PNX>himself <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>clear <w AV0>twice <w AV0>already <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes<c PUN>, <w CJS>although <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w AV0>obviously <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w AT0>The <w ORD>first <w PNI>one <w AV0>certainly <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w NP0>Cooper<w POS>'s <w NN1>header <w AJ0-AV0>clear <w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>, <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w AV0>again <w PRP>from <w NP0>Greyson<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w AJ0>Lovely <w NN1>passer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Thomson <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>finds <w AJ0>young <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Lewis <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>left <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>lad<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>effective <w AV0>indeed <w VVG>going <w AV0>forward<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w NP0-NN1>Hill <w CJC>and <w NP0>Collimore <w VVB>collide <w CJC>and <w NP0>Leicester <w VDD>did <w AV0>well <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>that <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>long <w NN1>ball <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greyson<c PUN>, <w NP0-NN1>Chettle <w VBZ>is <w PRP>underneath <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="101"><w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="102"><w AV0>A little bit <w AJ0>unfortunate <w AV0>there <w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>played <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>ball <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>channel <w CJC>but <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>ball <w NP0-NN1>Collimore <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>thrived <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Rozario<w VM0>'d <w VVI>admit <w PRP>to <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w AJS>quickest <w NN1>player <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w CJC>But <w DT0>that <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VVB>think <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w NN1>area <w AVQ>where <w NN1>Forest <w VM0>will <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>exploit <w AV0>just <w VVG>playing <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>centre <w NN2>halves <w CJC>and <w VVB>let <w UNC>er <w NP0>Collimore <w VVI>use <w DT0>this <w AJ0>great <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w PNP>his<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w PNP>I <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him <w VVI>play <w AV0>here <w ORD>last <w NN1>year <w PRP>for <w NP0>Southend <w CJC>and <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>fair <w PNP>he <w AV0>absolutely <w VVN-VVD>ripped <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>defence <w AV0>apart<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="106"><w NN1-NP0>Oldfield <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>risk <w AV0>there <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>box <w CJC>but <w NP0>Leicester <w VVD>got <w AV0>away <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w NP0>Lewis <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ormanroyd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moore <w VVG>sticking <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>tight <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w VVG>pushing <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>man<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>in <w AV0>early <w PRP>to <w NP0>Jochim. <unclear> <w AV0>just <w NN2>cajoles <w DPS>his <w NN1>goalkeeper <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w VVI>collect <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="109"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="110"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DPS>their <w NN1>stock <w NN1-VVB>play <w AV0>normally <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>quality <w NN1>ball <w PRP>from <w NP0>Thomson <w PRP>into <w AJ0>big <w NP0>Walsh <w AV0>well <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PRP>with <w NP0>Walsh <w VVG-AJ0>missing <w PNP>they <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w AV0>sort of <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>little <w NN1>bit <w AV0>more <w AJ0>inventive <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w AJ0>free <w NN2>kicks<c PUN>.
<s n="111"><w AJ0>Speedy <w VM0>can <w AV0>of course <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w AJ0>little <w NN1>leaper <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>small <w NN1>lad <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AV0>just <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>whack <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AVP>up <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="112"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="113"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>incidentally <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Walsh <w VHZ>has <w UNC>er <w DT0>that <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>knee <w NN1>injury <unclear> <w NN2>ligaments <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>injured <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sure <w AV0>exactly <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>long <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="114"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lengthy <w UNC>er <w NN1>injury <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>blow <w AV0>so <w AV0>successfully <w VVN>converted <w PRP>from <w NN1>centre <w DT0>half <w PRP>to <w NN1>striker<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w AT0>The <w NN1>linesman <w VHZ>has <w VVN>flagged <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w AV0>Just <w VVG>talking <w PRF>of <w NP0>Walsh <w AV0>incidentally <w PNP>he <w VVD>scored <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>goals <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>seven <w NN2>games <w PRP>since <w VVG>moving <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>attack<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>effective <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been<c PUN>.
<s n="118"><w NN1-NP0>Rozario <w VVG>calling <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>high <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Collimore <w VVD>won <w AVP>back <w AV0>then <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greyson <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>difficult <w PNI>one <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper <w PRP-CJS>as <w NP0>Phillips <w VVD>came <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forest <w VVB-NN1>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>throw<c PUN>.
<s n="119"><pause> <w NP0>Stewart <w NP0>Pierce <w AV0>very <w AJ0>deep <w NN1-VVB>cross <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Rozario <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>dropped <w AV0>nicely <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w TO0>to <w VVI>clear<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w AJ0>Speedy<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>lay-off <w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>collides <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>man <w NP0-NN1>Gemmell <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>whistle <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w AV0>eventually <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>to <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="121"><w VVB-NN1>Foul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Steve <w NN1-NP0>Stone<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><pause> <w VVB>Gemmell <w NP0>Rozario <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AV0>well <w AV0>here <w NP0>Rozario <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w VVD>hit <w PNP>it <w AV0-AJ0>straight <w PRP>against <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>man<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w NP0-NN1>Collimore <w NP0>Thomson <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w AJ0>Speedy <w NP0>Agnew <w NP0>Lewis <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>left<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0-AV0>short <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>ball <w NP0>Lewis <w VDD>did <w AV0>well <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w AV0>Now <w NP0>Agnew <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w AJ0>great <w NN1>ball <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Speedy <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>defending <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>missing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Cooper <pause> <w AV0>Just <w VVN-VVD>hurt <w DPS>his <w NN1>shoulder <w AV0>then <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w AV0>still <w VVG>holding <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w NN1>play <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w VVB>Whitlow <w AV0>quite <w AV0>clearly <w VVG-AJ0>holding <w NP0-NN1>Collimore <w AV0>then <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="125"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VVD>saw <w AV0>there <w NP0>Whitlow<w POS>'s <w NN1>respect <w PRP>for <w NP0>Collimore <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w NN1-VVB>turn <w AVP>round <w CJC>and <w VVG>running <w PRP>at <w PNP>him <w CJS>because <w AJ0>big <w NP0>Stan<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>great <w NN1>touch <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>explosive <w NN1>pace<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="126"><w AV0>Here <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Collimore <w NP0>Phillips <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>flank <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>offside <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>unlucky <w PRP>from <w NN1>Forest<w POS>'s <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view <w CJC>and <w NP0>Collimore <w VVD>dumped <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>played <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AV0>away <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <pause> <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w VVG>holding <w UNC>er <w DPS>his <w NN1>shin <w AV0>just <w PRP>above <w DPS>his <w NN1>ankle <w AV0>there <pause> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cooper <w VBZ>is <w AV0-AJ0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w NN1>shoulder <w PNP>he <w VVD>injured <w NN2>moments <w AV0>ago <pause> <w NP0-NN1>Cooper<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>all right <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>physio <w NP0>Graham <w NP0>Myers <w AJ0>busy <w VVG>treating <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w AJ0>Busy <w VBZ>is <w PNI>something <w NP0>Graham <w NP0>Myers <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w DT0>all <w NN1>season <w PRP>with <w DT0>all <w NN1>Forest <w NN2>injuries <pause> <w NP0-NN1>Ward <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AJ0-AV0>clear <w AV0>straight <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thomson <w AV0>though <pause> <w NP0>Greyson <pause> <w NP0>Thomson <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVZ>closes <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>room <trunc> <w UNC>immed </trunc> <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w NP0>Agnew <pause> <w AJ0>Speedy <w VVG-NN1>coming <w PRP>in <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w AV0>then <w VVD>got <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w AV0>rather <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w AV0>still <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thomson <w PNP>he <w VVZ>lays <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lewis <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>cross <w VBZ>is <w AV0>too <w AJ0>hard<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="129"><w DT0>Some <w AJ0>good <w NN1>football <w AV0>there <w PRP>from <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w DT0>all <w VVN>inspired <w PRP>by <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Thomson<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w VVN>Given <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>space <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>midfield <w NN1>player <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>great <w NN2>feet <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>pass <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AV0>superbly <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w VVZ>sees <w NN2>things <w PNP>he <w VVZ>spreads <w AT0>the <w NN1>play<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>he <w VVD>tried <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>defence <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-hand <w NN1>side <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w TO0>to <w VVI>start <w PRP>with <w VVD>switched <w AT0>the <w NN1>player <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>got <w AJ0>young <w NP0>Lewis <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w AV0>really <w NN1>Forest <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VDN>done <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>ball <w UNC>er <w AJ0>sorry <w NP0>Leicester <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VDN>done <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>ball <w PRP>from <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="133"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>worrying <w AV0>now <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w CJS>because <w NP0>Cooper<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AVP>down <w AV0>again <w VVG>holding <w DT0>that <w NN1>shoulder<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w UNC>er <w NN1>match <w CJC>or <w AV0>at least <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>started <w PRP>since <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>opening <w NN2>weeks <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did <w VVI>come <w AVP>on <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>substitute <w PRP>against <w UNC>er <w NP0>Oxford <w PRP>in <w NN1>midweek <w CJC>and <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>signing <w VVD-VVN>injured <w DPS>his <w NN1>shoulder <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>collision <w PRP>with <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>.
<s n="136"><w AJ0>Complete <w NN1>accident<c PUN>.
<s n="137"><w VVN>Got <w AT0>a <w NN1>kick <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="138"><pause> <w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>shoulder <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>giving <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w AJ0>tricky <w CJS>because <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VM0>can <w UNC>er <w AV0>obviously <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AT0>a <w NN1>defender <w VVZ>approaches <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>aspect <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>job<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="139"><w PNP>They <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>expect <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>game <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w VM0>can <w PNP>they <w PRP>with <w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="140"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AV0>Well <w DT0>another <w AJ0>physical <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>in <w NN1>midfield <w VVN>seen <w AV0>there <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forest <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>rolling <w CJS>when <w NP0>Pearce <w VVD>took <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="141"><w PNP>It <shift new=laughing> <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>kick <w AV0>actually <shift> <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w NP0>Phillips <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>right <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>pity <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVG>moving<c PUN>.
<s n="142"><pause> <w AV0>Still <w PNI>nil <w PNI>nil <w CRD>eleven <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>minutes <w VVN>gone<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><pause> <w VVB-NN1>Chettle <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NP0>Rozario <w CJC>and <w VVZ>finds <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Collimore <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>cleared <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>nick <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<c PUN>.
<s n="144"><w AV0>Now <w NP0>Oldfield <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Greyson <pause> <w AV0>All <w AV0>too <w AJ0>easy <w PRP>for <w NN1>Stone <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w AJ0>Nice <w NN1>control <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gemmell <w NP0>Rozario <w VVZ>shakes <w AVP>off <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w CJC>and <w VVZ>feeds <w AJ0>Black<c PUN>.
<s n="147"><w VHZ>Has <w NP0>Collimore <w PRP>outside <w PNP>him <pause> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Collimore <w VVZ>drives <w DPS>his <w NN1>cross <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w VVN>cleared <w PRP>by <w NP0>Hill <w NP0>Thomson <w VVG>playing <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP-AVP>in<c PUN>, <w AJ0>difficult <w PNI>one <w PRP>for <w NP0>Greyson <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>fortunate <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>there <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w NP0>Thomson <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w AV0>away <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="148"><w NP0>Stewart <w NP0>Pearce <w NP0>Rozario <w VVZ>wants <w PNP>it <w VVD>played <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>quickly<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w NP0-NN1>Oldfield <w VVD>prevented <w AT0>the <w NN1>cross <w AV0>now <w NP0>Collimore <pause> <w XX0>not <w AV0>quite <w CJC>and <w NP0>Agnew <w VDD>did <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w VVB-NN1>Ormanroyd <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Speedy <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>too <w AJ0>long<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="151"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>more <w AJ0>measured <w NN1>ball <w AV0>there <w PRP>by <w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>put <w NN1-NP0>Jochim <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>shout<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w PNP>He<w VHD>'d <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>super <w AJ0>little <w NN1>dart <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PRF>of <w NN1>Forest <w NN2>defenders<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="153"><w NP0>Phillips <w AV0>straight <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Hill <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>ball <w VVD-VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w NP0>Cooper <w AV0>across <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him <w VVI>grimace <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w AV0>again <w AV0>there <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>charged <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Ormanroyd<c PUN>.
<s n="154"><w DT0>That <w NN1>shoulder <w AV0>obviously <w AV0-AJ0>still <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PNP>he <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>holding <w PNP>it <w AV0>a little bit <w AV0>awkwardly <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Speedy <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><w NN1-NP0>Chettle <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="156"><w DT0>That <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>for <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w CJS>if <w UNC>er <w NP0>Cooper <w VHZ>has <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>shoulder <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CJS>if <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>serious <w CJS>because <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>bench <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Webb <w CJC>and <w NP0>Crosby <w CJC>and <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>make-up <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>team <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVN>got <w PNI>anybody <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>slot <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w CJS>unless <w PNP>he <w VVD>put <w UNC>er <w NP0>Rozario <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="157"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>true <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>point<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w AV0>So <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w UNC>er <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>injury <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>affect <w NP0-NN1>Cooper <w PRP>for <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>long <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="159"><w VHG>Having <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AVP-PRP>out <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0-AJ0>long <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NP0>Alan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cooper <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w XX0>not <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>miss <w DT0>any <w DT0>more <w NN1>football <w AV0>surely<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="160"><w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>throw-in<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w VVD>won <w PNP>it <pause> <w NP0>Greyson <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w NP0-NN1>Gemmell <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w AV0>now <w NP0>Black <w AV0>forward <w NP0>Collimore<w POS>'s <w AJ0>offside <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>looked <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>close <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="162"><w ITJ>Ooh <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <shift new=laughing> <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AV0>again <w NP0>Alan <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVB-NN1>bang <w PRP>in front of <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>area <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN2>sides <w PRP>for <w NP0>Collimore<w POS>'s <w NN1>pace <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>wonder <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>wonder <w PNP>I <w VVD>made <w PNP>him<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>clearly <w VVI>show <w PNP>it <w AV0>there<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVD>made <w PNP>him <w NN1>onside <w PRP>from <w DPS>our <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="165"><w AV0>Meanwhile <w NP0>Agnew <w VVZ>lifts <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>another <w AJ0>offside <w NN1>decision <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w PRP>in <w NN1>Forest<w POS>'s <w NN1>favour<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w AJ0>Speedy <w VBD>was <w AV0>offside<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="167"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Stan <w NP0>Collimore<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>just <w VVN>said <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>ref </trunc> <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>linesman <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>side <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w VVD>started <w DPS>my <w NN1>run <w PRP>from <trunc> <w UNC>m </trunc> <w DPS>my <w NN1>half <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <pause> <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN1>game <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w PRP>against <w PNI>somebody <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>pace <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>him <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>space <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="168"><w ITJ>Oh <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>header <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>as well <w PNP>it <w AV0>almost <w VVD>reached <w NP0>Rozario <w NP0>Greyson <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AJ0-AV0>clear<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><w VVB-NN1>Chettle <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>half <w AV0>now <w NP0>Thomson <w CJC>and <w NP0>Agnew <w VVG>combining <w AV0-AJ0>well <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w NN1-NP0>Ball <w VVD>volleyed <w AVP>out <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Ormanroyd<c PUN>.
<s n="170"><pause> <w VVZ>Needs <w DT0>some <w NN1>help <w CJC>and <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w PRP>from <w NP0>Thomson <w PNQ>who <w VVD>started <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>move <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w VVD>lifted <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Agnew<c PUN>, <w NP0>Cooper <w VVZ>clears <w PNP>it <w AV0>still <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>gone <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NP0>Phillips <w AV0>just <w VVD-VVN>prevented <w PNP>it <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VVG>going <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>throw<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w NP0>Thomson <w AV0>again <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w VVG>looking <w AV0>very <w AJ0>influential <w AJ0-AV0>early <w AVP>on <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Lewis <w AV0>only <w CRD>nineteen <w DT0>this <w NN1>lad <w CJC>and <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pacey <w CJC>and <w VVZ>wins <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="173"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w NN1-VVB>spot <w AV0>there <w NP0>Alan <w UNC>erm <w NP0>Stevie <w NP0>Thomson <w VBZ>is <w VVG>pulling <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>strings <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>surprised <w NN1>Stone <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>closer <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w CJS>although <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>tracking <w NP0>Agnew <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>attacking <w NN1>midfield <w NN1>player<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="175"><w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>takes <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w VVB-NN1>Whitlow <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w AV0>near <w PRP>post <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AJ0>decisive <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w VHZ>has <w VVN>benefited <w PRP>by <w VVG>getting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1-VVB>kick <w NP0>Tommy <w NP0>Wright<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="177"><w ITJ>Yeah <w DT0>that <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>situations <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VBG>being <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>protective <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>think <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>claim <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>ball <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalie<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>come <w AVP>out <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN2>defenders <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>big <w NP0-NN1>Ormanroyd <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w DT0>little <w AV0>else <w CJC>but <w VVB>push <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w AVP>down <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>pack<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="180"><w VM0>Could<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>see <w AVQ>how <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>foul <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><pause> <w DT0>Another <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRP>against <w AJ0>big <w NP0>Mike <w NP0>Whitlow <pause> <w AJ0>Lively <w NN1>start <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lively <w NN1>start <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w CRD>Eleven <w AJ0>free <w NN2>kicks <w PRP>for <w NN2>fouls <w AV0>already<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><w NN1-NP0>Gemmell <w VVZ>swings <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>box <w NP0>Pearce <w VDD>did <w AV0>well <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="184"><w NP0-NN1>Hill <w AV0>only <w DT0>half <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w NN1-VVB>kick<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="185"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>seeing <w PNI>something <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>side <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVB>see <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>fourteen <w NN2>years <w VBB>are <w PNP>we<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w PNP>They <w AV0>just <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PNP>they <trunc> <w UNC>refu </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VVB>lift <w NN2>balls <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>box <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w AJ0>associated <w NN1>Forest <w PRP>with <w VVG>playing <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>penalty <w NN1>area <w AV0>now <w PRP>with <w NP0>Rozario <w UNC>er <w PRP>with <w NP0>Collimore <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>licence <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN1>facility <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>knock <w AJ0>long <w NN2>balls <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w PRP>at <w PNP>them<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="188"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PNP>he <w VVZ>looks <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NP0>Collimore<w POS>'s <w NN1>pace <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>moved <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>position <w AV0>there <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="189"><w VVB-NN1>Whitlow <w AV0>across <w TO0>to <w VVI>block <w PNP>he <w AV0>still <w VVZ>gets <w AT0>the <w NN1>cross <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>dangerous<c PUN>.
<s n="190"><w NP0>Agnew <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w VVG>combining <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w NN1>cross <w VVN-VVD>caused <w AJ0>real <w NN2>problems <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="191"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>danger <w CJS>if <w NP0>Leicester <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>seal <w PRP-AVP>off <w DT0>this <w NN1>space<c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that <w NN1>ball <w AV0>again <w AVP-PRP>up <w AV0>alongside<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w NN2>Defenders <w VVN>gone <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w CJC>and <w VVD>kept <w NP0>Collimore <w PRP>on <w NN1>side <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>where <w PNP>you <w VVB>expect <w NP0>Stan <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DPS>his <w NN1>trick<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w AV0>Actually <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0-AJ0>early <w AV0>there<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="195"><w NN1-NP0>Collimore <w VM0>will <w VVI>remain <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w AV0>just <w VVN>won<c PUN>.
<s n="196"><w NN1>Rozario <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>post <w NN1-NP0>Chettle <w AV0>also <w VHZ>has <w VVN>come <w AV0>forward <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>kick <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>towards <w DT0>that <w PRP>near <w NN1>post <w NN1>area <w AVQ>where <w NP0>Oldfield <w VVZ>takes <w AT0>no <w NN2>chances<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w ORD>Second <w AJ0>successive <w NN1>corner <w AV0>then <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>aimed <w PRP>at <w NP0>Rozario <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>dangerous<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w VVD-VVN>Scrambled <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w AJ0>Lovely <w AJ0>little <w NN1-VVB>turn <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>deceived <w NP0>Cooper <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w AV0>here <w NP0>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="200"><w AVQ>How <w VDZ>does <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VVI>interpret <w DT0>that <w NN1>foul<c PUN>?
<s n="201"><w NP0>Moore<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>guilty <w NN1>player <w NN1-NP0>Jochim <w VHD>had <w VVN>got <w PRP>away from <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w CJS>unless <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VVZ>decides <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>another <w NN1>defender <w VVG>coming <w AVP>round <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>cover <w AV0>there <w NP0>Moores <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AJ0>big <w NN1>trouble<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="202"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>find <w NP0>Cooper <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>touch <w AV0>deeper <w CJS>than <w PNP>him <w CJS>albeit <w AV0>very <w AJ0>wide<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Cooper <w AV0>just <w VVD>got <w PRP-AVP>round <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brilliant <w NN1>run <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Young <w AJ0>good <w NN1>turn <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>attacked <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>look <w PRP>at <w NP0>Cooper<w POS>'s <w NN1>position <w AV0>now <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AV0>slightly <w AJC>nearer <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper <w CJS>than <w NN2>Laws<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="204"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>yellow <w NN1>card <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>foul <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w CJC>and <w CJC>but <w NN2>Laws <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0>relieved <w PNP>he <w AV0>certainly <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w DT0>Some <w NN2>referees <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>interpreted <w DT0>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sending <w PRP>off <w NN1>offence<c PUN>.
<s n="206"><pause> <w VVB-NN1>Whitlow <w VVG>driving <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVZ>lays <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lewis <w VVD>stabbed <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w VVB-NN1>Whitlow <w AV0>again <w VVG>finding <w NP0>Thomson <pause> <w AV0>now <w NP0>Agnew <pause> <w NP0>Pearce <w AVP>up <w AV0>well <w CJC>and <w NP0>Agnew <w PRP>on to <w PNP>it <w AV0>again <pause> <w NP0>Lewis <pause> <w NP0>Oldfield <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w NP0>Thomson<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>football <w DT0>this <w PRP>by <w NP0>Leicester <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w PRP>across <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greyson <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w NP0>Pearce <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AV0>away <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oldfield <pause> <w AV0>well <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>scored <w DT0>some <w AV0>really <w AJ0>spectacular <w NN2>goals <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>career <w NP0>David <w NP0>Oldfield <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0-AV0>far <w AVP>off <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w NN1>shot<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="210"><w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>confess <w CJS>when <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w VVD>dropped <w AVP>down <w PRP>at <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVD>chested <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>out <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>link <w PRP-AVP>up <w NN1-VVB>play <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="211"><w AJ0>Good <w AJ0>early <w NN1>ball <w PRP>in <w AJ0>partial <w NN1>clearance <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <w PRP>on <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="212"><w AJ0>Partial <w NN1>clearance <w AV0>here <w PRP>from <w NP0>Stewart <w NP0>Pearce<c PUN>.
<s n="213"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <unclear> <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>admit <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>pulled <w AT0>the <w NN1>trigger <w AV0>then <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBD>was <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>right <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>net<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w CJC>But <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w VVG-AJ0>attacking <w NN1-VVB>play <w PRP>from <w NP0>Weston<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w DT0>All <w NN1-VVB>credit <w PRP>to <w PNP>them <w PNP>they <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>guy <w PRP>apart from <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w PRP>as <w AT0>an <w NN1>outlet <w NN1>player <w CJS>so <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>patient <w CJC>and <w VVB>build <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VVB>pass <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <trunc> <w UNC>al </trunc> <w VVB-NN1>pass <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AVP>through<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="216"><w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>spell <w PRF>of <w NN1>form <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w ORD>Seventh <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>start <w PRF>of <w NN1>play <w CRD>nineteen <w NN2>points <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w CRD>ten <w NN2>games <w CRD>six <w NN2-VVZ>wins <w AT0>a <w NN1>draw <w CJC>and <w CRD>three <w NN2>defeats<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w CJC>And <w AJ0>unbeaten <w AV0>here <w PRP>at <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street <w PRP>in <w CRD>six <w NN2>matches <w PRP>in <w NN1>League <w CJC>and <w NN1>Cup<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><w VVZ-NN2>Matches <w PRP>in <w NN1>hand <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN2>sides <w AV0>all <w PRP>around <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w CJC>and <w AV0>of course <w AT0>the <w NN1>team <w CJT>that <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w NN1>promotion <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>two <w NN2>seasons <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w VVG-AJ0>loing </sic> <w VVG>losing <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>playoff <w NN1>final<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w VVG>Looking <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>mood <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>form <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="221"><pause> <w NP0-NN1>Greyson <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="222"><w AJ0-NN1>Black <w VBD>was <w AJ0>weak <w PRP>in <w NN1>possession <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Thomson <pause> <w AV0>now <w NP0>Oldfield <w NP0>Lewis <w VVG>moving <w AVP-PRP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>left <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>here <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AV0>eventually <w PRP>in <w NN1>possession<c PUN>.
<s n="223"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>lost <w PNP>it <w AV0>again<c PUN>, <w NN1>Forest <w NN1-VVB>throw<c PUN>.
<s n="224"><pause> <w NN1-VVB>Stone <w AT0>no <w NN1>problem <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w CJS>although <w DT0>that <w AV0>almost <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>short <w PRP>for <w NP0>Gavin <w NP0>Ward<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="225"><w PNP>We <w VDB>do <w VVI>see <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>it <w PRP>at <w DT0>both <w NN2>ends <w AT0>the <w NN2>goalkeepers <w VHB>have <w AVQ-CJS>when <w NN0>people <w VVB>chase <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lost <w NN1>cause <w PRP>like <w NP0>Rozario<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w VDN>done <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <trunc> <w UNC>rea </trunc> <w AT0>no <w AJ0>real <w AT0>no <w AJ0>real <w NN2>problems <w AV0>at first <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VVB>chase <w VVB>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>keepers <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>panic<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="227"><w AV0>Midway <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w AV0>here <w PRP>at <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street <w AV0>still <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w PNI>nil <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w PNI>nil <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1-VVB>kick <w AV0>there <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ward <w NP0>Chettle <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w NP0>Thomson <w VVG-NN1>finding <w NP0>Agnew <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Leicester <w VVB-NN1>build <unclear> <w AV0>now <w PRP>with <w NP0>Greyson <pause> <w NP0>Thomson <pause> <w NP0>Lewis <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w NN1>run <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>left <pause> <w NP0>Agnew <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w AV0>again <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>, <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>playing <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><pause> <w NP0>Thomson <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVZ>accepts <w AT0>the <w NN1>gift <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oldfield<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w CJC>And <w AV0>a little <w AJ0>untidy <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>play <w CJC>but <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Lewis <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ormanroyd <pause> <w AJ0>Speedy <pause> <w NN2>sets <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w NP0>Greyson <pause> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w AV0>again <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Agnew <w AT0>the <w NN1>captain <pause> <w CJC>and <w VDD>did <w DT0>that <w VVI>cross <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="231"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>football <w NP0>Leicester <w VHB>have <w VVN>played <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>opening <w CRD>twenty <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>minutes <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w PNP>I <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>probably <w VVN>seen <w PNP>them <w AV0>about <w CRD>four <w CJC>or <w CRD>five <w NN2>times <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>six <w NN2>months <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w VVI>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w NN1>route <w PNI-CRD>one <w CJS>when <w NP0>Walsh <w VBZ>is <w VVG>playing <w CJC>but <w AV0>today <w DPS>their <w NN1>link <w PRP-AVP>up <w NN1>play <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="233"><w NP0>Thomson <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rozario <w NP0>Thomson <w VM0>can <w VVI>try <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w CJC>And <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>flicked <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>defender <w CJC>and <w VVD>bounced <w AJ0-AV0>kindly <w PRP>with <w NP0>Tommy <w NP0>Wright<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="235"><w CJC>But <w PRP>apart from <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w DT0>this <w NP0>Alan <w AV0>now <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w VVI>squeeze <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>careful <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>leave <w NP0>Collimore <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>space <w TO0>to <w VVI>run <w PRP>into<c PUN>.
<s n="236"><w CJC>But <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <w VVI>dominate <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="237"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>header <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rozario <w NP0>Collimore <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>control <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>link <w PRP-AVP>up <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w NN1>Ball <w PRP>onto <w NP0>Rozario <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>touch <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w AJ0>blistering <w NN1>pace <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NP0-NN1>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="239"><w NN1-NP0>Rozario <w VVG>wearing <w AT0>a <w NN1>vest <w PNP>I <w VVB>notice <w AV0>there <w NP0>Ron <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w PRP>into <w DPS>your <w NN1>team <w VVG>wearing <w AT0>a <w NN1>vest <w VM0>would <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="240"><w NN1-NP0>Jochim <w VVZ>turns <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Speedy <w PNQ>who <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>repeat <w AT0>the <w NN1>dose<c PUN>.
<s n="241"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Thomson <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Lewis <pause> <w VVD>turned <w AVP>back <w AV0>again <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w CJC>and <w NP0>Leicester <w VVG>playing <w DT0>some <w AJ0>good <w NN1>football <w PRP>in <w NN1>Forest<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>half<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="242"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>public <w VBB>are <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>patient <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN1>team<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NN1>Forest <w VBB>are <w VVG>pulling <w PNI>everybody <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AV0>just <w VVI>sling <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP-AVP>through<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVG>working <w VBZ>is <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>playing <w DT0>some <w AJ0>super <w AJ0>little <w NN1-VVB>link <w PRP-AVP>up <w NN1>stuff<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="245"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>offside <w AV0>here <w PNP>it <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VVI>count<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w AV0>Long <w CJS>before <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>got <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oldfield <w AJ0>Speedy <w VBD>was <w AV0>offside<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="247"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>seen <w AT0>an <w AJ0>awful <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NP0>Julian <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w AV0>yet <w CJC>but <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>occasions <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>fed <w PRP>into <w PNP>him <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>shown <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brilliant <w NN1>ability <w TO0>to <w VVI>turn <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN2>defenders<c PUN>.
<s n="248"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w NN0>people <w PRP>like <w NP0>Thomson <w VM0>can <w AV0>sort of <w VVI>give <w PNP>him <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>service <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w NN1>life <w AV0>awfully <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <trunc> <w UNC>de </trunc> <w AJ0>central <w NN1>defence<c PUN>.
<s n="249"><w CJC>And <w DPS>his <w NN1>partner <w AV0>there <w AV0>of course <w AJ0>Speedy <w PNP>he <w VVZ>knows <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>he <w VVZ>knows <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>.
<s n="250"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>seen <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="251"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w DPS>his <w ORD>eleventh <w NN1>League <w NN1>Club <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="252"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>reading <w AV0>somewhere <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w AVQ>where <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VBN>been <w PRP>with <w CRD>eight <w NN2>clubs <w PRP>in <w CRD>one <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="253"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AJ0>Good <w NN1>quiz <w NN1-VVB>question <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="254"><w NP0>Agnew <w VVG>turning <w PNP>it <w AVP>on <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>header <w PRP>by <w NN2>Laws <w VBD>was <w AJ0>excellent<c PUN>.
<s n="255"><w AVP>Back <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w AV0>now <w VVN-VVD>played <w CRD>six <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>row<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w NP0>Des <w AV0-AJ0>Little <w AT0>the <w NN1>signing <w PRP>from <w NP0>Swansea <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>rested <w CJS>because <w UNC>er <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w VVD>felt <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VVN>lost <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>confidence <w PRP>in <w NN1>Forest<w POS>'s <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>start <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Ormanroyd <w VVZ>wins <w AT0>the <w NN1>header <w AJ0>Speedy <w VVZ-NN2>flicks <w PNP>it <w AVP>on <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w NP0>Chettle <w UNC>er <shift new=laughing> <w NP0>Chettle <w AV0>rather <shift> <w VVD-VVN>got <w PNP>it <w AV0>away <w PRP-CJS>as <w NP0>Jochim <w VVD>came <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w NN1-NP0>Collimore <w VDG>doing <w AV0>well <w AV0>there <w PNP>he <w AV0>really <w VVD-VVN>turned <w NP0>Greyson <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>Black <w NN1-VVG>storming <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1>left <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rozario <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>right<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1-VVG>running <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oldfield <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="260"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AJ0>big <w NP0>Stan <w VVD>took <w AT0>the <w AJ0>wrong <w NN1>option <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="261"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w NN2>chances <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w NP0>Phillips <w VVG>playing <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>again <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Collimore <w AJ0>good <w PNI>one <w VVD>handed <w NN1-VVB>catch <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ward<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="262"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w NP0>Collimore <w VHD>had <w AJ0>good <w NN1>break <w CRD>three <w PRP>against <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>played <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>measured <w AT0>a <w NN1>ball <w PRP>into <w UNC>er <w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black<w POS>'s <w NN1>stride<c PUN>.
<s n="263"><w PNP>It <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>chance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w PNI>one <w PNP>he <w VVD>missed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>minute<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="264"><w VVB-NN1>Ormanroyd <w VVG>winning <w DT0>another <w NN1>header <w AV0>inevitably<c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w VVB-NN1>Jochim <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Speedy <pause> <w NP0>Ormanroyd<w POS>'s <w NN1>lay-off <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w PNI>one <w PRP>for <w NP0>Lewis <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>quickly <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>left <w NN1>foot <w NP0-NN1>Ormanroyd <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AJ0>Speedy <w VVN>collided <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pearce <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <w AVP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>turn <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AV0>goalwards <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w VVN-VVD>ended <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w NN1-VVB>kick<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="266"><w DT0>Another <w AV0>very <w AJ0>dangerous <w NN1>tact<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w NP0>Ormanroyd <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w VVD>got <w DT0>more <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>that <w AV0>actually <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>headed <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w AV0>actually <w VVN>caught <w AT0>a <w NN1>defender <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>headed <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>contact <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="269"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVD>said <w AV0>earlier <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w VBZ>is <w VVG>playing <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>part <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>imagine <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>management<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>happy <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>to <w DT0>half <w NN1>time <w AT0>no <w NN1>score<c PUN>.
<s n="270"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VM0>would <w VVI>fancy <w DPS>their <w NN2>chances <w VVG>going <w UNC>er <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w PRP>behind <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="271"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>cold <w NN1>wind <w AV0>too <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w AT0>a <w AV0>real <w AJ0>wintry <w NN1>afternoon <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="272"><pause> <w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PNP>we <w VVD>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>hour <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>clock <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as though <w NN1>winter<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>started <w PRP>in <w NN1>earnest<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="273"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NN1>winter <w VVD>started <w PRP>in <w NP0>August<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><shift new=laughing> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PRP>about <w PRP>in <w NN1>earnest<c PUN>. <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="275"><vocal desc=laugh> <w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VM0>should <w AV0>never <w VVI>worry <w PNP>you <w AV0>always <w VVB>manage <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>the <w NN1>sunshine <w AV0>somewhere <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="276"><w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w AVP>up <w AV0>here <w NN1-VVB>pall<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="277"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="278"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>effort <w PRP>by <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="279"><pause> <w AJ0>Splendid <w NN1>work <w AV0>there <w NP0>Ron <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NN1>man<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="280"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="281"><trunc> <w UNC>It </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w DPS>his <w AJS>best <w NN1>side <w UNC>er <w DPS>his <w AJ0>right <w NN1>foot <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>weigh <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NN1>side <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>hunger <w PRP>for <w NN2>goals<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w DTQ>Which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>understandable <w PRP>considering <w AT0>the <w NN1>vein <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="283"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w CRD>eight <w PRP>in <w CRD>seven <w NN2>games <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>seven<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w EX0>There <w VVZ>goes <w NP0>Oldfield <pause> <w NP0>Lewis <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>exciting <w DT0>this <w AJ0>young <w NN1>man <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVZ>goes <w AV0>forward <w PRP>like <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN1>run <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>fine <w NN1>tackle <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Chettle <w TO0>to <w VVI>stop <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="286"><w ITJ>Oh <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>brilliant <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="287"><w VVD-VVN>Picked <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w VVD-VVN>picked <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>square <w NN1>ball <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w VVD>attacked <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <shift new=laughing> <w VVD>went <w PRP>like <w AT0>a <w NN1>bomb <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="288"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <trunc> <w UNC>brill </trunc> <w AT0>no <w NN1>defender <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>world <w DTQ>whatever <w NN1>level <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w NN2>likes <w VBG>being <w VVN>attacked <w PRP>with <w PRP>by <w AT0>a <w NN1>pace <w NN1>player <w VVG-NN1>running <w PRP>at <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="289"><w PNP>He <w AV0>really <w VVD>forced <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w AV0>there <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he <w NP0>Lewis <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>caused <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner<c PUN>.
<s n="290"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tricky <w NN1>corner <w AV0>too <unclear> <w VVZ>turns <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w AT0>an <w NP0>Agnew<w POS>'s <w NN1>header <w CJC>and <shift new=shouting> <w AJ0>Speedy <w VHZ>has <w VVN>turned <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="291"><pause> <w DT0>Half <w AT0>an <w NN1>hour <w VVN>gone <w AT0>the <w NN1>captain <w VHZ>has <w AT0>an <w NN1>injury <w CJC>but <w DPS>his <w NN1>side <w VHB>have <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w NN1>lead<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>goal<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="293"><w ITJ>Yes <w CJC>and <w AV0>thoroughly <w VVD-VVN>deserved<c PUN>.
<s n="294"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we <w VM0>could <w VVI>sense <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w VBD>was <w VVG>coming<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="295"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>ball <w AVP>in <w PNP>they <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <trunc> <w UNC>ch </trunc> <w VVN>changed <w AT0>the <w NN1>tactic <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w NP0>Thomson <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>hit <w AT0>a <w AJC>deeper <w NN1>corner<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="297"><w ITJ>Yep <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVB>get <w PRP>in <w PNX>each other<w POS>'s <w NN1>way <w CJC>but <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>Speedy <w AT0>a <w NN1>predator <w NN1>yard <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>area <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w NN1>corner <w VVZ-NN2>kicks <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>bobbling <w AVP-PRP>about<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w AV0>Just <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper <w CJS>because <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>amazing <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w NN2>things <w VVB-NN1>fall <w AVP>down <w AV0>just <w PRP>in front of <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="300"><w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy<w VBZ>'s <w ORD>eighth <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>season <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>top <w NN1>scorer <w AV0>here <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>home <w NN1>game <w PRP>against <w NP0>Notts <w NN1>County <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w PRP>as <w NP0>Ron <w AV0>perfectly <w VVN-VVD>described <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>predator <w PRP>in <w NN1>action <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="301"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>reasonable <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AV0>as well <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNI>one <w CJT>that <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>deserved <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="302"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>threatening <w DT0-CJT>that <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>fifteen <w NN2>minutes <w CJC>or <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w VHD>Had <w AT0>a <w UNC>er <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w NN2>starts <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <w NN1>control <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>money <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>period<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="304"><w NP0>Agnew <w VHZ>has <w AV0>just <w UNC>er <w VVN-AJ0>received <w NN1>treatment <w PRP>from <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Smith<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w PNP>He <w VVD>got <w VVN>kicked <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRP>by <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>player <w NP0>Mike <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>mind <w CJS>because <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w VVD>contributed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w CRD>Fourteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>half <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w CJC>and <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w AV0>deservedly <w PRP>in <w NN1-AJ0>front<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w AV0>Here <w VVZ>goes <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Black <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w PRP>for <w NP0>Rozario <pause> <w NP0-NN1>Stone <pause> <w NP0>Black <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><w VVZ>Needs <w AT0>the <w NN1>cross <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>supplies <w PNP>it <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Collimore <w VVD>touched <w AV0>away <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>shot <w PRP>by <w NP0>Phillips <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w NN1>deflection <w PRP>off <w NP0>Lewis <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="309"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w NN1-VVB>bet <w PRP>against <w DT0>that <w NN1-AJ0>fellow <w VVG-AJ0>volleying <w PNI>one <w PRP-AVP>in <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w NP0>Phillips<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>stock <w PRP>in <w NN2>trades <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>superb <w NN1>volleyer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w VBD>was <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>second<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="311"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>signing <w NP0>Phillips <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AV0>already <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w UNC>er <w VVN>played <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides <w PRF>of <w NN1>midfield <w VVD-VVN>filled <w AVP>in <w PRP>at <w NN1>centre <w AVP>back <w AV0>as well <w PRP>in <w AJ0>recent <w NN2>matches<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>only <w VBN>been <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>club <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>weeks<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w AJ0>Black <w NN2-VVZ>lifts <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>post <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>astonishingly <w VVN>evaded <w PNI>everyone<c PUN>.
<s n="314"><w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w VVD>took <w DT0>that <w AV0>beautifully <w NP0>Agnew <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Speedy <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w NN1-NP0>Oldfield <w AJ0>nice <unclear> <w NN1-VVB>form <w AVP>out <w PRP>from <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w DPS>My <w NN1>word <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>spraying <w PNP>it <w AVP>around <w AV0>beautifully<c PUN>.
<s n="317"><w NP0>Lewis <w AJ0>great <w NN1-VVG>running <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oldfield <w AV0>just <w VVD-VVN>played <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>too <w AJ0>long <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w AV0>anyway<c PUN>.
<s n="318"><w CJC>And <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lewis <w NP0>Thomson <w NP0>Agnew <w AJ0>splendid <w NN1>football <w PRP>from <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="319"><w NP0-NN1>Greyson<w POS>'s <w NN1>cross <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>post <w AJ0>Speedy <w AV0>just <w VVD-VVN>missed <w PNP>it <w PNP>it <w AV0>almost <w VVD>sat <w AVP>up <w AV0>perfectly <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="320"><w NN1>Forest <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>record <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w AV0>here <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w AV0>suddenly <w VVB>break <w PNX>themselves <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>great <w NN1>defending <w AV0>again <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="321"><w CJC>But <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire <w NP0>Leicester <w VBB>are <w PRP>on <w NN1>fire <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="322"><w CJS>As <w PNP>I <w VVB>say <w DT0>this <w DT0>this <w NN1>fellow <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>minutes <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w NN1-VVB>play <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="323"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>bought <w PRP>upon <w PRP>by <w NN1>necessity <w AV0>really <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w AVP-PRP>through <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>certainly <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VDG>doing <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w CJC>And <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>buildup <w NN1>play <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AJ0>tremendous <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="325"><w AV0>Here <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w AJ0>previous <w NN1-VVB>attack <w NP0>Ron<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="326"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w AJ0>good <w AJ0>early <w NN1>ball <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>from <w NP0>Greyson <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="327"><w AT0>A <w NN1>combination <w PRF>of <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w AV0>about <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>passes <w CJC>but <trunc> <w UNC>tha </trunc> <w PNP>they <w VVD>switched <w AT0>the <w NN1>play <w PRP>from <w NN1>side <w PRP>to <w NN1>side <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="328"><w VVB-NN1>Whitlow <w VVG>judging <w AT0>a <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>bounce <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="329"><w PNP>He <w VVZ>looks <w AT0>the <w NN1>part <w PRP>at <w NN1>centre <w AVP>back <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w CJC>But <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Rozario <pause> <w NP0>Gemmell <pause> <w NP0>Black <w NP0>Pearce <w VBZ>is <w AVP>up <w PRP>in <w NN1>support <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long <w NN1>ball <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hill <w VVD>met <w PNP>it <w ORD>first<c PUN>.
<s n="331"><w CJC>And <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>Simon <w NP0>Greyson<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no <w PNP>it <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>linesman <w VVD-VVN>changed <w DPS>his <w NN1>mind<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="333"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w AV0>as well <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w CJS>while <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w AJ0>good <w NN1>spell <w CJS>because <w UNC>er <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>doubt <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>expect <w NN1>Forest <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w AV0>far <w AV0>more <w AJ0>sustained <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN2>backs<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VVI>see <w PNP>them <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>hit <w DPS>their <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN2>players <w AV0>a lot <w AV0>easier<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="335"><w DTQ>What <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>skill <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w PRP>by <w NP0>Thomson <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>tight <w NN1>situation <w CJS>although <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="336"><w PRP>For <w PNP>me <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w NN1>player <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w DT0>this <w ORD>first <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="337"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="338"><w NP0-NN1>Rozario<w POS>'s <w VVD>lay <w AVP-PRP>off <w AV0>well <w VVN>read <w PRP>by <w NP0>Whitlow <w NP0>Agnew <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Oldfield<c PUN>.
<s n="339"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>work <w AV0>though <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVD>came <w AVP>back <w TO0>to <w VVI>rob <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>counter <w NN1-VVB>attack <pause> <w NP0>Rozario <w VVD>slipped <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AJ0>fortunate <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVZ>finds <w AJ0>Black <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Leicester <w VVD>worked <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w DT0>that <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Chettle <w VVZ>wins <w AVP>back <w AT0>the <w NN1>header <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AV0>straight <w PRP>to <w NP0>Whitlow <w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>takes <w AVP>over <w CJC>and <w AVQ>why <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>played<c PUN>.
<s n="343"><pause> <w AV0>Always <w PNI-CRD>one <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>usually <w VVG>using <w PNP>it <w AV0>well <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>throw-in<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="344"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w AJS>biggest <w AJ0>single <w NN1>difference <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>, <w VM0>let's <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>happens <w AV0>here <w ORD>first<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="345"><w VVD-VVN>Turned <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w PNQ>who <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>control <w PNP>it <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>enough <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w PNP>it <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="346"><w NP0-NN1>Rozario <w VDD>did <w AV0>well <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="347"><w AJ0-NN1>Black <w VVG>seeing <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>field<c PUN>.
<s n="348"><w NP0>Pearce <w VVB-NN1>look <w PRP>for <w NP0>Phillips <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NP0>Lewis <w VVD>got <w AV0>there <w ORD>first <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>dropped <w PRP>to <w NN1-NP0>Stone<c PUN>.
<s n="349"><w NN1-NP0>Rozario <w NN1>Stone <w AV0>again <pause> <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clever <w NN1>effort <w AV0>really <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="350"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AJ0>clever<c PUN>.
<s n="351"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper <w VBD>was <w AJ0>entitled <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="352"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Gavin <w NP0>Ward <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>catch <w PRP>on <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="353"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w VVG>saying<c PUN>, <w AV0>here <w VM0>let's <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1-VVB>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVZ>pops <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="354"><w NN1-NP0>Stone <w VVD>stood <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w AV0>just <w VVD>stood <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>innocuous <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="355"><w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w NN1>safety <w ORD>first <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>order <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="356"><w PNP>It <w VHZ>has <w VVN>produced <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner <w AV0>though<c PUN>.
<s n="357"><w AJ0-NN1>Black <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w VVG-AJ0>swinging <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <pause> <w VVD-AJ0>flicked <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>by <w NP0>Rozario <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper <w VVD-VVN>made <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w NN1>error <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w AV0>ago <w PRP>by <w VVG>coming <w AV0>bravely <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pearce <w AV0-AJ0>right <w PRP>in front of <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rozario <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>flick<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="358"><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>saying <w AT0>the <w AJ0>single <w AJS>biggest <w NN1>difference <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>sides <w VHZ>has <w AT0>A <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>passing <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w AT0>the <w NN1>movement<c PUN>.
<s n="359"><w EX0>There<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w DT0>some <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN1>movement <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <w AT0>the <w NN1>front <w CRD>six <w AT0>the <w NN1>midfield <w NN2>players <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>front <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="360"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>talked <w PRP>about <w NP0>Thomson<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVG>passing <w PRP>from <w NN1>midfield <w CJC>but <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VHB>have <w NN2>targets <w TO0>to <w VVI>hit <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>passing <w NN1>player <w CJC>and <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w NN2>players <w VHB>have <w VVN>given <w PNP>him <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="361"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Phillips <w VVD>found <w NP0>Collimore <w AT0>a <w AJ0>willing <w NN1>target <w AV0>then <w CJC>but <w NP0>Hill <w VVD>came <w AVP>back <w TO0>to <w VVI>deny <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="362"><w ITJ>Yes <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>sort of <w PNP>he <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>lone <w NN1>ranger <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="363"><w AV0>Always <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat<c PUN>.
<s n="364"><w ITJ>Oh <w ITJ>no <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he <w NP0>Gavin <w NP0>Ward <w VHZ>has <w VVN>picked <w AVP>up <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>back <w NN1>pass<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="365"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w AV0>quickly <w CJC>and <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AJ0>full <w NN1>advantage <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VHZ>has <w VVN>said <w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>. <vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="366"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w NP0>Alan <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
<s n="367"><w VBB>Be <w AJ0>interesting <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="368"><w AT0>The <w NN1>goalkeeper<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>committed <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>cardinal <w NN1>error <w PRP>by <w VVG>picking <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w NN1-VVB>pass<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1-VVB>kick <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="369"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-VVN>mystified <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
<s n="370"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>it <w VVD>happened<c PUN>.
<s n="371"><w VM0>Could <w PNP>you <w VVI>call <w DT0>that <w AT0>a <w AJ0>deliberate <w NN1>back <w VVB-NN1>pass <w PNP>it <w AV0>almost <w VVD>came <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>Greyson<w POS>'s <w UNC>er <w NN1>foot <w PRP>by <w NN1>mistake<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="372"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>see <w DTQ>what <w AV0>else <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w DT0>this <w NN1>decision <w PRP>for <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="373"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>mystery <w AV0>a little bit <w AV0>initially<c PUN>.
<s n="374"><w AVQ>Why <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w VBD>was <w VVN>given <w PRP>in <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w NN1>favour <w VM0>must <w VVI>remain <w AT0>an <w AV0>even <w AJC>greater <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
<s n="375"><w PNP>We <w VVB>need <w NP0>Alfred <w NP0>Hitchcock <w TO0>to <w VVI>sort <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="376"><w AV0>Well <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Newbon <w PNI>somebody<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>unravel <w AT0>the <w NN1>mystery<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="377"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w PNP>they <shift new=laughing> <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVG>drawing <w PNI-CRD>one <w DT0>each <w AV0>actually <w AV0>now <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="378"><w DTQ>What <w NP0>Alfred <w NP0>Hitchcock <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gary <w NP0-NN1>Newbon <w PNP>you <w VVB>mean<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w NN2>teams <w AV0-AJ0>right <w AJ0>fair <w AV0>enough<c PUN>.
<s n="379"><w NP0>Thomson <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>.
<s n="380"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>fine <w NN1>ball <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Speedy <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w AJ0-AV0>little <w VVB>lay <w AVP>off <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="381"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>talking <w NN1>point <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AV0>no doubt <w NP0>Greavesie<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>view <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PRP>at <w DT0>half <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="382"><pause> <w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>Black <pause> <w NP0>Gemmell <w NP0>Pearce <w NN1>bit <w AV0-AJ0>long <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rozario <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w CJT-DT0>that<c PUN>, <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>he <w AV0>almost <w VVD>chested <w PNP>it <w AVP>down <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>path <w PRF>of <w NN1>Stone<c PUN>.
<s n="383"><w AV0>Now <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>pick <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w PRP-AVP>up <w NP0>Gavin <w NP0>Moore<c PUN>, <w ITJ>no <w PNP>he <w VVD>knew <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="384"><pause> <w AJ0>Good <w NN1-VVB>spell <w DT0>this <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="385"><w NN1>Law<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w NN1>possession <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>for <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Moore <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle<c PUN>, <w NN1>hand <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="386"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>unnecessary <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pete <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="387"><w AT0>The <w NN1>ball<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he <w VVN>let <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w VVI>drop <w PRP>behind <w PNP>him <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w AV0>still <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="388"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NP0>Simon <w NP0>Greyson <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w XX0>not <w VVG>picking <w AVP>up <w AV0>here <w DT0>neither <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Hill <w CJC>and <w AV0>really <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>come <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0>sudden <w CJC>but <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>unnecessary <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="389"><w DT0-CJT>That <w AV0>well <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w DT0>some <w AJ0-NN1>comic <w NN2-VVZ>cuts <w NN2>things <w VVG>going <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w PNP>we<c PUN>.
<s n="390"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>admit <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w VVD>happened <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w NN1>goal<c PUN>, <w CJC>or <w AJ0>free <w NN1-VVB>kick <w PRP-AVP>in
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="391"><w ITJ>Yes <w DT0>another <w NN1>assignment <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w AJ0>dreaded <w NN1-NP0>Newbon <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>speak <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="392"><pause> <w VVB-NN1>Gemmell <w AV0>straight <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>Hill <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thomson <w VVD>dispossessed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gemmell<c PUN>.
<s n="393"><w NP0>Pearce <w VVZ>whips <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>dangerously <w CJC>and <w AT0>no <w NN2>risks <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>big <w NP0>Mike <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<c PUN>.
<s n="394"><w NN1>Corner<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="395"><w AV0>Actually <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>picked <w AVP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w NN1>Forest <w PRP-CJS>since <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal <w UNC>erm <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w DT0>this <w NP0>Leicester <w VBB>are <w VVG>playing <w AV0>anywhere <w PRP>near <w AV0>as <w AV0>well <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>time <w PNP>they <w VVD>scored<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="396"><w NN1>Corner <w VVZ>goes <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>deep <w NP0>Pearce <w VVG>getting <w AVP>up <w AV0>well <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ward <w VVD>got <w AVP>up <w AV0>better <w CJS>than <w PNI>anyone <w CJC>and <w AJ0>good <w AJ0>safe <w NN2>hands <w AV0>as well <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper<c PUN>.
<s n="397"><w VM0>Can <w VVI>smile <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="398"><w VBD>Were <w PNP>we <w AJ0>right <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick<c PUN>?
<s n="399"><w PRP>In <w DPS>my <w NN1>book <w PNP>he <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="400"><w AV0>Certainly <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as if <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w PNP>I <w VVI>mean <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>give <w DT0>any <w AJ0>other <w NN1>indication<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="401"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AVQ>why <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w PNI>anything <w AV0>else<c PUN>.
<s n="402"><w UNC>Er <w AV0>certainly <w NN1>Forest <w VVD>believed <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ward <w VVD>believed <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1-VVB>kick <w PNP>you <w VM0>could <w VVI>tell <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>expression <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>face<c PUN>.
<s n="403"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w PNI-CRD>one <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w PRP>to <w DT0>half <w NN1>time <w AVQ>when <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AV0>a bit <w DT0>more <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>examine <w AT0>the <w NN1>incident <w AV0>perhaps<c PUN>.
<s n="404"><w AV0>Here <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>only <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w CRD>four <w NN2>minutes <w AV0>less <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w AJ0>remaining <w NP0>Leicester <w VVG-AJ0>leading <event desc="end of side one of tape one">
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="405"><w AJ0-VVG>remaining<c PUN>.
<s n="406"><w NP0>Leicester <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w PNI-CRD>one <w PNI>nil <w PRP>against <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="407"><w AV0>Fortunately <w AT0>no <w NN1>dispute <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal<c PUN>.
<s n="408"><pause> <w NP0>Agnew <w AJ0>Speedy <w NP0>Thomson <w XX0>not <w AJ0-AV0>long <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="409"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>well <w VVN-VVD>played <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Cooper<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="410"><w ITJ>Oh <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>almost <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>classic <w VVB-NN1>build <w AVP>up <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="411"><w AJ0>Little <w NN1>ball <w PRP>up to <w AJ0>Speedy <w NN2>drops <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thomson <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w PRP>through <w NN1>ball <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>running <w AV0>forward <w NP0-NN1>Jochim<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="412"><w VVB>Ormanroyd <w NP0>Phillips <w VVG>denying <w AT0>the <w NN1>room <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lewis <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>cross <w AJ0>Speedy <w VVG>getting <w AVP>up <w AV0>well <w PRP>with <w NP0>Pearce <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>breaks <w PRP>to <w NN1>Black<c PUN>.
<s n="413"><w PRP>Against <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w PNP>he <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w DT0>any <w UNC>er <w NN1>meat <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>clearance<c PUN>.
<s n="414"><w NP0-NN1>Greyson <w NP0>Thomson <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>fullback <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w AVP-PRP>off <w NP0-NN1>Chettle <w CJC>but <w NP0>Cooper<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>foul <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Rozario<c PUN>.
<s n="415"><w VVB-NN1>Play <w AVP-PRP>on <w VVZ>says <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w NN1>Forest <w PRP>in <w NN1>possession<c PUN>.
<s n="416"><w AT0>A <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>luck <w NN1-VVB>break <w AV0>there <w PRP>off <w NP0>Oldfield <w VVZ>takes <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="417"><pause> <w AJ0>Typical <w NP0>Stan <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Black<c PUN>.
<s n="418"><w NP0>Phillips <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w NN1>post <w AV0>well <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>volleyer <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJS>as <w NP0>Ron <w VVD>mentioned <w AV0>before<c PUN>.
<s n="419"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AJS>greatest <w NN1>header <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJS>although <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VVN>won <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="420"><w ITJ>Yeah <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>chance <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="421"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black <w VHZ>has <w VVN>stood <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AV0>here <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>post <w AV0>now <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>feel <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w DT0>enough <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>for <w NN1>goal <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VVI>keep <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>danger <w NN1>area <w AV0>just <w VVB>turn <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal <w CJC>and <w VVB>let <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>lads <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>go <w PRP>at <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>or <w NP0>Rozario<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="422"><w NN1>Corner <w NN1-VVB>kick<c PUN>.
<s n="423"><w AJ0-NN1>Black <w VVN>headed <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oldfield<c PUN>.
<s n="424"><w CJC>And <w VDD>did <w DT0>that <w VVI>cross <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w AV0>yet <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="425"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>actually <w VVG-AJ0>appealing <w PRP>for <w NN1>hand <w NN1>ball <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN2>players<c PUN>.
<s n="426"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Phillips <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w AV0>still <w PNI-CRD>one <w AVP-PRP>down <w AJ0>Black <w PRP>onto <w NP0>Hill<w POS>'s <w NN1>head<c PUN>.
<s n="427"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>clearance <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>.
<s n="428"><pause> <w NP0-NN1>Oldfield <w NP0>Lewis <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>break <w AV0>again <w PRP-AVP>down <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>left<c PUN>.
<s n="429"><w PNP>He <w AV0>really <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>quick <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>cross <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="430"><w NN2>Knocks <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>Speedy <w CJC>and <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>ball <w AJ0-NN1>wrong <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>shame <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VDN>done <w AV0>so <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="431"><w AJ0>Great <w AJ0>great <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>break <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>kid <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="432"><w VVB>Think <w NP0>Ed <w VVD>took <w AVP>out <w CRD>one <w NN1>club <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w AV0>there <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="433"><w AJ0>Little <w AJ0>little <w NN1>sand <w NN1>wedge <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>found <w UNC>er <unclear> <w AJ0>Speedy <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <ptr target=HMNLC00D><w NN1>back <ptr target=HMNLC00E></u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="434"><ptr target=HMNLC00D><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HMNLC00E></u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="435"><w NN1>post<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="436"><w CJC>And <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w VVZ>finds <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>.
<s n="437"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>playing <w AV0>well <w AV0>as well <w AJ0>Speedy <w VVG-AJ0>leading <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="438"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0-NN1>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="439"><pause> <w NP0-NN1>Cooper <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AJ0-AV0>clear<c PUN>.
<s n="440"><w NP0>Phillips <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="441"><w AV0>Only <w AV0>about <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>half <w VVG-AJ0>remaining <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AV0>certainly <w NP0>Whitlow <w VHZ>has <w AV0>hardly <w VVN>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>foot <w NN1-AJ0>wrong <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w AV0>so <w AV0>far<c PUN>.
<s n="442"><w VVN-VVD>Played <w PRP>at <w NN1-AJ0>left <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>centre <w AVP>back <w DT0>this <w NN1>season <w NP0>Mike <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<c PUN>.
<s n="443"><pause> <w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Jochim <pause> <w PNP>He <w VVZ>needs <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>help <w AV0>here <w NP0>Cooper <w VVG>breathing <w AVP-PRP>down <w DPS>his <w NN1>neck<c PUN>.
<s n="444"><w VDD>Did <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="445"><w NP0>Agnew <w VVD>turned <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>Speedy <w NP0>Pearce <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AJ0-AV0>clear<c PUN>.
<s n="446"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>defending <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>nick <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w CJC>but <w AV0>still <w NP0>Leicester <w VVB-NN1>press <w NP0-NN1>Greyson <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w NP0>Greyson <w VVD-VVN>headed <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w NN2>Laws <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ormanroyd<c PUN>.
<s n="447"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="448"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>glorious <w NN1>opportunity <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="449"><w VVG>Coming <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w DT0>some <w AV0>more <w AJ0>good <w VVB-NN1>build <w AVP-PRP>up <w VVB-NN1>play <w PRP>from <w UNC>er <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="450"><w AJ0>Good <w AJ0>little <w NN1>stand <w PRP>in <w NN1>ball <w AV0>there <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w NN2>Laws <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w AV0>quite <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="451"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>he <w AJ0>big <w NN2>sticks <w AV0>there <w VVG>falling <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w AJ0-NN1>left <w NN1>foot<c PUN>.
<s n="452"><w PNP>It <w AV0>maybe <w VVD>came <w AVP>down <w AV0>a little bit <w AV0>too <w AJ0>slow <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="453"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>about <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>saving <w NN1>grace <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="454"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>there <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVB>find <w NP0>Jochim <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>turn <w PRP>by <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="455"><w VVN>Taken <w PRP>off <w PNP>him <w AV0>though <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Stone<c PUN>.
<s n="456"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>work <w PRP>from <w NP0>Rozario <w AV0>now <w AJ0>Black <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0>left-hand <w NN1>side <w PRP>for <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="457"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>men <w AV0>forward <w AV0>here <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="458"><w VVD-VVN>Swung <w AVP>back <w PRP-AVP>in <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Rozario<c PUN>.
<s n="459"><w NN1-NP0>Collimore <w AJ0>good <w NN1>tackle <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w AT0>a <w AV0>really <w AJ0>effective <w NN1>challenge <w CJC>and <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>scrap <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>over <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w NN2-VVZ>steps <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>stern <w NN1>action <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w VVN>required <w AV0>here <w PRP>by <w NN1>referee <w NP0>Kirby<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="460"><w AT0>The <w NN1>referee<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>real <w NN1>problem <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="461"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>bad <w AV0>enough <w PRP>with <w UNC>er <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w NN1>wrestling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>floor <w CJC>but <w PRP>without <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper <w VVG-NN1>coming <w CJC>and <w VVG>getting <w VVN>involved<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="462"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AJ0>lenient <w AV0>earlier <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>official <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>shown <w AT0>a <w AJ0>red <w NN1>card <w PRP>to <w NN2>Laws<c PUN>.
<s n="463"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>he <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>similarly <w AJ0>lenient <w AV0>again <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>players <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="464"><w VVD>Came <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>move <w CJS>as <w AV0>always<c PUN>.
<s n="465"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w VVB>see <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN2>players <w VVG>tangling <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="466"><pause> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AJ0>big <w NP0>Stan <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>with <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="467"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>certainly <w AT0>the <w NN1>aggressor <w DT0>more <w CJS>so that <w NP0-NN1>Hill<c PUN>.
<s n="468"><pause> <w DTQ>What<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>?
<s n="469"><w AJ0>Yellow <w AJ0>yellow<c PUN>.
<s n="470"><pause> <w AV0>Well <w AJ0>fair <w AV0>enough <w PNP>we <w VVB>criticize <w NN2>referees <w AV0>often <w AV0>enough <w PRP>for <w AV0>perhaps <w AV0>harshly <w VVG>sending <w NN2>players <w AVP-PRP>off <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>compliment <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Kirby <w PRP>for <w XX0>not <w VVG>showing <w AT0>the <w AJ0>red <w NN1>card <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="471"><w AV0>Though <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>say <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w AV0>earlier <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>half <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>some <trunc> <w UNC>play </trunc> <w DT0>some <w NN2>referees <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>seen <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>sending <w PRP>off <w NN1>offence<c PUN>.
<s n="472"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>d'<w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w NP0>Ron<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="473"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVD>saw <w AT0>a <w NN1>sending <w AVP-PRP>off <w AV0>yesterday <w PRP>on <w NN1>television <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w VBD>was <w AV0>nowhere <w PRP>near <w AV0>as <w AJ0>severe <w CJS>as <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>very <w NN1>luck <w NN1>man <w NP0>Stan<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="474"><w AV0>So <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w VVZ-NN2>ends <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN1>drama<c PUN>.
<s n="475"><w CJC>And <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>talking <w NN2>points <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jimmy <w NP0>Greaves <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tony <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>studio <w PRP>at <w DT0>half <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>rejoin <w PNP>us <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>break <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>score <w AV0>here <w PRP>at <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w CRD>one <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w PNI>nil<c PUN>. <pause> <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="476"><w VVB>Welcome <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="477"><w AV0>Well <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AV0>least <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>moment <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w VBD>was <w DT0>that <w AJ0>peculiar <w NN1>back <w NN1>pass <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w NN1-AJ0>kwick </sic> <w NN1-VVB>kick <w DTQ>which <w VVD>followed <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="478"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="479"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Leicester <w PRP-CJS>as <w NP0>Ron <w VBD>was <w VVG>saying <w VVB-NN1>look <w AV0>a lot <w AJC>better <w NN1>side <w PRP>without <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Walsh <w AJ0>funny <w TO0>to <w VVI>say<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="480"><w AV0>Well <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing <w AV0>actually <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>quite <w AJ0-AV0>right <w CJS>because <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PNP>they <w VVN>tended <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w AT0>the <w AJ0>long <w NN1>ball <w PRP>to <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Walsh <w CJS>so that <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VVI>head <w PNP>it <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing <w AV0>actually <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>two <w CRD>four <w NN1>foot <w CRD>eight <w AV0>forwards <w PRP>in <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Speedy <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w CRD>nine <w NN1>foot <w CRD>seven <w NN1>winger <w NP0-NN1>Ormanroyd
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<vocal desc=laugh>
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="481"><w CJC>but <ptr target=HMNLC00F><w CJS>because <ptr target=HMNLC00G></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<ptr target=HMNLC00F><unclear> <ptr target=HMNLC00G></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="482"><w AV0>exactly <w CJC>but <w PRP>because of <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>playing <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w UNC>er <w NN1>midfield <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG>looking <w AV0>a lot <w AJC>better <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
<s n="483"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>them <w VVI>play <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w NP0>Leicester <ptr target=HMNLC00H><unclear> <ptr target=HMNLC00J></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="484"><ptr target=HMNLC00H><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVG>playing <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>type <w NN1>football <ptr target=HMNLC00J></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="485"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVG>playing <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="486"><ptr target=HMNLC00K><w AV0>Very <w AV0-AJ0>well <w AV0>indeed <ptr target=HMNLC00L></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="487"><ptr target=HMNLC00K><w CJS>Although <w NN1>Forest <w VM0>should <ptr target=HMNLC00L><w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="488"><w NN1>Forest <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AV0>ahead <w ORD>first <w ORD>first <w CRD>forty <w NN2>seconds <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="489"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NP0-NN1>Black <w PNQ>who <w VBZ>is <w AV0>consistently <w VDG>doing <w DT0>this <w PRP>along with <unclear> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Crosby <w CJC>and <w NN1>co<c PUN>.
<s n="490"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>old <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VVG>tearing <w DPS>me <w NN1>heart <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="491"><w DT0>That <w DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="492"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>terrible <w AJ0>terrible <w NN1>effort <w PRP>from <w PRP>from <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="493"><w CJC>And <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w AV0>easily <w VBN>been <w PNI-CRD>one <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>time <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute<c PUN>.
<s n="494"><w AV0>Then <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w AJ0>different <w NN1>ball <w NN1>game <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w AV0>there <w PRP>after <w DT0>that <ptr target=HMNLC00M><w CJC>but <w UNC>er <ptr target=HMNLC00N></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="495"><ptr target=HMNLC00M><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <ptr target=HMNLC00N><w NP0>Leicester <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>bit <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN2>teeth <w CJC>and <w VVD>scored <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>very <w NN1>goal <w AV0>really <w PRP>by <w DPS>your <w NN2>standards <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="496"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>goal <w UNC>erm <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VVD>played <w AV0>well <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1-VVB>move <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>run <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lewis <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>this <w NN1>corner <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>smashing <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>football<c PUN>.
<s n="497"><w AV0>Then <w NP0>Agnew <w PNQ>who <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <shift new=laughing> <unclear> <w AVP>out <w AV0>there <w PRP>at <w DT0>all <shift> <w NN2-VVZ>heads <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP-AVP>in <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Speedy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>ideal <w NN1>spot <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CRD>six <w NN1>yard <w NN1-VVB>box <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>little <w NN1-VVB>flick <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="498"><w UNC>Er <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>courage <w AV0>here <w PRP>by <w NP0>Agnew <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>player<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>go <w TO0>to <w VVI>kick <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>flinch <w PRP>out of <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w VVZ>knows <w AV0>exactly <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VDI>do<c PUN>.
<s n="499"><w NN1-VVB>Tailor <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>for <w AJ0>Speedy <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="500"><w CJS>Cos <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <ptr target=HMNLC00P><w AV0>always <w NN2>defenders <ptr target=HMNLC00R></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="501"><ptr target=HMNLC00P><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>goal <ptr target=HMNLC00R></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="502"><w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <ptr target=HMNLC00S><w PNP>you <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <ptr target=HMNLC00T></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="503"><ptr target=HMNLC00S><w ITJ>Yeah <ptr target=HMNLC00T></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="504"><w VBB>be <w AJ0>offside<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="505"><w ITJ>No <w ITJ>no <w ITJ>no <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>well <w VVN-AJ0>taken <w NN1>goal <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>touch <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="506"><w AV0>Now <w VM0>let's <w VVI>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>clarify <w DT0>this <ptr target=HMNLC00U><w AJ0>peculiar <w NN1>moment <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>back <w NN1-VVB>pass <ptr target=HMNLC00V></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="507"><ptr target=HMNLC00U><w AV0>Right <w ITJ>mm <w ITJ>yes <w ITJ>yes <ptr target=HMNLC00V><w ITJ>yes <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AJ0>peculiar <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="508"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>work <w AVP>out <w DTQ>what <w AV0>actually <w VVD-VVN>happened <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VDZ>does <w VVI>give <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>back <w NN1-VVB>pass <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="509"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>back <w NN1-VVB>pass <w CJS>although <w PNP>it <w VDD>did <w AV0>actually <w VVI>come <w PRP>off of <w NP0>Greyson<c PUN>.
<s n="510"><w NN1>Keeper <w VVZ>picks <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w AV0>now <w NP0>Rozario <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>protesting<c PUN>.
<s n="511"><w AV0>Now <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w PNP>we <w VVB>reckon <w AV0>here <w VBZ>is <w NP0>Rozario<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>taken <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gemmell <w CJC>but <w NP0>Gemmell <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w AV0>offside<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="512"><w DTQ>Which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>fair <w AV0>enough<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="513"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w PNP>we <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="514"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>assessment <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made<c PUN>.
<s n="515"><w UNC>Er <w CJT-DT0>that <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VVB>know <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>confirmed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>offside <w CJC>and <w AV0>actually <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w CJT-DT0>that <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>offside<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="516"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>much <w NN1>doubt <ptr target=HMNLC00W><w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there <ptr target=HMNLC00X><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="517"><ptr target=HMNLC00W><w CJC>But <w NN1>justice <w VBD>was <ptr target=HMNLC00X><w VDN>done <w AV0>really <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <shift new=laughing> <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>back <w NN1-VVB>pass <shift> <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>place<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="518"><w ITJ>No<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="519"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>marginal <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="520"><w AJ0-AV0>Quick <w NN1-VVG>thinking <w PRP>by <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="521"><w VVD>Penalized <w AV0>there <w NN1>bit <w AJ0>unfortunate <w CJC>but <w NN1>justice <w VBD>was <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="522"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <w ITJ>Yes <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>find <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>route <w PRP>to <w NN1>goal <w CJS>than <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>find <w AVP>out <w CJS>whether <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>moments<c PUN>.
<s n="523"><event desc=music> <w ITJ>Hello <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="524"><w CRD-PNI>One <w PNI>nil <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w AJ0>good <w NN1>game <w AV0>so <w AV0>far<c PUN>.
<s n="525"><w VM0>Let's <w AV0>just <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>statistics <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w AJ0>eventful <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eye-catching <w PNI>one <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w AV0>there <w VVB-NN1>look <w NN2>fouls <w VVN-VVD>conceded <w CRD>twelve <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester <w CRD>four <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="526"><w PNI>One <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN1>Forest <w VVD-VVN>got <w AV0>away <w PRP>with <w NP0>Jim<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="527"><w AV0>Somewhat <w AJ0>surprising <w CJT>that <w AV0>actually <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMNLC00Y><w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>thought <w AV0>there <ptr target=HMNLC010></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="528"><ptr target=HMNLC00Y><unclear> <w PRP>by <w NN2>Laws <ptr target=HMNLC010></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="529"><w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w NN1>discrepancy<c PUN>.
<s n="530"><w AT0>The <w AT0>the <w NN2>laws <w CJS>for <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>fed up<c PUN>.
<s n="531"><w PNP>I <w VVB>keep <w VVG>harking <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>labelled <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>man <w PNQ>who <w PNQ>who <w AV0>constantly <w VVZ>whinges <w PRP-AVP>about <w AV0>forwards <w VVG-NN1>diving<c PUN>.
<s n="532"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>attempt <w AV0>really <w PRP>to <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <w AVP>down <w CJS>after <w NN2>Laws <w VHD>had <w VVN>tackled <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="533"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sorry <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w AJ0>okay <w PNP>you <w VVB>book <w AT0>the <w NN1>player <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w PNP>it <w VVZ>appears <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w AV0>forwards <w AV0>just <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>feet <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w VVB>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>their <w NN2>feet<c PUN>.
<s n="534"><ptr target=HMNLC011><w CJC>And <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <ptr target=HMNLC012></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="535"><ptr target=HMNLC011><w CJC>And <w CJS>since <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DT0>such <ptr target=HMNLC012><w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way <w PRP>from <w NN1>goal <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <ptr target=HMNLC013><w AT0>no <w NN1>advantage <w PRP>in <w VVG>going <w AVP>down <w VBD>was <w EX0>there <ptr target=HMNLC014><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="536"><ptr target=HMNLC013><w ITJ>Oh <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>no <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w PNP>him <w VBG>being <ptr target=HMNLC014><w ITJ>no <w XX0>not <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="537"><w CJC>And <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w XX0>not <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w NN2>Laws <w VBG>being <w VBG>being <w UNC>er <w VVN>sent <w AVP>off <w PRP>for <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="538"><w AJ0>Professional <ptr target=HMNLC015><w NN1>foul <w CJC>and <unclear> <ptr target=HMNLC016></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="539"><ptr target=HMNLC015><w CJC>But <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <ptr target=HMNLC016><w NN1>referee <w AV0>now <w CJS>unless <w PNP>I <w VVD>saw <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>forward <w AV0>actually <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w PRP-AVP>on <w DPS>his <w NN2>feet <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>view <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w NN2>fouls <w AV0>very <w AV0>suspiciously<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="540"><w AV0-AJ0>Right <w NN1>Forest <w VBB>are <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w PRP>behind <ptr target=HMNLC017><w PNP>them <ptr target=HMNLC018></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="541"><ptr target=HMNLC017><w ITJ>Yes <ptr target=HMNLC018></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="542"><w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w AV0>so <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>expect <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w NP0>Collimore <w VVG>racing <w PRP>on to <w DT0>all <w NN2>sorts <w PRF>of <w AJ0>long <w NN2>balls <ptr target=HMNLC019><w AV0>now <ptr target=HMNLC01A><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="543"><ptr target=HMNLC019><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HMNLC01A><w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>up to <w NP0>Stan <w PRP>to <w ITJ>yeah <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>go <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>pace <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJS>quickest <w NN1>man <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w AV0>probably<c PUN>.
<s n="544"><w PRP>Apart from <w NP0>Lewis <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>lively
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="545"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="546"><w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <w AJ0>full <w NN1>back<c PUN>.
<s n="547"><w UNC>Erm <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VVI>expect <w NP0>Stan <w PRP>to <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w PRP>with <w PNP>him <w VVG-AJ0>facing <w NN1>goal <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>go<c PUN>.
<s n="548"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>always <w AV0>necessarily <w VVB>apply <w NN1>Ton<c PUN>.
<s n="549"><w AV0>Sometimes <w PNP>I <unclear> <w PNP>we <w AV0>always <w VVD-VVN>felt <w CJT>that <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <ptr target=HMNLC01B><w PNP>it <w VVZ>gives <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w DT0>that <ptr target=HMNLC01C></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="550"><ptr target=HMNLC01B><w CJS>Cos <w PNP>it <w VVZ>holds <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AVP>up<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMNLC01C></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="551"><w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w DT0>more <w NN1>control<c PUN>.
<s n="552"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w AV0>sometimes <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball<w VBZ>'s <trunc> <w UNC>al </trunc> <w DT0>that <w NN1>ball<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w VVG>running <w PRP>away from <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w NN2>goalkeepers <w VVB-NN1>play <w AV0>now <w PNP>they <w VVB>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>out <w AV0>very <w AV0>quickly <w CJC>and <w DT0>more <w NN2>times <w CJS>than <w AV0>enough <w PNP>they <w VVB>get <w AV0>there <shift new=laughing> <w ORD>first <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="553"><w AV0>All right <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>grab <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>word <w PRP>with <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>Manager <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>talking <w PRP>to <w NP0>Garry <w NP0-NN1>Newbon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="554"><w NP0>Frank <w DTQ>what <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>argument <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVN>disallowed<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="555"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w AV0>really <w CJS>till <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="556"><w UNC>Erm <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VVD>said <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w AJ0>offside <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>arguing <w AVP-PRP>about <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>think <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="557"><w NP0>Leicester <w VBD>were <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>handful <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="558"><w ITJ>Yes <w ITJ>yeah <w PNP>they <w VVD>played <w AV0>quite <w AV0-AJ0>well <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>we <w VVD>got <w DPS>our <w NN1>game <w AV0>together <w PRP>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>created <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>chances <w PNX>ourselves <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <unclear> <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>keep <w DT0>that <w VVG-NN1>going <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVB>get <w PNI>something <w PRP>from <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="559"><w CJC>And <w AV0>finally <w NP0>Cooper<w POS>'s <w NN1>shoulder<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>obviously <w AV0>very <w AJ0>bad <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w PNP>it <ptr target=HMNLC01D><w VVN>taken <ptr target=HMNLC01E></u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="560"><ptr target=HMNLC01D><w ITJ>Yeah <ptr target=HMNLC01E><w UNC>er <w NN1>doctor <w VVZ>thinks <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>best <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="561"><w AV0>So <w UNC>er <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PNP>him <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="562"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="563"><w CJC>And <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>result <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NP0>David <w NP0>Phillips <w PNQ>who <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>saying <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w VHZ>has <w VVN>proved <w PNX>himself <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>valuable <w NN1>all-rounder <w AV0>already <w PRP>to <w NN1>Forest <w VHZ>has <w VVN>slotted <w AVP>back <w PRP-AVP>in <w PRP>at <w NN1>centre <w AVP>back <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0-NN1>Garry <w NP0>Crosby <w VHZ>has <w VVN>come <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>as <w AJ0-NN1>substitute <w CJC>and <w VVN>taken <w AVP-PRP>up <w DPS>his <w AJ0>usual <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w NP0>Phillips<w POS>' <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w NN1-VVB>position <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right <w NN1>wing<c PUN>.
<s n="564"><w AV0>So <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w PNQ>who <w VVD>threatened <w PRP>towards <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w DT0>this <w NN1>game <w PNI-CRD>one <w AVP>down <w VVB>remember<c PUN>.
<s n="565"><w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>goal <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w CJC>and <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w PRP>behind <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w AV0>now <unclear> <w AV0>ironically <w VBZ>is <w AV0>often <w VVZ>happens <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>cases <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>calmed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little<c PUN>.
<s n="566"><w CJC>But <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w PRP>behind <w NN1>Forest <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>think <w NP0>Leicester <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVG>expecting <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>.
<s n="567"><pause> <w NN1-VVB>Whitlow <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN2>colleagues <w VHB>have <w VVN>looked <w AJ0>good <w PRP>under <w DT0>any <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>exert <w AV0>so <w AV0>far<c PUN>.
<s n="568"><pause> <w PNP>It <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem <w PRP>for <w NP0>Phillips <w VVG>slotting <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>footballer<c PUN>.
<s n="569"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Rozario <w VVG-NN1>finding <w NP0-NN1>Collimore<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>turn <w PRP>by <w NP0>Collimore <w DPS>my <w NN1>word <w AT0>the <w NN1>shot <w VHZ>has <w AV0>actually <w VVN>gone <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>tier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>stand <w PRP>behind <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal<c PUN>.
<s n="570"><w CJC>And <w VHG>having <w VDN>done <w AV0>so <w AV0>beautifully <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>buildup <w AVQ>how <w VDD>did <w PNP>he <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w AV0>so <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>shot<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="571"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="572"><w NN1-NP0>Rozario <w VVG>looking <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>flick <w AVP>on <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>say<c PUN>.
<s n="573"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>leaning <w AV0>well <w AVP>back <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="574"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>suggestion <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w AV0>just <w VHI>have <w VVN>got <unclear> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>went <w PRP>past <w AT0>the <w NN1>defender <w AV0>here <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="575"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>touch <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>decent <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AV0>past <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>suggestion <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VVN>gone <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="576"><w EX0>There <w VM0>may <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="577"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as if <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w AV0>still <w VVN>left <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>shooting <w NN1>chance<c PUN>.
<s n="578"><w VM0>Could <w AV0>even <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w VHB>have <w AV0>possibly <w VHB>have <w VVN>driven <w PNP>it <w DT0>another <w NN1>yard<c PUN>, <w VVN>taken <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>yard <w AV0>further <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>killed <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="579"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>half <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rozario <w VVG>winning <w DPS>his <w NN1>share <w PRF>of <w NN1>flick <w PRP>on <w NN2>headers<c PUN>.
<s n="580"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w NN1>fellow <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>pounce <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="581"><w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Hill <w VVN-AJ0>injured<c PUN>.
<s n="582"><w AV0>Still <w VHZ>has <w DT0>that <w AJ0>remarkable <w NN1>record <w PRF>of <w XX0>not <w VHG>having <w VVN>missed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>single <w NN1>game <w CJS>since <w PNP>he <w VVD>signed <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w PRP>from <w NP0>Sheffield <w AJ0>United<c PUN>.
<s n="583"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>player <w PNQ>who <w VVD>played <w PRP>in <w AT0>every <w AJ0>single <w NN1>match <w ORD>last <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
<s n="584"><pause> <w NP0>Leicester <w NN2-VVZ>fans <w VVG>taking <w AT0>every <w AJ0>single <w NN1>vantage <w NN1>point <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground<c PUN>.
<s n="585"><w CJC>And <w AV0>of course <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marvellous <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>beautiful <w AJ0>new <w NN1>stand <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>sitting <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="586"><w NP0-NN1>Hill <w VVB>fit <w TO0>to <w VVI>continue <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="587"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Greyson <w AV0>forward <w VVD-VVN>won <w AVP>back <w PRP>by <w NP0>Chettle. <unclear> <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>on <w NP0-NN1>Chettle <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w VHG>having <w VVN>lost <w DPS>his <w UNC>er <w NN1>partner <unclear> <w NN1>defence <w NP0-NN1>Cooper<c PUN>.
<s n="588"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0>unlucky <w PRP>for <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>old <w NP0-NN1>Cooper <w AV0>finally <w VVG>getting <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>side <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w XX0>not <w VVG-AJ0>lasting <w AV0>more than <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w NN2>minutes <w CJS>cos <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w NN1>shoulder <w NN1>injury<c PUN>.
<s n="589"><pause> <w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>volleys <w PNP>it <w AV0>forward <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w VVN>taken <w PRP>off <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w NP0>Phillips<c PUN>.
<s n="590"><w VVB>Gemmell <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Crosby <w VVZ>gets <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1>touch <w VVN>taken <w PRP>off <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>.
<s n="591"><pause> <w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>invites <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AV0>forward <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>drives <w PNP>it <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w AV0>so <w VVI>presume <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VHZ>has <w VVN>whistled <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gemmell<c PUN>, <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has<c PUN>.
<s n="592"><pause> <w NN1>Forest <w VVB>think <w PNP>they <w VVD>got <w AT0>an <w AJ0>offside <w NN1>decision <w PRP>out of <w DT0>that <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>whistle <w VHD>had <w UNC>er <w VVN>gone <w PRP>before <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="593"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w AJ0>impressive <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Lewis <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>kick<c PUN>.
<s n="594"><w VVB>Ormanroyd <w AT0>the <w NN1>target <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="595"><w NN1-NP0>Chettle <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AV0>away <w PRP>to <w NP0>Rozario<c PUN>.
<s n="596"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AV0>well <w AV0>here <w NP0>Rozario <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AV0>really <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="597"><w VVZ>Invites <w AJ0>Black <w TO0>to <w VVI>move <w AV0>forward <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AJ0>good <w NN1>defending <w PRP>from <w NP0>Greyson<c PUN>.
<s n="598"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Chettle <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w AV0>straight away <w VVZ>gives <w NN1>possession <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="599"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>work <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Chettle<c PUN>.
<s n="600"><pause> <w NP0>Lewis <w NP0>Agnew <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>dispossessed <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gemmell <w CJC>but <w NP0>Whitlow <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w NN1>rescue<c PUN>.
<s n="601"><w UNC>Er <w AJ0-AV0>late <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w AV0>there <w PRP>by <w NP0>Thomson <w VVD>caught <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>to <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="602"><pause> <w VVN>Taken <w PRP>by <w NP0>Phillips <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>for <w NP0>Pearce <w VVD>left <unclear> <w NP0>Oldfield <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w AV0>though<c PUN>.
<s n="603"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VVN>fancied <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>goalkeeper <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w NP0>Pearce <w AV0>suddenly <w VVD>came <w VVG>flying <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w NP0>Ward<c PUN>.
<s n="604"><w CJC>And <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>foul <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w PRP>on <w NP0>Rozario <w CJC>and <w NN1>pain <w VVN>written <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w NP0>Robert <w NP0>Rozario<w POS>'s <w NN1>face <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>time <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w AJ0>live <w NN1>game <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>collided <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>post <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bolton <w NN2>Wanderers <w CJC>and <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>off <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>rib <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>facial <w NN2>injuries<c PUN>.
<s n="605"><w VVG-NN1>Booking <w AV0>there <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<c PUN>.
<s n="606"><pause> <w AV0>Incidentally <w AT0>the <w NN1>crowd <w AV0>here <w AV0>today <w AV0>just <w AV0>over <w CRD>seventeen <w CRD>thousand<c PUN>.
<s n="607"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that <w VVZ>makes <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>season <w PRP>at <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street<c PUN>.
<s n="608"><pause> <w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>caution <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="609"><pause> <w AV0>Still <w CRD-PNI>one <w PNI>nil <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester <w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy <w AT0>the <w NN1>scorer<c PUN>.
<s n="610"><w NP0>Ron<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="611"><w ITJ>Yeah <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>just <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w DT0-CJT>that <w VBD>was <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>resolute <w NN1>defending <w AV0>there <w PRP>from <w UNC>er <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<c PUN>.
<s n="612"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>too <w AJ0>sure <w CJS>whether <w NP0>Rozario <w VM0>may <w XX0>not <w VHI>have <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>caught <w DPS>his <w NN2>studs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>ground <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>tweaked <w AT0>a <w NN1>knee <w PNI>something <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="613"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>tackle <w VHZ>has <w VVN>caused <w DT0>that <w NN1>problem<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="614"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CJS>if <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>anything <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w NP0>Rozario <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="615"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>already <w VVN>lost <w AT0>the <w NN1>centre <w DT0>half <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>thing <w PNP>they <w VVB>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>happen <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w AT0>a <w NN1>centre <w NN1>forward<c PUN>.
<s n="616"><w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Webb <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>remaining <w NN1>substitute <w PRP>as well as <w AJ0-NN1>substitute <w NN1>goalkeeper <w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Crossley <w CJC>and <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVG>thinking <w AVQ>how <w DT0>many <w DT0>more <w NN2>injuries <w VBB>am <w PNP>I <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VVI>get <w DT0>this <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
<s n="617"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Rozario <w VVZ>limps <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <w AV0>too <w AJ0>comfortable<c PUN>.
<s n="618"><w AJ0>Free <w NN1>kick <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NP0>Phillips <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>wasted <w PRP>by <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="619"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Rozario <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>in <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w UNC>er <w VVG>limping <w AVP>around <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>sunk <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w UNC>er <w NN2>hands <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN2>knees <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w AV0>well <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>need <w NN2>words <w TO0>to <w VVI>describe <w AVQ>how <w PNP>he <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVG>feeling <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="620"><pause> <w NN2>Laws <w VVZ>swings <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-VVD>flicked <w AV0>away <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Pearce <w NP0>Black <w PRP>outside <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>long <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="621"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>work <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gavin <w NP0>Ward<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="622"><w AV0>Most <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>thing <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w NN1-VVB>cross <w CJT>that <w NP0>Kingsley <w NP0>Black <w VBD>was <w UNC>er <w CJS>like <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w VBD>was <w NP0>Rozario <w VBD>was <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>yards <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>penalty <w NN1>box <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w DPS>his <w NN1>territory<c PUN>, <w AJ0>big <w NN1-AJ0>hanging <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w VVZ-NN2>crosses <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="623"><w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>think <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VVI>give <w PNP>him <w DT0>another <w NN1>minute <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>run <w PNP>it <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
<s n="624"><w CJS>If <w XX0>not <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>whip <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Webby <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w AV0>probably <w VVB>put <w NP0>Crosby <w AV0>up front<c PUN>.
<s n="625"><pause> <w AV0>Just <w VVB>put <w AJ0>Webby <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-hand <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w NN1>midfield <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w AJ0>little <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Crosby <w PRP>up <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>played <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>times <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="626"><w CJC>Or <w AV0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>times <w AV0>actually<c PUN>.
<s n="627"><pause> <w AV0>So <w AV0-AJ0>only <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Webb <w VVD>left <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>discount <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>remember <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>time <w PNP>we <w VDD>did <w DT0>that <w NN1>Forest <w VVI>live <w NN1>game <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w NP0>Bolton <w NN1>Forest <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w DPS>their <w AV0>both <w DPS>their <w NN2>substitutes <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>game <w AV0>as well <w AV0>quite <w AJ0-AV0>early <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="628"><w VVB-NN1>Hope <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unlucky <w NN1>omen <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="629"><pause> <w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>foul <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greyson <w PRP>on <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>to <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w CJC>and <w NP0>Rozario <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w XX0>not <w VVN>gone <w AVP>down <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>holding <w DPS>his <w NN1>leg <w AV0>again <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>penalty <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>happy <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="630"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>off <w AV0>soon<c PUN>.
<s n="631"><pause> <w CJC>And <w NN2>Stones <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w VVD-VVN>wasted <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>try <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="632"><w AJ0>Black <pause> <w NP0-NN1>Rozario<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w VVG-AJ0>limping <w AV0>now <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>virtually <w AT0>a <w NN1>passenger <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>think <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>decision <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment <w CJC>or <w CRD>two<c PUN>.
<s n="633"><w PNP>They <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w AV0>half <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="634"><w NP0-NN1>Collimore <pause> <w VVD>got <w PRP-AVP>round <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w CJC>and <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>box <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <shift new=shouting> <w AJ0>great <w NN1>effort <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="635"><w DPS>My <w NN1>word <w CJT>that <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>spectacular <w NN1>goal<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="636"><w ITJ>Oh <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NN1>man<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>desperately <w AJ0>unlucky <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="637"><w CJS>As <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w PNP>he <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVZ>gets <unclear> <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w AV0>just <w VVZ>drags <w PNP>it <w PRP>past <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w UNC>er <w NP0>Agnew <w VVG>coming <w AVP>in <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <unclear> <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="638"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>little <unclear> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>flip <w PRP>above <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper <w VVZ-NN2>bounces <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>crossbar<c PUN>.
<s n="639"><w DT0>That <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>super <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN1>play<c PUN>.
<s n="640"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <unclear> <w NP0-NN1>Rozario<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>off <w AV0>now <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w UNC>er <shift new=laughing> <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <unclear> <w NN2>sums <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w AV0>there <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="641"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>his <w NN2>frustrations <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VHG>having <w NN2>problems <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w CJS>as though <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP-AVP>off <w NP0>Rozario<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="642"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w AV0>barely <w VVI>walk <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w NP0-NN1>Rozario <w AV0>never <w VVB>mind <w NN1>run<c PUN>.
<s n="643"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w VVG-NN1>thinking <w AV0>well <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w PRP>behind <w PNP>us <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AJ0>high <w NN2>balls <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>box <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>box<c PUN>.
<s n="644"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w AJ0>big <w NN2>fellows <w AV0>here <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>run <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w CJC>or <w VVB>give <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>tug <w CJC>and <w VVB>come <w AVP>off <unclear> <w VVB>come <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>sub <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="645"><w AJ0>Important <w NN1>period <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w VVG>pressing <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w DT0>another <w NN1>change<c PUN>.
<s n="646"><w NN1-NP0>Black <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>box <w NP0-NN1>Rozario <w VVD>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>header <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>but <w AV0>even <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>headed <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PNP>he <w VVD>limped <w AV0>away <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>he<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AV0>properly <w AJ0>fit <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AV0>really <w VVN-VVD>powered <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="647"><w CJC>But <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN2>times <w DPS>your <w NN1>dilemma <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>manager <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w VVB>think <w AV0>well <w VM0>can <w PNP>he <w AV0>just <w VVI>stay <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w VVI>nick <w PNP>us <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w VVG>knowing <w AV0>full <w AV0>well <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w PNP>he <w VVZ>comes <w PRP-AVP>off <w PNP>it <w VVZ>makes <w PNP>them <w AV0>fairly <w AJ0>lightweight<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="648"><w CRD-PNI>One <w PNI>nil <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w CRD>eleven <w NN2>minutes <w VVN>gone <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="649"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>certainly <w VBN>been <w AT0>an <w AJ0>eventful <w NN1-VVB>match <w DT0>this <w CRD>one <w NN1>way <w CJC>and <w DT0>another<c PUN>.
<s n="650"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AT0>an <w AJ0>enjoyable <w NN1>match <w AV0>frankly <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w UNC>er <w PNI>something <w VVG>happening <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>lively<c PUN>.
<s n="651"><w NP0>Pearce <w VVZ>finds <w NP0>Rozario <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w VVG-AJ0>limping <w AV0>away <w AVQ>whenever <w PNP>he <w UNC>er <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>into <w NN1>play <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="652"><w NP0>Lewis <w VVG-NN1>finding <w NP0-NN1>Greyson<c PUN>.
<s n="653"><w VVB-NN1>Jochim <w AV0>almost <w VVD>nipped <w PRP>in <w AV0>there <w PRP>between <w NP0-NN1>Chettle <w CJC>and <w NP0>Tommy <w NP0>Wright<c PUN>.
<s n="654"><pause> <w AJ0>Good <w NN1>atmosphere <w AV0>here<c PUN>, <w CRD>two <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Midlands <w AJS>biggest <w NN2>clubs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Division<c PUN>.
<s n="655"><pause> <w AJ0>Good <w NN1>header <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>by <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w PRP-AVP>over <w AJ0>Speedy<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>head <w VVD-VVN>cleared <w PRP>by <w NP0>David <w NP0>Phillips <w CJC>but <w AV0>only <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>.
<s n="656"><w NP0>Agnew <w NP0>Oldfield <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="657"><w VVB-NN1>Ormanroyd <w PRP>onto <w AJ0>Speedy <w AV0>again <w NP0>Phillips <w VVZ>takes <w PNP>it <w PRP>off <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forest <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>throw <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="658"><w CJC>And <w PNP>it <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>now <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>bench <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AV0>just <w AVP>down <w PRP>beneath <w DPS>our <w NN1>commentary <w NN1>position <w AV0>here <w CJS>as though <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Webb <w VBZ>is <w VVG>taking <w PRP-AVP>off <w DPS>his <w UNC>er <w NN1>track <w NN1>suit <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>come <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>shortly<c PUN>.
<s n="659"><unclear> <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>signalled <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w AV0>now <w NP0>Rozario'ssozario<w POS>'s <w NN1>ew <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>run <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w CJC>or
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="660"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>they <w VVB>push <w UNC>er <w NP0>Crosby <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w AV0>up front <w UNC>erm <w PRP>with <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Stone<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>come <w AVP>out <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-hand <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="661"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>break <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Black <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>shot <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>too <w AJ0>clever<c PUN>.
<s n="662"><w NP0>Webb<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>taken <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w UNC>er <w NN1>custom <w AJ0>central <w NN1>midfield <w NP0>Ron<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="663"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w CJT>that <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Webb <w VM0>can <w VDI>do<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w PNP>he <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>missed <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>football <w PNP>he <w VVD>played <w PRP>against <w DPS>our <w NN2>Reserves <w NP0>Thursday <w NN1>night<c PUN>, <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVB>get <w AT0>an <w NN1>opportunity <w PNP>he <w VM0>can <w VVI>produce <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>telling <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="664"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>midweek <w NN1>game <w PRP>against <w PNP>us <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>very <w DT0>little <w NN1>play <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w VVD>produced <w CRD>one <w NN1>ball <w CJT>that <w VVD>got <w PNP>them <w AT0>an <w NN1>equalizer <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>suppose <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Frank <w VM0>would <w VVI>look <w PRP>for <w AV0>now<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="665"><w AV0>Well <w VVD-VVN>played <w VVB>Whitlow <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>ball <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lewis <w PRP>as <w UNC>er <w AV0>a bit <w DT0>half <w CJC>and <w DT0>half<c PUN>.
<s n="666"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>come <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="667"><w NP0-NN1>Chance <w AVP>down <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Stone<c PUN>.
<s n="668"><w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City<w POS>'s <w NN1>throw-in<c PUN>.
<s n="669"><w AV0>Certainly <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>noticeable <w NP0>Leicester <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w UNC>er <w AV0>quite <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>gear <w PNP>they <w VBD>were <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w NP0>Ron <w VHB>have <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="670"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w DT0>that <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w VVN>put <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>press <w PRP>on <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="671"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w VBZ>is <w AV0>definitely <w VVG>playing <w AT0>a <w NN1>part<c PUN>.
<s n="672"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>sometimes <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AV0>so <w AV0>far <w AV0>forward<c PUN>.
<s n="673"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I <w VDD>did <w VVI>feel <w CJT>that <w NP0>Leicester <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>withstand <w DT0>this <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure <w AV0>now <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>si </trunc> <w AT0>a <w NN1>situation <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>start <w VVG>rolling <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w DPS>their <w NN1>play <w VVG>going<c PUN>.
<s n="674"><w CJC>But <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>important <w PRP>from <w DPS>their <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w AV0>sort of <w VVB>hold <w DT0>this <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>at <w NN1>bay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="675"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Pearce <w NP0>Webb <w VVD>knocked <w AVP>back <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Pearce <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>wins <w AT0>the <w NN1>header <w VVD-VVN>cleared <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Hill<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="676"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>typical <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>move <w PRF>of <w AJ0>old <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="677"><w NP0>Pearce <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1-AJ0>square <w NN1>ball <w AJ0>Webby <w NN2>plays <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w NP0>Pearce <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>stop <w DPS>his <w NN1>running <w VVZ>keeps <w DPS>his <w NN1>run <w VVG>going<c PUN>.
<s n="678"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w NN1>Forest <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>pomp<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="679"><w PRP-CJS>Considering <w AT0>the <w NN2>disruptions <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w VHN>had <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>undergo <w AV0>here <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>getting <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w DT0>this <w NN1>game <w AV0>impressively <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="680"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>still <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
<s n="681"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Collimore <pause> <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w VVD>won <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w AV0>brilliantly <w PRP>off <w NP0>Lewis <pause> <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w PRP>to <w PNI>nothing<c PUN>.
<s n="682"><w NP0>Thomson <pause> <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disappointing <w NN1>ball <w AV0>straight <w AVP>on <w PRP>to <w NP0>Chettle<w POS>'s <w NN1>head<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="683"><w PNP>You <w VVB>see <w AT0>the <w NN1>difference <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w NP0>Thomson <w VVD>pulled <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>ball <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>ignored<c PUN>.
<s n="684"><w CJS>Whereas <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w DT0>half <w PNP>they <w AV0>virtually <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w PRP>through <w NP0>Thomson <w PRP>on <w PNI>everything<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="685"><w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w AV0>only <w VVN-VVD>won <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w CRD>eleven <w NN1>League <w NN2>games <w DT0>this <w NN1>season <w CRD>four <w VVN>drawn <w CRD>four <w NN2>defeats <w CJC>and <w AV0>only <w CRD>one <w AJ0>away <w NN1-VVB>win<c PUN>.
<s n="686"><w CRD>Two <w CRD>one <w PRP>at <w NP0>Luton<c PUN>.
<s n="687"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w PRP>about <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w CRD>four <w NN2>teams <w PRP>below <w PNP>them <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>defeat <w AV0>today <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>serious <w NN1>blow <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="688"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Crosby <w AV0>almost <w VVN-AJ0>released <w NN1>Stone <w AV0>then <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w NN1>Forest <w VHB>have <w AV0>certainly <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w ORD>second <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="689"><pause> <w AV0>Now <w AV0>then <w NP0>Oldfield<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN2>legs <w TO0>to <w VVI>bring <w NP0>Leicester <w AJ0>clear <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>break <w AV0>here <pause> <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>play <w PRP>by <w NP0>Oldfield<c PUN>.
<s n="690"><w VVB-NN1>Ormanroyd <pause> <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w VVG>going <w CJC>and <w AV0>still <w AT0>the <w NN1>shot <w VVD-VVN>blocked <w NP0>Agnew <w VHZ>has <w DPS>his <w NN1>shot <w VVN>blocked <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="691"><w NP0>Leicester <w VHB>have <w DPS>their <w AJS>best <w AJ0>little <w NN1>spell <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>half <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="692"><w NN1-NP0>Oldfield <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>wins <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w PRP>off <w NP0>Brian <w NN2>Laws<c PUN>.
<s n="693"><pause> <w AV0>Well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Leicester <w VVD>needed <w AV0>really <w TO0>to <w VVI>relieve <w AT0>the <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="694"><w ITJ>Yeah <unclear> <w PNP>he <w VDD>did <w AV0>exceptionally <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>part <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>move<c PUN>.
<s n="695"><w PNP>He <w VVB>pick <w AT0>a <w NN1>ball <w PRP-AVP>up <w NP0>Oldfield <w VVD>carried <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>along <w NN1>way <w PRP>with <w NN1>pace <w CJC>and <w NN1>power <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AV0>just <w VVN>kept <w PNP>his <w VVD-VVN>retained <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="696"><w PRP-AVP>In <w NN2>draws <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w PRP>near <w NN1>post <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>flicked <w PNP>it <w AV0-AJ0>straight <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>danger <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="697"><w VVB-NN1>Gemmell <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>kept <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>by <w NP0>Crosby <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w AV0>again <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gemmell<c PUN>.
<s n="698"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>poor <w NN1>ball <w AV0>though <w PRP>by <w NP0>Scott <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVG>giving <w NN1>possession <w PRP>by <w PRP>to <w NP0>Greyson <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="699"><pause> <w NP0>Thomson <w NP0>Lewis <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>so <w AJ0>direct <w DT0>this <w NN1>lad <w PNP>you <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>check <w AV0>though <w PRP>as <w NP0>Gemmell <w NN1>action <w NN1-VVB>stride <w PRP>for <w NN1>stride<c PUN>.
<s n="700"><w AV0>Now <w VVB>Ormanroyd <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>towards <w AJ0>Speedy <w AJ0>far <w NN1>post <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>.
<s n="701"><w NN1-NP0>Black <w VVZ>brings <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w PRP>for <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="702"><pause> <w NP0-NN1>Collimore<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>drifted <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>left<c PUN>.
<s n="703"><pause> <w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w NN1-VVB>play <w VVG>getting <w AJ0>congested <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <w ORD>third <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="704"><w VVB-NN1>Ormanroyd <w AJ0>familiar <w AJ0>leggy <w NN1>run <w PRF>of <w PNP>his <w VVZ-NN2>turns <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>, <w AJ0>Speedy <w VVB-NN1>let <w PNP>it <w VVI>run <w PRP>on to <w NP0-NN1>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="705"><w AJ0>Superb <w NN1>play <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>finish <w PNP>it <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="706"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>some <w AJ0>brilliant <w NN1>understanding <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN2>players <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="707"><w VVN-AJ0>Lined <w AVP-PRP>up <w PNX>each other <w PRP>off <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>dummy <w PRP>by <w UNC>er <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>.
<s n="708"><w VVB>Look <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>dead <w PRP>in <w NN1>line <w PNP>they <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VDG>doing <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>dummied <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AV0>there <w NP0>Jochim<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>rolled <w DPS>his <w DPS>his <w NN1>marker <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="709"><w VVN>Got <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>fella <w AV0>really <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w AV0>quite <w VVI>get <w DT0>enough <w NN1>power <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>shot<c PUN>.
<s n="710"><w CJC>But <w AJ0>great <w NN1-VVB>link <w PRP-AVP>up <w NN1-VVB>play <w PRP>from <w AJ0-NN1>front <w NN2>players <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="711"><w AJ0>Offside <w NP0-NN1>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="712"><w CJC>And <w AV0>incidentally <w VVG>going <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w DT0>that <w NN1>shot <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>end <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VVD>gave <w AT0>a <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>against <w PNP>him <w PRP>for <w UNC>er <w AV0>presumably <w VVG>fouling <w AT0>the <w NN1>defender <w DTQ>which <w VVD>seemed <w AT0>a <w AJ0>harsh <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="713"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>very <w AJ0>harsh <shift new=laughing> <w AV0>particularly <w PRP>in view of <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>stick <w AT0>the <w NN2>forwards <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="714"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he <w VVD>rolled <w AT0>the <w NN1>defender <w AV0>superbly <w AV0>there<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="715"><w NN1-VVB>Ormanroyd <w NN2>towers <w PRP>above <w PNI>everyone <w VVZ>knocks <w PNP>it <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NP0>Thomson <w NP0>Pearce <w VVZ>whips <w PNP>it <w AV0>away<c PUN>.
<s n="716"><w NN1>Stone <pause> <w NN1-NP0>Whitlow <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lewis <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Agnew<c PUN>.
<s n="717"><pause> <w CRD>Twenty <w CRD>five <w NN1>minute <w VVG>remaining <w PRP>at <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street<c PUN>.
<s n="718"><w NP0>Leicester <w PNQ>who <w VM0>may <w VVI>move <w PRP>into <w ORD>third <w NN1>position<c PUN>, <w VVZ>depends <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w NP0>Milwall <w UNC>er <w NP0>Middlesbrough <w NN1>game <w CJC>but <w VM0>could <w VVI>move <unclear> <w AJ0>high <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>table <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>win <w AV0>here <w AV0>today <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w VVG>leading <w PNI>one <w PNI>nil<c PUN>.
<s n="719"><pause> <w NP0>Thomson <pause> <w NP0>Greyson <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Agnew <w AJ0>Speedy <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>middle <w NP0-NN1>Ormanroyd <w VVG>arriving <w CJC>but <w AT0>a <w NN1>cross <w AV0>never <w VVD>came<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="720"><w ITJ>Yeah <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>signs <w VBB>are <w AJ0-VVG>encouraging <w AV0>again <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they<c PUN>?
<s n="721"><w AT0>The <w AT0>the <w NN1>spell <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>er <w NN1>Forest <w VHD>had <w AV0-AJ0>straight <w PRP-CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NN1>interval <w VVZ>looks <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>weathered<c PUN>.
<s n="722"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AV0>still <w AT0>a <w NN1>threat <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w UNC>er <w NP0>Leicester <w VBB>are <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <w VVI>boss <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>important <w PRP>to <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="723"><w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Webb <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>lay-off <w PRP>to <w NP0>Gemmell <w CJC>and <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Black <w CJC>and <w AV0>further <w AV0>still <w PRP>to <w NP0>Crosby<c PUN>.
<s n="724"><w NN1>Collimore <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>middle <pause> <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w AV0>finally <w VVZ>whips <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w NP0>Lewis <w VVZ>heads <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w NN1>direction <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>awkward <w NN1>clearance<c PUN>.
<s n="725"><w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AV0>away <w CJC>and <w NN1>Forest <w VVB>exert <w NN1>pressure <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="726"><w NP0>Pearce <w AJ0>intelligent <w NN1>ball <w PRP>for <w NP0>Phillips <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>header <w AVP-PRP>down <w NN2-VVZ>drops <w PRP>to <w NP0>Crosby <w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>arrives <w TO0>to <w VVI>dispossess <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NN2>knocks <w PNP>it <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w NP0-NN1>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="727"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>work <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Chettle<c PUN>.
<s n="728"><w PRP>Over <w AT0>the <w NN1>roof <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>stand <w CJC>and <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>street <w AV0>outside<c PUN>.
<s n="729"><w PNP>They <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>score <w PRP>from <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="730"><pause> <w AV0>So <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>ball <pause> <w NP0>Lewis <pause> <w DT0>This <w DPS>his <w ORD>third <w NN1>chance <w NN1>Stone <w VHZ>has <w VVN>found <w PNP>him <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="731"><w VHZ>Has <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>calm <w NN1>nature <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AJ0>explosive <w NN1>turn <w PRF>of <w NN1>pace <w CJC>and <w AV0>all <w AVP>round <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>very <w AJ0>promising <w DT0>this <w CRD>nineteen <w NN1>year <w AJ0>old <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>made <w AV0>only <w AV0>about <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>appearances <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>team<c PUN>.
<s n="732"><w VVN-VVD>Played <w PRP>in <w CRD>three <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>four <w NN2>games <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact<c PUN>.
<s n="733"><pause> <w NP0>Thomson<w POS>'s <w AJ0>free <w NN1-VVB>kick <pause> <w NP0>Pearce <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVD-VVN>won <w AVP>back <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w CJC>but <w VHZ>has <w AV0>only <w VVN>gone <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>skipper<c PUN>.
<s n="734"><w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>heart <w PRF>of <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w NN1>defence <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w AJ0>important <w NN1>header <w PNP>he <w VVD>won <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="735"><pause> <w CJC>And <w AV0>again <w NN1-VVB>shout <w PRF>of <w NN1>hand <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VVD-VVN>read <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="736"><w VVB>Gemmell <w AT0>the <w NN1>culprit<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="737"><unclear> <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AJ0>crucial <w NN2>areas <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon <w NP0>Alan <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w PRP>for <w PNP>me <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AV0>by and large <w NP0>Leicester <w VHB>have <w AV0>always <w VHN>had <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRP>in <w NN1>midfield<c PUN>.
<s n="738"><w UNC>Erm <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>like <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w CRD>four <w PRP>including <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w VHB>have <w AV0>always <w VBN>been <w VHB>have <w AV0>always <w VBN>been <w DT0>more <w AJ0>dominant <w DT0>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w UNC>er <w NN1>midfield <w NN1>quarter<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="739"><w AV0>Still <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>game <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w DT0>either <w NN1>way <w AV0>though<c PUN>.
<s n="740"><w CRD-PNI>One <w PNI>nil <w NP0>Leicester <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w NN2>minutes <w VVN>completed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="741"><pause> <w CJC>And <w NP0>Leicester <w AV0>understandably <w AV0>though <w XX0>not <w AV0>legally <w VVG>taking <w DPS>their <w NN1>time <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="742"><pause> <w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w NN1>play <w PRP>from <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <pause> <w CJC>and <w AJ0>fine <w NN1>ball <w PRP>for <w NP0>Lewis <pause> <w NP0>Thomson <w AV0>now <w NP0>Ormanroyd<c PUN>, <w NN2>Laws <w NN2-VVZ>blocks <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>throw <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="743"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VDN>done <w DT0>that <w AV0>very <w AJ0>intelligent <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="744"><w CJS>When <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w VVN>changed <w PNP>it <unclear> <w AV0>normally <w VVB>change <w AT0>the <w NN1>play <w AV0>normally <w AVP>out <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w AJ0>left-hand <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
<s n="745"><w CJC>But <w DT0>this <w AJ0>young <w NN1>boy<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>space<c PUN>.
<s n="746"><w VHZ>Has<w XX0>n't <w VDN>done <w AV0>particularly <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w CRD>one <unclear> <w NN1>possession<c PUN>.
<s n="747"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN1>space <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>by and large <w VVN-VVD>used <w PNP>it <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AV0-AJ0>well<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="748"><w NN1>Game <w AV0>just <w VHG>having <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>little <w AJ0>quiet <w NN2>periods <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <w NN2>seconds <w PRP>away from <w VVG>igniting <w AV0>again <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="749"><pause> <w NP0>Phillips <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wonderful <w NN1>ball <w CJT>that <w AV0>almost <w VVD-VVN>turned <w AVP>out <w VBI>be <w AV0>there <w CJS>because <w UNC>er <w NP0>Crosby <w VHD>had <w PNP>it <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>defender <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>behind <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<c PUN>.
<s n="750"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Thomson <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w NP0>Phillips <w AV0>again <w PRP>to <w NN2>Laws<c PUN>.
<s n="751"><w AJ0>Good <w AJ0>brave <w NN1>header <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lewis <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>caught <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Stone<c PUN>.
<s n="752"><w AJ0>Free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="753"><w CJS>As <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <trunc> <w UNC>sho </trunc> <w VVD>showed <w AJ0>great <w NN1>courage <w AV0>there <w AT0>the <w NN1>kid <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="754"><w VVD-VVN>Thought <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VBD>was <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>hasty <w NN1-AJ0>pulling <w NN1>player <w AVP>back <unclear> <w CJS>cos <w NP0>Leicester <w VHD>had <w VVN>got <w AJ0>good <w NN1>possession<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="755"><w NP0>Lewis <w VVZ>takes <w AT0>the <w AJ0>free <w NN1-VVB>kick <w PNX>himself <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w PNI>one <w VVD>dropped <w AV0>in short <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VVN>headed <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gemmell <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Black <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>releases <w PNP>it <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>set <w NP0>Collimore <w AJ0>free<c PUN>.
<s n="756"><w CRD>Two <w NN2>defenders <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>still <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w AV0>almost <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner <w PRP>out of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="757"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>little <w NN1>disagreement <w PRP>between <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NP0>Simon <w NP0>Greyson<c PUN>, <w NN2>words <w VVN>spoken <w AT0>no <w NN1>problem<c PUN>.
<s n="758"><w NP0>Pearce <w VVD>cleared <w PRP>by <w NP0>Lewis <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w PRP>by <w NP0>Phillips<c PUN>, <w NP0>Scott <w NP0>Gemmell<c PUN>.
<s n="759"><w AJ0-AV0>Easy <w PNI-CRD>one <w PRP>for <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>headed <w PNP>it <w AV0>straight <w PRP>to <w NN1>Forest <w NN1-AJ0>Black<c PUN>, <w NP0>Pearce <w VVZ>continues <w DPS>his <w NN1>run <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>box <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>headed <w VVD>came <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>from <w NP0>Crosby<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="760"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Crosby <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVZ>looks <w PRP>at <w DT0>that<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>think <w PNP>he <w AV0>possibly <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VVN>scored <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="761"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>some <w AJ0>good <w VVB-NN1>build <w AVP-PRP>up <w VVB-NN1>play <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>little <w NN1-VVB>touch <w AVP>out <w AV0>there <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>curling <w NN1>ball <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>from <w NP0>Black <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>decent <w NN1>chance<c PUN>.
<s n="762"><w XX0>Not <w AT0>an <w AJ0>easy <w PNI>one <w PRP>by <w DT0>any <w NN1>stretch <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>imagination <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PNI-CRD>one <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>looking <w AV0>desperately <w PRP>for <w AT0>an <w NN1>equalizer <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w VVG>hoping <w TO0>to <w VVI>score <w PRP>from<c PUN>. <pause>
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="763"><w AJ0>Nice <w AJ0>little <w NN1-VVB>touch <w AVP-PRP>on <w PRP>by <w AJ0>Speedy <w NP0>Pearce <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>Speedy <w AV0>again <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w NP0-NN1>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="764"><w NP0>Phillips <w AV0>across <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>made <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w AJ0>little <w NN1-VVB>touch <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <w PRP>out of <w NN1>play<c PUN>.
<s n="765"><pause> <w AJ0>Awkward <w PNI>one <w AV0>there <w NP0>Thomson <w CJC>and <w NP0>Whitlow<c PUN>, <w XX0>not <w NP0>Whitlow <w UNC>er <w NP0>Greyson <w PNP>I <w VM0>should <w VVI>say<c PUN>.
<s n="766"><w AV0>Now <w NP0>Hill <pause> <w NP0>Ward <w VVZ>lashes <w PRP>at <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w UNC>er <w VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>contact<c PUN>.
<s n="767"><pause> <w VVB-NN1>Ormanroyd <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w NN1-NP0>Stone<c PUN>, <w NP0>Moores <w VVZ>comes <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w NN1>way <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>old <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w VHZ>has <w VVN>found <w AT0>a <w NN1>mountain <w PRF>of <w NN2>problems <w PRP>at <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w CJS>as <w PNP>he <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>summer<c PUN>.
<s n="768"><w AT0>A <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w DTQ>which <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w PNI>nothing <w AV0>of course <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="769"><w NN2>Things <w CJT>that <w VHB>have <w VVN>happened <w AV0>long <w CJS>before <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w AJ0>involved <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>club <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w PRP>with <w NN2>performances <w NN2>results <w CJC>and <w NN2>injuries<c PUN>.
<s n="770"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>most <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w VM0>will <w VVI>feel <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>deal <w PRF>of <w NN1>sympathy <w PRP>for <w NP0>Frank <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN2>games <w NN2>gentlemen <w AV0>certainly<c PUN>.
<s n="771"><w NP0>Webb <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>release <w NP0>Collimore <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w NP0>Whitlow <w PNQ>who <w UNC>er <w VHZ>has <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wonderful <w NN1>game <w PRP>for <w PRP>by <w NN1>money <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="772"><w ITJ>No <w AV0>offside <w VVN-AJ0>given <w AV0>there <w AV0>surprisingly <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Black <w VVZ>turns <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>there <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w PNP>it <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="773"><w CJC>But <w AV0>now <w AT0>the <w NN1>shot <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gemmell <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>players <w PRF>of <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>bench <w VBB>are <w AJ0>curious <w PNP>they <w VVD>thought <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>an <w AJ0>off <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>an <w NN1>offside <w PRP>in <w DT0>that <w UNC>er <w NN1>buildup<c PUN>.
<s n="774"><pause> <w NP0>Lewis <w UNC>er <w NP0-NN1>Jochim <w AV0>rather <w NN2>Laws <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w AV0>now <w NP0>Webb <w NP0>Crosby <w VVG>making <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>run <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>releases <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>well <w VVN>read <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greyson<c PUN>.
<s n="775"><w AV0>Now <w NP0>Oldfield <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="776"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>brilliant <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVZ>gets <w VVG>going <w PRP>like <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="777"><w NN1-VVB>Ormanroyd <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w PRP-AVP>round <w NN2>Laws <w CJC>and <w VVZ>pulls <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>danger <w NN1>area <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>cross <w VVD-VVN>defended <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="778"><w AJ0>Webby <w NP0-NN1>Collimore <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="779"><w AV0>Still <w CRD-PNI>one <w PNI>nil <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester <w CRD>fifteen <w NN2>minutes <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="780"><w AJ0>Black <w PRP>in <w NN1>possession <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w AV0>now <w NP0>Pearce <w NP0>Gemmell <w NP0>Webb <w NN1>shot <w NN1>block <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Jochim<c PUN>.
<s n="781"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w PRP-AVP>round <w NP0>Lewis <w CJC>and <w VDN>done <w AV0>well <w AV0>here <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>interception <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>near <w NN1>post<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="782"><w AV0>Well <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>fair <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bright <w UNC>er <w VVG>attacking <w AV0>there <w PRP>from <w NN1-NP0>Stone<c PUN>.
<s n="783"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w NP0>Lewis <w UNC>er <w VVD>thought <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w VBD>was <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VDG>doing <w DT0>this <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>situation <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="784"><w AV0>Really <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w EX0>there <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>space <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>squeeze <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AVP>back <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>looking <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AVP>back <w PRP>from <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="785"><w NP0-NN1>Oldfield <w VVB>find <w NP0>Agnew<c PUN>.
<s n="786"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>gone <w AV0>well <w AV0>here <w NP0>Agnew <w VVD>tried <w TO0>to <w VVI>curl <w AT0>a <w NN1>shot <w PRP>in <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>blocked <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w AV0>now <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>.
<s n="787"><w AJ0>Poor <w NN1>cross <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>clearance <w NN2>Laws <w VVG>finding <w NP0-NN1>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="788"><w ITJ>Oh <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>ambitious<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="789"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN2>defenders <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w AV0>well <w AV0>there <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="790"><w PNP>They <w VVD>forced <w PNP>him <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>pitch <w PNP>they <w VVD>forced <w PNP>him <w PRP>onto <w DPS>his <w AJ0>right-hand <w NN1>side <w NN1-NP0>Collimore <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w DPS>his <w AJS>best <w NN1>side <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>managed <trunc> <w UNC>t </trunc> <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>managed <w TO0>to <w VVI>frustrate <w PNP>him <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>shooting <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>distance<c PUN>.
<s n="791"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Stan <w CJS>if <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VVN>looked <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>situation <w AV0>again <w VM0>would <w AV0>probably <w VHI>have <w VVN>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>defender <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w CJC>and <w VVN>gone <w CJC>and <w VVN>gone <w PRP>up <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>left <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="792"><w CJC>And <w PNP>you <w AV0>still <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w DT0>this <w NN1>game <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-AV0>far <w PRP>from <w VVD-VVN>won <w AV0>yet <w PRP>by <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="793"><pause> <w AJ0>Free <w NN1>kick <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>foul <w PRP>on <w NP0>Oldfield<c PUN>.
<s n="794"><w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w VBZ>is <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN2>feet <w PRP>in <w NN1>exasperation <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
<s n="795"><pause> <w NP0>Thomson <w NN2-VVZ>knocks <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>quickly <w VVN>headed <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w NP0>Phillips<c PUN>.
<s n="796"><w AV0>Now <w NP0>Webb <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="797"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>ball <w AJ0>good <w NN1>tackle <w AV0>again <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w CJC>and <w AVQ>how <w AV0>often <w VHB>have <w PNP>I <w VVN>said <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>today <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>long <w PRP>for <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="798"><w NP0-NN1>Chance <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w AV0>perhaps <w NP0>Collimore <w VVZ>pulls <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w AV0>either <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w NN1>shot <w CJC>or <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>pass <w PNP>it <w AV0>effectively<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="799"><w AV0>Once again <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>think <w NP0>Stan <w NP0>Collimore <w VHD>had <w AT0>the <w VHD>had <w NN1>reason <w TO0>to <w VVI>pull <w DT0>that <w NN1>back <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="800"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>he <w VVD>saw <w PNP>he <trunc> <w UNC>sh </trunc> <w AJ0>great <w NN1>pace <w VBD>was <w VVN>shown <w AV0>then <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <sic resp=LONGMAN> <w AJ0>nothingy </sic> <w NN1>ball <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
<s n="801"><w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VVB>think <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>left <w AJ0-VVD>footed <w NN1>shot <w PRP>from <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="802"><w VVB-NN1>Jochim <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Speedy <w PRP>on to <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w NP0>Thomson <w CJC>and <w AV0>again <w NP0>Greyson <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>from <w NP0>Oldfield<c PUN>.
<s n="803"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>neat <w NN1>football <w PRP>by <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>, <w NP0>Agnew <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got<w TO0>ta <w VVI>throw <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="804"><pause> <w UNC>Er <w CRD>twelve <w NN2>minutes <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>a little <w AVP-PRP>over<c PUN>.
<s n="805"><w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w CRD>one <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w PNI>nil<c PUN>.
<s n="806"><w NP0>Thomson <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w NP0>Lewis <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>lost <w AVP>out <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="807"><w NP0>Webb <w VVZ>takes <w AVP>over <w CRD>three <w PRP>against <w CRD>three <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w AV0>though <w NP0>Leicester <w VVG>getting <w NN2>men <w AVP>back <w AV0>quickly<c PUN>.
<s n="808"><w NN1-NP0>Collimore <pause> <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>turned <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>found <w DT0>some <w NN1>room <w PRP>for <w PNX>himself<c PUN>.
<s n="809"><w NN2>Knocks <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AV0>once again <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w VDD>did <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="810"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w CJS>when <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AT0>a <w NN1>defender <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper <trunc> <w UNC>s </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>almost <w PRP>on <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w VVN>rid <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>thing <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w VVB>say <w VVB-NN1>turn <w AVP>round <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>keeper <w AJ0>sorry <w NN1>pall <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>playing <w AJ0>safe<c PUN>.
<s n="811"><w CJS>Because <w DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN1>Stone <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>far <w AJ0>short <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>from <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>. <event desc="end of first tape">
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="812"><w PNP>I <w VVB>notice <w NP0>Leicester <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w UNC>er <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Mills <w AJ0>ready <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>touch <w NN1>line <w AV0>seemingly <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>on<c PUN>, <w AV0>though <w XX0>not <w AV0>yet<c PUN>.
<s n="813"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0-NN1>Hill<c PUN>.
<s n="814"><w AJ0>Central <w NN2>defenders <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>job <w AV0>today <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <unclear> <w AV0>of course <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>put <w AT0>the <w NN1>curse <w PRP>on <w PNP>him <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVZ>knocks <w PNP>it <w AV0-AJ0>straight <w PRP>out of <w NN1>play <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Mills <w PNQ>who<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>missed <w DT0>half <w AT0>a <w CRD>dozen <w NN2>games <w PRP>through <w NN1>injury <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>on <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w AT0>the <w NN1>place <w PRF>of <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>.
<s n="815"><pause> <w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AV0>really <w AV0-AJ0>well <w NP0>Lewis <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w AJ0>exciting <w NN2>moments<c PUN>.
<s n="816"><w AV0>Maybe <w PNP>they <w VVD>felt <w DPS>his <w NN1>concentration <w VHD>had <w AV0>just <w VVN>waned <w AV0>a little bit <w AJ0-AV0>late <w AVP>on <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w UNC>er <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>game <w PNP>he <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>pleased <w PRP>with <w DPS>his <w NN1>contribution<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="817"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>smashing <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="818"><w PRP>In <w NN1>fact <shift new=laughing> <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>he<w VHD>'d <w VDN>done <w PNI>anything <w AJ0>wrong <shift> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="819"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>under <w DT0>any <w NN1>pressure <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="820"><w PNP>I <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w AJ0>extra <w NN1>experience <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NP0>Gary <w NP0>Mills<c PUN>.
<s n="821"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>only <w NN1>thing <w PRP>about <w NP0>Mills <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AJ0>natural <unclear> <w NN1>left <w VVD-VVN>sided <w NN1>player<c PUN>.
<s n="822"><w CJS>Whether <w DT0>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>upset <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w AV0>at all <w CJS>because <w NP0>Lewis <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w PNP>he <w VVD>kept <w VVG>stepping <w AVP>in <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w NN1-VVB>play<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="823"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>certainly <w NP0>Mills <w VHZ>has <w UNC>er <w VVN>operated <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>life <w PRP>down <w AT0>the <w AJ0>right-hand <w NN1>side<c PUN>.
<s n="824"><w AV0>Either <w AV0>right <w AVP>back <w CJC>or <w AJ0>right <w NN1>midfield <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="825"><pause> <w AV0>Well <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AV0>exactly <w UNC>er <w AV0>too <w AJ0>disappointed <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AV0>either <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>played<c PUN>.
<s n="826"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Thomson <pause> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mills <w VVZ>gets <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w NN1-VVB>touch<c PUN>, <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AJ0>bad <w PNI>one <w CJS>cos <w NP0>Agnew <w VVD>ran <w PRP>into <w DT0>that <w NN1>space <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="827"><w NP0-NN1>Gemmell<w POS>'s <w NN1>clearance <w NN1-VVB>Whitlow <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ormanroyd<c PUN>, <w NP0>Collimore <w VDD>did <w AV0>well <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w AV0>just <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>foot <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="828"><w NN1>Time <w VVG>running <w AVP>out <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AV0>about <w CRD>nine <w NN2>minutes <w TO0>to <w VVI>play<c PUN>.
<s n="829"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w CRD-PNI>one <w PRP>behind<c PUN>, <w NP0>Collimore <w VHZ>has <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="830"><w PNP>He <w VVZ>looks <w AV0>so <w AJ0>good <w CJS>when <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w AV0>forward <w PRP>like <w DT0>this <w VVZ>lays <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w PRP>for <w NP0>Crosby <w CJC>and <w NN1>clearance <w VBZ>is <w VVN>lacked <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w NP0>Simon <w NP0>Greyson<c PUN>.
<s n="831"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>wind <w VVZ>gets <w AVP>up <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>chill <w NN1>factor <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVB>call <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>considerable<c PUN>.
<s n="832"><pause> <w AV0>Maybe <w PNP>I <w VVB>need <w AT0>a <w NN1>vest <w AV0>now <w AV0>never <w VVI>mind <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>players<c PUN>.
<s n="833"><unclear> <w PRP>into <w NP0>Collimore <w AV0>quickly <w AV0>once again <w PRP>by <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w PNP>he <w VVD>came <w AV0>bravely <w TO0>to <w VVI>meet <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="834"><pause> <w NP0>Phillips <w AV0>too <w AJ0>deep <w CJC>but <w NN2>Hills <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>got <w AT0>an <w AJ0>easy <w NN1>ride <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w AV0>away <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>good <w NN1>pressure<c PUN>.
<s n="835"><pause> <w NP0>Stewart <w NP0>Pearce <w AT0>the <w NN1>captain<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>come <w AV0>forward <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>kick <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w NN1>Black<c PUN>.
<s n="836"><w VVZ>Goes <w PRP>in <w AJ0>high <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Collimore <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>turns <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w CJC>and <w NN2-VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>pushed <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w VVD>came <w AVP>over<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="837"><w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w DT0>much <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>claim <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="838"><w PNP>You <w VVB>expect <w AT0>a <w AJ0>little <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w VVG-NN1>jostling <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w CJS>when <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>crowd <w VVN>seen <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>penalty <w NN1>box<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="839"><w NP0>Pearce <w NP0>Crosby <w CJC>and <w AV0>still <pause> <w AJ0>disappointing <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>promising <w NN1>move<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="840"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>disappointing <w NN1>end <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w AV0>though <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w NP0>Alan<c PUN>?
<s n="841"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>hard <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w VVD-VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>with <w NP0>Leicester <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w CJS>because <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pole <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w PRP>for <w DPS>my <w NN1>money <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJC>better <w NN1>side <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w NN1>Forest <w VDB>do <w VVI>look <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w VVG>snatching <w AT0>an <w NN1>equalizer<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="842"><w PNP>They <w AV0>only <w VHB>have <w CRD>seven <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="843"><pause> <w VVB-NN1>Ormanroyd <w DT0-CJT>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>header <w TO0>to <w VVI>win<c PUN>.
<s n="844"><w NN1-NP0>Oldfield <w VVG>hammering <w PNP>it <w PRP-AVP>on <w NP0>Moores <w VVZ>beats <w AJ0>Speedy <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Chettle <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AV0>forward <w ORD>first <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="845"><w AV0>Well <w VVN-VVD>played <w NP0>Mills <pause> <w CJC>and <w AV0>well <w VVN>played <w NP0>Phillips <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
<s n="846"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>wins <w AT0>the <w NN1>throw <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="847"><pause> <w AV0>Well <w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>many <w NN2>days <w PRP>like <w DT0>this <w PRP>at <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w UNC>er <w AJ0>underground <w NN2>heaters <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>new <w NN1>stand <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>suitable<c PUN>.
<s n="848"><pause> <w VVD-VVN>Knocked <w AV0>forward <w PRP>by <w NP0>Gemmell <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Collimore <w CRD>six <w NN2>minutes <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="849"><w NN1>Forest <w AV0>still <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w PRP>behind <w NP0>Stan <w NP0>Collimore <w PRP>in <w NN1>possession<c PUN>.
<s n="850"><pause> <unclear> <w VVZ-NN2>heads <w PNP>it <w PRP>towards <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>control <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="851"><w NP0>Agnew <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AJ0-AV0>clear <w PRP>to <w NP0>Ormanroyd<c PUN>.
<s n="852"><pause> <w CJC>And <w NP0>Phillips <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w AV0>well<c PUN>.
<s n="853"><w DTQ>What <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>professional <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w UNC>er <w VVN>slotted <w AV0>straight <w PRP>into <w DT0>this <w NN1>centre <w NN1>back <w NN1-VVB>roll <w CJS>as though <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>there <w DT0>all <w DPS>his <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
<s n="854"><w NN1>Oldfield <w AVP-PRP>off <w PNP>he <w VVZ>goes <w AV0>again <w PRP>on <w DT0>another <w NN1-VVB>march <w AV0>forward <w NP0>Thomson <pause> <w AT0>no <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w VVN>given <w NP0>Pearce <w PRP>in <w NN1>possession <w PNP>he <w VVZ>clashes <w PRP>with <w NP0>Agnew <w CJC>and <w NP0>Oldfield <w VVZ>brings <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="855"><shift new=laughing> <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NP0>Leicester <unclear> <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="856"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Scott <w NP0>Gemmell <w AV0>virtually <w VVN-VVD>picked <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AVP>up<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="857"><w NP0>Leicester <w VBB>are <w VVN>forced <w DT0>another <w NN1-VVB>throw <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="858"><w CRD>Five <w NN2>minutes <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w CRD>one <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w PNI>nil<c PUN>.
<s n="859"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Leicester <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1-VVB>win <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>keep <w PNP>them <w AV0>right <w AVP>up <w PRP>amongst <w AT0>the <w AJ0>leading <w NN2>clubs<c PUN>.
<s n="860"><w VM0>Can <w NN1>Forest <w VVB-NN1>snatch <w AT0>a <w NN1>draw<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="861"><w CJC>Or <w AV0>better<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="862"><w AV0>Again <w NP0>Moores <w VVZ>wins <w PNP>it <w AV0>again <w NP0>Whitlow <w VVZ>defends <w AV0>superbly<c PUN>.
<s n="863"><w NP0>Thomson <w AV0>then <w VVG>knocking <w PNP>it <w AV0-AJ0>long <w CJC>and <w AJ0>Speedy <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>get <w AV0>there <w PRP>ahead of <w NP0-NN1>Chettle<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="864"><w AV0>Spot on <w PRP>about <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>missed <w DT0>much <w AV0>at all <w VHZ>has <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
<s n="865"><w VVN-VVD>Stuck <w PRP>at <w DPS>his <w NN1>task <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AV0>resiliently<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="866"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Pearce <pause> <w NP0>Crosby <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w NP0>Collimore <w VVN>taken <w PRP>off <w PNP>him <w PRP>by <w NP0>Agnew<c PUN>.
<s n="867"><w DT0>That <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>tackle <w CJC>but <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w AV0>straight <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pearce<c PUN>.
<s n="868"><w PRP>In <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Webb<c PUN>, <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>flying <w NN1>swan <w NN1-VVB>act <w PRP>by <w NP0>Webb <w PRP>inside <w AT0>the <w NN1>penalty <w NN1>area <w CJC>but <w NN1>Forest <w VVB>keep <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>period <w PRF>of <w NN1>pressure <w VVG>going <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="869"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1-VVB>hurry <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>ball <w NN1>boy<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <shift new=laughing> <w AJ0>desperate <w NN1-VVB>hurry <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>it <w PNP>them <w AVP>back <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="870"><w NP0>Phillips <w VVG>knocking <w PNP>it <w PRP>into <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="871"><w NP0-NN1>Collimore<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <shift new=shouting> <w NP0>Webb <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="872"><w DT0>That <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w NN1>Forest <w VVD>drew <w AJ0-NN1>level<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="873"><w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>confess <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w UNC>er <w NP0>Stan <w NP0>Collimore <w VVD>set <w PNP>it <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w NP0>Webb<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w NN1>ball <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w AJ0>brilliant <w AV0>here <w NP0>Colin<c PUN>, <w VVZ>checks <w AT0>the <unclear> <w CJC>and <w NN2>shapes <w AT0>a <w AJ0>nice <w AJ0>little <w NN1>ball <w PRP>into <w AJ0>Webby<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>path <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w AJ0>Webby<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>still <w VVN>got <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AJ0>good <w NN2>feet<c PUN>.
<s n="874"><w PNP>I <w VVD>fancied <w AJ0>Webby <w TO0>to <w VVI>score <w AV0>there <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>confess<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="875"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Thomson <pause> <w AJ0>Speedy <w VVZ>wants <w PNP>it <w VVD>played <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w VVB>get <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="876"><w VM0>Could<w XX0>n't <w AV0>quite <w VVI>control <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="877"><w NP0>Webb <w AV0>again <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w NP0>Pearce <w NP0>Black <w PRP>outside <w PNP>him <pause> <w NP0>Oldfield <w VVZ>makes <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w AV0>too <w DT0>much <w NN1>room<c PUN>.
<s n="878"><w AV0>Now <w NP0>Chettle <pause> <w NP0>Pearce <pause> <w NP0>Collimore <w AJ0>good <w NN1-VVG>running <w PRP>by <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>scramble <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>penalty <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="879"><w AV0>Finally <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Stone <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w VDD>did <w AV0>superbly <w AV0>well <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="880"><pause> <w NN1>Stone <w CJC>and <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w AV0>again <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VVZ>prevents <w PNP>it <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner<c PUN>.
<s n="881"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>throw <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="882"><pause> <w NP0>Jimmy <w NP0>Greaves <w NN1>man <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>match<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="883"><unclear> <w NN1>man <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>match <w NP0>David <w NP0>Oldfield <w NP0>Al <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VHN>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>game <w NP0>Agnew<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>played <w AV0>well<c PUN>, <w NP0>Lewis<c PUN>.
<s n="884"><w VBN>Been <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w AJ0>good <w NN2>players <w AV0>today <w CJC>but <w UNC>er <w AV0>over <w CRD>ninety <w NN2>minutes <w DT0>this <w NN1>man <w AV0>very <w AJ0>impressive<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="885"><w AJ0>Fair <w AV0>enough <w PNP>I <w VM0>must <w VVI>say <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VHI>have <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w PNX>myself <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>matter <w AV0>as <w AV0-AJ0>far <w AT0>a <w NP0>Leicester <w NN2>fans <w VBB>are <w AJ0>concerned <w CJS>as <w AJ0>long <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>hold <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <w DT0>another <w CRD>two <w NN2>minutes <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="886"><pause> <w XX0>Not <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w AJ0>free <w NN1>kick <w PRP>by <w NP0>Mills<c PUN>.
<s n="887"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>hand <w NN1>ball <w PRP>by <w NN1-NP0>Stone <w AV0>surely<c PUN>.
<s n="888"><w VVD>Thought <w PNP>he <w VVD>placed <w DPS>his <w NN1>hand <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w AV0>anyway <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AV0>away <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w NP0>Phillips <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN1>end <w VBZ>is <w PRP>under <w NN1>pressure <w PRP>from <w AJ0>Speedy <w CJC>and <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>corner <w PRP>off <w NP0-NN1>Chettle<c PUN>.
<s n="889"><pause> <w DT0>That <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w DT0>enough <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w VM0>might <w AV0>just <w VVI>give <w PNP>them <w AT0>the <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="890"><w NN1-VVB>Breath <w PRP-AVP>in <w VVB-NN1>concentrate <w AV0>again <w VVB>keep <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Forest <w NN1>half <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>edge <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>seconds <w AV0>closer <w PRP>to <w NN1>victory<c PUN>.
<s n="891"><pause> <w NP0>Thomson <w VVZ>floats <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>straight <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN2>hands <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tommy <w NP0>Wright <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>hits <w PNP>it <w ORD>first <w NN1>time <w AV0>quite <w AV0>sensibly <w CJC>but <w AV0>a bit <w AV0>too <w AV0>strongly <w AJ0-AV0>straight <w NN1>back <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w AJ0>opposite <w NN1>number<c PUN>.
<s n="892"><w NN1>Minute <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="893"><pause> <w NP0>Mills <w PRP>in <w NN1>possession <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="894"><pause> <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w CJC>and <w NP0>Whitlow <w VVG>taking <w AT0>a <w DT0>few <w NN2>chances <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>half <w CJC>and <w AV0>finally <w NP0>Whitlow<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>dispossessed <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVZ>comes <w PRP>to <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="895"><w CJC>And <w AV0>still <w NP0>Collimore <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NP0>Hill <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VVI>concede <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner<c PUN>.
<s n="896"><w CJC>And <w NP0>Leicester <w VBD>were <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w AJS>worst <w NN2>enemies <w AV0>then <w CJS>because <w NP0>Hill <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w NP0>Whitlow <w AV0>just <w VVN-VVD>got <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>mess<c PUN>.
<s n="897"><w AT0>The <w NN1>corner<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AV0>quickly <w VVN>taken <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>knocked <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>long <w CJC>but <w VVD-VVN>cleared <w AV0>again <w PRP>by <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="898"><w CJC>And <w NP0-NN1>Black <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>down <w AV0>theatrically <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>box <w CJC>and <w PNI>nothing <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gemmell <w VVD>took <w AT0>a <w NN1>chance <w AV0>then <w PNP>he <w UNC>er <w VVD>overplayed <w DPS>his <w NN1>protest <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee<c PUN>.
<s n="899"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Wall <w VVZ>comes <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>again <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-VVB>blast <w AV0>away <w PRP>by <w NP0>Greyson <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VVB>move <w PRP>into <w NN1>stoppage <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="900"><w NP0>Mills <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AJ0>clear <w NN1-NP0>Chettle <w VVG>chasing <w AV0>hard <w VVZ>concedes <w AT0>the <w NN1>throw<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="901"><w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="902"><w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w VVB>think <w NP0>Black <w VBD>was <w AJ0-VVN>fouled <w CJC>but <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w PNP>he <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>song <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>dance <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="903"><w ITJ>No <w CJC>but <shift new=laughing> <unclear> <shift> <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>seen <w PNP>them <w VVN-AJ0>given<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BC>
<s n="904"><w ITJ>Yeah <w AJ0>delayed <w NN1>reaction <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w NP0>Gemmell <w VBD>was <w AJ0>lucky <w AV0>then <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w UNC>er <w PNP>he <w VVD>made <w NN1>contact <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w PRP>in <w VVG>making <w DPS>his <w NN1>protest <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>normally <w VVB>stamp <w AVP>down <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w CJC>but <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Kirby <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lenient <w NN1>official <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="905"><w AJ0>Tremendous <w NN1>noise <w AV0>now <w PRP>around <w NP0>Filbert <w NP0>Street <w PRP>as <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w CRD>seventeen <w CRD>thousand <w NN1>crowd <w AV0>here <w VVB>believe <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w NN1>victory <w PRP>over <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest<c PUN>.
<s n="906"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AV0>almost <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute <w PRF>of <w NN1>stoppage <w NN1>time <w CJC>and <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1-VVB>lead <w PRP>by <w DT0>that <w AJ0>single <w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy <w NN1>goal <w PRP>from <w DTQ>what <w VVZ>seems <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w AV0>ago <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="907"><w AV0>Still <w XX0>not <w AVP-PRP>over<c PUN>.
<s n="908"><w NP0-NN1>Collimore<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>given <w PNP>it <w AV0>away <w PRP>to <w NP0>Oldfield <w AV0>though<c PUN>.
<s n="909"><w AJ0>Speedy <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0-VVD>lay <w AVP>off <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thomson <w VDZ>does <w AV0-AJ0>well <w CJC>and <w VVZ>gets <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w AJ0>Speedy<c PUN>, <w VVB>Jochim <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>middle <w NP0>Agnew <w VVG>arriving <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>keep <w PNP>it <w UNC>er <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>corner <w NN1>flag <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="910"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
<s n="911"><pause> <w NN1-NP0>Black <w VVZ>comes <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w PNP>it <w PRP>off <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="912"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w VVG>running <w PRP>out of <w NN1>time <w AV0>here <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VVZ>finds <w NP0-NN1>Collimore <w PRP>with <w AT0>an <w AJ0>excellent <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="913"><w NP0>Leicester <w VHB>have <w VVN>got <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>men <w AVP>back <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w DT0>own <w NN1>half <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VDI>do <w AV0>well <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNI>anything <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NP0-NN1>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="914"><w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VHZ>has <w VDN>done <w AV0>well <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w VVZ>runs <w PRP>into <w NN1>trouble <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>shape <w PRF>of <w NP0>Ormanroyd <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>knocks <w PNP>it <w AV0-AJ0>long<c PUN>.
<s n="915"><w NP0>Mills <w VVG>making <w AT0>the <w NN1>run <w NN1-NP0>Chettle <w VVZ>gets <w AV0>there <w ORD>first<c PUN>.
<s n="916"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w XX0>not <w AV0>almost <w CRD>two <w NN2>minutes <w PRF>of <w NN1>stoppage <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
<s n="917"><w AV0>Still <w CRD-PNI>one <w PNI>nil <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="918"><w NN1>Stone <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w NP0>Webb <w VVZ>keeps <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w NN1>play <w CJC>and <w VVZ>turns <w PNP>it <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w NP0>Phillips <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w NP0-NN1>Hill <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lovely <w AJ0>little <w NN1>header <w AVP>back <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w NP0>Leicester <w VVB-NN1>keep <w NN1>possession<c PUN>.
<s n="919"><w VVB>Calm <w PNP>it <w AVP>down <w VVZ>says <w NP0>Gavin <w NP0>Ward<c PUN>.
<s n="920"><w AV0>Quite <w AV0>right<c PUN>.
<s n="921"><pause> <w AJ0>Speedy <w VM0>could <w DPS>his <w NN1>goal <w AV0>now <w VVI>prove <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>winner<c PUN>?
<s n="922"><w AV0>Certainly <w VVG>looking <w DT0>that <w NN1>way <w PRP>by <w NN1>Forest <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w VVG>giving <w PRP>up until <w DT0>that <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>whistle<c PUN>.
<s n="923"><pause> <unclear> <w NP0-NN1>Oldfield <w VDD>did <w AV0>well <w TO0>to <w VVI>ride <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1-VVB>challenge <w PRP>from <w NP0>Pearce<c PUN>.
<s n="924"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1-VVB>whistle <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>all <w AVP>over <w CJC>and <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City <w VHB>have <w VVN>gained <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AV0>hard <w VVN-VVD>won <w NN1>victory <w AV0>here <w PRP>over <w NP0>Nottingham <w NN1>Forest <w PRP>by <w CRD>one <w NN1>goal <w PRP>to <w PNI>nil<c PUN>.
<s n="925"><w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>goal <w AV0>enough <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w DT0>all <w CRD>three <w NN2>points <w PRP>for <w NP0>Leicester <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>balance <w PRF>of <w NN1-VVB>play <w PNP>they <w AV0>just about <w VVD-VVN>edged <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w NN1>Forest <w VVD>put <w AVP-PRP>up <w AT0>a <w AJ0>marvellous <w NN1>performance <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half <w AV0>especially <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w UNC>er <w NN2>changes <w CJC>and <w NN2>things <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>go <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="926"><w NN1>Forest <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w AJ0>happy <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w AV0>at all <w PRP>about <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>things <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="927"><w CJC>But <w VM0>let's <w VVI>hear <w AT0>the <w NN2>views <w PRF>of <w NP0>Leicester<w POS>'s <w NP0>Brian <w AJ0-AV0>Little<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BF>
<s n="928"><w NP0>Brian <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>important <w NN1-VVB>win <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBD>were <w DT0>some <w AJ0>close <w NN2>shaves <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BD>
<s n="929"><w ITJ>Yes <w AT0>a <w AJ0>tough <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="930"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Moore<w POS>'s <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w NN1>handful <w AV0>really <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>always <w AJ0>worried <w AT0>every <w NN1>time <w PNP>he <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball<c PUN>.
<s n="931"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w NN1>defence <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>weeks <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>just <w AJ0>pleased <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>kept <w AT0>a <w AJ0>clean <w NN1>sheet <w PRP>against <w PNP>them <w PNP>I <w VVB>think<c PUN>.
<s n="932"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w AJ0>young <w NP0>Neil <w NP0>Lewis <w VVG>coming <w AVP>in <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>game <w PRP>like <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN1>performance <w CJC>and <w NP0>Michael <w NP0-NN1>Whitlow <w CJC>and <w NP0>Colin <w NP0>Hill <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w AVP>up <w PRP>against <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>worked <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>game <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNI-CRD>one <w PNI>nil <w AV0>probably <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w UNC>er <w VVI>justify <w DT0>both <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
<s n="933"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w DT0-CJT>that <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w VM0>might <w AV0>just <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>fair <w CJC>but <w DTQ>whatever<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PRP>before <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>, <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>win <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>delighted <w AVQ>however <w PNP>it <w VVZ>happens<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BF>
<s n="934"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>win<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w VDN>done<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BD>
<s n="935"><w VVB>Thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="936"><w AV0>Well <w DT0>more <w NN1>misery <w PRP>for <w NN1>Forest <w DT0>another <w NN1>defeat <w DT0>more <w NN2>injuries <w AV0>less <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>from <w NN1>strength <w PRP>to <w NN1>strength <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AV0>right <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="937"><event desc=music> <w ITJ>Hello <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="938"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>heard <w NP0>Brian <w AJ0-AV0>Little<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view<c PUN>.
<s n="939"><w PNP>He <w VVD>thought <w CRD>two <w CRD>two <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJC>fairer <w NN1>reflection <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>play<c PUN>.
<s n="940"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>hear <w PRP>from <w NP0>Frank <w NP0>Clarke <w AV0>now <w PRP>with <w NP0>Gary <w NP0-NN1>Newbon<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="941"><w NP0>Frank <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="942"><w PNP>You <w VM0>must <w VVI>consider <w PNX>yourself <w AV0>very <w AJ0>unlucky <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w NN1>result<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="943"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w UNC>er <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="944"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>unfortunately <w PNP>we <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>start <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w CJS>until <w NP0>Leicester <w VVD>scored <w CJC>but <w PRP>from <w AV0>then <w AVP>on <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>we <w VVD>dictated <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="945"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VVD>played <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>high <w NN1>tempo <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VVD>passed <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w AV0>really <w VVN-VVD>dominated <w AT0>the <w NN1>rest <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w CJC>but <w DPS>our <w NN1>finishing <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJC>better<c PUN>.
<s n="946"><w PNP>We <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>make <w DT0>enough <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>opportunity <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>attacking <w ORD>third<c PUN>.
<s n="947"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>score <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>win <w NN2>games<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="948"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0>frustrating <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w VVG>getting <w PRP>for <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
<s n="949"><w PNP>You <w VVB>seem <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>going <w PRP>through <w PNI>everything <w DT0>this <w NN1>season <w PNP>it <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>nightmare <w PRP>for <w PNP>you <w PRP>at <w NN2>times<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="950"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>frustrated <w AV0>obviously <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w DT0>all <w NN2>managers <w VVB>go <w PRP>through <w DT0>this <w PRP>at <w DT0>some <w NN1>stage<c PUN>.
<s n="951"><w UNC>Er <w AV0>either <w AV0>sooner <w CJC>or <w AV0>later <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>keep <w VVG>going <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVB>say<c PUN>.
<s n="952"><w UNC>Erm <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>keep <w VVG>putting <w DT0>that <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>performance <w AVP-PRP>on <w CJC>and <w VVG>showing <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>commitment <w AV0>then <w PNP>we<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w AV0>all right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="953"><w VHZ>Has <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>nonsense <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>field <w VVD>distracted <w PNP>you <w AV0>at all<c PUN>, <w VVD-VVN>made <w DPS>your <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w NN1>job <w AV0>harder<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="954"><w ITJ>No <w XX0>not <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="955"><w DT0>That<w VHZ>'s <w UNC>er <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>affect <w PRP>on <w PRP>on <w PNP>me <w VDG>doing <w AT0>the <w NN1>job <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>way<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="956"><w CJC>And <w AVQ>how <w AJ0>difficult <w VBZ>is <w PNP>it <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NP0>Midland <w AJ0>local <w NP0>Midland <w VVZ>matches <w CJS>because <w AT0>the <w NP0>Midlands <w NN2>teams <w VBB>are <w VVG>finding <w PNP>it <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>near <w AT0>the <w NN1>top<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BE>
<s n="957"><w ITJ>Oh <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>difficult <w PRP>for <w PNP>us <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="958"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Derby <w NN2>games<c PUN>.
<s n="959"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>thing <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <shift new=laughing> <w VVI>deal <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VDI>do <w PNI>anything <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="960"><w PNP>We <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>say <shift> <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>ask <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>Division <w PRP>to <w NP0>Notts <w NN1>County <w CJC>and <w NP0>Derby <w CJC>and <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="961"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Division <w AV0>there <w PRP>with <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w VVI>win <w DT0>enough <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PNX>ourselves <w PRP>into <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>charging <w NN1>position<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="962"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>they <w VM0>could<w XX0>n't <w VVI>score <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>Premier <w NN1>League <w ORD>last <w NN1>season <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>why <w PNP>they <w VVD>came <w AVP>down<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w AV0>still <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>score<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="963"><w PNP>We <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>simple<c PUN>.
<s n="964"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DTQ>what <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Frank <w VVD>said <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>true <w CJC>but <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <trunc> <w UNC>g </trunc> <w XX0>not <w VVN>got <w DT0>any <w NN2>finishers <w PRP>apart from <w NP0>Stan <w NP0>Collimore<c PUN>.
<s n="965"><w PNP>You <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VVI>back <w DT0>any <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PNP>you <unclear> <w VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN1>score <w PRP>against <w DT0>any <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVN>sat <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>studio <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="966"><w CJC>But <w PNP>they <w PRP>apart from <w NP0>Stan <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <w PRP>like <w NN1-VVG>scoring <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w AV0>here <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w AV0>really <w AJ0>superb <w NN1>play<c PUN>.
<s n="967"><w CJC>And <w AT0>a <w NN1>player <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w AV0>desperately <w AJ0>unlucky <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>equalizer <w CJS>because <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>taken <w CRD>two <w NN2>players <w AVP-PRP>on <w PNP>he <w VVZ>knows <w DTQ>what <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VDG>doing <w AV0>there <w PNP>he <w AV0>deliberately <w VDD>did <w DT0>that <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w AV0>very <w AV0>unfortunately<c PUN>.
<s n="968"><w UNC>Er <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>feeling <w CJT>that <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>score <w AV0>then <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w PNI>nobody <w AV0>else <w VM0>can<c PUN>.
<s n="969"><w PNP>We <w VVB>know <w NP0>Gary <w NN1-NP0>Ball<w VBZ>'s <w AVP>out <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w AVQ>how <w AJ0-AV0>long <w PRP>for <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NP0>Frank <w VM0>will <w AV0>seriously <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w DT0>this <w NN1>lad <w DT0>some <w NN1>support <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VDG>doing <w AJ0>great <w AVP-PRP>up <w AV0>there <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>doubt <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="970"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>real <w AJ0>good <w NN1>skill <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="971"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wonderful <w NN1>piece <w PRF>of <w NN1>football <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VVD>deserved <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal<c PUN>.
<s n="972"><w CJC>But <w AV0>unfortunately <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="973"><w PNP>He <w AV0>also <w PNP>he <w AV0>also <w VDD>did <w VVI>create <w NN2>chances <w PRP>for <w AJ0>other <w NN2>players <w PRP>around <w PNP>him <ptr target=HMNLC01F><w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>mind <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMNLC01G></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="974"><ptr target=HMNLC01F><w AV0>Well <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AVQ>why <ptr target=HMNLC01G></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="975"><w VVB>say <w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>leave <w CRD>one <w NN1>player <w AV0>up front <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w PNP>he <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>prosper <ptr target=HMNLC01H><w AV0>indefinitely <ptr target=HMNLC01J><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="976"><ptr target=HMNLC01H><w AV0>Well <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <ptr target=HMNLC01J><w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>saying <w NN1>Ton <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>saying <w PNP>it <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>players <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>score <w NN2>goals <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>as <w AJ0>simple <w CJS>as <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="977"><w CJS>If <w NP0>Collimore <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>score <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>look <w CJS>as though <w PNI>anybody <w AV0>else <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w PRP>to<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="978"><w AV0>Okay <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>plenty <w DT0>more <w NN2>goals <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Division <w AV0>yesterday <w CJC>and <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w DT0>those <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>moments<c PUN>.
<s n="979"><event desc=music> <w AV0>Right <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN2>teams <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJC>lower <w NN2>reaches <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>First <w NN1>Division<c PUN>.
<s n="980"><w AV0-AJ0>Only <w NP0>Leicester <w CJC>and <w NP0>Derby <w PRP>in <w AJ0-VVG>challenging <w NN2>positions<c PUN>.
<s n="981"><w AV0>Here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN1>story <w AV0>now <w VVG>beginning <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>Baseball <w NN1>Ground<c PUN>. <event desc=music>
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="982"><w PNP>You <w VM0>could <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>excused <w PRP>for <w VVG>believing <w CJT>that <w NP0>Maradonna <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w VVB>come <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="983"><w NP0>Tommy <w NP0>Johnson <w VVD>needed <w AT0>the <w NN1>hand <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>God <w TO0>to <w VVI>evade <w NP0>Nigel <w NP0>Martin <w PRP>in <w NN1>goal<c PUN>.
<s n="984"><w PNP>He <w VVD>looked <w AJ0>sheepish <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Herts <w VVD>scored <w NP0>Martin <w VBD>was <w PNI>anything <w CJC>but <w CJS>as <w AT0>the <w NN1>goal <w VVD>stood<c PUN>.
<s n="985"><w DT0>That <w AV0>apart <w NP0>Derby <w VBB>are <w AJ0>unstoppable <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w DT0>some <w NN1>consolation <w PRP>to <w NP0>Arthur <w NP0>Cox <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w CRD>twelve <w CRD>million <w NN1>pound <w NN1>team <w PNP>he <w VVD>assembled <w AV0>at last <w VVZ>looks <w AT0>the <w NN1>part<c PUN>.
<s n="986"><w EX0>There<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>never <w VBN>been <w DT0>much <w NN1-VVB>doubt <w PRP>about <w NP0>Kitson<c PUN>.
<s n="987"><pause> <w NP0>Crystal <w NP0>Palace <w VBB>are <w VVG>terrifying <w PRP>on <w NN1>paper <w AV0>at least <w CJS>although <w AT0>the <w AJC>heavier <w NN2>grounds <w VM0>may <w AV0>already <w VBI>be <w VVG>finding <w PNP>them <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="988"><w XX0>Not <w CJT-DT0>that <w NP0>Armstrong <w VVD>appeared <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AV0>unduly <w VVN-AJ0>troubled<c PUN>.
<s n="989"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did <w AV0>well <w TO0>to <w VVI>hook <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w ORD>tenth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
<s n="990"><pause> <w CJS>As <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>often <w VVN>said <w NP0>Derby <w VM0>can <w VVI>look <w AJ0>shaky <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w NN1>goal <w NN1-VVB>lead<c PUN>.
<s n="991"><w CJS>Once <w PNP>it <w VVD-VVN>evaporated <w CJC>and <w NP0>Darren <w NP0>Wassle <w VBD>was <w AV0>eventually <w VVN>dismissed <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>crime <w DTQ>which <w VVD>bore <w AT0>no <w NN1>resemblance <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>magnitude <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>sentence<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w NN1>Palace <w VM0>must <w VHI>have <w VVN>fancied <w DPS>their <w NN2>chances<c PUN>.
<s n="992"><pause> <w CJS>If <w PNP>they <w VDD>did <w NP0>Pembridge <w VVD>exploded <w DT0>that <w AJ0>cosy <w AJ0>little <w NN1>notion<c PUN>.
<s n="993"><w PNP>They<w VBB>'re <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>percenters <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Division<c PUN>.
<s n="994"><event desc=music> <w PNP>We <w VVD>detected <w AT0>a <w NN1>buzz <w PRP>about <w NN2>Wolves <w ORD>last <w NN1>week <w DTQ>which <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>rediscovered <w NN1>youth <w PRF>of <w NP0>Cyril <w NP0>Regis<c PUN>.
<s n="995"><w DTQ>What <w VBZ>is <w PNP>he <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>?
<s n="996"><w NN1-NP0>Regis <w VVG>outrunning <w NP0-NN1>Overson <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w NP0>Kelly <w DPS>his <w NN1>chance<c PUN>.
<s n="997"><w AV0>So <w NP0>Jack <w NP0>Hayward<w POS>'s <w NN1>tribute <w PRP>to <w NP0>Graham <w NP0>Turner <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>club <w NN1>programme <w VVD-VVN>looked <w AV0>fully <w AJ0-VVN>justified <w CJC>but <w VVD>began <w TO0>to <w VVI>wear <w AJ0>thin<c PUN>.
<s n="998"><w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Cook<w POS>'s <w AJ0>lovely <w NN1>ball <w PRP>to <w NP0>Andy <w NP0>Thomson<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>midfielder <w PNQ>who <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VVI>command <w AT0>a <w AJ0>weekly <w NN1>contract<c PUN>, <w VDD>did <w DPS>his <w CJC>and <w NP0>Turner<w POS>'s <w NN1-VVB>cause <w AT0>no <w AJ0>good <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="999"><w PRP>Within <w AT0>a <w NN1>minute <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Cook <w VBD>was <w VVG>discharging <w DT0>another <w NN1>defence <w VVG>splitting <w NN1>ball<c PUN>, <w AV0>unfortunately <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>defence <w CJC>and <w NP0>Mike <unclear> <w VM0>could <w AV0>only <w VVI>beat <w AVP>out <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Carruthers<w POS>' <w NN1>shot <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1>path <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mark <w NP0-NN1>Steen <w CJS>as <w PNP>we <w VVB>know<c PUN>.
<s n="1000"><w DT0>That <w VM0>can <w AV0>seriously <w VVI>damage <w DPS>your <w NN1>health<c PUN>.
<s n="1001"><event desc=music> <w NN1>County<w POS>'s <w NN1>home <w NN1-VVB>form <w VBZ>is <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w AV0>so <w NP0>Portsmouth <w VBD>were <w AJ0>grateful <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>deflection <w DTQ>which <w VVD-AJ0>disturbed <w NP0>Steve <w NP0>Cherry<w POS>'s <w NN1>equilibrium<c PUN>.
<s n="1002"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>two <w NN2>minutes <w VVN>left <w CJS>when <w NP0>Richard <w NP0>Walker <w VVD>popped <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proverbial <w NN1>back <w NN1-VVB>stick<c PUN>, <w VVZ>sounds <w AJ0>painful <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>for <w NP0>Portsmouth<c PUN>.
<s n="1003"><event desc=music> <w NP0-NN1>Lyndon <w NP0>Hooper <w DT0>another <w NN1>Canadian <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>backwater <w CJS>as <unclear> <w VBD>was <w VVG>playing <w DPS>his <w ORD>first <w AJ0>full <w NN1>game <w PRP>for <w NP0>Birmingham<c PUN>.
<s n="1004"><w CJC>But <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>dear <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w NN1>gift<c PUN>.
<s n="1005"><unclear> <w NP0>Kirk <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AVP>about <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w AT0>a <w NN1>gift <w NN1>horse <w XX0>not <w PRP>with <w NP0>Peterborough <w AV0>so <w AJ0>desperate <w PRP>for <w NN2>points<c PUN>.
<s n="1006"><pause> <w AV0>Even <w CJS>when <w NP0>Dave <w NP0>MacDonald <w VBD>was <w VVN>sent <w AVP>off <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>second <w AJ0>bookable <w NN1>offence <w AT0>the <w NN2>blues <w VBD>were <w AJ0>incapable <w PRF>of <w VVG>taking <w AT0>the <w NN1>advantage<c PUN>.
<s n="1007"><pause> <w NP0>MacDonald <w VVD>thought <w NP0>Ted <w NP0>McMain <w VHD>had <w VVN>made <w AT0>a <w NN1>quarter <w NN1>pounder <w PRF>of <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1008"><w NP0>Ted <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>agree<c PUN>.
<s n="1009"><pause> <event desc=music> <w NN1>Desperation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>air <w PRP>at <w NP0>Oxford<c PUN>.
<s n="1010"><w PNP>We <w VVB>know <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>play <w DT0>this <w NN1>game <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>defence <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>shocking<c PUN>.
<s n="1011"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w PNI>everyone <w PNQ>who <w VVB>contrive <w TO0>to <w VVI>lose <w PRP>at <w NN1>home <w PRP>to <w NP0>Luton<c PUN>.
<s n="1012"><pause> <event desc=music> <w NP0>Sunderland<w POS>'s <w NN1>home <w NN1>record <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>excellent <w CJC>and <w NP0>Albion <w VVD>came <w AV0>as <w AJ0>close <w CJS>as <w PNI>anyone <w PRP>to <w VVG-AJ0>frustrating <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="1013"><w XX0>Not <w AJ0-AV0>close <w AV0>enough <w AV0>though <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>now <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="1014"><pause> <event desc=music> <w PRP>In <w AT0>the <w NP0>non-Midlands <w NN2>games <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>breathtaking <w NN1>finish <w PRP>at <w NP0>Vicarage <w NP0>Road <w CJS>where <w NP0>Bruce <w NP0>Rioch<w POS>'s <w NN1>team <w VBD>were <w CRD>three <w NN2>goals <w AVP>up <w PRP>at <w CRD>one <w NN1>stage<c PUN>.
<s n="1015"><w CRD>Two <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVD>came <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w NN1>half <w PRP-CJS>as <w NP0>Bolton <w VVD>tore <w NP0>Watford <w PRP>to <w NN2>shreds<c PUN>.
<s n="1016"><w NP0>McAteer <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>second <w VBD>was <w AV0>entirely <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w NP0>Lee <w PNQ>who <w VVD>exploited <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper<w POS>'s <w AJ0>crumbling <w NN1>self-confidence<c PUN>.
<s n="1017"><pause> <w AVQ>Why <w NP0>Bolton <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w VVG>playing <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>white <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>interesting <w NN1>trivia <w NN1>question<c PUN>.
<s n="1018"><w VDB>Do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>answer <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>afraid <w CJC>and <w AV0>neither <w VDD>did <w AJ0>poor <w AJ0>old <w NN1>Shepherd <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>came <w VVG>plundering <w AV0>again <w AV0-AJ0>early <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>second <w NN1>half<c PUN>.
<s n="1019"><pause> <unclear> <w NN1>season <w AV0>before <w NN1>Halloween<c PUN>, <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>it <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to<c PUN>.
<s n="1020"><w PNP>It <w DT0>all <w VVN>changed <w AV0>dramatically <w PRP>with <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>minutes <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
<s n="1021"><w AT0>The <w AJ0-NN1>moral <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>wait <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>ref<w POS>'s <w NN1>whistle<c PUN>.
<s n="1022"><w PNP>He <w VVD>played <w AT0>the <w NN1>advantage <w CJC>and <w NP0>Porter <w VVD>began <w AT0>the <w AJ0>only <w NN1>hat-trick <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w NN1>career <w PRP>in <w DPS>his <w NN1>benefit <w NN1>season <w PRP>with <w NP0>Watford<c PUN>.
<s n="1023"><w NP0>Bolton <w VBD>were <w AV0>never <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w PRP>after <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="1024"><w AV0>Normally <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>difficult <w NN1>side <w TO0>to <w VVI>beat <w CJC>but <w XX0>not <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
<s n="1025"><w NP0>Porter <w VVZ>says <w PNP>he <w VVZ>likes <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>pop <w PRP>at <w NN1>goal <w CJC>but <w AV0>yesterday <w PNP>they <w DT0>all <w VVD>went <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="1026"><pause> <w AT0>The <w NN1>equalizer <w VBD>was <w VVG-AJ0>cutting <w NN2>things <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>fine<c PUN>.
<s n="1027"><w AV0>Only <w CRD>eight <w NN2>minutes <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w CJS>when <w NP0>Ken <unclear><c PUN>, <w PRP>ex <w NP0>Peterborough <w AV0>of course<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVN>awarded <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Wanderer<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>half<c PUN>.
<s n="1028"><w CJC>And <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w CRD>sixty <w NN2>seconds <w AVQ>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w VDD>did <w NP0>Watford <w DT0>another <w NN1>favour <w VVG>spotting <w AT0>an <w NN1>elbow <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w CJC>and <w VVG-AJ0>sticking <w PRP>to <w DPS>his <w NN2>guns<c PUN>.
<s n="1029"><pause> <w NP0>Porter <w VHZ>has <w VVN>played <w AV0>over <w CRD>three <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>games <w PRP>for <w DPS>his <w NN1>club <w CJC>but <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>no <w AJC>sweeter <w NN1>moment <w DT0>that <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="1030"><pause> <event desc=music> <w AV0>Here <w VVZ>comes <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>exciting <w NN2>games <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Division <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>remarkable <w CJS>considering <w PNP>they <w AV0>nearly <w VVN-VVD>dropped <w PRP>out of <w NN1>sight <w ORD>last <w NN1>season <w CJC>and <w VVD-VVN>sold <w NP0>Stan <w NP0>Collimore <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="1031"><w NN1>Brit <w NN1-NP0>Angel<w POS>'s <w NN1>opener <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>prelude <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Ricky <w NP0>Otto <w NN1-VVB>show<c PUN>.
<s n="1032"><w PNP>He <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>offer <w PNP>him <w AT0>a <w NN1>challenge <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="1033"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VVB>get <w AT0>the <w NN1>impression <w PNP>he <w AV0>almost <w VVD-VVN>meant <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="1034"><pause> <w AV0>Well <w PNP>he <w AV0>certainly <w VVD>meant <w DT0>this<c PUN>, <w AT0>a <w AJ0>lethal <w NN1>finisher <w CJC>but <w AV0>fortunately <w PRP>for <w NP0>Southend <w PNI>nobody <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w VVN>caught <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>yet<c PUN>.
<s n="1035"><w PNP>They <w VM0>will<c PUN>.
<s n="1036"><w CJC>And <w AV0>just <w PRP>for <w DPS>your <w NN1>information <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w DT0>another <w NN1>penalty <w TO0>to <w VVI>end <w AVP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="1037"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>want <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
<s n="1038"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>here <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
<s n="1039"><w PNI>Nothing <w DT0>much <w TO0>to <w VVI>add <w CJS>except that <w NP0>Redfern <w VVD>scored <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>matter<c PUN>.
<s n="1040"><pause> <event desc=music> <w AT0>A <w AJ0>fine <w NN1-VVB>win <w PRP>at <w NP0>Grimsby <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>chart <w NN2>topers <w PRP>from <w NN1>south <w NP0>London<c PUN>.
<s n="1041"><w AT0>The <w NN1>goal <w PNX>itself <w VBD>was <w PNI>nothing <w TO0>to <w VVI>write <w AV0>home <w PRP>about<c PUN>, <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AJ0>slow <w NN1>motion <w VVB-NN1>feel <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w NP0>Charlton <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AV0>most <w AJ0>consistent <w NN1>side <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Endsleigh <w NN1>League<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1042"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>why <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>top<c PUN>.
<s n="1043"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we <w VVB>complete <w DPS>our <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>weekend<w POS>'s <w ORD>First <w NN1>Division <w NN1>action <w PRP>with <w AJ0>brief <w NN2>highlights <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>afternoon<w POS>'s <w NN1-NP0>Milwall <w PRP>versus <w NP0>Middlesbrough <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
<s n="1044"><w NP0>Middlesbrough <w VVG>starting <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>top <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="1045"><w AT0>The <w NN2>commentators <w NP0>John <w NP0-NN1>Helm <w CJC>and <w NP0>Theo <w NP0>Foley<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BF>
<s n="1046"><unclear> <w AV0>instinctively <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w NP0>Barber<c PUN>, <w CRD>three <w NN2>men <w AVP>up <w PRP>around <w AT0>the <w NN1>edge <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>area<c PUN>.
<s n="1047"><w VVZ>Floats <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Kennedy <w AT0>the <w NN1>chance <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AV0>here <w PRP>for <shift new=shouting> <w NP0>Ray <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>there <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NP0>Kennedy <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="1048"><w NP0>Alex <w NP0>Ray <unclear> <w PRP>into <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>middle <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w NP0>Kennedy <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>final <w NN1>touch<c PUN>.
<s n="1049"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>great <w NN1>moment<c PUN>.
<s n="1050"><w VM0>Let's <w AV0>just <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w PNI>one <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
<s n="1051"><w VVB-NN1>Milwall <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>lead <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w AJ0>important <w NN1>thing <w AV0>here <w PNP>it <w VVD>came <w AVP>over <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>far <w NN1>side <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>penalty <w NN1>area<c PUN>, <unclear> <w VHD>had <w VVN>got <w AVP>up <w PRP>for <w PNP>it <w NP0>Ray <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Kennedy <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AV0>also <w AT0>a <w NP0>Middlesbrough <w NN1>foot <w PRP>in <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1052"><pause> <unclear> <w VVB-NN1>Milwall <w AV0>just <w VVD-VVN>caught <w VVG-AJ0>sleeping <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment <unclear> <w VM0>can <w VVI>get <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>ball <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>for <unclear> <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w NP0>Hendry <shift new=shouting> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>an <w DT0>own <w NN1>goal <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="1053"><w VM0>Could <w AV0>well <w VVI>go <w AVP>down <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w ORD>second <w DT0>own <w NN1>goal <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>match<c PUN>.
<s n="1054"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w NP0>John <w NP0>Hendry <w PNQ>who <w VVD>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>shot <w AVP-PRP>in <w PRP>on <w NN1>goal <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN1>ball <w VVD>flew <w PRP>into <w NP0>Milwall<w POS>'s <w NN1>net <w PRP>off <w NP0>Phil <w NP0>Barber<c PUN>.
<s n="1055"><w AT0>No <w NN1>doubt <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w PNI>one<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BG>
<s n="1056"><w ITJ>No <unclear> <w VVB>come <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>throw <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJS>as <w PNP>you <w AV0>rightly <w VVD>said <w NP0>John<c PUN>.
<s n="1057"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>simple <w NN1-VVB>throw <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w NP0>Milwall <w AV0>just <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w VVN>geared <w AVP>up <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BF>
<s n="1058"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVB>fancy <w NP0>Middlesbrough <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJC>happier <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>two <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w CJS>if <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w VVI>turn <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="1059"><shift new=shouting> <w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>onside <w AV0>here <w DT0>this <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PRP>for <w NP0>Kennedy <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>bundled <w PRP>out of <w PNP>it <w PRP>by <w NP0>White<c PUN>.
<s n="1060"><w NP0>White<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>in <w AJ0>real <w NN1>trouble <w AV0>now<c PUN>, <w AV0>surely <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>sending <w PRP>off <w NN1>offence<c PUN>.
 <shift>
<s n="1061"><w NP0>Kennedy <w VBD>was <w PRP>through <w NP0>White <w VVD>balked <w PNP>him <w PRP>without <w NN1>question <w AT0>a <w NN1>yard <w PRP>outside <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w NP0>Derek <w NP0>White <w PNQ>who <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>booked <w AV0>only <w NN2>moments <w AV0>ago <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w PRP>on <w DPS>his <w NN1>way <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dressing <w NN1>room <w AV0-AJ0>early<c PUN>.
<s n="1062"><w PNP>He <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
<s n="1063"><ptr target=HMNLC01K><w PNP>He <w VVZ>takes <w AVP-PRP>off <ptr target=HMNLC01L></u>
<u who=PS3BG>
<s n="1064"><ptr target=HMNLC01K><w NP0>John <unclear> <ptr target=HMNLC01L></u>
<u who=PS3BF>
<s n="1065"><w AT0>the <w NN1>arm <w NN1>band <trunc> <w UNC>l </trunc> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Derek <w NP0>White <w VBZ>is <w VVN>sent <w AVP>off<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BG>
<s n="1066"><w AJ0>Definite <w NN1-VVB>foul <w AT0>no <w NN1>hesitation <w DTQ>whatsoever<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BF>
<s n="1067"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>dramatic <w NN1>finish <w AV0>here <w PRP>at <w NP0>Milwall <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>snatch <w PNP>it <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="1068"><w AT0>The <w NN1>chip <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>fraction <w AV0>too <w AJ0>high<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1069"><unclear> <w DT0>that <w VVG-NN1>sending <w PRP-AVP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>referee <w AV0>obviously <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Assan <w NP0>Maca<c PUN>.
<s n="1070"><w AV0>Anyway <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>top <w PRF>of <w NN1>Division <w CRD-PNI>One<c PUN>.
<s n="1071"><w NP0>Middlesbrough <w VVB-NN1>stay <w ORD>third <w NP0>Leicester <w VVB-NN1>move <w AV0>up to <w ORD>fourth<c PUN>, <w AJ0>good <w NN1>news <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w NN2>games <w PRP>in <w NN1>hand<c PUN>.
<s n="1072"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w NN1>bottom <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <w AV0>so <w AJ0>rosy <w VDZ>does <w PNP>it <w NP0>Jim<c PUN>?
<s n="1073"><ptr target=HMNLC01M><w VVB>Look <w NP0>West <w NP0>Brom <ptr target=HMNLC01N></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1074"><ptr target=HMNLC01M><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VDZ>does <w PNP>it<c PUN>? <ptr target=HMNLC01N></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1075"><w NP0>Peterborough <w NP0>Oxford <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>bottom<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1076"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>only <shift new=laughing> <w NP0>Barnsley<c PUN>.
<s n="1077"><w XX0>Not <w XX0>not <w PRF>of <w DPS>our <w NN1>ilk <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="1078"><ptr target=HMNLC01P><w AV0>Never <w VVB>mind <w AV0>never <w VVB>mind<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMNLC01R></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1079"><ptr target=HMNLC01P><w ITJ>Yes <w AJ0>frightening <ptr target=HMNLC01R><w ITJ>no <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>put <w AV0>that <w AJ0-AV0>right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1080"><w PNI>Plenty <w PRF>of <w NN1>time <w TO0>to <w VVI>go<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1081"><w AV0>Right <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>mixed <w UNC>er <w NN1>bag <w PRF>of <w NN2>results <w PRP>for <w AJ0-NN1>English <w NN2>clubs <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN2>competitions <w DT0>this <w NN1>week <w CJS>as <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w PNP>you <w VVD-VVN>noticed<c PUN>.
<s n="1082"><w PRP>Among <w AT0>the <w AV0>more <w AJ0>satisfied <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NP0>Aston <w NP0>Villa <w DTQ>whose <w CRD>one <w CRD>one <w NN1-VVB>draw <w PRP>with <unclear> <w AV0>currently <w NP0>Spain<w POS>'s <w AJS>hottest <w NN1>club <w UNC>er <w AV0>certainly <w VVZ>sets <w PNP>them <w AVP>up <w AV0>nicely <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1>round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>UEFA <w NN1>Cup<c PUN>.
<s n="1083"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w PRP-AVP>in <unclear> <w VHZ>has <w AV0>surely <w VVN>marked <w AT0>the <w NN1>emergence <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>new <w NN1>Villa <w NN1>star<c PUN>.
<s n="1084"><w NP0>Phil <w NP0>Mepham <w NN2-VVZ>reports<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1085"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w CJS>save that <w VM0>could <w AV0>well <w VHI>have <w VVN>shaped <w AT0>the <w NN1>whole <w PRF>of <w NN1>Villa<w POS>'s <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1086"><w NP0>Roberto <shift new=shouting> <w DTQ>what <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>save<c PUN>.
<s n="1087"><w AT0>A <w AJ0>fabulous <w NN1>stop <w PRP>from <w NP0>Bosnich <shift><c PUN>.
<s n="1088"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>struck <w PNP>it <w AV0>well <w AV0>enough <w NP0>Roberto <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w DPS>his <w AJ0>European <w NN1>debut <w AT0>a <w AJ0>terrific <w NN1>stop<c PUN>.
<s n="1089"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift <w NP0>Bosnich <w CJC>and <w NN1>Villa <w AT0>no <w NN1>end<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1090"><w AT0>The <w NN1>performance <w PRF>of <w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Bosnich <w PRP>in <w NP0>Spain <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tuesday <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>highlight <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0>supreme <w NN1>team <w NN1-VVB>display<c PUN>.
<s n="1091"><w CJC>But <w NP0>Bosnich <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>hailed <w AV0>now <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>an <w AJ0>overnight <w NN1>success<c PUN>.
<s n="1092"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>overnight <w NN1>success <w AV0>though <w CJT-DT0>that <w VHZ>has <w VVN>taken <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w NN1>dedication <w TO0>to <w VVI>achieve<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="1093"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>made <w DT0>some <w AV0-AJ0>well <w DT0>some <w AV0>very <w AJ0>big <w NN2>sacrifices <w AV0>especially <w AV0-AJ0>early <w AVP>on <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>career <w CJS>when <w PNI>nobody <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VVN>known <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AV0>probably <w AV0>even <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="1094"><w CJC>And <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>nice <w TO0>to <w VVI>know <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>sometimes <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>put <w DPS>your <w NN1>head <w AVP>down <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>work <w AV0-AJ0>hard <w PRP>at <w PNI>something <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w PNI>something <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>rainbow<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1095"><w DTQ>What <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>sacrifices <w VDD>did <w PNP>you <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w NN2>quotes <w AT0>an <w AJ0>unknown <w AV0>then<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="1096"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>well <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w AJ0>obvious <w NN2>ones<c PUN>.
<s n="1097"><w ORD>First <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w VVG>leaving <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AJ0>beautiful <w NN1>country <w CJC>and <w VVG>leaving <w DT0>all <w DPS>my <w NN1>family <w VVG>coming <w AV0>over here <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>foreign <w NN1>environment <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>world<c PUN>.
<s n="1098"><w AT0>The <w NN1>football <w NN1>world <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>different <w NN1>world <w AV0>even <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>different <w PRP>to <w DTQ>what <w NN0>people <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>used <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="1099"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w VVG>coming <w PRP-AVP>through <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>work <w NN1>permit <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w AV0>again <w NN2>things <w CJT>that <w VBD>were<w XX0>n't <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN2>hands<c PUN>.
<s n="1100"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>cold <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="1101"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w NN2>things<c PUN>.
<s n="1102"><w EX0>There <w VBD>were <w AV0>so <w DT0>many <w NN2>times <w PNP>I <w VVD>felt <w AV0>like <w AV0>just <w VVG>packing <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w VVG>going <w AV0>home<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1103"><w NP0>Bosnich<w POS>'s <w NN1>rise <w PRP>to <w NN1>prominence <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w AJ0>cruel <w NN2>twists <w PRF>of <w NN1>fate <w PRP-AVP>on <w DTQ>which <w NN2>careers <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVN>accelerated <w CJC>or <w VVN-VVD>halted<c PUN>.
<s n="1104"><w AT0>A <w NN1>month <w AV0>ago <w NP0>Nigel <w NP0>Spink <w VBD>was <w NN1>Villa<w POS>'s <w ORD>first <w NN1>choice <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w NP0>Birmingham <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Coca <w NN1>Cola <w NN1>Cup <w NN1-NP0>Spink <w VBD>was <w VVN-AJ0>injured <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bosnich <w VVD>took <w AVP>over <w PRP>amidst <w DT0>some <w AJ0>prophetic <w NN2>words<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1105"><w AV0>Well <w NP0>Spinks <w VDD>did <w AV0>well <w TO0>to <w VVI>win <w AT0>the <w NN1>place <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN1>Australian <w DT0>this <w NN1>season <w PRP>with <w NP0>Bosnich <w VHG>having <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w NN1>man <w PRP>in possession of <w AT0>the <w NN1>goalkeeper<w POS>'s <w NN2>gloves <w AV0>most <w PRF>of <w ORD>last <w NN1>season<c PUN>.
<s n="1106"><w AV0>So <w PNP>he<w VM0>'ll <w VBI>be <w AJ0>anxious <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>the <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AJ0>unexpected <w NN1>opportunity<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1107"><w PNP>He <w VDD>did <w AV0>just <w CRD>six <w NN2>minutes <w AV0>later<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1108"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>saved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>stand-in <w NN1>goalkeeper<c PUN>.
<s n="1109"><w NP0>Bosnich <w AT0>the <w NN1>hero<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="1110"><w AT0>The <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w AV0>always <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>talk <w PRP>about <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>young <w NN2>goalkeepers<c PUN>.
<s n="1111"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w AV0>normally <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>past <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>always <w VVN>gone <w PRP>for <w AJ0>experienced <w NN2>keepers <w CJS>because <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w DPS>their <w AJ0>prime <w CJS>until<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w NN2>goalkeepers <w AV0>over <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>six <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>seven <w AV0>onwards<c PUN>.
<s n="1112"><w UNC>Er <w CJC>but <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w AJ0>exceptional <w AJ0>young <w NN1>keeper <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DPS>his <w NN1>nerve <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>experience <w CJC>and <w DPS>his <w NN1>maturity <w AV0>sometimes <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>unreal<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1113"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>he <w VVD>impressed <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Inter <w NP0>Milan <w NN1-VVB>coach <w AV0>as well <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVD>played <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="1114"><w AT0>No <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>C <ptr target=HMNLC01S><w PNP>he <w VVD>played <ptr target=HMNLC01T></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1115"><ptr target=HMNLC01S><w ITJ>Oh <w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>C <ptr target=HMNLC01T></u>
<u who=PS3BA>
<s n="1116"><w ZZ0>A <w ZZ0>C <w NP0>Milan <w CJC>and <w NP0>Cappello <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NP0>Milan <w NN1>manager <w VHZ>has <w VVN>gone <w PRP>on <w NN1>record <w PRP-CJS>as <w VVG>saying <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>as <w AJ0>good <w CJS>as <w PNI>anything <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>ever <w VVN>seen<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1117"><w PRP>In <w DT0>many <w NN2>ways <w NP0>Bosnich <w VHZ>has <w VVN>become <w AT0>the <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>victim <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>success<c PUN>.
<s n="1118"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w PRP>for <w NP0>Australia <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>World <w NN1>Cup <w NN1>Qualifier<c PUN>.
<s n="1119"><w PNP>He <w VBD>was <w AJ0>desperate <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w CJC>but <w AJ0>reluctant <w TO0>to <w VVI>leave <w NN1>Villa<c PUN>.
<s n="1120"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w DTQ>which <w VVD>tormented <w PNP>him <w CJC>but <w VBD>was <w VVN>faced <w AV0>purely <w CJC>and <w AV0>simply <w CJS>because <w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Bosnich <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w VVN>regarded <w PRP>as <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJS>best <w AVP>around<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="1121"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>still <w VVI>come <w AVP>back <w VVB>say <w CRD>two <w CJC>or <w CRD>three <w NN2>afternoons <w AV0>here <w CJC>and <w NN1>practice <w NN2>things <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>weak <w PRP-AVP>on <w AV0>just <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <trunc> <w UNC>tho </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>tho </trunc> <w DT0>those <w NN2>sacrifices <w AVQ>where <w PNP>I <w VVB>stop <w CJS>until <w PNP>I <w UNC>erm <w AV0>sort of <w NN1-VVB>fuel <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN2>ambitions <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>game<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000>
<s n="1122"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w PRP>at <w DT0>this <w NN1>point <w PRP>in <w NN1>time <w CJT>that <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w DT0>all <w VBN>been <w PRP>worth <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3B9>
<s n="1123"><w PRP>At <w UNC>er <w AV0>well <w DT0>this <w NN1>week <w PNP>you <w AV0>sort of <w VVB>look <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVB>say <w ITJ>yeah <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <w PRP>in <w AV0>about <w CRD>ten <w NN2>years <w NN1>time <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VVB>come <w CJC>and <w VVB>ask <w PNP>me <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>question <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>able <w VBI>be <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJC>better <w NN1>position <w TO0>to <w VVI>give <w PNP>you <w AT0>an <w NN1>answer<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1124"><w PNP>I <w VVB>bet <w PNP>he <w VVZ>watches <w AV0>Home <w CJC>and <w AV0>Away<c PUN>.
<s n="1125"><w AVQ>How <w AJ0>good <w VBZ>is <w PNP>he<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1126"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>keeper<c PUN>.
<s n="1127"><w PNP>We <w PNP>we <w VVD>saw <w PNP>him <w VVI>come <w AVP>on <w PRP>against <w NP0>Birmingham <w PRP>about <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w CJC>or <w AV0>so <w AV0>ago <w CJC>and <w CJS>save that <w NN1>penalty <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>ironic <w CJT>that <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>how <w NP0>Nigel <w NP0>Spinks <w VVD>started <w PRP>at <w PRP>at <w NN1>Villa <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVD>came <w AVP>on <w PRP>for <w NP0>Jimmy <w NP0>Rimmer <w CJC>and <w CJS>if <w NP0>Bosnich <w VDZ>does <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>job <w CJS>as <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Nigel<w VHZ>'s <w VDN>done <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w AJ0>past <w CRD>ten <w NN2>years <w AV0>then <w PNI>no one<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>argue<c PUN>.
<s n="1128"><w CJC>But <w PNP>he <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w VVI>look <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>goalkeeper<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1129"><w AV0>Well <w VM0>let's <w VM0>let's <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>look <w PRP>at <w PNP>him <w AV0>again<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1130"><w ITJ>Yeah<c PUN>.
<s n="1131"><w UNC>Erm
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1132"><w CJC>And <w VVB>try <w CJC>and <w VVB>work <w AVP>out <w DTQ>what <ptr target=HMNLC01U><w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP-AVP>about <ptr target=HMNLC01V></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1133"><ptr target=HMNLC01U><w AV0>Well <w AV0>again <ptr target=HMNLC01V><w AV0>ironically <w AT0>a <w NN1>penalty <w CJS>save that <w AV0>obviously <w AV0>always <w VVZ>makes <w AT0>a <w NN2>goalkeepers <w VVI>name <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w AJ0>super <w NN1-VVB>save<c PUN>.
<s n="1134"><w DT0>This <w AV0>actually <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>game <w PRP>against <w NP0>Birmingham <w CJC>and <w AV0>here <w PNP>he <w VVZ>comes <w AVP>out <w AV0>fearlessly <w VVZ>spreads <w PNX>himself <w AV0>beautifully <w CJC>and <w VVZ>robs <unclear> <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>goal <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="1135"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>this <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>goalkeeper<c PUN>.
<s n="1136"><w PNP>You <w VM0>would <w AV0>obviously <w VVI>say <w ITJ>yes <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w AJ0>big <w NN1>future <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVB-NN1>save <w PRP>in <w NP0>Corinia <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>lifesaver <w PRP>for <w NN1>Villa<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1137"><w VM0>Could <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>passport<c PUN>.
<s n="1138"><w AV0>Well <w CJS>if <w NP0>Mark <w NP0>Bosnich <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>man <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PRP>in <w NN1>midweek <w AT0>the <w NN1>name <w PRP>on <w PNI>everyone<w POS>'s <w NN2>lips <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w PRP>during <w AJ0>sorry <w PRP>during <w AT0>the <w ORD>last <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>four <w NN2>hours <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w NP0>Bobby <w NP0>Gould<c PUN>.
<s n="1139"><w NP0>Gould <w VVD>resigned <w PRP>as <w NP0>Coventry <w NN1>City<w POS>'s <w NN1>Manager <w PRP>within <w NN2>minutes <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w CRD>five <w CRD>one <w VVG-NN1>thrashing <w PRP>at <w NP0>Queens <w NN1>Park <w NN2>Rangers <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>.
<s n="1140"><w PNP>He <w VVD>asked <w DPS>his <w NN1>Chairman <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w AJ0>private <w NN1-VVB>chat <w PNP>they <w VVD>retired <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>gents <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gould <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>contract <w VVN>said <w PNP>he <w VBD>was <w VVN>finished<c PUN>.
<s n="1141"><w DT0>This <w NN1>afternoon <w NP0>Gould <w VVD>insisted <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w VVG>changing <w DPS>his <w NN1>mind<c PUN>.
<s n="1142"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>an <w PRP>off <w AT0>the <w NN1>wall <w NN1>manager <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>he <w NP0>Jimmy<c PUN>.
<s n="1143"><w PNP>I <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w AV0>really <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>serious <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>behind <w PNP>it<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1144"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>odd <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>watching <w PNP>him <w PRP>on <w NN1>Football <w NN1-VVB>Focus <w AV0>yesterday<c PUN>, <w PNP>him <w CJC>and <w NP0>Bob <w NP0>Wilson<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMNLC01W><w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVG>trying <w TO0>to <w VVI>stay <w AJ0>awake <ptr target=HMNLC01X></u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1145"><ptr target=HMNLC01W><w PNP>You <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>watch <w CJT-DT0>that <w VDB>do <w PNP>you<c PUN>? <ptr target=HMNLC01X></u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1146"><w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w AV0>actually <w VVD>succeeded<c PUN>.
<s n="1147"><w CJC>And <w PNP>he <w VVD>looked <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>good <w NN1>form <w VDD>did <w NP0>Bob <w CJC>and <w PNP>he <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>look <w CJS>as though <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AV0>too <w DT0>many <w NN2>worries <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w DT0>this <w VVZ>happens <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>wonder <w AV0>just <w CJS>whether <w PNP>it <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w VVN>premeditated <w PRP>rather than <w PRP>in <w NN1>haste<c PUN>.
<s n="1148"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>tend <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w AV0>personally <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
<s n="1149"><w AV0>So <w PNP>we<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>see<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1150"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>maybe <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w UNC>er <w VVN>got <w AT0>a <w NN1>contract <w TO0>to <w VVI>appear <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN0>media<c PUN>.
<s n="1151"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>see<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BB>
<s n="1152"><w AV0>Possibly <w PRP>with <w PNP>you <w NN1>Ton<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3B8>
<s n="1153"><shift new=laughing> <w PNQ>Who <w VVZ>knows<c PUN>?
 <shift>
<s n="1154"><w AV0>Anyway <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>more <w NN1>football <w VVG>coming <w DPS>your <w NN1>way <w PRP>on <w AJ0>Central <w PRP>in <w NN1>midweek<c PUN>.
<s n="1155"><w PRP>On <w NP0>Tuesday <w PRP>at <w CRD>eleven <w CRD>forty <w AJ0>exclusive <w NN2>highlights <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>Third <w NN1>Round <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Coca <w NN1>Cola <w NN1>Cup <w VVG>featuring <w NP0>Aston <w NP0>Villa <w PRP>at <w NP0>Sunderland<c PUN>.
<s n="1156"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PRP>on <w NP0>Wednesday <w PRP>at <w CRD>ten <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w DT0>more <w NP0>Coca <w NN1>Cola <w NN1>Cup <w NN1>action <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRP>with <w NP0>Derby <w PRP>against <w NN2>Spurs <w CJC>and <w NP0>Manchester <w AJ0>United <w PRP>against <w NP0>Leicester<c PUN>.
<s n="1157"><w PNP>They <w VVB>top <w AT0>the <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
<s n="1158"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w AV0>again <w ORD>next <w NP0>Sunday <w PRP>at <w CRD>two <w CRD>fifty <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Central <w NN1>Match <w AJ0-AV0>Live <w NN2-VVZ>moves <w PRP>onto <w NP0>St <w NP0>Andrews <w PRP>for <w NP0>Birmingham <w NN1>City <w PRP>against <w NP0>Milwall<c PUN>.
<s n="1159"><w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>as <w AJ0>good <w AT0>a <w NN1>game <w CJS>as <w AV0>today<w POS>'s <w VBD>was<c PUN>.
<s n="1160"><w AV0>Well <w VDN>done <w PRP>to <w NP0>David <w AJ0>Speedy <w AV0>well <w VDN>done <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leicester <w NN1>City<c PUN>.
<s n="1161"><w VVB>See <w PNP>you <w ORD>next <w NN1>week <w ITJ>bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>. <event desc="end of recording">
</u>
</stext>
</bncDoc>

</bncDoc>

<bncDoc id=HMP>
<teiHeader type="text" status="update" date.updated="2000-12-13"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>  Jonathan Cowap Morning Show: radio broadcast. Sample containing about 9029 words speech recorded in leisure context </title><respStmt><resp> Data capture and transcription </resp><name> Longman ELT </name></respStmt></titleStmt><editionStmt><para>BNC World Edition:  Header automatically generated by mkhdr 0.31 </para></editionStmt><extent>Approximately 135 Kbytes running text, containing about 9029 orthographically-defined words; for encoding details see &lt;tagUsage&gt; element. </extent><publicationStmt><distributor>Oxford University Computing Services</distributor><address><addrLine>13 Banbury Road</addrLine><addrLine>Oxford OX2 6NN</addrLine><addrLine> U.K.</addrLine><addrLine>Telephone:   +44 1865 273221</addrLine><addrLine>Facsimile:   +44 1865 273275</addrLine><addrLine>Internet mail: natcorp@oucs.ox.ac.uk</addrLine></address><idno type="bnc">HMP</idno><idno type="old"> 107001 </idno><availability status="restricted"><para> THIS TEXT IS AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE only as part of the British National Corpus at nominal charge FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH PURPOSES SUBJECT TO A SIGNED END USER LICENCE HAVING BEEN RECEIVED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICES, from whom forms and supporting materials are available. THIS TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLOITATION unless terms have first been agreed with the BNC Consortium Exploitation Committee. Apply in the first instance to Oxford University Computing Services. It is your responsibility, as a user, to ensure that an End User Licence is in place. For your information, the Terms of the End User Licence are set out in the corpus header, which is likely to have a file name similar to "corphdr" or "CORPHDR". Distribution of any part of the corpus under the terms of the Licence must include a copy of the corpus header. Distribution of this corpus text under the terms of the Licence must include this header embodying this notice. THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF USE FOR THIS TEXT ARE NOT CURRENTLY KNOWN TO THE ARCHIVING AGENCY. PLEASE CONTACT THE DATA CAPTURE AGENCY NAMED IN THIS HEADER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. </para></availability><date value="1994-11-27"> 1994-11-27 </date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><recordingStmt><recording n="107001" dur="45" date="1993-12-07" time="09:05" type="DAT"></recording></recordingStmt></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><projectDesc><para> See the project description in the corpus header for information about the British National Corpus project. </para></projectDesc><tagsDecl><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="442"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="62"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="30"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="60"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="407"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="6"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="73"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="146"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="20"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="9204"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="align" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="c" occurs="442"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="event" occurs="3"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="gap" occurs="62"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="loc" occurs="30"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="ptr" occurs="60"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="s" occurs="407"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="shift" occurs="6"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="stext" occurs="1"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="trunc" occurs="73"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="u" occurs="145"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="unclear" occurs="20"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="vocal" occurs="5"></tagUsage><tagUsage gi="w" occurs="9204"></tagUsage></tagsDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993-12-07</date>: </creation><particDesc n="C402"><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BN" n="W0001" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>jonathan cowap</name><occupation>radio presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BP" n="W0002" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Judy</name><para>Phone-in caller</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BR" n="W0003" sex="f" soc="UU"><age>+</age><occupation>radio presenter</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BS" n="W0004" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>mr mcmillan scott</name><occupation>euro member of parliament</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BT" n="W0005" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>john reynoldson</name><occupation>county planning officer</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BU" n="W0006" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Peter</name><occupation>minerals planning consultant</occupation></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BV" n="W0007" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>jason cullen</name><occupation>radio presenter</occupation><para>A A Roadwatch report</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BW" n="W0008" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Terry</name><para>Phone-in caller</para></person><person age="X" educ="X" flang="EN-GBR" id="PS3BX" n="W0009" sex="m" soc="UU"><age>+</age><name>Stewart</name><para>Phone-in caller</para></person></particDesc><settingDesc><setting n="107001" who='PS3BN PS3BP PS3BR PS3BS PS3BT PS3BU PS3BV PS3BW PS3BX'><name>North Yorkshire:  York </name><locale> Radio station </locale><activity> Radio broadcast Interview, reporting, phone-in, discussion </activity></setting></settingDesc><textClass><catRef target="alltim3 allava0 alltyp2 scgdom4 spolog2 sporeg3 "/><classCode scheme="DLee">S brdcast discussn</classCode><keywords><term> Various </term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>2000-12-13</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Last check for BNC World first release</para></change><change><date>2000-09-01</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Check all tagcounts</para></change><change><date>2000-06-23</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Resequenced s-units and added headers</para></change><change><date>2000-01-29</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Revised participant details</para></change><change><date>2000-01-21</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Added date info</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated all catrefs</para></change><change><date>2000-01-09</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated REC elements to include tape number</para></change><change><date>2000-01-08</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>Updated titles</para></change><change><date>1999-12-25</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>OUCS</name></respStmt><para>corrected tagUsage</para></change><change n="2"><date value="1999-09-20">20th September 1999</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>UCREL, University of Lancaster</name></respStmt><para>POS codes revised for BNC-2; header updated</para></change><change n="1"><date value="1994-11-27">1994-11-27</date><respStmt><resp>ed</resp><name>dominic</name></respStmt><para>Initial accession to corpus</para></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader> 
<stext   decls='CN002 QN002 SN000 TN006'>
<align> <loc id=HMPLC001> <loc id=HMPLC002> <loc id=HMPLC003> <loc id=HMPLC004> <loc id=HMPLC005> <loc id=HMPLC006> <loc id=HMPLC007> <loc id=HMPLC008> <loc id=HMPLC009> <loc id=HMPLC00A> <loc id=HMPLC00B> <loc id=HMPLC00C> <loc id=HMPLC00D> <loc id=HMPLC00E> <loc id=HMPLC00F> <loc id=HMPLC00G> <loc id=HMPLC00H> <loc id=HMPLC00J> <loc id=HMPLC00K> <loc id=HMPLC00L> <loc id=HMPLC00M> <loc id=HMPLC00N> <loc id=HMPLC00P> <loc id=HMPLC00R> <loc id=HMPLC00S> <loc id=HMPLC00T> <loc id=HMPLC00U> <loc id=HMPLC00V> <loc id=HMPLC00W> <loc id=HMPLC00X> </align>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="1"><w AT0>A <w AV0>very <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w PRP>to <w PNP>you<c PUN>.
<s n="2"><w NP0>Jonathan <w NP0-NN1>Cowap <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>final <w NN1>hour <w PRF>of <w NP0>Tuesday <w NN1>morning<w POS>'s <w NN1>breakfast <w NN1>programme <w DPS>your <w NN1>opportunity <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w DPS>your <w VVB-NN1>say <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>just about <w PNI>everything <w CJS>as long as <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>legal <w CJC>and <w AJ0>decent <w CJC>and <w AJ0>honest <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w DT0>own <w NN1>opinion <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w PNP>me <w AV0>now <w PRP>on <w NP0>York <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="3"><w NN2>Things <w PNP>we <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>interested <w CJC>or <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VBI>be <w AJ0>interested <w PRP>in <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="4"><w UNC>Erm <w NP0>Gascoigne <w NP0>Woods <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w AJ0>great <w AJ0>big <w UNC>erm <w NN1>dump <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w NN1>coal <w NN1-VVB>waste <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w VBI>be <w UNC>er <w VVN>left <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Selby <w NN1>area <w AT0>a <w NN1>mile <w AV0-AJ0>long <w VVG>consisting <w PRF>of <w CRD>millions <w PRF>of <w NN2>tons <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w NN1>spoil <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>tip<c PUN>.
<s n="5"><w AJ0>Local <w NN0>people <w AV0>very <w AJ0>angry <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>, <w AVQ>how <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject<c PUN>?
<s n="6"><w ZZ0>O <w CRD>nine <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>four <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="7"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>gon<w TO0>na <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w UNC>er <w NN1-AJ0>expert <w NN2>voices <w CJC>or <w UNC>er <w AV0>deeply <w AJ0>interested <w NN2>parties <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment <w CJC>or <w CRD>twos <w VVB>time<c PUN>.
<s n="8"><w DPS>Your <w NN1>contribution <w VBZ>is <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0>welcome <w NP0>York <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="9"><w AV0-AJ0>Quick <w VVB-NN1>call <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w DT0>all <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>take <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w UNC>er <w PNP>we <w VVB>ring <w PNP>you <w AVP>back <w CJC>and <w VVB>bear <w AT0>the <w NN1>burden <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>telephone <w NN1>bill<c PUN>.
<s n="10"><w UNC>Erm <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w VM0>should <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w NN1>murder<c PUN>, <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>according to <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w VVD-VVN>chaired <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w DT0>former <w UNC>er <w NP0>Lord <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w DT0>former <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Chief <w NP0>Justice <w NP0>Lord <w NP0>Lane<c PUN>.
<s n="11"><w PNP>It <w VVZ>says <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>wrong <w CJT>that <w AT0>a <w NN1>judge <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>pass <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <w NN1>sentence <w PRP>on <w AT0>an <w AJ0>abused <w NN1>wife <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>kills <w AT0>a <w AJ0>brutal <w NN1>husband <w CJS>as <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>robber <w VVN-AJ0>armed <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w NN1>shotgun <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>kills <w PRP>in <w AJ0>cold <w NN1>blood<c PUN>.
<s n="12"><w AT0>The <w NN1>committee <w VVZ>recommends <w DT0-CJT>that <w NN1>life <w VM0>should <w VVI>remain <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>maximum <w NN1>sentence <w CJC>but <w AT0>the <w NN2>judges <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose<c PUN>, <w DTQ>Whatever <w NN1>penalty <w PNP>they <w VVB>see <w AJ0>fit<c PUN>.
<s n="13"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>agree <w PRP>with <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="14"><w DT0>That <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment <w VM0>should <w AV0>no longer <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w NN1>murder <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>judges <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w AJ0>free <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w DTQ>whatever <w NN1>penalty <w PNP>they <w VVB>seem <w AJ0>fit<c PUN>.
<s n="15"><w DPS>Your <w NN2>thoughts <w PRP>on <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AJ0>interesting<c PUN>.
<s n="16"><w UNC>Erm <w AT0>the <w NN1>Sun <w VVZ-NN2>claims <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canterbury <w NP0>Dr <w NP0>George <w NP0>Carey <w VVZ>believes <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Prince <w PRF>of <w NP0>Wales <w VM0>should <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>allowed <w TO0>to <w VVI>become <w AT0>the <w NN1>King <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w PRP>because of <w DPS>his <w NN1>friendship <w PRP>with <w NP0>Camilla <w NP0>Parker <w NP0>Bowles<c PUN>.
<s n="17"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w DT0>this <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>fair<c PUN>?
<s n="18"><w CRD>Six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>business <w PRP>about <w UNC>er <w DT0>these <w NN0>people <w NP0>Lloyds <w PRF>of <w NP0>London<c PUN>, <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN2>investors <w AT0>the <w NN2>names <w PRP>at <w NP0>Lloyds <w PNQ>who <w VVB>stake <w PNI>everything <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>rake <w PRP>in <w AJ0>enormous <w NN2>profits<c PUN>.
<s n="19"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>a <w AV0>particularly <w AJ0>bad <w NN1>time <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVN-VVD>lost <w AV0>absolutely <w PNI>everything <w CJC>and <w AV0>now <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>protesting <w CJS>cos <w AT0>the <w NP0>Lloyds <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w AV0>only <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up <w PRP>with <w AT0>a <w CRD>nine <w CRD>hundred <w CRD>million <w NN1>pound <w NN1>rescue <w NN1>package <w CJT>that <w VM0>might <w VVI>give <w PNP>them <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w AVP>back <w DT0>half <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>invested<c PUN>.
<s n="20"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>you <w VVI>work <w AVP>up <w DT0>any <w NN1>sympathy <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>?
<s n="21"><w ZZ0>O <w CRD>nine <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>four <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CJC>and <w AV0>perhaps <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJC>lighter <w NN1>note <w PRP>according to <w NN1>speculation <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>Post <w NN1>newspaper <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w NP0-NN1>Gazzer <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVG>heading <w PRP>towards <w NP0>Alan <w NP0>Rhodes<c PUN>.
<s n="22"><w AT0>The <w NN1>paper <w VVZ>says <w NP0>Paul <w NP0>Gascoigne <w VM0>could <w VBI>be <w VVG>coming <w PRP>to <w NP0>Leeds <w AJ0>United <w PRP-CJS>after <w DPS>his <w NN1>career <w PRP>in <w AJ0-NN1>Italian <w NN1>football <w AVQ-CJS>where <w PNP>he <w VVZ>plays <w AV0>of course <w PRP>for <w NP0>Lazio <w AT0>the <w NP0>Rome <w VVD-VVN>based <w NN1>club<c PUN>.
<s n="23"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I <w VVB>stress <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>just <w NN1>speculation <w CJC>but <w DTQ>what <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think<c PUN>?
<s n="24"><w VBZ>Is <w NP0-NN1>Gazzer <w AV0>just <w DTQ>what <w NP0>Leeds <w AJ0>United <w NN2>needs <w CJC>or <w AV0>even <w VVZ>wants<c PUN>?
<s n="25"><w NP0>York <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>call<c PUN>.
<s n="26"><w VM0>Could <w PNP>we <w VVI>bear <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w PNP>him <w VVG>weeping <w PRP>across <w AT0>the <w NN1>border <w AV0>there <w PRP>in <w NN1>West <w NP0>Yorkshire<c PUN>?
<s n="27"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>ten <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w VVG>joining <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w NP0>Judy <w PRP>in <w NP0>York <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Judy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="28"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Jonathan<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="29"><w PNP>We <w VBD>were <w VVG>talking <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <w NN1>divorce <w PRP-AVP>in <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>yesterday <w NN1>morning<w POS>'s <w NN1>programme <w CJC>and <w DT0>this <w NN1>idea <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>procedure <w PRF>of <w VVG>getting <w AT0>a <w NN1>divorce <trunc> <w UNC>som </trunc> <w UNC>er <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w VVN>speeded <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w EX0>there<w VM0>'d <w VBI>be <w PNI>something <w VVN>called<c PUN>, <w AT0>No <w NN2>faults <w VVB-NN1>divorce<c PUN>, <w CJS>so that <w NN0>people <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>point <w AJ0>accusatory <w NN2>fingers <w PRP>at <w PNX>one another<c PUN>.
<s n="30"><w DTQ>What <w VBD>was <w DPS>your <w UNC>erm <trunc> <w UNC>wha </trunc> <w DTQ>what <w VBD>was <w DPS>your <w NN1>opinion <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>new <w NN2>suggestions<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="31"><w AV0>Right <w AV0>well <w UNC>erm <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w UNC>er <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>should <w VVI>make <w AT0>every <w NN1>effort <w TO0>to <w VVI>preserve <w NN2>marriages <w UNC>erm <w CJC>and <w VVG-NN1>thinking <w AV0>especially <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>suffering <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>involved <trunc> <w UNC>fm </trunc> <w PRP>for <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
<s n="32"><w PNP>I <w AV0>really <w VVB>feel <w AV0>very <w DT0>much <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN2>children<c PUN>.
<s n="33"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w PNP>I <w VDI>do <w VVI>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>possible <w UNC>erm <w PRP>with <w NN1>help <w PRP>for <w NN0>people <w AV0>both <w NN2>sides <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>partnership <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>change <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VVB>take <w AT0>an <w AJ0>honest <w NN1-VVB>look <w PRP>at <w PNX>ourselves<c PUN>.
<s n="34"><w PNP>They<w VM0>'d <w VVI>start <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CRD>one <w NN1>man <trunc> <w UNC>gen </trunc> <w VVD-VVN>mentioned <w UNC>er <w CJT>that <w CJS>when <w PNP>we <w VVB>get <w VVN>married <w PRP>in <w NN1>church <w UNC>erm <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w VVG>making <w AJ0>sacred <w NN2>vows <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w VVB>start <w PRP>with <w NP0>God <w CJC>but <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VVB>get <w AJ0>busy <w PRP>with <w DPS>our <w NN1>living <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w NN2>jobs <w CJC>and <w VHG>having <w DPS>our <w NN2>families <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w AV0>somehow <w PNP>we <w VVB>forget <w PRP>about <w NP0>God <shift new=laughing> <w CJC>and <shift> <w PNP>we <w PNP>we <w VVB>try <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AVP>on <w PRP>without <w PNP>him<c PUN>.
<s n="35"><w CJC>But <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <trunc> <w UNC>belie </trunc> <w PNP>I<w VHI>'ve <w PNP>we <w PNP>we <w VVB>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w NN1>church <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w NP0>York <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>saying<c PUN>, <w AT0>The <w NN1>family <w CJT>that <w VVZ>prays <w AV0>together <w VVZ>stays <w AV0>together<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>christian <w NN1>foundation <w PRP>for <w NN1>marriage <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w VVZ>gives <w NN1>stability <w PRP>in <w DPS>your <w NN1>relationship<c PUN>.
<s n="36"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>hard <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w DT0>own <w UNC>er <w NN1>relationship <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w DPS>our <w NN2>ups <w CJC>and <w NN2>downs <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>gone <w PRP>through <w DT0>many <w AJ0>difficult <w NN2>times <w PRP>like <w NN1>unemployment <w CJC>and <w AV0-AJ0>even <w NN1>homelessness <w CJC>and <vocal desc=laugh> <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>gone <w PRP>through <w PNP>it <w CJC>but <w CJS>when <w PNP>you <w VVB>make <w DPS>your <w NN2>promises <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>stay <w AV0>together <w PRP>for <w AJC>richer <w PRP>for <w AJC>poorer <w PRP>in <w NN1>sickness <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>health <w AV0>and so on<c PUN>.
<s n="37"><w CJC>But <w AV0>sometimes <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>taking <w AV0>lightly <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>found <w AT0>the <w NN1>help <w CJC>and <w NN1>encouragement <w CJT>that <w DPS>our <w AJ0>christian <w NN2>friends <w CJC>and <w DPS>our <w DPS>our <w NN1>vicar <w VHB>have <w VVN>given <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w AJ0>difficult <w NN2>times <w VHB>have <trunc> <w UNC>he </trunc> <w VVN>helped <w VVI>keep <w PNP>us <w AV0>together<c PUN>.
<s n="38"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w AT0>the <w NN1>word <w NN1>divorce <w VHZ>has <w VVN>come <w PRP>into <w DPS>my <w NN1>mind <w UNC>er <w DT0>several <w NN2>times <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>crisis <w NN2>points <w CJC>but <w PRP>by <w NP0>God<w POS>'s <w NN1>strength <w PNP>you <w VVB>keep <w VVG>going <w CJC>and <ptr target=HMPLC001><w PNP>you <w VVB>grow <ptr target=HMPLC002><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="39"><ptr target=HMPLC001><w CJC>But <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <ptr target=HMPLC002><trunc> <w UNC>f </trunc> <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w NP0>Judy <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w VVI>look <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w PRP>with <w DT0>some <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w PRF>of <w NN1>admiration <w CJC>and <w AV0>maybe <w DT0>some <w NN1>degree <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w NN1>envy <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VDB>do <w VHI>have <w DT0>that <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>faith <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w CJT>that<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>helped <w PNP>you <w PRP>through <w DT0>those <w NN2>times<c PUN>.
<s n="40"><w CJC>But <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w AT0>the <w NN1>case <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>church <w NN1>wedding <w VBZ>is <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>promises <w VVN-VVD>made <w AT0>the <w NN2>vows <w VVN-VVD>made <w PRP>before <w NP0>God <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>congregation<c PUN>, <w PRP>for <w DT0>many <w NN0>people <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w AV0>rather <w UNC>erm <w ITJ>oh <w ITJ>dear <w AVQ>how <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>put <w PNP>it <w AV0>rather <w AT0>a <w AJ0>flimsy <w NN1>frippery <w UNC>erm <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w AV0>just <w VVB>feel <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>essential <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w CJS>so that <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w AJ0>nice <w NN2>pictures <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w VVB>look <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>church <w NN1>wedding<c PUN>.
<s n="41"><w VDZ>Does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w NN1>nonsense <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>whole <w NN1>thing<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="42"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>agree <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>it <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>hypocritical <w AV0>really <w AV0>just <w TO0>to <w VVI>want <w DT0>all <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>show <w CJC>and <w PNI>everything <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AV0>really <w AJ0>sincere <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>promises <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>making<c PUN>.
<s n="43"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>money <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w NN0>people <w VVB>spend <w PRP-AVP>on <w PRP-AVP>on <w AT0>a <w NN1>wedding <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>it <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w CRD>one <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNP>you <w VVD>got <trunc> <w UNC>yo </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <w NN1>life <w AV0>afterwards <w DT0-CJT>that <w AV0>really <w VVZ-NN2>counts<c PUN>.
<s n="44"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w NN1>money <w VBZ>is <w DT0>another <w NN1>issue <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w AV0>actually <w AV0>very <w AJ0>strong <w NN1>issue <w CJT>that <w VVZ>causes <w UNC>er <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>think <w PRF>of <w NN1>divorce <w PRP>because of <w NN1>disagreement <w PRF>of <trunc> <w UNC>h </trunc> <w AVQ>how <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>use <w NN1>money <w NN0>people <w VVB>go <w PRP>into <w NN1>debt<c PUN>.
<s n="45"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>coming <w AVP>up <w PRP>to <vocal desc=laugh> <w NN1>Christmas <w AV0>of course <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBD>was <w VVN>touched <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>yesterday <w AVQ>how <w AV0>much <w NN0>people <w VVB>spend <w PRP>at <w NN1>Christmas<c PUN>.
<s n="46"><w UNC>Erm <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AJ0>tremendous <w NN2>pressures <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PRP>for <w PRP>for <w AT0>a <w NN1>mother <w AV0>particularly <w UNC>erm <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>early <w NN1>stage <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>marriage <w CJS>when <w PNP>she <w VHZ>has <w AJ0>young <w NN2>children <w PRP>at <w NN1>home<c PUN>.
<s n="47"><w PNP>I <w VVD>found <w CJT-DT0>that <unclear> <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>hard <w NN1>time <w UNC>erm <w CJC>and <w AV0>especially <w CJS>if <w PNP>you <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w DT0>any <w NN1>family <w AV0>near<c PUN>.
<s n="48"><trunc> <w UNC>M </trunc> <w DPS>my <w NN2>parents <w VVB>live <w AV0>quite <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>way <w AV0>away <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w PRP>to <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w VVB>need <w AT0>the <w NN1>support <w PRF>of <w NN2>others<c PUN>.
<s n="49"><w AT0>A <w NN1>friend <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NN1>church <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>started <w UNC>erm <w AT0>a <w NN1>mother <w CJC>and <w NN1>toddler <w NN1>service <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w VVD>seemed <w TO0>to <w AV0>really <w VVI>help <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>young <w NN2>mums <w PNP>they <w AV0>really <w VVB>look <w AV0>forward <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVD>said <w VM0>could <w PNP>we <w VHI>have <w PNP>it <w AV0>more <w AV0>often<c PUN>.
<s n="50"><w PNP>You <w VVB>know <w PNP>we <w VHD>had <w PNP>it <w AV0>once <w AT0>a <w NN1>month <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w AV0>really <w VVD-VVN>wanted <w DT0>this <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN1>support <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVB>help <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>ch </trunc> <w NN2>children <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>christian <w NN1>foundation<c PUN>.
<s n="51"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sure <w CJS>if <w NN0>people <w VM0>will <w AV0>perhaps <w PNP>they <w VVB>look <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>church <w CJC>and <w VVB>think <w ITJ>oh <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>out of <w NN1>touch <w CJC>but <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>churches <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w AJ0>alive <w CJC>and <w VHB>have <w PNI>something <w AV0>very <w AJ0>relevant <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="52"><w PRP-CJS>As <w AT0>a <w PRP-CJS>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>churchgoer <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>committed <w NN1>christian <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <unclear> <w PNP>I <w VVD>quoted <w AV0>earlier <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Sun <w NN1>newspaper <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w VVG-AJ0>ranting <w CJC>and <w VVG>raving <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w UNC>erm <w AV0>well <w PNP>it <w VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w PRF>of <w NP0>Canterbury <w UNC>er <w NP0>Dr <w NP0>Carey <w VBZ>is <w VVG>saying <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <w NP0>Charles <w VM0>could <w AV0>never <w VBI>be <w NN1>king <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w UNC>erm <w CJS>because <w UNC>erm <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w NN1>affair <w PRP>with <w NP0>Camilla <w NP0>Parker <w NP0>Bowles
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="53"><w ITJ>Mhm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="54"><trunc> <w UNC>wha </trunc> <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w VM0>would <w DPS>your <w NN1>opinion <w VBI>be <w PRP>as <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>church-comer <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VBI>be <w CJS>as <unclear> <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>know <w CJS>whether <w AT0>the <w NN1>Archbishop <w AV0>really <w VVD>said <w PNP>it <w CJS>cos <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VVN-AJ0>printed <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>Sun <w PRP>for <w NN1>heaven<w POS>'s <w NN1>sake<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="55"><w ITJ>Mm <w PNP>I <w VVB>bet <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN-AJ0>twisted <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <shift new=laughing> <w NN1>experience <w PRF>of <w NN2>things <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>said <w VBG>being <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>paper <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w VVG>coming <w AVP>out <w CJS>as <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>said <w PNP>them <shift><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="56"><w CJC>But <trunc> <w UNC>wha </trunc> <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <trunc> <w UNC>y </trunc> <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <trunc> <w UNC>opinis </trunc> <w NN1>opinion <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>marriage <w PRP>from <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w AJ0>spiritual <w NN1>standpoint <w PRP>from <w AT0>a <w AJ0>christian <w NN1>standpoint <w CJC>and <w AV0>here <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>man <w PNQ>who <w UNC>erm <w CJS>if <w PNP>he <w VVD>became <w NN1>king <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w NN1>head <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Church <w PRF>of <w NP0>England <w VVG>assuming <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VVN>become <w VVD-VVN>disestablished <w PRP-AVP>by <w AV0>then<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="57"><w ITJ>Mm<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="58"><w UNC>Erm <w AVQ>how <w VM0>would <w PNP>you <w VVI>feel <w PRP>about <w PNP>him <w VBG>being <w VBG>being <w AT0>the <w NN1>kind <w CJC>and <w NN1>defender <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>faith<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="59"><w AV0>Well <w XX0>not <w AV0>very <w AJ0>happy <w AV0>really<c PUN>.
<s n="60"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>wi </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>Queen <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w VHZ>has <w VVN>given <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wonderful <w NN1>example <w CJC>and <w DPS>her <w NN1>family <w NN1>life <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w AV0>very <w AJ0>sorry <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w DPS>her <w DPS>her <w NN2>children <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w AT0>the <w NN2>stresses <w PRF>of <w AJ0>modern <w NN1>life <trunc> <w UNC>ha </trunc> <w VHB>have <w VVN>caused <w DT0>all <w DT0>these <w NN2>things <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>feel <w PRP>for <w NP0>Charles <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <w CJC>and <w NP0>Diana <w AV0>deeply<c PUN>.
<s n="61"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>really <w AV0>very <w AJ0>sad <w CJT>that <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <w AT0>the <w NN1>society <w PNP>we <w VVB>live <w AVP-PRP>in <w VHZ>has <w VVN>put <w DT0>these <w NN1>kind <w PRF>of <w NN2>pressures <w PRP>on <w NN2>marriages <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w DT0>all <w AJ0-NN1>human <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w DT0>all <w VBI>be <w VVN>tempted <w TO0>to <w VVI>look <w PRP>at <w AJ0>other <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w AJ0>unfaithful <w CJC>but <w PRP>in <w DT0>those <w NN2>times <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VVB>know <w NN1>temptation <w PNP>you <w AV0>just <w PNP>I <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>found <w CJT>that <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AVQ>where <w DPS>my <w NN1>faith <w VVZ>comes <w PRP-AVP>in <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0>sort of <w VVN-VVD>helped <w PRP>through <w DT0>those <w NN2>times<c PUN>.
<s n="62"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w AV0>really <trunc> <w UNC>ans </trunc> <w VVG>answering <w AT0>the <w NN1>question <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w PNP>I <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>want <shift new=laughing> <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w PRP>on to <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>just <shift>
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="63"><w AV0>All right<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="64"><w VM0>Could <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w UNC>erm <w VVI>mention <w CRD>one <w NN1>thing <ptr target=HMPLC003><w CJS>if <ptr target=HMPLC004></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="65"><ptr target=HMPLC003><w ITJ>Yep <ptr target=HMPLC004></u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="66"><w CJS>if <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN0>people <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w PRP>through <w AT0>a <w NN1>crisis <w AV0>just <w AV0>now <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>wonderful <w NN1>organization <w VVN>called <w NN1-VVB>Care<c PUN>, <w NN1-VVB>Care <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>family<c PUN>.
<s n="67"><w PNP>They <w VHB>have <w DT0>many <w AJ0>caring <w NN2>initiatives <w CJC>and <w UNC>erm <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w PRP>to <w NP0>York <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w UNC>erm <w VHN>had <w NN1>marriage <w NN2>seminars <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <trunc> <w UNC>an </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>hel </trunc> <w VVI>help <w PRP>with <w NN1>parenting <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w AV0>just <w VVB>wonder <w CJS>if <w PNP>I <w VM0>could <w VVI>give <w AT0>the <w NN1>address <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w AV0>so <w CJS>if <w PNI>anyone <w VBZ>is <ptr target=HMPLC005><w AJ0>interested <ptr target=HMPLC006></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="68"><ptr target=HMPLC005><w AV0>Well <ptr target=HMPLC006></u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="69"><w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>touch <ptr target=HMPLC007><unclear> <ptr target=HMPLC008></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="70"><ptr target=HMPLC007><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <ptr target=HMPLC008><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>we </trunc> <w PNP>you <w VVB>give <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>address <w PRP>to <w PNI>someone <trunc> <w UNC>o </trunc> <w PRP>off <w NN1>air <w CJS>because <w NN0>people <w VM0>wo<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w NN1>pen <w CJC>and <w NN1>paper <ptr target=HMPLC009><w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w CJS>if <trunc> <w UNC>any </trunc> <ptr target=HMPLC00A></u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="71"><ptr target=HMPLC009><w AV0>Right <w CJC>and <w AV0>then <w PNI>anyone <ptr target=HMPLC00A><w VM0>can <w VVI>phone <w AVP-PRP>in
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="72"><w AV0>then <w PNI>anyone <w PNQ>who <w VVZ>wants <w PNP>it <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
<s n="73"><w NN2>Thanks <w NP0>Judy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="74"><w AV0>Okay<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="75"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye <w AV0>now <ptr target=HMPLC00B><w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>good <w NN1>day <w ITJ>bye <w ITJ>bye <ptr target=HMPLC00C><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BP>
<s n="76"><ptr target=HMPLC00B><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMPLC00C></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="77"><w ITJ>Bye <w ITJ>bye<c PUN>.
<s n="78"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AV0>here<w VBZ>'s <w PNI>something <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Sun <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w AV0>just <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>king<c PUN>.
<s n="79"><w UNC>Erm <w NN2>bookies <w AV0>yesterday <w VVN>slashed <w NN2>odds <w PRP>on <w NP0>Prince <w NP0>William <w VVG>becoming <w AT0>the <w ORD>next <w NN1>king <w PRP>because of <w AT0>an <w AJ0>exclusive <w NN1>Sun <w NN1>story<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think<c PUN>.
<s n="80"><w UNC>Erm<c PUN>, <w PNP>We <w VVD>revealed <w AT0>the <w NN1>Queen <w VVZ>wants <w AT0>the <w NN1>crown <w TO0>to <w VVI>skip <w AT0>a <w NN1>generation<c PUN>.
<s n="81"><w NP0>William <w NP0>Hill<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NP0>William<c PUN>, <w AV0>immediately <w VVN>cut <w DPS>their <w NN1>price <w PRP>on <w NP0>Wills <w VBG>being <w VVN>crowned <w PRP>by <w NP0>January <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>year <w CRD>two <w CRD>thousand <w PRP>from <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w PRP>to <w CRD>one <w PRP>to <w CRD>ten <w PRP>to <w CRD>one<c PUN>.
<s n="82"><w XX0>Not <w DT0>such <w AJ0>good <w NN2>odds<c PUN>.
<s n="83"><w VDB>Do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w AT0>the <w NN1>crown <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VVI>skip <w AT0>a <w NN1>generation <w PRP>like <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="84"><w ZZ0>O <w CRD>nine <w PRF>of <w CRD>four <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>comment <w PRP>on <w PNI>something <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>news <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w PNI>something <w PRP>on <w UNC>er <w NP0>Judy<w VHZ>'s <w AV0>just <w VVN>said <w CJC>or <w UNC>er <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>business <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w NN1>life <w NN1>imprisonment<c PUN>, <w AV0>No longer <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJ0>automatic <w NN1>penalty <w PRP>for <w NN1>murder <w VVZ>judges <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>given <w AT0>the <w NN1>freedom <w TO0>to <w VVI>impose <w DTQ>whatever <w NN1>penalty <w PNP>they <w VVB>see <w AJ0>fit<c PUN>.
<s n="85"><w VM0>Would <w PNP>you <w VVI>trust <w AT0>the <w NN1>judiciary <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w PRP>with <w DT0>that <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w NN1>level <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility<c PUN>?
<s n="86"><w NN0>People <w VBB>are <w AV0>already <w VVG>querying <w AV0>from time to time <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>de </trunc> <w NN1>decision <w NN2-VVZ>judges <w VVB>make<c PUN>.
<s n="87"><w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>begin <w TO0>to <w VVI>imagine <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN1>furore <w CJT>that <w VM0>might <w VVI>break <w AVP>out <w CJS>if <w UNC>er <w NN2>judges <w VVD>started <w PRP>to <w NN1>hand <w AVP-PRP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>sort <w PRF>of <w NN2>penalties <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VVD>saw <w AJ0>fit <w PRP>in <w AJ0>particular <w NN2>cases<c PUN>.
<s n="88"><w CJC>And <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VM0>might <w VHI>have <w VVN>heard <w DTQ>what <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NN1>Education<c PUN>, <w NP0>John <w NP0>Patten <w AT0>the <w NN1>Education <w NN1>Secretary<c PUN>, <w VBD>was <w VVG>saying <w AV0>yesterday <w PRP>about <w UNC>erm <w NN1>sex <w NN1>education<c PUN>.
<s n="89"><w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>official <w NN2>details <w UNC>in <w PRP>in front of <w PNP>me <w AV0>here<c PUN>.
<s n="90"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>statement <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Patten <w VVD>set <w AVP>out <w AT0>the <w NN1>place <w PRF>of <w NN1>sex <w NN1>education <w PRP>in <w NN1>society <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>vital <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VVG>teaching <w AT0>the <w NN1>teaching <w PRF>of <w AJ0>moral <w NN2>values<c PUN>.
<s n="91"><w PNP>He <w VVD>called <w PRP>for <w AJ0>concerted <w NN1>action <w PRP>by <w NN2>governors <w AJ0>head <w NN2>teachers <w CJC>and <w NN2>teachers <w TO0>to <w UNC>erm <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er <w AJ0>young <w NN0>people <w VVB>appreciate <w AT0>the <w NN1>importance <w PRF>of <w VHG>having <w AT0>a <w NN1>set <w PRF>of <w NN2>values <w VVB>recognize <w AT0>the <w NN2>values <w VVN>held <w PRP>by <w NN2>others <w PRP>from <w PNQ>whom <w PNP>they <w VM0>can <w VVI>learn<c PUN>.
<s n="92"><w DT0>This <w AJ0-NN1>whole <w NN1>business <w PRF>of <w NN1>sex <w NN1>education <w CJC>and <w NN1-VVG>teaching <w NN1>morality <w PRP>in <w NN2>schools<c PUN>, <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>school<w POS>'s <w NN1>responsibility <w CJC>or <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w NN1>mum <w CJC>and <w NN1>dad <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w VVI>play <w DT0>more <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>part<c PUN>?
<s n="93"><w NP0>York <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>call<c PUN>.
<s n="94"><w UNC>Erm <w VVG>moving <w AVP>on <w CJC>and <w VVG>talking <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gascoigne <w NP0>Wood <w NN2>pits <w CJC>or <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>tip <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gascoigne <w NP0>Wood <w NN2>pits <w PRP-AVP>in <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>moments <w NN1>time<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BR>
<s n="95"><w ITJ>Hello <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w AVP-PRP>on <w AV0>today<w POS>'s <w NN1>Afternoon <w NN1-VVB>Show<c PUN>.
<s n="96"><w NP0-NN1>Flashback <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>M <w VVZ>rewinds <w PRP>to <w NP0>December <w CRD>nineteen <w CRD>eighty <w CRD>three<c PUN>, <w PRP>from <w CRD>three <w VVB>meet <w DT0>former <w NN1>radio <w CRD>four <w AV0>Today <w NN1>presenter <w NP0>John <w NP0>Timpson <w PRP>with <w DT0>another <w PRF>of <w DPS>his <w AJ0>wacky <w NN2>books <w DTQ>which <w VVZ>takes <w PNP>him <w AV0>all <w PRP>over <w AT0>the <w NN1>country <w VVG>looking <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>unusual <w PRP>including <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>things <w PNP>you <w AV0>never <w VVD>knew <w VVD-VVN>existed <w PRP>in <w NP0>North <w NP0>Yorkshire<c PUN>.
<s n="97"><w NN2>Gumboots <w CJC>and <w NN2>Pearls <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>story <w PRF>of <w NN1>army <w NN2>officers<w POS>' <w NN2>wives <w VVZ>continues <w CJC>and <w PRP>after <w CRD>four <w PNI>anything <w VM0>could <w VVI>happen <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>goody <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>baddy <w VVB-NN1>meet <w NN1-VVB>head <w AVP-PRP>on<c PUN>.
<s n="98"><w NP0>David <w NP0>Leonard <w CJC>and <w NP0>Martin <w NP0>Barris <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w NN1>panto <w AV0>once again <w PRP>at <w NP0>York <w NN1>Theatre <w AJ0>Royal <w PNP>they <w VVB>pop <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0-AV0>straight <w PRP>from <w NN2>rehearsals<c PUN>.
<s n="99"><w CJC>And <w DPS>our <w NN1>class <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>week <w AV0>today <w VVB>come <w PRP>from <w NP0>King <w NP0>James <w NN1>School <w PRP>in <w NP0>Knaresborough<c PUN>.
<s n="100"><w NP0>Tuesday<w POS>'s <w NN1>Afternoon <w NN1-VVB>Show <w PRP>with <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>between <w CRD>two <w CJC>and <w CRD>five <w PNP>I <w VVB>hope <w PNP>you<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>join <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="101"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>nineteen <w NN2>minutes <w PRP>past <w CRD>nine<c PUN>.
<s n="102"><w CJS>If <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w AV0>ahead <w PNP>it<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>cover <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>three <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>acres <w CJC>and <w VVB>consist <w PRF>of <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>million <w NN2>tons <w PRF>of <w NN1>coal<c PUN>.
<s n="103"><w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal<w POS>'s <w NN2>plans <w TO0>to <w VVI>build <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1>coal <w NN1-VVB>tip <w PRP>at <w NP0>Gascoigne <w NP0>Wood <w VM0>could <w VVI>get <w NN1>approval <w AV0>later <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="104"><w AT0>An <w NN1-AJ0>official <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Inspectorate <w PRF>of <w NN1>Pollution <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN2>worries <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w VM0>would <w VVI>cause <w DT0>more <w NN1>pollution <w CJC>but <w AV0>today <w DT0>those <w NN2>criticisms <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="105"><w AV0>Well <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w VVG>protesting <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w VVB>say <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>fight <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w CJC>and <w PNP>they <w VVB>plan <w TO0>to <w VVI>lobby <w AT0>the <w NN1>meeting <w PRF>of <w NN1>county <w NN2>planners <w PRP>at <w CRD>ten <w CRD>thirty <w PRP>in <w NP0>Northallerton <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w DTQ>which <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>called <w TO0>to <w VVI>discuss <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme<c PUN>.
<s n="106"><w AV0>Well <w VVG>joining <w PNP>me <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN2>Minerals <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN1>Consultant <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>protester<w POS>'s <w NN1>group <w CJT-DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w UNC>er <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w DPS>our <w NP0>Northallerton <w NN1>studio <w VBZ>is <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNQ>who<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Officer<c PUN>.
<s n="107"><w ORD>First <w UNC>er <w CJC>but <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <trunc> <w UNC>tol </trunc> <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>sorry <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PNP>I <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>realized <unclear> <w NP0>Scott <w VBD>was <w VVG>joining <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line<c PUN>.
<s n="108"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <unclear> <w CJC>and <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>with <w PNP>us <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="109"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BS>
<s n="110"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="111"><w UNC>Erm <w AV0>well <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w VVI>know <w DTQ>what <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you <w CJS>because <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w AJ0>prepared <w PRP>to <w UNC>erm
</u>
<u who=PS3BS>
<s n="112"><w AV0>Well <w VM0>shall <w PNP>I <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="113"><w ITJ>Yeah <w VVB>go <w PRP-AVP>on <w PNP>you <w VVB>tell <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VBD>were <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>ask <w PNP>me<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BS>
<s n="114"><w ITJ>No <w AT0>the <w NN1>position <w VBZ>is <w CJT-DT0>that <w UNC>er <w CJS>given that <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w ORD>fourth <w NN1>stage <w UNC>er <w NN1>planning <w NN1-VVB>process<c PUN>.
<s n="115"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w AT0>the <w NN1>District <w NN1>Council <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w AV0>then <w AT0>the <w AJ0>national <w NN1>Government <w VM0>may <w VVI>intervene <w PRP>by <w VVG>calling <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>application<c PUN>.
<s n="116"><w CJC>But <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>fall-back <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AJ0>European <w NN1>Community <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>directive <w VVN>called <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Impact <w NN1>Assessment <w NN1>Directive <w CJT>that <w VVZ>requires <w CJT>that <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>a <w AJ0>major <w NN1>project <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>type <w VBZ>is <w VVN>put <w PRP-AVP>through <w AV0>there <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w AJS>fullest <w NN1-AJ0>public <w NN1>consultation<c PUN>.
<s n="117"><w PRP>In <w DPS>my <w NN1>view<c PUN>, <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w CJS>although <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w AJ0>current <w NN1>debate <w PRP>about <w DT0>this <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AT0>the <w AJS>fullest <w NN1-AJ0>public <w NN1>consultation <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w UNC>er <w PNX>myself <w VBI>be <w VVN>minded <w TO0>to <w VVI>invoke <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w ZZ0>E <w ZZ0>C <w NN1>directive <w PRP>on <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w AV0>in order <w TO0>to <w VVI>try <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AJ0>sure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1-AJ0>public <w VVB>feel <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>fully <w AJ0>aware <w PRF>of <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w VBB>are<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="118"><w AV0>So <w PNP>you <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VBI>be <w AV0>necessarily <w AJ0>satisfied <w AV0>then <w PRP>with <w NN1>discussion <w AV0>purely <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w AJ0>local <w NN1>level <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w AV0>here<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BS>
<s n="119"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>inquiry <w CJT>that <w VM0>should <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>view <w VM0>would <w VM0>would <w AV0>of course <w VBI>be <w VVN>conducted <w AV0>locally <w VM0>would <w VVI>involve <w DT0>all <w AJ0>local <w NN1>interest <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>benefit <w PRF>of <w AJ0>independent <w NN2>views <w PRP>by <w NN2>experts <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w NN1>proposal<c PUN>.
<s n="120"><w AV0>So <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>really <w VVG>asking <w PRP>for <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>full <w NN1>democracy <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AT0>the <w AV0>rather <w AJ0>closed <w NN1>democracy <w CJT>that <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>used <w PRP>to <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1>country <w UNC>er <w PRP>for <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>long<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="121"><w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed <w PRP>for <w VVG>joining <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="122"><w VVD>Took <w PNP>me <w PRP>by <w NN2>awares <w UNC>er <w PRP>by <w UNC>er <w PRP>by <w NN1>surprise<c PUN>.
<s n="123"><w VVB>Let <w PNP>me <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w AVQ>where <w PNP>I <w VVD>expected <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>now <w PRP>to <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Officer<c PUN>.
<s n="124"><w DTQ>What <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w PRP>to <w UNC>erm <w DTQ>what <w UNC>erm <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>just <w VVN>heard <w AT0>the <w NP0>North <w NP0>Yorkshire <w AJ0>Euro <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>P <w NP0>Edward <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AV0>there <w PRP>about <w DPS>his <w UNC>erm <w NN1>keenness <w TO0>to <w VVI>see <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="125"><w AV0>Well <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VBZ>is <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>clear <w PRP>on <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="126"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AT0>an <w AJ0>experienced <unclear> <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Authority<c PUN>.
<s n="127"><w NN1>County <w NN2>councillors <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVG>dealing <w PRP>with <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w PRP>in relation to <w NP0>Gascoigne <w NP0>Wood <w CJC>and <w NP0>Selby <w NN1-AJ0>complex <w PRP>for <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>years<c PUN>.
<s n="128"><w PRP>In <w DT0>that <w AJ0>limited <w NN1>area <w AVQ>where <w PNP>we <w VVD>lacked <w NN1>expertise <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>employed <w PRP>outside <w NN2>consultants <w TO0>to <w VVI>advise <w AT0>the <w NN1>council<c PUN>.
<s n="129"><w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <trunc> <w UNC>wi </trunc> <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>fulfilling <w DT0>all <w DPS>our <w AJ0>statutory <w CJC>and <w AJ0>moral <w NN2>responsibilities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>application<c PUN>.
<s n="130"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w AV0>fully <w PRP>in <w NN1>compliance <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>law <w PRP>including <w AT0>an <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>statement<c PUN>.
<s n="131"><w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>refers <w PRP>to <w AJ0>European <w NN1>law <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>statements <w CJT>that <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w PRP>into <w AJ0>British <w NN1>legislation <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AV0>fully <w VVN>complied <w PRP>with <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="132"><w AT0>An <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>statement <w VBD>was <w VVN>required <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>company <w PNP>it <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>given <w AJ0>full <w NN1>publicity <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w CJC>and <w NN1>County <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w AV0>today <w VHB>have <w AJ0>sufficient <w NN1>information <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>decision <w AT0>an <w AJ0>informed <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="133"><w AV0>Well <trunc> <w UNC>le </trunc> <w VM0>let's <w AV0>just <w VVI>hear <w DTQ>what <w UNC>er <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w PRP>about <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="134"><w PNP>He<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>Mineral <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Consultant <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>protester<w POS>'s <w NN1>protest <w NN1>group<c PUN>.
<s n="135"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="136"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="137"><w DTQ>What <w VM0>would <w DPS>your <w NN1>comment <w VBI>be<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="138"><w DPS>My <w NN1>comment <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>accept <w DTQ>what <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w VVG>saying<c PUN>.
<s n="139"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w PNP>me <w VVB>see <w AVQ>why <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w PRP>as <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Statutory <w NN1>Authority <w CJC>and <w AV0>supposedly <w AT0>an <w AJ0>independent <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w NN1>body <w PRP>to <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VBZ>is <w AV0>so <w AJ0>resistant <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>full <w NN1-AJ0>public <w NN1>inquiry <w CJS>when <w AV0>only <w AT0>the <w AJ0>clear <w UNC>er <w NN2>proposals <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VM0>will <w VVI>come <w AVP>out<c PUN>.
<s n="140"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w PNP>me <w VVB>see <w AVQ>why <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AV0>so <w AJ0>resistant <w PRP>to <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="141"><w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="142"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>resistant <w PRP>to <w PNP>it <w XX0>not <w PRP>for <w DT0>any <w AJ0>dogmatic <w NN1>reason <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>feel <w DT0-CJT>that <w AJ0>local <w NN1>democracy <w VBZ>is <w AV0>necessarily <w VVN>improved <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>d </trunc> <w VVG>ducking <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1>decision<c PUN>.
<s n="143"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w AT0>the <w AJ0>responsible <w NN1>Authority <w CJS>if <w NN2>members<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>their <w NN1>decision <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>, <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w AJ0>relevant <w NN1>information <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>stand <w AVP>up <w CJC>and <w VBI>be <w VVN>counted<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="144"><w CJC>But <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w AV0>clearly <w AV0>very <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="145"><w AT0>The <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w AJ0>joint <w NN2>villages <w NN1>action <w NN1>committee <w VVZ>wants <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>discussion <w TO0>to <w VVI>take <w NN1>place <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w PRP>in <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>forum <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>set <w NN2>rules <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>.
<s n="146"><w AVQ>Why <w VM0>should<w XX0>n't <w PNP>they <w VHI>have <w DT0>that<c PUN>?
<s n="147"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w DT0>this <w NN1>coal <w NN1>tip <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>based <w PRP-AVP>on <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I <w VVD>said <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w AV0>ago <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>million <w NN2>tons <w PRF>of <w NN1>coal <w VVG>covering <w AV0>nearly <w CRD>three <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>acres <w AT0>a <w NN1>bit <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NN1>monster<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="148"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>you <w VVB>say <w DT0>that <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w PNI>plenty <w PRF>of <w AJ0>other <w NN1>coal <w NN1>disposal <w NN2>facilities <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>country<c PUN>.
<s n="149"><w DTQ>What <w AV0>eventually <w VBZ>is <w AJ0-VVN>proposed <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AV0>very <w AJ0>similar <w PRP>to <w NP0>Hambleton <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w CJC>and <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NP0>Bath <w PRP>in terms of <w DPS>its <w NN1>impact <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>environment<c PUN>.
<s n="150"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w DT0>few <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>for <w DT0>those <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJ0-VVG>imposing <w NN2>conditions <w CJS>if <w NN2>members <w VVB-NN1>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w PNP>it <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w DT0>few <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AJ0>close <w NN1>proximity<c PUN>, <w DT0>many <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>objectors <w UNC>er <w PNP>they <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN>heard <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w NN1>point <w PRF>of <w NN1>view <w VBZ>is <w NN1>report <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w NN2>papers <w CJC>but <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w VVI>live <w PRP>at <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>couple <w PRF>of <w NN2>miles <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>site<c PUN>.
<s n="151"><w UNC>Er <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>say <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>development <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VVZ>goes <w AV0>ahead <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>limited <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>distance<c PUN>.
<s n="152"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w NN2>problems <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>distance <w PRF>of <w NN1>noise <w PRF>of <w NN1>dust <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>visual <w NN1>impact <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>hill <w VM0>must <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>limited <w PRP>at <w DT0>that <w NN1>distance<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="153"><w VBZ>Is <w PNP>it <w AJ0>horrible<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BS>
<s n="154"><w ITJ>Yes <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>come <w AVP>back <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w CJC>or <w CRD>two <w NN2>points <w AV0>there<c PUN>.
<s n="155"><trunc> <w UNC>W </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>w </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>duty <w TO0>to <w UNC>er <w VVI>consider <w DT0>this <w NN1>application <w AV0>so <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w PRF>of <w PNP>them <w VVG>ducking <w DPS>their <w NN2>responsibilities <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w AJ0>capable <w PRF>of <w PRP>in <w NN1>law <w PRF>of <w VVG>ducking <w DPS>their <w NN2>responsibilities<c PUN>.
<s n="156"><w CJC>But <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VDN>done <w VBZ>is <w PNI>something <w AV0>quite <w AJ0>unprecedented <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>view <w CJC>and <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w AV0>actually <w VVI>write <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w VVB>say <w PRP>to <w PNP>him <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>exercise <w DPS>your <w NN2>rights <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>matter <w AVP-PRP>in <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w PRP>beside <w CJC>or <w PRP>above <trunc> <w UNC>th </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Authority<c PUN>.
<s n="157"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>teeth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>partition <w PRF>of <w CRD>three <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>four <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>signatures <w PRP>from <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w CJC>and <w AJ0>urgent <w NN2>requests <w PRP>from <w DT0>those <w NN2>communities <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VVB>allow <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w AJ0>full <w NN1>discretion <w PRP>in <w DT0>this <w NN1-VVB>matter <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="158"><w EX0>There <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>positive <w NN1>attempt <w PRP>at <w NN1>denial <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="159"><w AVQ>Why <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w AVQ>why <w VHB>have <w PNP>you <w VDN>done <w DT0>that <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="160"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w XX0>not <w VDN>done <w DT0>that <w AV0>at all<c PUN>.
<s n="161"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>said <w CJC>and <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>referring <w DPS>my <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w AV0>today <w VBZ>is <w CJS>if <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVN>minded <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w PNP>it <w CJC>and <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>a <w AJ0>legal <w NN1>agreement <w CJC>and <w PRP>subject to <w NN2>conditions<c PUN>, <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VVI>refer <w PNP>it <w PRP>as <w AT0>a <w NN1>departure <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="162"><w DTQ>What <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>said <w DTQ>what <w NN2>members <w VHB>have <w AV0>already <w VVN>resolved <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>necessary <w PRP>for <w PNP>him <w TO0>to <w VVI>intervene<c PUN>.
<s n="163"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AT0>a <w AJ0>unique <w NN1>case <w AT0>the <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w PRP>at <w DPS>its <w ORD>last <w NN1>meeting <w VVN-VVD>made <w AT0>a <w AJ0>similar <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>different <w NN1>mineral <w NN1>site<c PUN>.
<s n="164"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1-NP0>State <w VHZ>has <w VVB-NN1>need <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <w AVP>in <w CJC>and <w AV0>indeed <w NP0>Mr <w NP0>Curry <w VHZ>has <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>Member <w PRF>of <w NN1>Parliament <w VVG>saying <w DPS>his <w NN1>mind <w VBZ>is <w AV0>still <w AJ0>open <w CJC>but <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w PNP>he <w VHD>had <w PRP>in <w NP0>October <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>think <w CJT>that <w DT0>these <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>application <w VVZ>raises <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0>local <w NN1>importance<c PUN>.
<s n="165"><w DT0>That <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>definition <w PRP>as to <w AVQ>why <w AT0>an <w NN1>application <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>called <w AVP-PRP>in<c PUN>.
<s n="166"><w VDZ>Does <w PNP>it <w VVI>raise <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0>local <w NN1>importance<c PUN>.
<s n="167"><w AT0>The <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w XX0>not <w VVI>raise <w DT0>those <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="168"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>let <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVI>come <w AVP>back <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>just <w AT0>a <w NN1>moment <w UNC>erm <w CJC>and <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>more <w NN1>question <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you <w AV0>as well <w CJC>but <w UNC>erm <w AV0>now <w PNP>we <w VM0>must <w VVI>take <w AT0>a <w AJ0>short <w NN1>break <w PRP>with <w NN1>time <w PRP>at <w CRD>nine <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>six<c PUN>.
<s n="169"><event desc="music jingle"> <w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>get <w AT0>the <w AJS>latest <w PRP>on <w NP0>North <w NP0>Yorkshire<w POS>'s <w NN2>roads <w PRP>from <w AT0>A <w AT0>A <w NN1>Roadwatch<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BV>
<s n="170"><w CJC>And <w VVG>starting <w AV0>firstly <w PRP>in <w NP0>York <w NN1>city <w NN1>centre<c PUN>.
<s n="171"><w NN2>Things <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <w VVI>ease <w AVP-PRP>off <w PRP>following <w AT0>a <w AJ0>busy <w NN1>rush <w NN1>hour <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
<s n="172"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>still <w AV0>a bit <w AJ0>busy <w VVG>coming <w AVP-PRP>in <w AVP-PRP>down <w AV0>there <w PRP>on <w NP0>Tadcaster <w NP0>Road <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w AJ0>busy <w NN1>traffic <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>junction <w PRF>of <w NP0-NN1>Bootham <w CJC>and <w NP0>Gillygate<c PUN>.
<s n="173"><w CJC>But <w AV0>elsewhere <w NN2>things <w AV0>certainly <w VVG>easing <w AVP>off <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
<s n="174"><w AV0>Also <w AT0>an <w AJ0>early <w AV0-AJ0>drizzly <w VVB-NN1>start <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>north <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>county <w CJT>that <w VVZ>seems <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVG>easing <w AVP>off <w AV0>as well<c PUN>.
<s n="175"><w AV0>A bit <w AJ0>misty <w CJC>but <w AV0>again <w VVG>starting <w TO0>to <w VVI>lift<c PUN>.
<s n="176"><w PRP>On <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>sixty <w CRD>four <w NN1>east <w PRF>of <w NP0>York <w AT0>the <w AJ0>outside <w NN1>lane <w NN2>closures <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w PRP>in <w NN1-VVB>place <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w PRP>between <w NP0>Grimsdon <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Hopgrove<c PUN>.
<s n="177"><w AV0>Also <w AT0>the <w NN1>Hopgrove <w NN1>roundabout <w PNX>itself <w VBZ>is <w VBG>being <w VVN-AJ0>resurfaced <w AV0>right <w PRP>through <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w DTQ>which <w AV0>again <w VBZ>is <w VVG>adding <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>usual <w NN2>delays <w PRP>for <w DT0>this <w NN1>time <w PRF>of <w AT0>a <w NP0>Tuesday<c PUN>.
<s n="178"><w PRP>In <w NP0>York <w NN1>work <w VVZ>continues <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>junction <w PRF>of <w NP0>Askham <w NP0>Lane <w CJC>and <w NP0-NN1>Ridgeway <w CJC>and <w AV0>finally <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>A <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>eight <w PRP>between <w NP0>Dishforth <w CJC>and <w NP0>Thirsk <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>contraflow <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>Tockwith <w NN1-VVB>bypass<c PUN>.
<s n="179"><w NP0>Jason <w NP0>Cullen <w AT0>A <w AT0>A <w NN1-NP0>Roadwatch<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="180"><w CRD>Two <w NN1>rail <w NN2>delays <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w PNP>you <w PRP>about<c PUN>.
<s n="181"><w AT0>The <w CRD>nine <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>six <w NP0>London <w NP0>Kings <w NP0>Cross <w NN1-VVB>service <w DT0>that <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w VVN>delayed <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>moment <w CJS>as <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w CRD>nine <w CRD>forty <w CRD>two <w NP0>Bournemouth <w NN1-VVB>service <w PRP>out of <w NN1>platform <w CRD>five<c PUN>.
<s n="182"><w PRP>Apart from <w DT0>that <w PNI>everything <w AV0>else <w VVG>running <w PRP>to <w NN1>time <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>until <w AT0>the <w CRD>ten <w AV0>o'clock <w NP0>London <w NP0>Kings <w NP0>Cross <w NN1-VVB>service <w PRP>out of <w NN1>platform <w CRD>three<c PUN>.
<s n="183"><event desc="music jingle"> <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>you <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VVI>come <w AVP>back<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="184"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>indeed <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
<s n="185"><vocal desc="clears throat"> <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>claims <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AV0>merely <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>importance <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>years <w PRP>from <w AV0>now <w CJC>or <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w NN2>years <w PRP>from <w AV0>now <w AVQ>whenever <w DT0>this <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w VBZ>is <trunc> <w UNC>imp </trunc> <w VBZ>is <w VVN-AJ0>implemented <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w VVD>completed <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VM0>would <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AT0>a <w NN1>replica <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w AJ0>natural <w NN2>features <w PRP>within <w AT0>the <w NN1>Vale <w PRF>of <w NP0>York<c PUN>.
<s n="186"><w DT0>Those <w CRD>two <w NN2>points <w VBB>are <w AV0>absolutely <w NN1>nonsense<c PUN>.
<s n="187"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>merely <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>importance <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AJ0>huge <w NN1-AJ0>alien <w NN1>feature <w PRP>for <w CRD>twenty <w NN2>years <w PRF>of <w VVG>working <w CJC>and <w PRP>in <w NN1>perpetuity <w AV0>thereafter <w PRP>within <w AT0>a <w AJ0>natural <w AJ0>rural <w NN1>area <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>natural <w NN1>landscape<c PUN>.
<s n="188"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w CRD>nine <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>times <w AT0>the <w NN1>footprint <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hambleton <unclear> <w CRD>three <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w DT0>half <w NN2>times <w AT0>the <w NN1>footprint <w PRF>of <w NP0>Brayton <w NP0>Bath <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VVI>tower <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>mass <w PRP>beside <w PNP>them <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>totally <w AJ0>unreasonable <w CJC>and <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>for <w PNI>anybody <w TO0>to <w VVI>describe <w PNP>it <w AV0>as <w AV0>merely <w PRF>of <w AJ0>local <w NN1>concern<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="189"><w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="190"><w AV0>Well <w AT0>the <w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>disagree <w PRP>with <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PRP>on <w DT0>this<c PUN>.
<s n="191"><w AT0>The <w NN1>height <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>mound <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJC>lower <w CJS>than <w NP0>Brayton <w NP0>Bath <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AJC>lower <w CJS>than <w NP0>Hambleton <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="192"><w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>minimizing <w AT0>the <w NN1>impact <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>environment <w PRP>during <w VVG>working <w PNP>we <w VBB>are <w AV0>still <w VVG>negotiating <w AT0>the <w NN2>details <w PRF>of <w NN1>restoration <w PRP>with <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>event <w CJT>that <w NN2>members <w UNC>er <w VVB>accept <w AT0>the <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>in <w NN1>principle <w AV0>today<c PUN>.
<s n="193"><w PNP>We <w VBB>are <w VVG>seeking <w TO0>to <w VVI>ensure <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w ORD>first <w NN1>area <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w VVN>built <w AVP>up <w VVZ>gives <w NN1>protection <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>village <w PRF>of <w NP0>Hambleton <w CJC>and <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>restored <w AV0>very <w AV0>quickly<c PUN>.
<s n="194"><w CJC>But <w AV0>nevertheless <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>an <w NN1>application <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>necessary<c PUN>, <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w VM0>would <w VHI>have <w VBN>been <w AJ0>delighted <w XX0>not <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w PNP>it <w PRP>after <w DT0>all<c PUN>.
<s n="195"><w DT0>This <w VBZ>is <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w UNC>er <w AJ0>difficult <w CJC>and <w AJ0>expensive <w NN1>application <w PRP>for <w PNP>them <w CJC>but <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>successful <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <w AT0>the <w NN2>jobs <w VVN-AJ0>associated <w PRP>with <w PNP>it <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w TO0>to <w VVI>balance <w AJ0>economic <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>interests <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VDI>do <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="196"><w AT0>A <w NN1>reminder <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>listening <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>programme <w DT0>this <w NN1>morning <w CJC>and <w UNC>er <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w AT0>the <w NN1>creation <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>tip <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NP0>Gascoigne <w NP0>Wood <w PNP>mine <w PRP>in <w NP0>Selby <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w PNP>us <w CJC>and <w VVB>put <w DPS>your <w NN1>question <w PRP>to <w NP0>York <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>number <w TO0>to <w VVI>call<c PUN>.
<s n="197"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>I <w VVI>ask <w PNP>you <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>we <w PNP>we <w VVD>reported <w PRP-AVP>on <w DT0>this <w NN1>programme <w AV0>yesterday <w NN1>morning <w CJT>that <w AT0>an <w NN1-AJ0>official <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Inspectorate <w PRF>of <w NN1>Pollution <w VHD>had <w VVN>expressed <w NN2>worries <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>scheme <w VM0>could <w VVI>cause <w DT0>more <w NN1>pollution<c PUN>.
<s n="198"><w CJC>But <w AV0>today <w PNP>we <w VVB>learn <w CJT>that <w DT0>those <w NN2>criticisms <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>withdrawn<c PUN>.
<s n="199"><w AVQ>Why<c PUN>?
<s n="200"><w AVQ>Why<w VBZ>'s <w PNP>he <w VVN>changed <w DPS>his <w NN1>mind<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="201"><w EX0>There <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>overlap <w PRP>in terms of <w AJ0>certain <w NN2>areas <w PRF>of <w NN1>responsibility <w PRP>between <w DPS>Her <w NN1>Majesty<w POS>'s <w NN1>Inspectorate <w PRF>of <w NN1>Pollution <w NN1>letter <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w NN1>objection <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Rivers <w NN1>Authority<c PUN>.
<s n="202"><w PNP>We <w VVD>said <w PRP>to <w DT0>both <w PRF>of <w PNP>them<c PUN>, <w VVB>look <w PNP>you <w VBB>are <w NN1>quasi-government <w NN2>organizations <w PNQ>who <w VBB>are <w VVN>sponsored <w PRP>by <w NN1>government <w NN2>departments <w EX0>there <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w CRD>one <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>view<c PUN>.
<s n="203"><w PNP>You<w VBB>'re <w XX0>not <w VVG>expressing <w NN2>opinions <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w VVG>expressing <w AJ0>technical <w UNC>er <w NN1>situation<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS000 ><unclear ></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="204"><w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AV0>really <w AT0>a <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>situation <w PNP>I <w VVD>thought <w PNP>I <w VBD>was <w VVN>told <w AV0>yesterday <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>Inspe </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>Pollution <w NN1>Inspectorate <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>opinion<c PUN>.
<s n="205"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was<w XX0>n't <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>statement <w AV0>at all <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w AT0>an <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>from <w AT0>an <w NN1>inspector<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="206"><w PNP>He <w VVD>said <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBD>was <w AT0>a <w NN1>risk <w PRF>of <w NN1>pollution<c PUN>.
<s n="207"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
<s n="208"><w PNP>I <w VVD>asked <w DT0>both <w NN2>bodies <w TO0>to <w VVI>get <w AV0>together <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVD>needed <w AJC>further <w NN1>information <w PRP>from <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VVI>secure <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="209"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>P <w VDD>did <w PNP>they <w VVD>got <w AJC>further <w NN1>information <w PRP>from <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w PNP>they <w VVD>met <w UNC>er <w PRP-AVP>on <w NP0>Friday <w UNC>er <w PRP>with <w DPS>their <w NN2>colleagues <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w AJ0>National <w NN2>Rivers <w NN1>Authority <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w AJC>greater <w NN1>understanding <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w CJT>that <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>P <w VHB>have <w AV0>now <w VVN>said <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AJ0>prepared <w TO0>to <w VVI>withdraw <w DPS>their <w NN1>objection <w PRP>subject to <w AT0>the <w NN1>imposition <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>conditions <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w NN1-VVB>request<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="210"><ptr target=HMPLC00D><w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w DTQ>what <ptr target=HMPLC00E></u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="211"><ptr target=HMPLC00D><unclear> <ptr target=HMPLC00E><w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="212"><w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AVQ>why <w VDB>do <w PNP>you <w VVI>think <w AT0>the <w UNC>erm <w AT0>the <w DPS>Her <w NN1>Majesty<w POS>'s <w NN1>Inspectorate <w PRF>of <w NN1>Pollution <w VHB>have <w VVN>changed <w DPS>their <w NN1>mind<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="213"><w CJS>Because <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>pressured <w PRP>into <w AT0>an <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w CRD>one <w AJ0>particular <w NN1>aspect <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>letter<c PUN>.
<s n="214"><w CJC>But <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>forget <w CJT>that <w DPS>their <w NN1>letter <w AV0>really <w VVN>addressed <w CRD>three <w AJ0>fundamental <w NN2>issues<c PUN>.
<s n="215"><w PNP>It <w VVD>addressed <w NN1>air <w NN1>quality <w PNP>they <w VVB>criticize <w AT0>the <w NN1>threat <w PRP>to <w NN1>air <w NN1>quality <w PRP>in <w DPS>their <w NN1>letter <w CJC>and <w DT0-CJT>that <w VHZ>has<w XX0>n't <w VBN>been <w VVN>addressed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>beyond <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A's <w VVB>permit <w TO0>to <unclear> <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="216"><w CJC>And <w AV0>then <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w ORD>third <w NN1-VVB>issue <w DTQ>which <w VBZ>is <w NN1>site <w NN1>selection <w CJC>and <w AV0>here <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w PRP>at <w PNI>one <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>communities <w CJS>when <w PNP>they <w VVB>say <w DT0>this <w AJ0>particular <w UNC>er <w AJ0>selected <w NN1>site <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>driven <w PRP>by <w AJ0>economic <w NN1>consideration <w CJC>and <w XX0>not <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>consideration<c PUN>.
<s n="217"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN1>advice <w PRF>of <w NN1>Government <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w AJ0-NN1>circular <w NN1>advice <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>coal <w NN1>industry <w CJC>and <w AV0>indeed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="218"><w AV0>So <w PNP>they <w VM0>might <w AV0>well <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AJ0>convenient <w NN2>discussions <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>N <w ZZ0>R <w ZZ0>A <w AV0>as <w AJ0>late <w CJS>as <w NP0>Friday <w CJS>even though <w DPS>their <w NN1>letter <trunc> <w UNC>preem </trunc> <w AT0>the <w NN1>Inspectorate<w POS>'s <w NN1>letter <w VBD>was <w VVN>written <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w PRF>of <w NP0>September <w CJC>and <w NP0>Friday <w AV0>of course <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>after <w DT0>this <w NN1>letter <w VHD>had <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN1>request <w CJC>and <w VBD>was <w VBD>was <w CRD>two <w NN2>days <w CJS>after <w AT0>the <w NP0>Selby <w NN1>committee <w VHD>had <w VVN>met <w PRP-AVP>on <w NP0>Wednesday<c PUN>.
<s n="219"><trunc> <w UNC>Howev </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>all <w AV0>too <w AJ0>convenient <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>all <w AV0>too <w AJ0-AV0>easy <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>perfect <w NN1>example <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w AJ0>bureaucratic <w NN1>shuffling<c PUN>.
<s n="220"><w VVB>Shuffle <w PNP>it <w PRP>between <w DT0>enough <w NN2>parties <w PRP>for <w AV0>long <w AV0>enough <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN2>issues <w VM0>will <w VVI>get <w AJ0>lost<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="221"><w NP0>John <ptr target=HMPLC00F><gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HMPLC00G></u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="222"><ptr target=HMPLC00F><w ITJ>No<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMPLC00G></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="223"><w AJ0>bureaucratic <w NN1-VVG>shuffling<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="224"><w AV0>Certainly <w XX0>not <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>issues <w CJS-PRP>as <w CJS-PRP>as <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w AV0>quite <w AV0>rightly <w VVZ>says <w VBB>are <w NN1>air <w NN1>quality <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Inspectorate <w AV0>now <w VVZ>says <w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>moved <w AVP>on <w PRP>since <w NP0>September<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w NN2>measures <w VVN>taken <w PRP>by <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>satisfaction <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>regulatory <w NN1>authority <w DTQ>which <w PRP>for <w NN1>air <w NN1>quality <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w NN1>District <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="225"><w CJC>And <w PRP>on <w NN1>site <w NN1>selection<c PUN>, <w AV0>well <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AVQ>why <w PNP>I <w VVB>consult <w UNC>er <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>I <w VVB>want <w DPS>their <w AJ0>technical <w NN2>views<c PUN>.
<s n="226"><w NN1-VVB>Site <w NN1>selection <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>dealt <w PRP>with <w CJC>and <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <trunc> <w UNC>ss </trunc> <w AJ0>straight forward <w NN1>planning <w NN1>issue<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="227"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is<w XX0>n't<c PUN>.
<s n="228"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>a <w NN1>question <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>perfectly <w AJ0>right <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN1>protection <w NN1>legislation <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>P <w VBB>are <w VVN>given <w AJC>wider <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="229"><w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AV0>perfectly <w AJ0>legitimate <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w NN1>comment <w PRP>for <w PNP>them<c PUN>.
<s n="230"><w CJC>But <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>answer <w AV0>specifically <w NP0>John<w POS>'s <w NN1>point <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w POS>'s <w NN1>point <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>agreement <w PRP>between <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>P <w AV0>now <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NP0>Selby <w NN1>District <w NN1>Council <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN1>quality<c PUN>.
<s n="231"><w AT0>The <w AJS>latest <w NN1>report <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w AJ0>Environmental <w NN1>Health <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w NP0>Selby <w NN1>District <w NN1>Council <w DTQ>which <w VBD>was <w VVN>made <w AJ0>available <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NP0>Selby <w NN1>District <w NN1>Council <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w ORD>last <w NP0>Wednesday <w AV0>clearly <w VVZ>criticizes <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRF>of <w NN1>air <w NN1>quality <w VVN>based <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w NN2>proposals <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VVB>stand<c PUN>.
<s n="232"><w PNP>They <w VVB>say <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN1>dust <w NN2>clouds <w VVG>issuing <w PRP>from <w DT0>this <w NN1>site <w AJ0>comparable <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>dust <w NN2>clouds <w CJT>that <w VM0>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>issue <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>P <w ZZ0>F <w ZZ0>A <w NN2>lagoons <w PRP>at <w NP0>Brotherton<c PUN>.
<s n="233"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>almost <w AT0>a <w AJ0>straight <w NN1>quotation <w PRP>from <w DT0>that <w NN1>report<c PUN>.
<s n="234"><w AV0>So <w CJS>if <w AT0>the <w ZZ0>H <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>I <w ZZ0>P <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w PRP>at <w PNI>one <w PRP>with <w NP0>Selby <w AV0>then <w PNP>they <w VM0>must <w AV0>still <w VVI>stand <w PRP>by <w DPS>their <w NN1>view <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>considerable <w NN1>risk <w PRP>to <w NN1>air <w NN1>quality <w CJS>as <w VVN>outlined <w PRP>in <w NN1>point <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN1>letter <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w ORD>eighth <w PRF>of <w NP0>September<c PUN>.
<s n="235"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PRP>for <w DT0>these <w NN2>reasons <w DT0>all <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w AJ0>different <w NN2>views <w CJC>and <w DT0>these <w AJ0>conflicting <w NN2>opinions <w VVG>coming <w PRP>from <w AJ0>authoritative <w NN2>sources <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>concern <w AT0>the <w NN2>locals <w VHB>have <w CJT>that <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w VVN>ramrodded <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>ticket <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w AT0>the <w AJ0>very <w NN1>reason <w AVQ>why <w PNP>it <w VM0>should <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w AT0>an <w NN1>inspector <w VVN>appointed <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w AV0>at least <w DT0>some <w NN1>semblance <w PRF>of <w NN1>independence <w CJC>and <w CJT-DT0>that <w NN2-VVZ>issues <w VVN>brought <w AVP>out <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w AJ0>full <w NN1-AJ0>public <w NN1>consideration<c PUN>. <ptr target=HMPLC00H><unclear> <ptr target=HMPLC00J></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="236"><ptr target=HMPLC00H><w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NP0>John <w AV0>well <w VVB>let <w NP0>John <w VVB>let <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <ptr target=HMPLC00J><w VVI>answer <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="237"><w PNP>It<w VHZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>ramrodded <w AVP-PRP>through <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>political <w NN1>basis<c PUN>.
<s n="238"><w DPS>My <w NN1>report <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1-AJ0>sound <w AJ0>professional <w AJ0>technical <w NN1>planning <w NN1>report <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>information <w CJT>that <w PNP>I<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>with <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>recommend <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w TO0>to <w VVI>approve <w AT0>the <w NN1>application<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="239"><w PNP>You<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w CRD>three <w CRD>thousand <w NN0>people <w AV0>locally <w PNQ>who<w VHB>'ve <w DPS>their <w NN2>signatures <w PRP>to <w AT0>a <w NN1>petition <w PNQ>who <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>want <w DT0>this <w NN1>thing <w PRP>on <w DPS>their <w NN1>doorstep <w CJS>because <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w AJ0>worried <w CJT>that <w PNP>they<w VHB>'ve <trunc> <w UNC>tha </trunc> <w DT0>that <w EX0>there<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w NN2>things <w AJ0>wrong <w PRP>with <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>lives <w PRF>of <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w NP0>Selby<c PUN>.
<s n="240"><w DT0>That<w VBZ>'s <w DTQ>what <w DT0>all <w VVZ>boils <w AVP>down <w PRP>to <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w PNP>it <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w CJC>and <w PNP>you <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <w VVN>succeeded <w AV0>as <w AJ0-AV0>far <w CJS>as <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>see <w PRP>in <w AJ0>convincing <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w DT0>those <w CRD>three <w CRD>thousand <w NN2>signatories<c PUN>, <w CJT>that <w UNC>erm <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>affect <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w DPS>their <w NN2>lives <w CJC>and <w DPS>their <w DPS>their <w NN1>environment <w AV0>adversely<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="241"><w ITJ>No <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>interesting <w CJT>that <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parish <w NN2>Councils <w AV0>for instance <w PNQ>who <w AV0>initially <w VBD>were <w AJ0>opposed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>application <w CJC>and <w AV0>very <w AV0>strongly<c PUN>, <w CJS>as <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>supplied <w PRP>with <w AJC>further <w CJC>and <w AJC>better <w NN1>information <w VHB>have <w VVN>modified <w DPS>their <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w VBB>are <w AV0>now <w VVG>saying <w PRP>subject to <w AJ0>rigorous <w NN1>planning <w NN2-VVZ>controls <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w AV0>no longer <w VVN-VVD>opposed <w AV0-AJ0>outright <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>application<c PUN>.
<s n="242"><w NN2>Things <w VHB>have <w VVN>moved <w PRP>on <w NN1>application <w NN2>details <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>supplied <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
<s n="243"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>working <w PRP>with <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w TO0>to <w VVI>work <w PNP>it <w AVP>out <w AV0>further <w PRP-AVP>in <w AJ0>fine <w NN1>detail<c PUN>.
<s n="244"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <trunc> <w UNC>go </trunc> <w VVG>entering <w VVG>proposing <w TO0>to <w VVI>enter <w PRP>into <w AJ0>legal <w NN2>agreements <w PRP>as well as <w VVG-NN1>planning <w NN2>conditions <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w AV0>ahead<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="245"><w VM0>Let's <w VVI>hear <w PRP>from <w DT0>some <w UNC>erm <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>subject <w PRF>of <w UNC>er <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w UNC>er <w NN1>tip <w NN1>site <w PRP>at <w NP0>Gascoigne <w NP0>Wood <w PRP>near <w NP0>Selby<c PUN>.
<s n="246"><w NN2>Reminders <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VM0>can <w VVI>call <w AVP-PRP>in <w AV0>as well <w PRP>on <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w CRD>six <w CRD>four <w CRD>one <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NP0>York <w NN1-VVB>exchange <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AT0>a <w NN1>point <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>make<c PUN>.
<s n="247"><w NP0>Terry <w NP0>Terry <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VBN>been <w VVG>keeping <w PNP>him <w VVG>waiting <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w AT0>a <w AJ0>long <w NN1>time <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Terry<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BW>
<s n="248"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="249"><w UNC>Erm <w PNP>you <w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w VVB>live <w UNC>erm <w AV0>quite <w PRP>near to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>development<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BW>
<s n="250"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>within <w CRD>six <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>meters<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="251"><w CJC>And <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <trunc> <w UNC>wha </trunc> <w DTQ>what<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>your <w NN2>feelings<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BW>
<s n="252"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>obviously <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w PRP>against <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w UNC>er <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN1>noise <w NN1>element <w CJC>and <w AV0>obviously <w AT0>the <w NN1>dust<c PUN>.
<s n="253"><w CJS>As <w PNP>it<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w VVN>noted <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w AJ0>previous <w NN1>conversation <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w UNC>er <w AT0>a <w NN1>possibility <w PRF>of <w AV0>obviously <w VVB-NN1>dust <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w NN1-VVB>spoil <w PRP>by <w AT0>the <w NN1>way <w XX0>not <w NN1>coal<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="254"><w ITJ>Yes <w AJ0>sorry <w CJT-DT0>that <w VBD>was <w DPS>my <w DPS>my <w NN1>mistake<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BW>
<s n="255"><w NN1>Coal <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>moved <w NN1>spoil <w VBZ>is <w EX0>there <w AV0>for ever<c PUN>.
<s n="256"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VVN>got <w DT0>this <w PRP>on <w DPS>our <w NN1>doorstep <w PRP>for <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>thirty <w CRD>forty <w NN2>years <w CJC>and <w AV0>longer<c PUN>.
<s n="257"><w UNC>Er <w PRP>because of <w AT0>the <w NN2>problems <w AT0>the <w NN1>stock <w NN2>piles <w PRF>of <w NN1>coal <w PRP>at <w AJ0>various <w NN2>pits<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>about <w CRD>forty <w CRD>five <w CRD>million <w NN2>tons <w VVN>stocked <w PRP>at <w AJ0>various <w NN2>pits<c PUN>, <w PNP>they<w VM0>'ll <w AV0>still <w VBI>be <w VVG>using <w NN1>coal <w PRP>from <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w NP0-NN1>Bywater <w CJC>and <w CJS>so that <w EX0>there<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>no <w NN1>necessity <w PRP>to <w PRP>to <w PNP>mine <w NN1>coal <w PRP>in <w DT0>such <w UNC>er <w AJ0>vast <w NN1>amount<c PUN>.
<s n="258"><w AV0>Obviously <w AT0>the <w NN1>affect <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w NN1>review <w NN1>procedure <w VHZ>has <w VVN>changed <w AT0>a <w NN1>lot<c PUN>.
<s n="259"><w DT0>This <w VBD>was <w AJ0>muted <w AV0-AJ0>well <w PRP-CJS>before <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>pit <w NN1>review <w NN1>body <w VVN-VVD>decided <w TO0>to <w AV0>sort of <w AJ0>close <w NN2>pits <w AVP>down<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="260"><w CJC>But <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <trunc> <w UNC>a </trunc> <w PRP>away from <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w NN1>politics <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>necessity <w PRP>to <w PRP>to <w PNP>mine <w NN1>coal <w ITJ>yeah <w CJC>or <w ITJ>nay<c PUN>, <w DPS>your <w AJ0>personal <w NN1>worry <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>live <w AV0-AJ0>close <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN1>site <w CJC>and <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w AV0>somehow <w AV0>adversely <w VVI>affect <w AT0>the <w NN1>quality <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w CJC>and <w DPS>your <w NN1>family<w POS>'s <w NN1>life<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BW>
<s n="261"><w ITJ>Yes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="262"><w AV0>Okay <w VM0>let's <w VVI>put <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>to <w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w DTQ>what <w UNC>er <w DTQ>what <w NN2>reassurances <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w PRP>to <w UNC>er <w PRP>to <w NP0>Terry <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w NN1-VVG>living <w CRD>six <w CRD>hundred <w CJC>and <w CRD>fifty <w NN2>meters <w PRP>away from <w DT0>this <w AJ0>planned <w NN1>development<c PUN>?
<s n="263"><w PNP>He <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w AT0>the <w NN2>reassurances <w PNP>he<w VHZ>'s <w VVN>heard <w AV0>so <w AV0>far<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="264"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w PNP>I <w VBB>am <w AJ0>confident <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>impose <w NN2>conditions <w CJC>and <w AV0>more <w AV0>importantly <w VVB-NN1>place <w NN2>conditions <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>minimize <w AT0>the <w NN1>dust <unclear><c PUN>.
<s n="265"><w PNP>We<w VBB>'re <w VVG>proposing <w NN2>codes <w PRF>of <w NN1>practice <w TO0>to <w VVI>operate <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="266"><w PNP>It<w VBZ>'s <w XX0>not <w VVG>coming <w AV0>completely <w AJ0>new <w PRP>to <w PNP>us <w DT0>this <w NN1>type <w PRF>of <w NN1>operation<c PUN>.
<s n="267"><w PNP>We <w VHB>have <w NN1-VVB>experience <w PRP>at <gap reason=anonymization desc=address> <w AJ0>Common <w CJC>and <w PRP>at <w NP0>Barlow <w PRP>with <w NN1>disposal <w PRF>of <w NN1>power <w NN1>station <w NN1>ash<c PUN>.
<s n="268"><w AV0>slightly <w AJ0>different <w NN1>material <w CJC>but <w AV0>substantially <w AT0>the <w DT0>same <trunc> <w UNC>n </trunc> <w NN1>nature <w DT0>same <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w NN1>development<c PUN>, <w PNP>I <w VVB>believe <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w NN1>track <w NN1>record <w CJT>that <w VVZ>shows <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VBD>were <w VBB>are <w AJ0>tough <w CJC>and <w VM0>will <w VVI>continue <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>tough <w PNP>I
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="269"><w NP0>Terry <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VDB>do <w DT0>those <w NN2>reassurances <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w NN2>Planners <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VBI>be <w AJ0>tough <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w UNC>erm <unclear> <w UNC>=lay <w DT0>some <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NN2>fears <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VHB>have<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BW>
<s n="270"><w PRP>In <w AT0>a <w NN1>word <w ITJ>no<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="271"><w AVQ>Why <w XX0>not<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BW>
<s n="272"><w PNP>We<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w NN2>assurances <w CJS>before <w PNP>we <w PNP>we<w VHB>'ve <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="273"><w PNP>We <w VM0>would<w XX0>n't <w VHI>have <w VHN>had <w AT0>no <w NN1>dialogue <w PRP>with <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w CJC>or <w AV0>very <w DT0>little <w NN1>dialogue<c PUN>.
<s n="274"><w PNP>I <w VHB>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0>quick <w NN1>phone <w NN1>call <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w NP0>June <w CJC>or <w NP0>July <w AV0>just <w VVG>stating <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VVD>wanted <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>i </trunc> <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>opinion <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w VVN>passed <w AV0>then <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>political<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="275"><w NP0>Terry <w VVB>thank <w PNP>you <w AV0>very <w AV0>much <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
<s n="276"><w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJS>if <w PNP>you<w VBB>'re <w AV0-AJ0>still <w PRP>with <w PNP>us<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="277"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>indeed<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="278"><trunc> <w UNC>Wh </trunc> <w UNC>erm <w NP0>Terry<w POS>'s <w NN2>feelings <w AV0>there <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w PNP>you<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>obviously <w VBN>been <w VVG>speaking <w PRP>to <w PRP>to <w AJ0>large <w NN2>numbers <w PRF>of <w NN2>protestors <w VDB>do <w PNP>they <w VVI>marry <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>opinions <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w VVB>hear<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="279"><w ITJ>Oh <w AV0>absolutely <w AV0>so<c PUN>.
<s n="280"><w PNP>I <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w ORD>first <w PRF>of <w DT0>all <w VM0>can <w PNP>I <w VVI>correct <w PNP>you<c PUN>?
<s n="281"><w EX0>There <w VBB>are <w XX0>not <w CRD>three <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>four <w CRD>hundred <w NN2>signatures <w VVB>say <w DT0>this <w NN1>thing <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w VVN>refused<c PUN>.
<s n="282"><w DT0>That <w VM0>might <w AV0>well <w VBI>be <w AT0>the <w NN1>result <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w AVQ>when <w DT0>all <w NN2>issues <w VBB>are <w AV0>properly <w VVN-AJ0>balanced<c PUN>.
<s n="283"><w DTQ>What <w AT0>the <w CRD>three <w CRD>thousand <w CRD>four <w CRD>hundred <w VBB>are <w VVG>saying <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>know <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>thing<c PUN>, <w AT0>the <w AJ0>full <w NN2>implications <w PRF>of <w PNP>it <w VHB>have <w AV0>either <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w AV0>properly <w VVN>assessed <w CJC>or <w AV0>indeed <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>released <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>communities<c PUN>.
<s n="284"><w PNP>They <w VVB>feel <w CJT>that <w CJS>as <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w DPS>their <w NN1>heritage <w PNP>they <w VM0>should <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w NN1-VVB>say <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>matter <w CJC>and <w AT0>a <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>consideration <w CJC>and <w AV0>therefore <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w CRD>thousands <w PRF>of <w NN2>signatures <w VVG>saying <w AV0>please <w VM0>can <w PNP>we <w VHI>have <w AT0>a <w AJ0-NN1>public <w NN1>inquiry<c PUN>.
<s n="285"><w DT0>That <w VBZ>is <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they<w VBB>'re <w VVG>saying <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w VM0>can <w AV0>only <w VBI>be <w VVN>seen <w AV0>as <w AV0>eminently <w AJ0>reasonable <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w DT0>that <w NP0>Edward <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VHZ>has <w VVN>hit <w AT0>the <w NN1>nail <w AV0>right <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>head <w CJS>when <w PNP>he <w VVZ>says <w VVB-NN1>look <w CJS>if <w DT0>this <w NN1>issue <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AV0>properly <w VVN>considered <w AV0>locally <w EX0>there <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w AT0>no <w NN1-AJ0>alternative <w CJS>if <w NN1>Government <w VVZ>fails <w PRP>in <w DPS>its <w NN1>duty <w TO0>to <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <w PRP>in <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>interests <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>communities <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>region <w AV0>at large<c PUN>, <w AV0>then <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VHI>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>go <w PRP>to <w NP0>Brussels<c PUN>.
<s n="286"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>welcome <w DT0>that <w NN1>initiative <w AV0>right <w AV0>now<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="287"><w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w AV0>really <w VVI>press <w AV0>ahead <w PRP>with <w DT0>this <w NN1>recommendation <w PRP>in the light of <w AT0>the <w NN1>fact <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AV0>clearly <w DT0>such <w AJ0-NN1>mass <w AJ0>local <w NN1>feeling <w PRP>about <w PNP>it <w DT0>such <w NN1>distrust <w PRP>on <w PRP>on <w AT0>a <w AJ0>grand <w NN1>scale <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN2>reassurances <w CJT>that <w PNP>you <w CJC>and <w AJ0-NN1>fellow <w NN2>planners <w VHB>have <w VVN>made<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="288"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AJ0>disappointed <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w DT0>this <w NN1>lack <w PRF>of <w NN1>reassurance<c PUN>.
<s n="289"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we <w VHB>have <w VVN>handled <w PNP>it <w AV0>professionally <ptr target=HMPLC00K><w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>con </trunc> <w CJC>and <trunc> <w UNC>con </trunc> <ptr target=HMPLC00L></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="290"><ptr target=HMPLC00K><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <ptr target=HMPLC00L><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w PNI>anybody <w VBZ>is <w VVG>denying <w DT0-CJT>that <w CJC>but <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>clearly <w XX0>not <w VVN>worked<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="291"><w AV0>Well <w UNC>er <w PNP>it <w PNP>it <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w PRP>for <w AJ0>elected <w NN2>members <w AV0>of course <w TO0>to <w VVI>decide <w CJC>but <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w NN1>County <w NN2>Councillors <w VBB>are <w VVN>elected <w PRP>by <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w TO0>to <w VVI>represent <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people <w CJC>but <w AV0>also <w VVB>take <w NN2>decisions <w PRP>on behalf of <w AT0>the <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
<s n="292"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>think <w DT0-CJT>that <w PNI>anyone <w VM0>would <w VVI>expect <w PNP>them <w TO0>to <w VVI>shirk <w CJT-DT0>that <ptr target=HMPLC00M><w CJS>if <w CJS>if <w PNP>we <w VHB>have<w XX0>n't <ptr target=HMPLC00N></u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="293"><ptr target=HMPLC00M><w ITJ>No <w CJC>but <w AV0>again <w PNP>it <w VDZ>does <w CJC>but <w CJC>but <ptr target=HMPLC00N><w CJC>but <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w CJC>but <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>community <w VVZ>rises <w AVP>up <w PRP>like <w DT0>this <w CJC>and <w CJC>and <w VVZ>expresses <w DT0>such <w AT0>a <w AT0>a <w NN1>heart <w VVD-VVN>felt <w NN1>opinion <w PRP>on <w PNI>something <w VVN-AJ0>elected <w NN2>representatives <w CJC>or <w XX0>not <w AV0>surely <w PNP>they <w VM0>ought <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>listen <w CJS>when <w AT0>a <w AJ0>specific <w NN1>issue <w PRP>like <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w VBZ>is <w AV0>obviously <w VVG>causing <w DT0>such <w NN1>concern<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="294"><w ITJ>Yes <w AV0>well <w PNP>they <w VBB>are <w VVG-AJ0>listening<c PUN>.
<s n="295"><w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w AT0>the <w NN1>committee <w NN1>report <w UNC>er <w CJC>and <w NN2>appendices <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w PRP>to <w NN2>members <w AV0>today <w VVN>run <w PRP>to <w CRD>thirty <w PRP>plus <w NN2>sides<c PUN>.
<s n="296"><w PRP>At <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>day <w PRP>in <w DT0>any <w NN1>event <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Planning <w NN1>Committee <w CJS>if <w PNP>they <w VVB>accept <w DPS>my <w NN1>recommendation <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w VVG>sending <w PNP>it <w AVP>off <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment<c PUN>.
<s n="297"><w CJS>If <w AT0>the <w NN1>Department <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>Environment <w VVB-NN1>think <w CJT>that <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w NN2>issues <w PRF>of <w DT0>more <w CJS>than <w AJ0>local <w NN1>importance <w PNP>they <w VM0>will <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w CJC>but <w DPS>their <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>view <w VVN-VVD>expressed <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w ZZ0>M <w ZZ0>P <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w PNP>they <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w DT0>that<w VBZ>'s <w AT0>the <w NN1>case<c PUN>.
<s n="298"><w CJT>That <w PNP>I <w VVB-NN1>stress <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>preliminary <w NN1>view <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w XX0>not <w CJC>and <w VM0>would <w XX0>not <w VVI>wish <w TO0>to <w VVI>make <w AT0>a <w AJ0>final <w NN1>decision <w CJS>until <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w DT0>all <w AT0>the <w NN1>information<c PUN>.
<s n="299"><w CJC>But <w PNP>I <w VVB>think <w CJT>that <w PNP>we <w VM0>can <w VVI>persuade <w PNP>them <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w PNI>something <w CJT>that <w NN1>Parliament <w VHZ>has <w VVN>said <w AT0>a <w NN1>planning <w NN1>application <w CJT>that <w VVZ>deals <w PRP>with <w AJ0>local <w NN2>issues <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN-AJ0>determined <w AV0>locally<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="300"><w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="301"><w VM0>Can <w PNP>I <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w EX0>there <w VBB>are <w DT0>several <w NN2>issues <w PRP>in <w DTQ>what <w NP0>John <w VHZ>has <w VVN>said<c PUN>.
<s n="302"><w PNP>He <w VVZ>says <w EX0>there<w VHZ>'s <w VBN>been <w AJ0>proper <w NN1>consultation <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>communities <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>authorities <w PRP>including <w AT0>the <w NN1>parish <w NN2>councils<c PUN>.
<s n="303"><w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w PNP>I<w VM0>'d <w PNP>I <w VM0>would <w VVI>refute <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
<s n="304"><w AV0>For example <w EX0>there <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w AT0>a <w AJ0>recent <w NN1>change <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>proposals <w PRF>of <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>manner <w PRF>of <w NN1>transportation <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>material <w PRP>onto <w AT0>the <w NN1>tip <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>manner <w PRP>in <w DTQ>which <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w VVN>tipped <w CJC>and <w VVN-VVD>handled<c PUN>.
<s n="305"><w AT0>The <w AJ0>very <w NN1>core <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>issue <w PRP>in <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>terms<c PUN>.
<s n="306"><w DT0>Those <w NN2>details <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VBN>been <w VVN>sent <w AVP>out <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>parish <w NN2>councils <w PRP>for <w AJC>further <w NN1>consultation <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VVB>refer <w AV0>there <w NP0>John <w PRP>to <w NN1>circular <w CRD>fifteen <w PRF>of <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>two <w NN1>Publicity <w PRP>for <w VVG-NN1>Planning <w NN2>Applications <w AVQ>where <w PRP>at <w NN1>paragraph <w CRD>twenty <w CRD>five <w EX0>there <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>clear <w NN1>Government <w NN1>advice <w CJT>that <w CJS-AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w NN2>changes <w VBB>are <trunc> <w UNC>p </trunc> <w VBB>are <w AVQ>where <w AT0>the <w AJ0>proposed <w NN2>changes <w VBB>are <w AJ0>significant<c PUN>, <w CJC>and <w DT0>these <w VBB>are <w AV0>undeniably <w AJ0>significant<c PUN>, <w EX0>there <w VM0>should <w VBI>be <w NN1>reconciliation<c PUN>.
<s n="307"><w EX0>There <w VHZ>has <w VBN>been <w PNI>none<c PUN>.
<s n="308"><unclear> <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>communities <w VHB>have <w VBN>been <w VVN>ignored <w PRP>in <w DT0>these <w NN2>issues <w CJC>and <w DT0>these <w NN2>discussions <w CJT>that <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w AVP>on <w PRP>between <w AJ0>British <w NN1>Coal <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="309"><w NP0>John <w AV0>then <w VVZ>goes <w AVP>on <w TO0>to <w VVI>say <w AV0>well <w AV0>of course <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w DT0>this <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="310"><w AV0>Well <w AV0>of course <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w CJS>because <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it<c PUN>.
<s n="311"><w PNP>He<w VHZ>'s <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VDI>do <w PNP>it <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>departure <w AT0>a <w AV0>very <w AJ0>significant <w NN1>departure <w PRP>from <w DPS>his <w DT0>own <w NN1>development <w NN1-VVB>plan <w AT0>the <w NN1>plan <w CJT>that <w PNP>he <w VVD>piloted <w AVP>through <w TO0>to <w TO0>to <w VVI>tell <w NN0>people <w AV0>exactly <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN2>policies <w PRF>of <w NP0>North <w NP0>Yorkshire <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VBD>were <w TO0>to <w VBI>be<c PUN>.
<s n="312"><w CJC>And <w AV0>now <w PNP>he<w VBZ>'s <w VVG-AJ0>running <w PRP>against <w DT0>that <w NN1>plan <w CJC>and <w PRP>under <w AT0>the <w NN1>law<c PUN>, <w NN1>section <w CRD>fifty <w CRD>four <w PRP>over <w CRD>ninety <w CRD>one <w DT0-CJT>that <w UNC>er <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w CRD>ninety <w NN1-VVB>act<c PUN>, <w PNP>he <w VBZ>is <w AV0>now <w AJ0>obliged <w TO0>to <w VVI>refer <w PNP>it <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State<c PUN>.
<s n="313"><w CJC>But <w DTQ>what <w VHB>have <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VDN>done<c PUN>?
<s n="314"><w PNP>They<w VHB>'ve <w AV0>already <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w CJC>and <w VVD>said <w AJ0>dear <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>send <w DT0>this <w PRP>to <w PNP>you <w CJS>because <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>departure <w CJC>but <w AV0>please <w NN1>Secretary <w PRF>of <w NN1>State <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>call <w PNP>it <w AVP-PRP>in <w VDB>do <w XX0>not <w VVI>exercise <w DPS>your <w NN2>powers<c PUN>.
<s n="315"><w CJC>And <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN2>teeth <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>stated <w NN1>wish <w PRF>of <w DT0>these <w NN2>communities<c PUN>.
<s n="316"><w PNP>I <w VM0>can<w XX0>not <w PRP>for <w AT0>the <w NN1>life <w PRF>of <w PNP>me <w VVB>see <w DT0>this <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>reasonable <w NN1>attitude <w PRP>on the part of <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="317"><trunc> <w UNC>Stew </trunc>
</u>
<u who=PS3BU>
<s n="318"><w PNP>It <w VBZ>is <w XX0>not <w AJ0>responsive <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>communities <w CJC>and <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>totally <w VVG>lacking <w PRP>in <w NN1>democracy<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="319"><w NP0>Stewart <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>joins <w PNP>us <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>line <w AV0>now <w AJ0>good <w NN1>morning <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"><c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BX>
<s n="320"><w AJ0>Good <w NN1>morning<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="321"><w PNP>You <w VVB>live <w PRP-AVP>in <w NN1>South <w NP0>Milford <w PNP>I <w VVB>understand <w CRD>one <w PRF>of <w AT0>the
</u>
<u who=PS3BX>
<s n="322"><w PNP>I <w VDB>do<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="323"><w AT0>the <w NN2>villages <w AJ0>concerned<c PUN>.
<s n="324"><w AT0>The <w NN1>point <w PNP>you<w VM0>'d <w VVI>like <w TO0>to <w VVI>make<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BX>
<s n="325"><w AV0>Well <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w ORD>first <w PNI>one <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w UNC>er <w AT0>the <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VVZ>says <w CJT>that <w PNP>it <w DT0>those <w NN0>people <w PRP>with <w CRD>two <w NN1>mile <w PRP>away from <w DT0>this <w UNC>er <w NN1>tip <w UNC>er <w VM0>will <w XX0>not <w VBI>be <w VVN>affected<c PUN>.
<s n="326"><w AV0>Now <w DT0>most <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w NN1>tip <w VBZ>is <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>parish <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Milford <w UNC>er <w AV0>so <w PNP>I <w VVB>take <w PNP>it <w PNP>he <w VVZ>means <w PNP>he <w VDZ>does<w XX0>n't <w VVI>count <w DT0>those <w NN0>people<c PUN>.
<s n="327"><w CJC>And <w AT0>the <w NN1>majority <w PRF>of <w DT0>those <w VHB>have <w VVN>objected <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>area <w PRF>of <w DT0>that <w CRD>two <w NN2>miles<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="328"><w PNP>We<w VM0>'ll <w VVI>let <w DPS>his <w NN1>answer <w DT0>that<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="329"><w ITJ>No <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w XX0>not <w VVG>ignoring <w PNP>them <w CJC>but <w DTQ>what <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w VVG>saying <w VBZ>is <w CJT>that <w NN2>problems <w CJT>that <w NN0>people <w VBB>are <w AV0>genuinely <w AJ0>concerned <w PRP>about <w PRF>of <w NN1>dust <w CJC>or <w NN1>noise <w VBB>are <w AJ0>unlikely <w TO0>to <w VHI>have <w AT0>an <w NN1>impact <w PRP>at <w AT0>a <w NN1>distance <w PRF>of <w CRD>two <w NN2>miles<c PUN>.
<s n="330"><w AV0>Very <w AJ0>unlikely <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBZ>is <w AV0>properly <w VVN>controlled <w PRP>in terms of <w NN1>deposition <w PRF>of <w NN2>materials <w PRP>on <w NN1>site <w AV0>then <w AV0>certainly <w PRP>at <w CRD>two <w NN2>miles <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w EX0>there <w VM0>will <w VBI>be <w AT0>a <w NN1>problem<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BX>
<s n="331"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>ha <w PNP>I <w VM0>can <w VVI>imagine <w DTQ>what <w PNP>you <w VM0>would <w VVI>say <w CJS>if <w PNP>it <w VBD>was <w PRP>in <w CRD>two <w NN2>miles <w PRF>of <w DPS>your <w NN1>property <w PRP>as to <w CJS>whether <w DT0>these <w NN2>dusts <w VM0>would <w VVI>affect <w PNP>you <w CJC>or <w XX0>not<c PUN>.
<s n="332"><w CJC>But <w PRP>apart from <w CJT>that <w UNC>er <w DT0>this <w NN1>area <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w AJ0>flat <w NN1>plane<c PUN>.
<s n="333"><w EX0>There<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>practically <w PNI>nothing <w PRP>between <w AT0>the <w NN1>residence <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Milford <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>horizon <w PRP>with <w AT0>the <w NN1>exception <w PRF>of <w DT0>this <w CRD>hundred <w NN1>foot <w NN1>mound <w CJT>that <w VM0>will <w VVI>exist<c PUN>.
<s n="334"><w CJC>And <w PNP>I <w VDB>do <w UNC>erm <w VVI>support <w NP0>Peter <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w CJT-DT0>that <w PRP>in <w DPS>my <w NN1>view <w AT0>the <w UNC>er <w NN1>District <w NN1>Council <w CJC>and <w PNX>yourselves <w VHB>have <w XX0>not <w VVN>listened <w CJC>and <w PNP>I <w VDB>do<w XX0>n't <w VVI>believe <w AT0>the <w NN1>County <w NN1>Council <w VBB>are <w VVG>going <w TO0>to <w VVI>listen <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w NN2>objections <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>community<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="335"><w NP0>John <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w DTQ>what <w VM0>can <w PNP>you <w VDI>do <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>face <w PRF>of <w PRF>of <w DT0>such <w NN1>distrust<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="336"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w PNP>I<w VBB>'m <w AV0>very <w AJ0>disappointed <w PRP>about <w DT0>that <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>listening <w PRP>to <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN1>community <w PNP>we<w VBB>'re <w VVG>reporting <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>communities <w NN2>views <w CJC>but <w PRP>at <w AT0>the <w NN1>end <w PRF>of <w NN1>day <w NN1>South <w NP0>Milford <w NN1>Parish <w NN1>Council <w VHB>have <w PRP>in <w NN1>fact <w VVD>moderated <w DPS>their <w NN2>views<c PUN>.
<s n="337"><w PNP>They<c PUN>, <w PNP>it<w VBZ>'s <w AV0>always <w VVN>argued <w CJT>that <w AT0>the <w NN1>parish <w NN2>councils <w VBB>are <w AJS>closest <w PRP>to <w AJ0>local <w NN0>people<c PUN>, <w PNP>they <w VHD>had <w AT0>an <w AVP>out <w CJC>and <w AVP-PRP>out <w NN1>objection <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parish <w NN1>Council <w AV0>initially <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w AV0>subsequently <w VVN>written <w PRP>to <w PNP>me <w AV0>twice <w PRP>in <w NP0>November <w VVG>moderating <w DT0>that <w NN1>position <w CJC>and <w VVG>saying <w PRP>subject to <w NN2>safeguards <w PNP>they <w PNP>they <w AV0>no longer <w VHB>have <w AT0>an <w AJ0>outright <w NN1>objection<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BN>
<s n="338"><w AV0>Well <w NP0>Stewart<w VBZ>'s <w PRP>on <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parish <w NN1>Council <w VBB>are<w XX0>n't <w PNP>you <w NP0>Stewart<c PUN>?
</u>
<u who=PS3BX>
<s n="339"><w ITJ>Yes <w PNP>I <w VBB>am<c PUN>.
<s n="340"><w UNC>Er <w ITJ>yes <w AV0>well <w DT0>that <w VBZ>is <w AV0>so <w DT0>this <w VDD>did <w VVI>come <w PRP-AVP>through <w UNC>er <w AV0>very <w AV0>very <w AJ0-AV0>late <w AV0>indeed <w UNC>er <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parish <w NN1>Council <w AV0>of course <w VBB>are <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>situation <w AVQ>where <w PNP>they <w VHB>have <w TO0>to <w VVI>cover <w DT0>all <w NN2>eventualities <w CJC>and <w DTQ>what <w UNC>er <w NP0>Mr <gap reason=anonymization desc="last or full name"> <w VBZ>is <w VVG>referring <w PRP>to <w VBZ>is <w AT0>a <w NN1>suggestion <w PRF>of <w VVG>using <w AT0>a <w CRD>one <w ZZ0>O <w CRD>six <w NN1>agreement <w TO0>to <w VVI>protect <w AV0>as <w AV0>far <w CJS>as <w AJ0>possible <w AT0>the <w AJ0>local <w NN2>communities <w CJS>when <w AT0>the <w NN1>tip <w VBZ>is <w VVN>erected<c PUN>.
<s n="341"><w PNP>It <w VDD>did<w XX0>n't <w VVI>change <w AT0>the <w AT0>the <w AJ0>actual <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN0>people <w PRP>in <w AT0>the <w NN1>village<c PUN>.
<s n="342"><w PNP>It <w VBD>was <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parish <w NN1>Council <w PNX>themselves <w PNQ>who <w VHD>had <w TO0>to <w VVI>consider <w NN2>things <w AV0>very <w AV0>quickly <w CJC>and <w VVB-NN1>go <w PRP>for <w DTQ>what <w PNP>they <w VM0>could <w AV0>best <w VVI>endeavour <w CJC>but <w PNP>you <trunc> <w UNC>c </trunc> <w UNC>er <w PNP>I <w VM0>ca<w XX0>n't <w VVI>see <w AVQ>how <w DT0>that <w VM0>can <w VBI>be <w VVN>used <w TO0>to <w VVI>nullify <w AT0>the <w AJ0>general <w NN1>view <w PRF>of <w AT0>the <w NN1>public <w PRF>of <w NN1>South <w NP0>Milford <w CJC>and <w AT0>the <w AJ0>other <w NN2>parishes<c PUN>.
</u>
<u who=PS3BT>
<s n="343"><w AV0>Well <w PNP>I <w VVB>mean <w PNP>I <w VVB>quote <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w ORD>nineteenth <w PRF>of <w NP0>November <w NN1>letter <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>Parish <w NN1>Council<c PUN>, <w AT0>The <w NN1>Parish <w NN1>Council <w AV0>fully <w VVB>support <w AT0>the <w AJ0>environmental <w NN2>recommendations <w PRP>from <w AT0>the <w NN1>District <w NN1>Council<c PUN>.
<s n="344"><w AV0>Now <w PNP>we <w DT0>all <w VVB>know <w DTQ>what <w AT0>the <w NN1>District <w NN1>Council <w NN1>view <w VBZ>is<c PUN>.
